Passage 1:World and Time EnoughWorld and Time Enough is a 1994 independent gay-themed romantic comedy-drama written and directed by Eric Mueller and starring Gregory Giles, Matt Guidry, and KraigSwartz.CastPlotNarrated by their friend David (Swartz), World and Time Enough is the story of Mark (Guidry) and Joey (Giles). Mark is an HIV-positive art student who creates temporary "sculptures" on topics includingAIDS, abortion and the Bush economy. Joey works as a garbage collector, picking up trash along the roadways. He sometimes brings home interesting items that he finds on the job.Mark's mother was killed when hewas a child, in a freak accident in a church when she was crushed by a large falling cross. Since that day, his father has been obsessed with building model cathedrals. Mark and his father are somewhat distant and outof touch and Mark reaches out to him through a series of phone calls, leaving messages on his father's answering machine. Unknown to Mark, his father has died alone in his home but hasn't yet been discovered.Joey'srelationship with his adoptive parents is also strained because of his father's issues with Joey's homosexuality. Although he remains close with his sister, Joey feels the need to seek out his birth parents through theadoption social service agency.Mark discovers his father's body and in his grief he assumes his father's obsession with cathedral building. Rather than a model, however, Mark begins work on a full-size cathedral in alocal open field.Joey learns the identity of his birth parents, but also learns that they have died. He visits their gravesite and says the things there that he would have told them while they were alive.Mark experiences avision of his father, who tells him that he's making a mistake, to go home. Mark feverishly climbs the scaffolding and falls off it to the ground. Joey discovers him there.Later, together, out of the scaffolds, surviving bitsof Mark's sculptures and the things Joey's gathered, they build their own "cathedral."ProductionIt was filmed on location in Edina and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The film was made with grants from the NationalEndowment for the Arts, the American Film Institute, and a local film organization. The final budget was about $60,000.ReceptionThe film was generally well-received by critics, although having 2 heterosexual actorsplay romantic leads in an LGBTQ+ film was noted in reviews.AwardsPassage 2:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govanworked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell FriendsSchool.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, servingas acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student,Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation ofthe museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded theconversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, thecritically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he alsocame under criticism for "needlessly and permanently" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardentsupporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in centralNevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth,having been established in 1961. "I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum," Govan has written, "[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that."Govan has been widely regardedfor transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery spacehas almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance hasgrown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world.Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urban lounge."Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These includeChris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin'sPrimal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration onWilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013,Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for thecombined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architectPeter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Linemetro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. JosephGiovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of "driving the institution over a cliff into anequivalent mid-air wreck of its own". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a "giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33%less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, andanticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, ChristopherKnight has pointed out that "no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 "To Rome and Back" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as"bland and ineffectual" and an "unsuccessful sample of what's to come".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion inHancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 andkeeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)TheChain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002)(TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television andtheatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, ThePaper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985),Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day TimeSpecial in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He alsoco-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 5:M. VenkatarajuM Venkataraju(1916-1969) was a music director/composer of Kannada cinema.FilmographyList of filmsBhakta Kanakadasa (1960)Raja Satyavrata (1961)Swarna Gowri (1962)Thejaswini (1962)Sri Dharmasthala Mahathme(1962)Nanda Deepa (1963)Jeevana Tharanga (1963)Chandra Kumara (In association with T.Chalapathi Rao) (1963)Passage 6:John DonatichJohn Donatich is the Director of Yale University Press.Early lifeHe received aBA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at PutnamPublishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director ofnational accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of Basic Books. While there, he started the Art ofMentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees andRichard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T.J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris. He also launched the digital archiveplatform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons fromthe Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story:Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhy Books Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342,E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) isa Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has beenthe director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director,and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in TelAviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival,2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city ofKfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel;director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 9:Eric MuellerEric C. Mueller (born November 6, 1970) is a former Olympic and National team rower,representing the United States at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics.He was born in Kansas City, Missouri.Mueller, one of the most successful men's rowers in Wisconsin history, begins his third season as the Badgers'freshmen coach.Mueller returns to Madison for the second time as an assistant coach. He spent 1998–99 as the assistant varsity coach, before leaving to train for the 2000 Olympic Summer Games in Sydney, Australia.During his previous stint, he was responsible for the Badgers' small boats and led them to four gold medals and one silver medal at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association national championships. The result helpedWisconsin begin a four-year run as winners of the Ten Eyck Trophy as national team points champion.Since his return, the UW freshmen have improved from a bottom six national finish in the year before his joining theprogram to a return to the national grand finals.As a rower, Mueller secured three letters at Wisconsin while a member of the varsity eight from 1991–93. At national championships during his career, the boat placedsixth, once, and ninth, twice. A Cedarburg, native, Mueller earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Wisconsin in 1994.Following his Badger career, Mueller went on to win an Olympic silver medal inthe men's quadruple sculls in 1996 in Atlanta. He also placed fifth at the 2000 Olympics with the men's four. U.S. national team member in 1995, ‘96, ‘00, ‘01 and ‘02, he was part of the men's eight champion at the2002 World Cup in Lucerne, Switzerland, and finished third at the 2002 World Championships in Seville, Spain. His men's four took fourth at the 2001 World Championships, while his men's eight was a bronze medalistat the 2000 World Cup, again in Lucerne. He also won a bronze medal with the men's quadruple sculls in Lucerne at the 1996 World Cup.Passage 10:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube inLatin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, andlater at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements.Heco-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order tocreate the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There heestablished a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’scontent and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for GoogleMexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’sLatin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association)Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.


Passage 1:Salang RiverThe Salang is a 438 kilometre long river of Afghanistan, flowing through Parwan Province. It is a tributary of the Indus River and the Ghorband River and the Panjshir River and the KabulRiver.GeographyThe Salang River originates on the south side of the central mountains of the Hindu Kush in the north-east of Salang Pass, which links the region to Kabul with the northern part of the country.Its valleyand the Salang Pass form an important international waterway. It is north–south oriented. The Salang flows into the Ghorband River at the locality of Jabal Saraj in Parwan. In Jabal Saraj, the average annual flowmodule between 1961 and 1964 was about 763 millimeters per year, which is considered a high rate.Passage 2:Pigna Barney RiverPigna Barney River, a partly perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is locatedin the Upper Hunter district of New South Wales, Australia.Course and featuresPigna Barney River rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Royal Range, south of the locale of Glenrock, and flows generally east by southbefore reaching its confluence with the Manning River, south of Mount Myra. The river descends 818 metres (2,684 ft) over its 40 kilometres (25 mi) course.See alsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers of New SouthWales (L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 3:Trubizh RiverThe Trubizh (Ukrainian: Трубі́ж, Russian: Трубе́ж) is a river entirely located in Ukraine, a left tributary of Dnieper. It falls into the Dnieper's Kaniv Reservoir(named after Kaniv). It is 113 kilometres (70 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 4,700 square kilometres (1,800 sq mi).Major cities: Pereiaslav.Passage 4:Tesechoacan RiverThe Tesechoacan River is a river of Mexicoin Veracruz state.It is formed where the Cajones River joins the Manso River, both flowing eastward from the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca and is a tributary of the Papaloapan River.See alsoList of rivers of MexicoPassage5:Lunga River (Zambia)The Lunga River is the name of two rivers in Zambia. One is a tributary of the Kafue River and the other a tributary of the Kabompo River, both of which are tributaries of the Zambezi.Passage6:Yadboro RiverYadboro River, a perennial river of the Clyde River catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and the upper ranges of the South Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia.Course andfeaturesYadboro River rises below Currockbilly Mountain on the eastern slopes of the Budawang Range within Budawang National Park, east northeast of Braidwood, and flows generally northerly parallel to the range,then east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Clyde River at Campus Head, near Yadboro Flat. The river descends 965 metres (3,166 ft) over its 26 kilometres (16 mi) course.SeealsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 7:Peters Creek (Pennsylvania)Peters Creek is a 16.8-mile-long (27.0 km) tributary of the Monongahela River andpart of the Ohio River and Mississippi River watersheds, flowing through southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States.Variant namesAccording to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been knownhistorically as:Peter's CreekCoursePeters Creek starts in Nottingham Township in Washington County and runs generally northerly until it joins the Monongahela River at Clairton in Allegheny County.WatershedThePeters Creek watershed is a diverse fifty square miles in southwestern Allegheny County and northeastern Washington County. From the heavy industry in the east where Peters Creek enters the Monongahela River, tothe commercial northeast, the suburban northern communities, and the still rural and farming south, the watershed is a veritable patchwork of land use types. There is also a county park, a turnpike, a landfill, and acoal mining legacy to add to the mix. Some communities are relatively stable while others are undergoing rapid development. Peters Creek and its tributaries provide utility to them all in a myriad ofways.TributariesLewis Run, in Jefferson HillsBeam's Run, in Jefferson HillsLick Run, in South Park TownshipPiney Fork Run, in South Park TownshipPeters Creek also collects numerous unnamed tributaries along itscourse.Water quality and recreationBecause of past water quality issues, Peters Creek was not considered to have any recreational purpose, but since the 1990s the water quality has improved dramatically. Onceplagued with garbage and acid mine drainage, the water quality is now high enough to support its own fish population, which includes trout, bass, catfish, carp, and bluegill.  It is now again possible to enjoy the streamthrough such activities as fishing, swimming, and during high water, kayaking. There is also a new bike trail that runs along its bank, formerly part of the Montour Railroad.See alsoList of rivers of PennsylvaniaPassage8:Crocodile River (Limpopo)The Crocodile River (Tswana: Oodi, Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) is a river in South Africa. At its confluence with the Marico River, the Limpopo River is formed.CourseThe Crocodile River has itssource in the Witwatersrand mountain range, originating in Constantia Kloof, Roodepoort, Gauteng province. The first dam on the river is the Lake Heritage Dam just west of Lanseria International Airport. Just north ofthis airport is its confluence  with the Jukskei River. Further downstream into the North West province are the Hartbeespoort Dam and the Roodekoppies Dam. Beyond the Hartbeespoort Dam, the stream passes thetown of Brits. The Elands River joins downstream from the Vaalkop Dam, about 20 km further the Pienaars River joins its right bank, shortly after exiting the Klipvoor Dam.In Limpopo province, about 35 km further, theriver passes the town of Thabazimbi and meanders for many miles through a sparsely inhabited area before joining the Marico River just west of Rooibokkraal at the limit of North West province to form the start of theLimpopo River.TributariesThe tributaries of the Crocodile River include the Bloubankspruit, Hennops River, Jukskei River, Magalies River, Sterkstroom River, Rosespruit, Skeerpoort River, Kareespruit, Elands River,Bierspruit River and Sundays River.PollutionThe Crocodile River is one of the most polluted river systems in South Africa. The effects of pollution from two of South Africa's metropolitan areas, Johannesburg andTshwane, has been detrimental to the ecology of the system. Untreated industrial, mining, agricultural and household waste has deteriorated the water quality throughout most of its course and led to massive algalblooms in the Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodekoppies Dam. Invasive plant species have negatively affected the integrity of the system. Unsustainable farming practices have led to sediment overloads and erosion furtherharming the river.DamsThe Crocodile River is part of the Crocodile (West) and Marico Water Management Area. Dams in the river basin are:Hartbeespoort DamRoodekoppies DamRietvlei Dam, in the Rietvlei RiverBonAccord Dam and Leeukraal Dam, in the Apies RiverKlipvoor Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, in the Pienaars/Moretele RiverVaalkop Dam, in the Elands RiverBospoort Dam, in the Hex River (Matshukubjana)See alsoDrainagebasin AList of rivers of South AfricaList of reservoirs and dams in South AfricaPassage 9:São Sebastião RiverThere are two rivers named São Sebastião River in Brazil:São Sebastião River (Espírito Santo)São SebastiãoRiver (Paraná)See alsoSão Sebastião (disambiguation)Passage 10:Etheostoma obamaEtheostoma obama, the spangled darter,  is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae,part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States where it is only known to occur in the Duck River and the Buffalo River, both inTennessee.Discovery and namingSteven Layman of Geosyntec Consultants and Rick Mayden of Saint Louis University studied the freshwater darters, most of which are native to Alabama and Tennessee in the UnitedStates. While they were studying color variation of Etheostoma stigmaeum, the speckled darter, Layman and Mayden discovered that there were populations with enough variation that they should be described asunique species.This species was one of five distinct species of fish that were named after former U.S. presidents and a vice-president, based on their leadership in conservation. E. obama was named after BarackObama, for his work "particularly in the areas of clean energy and environmental protection, and because he is one of our first leaders to approach conservation and environmental protection from a more global vision,"according to Layman.DescriptionEtheostoma obama males have bright orange and iridescent blue speckles, stripes, and checked patterns, with a bright fan-shaped fin that has orange stripes. The males can reach up to48 mm (1.9 in) long, while the females reach 43 mm (1.7 in) long. 29% of the studied fish had palatine teeth.See alsoList of organisms named after famous people (born 1950–present)


Passage 1:George Gordon, 2nd Earl of HuntlyGeorge Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly (died 8 June 1501) was a Scottish nobleman and Chancellor of Scotland from 1498 to 1501.LifeGeorge was the son of Alexander (Seton)Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly and his second wife Elizabeth Crichton, daughter of William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton. George is first mentioned by name in 1441 when the lands which later became part of the Earldom weresettled on him and his heirs. George was almost certainly born shortly before this time, c. 1441 as his parents married before 18 March 1439–40.In his contract with Elizabeth Dunbar, Countess of Moray, dated 20 May1455 he is styled the Master of Huntley. He is addressed as "Sir George Seton, knight", in a royal precept dated 7 March 1456–7, and in a crown charter dated a year later he uses the name of Gordon for the first time,indicating he had assumed that surname. As George, Lord Gordon, he was keeper of the castles of Kildrummy, Kindrochat and Inverness. He succeeded his father as Earl of Huntly c. 15 July 1470.Shortly after becomingEarl of Huntly he was involved with the Earl of Ross in a private war in which the king, James III of Scotland, interceded. Ross was charged with treason, but after refusing a summons from the king, was outlawed. Oneof the expeditions sent against the errant Earl of Ross was led by Alexander. After he captured Dingwall Castle and pressed his army into Lochaber, Ross relented and sought pardon for his actions from the king. In 1479he was justiciary north of the River Forth, one of his primary duties was the suppression of feuds between Highland clans. In 1497 George Gordon was appointed High Chancellor of Scotland, the honour probablybestowed at the same time as his daughter Catherine married Perkin Warbeck, an adventurer in favour with King James IV of Scotland. George was Chancellor until 1500. George, the second earl, died at Stirling Castleon 8 June 1501.FamilyOn 20 May 1455, George Gordon was married by contract to Lady Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of James Dunbar, 7th Earl of Moray. The marriage was annulled due to affinity, before March1459–60; the couple had no children.George secondly married, before March 1459–60, Princess Annabella of Scotland, youngest daughter of King James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort (the granddaughter of John ofGaunt). After several years of marriage, the Earl of Gordon instituted proceedings to have this marriage annulled as well, on the grounds that Princess Annabella was related in the third and fourth degrees ofconsanguinity to his first wife, Elizabeth Dunbar, and the marriage was dissolved on 24 July 1471.George Gordon had a number of children, but with few exceptions, there remains no clear consensus as to which childwas of the second marriage and which was of the third:Lady Isabella Gordon (d. 1485), wife of William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll (d. 1507).Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly (died 21 January 1523/24)Adam Gordon,who married Lady Elizabeth de Moravia, daughter and heir of John de Moravia, 8th Earl of Sutherland, and in her right became Countess of Sutherland after her brother's death. Their son was Alexander Gordon, Masterof Sutherland.William Gordon, who married Janet Ogilvy and was the ancestor of the Gordons of Gight, from whom Lord Byron was a descendant.James Gordon, mentioned in an entail in 1498.Lady Janet Gordon, whomarried firstly, Alexander Lindsay, Master of Crawfurd; secondly, Patrick, Master of Gray (annulled); thirdly, Patrick Buttar of Gormark; and fourthly, James Halkerston of Southwood. She died before February1559.Lady Elizabeth Gordon, mother was Annabella, who was contracted to marry William Keith, 3rd Earl Marischal, in 1481.George obtained an annulment from his second marriage on 24 July 1471. He then married,thirdly, his mistress, Lady Elizabeth Hay, daughter of William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll, and swore a solemn oath to have no 'actual delen' with the lady until after they were married. He married Elizabeth Hay on 12 May1476, and they had the following children:Lady Catherine Gordon (died October 1537), probably a daughter of Elizabeth Hay, she married firstly, Perkin Warbeck (d. 1499), notorious for claiming to be Richard ofShrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, one of the young princes who disappeared from history in the Tower of London; she married secondly, James Strangeways of Fyfield (d. 1515); she married thirdly, Matthew Cradock ofSwansea (d. 1531); and she married fourthly, Christopher Assheton of Fyfield. She was well received at the court of King Henry VII of England, who styled her "the White Rose." She had no issue by any of her fourhusbands.Lady Eleanor GordonLady Agnes GordonNotesPassage 2:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic:   ) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian ofthe Ka‘bah (Arabic: , 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaabaafter him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that theopportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic:, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess(Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib andAbdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamilytree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 3:James Gordon, 2nd Viscount AboyneJames Gordon, 2nd Viscount Aboyne (c. 1620 – February 1649) was the second son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly, aScottish royalist commander in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.Early lifeAboyne was a member of the powerful Gordon family, who were notable for their Roman Catholic sympathies in a kingdom where supporters ofthe Protestant Reformation controlled the central government. Although there is little direct evidence for Aboyne's personal religious views, he was clearly opposed to extreme Protestantism, and he played a significantrole in recruiting Catholics for the royalist cause.He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and earned youthful military experience in France, where his father commanded of the Garde Écossaise. Unusually for ayounger son, James Gordon also inherited a peerage, becoming 2nd Viscount Aboyne in 1636.The Bishops' WarsIn 1639, the First Bishops' War broke out, in which the Protestant faction known as the Covenantersattempted to seize control of church and state. The Covenanter army dispatched the dashing young James Graham, Earl of Montrose to deal with the Gordons.Viscount Aboyne was just nineteen, but he seems to havebeen regarded throughout the campaign as the effective leader of the anti-Covenanter forces, even before his father and elder brother surrendered. Later, he continued the war in spite of a lack of effective support fromKing Charles's royal government.The teenage general suffered two reverses in June 1639 at Megray Hill and Brig o' Dee, attributed to unsteady infantry and dissent between his officers, but his losses were light, and hiscavalry performed credibly, remaining in the field until they learned that the king had made peace with the Covenanters. It is also worth noting that Aboyne's defence of Aberdeen at Brig o'Dee was so determined thatthe battle lasted two days (18 and 19 June) before Montrose finally dislodged him.In this short campaign, the Gordon cavalry anticipated the tactics of the English Civil War: they often moved as a mounted columnwithout infantry support, and they usually charged with the sword, discovering how ineffective a pistol caracole could be at Megray. Unusually, it seems that Aboyne's elite troop of one hundred "gentleman volunteercuirassiers" were clad in full armour, in contrast to the buff coats and breastplate now favored by most cavalry regiments. This was still sought-after equipment, as it gave protection against bullet and sword-thrusts,and in the English Civil War it was worn by generals' bodyguards and the famous London lobsters.Scottish Civil WarFor the next few years, a tenuous peace held in Scotland. Viscount Aboyne seems to have kept a lowprofile, living partially in England, but in 1642, the First English Civil War broke out, setting King Charles against his Parliament.Aboyne now worked hard to arrange a military alliance with Clan Donald and the IrishConfederates, and came to be associated politically with the Scottish earls of Nithsdale, Crawford and Airlie - all open or suspected Catholics. Not unreasonably, their enemies saw this as a war plan to restore the oldreligion.But Aboyne also found common cause with his former opponent Montrose, a loyal royalist as well as  a committed Presbyterian; both of them believed the Scottish Covenanters were now likely to enter the waron Parliament's side.Aboyne spent 1644 with royalist forces around Carlisle, while his brothers raised the family's forces in the north. The next spring, he returned to Scotland, fighting in Montrose's victories atAuldearn, Alford, and at Kilsyth; in each battle, he led a flanking charge on the left wing that broke the Covenanters' right. After Alford, there is some evidence that he was promoted in the peerage, under the title ofEarl of Aboyne.Yet while the army was victorious on the field, Aboyne's personal position was increasingly difficult. His father, the Marquess of Huntly, believed the family's troops should be used to eliminate theCovenanters in the north - in contrast with Montrose, who intended to march south into England. At the same time, the relationship between Montrose and Aboyne was becoming strained, not least when the Earl ofCrawford was appointed to command the army's cavalry, an awkward role when Aboyne commanded the only large mounted force.In September 1645, Aboyne and the Gordon cavalry withdrew to the north, shortlybefore the Battle of Philiphaugh. With hindsight, Aboyne's action is sometimes said to have cost the royalists the battle and the war.In reality, the war was far from over at Philiphaugh. Montrose moved north, and inspite of Huntly's increasingly pathological inability to cooperate with him, the royalist armies proved largely successful in the field. Aboyne, caught between his father and his general, busied himself raising troops in thecentral Highlands.The cause was undermined not by the Scottish war, but by the weakening position of the king in England. At the end of April 1646, King Charles decided that the best course was joining theCovenanters, and ordered his Scottish troops to lay down their arms.Outlaw and exileHuntly and Aboyne doubted the Covenanters' mercy, and with their cavalry, they withdrew into the Highlands to wage a guerilla war.They remained under arms until December 1647, when the Marquess was captured in a Covenanter raid.Aboyne escaped, but he had only a few troops left. Excluded from the general pardons issued to Scots royalists,he is said to have fled to France and died in exile in Paris around February 1649 - of a fever according to some, while others say he died of grief at the news of King Charles's beheading.Viscount Aboyne had nevermarried, and his title thus became extinct, although the title of Earl of Aboyne was later revived for his younger brother. Since his elder brother's death at Alford, he had also been heir to the Marquessate (with thecourtesy title Earl of Enzie, although this was rarely used); these dignities now passed to his younger brother, Lord Lewis Gordon.== Bibliography ==Passage 4:John Gordon, 3rd Earl of AboyneJohn Gordon, 3rd Earl ofAboyne (April 1700 – 7 April 1732) was the son of Charles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne and Elizabeth Lyon. He succeeded his father as 3rd Earl of Aboyne in April 1702. On the date of his death 7 April 1732, he wassucceeded in his titles by his eldest son. He was just 32 years old.FamilyHe married Grace Lockhart, daughter of George Lockhart and Lady Euphemia Montgomerie, on 20 June 1724, and had issue:1. Charles Gordon,4th Earl of Aboyne (c1726-1794):by his first wife, Lady Margaret Stewart, daughter of Alexander Stewart, 6th Earl of Galloway and Lady Catherine CochraneLady Margaret Gordon b. 1760, d. 23 May 1786, marriedWilliam Thomas Beckford, son of William Beckford and Maria Hamilton, daughter of the Hon. George HamiltonGeorge Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly b. 28 Jun 1761, d. 17 Jun 1853, married Catherine Cope, daughterof Sir Charles Cope, 2nd Bt. and Catherine Bishoppby his second wife, Lady Mary Douglas, daughter of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton and Agatha HalyburtonLord Douglas Halyburton b. 10 Oct 1777, d. 25 Dec1841, married Louisa Leslie, daughter of Sir Edward Leslie, 1st Baronet2. Lt.-Col. Hon. John Gordon (1728–1778)Major-General John Gordon b. 8 Jul 1765, d. 26 Dec 1832, married Eliza Morris, daughter of RobertMorrisGrace Margaret Gordon b. 27 Sep 1766, married William Graham3. Lt.-Col. Hon. Lockhart Gordon (1732–1788), married Catherine (1746–1813), daughter of John Wallop, Viscount LymingtonCaroline Gordon b.1772 d. 13 December 1801, married Lt.-Col. William James, son of Lt.-Col. Sir Charles James and Catherine Napier, daughter of Sir Gerrard Napier, 5th BaronetReverend Lockhart GordonLoudon HarcourtGordonNotesPassage 5:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother ofAkhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancientEgypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the godMin of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya andThuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremoniesand rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay,an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, althoughcertainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preservedtomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M.Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's largegilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledgerunners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on theother side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb;the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers havingsome difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resinand opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered herwrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly womanof small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision isstitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination ofTutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils werestuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placedinto her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosiswith a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 6:Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of AboyneCharlesGordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne (c1638 - March 1681). The fourth son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly and Lady Anne Campbell, he was created 1st Earl of Aboyne and 1st Lord Gordon of Strathaven and Glenlivetby Letters Patent on 10 September 1660. At the time of his death in March 1681, he was succeeded in the earldom and lordship by his son.FamilyHe married firstly, Margaret Irvine, daughter of Alexander Irvine, c1662,and had issue:Lady Ann Gordon (d. c1665)His first wife died in 1662.He married secondly, Elizabeth Lyon, daughter of John Lyon, 2nd Earl of Kinghorne and Lady Elizabeth Maule, on 28 August 1665, and hadissue:Charles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne (c1670-1702)Hon. George GordonHon. John Gordon (d.1762)Lady Elizabeth Gordon, married John Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Cromartie (1685)Passage 7:Hannah ArnoldHannahArnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 8:CharlesGordon, 2nd Earl of AboyneCharles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne (c. 1670 – April 1702). The eldest son of Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne and Elizabeth Lyon, he succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Aboyne in March1681. At the time of his death in April 1702, he was succeeded in his titles by his son.FamilyHe married Elizabeth Lyon, daughter of Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Helen Middleton, c1662, and


Passage 1:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at NorthwesternUniversity. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directedthe musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où est donc passée laseptième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 during the Battle ofFrance.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near the Machecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. CaptainDumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill, and takes positionwithin a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, and order a puzzled 7thCompany to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff Sergeant Chaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slowdown and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the camp without their weapons to look forPithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake. While Chaudard teaches hismen how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapesbefore his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm,but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard. Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door,comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard hasbeen lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killing its two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and thetwo dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans' uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company,who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures thenewest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck's cannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by their owncolonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowing the company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins hisChaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobertLamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : The peasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A FrenchsoldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by Robert Lamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune(The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. Thefamous grocery scene was filmed in Bazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences in June 1940 during the war.The final scene with the parachute is based on a true story.The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups of three, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the rail network of Normandy Landings in Brittany, two days before.Box officeThe moviereceived a great success in France reaching the third best selling movie in 1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septième compagnie? at IMDbPassage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is aNorwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been thedirector of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 5:Andrzej FidykAndrzej Fidyk (born in 1953, Warsaw) is a  Polish documentaryfilmmaker, producer, and professor of the Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School in Katowice. He is best known for work his 1989 documentary Defilada (The Parade), which depicts the mass parades choreographed tocelebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1988.Initially, Fidyk planned to be an economist.  During 1972 and 1977 he studied foreign trade atthe Central School ofPlanning and Statistics at the Warsaw School of Economics. After graduation, he worked at the ForeignTrade Bureau for two years, work which he hated He first started working for television in 1980, since when he hasmade over 40 documentary films shown primarily on Polish and British television. From 1991 to 1996 he worked for the BBC in the Music and Arts Department.  Between 1996 and 2004 he was Head of Documentariesat Polish Television.Filmography1982Idzie Grześ przez wieś, production, script,1983Optymistyczny film o niewidomych, director,1984Ich teatr,  director, script,1985Prezydent,  director,1986Noc w pałacu,  director,script,Praga,  director, script,1987Królewna Śnieżka, telefon i krowa,  director, script,1988Paryż, miasto kontrastów,  director, script,1989Defilada,  production, script,1990Ostatki, script, production1993Sen Staszka wTeheranie,  director, script,1994Niebo oplutych,  production,Pocztówka z Japonii,  production, script,The Russian Striptease,  director, production,1995Carnaval. The Biggest Party In The World,  production,production,Ostatki,  production, script,1997Ciężar nieważkości,  editing,Cross,  art consultation,Dziewczyny z Szymanowa,  production,East Of Eastenders,  director,Historia Jednej Butelki,  art consultation,Jeden dzieńz życia Tomka Karata,  art consultation,Kanar,  production,El Porvenir de Una Ilusion,  production,1998Dotknięci,  art consultation,Ganek,  production,Kiniarze z Kalkuty,  director, script, production,Marzenia iśmierć,  art consultation,199924 dni,  production,Oni,  editing,Takiego pięknego syna urodziłam,  art consultation,Twarzą w twarz z Papieżem,  editing,1989-1999 w dziesiątkę,  editing,2000Jan Paweł II w ZiemiŚwiętej,  editing,Ziemia podwójnie obiecana. Jan Paweł II w Ziemi ŚwiętejŚlub w Domu Samotności,  editing,Taniec trzcin,  production, script,2001Prawdziwe psy (TV documentary/novel),  editing,Serce ZWęgla,  editing,2002Bobrek Dance,  editing,Mój syn Romek,  editing,Przedszkolandia (TV documentary/novel), editing,2003Imieniny,  art consultation,2008Yodok Stories,  director i script,2009Balcerowicz. Gra owszystko, director, script.2016Lech Walesa, A Portrait, director.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Irelandand Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Artin Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in theUnited States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded DanMonroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989)degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the ChesterBeatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublinfrom 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increasedthe number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued theemphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporatesponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during DrKennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud'sAfter Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiplesand unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship.He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there wereother exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted largeattendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York,Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion." In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated thatthe events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art". He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far."Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on hismanagement of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his twopredecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass,antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language."   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents,volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequentspeaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples.Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 7:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed


Passage 1:Ludwig II (2012 film)Ludwig II is a 2012 German-Austrian historical film directed by Peter Sehr and Marie Noëlle, starring Sabin Tambrea as the younger Bavarian King Ludwig II and Sebastian Schipper asthe king in his later years.PlotCrown Prince Ludwig suffers under the authoritarian education of his father King Maximilian II and has no interest in his militaristic attitude. In addition, because of his love for music andthe fine arts, Ludwig repeatedly incurs the displeasure of his father. For Ludwig, art is more important than daily bread.Maximilian II dies unexpectedly of erysipelas, so Ludwig, full of idealism, ascends the Bavarianthrone at the age of 18. At a time when war and poverty are omnipresent, he believes in a better world and wants to use his power to ensure that his people can live in peace and happiness. He wants his kingdom tobecome a place where beauty, art and culture will flourish; instead of weapons, Ludwig wants to invest public money in theatre, music and education.He spends his free time with his young cousin, Sophie, the sister ofthe Austrian Empress Sissi. With her he can philosophise about music and the beauty of the world. Moreover, he has all of his rooms in the castle remodelled and designed according to his ideas.He loves RichardWagner's operas, and his passion and admiration for the controversial composer's works and their legends are so great that he wants to bring Wagner to his court. To achieve this, he instructs the well-known musiclover Johann von Lutz to track down Wagner and bring him to his court. He awaits the arrival of his idol impatiently and receives him with great respect. He settles Wagner's debts and obtains a pardon for therevolutionary and politically persecuted composer. However, his ministers rebel against his expensive sponsorship of the composer.At first, Ludwig throws himself into political business with enthusiasm. He initiates aschool reform and distributesmusical instruments instead of weapons to his young cadets. He is of the opinion that if Bavaria should ever be attacked, the sound of Wagner's music will immediately disarm them. Even aconversation with his cousin, Elisabeth of Austria, who wants to ask for help in preventing Prussia from waging war against Austria, fails because of his naive belief that music alone is capable of keeping people's heartsin a peaceful .Ludwig's ministers are not satisfied with the power that Wagner's ideas seem to have over the young king. Ludwig increasingly neglects the affairs of government. The news of an impending war reacheshim while he is on the road with Wagner in the Bavarian mountains. The composer suggests that he replace the ministers who now want to go to war. They in turn threaten to resign from their positions if Ludwig doesnot part with Wagner and his influence. Since the king fears for his friend's life, he urges him to leave Bavaria. He realises that circumstances are against him, and his beloved kingdom gets involved in the war withPrussia against his will. Disheartened, and showing first signs of delusional illnesses, Ludwig withdraws from public life.The news of the defeat of his army hits him hard, since he has spent the money that was intendedfor modern rifles on musical instruments. His stable master, Richard Hornig, is at his side and is willing to support him, but Ludwig does not want to admit his affection for men. In order to deal with the war defeat, hetravels his country and shows himself to his people. Moreover, he plans his wedding with Sophie because he is convinced that the people expect this from him. As part of the wedding preparations, Wagner arrives atcourt again to take over the musical design. As a result, Ludwig meets a young singer, Heinrich Vogel, whom he wants to hear singing as Lohengrin, which incurs Wagner's displeasure.Sophie demands proof of love inthe form of a kiss from her future husband. This leads to a scandal, and Ludwig cancels his already planned and longed-for wedding because he realises that, due to his homosexuality, which he does not confess to heror to others, he cannot have more than friendship with his fiancée. In a letter, he asks Sophie's forgiveness and understanding. In his opinion, she has the right to be happy, which would not be possible at his side in thelong run.In addition to those private problems, political events are catching up with him again. Bavaria's defeat by Prussia forces the country to enter the 1870-71 war against France as a compulsory ally of Otto vonBismarck. Bismarck's efforts to create an all-German empire, headed by an emperor, destroys the dream of a sovereign Bavarian kingdom continuing to exist. Ludwig's brother Otto suffers a nervous breakdown and hasto be taken to a sanatorium. The attending physician assumes that Otto will not recover from his mental derangement. Ludwig promises to build his brother a castle where he can be who he is, just as he also longshimself to have a place where he can be who he is. With this in mind, he has Neuschwanstein Castle built.Nevertheless, Ludwig does not achieve peace: the abysses of his soul are too deep, tormenting him and makinghim despair. Disillusioned, he retires again from public life and takes refuge in the world of opera melodies. He does not want to admit the financial problems that the state budget has to suffer due to hisexcessive  construction activities. But reality catches up with him, and Ludwig's opponents team up to depose him and the castles in his dream realm of fantasy. Even his long-standing devotee Johann von Lutz, whomhe had made minister, comes to doubt Ludwig's common sense. After a fire breaks out in the castle, Richard Hornig is seriously injured. The sadness of never being allowed to stand by his love for the stable masterdrives him even further into madness, which his opponents are now increasingly aware of. One of his ministers has a medical report drawn up in order to justify deposing the king.Ludwig senses the plan and intends toblow himself up with his castles before he can be chased away from them, but the project fails due to the inappropriate explosives. Following that, the minister succeeds in taking the king into medical care against hiswill in Castle Berg.Desperate about the disregard for his royal privileges, and his treatment as a "poor lunatic", he decided to escape his treatment. While taking a walk with his doctor, he escapes him and runs into LakeStarnberg, where he drowns.Historical inaccuraciesThe death of King Maximilian II, Ludwig's father, in the film is shown as if it were extremely sudden. Actually, the sickness which led to his death lasted for manyweeks, during which Ludwig was criticized for the audiences he granted to the tenor Albert Niemann, a behaviour considered disrespectful towards his sick father.The meeting between Ludwig and Richard Hornig whereHornig himself finds Wagner, which in the film takes place in March 1864, happened instead in May 1867In the film the famous official portrait of Ludwig is painted in 1867 while in reality it was already painted in1865.In the film Richard Wagner is found by Hornig while in reality he was found by the king's minister Pfistermeister. Indeed, it was to him that Ludwig gave the photograph with the ruby to give to the composer, andnot to Lutz as seen in the film.Ludwig decides to curl his hair for the arrival of Wagner, but this decision was actually made when he was still crown prince to hide his protruding ears, a physical defect that he could notbear.In the film Ludwig signs the famous Kaiserbrief in the Residenz, while it happened in Hohenschwangau, which is neither shown nor mentioned, although it was a castle very dear to Ludwig.CastSabin Tambrea asKing Ludwig II (young)Sebastian Schipper as King Ludwig IIHannah Herzsprung as Empress Elisabeth of AustriaEdgar Selge as Richard WagnerTom Schilling as Prince OttoJustus von Dohnányi as Johann vonLutzFriedrich Mücke as Richard HornigSamuel Finzi as Lorenz MayrChristophe Malavoy as Napoleon IIIAxel Milberg as King Maximilian IIKatharina Thalbach as Queen MarieUwe Ochsenknecht as Prince LuitpoldPaulaBeer as Duchess Sophie in BavariaAugust Wittgenstein as Alfred Eckbrecht von Dürckheim-MontmartinPassage 2:Marie of PrussiaMarie of Prussia (German: Marie Friederike Franziska Auguste Hedwig von Preußen;October 15, 1825 – May 17, 1889) was Queen of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian II of Bavaria, and the mother of Kings Ludwig II and Otto of Bavaria.LifeBorn and raised in Berlin, she was the daughter of PrinceWilhelm of Prussia, a younger brother of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, and his wife, Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg. The family spent half of the year at Fischbach (today Karpniki) Castle in Silesia,where they loved to hike in the Giant Mountains. In her youth, Marie was seriously considered as a wife for Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until her engagement to Maximilian was announced.QueenOn 12October 1842, she married the Crown Prince, and later King of Bavaria, Maximilian II.Marie was loved equally by both the Catholic and Protestant populations. (At that time, Bavaria was mostly Catholic, whilst Prussiawas mostly Evangelical.) A specific emphasis of her "great social engagement" was a reactivation of the Bavarian Women's Association, which took place on 18 December 1869 with the aid of her son, Ludwig II. Its aimwas "Pflege und Unterstützung der im Felde verwundeten und erkrankten Krieger" (Care and support of soldiers wounded and injured in the field). The Bavarian Red Cross was officially founded as a result of theBavarian Women's Association. The Red Cross eventually took over for the Queen.Queen dowagerWith the sudden death of Maximilian II on 10 March 1864, Marie became a widow. On 12 October 1874, she convertedto Catholicism.As a widow she lived at Nymphenburg Palace. She spent her summer holidays at Schloss Hohenschwangau near Füssen, a castle her husband had redecorated in Gothic Revival style, and at her countryestate in Elbigenalp in the Lechtal Alps. She enjoyed hiking the mountains, which she had often done with her sons when they were young. Marie looked after her second son Otto, who was declared insane. She outlivedher elder son, Ludwig II, by nearly three years; his unusual death occurring on 13 June 1886. He had not liked her very much (just as he disliked most of his other relatives) and had tried to avoid contact as far aspossible. Marie died in 1889 in Hohenschwangau.She is interred in the Theatine Church in Munich in a side chapel opposite her husband.IssueLudwig II of Bavaria (25 August 1845 - 13 June 1886); succeeded as King ofBavaria as Ludwig II. Declared mentally incompetent without examination and deposed in a coup in favour of his uncle, Prince Luitpold, on 10 June 1886; died under disputed circumstances.Otto I of Bavaria (27 April1848 - 11 October 1916); succeeded as King of Bavaria as Otto I, but reigned only in name due to the regency of his uncle, Prince Luitpold. Declared mentally incompetent and deposed on 5 November 1913 by hiscousin Prince Ludwig, later King Ludwig III of Bavaria.HonoursKingdom of Bavaria: Grand Mistress of the Order of Theresa Kingdom of Prussia:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st DivisionCross of Merit for Women andGirls Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 17 June 1856 Kingdom of Saxony: Dame of the Order of Sidonia, 1871AncestryPassage 3:Ernst LubitschErnst Lubitsch (; January 29, 1892 – November 30, 1947)was a German-born film director, producer, writer, and actor. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films werepromoted as having "the Lubitsch touch". Among his best known works are Trouble in Paradise (1932), Design for Living (1933), Ninotchka (1939), The Shop Around the Corner (1940), To Be or Not to Be (1942) andHeaven Can Wait (1943). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times for The Patriot (1928), The Love Parade (1929), and Heaven Can Wait (1943). In 1946, he received an HonoraryAcademy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture.Early lifeLubitsch was born in 1892 in Berlin, the son of Simon Lubitsch, a tailor, and Anna (née) Lindenstaedt. His family was AshkenaziJewish; his father was born in Grodno in the Russian Empire (now Belarus), and his mother was from Wriezen outside Berlin. He turned his back on his father's tailoring business to enter the theater, and by 1911 was amember of Max Reinhardt's Deutsches Theater.CareerEarly work, 1913–1921In 1913, Lubitsch made his film debut as an actor in The Ideal Wife. He gradually abandoned acting to concentrate on directing. He appearedin approximately 30 films as an actor between 1912 and 1920. His last film appearance as an actor was in the 1920 drama Sumurun, opposite Pola Negri and Paul Wegener, which he also directed.In 1918, he made hismark as a serious director with Die Augen der Mumie Ma (The Eyes of the Mummy), starring Pola Negri. Lubitsch alternated between escapist comedies and large-scale historical dramas, enjoying great internationalsuccess with both. His reputation as a grand master of world cinema reached a new peak after the release of his spectacles Madame Du Barry (retitled Passion, 1919) and Anna Boleyn (Deception, 1920). Both of thesefilms found American distributorship by early 1921. They, along with Lubitsch's Carmen (released as Gypsy Blood in the U.S. in 1921) were selected by The New York Times on its list of the 15 most important movies of1921.With glowing reviews under his belt and American money flowing his way, Lubitsch formed his own production company and set to work on the high-budget spectacular The Loves of Pharaoh (1921). Lubitschsailed to the United States for the first time in December 1921 for what was intended as a lengthy publicity and professional factfinding tour, scheduled to culminate in the February premiere of Pharaoh. However, withWorld War I still fresh, and with a slew of German "New Wave" releases encroaching on American movie workers' livelihoods, Lubitsch was not gladly received. He cut his trip short after little more than three weeks andreturned to Germany. But he had already seen enough of the American film industry to know that its resources far outstripped the spartan German companies.Hollywood silent films, 1922–1927Lubitsch finally leftGermany for Hollywood in 1922, contracted as a director by Mary Pickford. He directed Pickford in the film Rosita; the result was a critical and commercial success, but director and star clashed during its filming, and itended up as the only project that they made together. A free agent after just one American film, Lubitsch was signed to a remarkable three-year, six-picture contract by Warner Brothers that guaranteed the director hischoice of both cast and crew, and full editing control over the final cut.Settling in America, Lubitsch established his reputation for sophisticated comedy with such stylish films as The Marriage Circle (1924), LadyWindermere's Fan (1925), and So This Is Paris (1926). But his films were only marginally profitable for Warner Brothers, and Lubitsch's contract was eventually dissolved by mutual consent, with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayerand Paramount buying out the remainder. His first film for MGM, The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927), was well regarded, but lost money. The Patriot (1928), produced by Paramount, earned him his firstAcademy Award nomination for Best Directing.Sound films, 1928–1940Lubitsch seized upon the advent of sound films to direct musicals. With his first sound film, The Love Parade (1929), starring Maurice Chevalier andJeanette MacDonald, Lubitsch hit his stride as a maker of worldly musical comedies (and earned himself another Oscar nomination). The Love Parade (1929), Monte Carlo (1930), and The Smiling Lieutenant (1931)were hailed by critics as masterpieces of the newly emerging musical genre. Lubitsch served on the faculty of the University of Southern California for a time.His next film was a romantic comedy, written with SamsonRaphaelson, Trouble in Paradise (1932). Later described (approvingly) as "truly amoral" by critic David Thomson, the cynical comedy was popular both with critics and with audiences. But it was a project that could onlyhave been made before the enforcement of the Production Code, and after 1935, Trouble in Paradise was withdrawn from circulation. It was not seen again until 1968. The film was never available on videocassette andonly became available on DVD in 2003.Writing about Lubitsch's work, critic Michael Wilmington observed:At once elegant and ribald, sophisticated and earthy, urbane and bemused, frivolous yet profound. They weredirected by a man who was amused by sex rather than frightened of it – and who taught a whole culture to be amused by it as well.Whether with music, as in MGM's opulent The Merry Widow (1934) and Paramount'sOne Hour with You (1932), or without, as in Design for Living (1933), Lubitsch continued to specialize in comedy. He made only one other dramatic film, the antiwar Broken Lullaby (also known as The Man I Killed,1932).In 1935, he was appointed Paramount's production manager, thus becoming the only major Hollywood director to run a large studio. Lubitsch subsequently produced his own films and supervised the productionof films of other directors. But Lubitsch had trouble delegating authority, which was a problem when he was overseeing sixty different films. He was fired after a year on the job, and returned to full-time moviemaking.In 1936, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.On July 27, 1935, he married British actress Vivian Gaye. They had one daughter, Nicola Anne Patricia Lubitsch, on October 27, 1938. When war wasdeclared in Europe, Vivian Lubitsch and her daughter were staying in London. Vivian sent her baby daughter, accompanied by her nursemaid, Consuela Strohmeier, to Montreal aboard the Donaldson Atlantic Line's SSAthenia, which was sunk by a German submarine on September 3, 1939 with a loss of 118 passengers. The child and the nurse survived.In 1939, Lubitsch moved to MGM, and directed Greta Garbo in Ninotchka. Garboand Lubitsch were friendly and had hoped to work together on a movie for years, but this would be their only project. The film, co-written by Billy Wilder, is a satirical comedy in which the famously serious actress'laughing scene was promoted by studio publicists with the tagline "Garbo Laughs!"In 1940, he directed The Shop Around the Corner, an artful comedy of cross purposes. The film reunited Lubitsch with his Merry Widowscreenwriter Raphaelson, and starred James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan as a pair of bickering co-workers in Budapest, each unaware that the other is their secret romantic correspondent. David Thomson wrote:TheShop Around the Corner...is among the greatest of films...This is a love story about a couple too much in love with love to fall tidily into each other's arms. Though it all works out finally, a mystery is left, plus the fear ofhow easily good people can miss their chances. Beautifully written (by Lubitsch's favorite writer, Samson Raphaelson), Shop Around the Corner is a treasury of hopes and anxieties based in the desperate faces ofStewart and Sullavan. It is a comedy so good it frightens us for them. The café conversation may be the best meeting in American film. The shot of Sullavan's gloved hand, and then her ruined face, searching an emptymail box for a letter is one of the most fragile moments in film. For an instant, the ravishing Sullavan looks old and ill, touched by loss.Later films, 1941–1947Lubitsch next directed That Uncertain Feeling (1941), aremake of his 1925 film Kiss Me Again; an independent production by Lubitsch with Sol Lesser, it was not a commercial success. Lubitsch followed with a film that has become one of his best regarded comedies, To Beor Not to Be, a witty, dark and insightful film about a troupe of actors in Nazi-occupied Poland. He spent the balance of his career at 20th Century Fox, but a heart condition curtailed his activity, and he spent much ofhis time in supervisory capacities. His next picture was Heaven Can Wait (1943), his first color film and another Raphaelson collaboration. The film is about Henry Van Cleve (played by Don Ameche), who presentshimself at the gates of Hell to recount his life and the women he has known from his mother onward, concentrating on his happy but sometimes difficult 25 years of marriage to Martha (Gene Tierney).After Heaven CanWait, Lubitsch began work on A Royal Scandal (1945), a remake of his silent film Forbidden Paradise.  Edwin Justus Mayer wrote the screenplay for A Royal Scandal and had worked with Lubitsch on To Be or Not to Be(1942). A Royal Scandal's pre-production and rehearsals were completed under Lubitsch, the original director of this film. He became ill during shooting, so Lubitsch hired Otto Preminger to finish the film. After A Royal