Passage 1:Margaret, Countess of BrienneMarguerite d'Enghien (born 1365 - d. after 1394), was the ruling suo jure Countess of Brienne and of Conversano, suo jure Lady of Enghien, and Lady of Beauvois from 1394until an unknown date.LifeMarguerite was born in 1365, the eldest daughter of Louis of Enghien, Count of Brienne and Conversano, Lord of Enghien, Titular Duke of Athens, and Giovanna of Sanseverino. Marguerite hada brother, Antoine who died at the age of sixteen, leaving her, the eldest daughter, heir to her father's estates and titles.  She inherited the counties of Brienne and of Conversano, and the Lordship of Enghien from herfather Louis of Enghien on 17 March 1394. She was the wife of John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois and the mother of Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Count of Brienne and of Conversano who inherited herfiefs, and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.ReignMarguerite became the suo jure Countess of Brienne and Conversano, and Dame of Enghien upon her father's death on 17 March 1394. Her husband John alsobecame Count of Brienne and of Conversano by right of his wife.She died on an unknown date sometime after 1394. Her will was dated 19 September 1393. Her eldest son, Peter received her titles of Brienne and ofConversano.Marriages and issueOn an unknown date, Marguerite married  her first husband, Pierre de Baux, and following his death, she married as her second husband, a relative of her mother, Giacopo ofSanseverino. Both of these early marriages were childless. In 1380, after Giacopo's death, Marguerite married her third husband, John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois (1370–1397).  He was the son of Guy ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Mahaut of Châtillon, Countess of Saint-Pol. By her third husband, Marguerite had five children:Peter of Luxembourg (1390–31 August 1433), Count of Saint-Pol (1430), which heinherited from his aunt Jeanne of Luxembourg, Countess of Saint-Pol and Ligny; he also inherited, on an unknown date, Marguerite's fiefs of Brienne and of Conversano, thus becoming Count of Brienne and ofConversano. He married on 8 May 1405, Margaret de Baux, by whom he had nine children, including Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville Queen-Consort of Edward IV of England.John II ofLuxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392–5 January 1441), inherited the title of Beauvois from his father, and the title of Ligny from his aunt, Jeanne of Luxembourg. On 23 November 1418, married Jeanne de Béthune,widow of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons who had been killed at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. John, who was an ally of the English during the Hundred Years War, received Joan of Arc as hisprisoner, and subsequently sold her to the English for 10,000 livres.Louis of Luxembourg (died 18 September 1443). He was a statesman and a high-ranking churchman. His posts and clerical titles included Cardinal(1439), Archbishop of Rouen (1437), Chancellor of France (1425), Governor of Paris (1436), Bishop of Thérouanne, Administrator of Ely (1437), Bishop of Frascati (1442). He was buried in Ely Cathedral.Catherine ofLuxembourg (born c. 1393)Jeanne of Luxembourg (died 1420), married firstly, on 8 September 1415, Louis, Seigneur de Ghistelles (killed at the Battle of Agincourt); she married secondly on 28 October 1419, Jean IV,Viscount of Melun, Constable of Flanders.Passage 2:Nocher II, Count of SoissonsNocher II (died 1019), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, Count of Soissons. He was the son of Nocher I, Count of Bar-sur-Aube. Nocher's brotherBeraud (d. 1052) was Bishop of Soissons.Nocher became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris, upon his marriage to Adelise, Countess of Soissons.  Nocher and Adelisa had three children:Nocher III (d. 1040), Count ofBar-sur-Aube, had at least two daughters by unknown wife:Adèle (d. 1053), Countess of Bar-sur-AubeIsabeauGuy, archbishop of ReimsRenaud I, Count of SoissonsNocher's son and namesake became Count ofBar-sur-Aube upon his death, and the countship of Soissons reverted to his wife.  His son Renaud would eventually become the Count of Soissons.Passage 3:Adelaide, Countess of SoissonsAdelaide (died 1105), wassovereign Countess of Soissons from 1057 until 1105.She was the daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife, whose name is unknown, widow of Hilduin III, Count of Montdidier. .Adelaide became ruler ofthe County of Soissons upon the death of her father and brother, Guy II, Count of Soissons, in 1057.Adelaide married William Busac, Count of Eu, grandson of Richard I, Duke of Normandy.  Adelaide and William hadfive children:Renaud II, Count of SoissonsJohn I, Count of Soissons, married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of SoissonsLithuise de Blois, married to Milo I ofMontlhéryUnnamed daughter, married to Yves le Vieux.William Busac became Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris, upon their marriage.NotesSourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comteset gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 4:Margaret, Countess of SoissonsMargaret (or Margaretha) of Soissons (died ca. 1350) was ruling Countess of Soissons in 1305-1344. She was theonly daughter of Hugh, Count of Soissons, and Johanna of Argies. In 1306 she succeeded her father as Countess of Soissons.Margaret was married to John of Beaumont, son of John II, Count of Holland. Margaret andJohn had five children:Johanna of Hainault (1323–1350), married first to Louis II, Count of Blois, (three sons), and second to William I, Marquis of Namur, no issue.John, Canon of Cambrai.William, Canon of Cambrai,Beauvais and Le Mans.Amalrik, Canon of Cambrai, Dole and Tours.Reinout, Canon of Cambrai.Upon their marriage, John became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et deses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 5:Jeanne of Bar, Countess of Marle and SoissonsJeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess of Marle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy,Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462)  was a noble French heiress and Sovereign Countess. She was the only child of Robert of Bar, Count ofMarle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy, who was killed at the Battle of Agincourt when she was a baby, leaving her the sole heiress to his titles and estates. In 1430, at the age of fifteen, Jeanne was one of the three womenplaced in charge of Joan of Arc when the latter was a prisoner in the castle of John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jeanne's stepfather. She was the first wife of Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, deLigny, and Conversano, Constable of France.FamilyJeanne was born in 1415, the only child of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy (1390- 25 October 1415), whose own mother was Marie de Coucy,Countess of Soissons, granddaughter of English King Edward III of England. Her mother was Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux (c.1397- late 1450).On 25 October 1415, her father was killed in the Battle ofAgincourt, leaving Jeanne, who was a baby, as sole heiress to her father's titles and estates. In 1418, her mother married secondly John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and de Guise (1392 – 5 January 1441), son ofJohn of Luxembourg, Sire de Beauvois and Marguerite of Enghien, Countess of Brienne and of Conversano. The marriage was childless.It was Jeanne's stepfather John who received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and kepther at his castle of Beaurevoir. Joan, who was three years Jeanne's senior, was placed in the care of Jeanne, her mother and Jeanne of Luxembourg, John's elderly aunt. The three ladies did all they could to comfortJoan in her captivity, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade her to abandon her masculine clothing for feminine attire. They earned Joan's gratitude for their kind and compassionate treatment of her. Despite the pleas ofJeanne and the other two women, John sold Joan of Arc to the English, who were his allies, for 10,000 livres.Marriage and issueOn 16 July 1435, at the age of twenty, Jeanne married Louis of Luxembourg, Count ofSaint-Pol, Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano, Constable of France (1418 – 19 December 1475). The marriage took place at the Chateau de Bohain. She was Louis' first wife. Louis was the eldest son of Peter ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, and Conversano, by his wife Margaret de Baux. Louis had been brought up by his paternal uncle, who was Jeanne's stepfather, John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny andGuise; therefore the young couple were well-acquainted with one another. John designated Louis as his heir to the counties of Ligny and Guise, but upon John's death in 1441, King Charles VII of France sequestered theestates and titles. The title of Ligny was eventually restored to Louis. The title and estates of Guise were given to Louis' youngest sister, Isabelle as her dowry, which passed to her husband, Charles, Count of Maine,upon their marriage in 1443.  Jeanne succeeded as Viscountess of Meaux suo jure upon the death of her mother in late 1450.Jeanne and Louis had seven children:John of Luxembourg, Count of Marle and Soissons,Governor of Burgundy (killed at the Battle of Morat on 22 June 1476)Jacqueline of Luxembourg (died 1511), married Philippe de Croy, 2nd Count of Porcien, by whom she had issue.Pierre II de Luxembourg, Count ofSaint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, Marle and Soissons (1448 – 25 October 1482), on 12 July 1466, married Marguerite of Savoy (1439 Turin – 9 March 1483 Bruges), the daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne deLusignan of Cyprus, and widow of Giovanni IV Paleologo, Margrave of Montferrat, by whom he had issue, including Marie de Luxembourg (c. April 1467 – 1 April 1547), wife of François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme,and from whom Mary, Queen of Scots, King Henry IV of France, the subsequent Bourbon kings of France, and the Lorraine Dukes of Guise were directly descended.Helene of Luxembourg (died 23 August 1488), marriedJanus of Savoy, Count of Faucigny, Governor of Nice (1440–1491), the brother of her sister-in-law, Marguerite of Savoy, by whom she had a daughter, Louise of Savoy (1467 – 1 May 1530).Charles of Luxembourg,Bishop of Laon (1447 – 24 November 1509), had several illegitimate children by an unknown mistress.Anthony I, Count of Ligny, Brienne, and Roussy (died 1519), married firstly Antoinette de Bauffrémont, Countess deCharny, by whom he had issue; he married secondly, Françoise de Croÿ-Chimay, by whom he had issue; he married thirdly Gillette de Coélivy. His last marriage was childless. By his mistress, Peronne de Machefert, hehad an illegitimate son, Antoine of Luxembourg, Bastard of Brienne, who married and left descendants.Philippe of Luxembourg (died 1521), Abbesse at MoncelDeathJeanne died on 14 May 1462 aged about forty-sevenyears. Her husband married secondly Marie of Savoy (20 March 1448 – 1475), daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus, by whom he had three more children. Marie was a younger sister of hisdaughter-in-law Marguerite of Savoy. Louis of Luxembourg was imprisoned in the Bastille and afterward beheaded in Paris on 19 December 1475 for treason against King Louis XI of France.AncestryPassage 6:John ofLuxembourg, Count of SoissonsJohn of Luxembourg (died 22 June 1476) was Count of Marle and Count of Soissons between 1462 and 1476, Lord of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg.John was the eldest son of Louisde Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Jeanne de Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons. He became Count of Marle and Soissons, following the death of his mother in 1462. In 1473, John became a member in the Orderof the Golden Fleece. He was unable to inherit his father's lands, since his father was beheaded for treason in 1475 and his lands confiscated.John was killed at the Battle of Morat, 22 June 1476. He never married andhis lands went to his younger brother Peter.Passage 7:William BusacWilliam Busac (1020–1076), son of William I, Count of Eu, and his wife Lesceline, was Count of Eu and Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris.  William wasgiven the nickname Busac by the medieval chronicler Robert of Torigni.William appealed to King Henry I of France, who gave him in marriage Adelaide, the heiress of the county of Soissons. Adelaide was daughter ofRenaud I, Count of Soissons and Grand Master of the Hotel de France. William then became Count of Soissons in right of his wife. William and Adelaide had four children:Renaud II, Count of Soissons (died 1099)John I,Count of Soissons (died after 1115), married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of Soissons (died 1 Mar 1108)Lithuise de Blois, married to Milo I of MontlhéryRaintrude, married toRaoul I of Nesle, a member of the House of Nesle.His son Renaud became Count of Soissons upon William's death, and he was succeeded by his brother John.Passage 8:John V, Count of SoissonsJohn V (21 March 1281– 1304), son of John IV, Count of Soissons, and his wife Marguerite of Rumigny. Count of Soissons.John inherited the countship of Soissons from his father in 1302.  Nothing is known about his brief rule of the county.He never married and died with no heirs.  Upon his death, his brother Hugh became Count of Soissons.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664(available on Google Books)Passage 9:John III, Count of SoissonsJohn III (died before 8 October 1286), son of John II, Count of Soissons, and Marie de Chimay.  Count of Soissons and Seigneur of Chimay.  Johninherited the countship of Soissons upon his father’s death in 1272.John married Marguerite de Montfort, daughter of Amaury, Count of Montfort, and his wife Beatrix de Viennois.  John and Marguerite had:Marie deNesle (d. after 1272), married to Guy de Saint-RémyJohn IV, Count of SoissonsUnnamed daughter, married Eustache IV de Conflans, Seigneur de Mareuil, son of Eustache III de ConflansRaoul de Nesle (killed in thebattle of Courtrai, 11 July 1302)Auchier de Nesle.Hugh de Nesle, d.1306Passage 10:Guy II, Count of SoissonsGuy II (d. 1057), son of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife (name unknown), widow of Hilduin III,Count of Montdidier. Guy was identified as Count of Soissons in 1042 in a charter in which Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, the treasurer of St. Martin, denoted property. Guy died with his father in 1057 at the siege ofSoissons.It is not known whether or not Guy was married and no children are recorded. Upon his death, his sister Adelaide assumed the countship of Soissons.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et deses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)


Passage 1:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promoteand market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.TheVictoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 was recorded in New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Sting, Mary J. Blige, and Eve. Angel Heidi Klum was wearingthe Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Very Sexy Fantasy Bra worth $11,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Super HeroinesSegment 2: Razor Sharp Latex LadiesSpecial PerformanceSegment 3 : Rock ChicksRockin' OutSpecial PerformanceSegment 4 : Sexy KittensSpecial PerformanceSegment 5 : GlaaaaamaaazonsIndexFinaleAngels: Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum.Returning Models: Michelle Alves,Alessandra Ambrosio, Carmen Kass, Dewi Driegen, Naomi Campbell, Ana Beatriz Barros, Angela Lindvall, Frankie Rayder, Mini Andén, Eugenia Volodina, Oluchi Onweagba, Liya Kebede, Lindsay Frimodt, FernandaTavares, Letícia Birkheuer, Ujjwala Raut, Karolina Kurkova.Newcomers: Isabeli Fontana, Marcelle Bittar, Jacquetta Wheeler, Margarita Svegzdaite, Deanna Miller.External linksVSFS 2003 GalleryPassage 2:Victoria'sSecret Fashion Show 2001The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market itsgoods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Daniela Peštová, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.TheVictoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001 was recorded in New York, United States at the Bryant Park. The show featured musical performances by Andrea Bocelli and Mary J. Blige. Angel Heidi Klum was wearing theVictoria's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Heavenly Star Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1Special PerformanceSegment 2IndexFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum, AdrianaLima, Tyra Banks, Daniela Peštová.Returning models: Karolína Kurková, Caroline Ribeiro, Eva Herzigová, Mini Andén, Fernanda Tavares, Trish Goff, Bridget Hall, Aurélie Claudel, Rhea Durham, Alessandra Ambrosio,Inés Rivero.Newcomers: Rie Rasmussen, Maggie Rizer, Alek Wek, Omahyra Mota, Karen Elson, Molly Sims, Audrey Marnay, Diána Mészáros, Anouck Lepere, Emma Heming.External linksVSFS 2001 GalleryPassage3:List of Victoria's Secret modelsThis is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.Victoria's SecretAngelsModels who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending its Angels brand.PINK spokesmodelsThe following is the list ofmodels who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.NotesPassage 4:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored byVictoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such ascurrent Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 was recorded in New York, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The showfeatured musical performances by Destiny's Child, Marc Anthony, and Phil Collins. Karolína Kurková was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Star of Victoria Fantasy Bra worth $10,000,000.Fashion showsegmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1: Religious HolidaySpecial PerformanceSegment 2: Jungle AnimalsSpecial PerformanceSegment 3: Flamenco FrillsSegment 4: Neon AngelsFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, HeidiKlum, Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Karolína Kurková.Returning models: Carmen Kass, Bridget Hall, Naomi Campbell, Fernanda Tavares, Alessandra Ambrosio, Frankie Rayder, Caroline Ribeiro, OluchiOnweagba.Newcomers: Yfke Sturm, Eugenia Volodina, Lindsay Frimodt, Michelle Alves, Nadine Strittmatter, Raquel Zimmermann, Liya Kebede, Dewi Driegen, Ana Beatriz Barros, Caitriona Balfe, Inga Savits, UjjwalaRaut, Ana Hickmann, Reka Ebergenyi, Letícia Birkheuer.IndexExternal linksVSFS 2002 GalleryPassage 5:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored byVictoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such ascurrent Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, Karolína Kurková, Alessandra Ambrosio, Selita Ebanks, and Izabel Goulart.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 was recordedin New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Chris Botti, Seal, and Ricky Martin. Gisele Bündchen was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : SexySplendor Fantasy Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion Show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Santa HelpersSegment 2: Sexy Shadow DreamsSegment 3: Sexy Crystal PrincessesSegment 4: Sexy DeliciousThis segment wasswapped in order of appearance with the fifth segment, Sexy Russian Babes, in the edited TV version.Segment 5: Sexy Russian BabesThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fourth segment, SexyDelicious, in the edited TV version.Special PerformanceSegment 6: Sexy ToysFinaleTyra Banks led the finale. == Index ==Passage 6:The Gravity GroupThe Gravity Group is a wooden roller coaster design firm based inCincinnati, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded in July 2002 out of the engineering team of the famed but now defunct Custom Coasters International. The core group of designers and engineers at The GravityGroup have backgrounds in civil, structural and mechanical engineering.  Their experience comes from work on over 40 different wooden roller coasters around the world.  The first coaster designed under the GravityGroup opened as Hades at Mount Olympus Theme Park in 2005. The Gravity Group also designed The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, which opened in May 2006 and is the second-longest woodenroller coaster in the world.  These first two accomplishments of the team have been received with great success by both the industry and coaster enthusiasts alike.In 2007, The Gravity Group opened Boardwalk Bullet,an intense wooden roller coaster that was built at Kemah Boardwalk and opened as the only wooden coaster in the Greater Houston area. The Gravity Group designed Ravine Flyer II at Waldameer in Erie, Pennsylvania,which was opened at the start of the 2008 season. In 2009, Wooden Coaster - Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China, becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park openedWooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The Gravity Group was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin.In 2008,members of The Gravity Group announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners.  They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sister company to The Gravity Group.  TheGravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of steering through curves, resulting in a more comfortable and maintenance-friendly ride.  Timberliners were planned to debut on TheVoyage at Holiday World for the 2010 season, but after four years of delays, Holiday World officially cancelled the project on August 16, 2013.  However, in 2011, the Timberliners appeared on Wooden Warrior atQuassy Amusement Park in Connecticut and on Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden, and in 2013 were added to Hades as part of its transformation to Hades 360.List of roller coastersAs of 2019, The Gravity Group hasbuilt 28 roller coasters around the world.Passage 7:The Cú Chulainn CoasterThe Cú Chulainn Coaster is a wooden roller coaster located at Emerald Park in Ashbourne, County Meath, Ireland. Manufactured by TheGravity Group, the wooden coaster features an overbanked turn and opened on 6 June 2015.HistoryThe Cú Chulainn Coaster was officially announced by Tayto Park in a press release on 19 February 2015, althoughconstruction started earlier in August 2014. Ohio-based company The Gravity Group was selected to build the roller coaster, marking their second installation in Europe following Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden.Construction was completed in May 2015, and the roller coaster opened on 6 June 2015. It was part of a €26 million investment at Tayto Park, which also included 7 other new attractions for the 2015 season. Its themeis based on the mythological lore surrounding Irish hero Cú Chulainn, whom the ride is named after.ReceptionPassage 8:Victoria's SecretVictoria's Secret is an American lingerie, clothing, and beauty retailer known forhigh visibility marketing and branding, starting with a popular catalog and followed by an annual fashion show with supermodels dubbed Angels. As the largest retailer of lingerie in the United States, the brand hasstruggled since 2016 due to shifting consumer preferences and controversy surrounding corporate leadership's business practices.Founded in 1977 by Roy and Gaye Raymond, the company's five lingerie stores weresold to Leslie Wexner in 1982. Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, growing the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion by the early 1990s when Victoria's Secret became thelargest lingerie retailer in the United States.From 1995 through 2018, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was an essential part of the brand's image featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by thecompany as fantasy Angels. The 1990s saw the company's further expansion throughout shopping malls along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the new brand Body by Victoria, and the development of a line offragrances and cosmetics. In 2002 Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK, a brand that was aimed to appeal to teenagers. Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expanded internationally, with retail outlets withininternational airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and in company-owned stores throughout Canada and the UK.By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share began to decline due to competition from other brandsthat embraced a wider range of sizes and a growing consumer preference for athleisure. The company canceled the circulation of their famous catalog in 2016. The brand struggled to maintain its market positionfollowing criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek. As of May 2020, with over 1,070 stores, Victoria's Secret remained the largestlingerie retailer in the United States.History1977–1981Victoria's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond, and his wife, Gaye Raymond, on June 12, 1977. The first store was opened in the Stanford Shopping Center in PaloAlto, California. Years earlier, Raymond was embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store. Newsweek reported Roy Raymond stating: "When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife, I was facedwith racks of terry-cloth robes and ugly floral-print nylon nightgowns, and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder." Raymond reportedly spent the next eightyears studying the lingerie market.At the time when the Raymonds founded Victoria's Secret, the undergarments market in the U.S. was dominated by pragmatic items from Fruit of the Loom, Hanes, and Jockey, oftensold in packs of three at department stores, while lingerie was reserved for special occasions such as one's honeymoon. Considered niche products, lingerie items (such as lacy thongs and padded push-up bras) wereonly found in specialty shops like Frederick's of Hollywood, located "alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes". In 1977, Raymond borrowed $40,000 from family and $40,000 from a bank to establishVictoria's Secret: a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie. The store was named in reference to Queen Victoria and the associated refinement of the Victorian era, while the "secret" was hiddenunderneath the clothes.Victoria's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business, enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations and a mail-order operation. Thefourth store, added in 1982 at 395 Sutter Street in San Francisco, operated at that location until 1990, when it was moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis.In April 1982, Raymond sent outhis 12th catalog at a cost to customers of $3 (equivalent to $9.1 in 2022); catalog sales accounted for 55% of the company's $7 million annual sales that year. Victoria's Secret was a minor player in the underwearmarket at this time, with the business described as "more burlesque than Main Street."1982–1990In 1982, Victoria's Secret had grown to five stores, a 40-page catalog, and was grossing $6 million annually. Raymondsold the company to Les Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million. In 1983, Wexner revamped Victoria's Secret's sales model towards a greater focus on female customers. Victoria'sSecret transformed into a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear with "new colors, patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful, glamorous way and with the snob appeal of Europeanluxury" meant to appeal to female buyers.To further this image, the Victoria's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began: listing the company's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address, withthe real headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. The stores were redesigned to evoke 19th century England.The New York Times reported in 1982 that the financial success of the Victoria's Secret catalog influenced othercatalogs by presenting lingerie as "romantic and sensual but tasteful", "in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds." Howard Gross became president in 1985. In October of thatyear, the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria's Secret was stealing market share from department stores; in 1986, Victoria's Secret was the only national chain devoted to lingerie.The New York Times reported thatVictoria's Secret swiftly expanded to 100 stores by 1986. and described it in 1987 as a "highly visible leader" that used "unabashedly sexy high-fashion photography to sell middle-priced underwear." In 1990, analystsestimated that sales had quadrupled in four years, making it one of the fastest growing mail-order businesses. Sales and profits from the catalog continued to expand due to the addition of clothing, swimwear and shoesand wider circulation.Cynthia Fedus-Fields oversaw the company's direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000.  During her tenure, total revenues increased to nearly $1 billion. In 1987,Victoria's Secret was reported to be among the bestselling catalogs.1991–2005Victoria's Secret experienced quality problems with their product in the early 1990s and was working to resolve the issues. In 1991,Howard Gross was assigned to fix the L Brands subsidiary Limited Stores. In 1993, Business Week reported that both divisions suffered. Gross was succeeded by Grace Nichols, who worked to improve the productquality. The company's margins tightened, resulting in a slower growth of profits.Victoria's Secret expanded beyond apparel in the 1990s with the launch of their own line of fragrances in 1991, followed by theirentrance into the billion dollar cosmetics market in 1998.Victoria's Secret introduced the 'Miracle Bra' in 1993, selling two million within the first year. When faced with competition from Sara Lee's WonderBra a yearlater in 1994, the company responded with a TV campaign. At the same time, in 1994, Wexner discussed the creation of a company fashion event with Ed Razek. The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, held in 1995 inNew York, became a mainstay for the company's image for the next 23 years.By 1998, Victoria's Secret's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent and the company also entered the $3.5 billioncosmetic market. The following year, in 1999, the company added the Body by Victoria line. The catalog had achieved "an almost cult-like following". In May 2000, Cynthia Fedus-Fields stepped down as CEO afterdelivering record profits in 1999 and early 2000. Fedus-Fields later stated that, up until the point of her departure, the company was guided by sensibilities of what a European woman would choose to wear. After herdeparture in 2000, the brand pursued an image that was "much more blatantly sexy."In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney, previously of Neiman Marcus Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria'sSecret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions. Forbes reported Turney stating, "We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage." In 2000, Turney began to redefine Victoria's Secretcatalog from "breasts—spilling over the tops of black, purple and reptile-print underthings" to one that would appeal to an "upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla or Wolford lingerie.";"dimming the hooker looks" such as "tight jeans and stilettos"; and moving from "a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms," to something closer to a Vogue lifestyle layout, where lingerie, sleepwear, clothes andcosmetics appear throughout the catalog. Beginning in 2000, Grace Nichols, CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct, led a similar change at Victoria's Secret's stores—moving away from an evocation of 1800s England (or aVictorian bordello).2006–2020By 2006, Victoria's Secret's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry. In May 2006, Wexner promoted Turney from theVictoria's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company. In 2008, she acknowledged "product quality that doesn't equal the brand's hype." In September 2006, Victoria's Secret reportedly tried to maketheir catalog feel more like magazines by head-hunting writers from Women's Wear Daily.The company had about a third of the market share in its category in 2013.In February 2016, Turney stepped down as CEO ofVictoria's Secret after being in the business for a decade. Victoria's Secret was split into three divisions: Victoria's Secret Lingerie, Victoria's Secret Beauty, and Pink, each with a separate CEO. In 2016, direct sales onlygrew 1.6% and fell by 7.4% in the last quarter of the year, typically a high revenue period due to the holidays. The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing such asswimwear. Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017.In late 2018, CEO Jan Singer resigned amid declining sales. The Wall Street Journal reported that only one quarter showed an increase insame-store sales between 2016 and 2018. Singer's announcement came one week after CMO Ed Razek made a controversial comment that the company does not cast transgender or plus-size models in its annualfashion show "because the show is a fantasy." After a 40% stock plunge in a single year, Victoria's Secret announced the closure of 53 stores in the U.S. in 2019, as well as the relaunch of its swimwear line. L Brands,the parent company of Victoria's Secret, came under public pressure in 2019 from an activist shareholder of Barrington Capital Group who took issue with the performance of Razek and urged the company to update itsbrand image and switch up its predominantly male board of directors.In August 2019, chief marketing officer, Ed Razek, resigned following a disastrous Vogue interview in which he made inflammatory statements abouttransgender models. Also in 2019, executive vice president April Holy stepped down after 16 years. In November 2019, Victoria's Secret announced it would no longer hold the annual fashion show featuring its angels,indicating a major change in marketing strategy.In January 2020, L Brands chairman and CEO Lex Wexner was in talks to step down. Reports of widespread bullying and harassment at Victoria's Secret surfaced in


Passage 1:Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsHenry III of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Henry III of Poděbrady, Henry III of Bernstadt; German: Heinrich III. von Podiebrad; Czech: Jindřich III-Minstrbersko Olešnický; 29April 1542, Oleśnica – 10 April 1587, Oleśnica) was Duke of Münsterberg from 1565 to 1574 and Duke of Bernstadt.  He also held the title of Count of Glatz.LifeHenry's parents were Henry II of Münsterberg and Oelsand Margaret (1515–1559), daughter of Henry V of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  Henry III was married to Magdalena Meseritsch of Lomnitz (Czech: Magdaléna Mezeřícká z Lomnice).When his father died in 1548, Henry wasonly six years old, so he initially stood under the guardianship of his uncle John, who called himself "Duke of Bernstadt" from 1548 until his death in 1565.  In 1565, Henry III took up the rule of the Duchy ofBernstadt.  He was excessively in debt, and in 1574, he had to sell the Duchy of Bernstadt, including the castle and several more villages, to the von Schindel family.Henry III died childless in 1587.  The Duchy ofBernstadt was bought back in 1604 by Henry's brother Charles II.References ad sourcesHugo Weczerka: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, Stuttgart, 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3, p. 19  and genealogicaltables on p. 602–603.Rudolf Žáček: Dějiny Slezska v datech, Prague, 2004, ISBN 80-7277-172-8, p. 145, 410 and 436.External linksMarek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of Poděbrady". Genealogy.EU.Passage 2:Olaf III ofNorwayOlaf III or Olaf Haraldsson (Old Norse: Óláfr Haraldsson, Norwegian: Olav Haraldsson; c. 1050 – 22 September 1093), known as Olaf the Peaceful (Old Norse: Óláfr kyrri, Norwegian: Olav Kyrre), was King ofNorway from 1067 until his death in 1093.He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, an event that directly precededhis kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of the monarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070.Around 1225, Snorri Sturluson wrote  Olav Kyrres saga about King Olaf in the Heimskringla.BiographyOlaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter. Olaf joined his father during the invasion ofEngland during 1066. However, he was only 16 years old during the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066. He stayed on a ship and did not participate in the fighting. After the Norwegian defeat, he sailed withthe remains of the Norwegian strike force back to Orkney, where they wintered. The return journey to Norway took place in summer 1067.After the death of his father, Olaf shared the kingdom with his brother MagnusII (Magnus 2 Haraldsson) who had become king the previous year. When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway.During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended periodof peace. He renounced any offensive foreign policy, instead protecting Norway's sovereignty through agreements and marriage connections. Domestically he emphasized the church's organization and themodernization of the kingdom. The latter resulted in, among other things, the reorganization of the body-guard and of measures under which key cities, especially Bergen, could better serve as a royal residence.According to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, Olaf is said to have founded the city of Bergen (originally called Bjørgvin).The death of Harald Hardrada and the serious defeat suffered by the Norwegians in 1066tempted the Danish king, Svend Estridsen, to prepare for an attack on Norway. King Svend no longer felt bound by the ceasefire agreement signed with Harald Hardrada in 1064, since it would only be valid for the twokings during their own lives. However Olaf made peace with King Svend and married the king's daughter Ingerid. Later, Olav's half sister Ingegerd married King Svend's son  Olaf. Although there were some attacks onEngland by Danish forces, peace persisted between Denmark and Norway. Olaf also made peace with William the Conqueror of England.King Olaf broke with his father's line in his relationship to the church. HaraldHardrada had developed a continuing conflict with the Archbishopric of Bremen due to the archbishop's authority over the Norwegian church. Unlike his father, Olav recognized that authority fully. Political considerationsmay have been behind this conciliatory attitude, as may have been Olaf's concern with the church organization. Until his time bishops had formed part of the king's court and traveled with him around the country totake care of the ecclesiastical affairs while the king took care of worldly matters. The bishops established fixed residence in Oslo, Nidaros and Bergen. King Olaf also took the initiative for the construction of churches,including Christ Church in Bergen and Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.Olaf strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds in Norway. There are strong indications that the government of KingOlaf began writing secure provincial laws to a greater extent. The Norwegian law Gulatingsloven was probably put in writing for the first time during his reign.King Olaf died of illness on 22 September 1093 in Haukbø,Rånrike, then part of Norway (now Håkeby, Tanum Municipality, Sweden). He was buried at the Nidaros Cathedral. His marriage to Ingerid did not produce any children. His successor as king, Magnus III nicknamedMagnus Barefoot (Magnus Berrføtt), was acknowledged to be his illegitimate son.Appearance and characterThe Morkinskinna (c. 1220) describes Olaf III as:"[A] tall man, and everyone agrees that there has never beenseen a fairer man or a man of nobler appearance.""He had blond hair, a light complexion, and pleasing eyes, and he was well proportioned. He was taciturn for the most part, and not much of a speechmaker, though hewas good company after drink."Another description is found in the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson:"Olaf was a stout man, well grown in limbs; and every one said a handsomer man could not be seen, nor of a noblerappearance.""His hair was yellow as silk, and became him well; his skin was white and fine over all his body; his eyes beautiful, and his limbs well proportioned. He was rather silent in general, and did not speak mucheven at Things; but he was merry in drinking parties. He loved drinking much, and was talkative enough then; but quite peaceful.""He was cheerful in conversation, peacefully inclined during all his reign, and lovinggentleness and moderation in all things."MemorialA memorial to King Olaf Kyrre was placed in Bergen, Norway in connection with the city's 900-year anniversary. The abstract equestrian statue by noted Norwegiansculptor Knut Steen was unveiled on 21 May 1998.The "Maine penny"The Maine penny - a Norwegian silver coin discovered in the US State of Maine in 1957 and suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceaniccontact - has been dated to the time of Olaf III. The circumstances of its arrival from Norway to a Native American village in the present US territory remain unclear and highly disputed.See alsoList of NorwegianmonarchsPassage 3:Ingerid of DenmarkIngerid Swendsdatter of Denmark (also spelt Ingrid; 11th century – after 1093) was a Danish princess who became Queen of Norway as the spouse of King Olaf III ofNorway.Ingerid Swensdatter was the daughter of King Sweyn II of Denmark. It is not known which one of her father's wives and concubines who was the mother of Ingerid.She was married to Olav Kyrre in 1067 in amarriage arranged as a part of the peace treaty between Denmark and Norway, and became Queen of Norway upon marriage the same year. To further strengthen the alliance Olav Kyrre's half-sister, IngegerdHaraldsdatter, married  King Olaf I of Denmark, who was the brother of Queen Ingerid.Ingerid Svendsdatter was Olaf Kyrre's official consort and queen. There are not much information about her personality or her actsas queen.  Queen Ingerid had no children by King Olaf. After the death of King Olav in 1093, queen dowager Ingerid, according to unconfirmed tradition, moved to Sogn and married Svein Brynjulfsson of Aurland, withwhom she reportedly had a daughter, Hallkattla  She seem to have retired to private life as a widow and there is nothing to indicate that she played any political part after the death of her spouse.AncestryNotesPassage4:Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of NorwayIngeborg Eriksdotter (c. 1244 – 24/26 March 1287) was Queen of Norway and the wife of King Magnus VI. She was born a Danish princess, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark. Asqueen dowager, she played an important part in politics during the minority of her son King Eirik II of Norway in 1280-82.BiographyIngeborg was born to Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Ingeborg was onlyabout six years-old when her father was killed. Her mother returned to Saxony and married Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg.  In large part, Ingeborg and her three sisters lived in the court of her uncle KingChristopher I of Denmark and Queen Margaret Sambiria.  The four sisters were heirs to substantial lands in Denmark. The struggle to claim Ingeborg's inheritance from her murdered father would later involve Norway inintermittent conflicts with Denmark for decades to come.Ingeborg was promised in marriage by the Danish regency government to Magnus, the son of King Haakon IV of Norway. Ingeborg arrived in Tønsberg on 28 July1261, after she being retrieved  at the instruction of King Haakon from the monastery in  Horsens (dominikanerkloster ved Horsens).  On 11 September 1261, she married Magnus in Bergen.   Magnus and Ingeborgwere crowned directly after their marriage, and Magnus was given the district of Ryfylke for his personal upkeep. The marriage was described as happy.On 16 December 1263 King Haakon IV of Norway died whilefighting the Scottish king over the Hebrides, and Magnus became the ruler of Norway. Ingeborg is not known to have played any part in politics as queen. Her two older sons Olaf (1262 – 15 March 1267) and Magnus(b. and d. 1264) died in infancy, but the youngest two would later become Kings of Norway: Eric II (1268 – 13 July 1299) and Haakon V (ca. 10 April 1270 – 8 May 1319).In 1280, she became a widow. Ingeborg was animportant figure in the leadership of the country during the minority of King Eirik, though she was not formally named regent. Her influence grew after her son was declared adult in 1283. Her principal ally was AlvErlingsson, who had been a second cousin of her husband King Magnus and served as the governor Borgarsyssel which today makes up the county of Østfold.During the reign of her cousin King Eric V of Denmark,Ingeborg  begun a feud regarding  her inheritance, which she had never received.  This largely private feud caused hostility between Norway and the German Hanseatic cities and a tense relationship with Denmark.Several Danish nobles, including Count Jacob of Halland, took her side against the Danish monarch, but she died before the affair was finished.Passage 5:Hallvard TrættebergHallvard Trætteberg (21 April 1898 in Løten– 21 November 1987 in Oslo) was the leading Norwegian heraldic artist and the expert adviser on heraldry to the Government of Norway and the Norwegian Royal Family for much of the 20th century. From about 1930he played a central role in the renewal of public heraldry in Norway with an emphasis on simplification. He gave the Coat of arms of Norway a modern design and designed several county and municipal coats of arms,seals of the bishops of the Church of Norway, and monograms. He also wrote several books.He was a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav and a member of L'Académie Internationale d'Héraldique. He wasemployed at the National Archives of Norway from 1924. Trætteberg was the acting national archivist of Norway from 1963 to 1964.GalleryThe years shown are the years in which the arms were approved, notnecessarily the years in which the arms were designed. If the original drawings are signed with earlier dates, these will be indicated within parentheses. Drawings below may differ slightly from Hallvard Trætteberg'soriginal drawings.County armsMunicipal armsPublicationsFylkesmerker. Forslag fra Norges Bondelags fylkesmerkenevnd, Oslo 1930Norges våbenmerker - Norske by- og adelsvåben, Kaffe Hag AS, Oslo 1933"Norgesstatssymboler inntil 1814", Historisk Tidsskrift, vol. 29, no. 8 and 9, Oslo 1933"Norges krone og våpen". I Festskrift til Francis Bull, Oslo 1937"Heraldiske farvelover", Meddelanden från Riksheraldikerämbetet, bind 7,Stockholm 1938"Statens forhold til heraldikken i Norge", Meddelanden från Riksheraldikerämbetet, bind 7, Stockholm 1938"Måne- og stjernevåpen", Meddelelser til slekten Mathiesen, Oslo 1946"The Coat of Arms ofNorway", The American-Scandinavian Review, June 1964Borg i segl, mynt og våpen, Oslo 1967"A History of the Flags of Norway", The Flag Bulletin, (XVIII:3), 1978LiteratureHallvard Trætteberg - Offentlig heraldikk iNorge 1921-1975 - Våpen flagg segl symboler (Exhibition catalogue)Hans Cappelen: Règles pour utilisation des armoiries communales en Norvège. Archivum Heraldicum (1-2) 1976.Hans Cappelen: NorwegianSimplicity. The principles of recent public heraldry in Norway. The Coat of Arms, Vol. VII, No. 138, London 1988.FootnotesPassage 6:Where Do You GoWhere Do You Go may refer to:"Where Do You Go" (Chersong)"Where Do You Go" (La Bouche song), also covered by No Mercy"Where Do You Go", a song by Bryan Rice from Confessional"Where Do You Go?", a song by Frank Sinatra from No One CaresSee also"Where DoYou Go To (My Lovely)?", a song by Peter SarstedtPassage 7:Olaf III (disambiguation)Olaf III of Norway was King 1067–1093.Olaf III may also refer to:Olaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin 934–939Olof Skötkonung, Kingof Sweden 980–1022Olaf II of Denmark, sometimes numbered as III when counting a previous anti-kingOlaf HaraldssonPassage 8:KyrreKyrre is a common Norwegian given name. The name comes from the Old Norseword kyrr, which translates to "calm, peaceful". It is believed to have been derived from Olaf III of Norway, who was nicknamed "Olaf Kyrre" (Olaf the Peaceful).People named KyrreAs first nameKyrre Andreassen,Norwegian authorKyrre Haugen Bakke, Norwegian actor and translatorKyrre Eggen, Norwegian lawyerKyrre Fritzner, Norwegian musicianKyrre Grepp (1879–1922), Norwegian politicianKyrre Gørvell-Dahll (born 1991),Norwegian DJ, known by stage name KygoKyrre Hellum, Norwegian actorKyrre Holm Johannessen, Norwegian hostKyrre Lekve (born 1968), Norwegian biologistKyrre Lindanger, Norwegian politicianKyrre Nakkim (born1966), Norwegian journalistKyrre Haugen Sydness, Norwegian actorKyrre Sæther, Norwegian author and humoristAs second nameKristen Kyrre Bremer, Norwegian theologian and bishopSee alsoAll pages with titlesbeginning with KyrreAll pages with titles containing KyrreKarrePassage 9:Inga of VarteigInga Olafsdatter of Varteig (Inga Olafsdatter fra Varteig) (Varteig, Østfold, 1183 or c. 1185 – 1234 or 1235) was the mistress ofKing Haakon III of Norway and the mother of King Haakon IV of Norway.BiographyInga, from Varteig in Østfold, maintained a relationship with King Haakon III who visited nearby in Borg (now Sarpsborg) during late1203. King Haakon subsequently died in early 1204. His reign had been marked by competition between the Bagler and Birkebeiner factions for control of Norway during a period of civil war. King Haakon was succeededas King of Norway, first by his nephew Guttorm Sigurdsson and later by the appointment of Inge Bardsson.Shortly after the death of King Haakon, Inga gave birth to a son who she claimed was the child of the recentlydeceased king. Inga's claim was supported by several of King Haakon's Birkebeiner followers. However, her claim placed both her and her son in a dangerous position. Consequently, a group of Birkebeiner loyalists fledwith Inga and her son from Lillehammer in eastern Norway over the mountains during the mid-winter 1205–06. The cross-country skiing trip continued north through Østerdalen to Trøndelag, where they came underthe protection of King Inge.After King Inge died in April 1217, Inga successfully performed a trial by ordeal to prove her son's right of succession. Her son Haakon succeeded to the Norwegian throne at the age of 13.Reportedly Inga became seriously ill and died before Christmas in Bergen during 1234.See alsoBirkebeinerrennetCivil war era in NorwayPrimary SourceThe primary source of information regarding Inga of Varteig is fromthe Saga of Haakon Haakonarson which was written following the death of King Haakon IV.Passage 10:Harald HardradaHarald Sigurdsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Sigurðarson; c. 1015 – 25 September 1066), also known asHarald III of Norway and given the epithet Hardrada (harðráði; modern Norwegian: Hardråde, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to 1066. Additionally, heunsuccessfully claimed both the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent around fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' andas a chief of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire.When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought in the Battle of Stiklestad together with his half-brother Olaf Haraldsson (later Saint Olaf). Olaf sought toreclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost to the Danish king Cnut the Great two years prior. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Cnut, and Harald was forced into exile to Kievan Rus'(the sagas' Garðaríki). He thereafter spent some time in the army of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, eventually obtaining rank as a captain, until he moved on to Constantinople with his companions around 1034. InConstantinople, he soon rose to become the commander of the Byzantine Varangian Guard, and saw action on the Mediterranean Sea, in Asia Minor, Sicily, possibly in the Holy Land, Bulgaria and in Constantinople itself,where he became involved in the imperial dynastic disputes. Harald amassed considerable wealth during his time in the Byzantine Empire, which he shipped to Yaroslav in Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left theByzantine Empire in 1042, and arrived back in Kievan Rus' in order to prepare his campaign of reclaiming the Norwegian throne. Possibly to Harald's knowledge, in his absence the Norwegian throne had been restoredfrom the Danes to Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good.In 1046, Harald joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark (Magnus had also become king of Denmark), the pretender Sweyn II of Denmark, and startedraiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, since Harald in turn would share his wealth with him. The co-rule ended abruptly the next year as Magnus died,and Harald thus became the sole ruler of Norway. Domestically, Harald crushed all local and regional opposition, and outlined the territorial unification of Norway under a national governance. Harald's reign wasprobably one of relative peace and stability, and he instituted a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Cnut's "North Sea Empire", Harald also claimed the Danish throne, and spent nearlyevery year until 1064 raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark.Not long after Harald had renounced his claim toDenmark, the former Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, brother of the newly chosen (but reigning not for long) English king Harold Godwinson (also known as Harold of Wessex), pledged his allegiance to Haraldand invited him to claim the English throne. Harald went along and invaded northern England with 10,000 troops and 300 longships in September 1066, raided the coast and defeated English regional forces ofNorthumbria and Mercia in the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. Although initially successful, Harald was defeated and killed in a surprise attack by Harold Godwinson's forces in the Battle of StamfordBridge on 25 September 1066, which wiped out almost his entire army. Modern historians have often considered Harald's death, which brought an end to his invasion, as the end of the Viking Age.EpithetsHarald's mostfamous epithet is Old Norse harðráði, which has been translated variously as 'hard in counsel', 'tyrannical', 'tyrant', 'hard-ruler', 'ruthless', 'savage in counsel', 'tough', and 'severe'. While Judith Jesch has argued for'severe' as the best translation, Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes prefer 'resolute'. Harðráði has traditionally been Anglicised as 'Hardrada', though Judith Jesch characterises this form as 'a bastard Anglicisation of the


Passage 1:The Museums at Washington and ChapinThe Museums at Washington and Chapin are several museums that share a campus in South Bend, Indiana. The name is derived from the location, at the corner ofWashington Street and Chapin Street in South Bend. Both museums have one common entrance off Thomas Street, one block south of Washington Street. The museums currently include the History Museum andStudebaker National Museum.External linksStudebaker National MuseumThe History MuseumPassage 2:William P. Didusch Center for Urologic HistoryThe William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History is a museum andthe headquarters of the American Urological Association in Linthicum, Maryland. It is described as encompassing "a rich and varied collection of drawings, photographs, and instruments of historical importance tourology, many displayed in the urological exhibits during the American Urological Association (AUA) conventions."BackgroundThe center is named in honor of William Didusch, the museum's founder and first curator.Didusch was a notable scientific illustrator, and Executive Secretary of the AUA. Didusch had begun working at Johns Hopkins University in 1915 as an illustrator and eventually a lecturer. Didusch was an artist but morecommitted to the drawing of illustrations, rather than paintings, of anatomy. As result he became a legend during his time after his work in Johns Hopkins Hospital. Some of his many illustrations were those of theanatomy of the urinary tract and instruments used to treat the urinary diseases. The museum was formally established in 1971 as the William P. Didusch Museum, following Didusch's gift to the American UrologicalAssociation of his many original urological drawings. It was accommodated within the headquarters buildings of the AUA, then on Charles Street in Baltimore. Didusch curated the museum until his death in 1981, whenhe was succeeded by Herbert Brendler. After Brendler's death in 1986, William W. Scott (a colleague of Nobel Laureate Charles Huggins at the University of Chicago) became curator of the museum. When Scott retiredin 1993, the post of curator went to Rainer Engel of Johns Hopkins. In 2003 – when the AUA moved to Linthicum, Maryland – the museum also moved. Its scope was extended to relate to the topic of research in urologichistory. Engel remained curator until 2011, when Michael Moran took over the position.CollectionThe museum provides 300 years of the history of urology, beginning from early and extremely dangerous kidney stonesurgeries to modern ultra sound treatments that "pulverizes these jagged mineral clumps without any need to enter the body". It includes illustrations, urological tools such as catheters, cystoscopes (includes Nitzecystoscopes made in 1890 with platinum loops for illumination and rotating cystoscopes), operating resectoscopes, laparoscopes, lithotriptors, and resectoscopes; some of this urologic equipment was sterilized usingformaldehyde or cyanide. All was donated by urologists, including Ernest F. Hock of Binghamton, New York, Hans Reuter of Stuttgart, Germany and Adolf A. Kutzmann of Los Angeles.The Center also aids research in allfields of urologic history in the United States. It contains an extensive urological library, with early urological and medical texts, and the AUA archives.Current AUA Historian Engel considers the museum to show howmedical history in urology evolved, and notes that the implements on display frequently scare visitors. Amongst its items are "long, thick metal tubes that once opened the floodgates between some unfortunate soul'sbladder and the outside world", lassoes and nutcrackers on the end of steel tubes to break bladder stones, and Hugh Hampton Young's "Prostate Punch", which resembles a "massively enlarged and curved hypodermicneedle designed for the blind resection of prostate tissues", used in prostate surgery (to ream out the tube of prostate tissue blindly); this last implement was used on the wealthy railway magnate Diamond Jim Brady,who—cured of a prostate problem—gave a generous donation to Johns Hopkins which enabled the establishment of the Brady Urological Institute and also the museum.A number of very large mineral samples of kidneystones are also on display. The collection in the museum also includes more than 30 microscopes dating as far back as the 18th century, along with operating manuals; this acquisition on loan from a German urologyfamily.A popular display is the "spermatorrhea ring", a device from the early 20th century used to prevent ejaculations while sleeping. It is made of a double ring of metal, with the inner ring clipped over the penis andthe outer ring, which is lined on the inside with an armature of blunt metal teeth, on the shaft. These teeth constitute what could be called the "medically active ingredient". In the event of voluntary unknowing erectionwhile sleeping, "the sensitive skin of the engorged part expands against the spiky outer ring, and the sleeper is pricked into consciousness in time to prevent nature from committing an unspeakable crime againstitself".Passage 3:Lake City-Columbia County Historical MuseumLake City-Columbia County Historical Museum is a living history museum at the May Vinzant Perkins House in Lake City, Florida.HistoryThe LakeCity-Columbia County Historical Museum is located in the Vinzant House. The house was built in the 1880s and purchased by John Vinzant Jr. for $450. Vinzant had come to Lake City after serving in the American CivilWar as a sergeant in the 1st Florida Cavalry. Vinzant was the Columbia County Clerk of the Circuit Court and County Tax Collector. Vinzant also contributed to the Florida Agricultural College Fund when it wasestablished about 1 mile south from the house in 1888. Vinzant was married to Mattie Vinzant and had three daughters: Cronin Ives, Birdie Livingston and May Perkins. John Vinzant died in 1907. Vinzant's youngestdaughter May Perkins was married to Herbert Perkins and moved away to Washington, D.C. In 1912 May Perkins had a son but he died in infancy and then her husband died shortly afterwards. May Perkins returned toher father's house in Lake City. May Perkins' mother Mattied died in 1926 leaving her to live alone at the house until her death in 1981 at 102 years old. Perkins became a notable Lake City poet and historian. Since thedeath of Perkins in 1981 the house is still called the May Vinzant Perkins house. The Historic Preservation Board of Lake City and Columbia County jointly bought the house with the Blue-Grey Army, Inc. in 1983. Thetwo groups wanted to restore the house and make it a historical and cultural center as well as a museum. The house was renovated in 1984 by the Blue-Grey Army to turn the May Vinzant Perkins house into a museumas well as to save the house from being demolished since it was in poor condition. In 2000 a plaque was placed on the front of the house commemorating May Vinzant Perkins as a notable Floridian.Lake City holds anannual Battle of Olustee festival in downtown. Events are held at the Lake City-Columbia County Museum related to civil war history such as caring for wounded civil war soldiers or performing plays in relation to thecivil war. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the museum had to close from March to the second week of May 2020.Blue-Grey ArmyThe Blue-Grey Army is an organization that has collected civil war artifacts and annuallysponsors the Battle of Olustee Festival in Lake City. The organization jointly bought the Vinzant house with the Lake City Columbia County Historical Society. A room in the museum holds the Blue-Grey Army's civil warartifacts and is called the Blue-Grey Army room.GalleryPassage 4:Historical Museum of SerbiaThe Historical Museum of Serbia (Serbian: Историјски музеј Србије/Istorijski muzej Srbije, IMUS) is a public institutiondedicated to documentation of history of Serbia from prehistory up to the present. The museum was established in 1963 and today it preserves over 35,000 exhibits in its collection. Over the years the museum waslocated at different locations around the capital city of Belgrade. In 2020, as a part of the Belgrade Waterfront development project, the museum was granted the historical building of the Belgrade Main railway stationas its new permanent base. The museum is one of the leading institutions of its kind in the city and the country.HistoryThe first unsuccessful initiative to establish the museum was taken in 1950 with the enactment ofthe Decree on the establishment of the History Museum of the People's Republic of Serbia. The proposal was reinitiated in 1954 with the establishment of the Serbian Revolution Museum (hosted by the Residence ofPrince Miloš) commemorating the 150th anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising.The Historical Museum of Serbia was established by the decision of the People's Republic of Serbia authorities on 20 February 1963 withthe new institution absorbing the Serbian Revolution Museum. The task of the Museum was defined in 1966 as follows: ″to collect, record, store, arrange, study and exhibit material from the history of the Serbianpeople and Serbia from the earliest times to the present day″.Until 2003 the museum published the  scientific journal Zbornik Istorijskog muzeja Srbije. Initially, from 1954 to 1965, it was published by the SerbianRevolution Museum.In November 2020 the Serbian government made the decision to relocate the museum to a far bigger building, which formerly served as Belgrade Main railway station.See alsoList of museums inSerbiaPassage 5:Museum of the Sea (Uruguay)The Museum of the Sea, opened in 1996, is a museum of natural history located in La Barra, in the department of Maldonado, Uruguay. It occupies about 2,300 m2(25,000 sq ft) and is divided into four large halls, which are open to the public all year round.OverviewThe museum contains over 5,000 specimens of marine fauna, all of which are clearly labelled. Among thesespecimens are whale skeletons, sea urchins, starfish and turtle shells. In addition, there are old photographs and an old bathing machine used by women in the early days of the 20th century, as well as telescopes andblunderbusses of the period. There is also an exhibit about the most famous pirates. This huge collection of objects, exhibits, photographs and stories is the work of the museum's creator, Pablo Etchegaray. Thisself-taught collector began his collection of marine-related items many years ago.Exhibit hallsThe Museum of the Sea is composed of four museums in one. In the Museum of the Sea, everything is related to marine life:whale skeletons, seashells, a deep sea room, interactive exhibits, an area where children can draw their own pictures, a section devoted to pirates and another to treasure. The Beach Resort Museum shows the historyof holiday resorts, some of which are now city neighbourhoods, such as Pocitos and Carrasco, while others are tourist destinations, such as Punta del Este, La Paloma, Piriápolis, Atlántida, Mar del Plata and Copacabana.The Nostalgia Museum holds collections of vintage objects such as jars, tins, radio sets, medical remedies, photographs, and beach-related items such as beach umbrellas and pails that were used decades ago. Threecollections and 38,000 specimens of insects are exhibited in the Insectarium. Most of the specimens are beetles, but there are also moths, cicadas, and grasshoppers, among other species.Passage 6:Joliet AreaHistorical MuseumThe Joliet Area Historical Museum is a historical museum located in Joliet, Illinois.  The museum documents the history of Joliet and surrounding Will County.Description and historyThe museumadaptively reuses an urban space formerly occupied by the Ottawa Street Methodist Church, which was designed by Joliet architect G. Julian Barnes and built in 1909.  Located on one of the alternate paths of oldhistoric U.S. Route 66, the museum's modern ground-floor addition features the Route 66 Welcome Center, which presents a permanent exhibit called the Route 66 Experience.  This newer part of the museum alsoconnects to the historic Joliet Chamber of Commerce Clubhouse next door (now known as the Renaissance Center of the City Center campus of Joliet Junior College) and to the JJC Renaissance Center's main diningroom, which is staffed by the college's hospitality and culinary school students and open to the public.During the late 20th century, formerly rural Will County townships grew rapidly, while properties in central city Jolietwere threatened.  In 2002, the former church's urban space was reconfigured as a historic museum.  A separate wing is home to an exhibit about the Joliet-raised NASA engineer and JJC graduate John C. Houbolt,honored as the chief conceptualizer of the lunar orbit rendezvous segment of the U.S. Apollo program and the use of a lunar module to shuttle astronauts to and from the surface of the Moon.The museum is located at204 N. Ottawa Street in central Joliet.  An admission fee is charged.As of 2014, the museum was seeking to establish guided tours of the landmark former Collins Street Prison for Route 66 travelers and other interestedtourists. As of 2018, the museum began providing tours of the Collins Street Prison.Passage 7:Aalborg Historical MuseumAalborg Historical Museum (Danish: Aalborg Historiske Museum) is a historical and culturalmuseum in the city of Aalborg in Denmark. The museum was established in 1863 and is now part of The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland (Nordjyllands Historiske Museum).HistoryAalborg Historical Museum wasorganized to explain the history of the city and the surrounding region for the past 1000 years. It was established in 1863, making it one of the earliest provincial museums in Denmark. The present museum wasconstructed in 1878 and expanded in the early 1890s to house the growing collection of items from the region's earliest inhabitants to modern times.Aalborg Historical Museum has rotating exhibitions from its largecollections and is particularly noted for its fine silver and glass collections. The museum also has a large collection of clothing and textiles items from the 18th century to the present.Of particular interest is theAalborgstuen 1602. This well-preserved Renaissance paneled wooden room is claimed to be 'The best preserved middle class Renaissance interior' in Denmark.In the 1950s Aalborg Historical Museum, conducted aseries of archaeological excavations at Iron Age and Viking sites in the area, including Lindholm Høje, resulting ultimately in Lindholm Høje Museet at Lindholm Høje.In 1994 and 1995 the museum conductedexcavations at the site of the former  Greyfriars Friary  (gråbrødrekloster)  in central Aalborg.  The excavations resulted in the creation of the "in situ" underground Gråbrødrekloster Museum (GråbrødreklosterMuseet).Recent historyIn 2004 several organizations banded together to form The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland. The museum system is administered by a 12-member committee made of members from theconstituent organizations which make up the museum.  These include: The Museum Society of Hadsund, the Museum Society for Hals Kommune, the Aalborg History Association, the North Jutland Association ofArchaeology for Jutland, the Historical Community of Himmerland and Kjaer District, and the Cultural Historic Society of North Jutland. The umbrella organization coordinates research, outreach programs, educationalprograms, as well as manages the many properties in North Jutland which have been preserved by the various organizations.GalleryPassage 8:Halifax Historical MuseumThe Halifax Historical Museum displays localhistory from 5,000 BC to the present day in a National Register of Historic Places listed building designed by Wilbur B. Talley in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. The museum is housed in the former MerchantsBank building (1910), added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1986. It is located at 252 South Beach Street.Passage 9:National Historical Museum, AthensThe National Historical Museum(Greek: Εθνικό Ιστορικό Μουσείο, Ethnikó Istorikó Mouseío) is a historical museum in Athens. Founded in 1882, is the oldest of its kind in Greece. It is located in the Old Parliament House at Stadiou Street in Athens,which housed the Hellenic Parliament from 1875 until 1932. A branch of the National History Museum has been organized and operated there since 2001.CollectionsThe museum houses the collection of the Historicaland Ethnological Society of Greece (IEEE), founded in 1882. It is the oldest collection of its kind in Greece, and prior to its transfer to the Old Parliament, it was housed in the main building of the National TechnicalUniversity.The collection contains historical items concerning the period from the capture of Constantinopolis by the Ottomans in 1453 to the Second World War, emphasizing especially the period of the GreekRevolution and the subsequent establishment of the modern Greek state.Among the items displayed are weapons, personal belongings and memorabilia from historical personalities, historical paintings by Greek andforeign artists, manuscripts, as well as a large collection of traditional Greek costumes from various regions. The collection is displayed in the corridors and rooms of the building, while the great central hall of theNational Assembly is used for conferences.Passage 10:White River Valley MuseumWhite River Valley Museum is a historical museum located in Auburn, Washington.HistoryCreated through the combined effort of theCity of Auburn and the White River Valley Historical Society, the White River Valley Museum has been open to the public as far back as January 1996. Since then, the museum has published a monthly newsletter, "WhiteRiver Journal", while working to preserve regional historical artifacts and sites, including the Mary Olsen Farm. In 2001, the White River Valley Museum applied for and received the Mary Olson Farm's placement onto theNational Register of Historic Places.MissionThe White River Valley Museum's mission statement is: "The White River Valley Museum is a partnership with the city of Auburn and combines history and culture to create anexciting and educational experience for visitors."ExhibitsThe White River Valley Museum has both permanent exhibits and four temporary exhibits per year. The museum's collections focus on local Puget Sound history,Northwest Indian culture, Japanese-Americans, and the Northern Pacific Railroad.1924 Auburn Depot - visitors can view and experience the Northern Pacific Railroad depot and caboose.1915 Japanese Farmhouse -teaches visitors about the Iseri Family of Thomas Washington, including picture brides, Buddhist home altars, and life on truck farms.Downtown Auburn in the 1920s  - includes the Auburn Public Market and the AuburnHat Shop with replica hats that museum visitors may handle.Muckleshoot Indian Tribe (the original settlers of the region) - includes a c 1890 river canoe display and a scale model of a winter house.Northern ClayCompany, aka Gladding, McBean - illustrates the architectural terra cotta of Seattle and Tacoma, and the clay industry of the Green River Valley, the Auburn laborers, and Vienna designers.Tourist Hotel of 1924 -illustrates Auburn as a boom town in the 1920s and includes photos of the 1924 mayor Otto Bersch and a conductor for the Northern Pacific Railroad.Examples of the museum's temporary exhibits include "On Track": acollection of railroad photographs of Warren McGee taken between the 1930s and 1970s, and a collection of Auburn "Our Story" Videos covering a variety of regional historical topics.CollectionsThe White River ValleyMuseum's collections include the historic site Mary Olson's Farm, as well as an archive of the monthly museum publication "White River Journal". The museum's photograph collection contains thousands of regionalhistoric images dating between 1894 and 1982, while the museum's small research library holds books, diaries and regional newspapers from the same period. The museum also has an extensive collection of regionalartifacts from both historic Auburn and its people, as well as objects from regional Native American tribes, including the Salish and Muckleshoot.


Passage 1:The Rebel GladiatorsThe Rebel Gladiators (Italian: Ursus il gladiatore ribelle/ Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator) is a 1962 Italian peplum film directed by Domenico Paolella starring Dan Vadis, Josè Greci and Alan Steel.PlotThe newly crowned emperor Commodus kidnaps the beautiful Arminia, who happens to be betrothed to the mighty gladiator Ursus. Obsessed with a desire to physically best all other men, he uses the girl as a hostage to force Ursus to fight him in the arena, but when Ursus beats him up and actually forces the dictator to beg for his life, he accuses Ursus of being in league with a group of usurpers who oppose Commodus' tyrannical rule. Ursus finally leads a slave revolt that overthrows Commodus, who is killed in the uprising, and Ursus is reunited with Arminia.CastDan Vadis as UrsusJosè Greci as ArminiaAlan Steel as Commodo/CommodusTullio Altamura as AntoninoNando Tamberlani as Marco AurelioGloria MillandGianni Santuccio as Emilio LetoSal Borghese as gladiatorBruno ScipioniAndrea Aureli as gladiator instructorCarlo Delmi as SettimioPassage 2:Voice of Free ChinaThe Voice of Free China (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zìyóu Zhōngguó Zhīshēng) was the international broadcasting station of the Republic of China from 1949 until 1998. During the Cold War era the station was the source of Chinese Nationalist propaganda largely aimed at discrediting the People's Republic of China and buttressing the Nationalists' claims to be the sole legitimate government of all of China.The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.With the easing of cross-strait relations and the liberalization of Taiwan's government, the Voice of Free China changed its name to Radio Taipei International in 1998 and also used the name "Voice of Asia" for some broadcasts. In 2003, it became Radio Taiwan International reflecting the defeat of the Kuomintang government in 2000 and the new government's orientation towards Taiwan independence from China. Today, this station is now known as Radio Taiwan International.See alsoPropaganda in the Republic of ChinaPassage 3:Ellen BassEllen Bass (born June 16, 1947) is an American poet and author.  She has won three Pushcart Prizes and a Lambda Literary Award for her 2002 book Mules of Love. She co-authored the 1991 child sexual abuse book The Courage to Heal. She received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2014 and was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets in 2017. Bass has taught poetry at Pacific University and founded poetry programs for prison inmates.LifeBass grew up in Pleasantville, New Jersey, where her parents owned a liquor store. Her family later moved to Ventnor City, New Jersey. She attended Goucher College, where she graduated magna cum laude in 1968 with a bachelor's degree. She pursued a master's degree in creative writing at Boston University, where she studied with Anne Sexton, and graduated in 1970. From 1970 to 1974, Bass worked at Project Place, a social service center in Boston.From 1983 to 2003, she worked in the field of healing from childhood sexual abuse: writing the best-selling The Courage to Heal in 1991, developing training seminars for professionals, offering workshops for survivors, and lecturing to mental health professionals nationally and internationally. She is a co-founder of the Survivors Healing Center in Santa Cruz, a non-profit organization offering services to survivors of child sexual abuse.Bass has taught poetry at the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Pacific University in Oregon since 2007. She has taught workshops in Santa Cruz, California since 1974 and also nationally. In 2013, she founded the Poetry Program at the Salinas Valley State Prison, which offers a weekly workshop to incarcerated men. In 2014, she also founded the Santa Cruz Poetry Project, which offers six weekly workshops to men and women incarcerated in the Santa Cruz County jails.Among Bass' poetry books are Indigo, (2020) which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award; Like a Beggar (2014), which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award; The Human Line (2007), and Mules of Love (2002), which won the Lambda Literary Award. Her poems have been published widely in journals and anthologies, including the New Yorker, the American Poetry Review, the Kenyon Review, and Ploughshares.Her nonfiction books include I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1983), Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth and Their Allies (HarperCollins, 1996), and The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1988, 2008), which has been translated into twelve languages.In 2017, Bass was elected as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.Bass was named the Santa Cruz County Artist of the Year in 2019.Bass lives in Santa Cruz, California with her wife, Janet Bryer. She has two children, Saraswati Bryer-Bass and Max Bryer-Bass.AwardsBass was awarded the Elliston Book Award for Poetry from the University of Cincinnati, Nimrod/Hardman's Pablo Neruda Prize, The Missouri Review’s Larry Levis Award, the Greensboro Poetry Prize, the New Letters Poetry Prize, the Chautauqua Poetry Prize, four Pushcart Prizes (2003, 2015, 2017), Fellowships from The Guggenheim Foundation, The National Endowment for the Arts, and the California Arts Council.Indigo, (2020) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award. Like a Beggar (Copper Canyon Press, 2014) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award. The Human Line (Copper Canyon Press, 2007) was named among the notable books of 2007 in the poetry section by the San Francisco Chronicle, and Mules of Love (BOA Editions, 2002) won the 2002 Lambda Literary Award.Published worksPoetryI'm not your laughing daughter. University of Massachusetts Press. 1973. ISBN 9780870231285.No More Masks! An Anthology of Poems by Women. Co-edited with Florence Howe. Doubleday. 1973. ISBN 9780385025539.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Of Separateness and Merging. Autumn Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0394734309.For Earthly Survival. A letter press chapbook, Moving Parts Press, 1980.Our Stunning Harvest. New Society Publishers, 1984. ISBN 978-0865710535.Mules of Love. BOA Editions. 2002. ISBN 9781929918225.The Human Line. Copper Canyon Press. 2007. ISBN 9781556592553.Like A Beggar. Copper Canyon Press. 2014. ISBN 9781556594649.Indigo. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 9781556595752.NonfictionI Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Louise Thornton and others. Harper Collins. 1991 [1983]. ISBN 9780060965730.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2008 [1988]. ISBN 9780061284335.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Beginning to Heal: A First Book for Men and Women Who Were Sexually Abused as Children. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2003 [1993]. ISBN 9780062270597.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth—and Their Allies. Co-authored with Kate Kaufman. Harper Collins. 1996. ISBN 9780060951047.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Children's booksI Like You to Make Jokes with Me, But I Don't Want You to Touch Me. Lollipop Power Books/Carolina Wren Press. 1993 [1981]. ISBN 9780914996279.Passage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (, Kuhio Taisa, lit. "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Chlorox, Ammonium and CoffeeChlorox, Ammonia and Coffee (Norwegian: Salto, salmiakk og kaffe) is a 2004 Norwegian comedy film written and directed by Mona J. Hoel, starring Benedikte Lindbeck, Kjersti Holmen and Fares Fares. The film follows multiple storylines, and is about having the courage to take chances in life.External linksChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at IMDbChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Rotten TomatoesChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Filmweb.no (in Norwegian)Chlorox, Ammonium and Coffee! at the Norwegian Film InstitutePassage 6:Free China: The Courage to BelieveFree China: The Courage to Believe is a 2012 documentary film (61 minutes) about the persecution of Falun Gong, starring Jennifer Zeng and Dr. Charles Lee.DescriptionThe film is based on a true story of a mother and former Communist Party member, Jennifer Zeng, who along with more than 70 million Chinese were practicing Falun Gong, a belief that combined Buddhism and Daoism until the Chinese Government outlawed it. The Internet police intercepted an email and Jennifer was imprisoned for her faith. As she endured physical and mental torture, she had to decide: does she stand her ground and languish in jail, or does she recant her belief so she can tell her story to the world and be reunited with her family?A world away, Dr. Charles Lee, a Chinese American businessman, wanted to do his part to stop the persecution by attempting to broadcast uncensored information on state controlled television. He was arrested in China and sentenced to three years of re-education in a prison camp where he endured forced labor, making amongst other things, Homer Simpson slippers sold at stores throughout the US.With more than one hundred thousand protests occurring each year inside China, unrest among Chinese people is building with the breaking of each political scandal. As China's prisoners of conscience are subjected to forced labor and possibly organ harvesting, but at this time it is unconfirmed. This timely documentary exposes profound issues such as genocide and unfair trade practices with the West. The film also highlights how new Internet technologies are helping bring freedom to more than 1.3 billion people living in China and other repressive regimes throughout the world.Interviewees in the filmJennifer Zeng - author of Witnessing History: One Chinese Woman’s Fight for FreedomDr. Charles Lee - Chinese American businessman and labor camp survivorDavid Kilgour - human rights investigator and former Canadian Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific)Chris Smith - US Congressman and chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on ChinaEthan Gutmann - China analyst, human rights investigator, author of The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem and Losing The New China: A Story of Commerce, Desire, and Betrayal. Contributor for The Wall Street Journal AsiaAwards and other informationThe film won awards at 8 film festivals, including American INSIGHT's 2012 Free Speech Film Festival and WorldFest's 2012 Film Festival.The film was produced and directed by awarding winning filmmakers Kean Wong and Michael Perlman. The film has screened at over 700 private venues including the UK, European and Israeli parliaments and the US Congress. The film will be available in over 20 languages by the end of 2014.The soundtrack, trailers, and DVDs of the film are available on the Free China website.The most recent screenings of the film were on 5–7 December 2014 in Taiwan.The online premiere was on 3 February 2015.See alsoPersecution of Falun GongDocumentaries about the Persecution of Falun GongOrgan harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in ChinaPassage 7:The Rebel SetThe Rebel Set is a 1959 American crime drama film in black and white directed by Gene Fowler Jr. It was later featured and riffed on Mystery Science Theater 3000 in Season 4.Plot summaryMr. Tucker (Platt), proprietor of a Los Angeles coffee house, hires three down-on-their-luck classic beatnik patrons: out-of-work actor John Mapes (Palmer); struggling writer Ray Miller (Lupton); and George Leland (Sullivan), the wayward son of movie star Rita Leland, to participate in an armored car robbery to take place during a four-hour stopover in Chicago during the trio's train trip from Los Angeles to New York. Mapes' worried wife Jeanne (Crowley) joins him on the train, concerned about his not having had a job in more than a year.Tucker and his henchman Sidney (Glass) fly ahead to set up the robbery, which goes off without a hitch. John, Ray and George take the train to Chicago.  George shoots out a tire on the armored truck.  Then Sidney drives a car into the truck.  As the security guards get out to check the accident, John and Ray drive up disguised as policemen in a police car.  The three guards are tied up and the almost one million dollars is transferred into the fake police car.  The five then drive off to another site to bury their clothes, guns and other crime gear.  The money is placed into a gift box and entrusted to George.  The men continue on the train to New York.  Tucker promised the three $200,000 apiece.However, once back on the train, Leland's greed gets the better of him and he decides to keep all of the money for himself.  John and Ray go to talk to him but find him murdered with a suicide note left behind.  Tucker has disguised himself as a man of the cloth and is on the train.  He double crosses the trio, first eliminating Leland and Miller next, leaving Mapes as the only one left to stop Tucker from getting away with murder and keeping the entire haul.John confesses to his wife Jeanne his role in the robbery.  When the cops board the train in Newark to investigate the Leland murder, John confesses.  Tucker jumps from the train with the money and Mapes chases after him.  Two cops chase and fire shots.  Tucker and Mapes tangle all over and through the train railyard.  Finally, Tucker falls onto an electric transformer and dies while Mapes surrenders to police.  As Jeanne gives her husband a goodbye hug, movie star Rita Leland waits for her son George to arrive on the train, unaware that he is dead.CastSoundtrackExternal linksThe Rebel Set at IMDbThe Rebel Set is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 8:Free ChinaThe term "Free China" may mean:Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War), areas of China not under the control of the invading Imperial Japanese ArmyFree area of the Republic of China, a term used by the ROC government to contrast itself with the People's Republic of China and avoid acknowledging their control over mainland China; often shortened to "Free China" and used in contrast to "Red China"Free China Journal, a former publication of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan)Free China (junk) (zh:), a Chinese junk boatThe Free China Movement, a coalition of about 30 pro-democracy and human rights organizations promoting democracy in ChinaFree China: The Courage to Believe a 2012 American filmFree China Relief Association, a non-governmental organizationSee alsoNationalist China (disambiguation)Red China (disambiguation)Communist China (disambiguation)Passage 9:Land of Make BelieveLand of Make Believe or The Land of Make Believe may refer to:Music"Land of Make Believe" (Easybeats song), 1968Land of Make Believe (Chuck Mangione album), 1973Land of Make Believe (Kidz in the Hall album), 2010"The Land of Make Believe", a 1980 song by Bucks Fizz"The Land of Make-Believe", a song by R. Nelson, U. Ray, D. Alex recorded by Fats Domino"The Land of Make Believe", a song by R. Miller and A. Miller, performed by Diana Ross and the Supremes from The Never-Before-Released Masters"The Land of Make-Believe", a song by The Moody Blues from the Seventh Sojourn album"(In the) Land of Make Believe", a song written by Burt Bacharach & Hal David and sung by The Drifters, Dionne Warwick, Dusty Springfield and othersOtherLand of Make Believe (amusement park), an amusement park in Hope Township, New Jersey, United StatesLand of Makebelieve, a former amusement park in Upper Jay, New York, United StatesThe Neighborhood of Make-Believe, a segment on the children's television program Mister Rogers' NeighborhoodPassage 10:Do You Believe?Do You Believe? or Do You Believe may refer to:"Do You Believe?" (The Beatnuts song)"Do You Believe" (Julie-Anne Dineen song)"Do You Believe" (Maurice Williams song)Do You Believe? (film)Do You Believe? (Cher tour)"Believe" (Cher song)See alsoDo You Believe in Magic (disambiguation)


Passage 1:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the ThirdArmy team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joinedLeadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goalin that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 2:ThomasScott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHe competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a police officer at thetime of the 1930 Games.Passage 3:Fred Bradley (rower)Frederick Bradley (1908 – date of death unknown) was an English rower.RowingHe competed in the single sculls at the 1930 British Empire Games for Englandand won a bronze medal.Personal lifeHe was listed as having no occupation at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 4:Parimala NagappaParimala Nagappa is a politician from the state of Karnataka and wife of Late H.Nagappa. Parimala was elected as M.L.A from Hanur constituency on a Janata Dal (Secular) ticket in the 2004 Karnataka assembly elections. On 16 March 2017, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.Passage 5:AlbertThompson (footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joined Bradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. He was York City's top scorer for the 1936–37 season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937,after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York. After making 4 appearances in the league for Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 6:Harry Wainwright (footballer)Harry Wainwright(born 1899; date of death unknown) was an English footballer.CareerWainwright played for Highfields before joining Port Vale as an amateur in December 1919. After making his debut in a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley onBoxing Day he signed as a professional the following month. He was unable to nail down a regular place however, and was released at the end of the season with just four appearances to his name.He returned toHighfields before moving on to Doncaster Rovers where he scored in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored two more goals that season, and nonethe following season.He then went to Brodsworth Main, Frickley Colliery, Sheffield United, Boston Town, Scunthorpe & Lindsey United and Newark Town.Career statisticsSource:Passage 7:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer(born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficultsubjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has causedcontroversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What isPeace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at theage of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City publicschool children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to getpublished through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker onThe Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 8:Harry Johnson (wrestler)Harry Johnson (born 1903, date of death unknown) was an English wrestler.WrestlingHe competed in the welterweight category at the 1930 BritishEmpire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a turner at the time of the 1930 Games and lived in 31 Kambala Road, Battersea.Passage 9:H. NagappaH. Nagappa was a Janata Dal (United) political leader, two termmember of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and minister for agricultural marketing in the J. H. Patel cabinet.He was abducted by forest brigand Veerappan and his gang members on 25 August 2002 from theKamagere village of Chamarajanagar district. On 8 December 2002, Nagappa was killed by Veerappan or his gang members or by Tamil nadu police at Changadi forest area near M. M. Hills bordering the state of TamilNadu.who killed him is a mystery .Passage 10:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometimebetween 995 and 997.