Passage 1:René ClairRené Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981), born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1960. Clair's best known films include Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (The Italian Straw Hat, 1928), Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris, 1930), Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), I Married a Witch (1942), and And Then There Were None (1945).Early lifeRené Clair was born and grew up in Paris in the district of Les Halles, whose lively and picturesque character made a lasting impression on him. His father was a soap merchant; he had an elder brother, Henri Chomette (born 1896). He attended the Lycée Montaigne and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. In 1914 he was studying philosophy; his friends at that time included Raymond Payelle who became the actor and writer Philippe Hériat.In 1917, at the age of 18, he served as an ambulance driver in World War I, before being invalided out with a spinal injury. He was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry called La Tête de l'homme (which remained unpublished). Back in Paris after the war, he started a career as a journalist at the left-wing newspaper L'Intransigeant.Film careerHaving met the music-hall singer Damia and written some songs for her, Clair was persuaded by her to visit Gaumont studios in 1920 where a film was being cast and he then agreed to take on a leading role in Le Lys de la vie, directed by Loïe Fuller and Gabrielle Sorère. He adopted the stage-name of René Clair, and several other acting jobs followed, including Parisette for Louis Feuillade. In 1922 he extended his career as a journalist, becoming the editor of a new film supplement to a monthly magazine, Théâtre et Comœdia illustrés.  He also visited Belgium and after an introduction from his brother Henri, he became an assistant to the director Jacques de Baroncelli on several films.1924–1934In 1924, with the support of the producer Henri Diamant-Berger, Clair got the opportunity to direct his own first film, Paris qui dort (The Crazy Ray), a short comic fantasy. Before it had been shown however, Clair was asked by Francis Picabia and Erik Satie to make a short film to be shown as part of their Dadaist ballet Relâche; he made Entr'acte (1924), and it established Clair as a leading member of the Parisian avant-garde.Fantasy and dreams were also components of his next two films, but in 1926 Clair took a new direction when he joined Alexandre Kamenka's Films Albatros company to film a dramatic story, La Proie du vent (The Prey of the Wind), which met with commercial success. He remained at Albatros for his last two silent films, Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (An Italian Straw Hat) and Les Deux Timides (Two Timid Souls) (both 1928), in which he sought to translate the essentially verbal comedy of two plays by Labiche into works of silent cinema. While at Albatros, Clair met the designer Lazare Meerson and the cameraman Georges Périnal who were to remain important collaborators with him for the next decade. By the end of the silent era, Clair was celebrated as one of the great names in cinema, alongside Griffith, Chaplin, Pabst and Eisenstein. As the author of all of his own scripts, who also paid close attention to every aspect of the making of a film, including the editing, Clair was one of the first French film-makers to establish for himself the full role of an auteur.Clair was initially sceptical about the introduction of sound to films, and called it "an unnatural creation". He then realised the creative possibilities that it offered, particularly, in his view, if the soundtrack was not used realistically; words and pictures need not, and indeed should not, be tied together in a clumsy duplication of information; dialogue did not always need to be heard. Between 1930 and 1933, Clair explored these ideas in his first four sound films, starting with Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris); this was followed by Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), and Quatorze juillet (Bastille Day) (1933). All of these films portrayed an affectionate and idealized view of working class life, and they did much to create a popular romantic image of Paris which was seen around the world. These films were made at the Epinay Studios for Films Sonores Tobis, a French subsidiary of the German-owned Tobis company.When Chaplin made Modern Times in 1936, it was noted that some parts of it bore a marked similarity to scenes in À nous la liberté, and the production company Tobis launched a lawsuit for plagiarism against United Artists, the producers of Chaplin's film. Clair was embarrassed by this since he acknowledged his own debt to the spirit of Chaplin, and he refused to be associated with the action.After the immense success of these early sound films, Clair met with a major setback when his next film, Le Dernier Milliardaire (The Last Billionaire/The Last Millionaire) (1934), was a critical and commercial flop. While he was visiting London for the film's British première, he met Alexander Korda who offered him a contract to work in England.  He accepted, and began a lengthy period of exile from film-making in France.1935–1946Clair's contract with Korda's London Films was for two years and it envisaged three films. Because of his limited English, he collaborated with the American dramatist Robert E. Sherwood as script-writer for his first film, The Ghost Goes West (1935), a comic fantasy about transatlantic culture clash. Clair and Sherwood became close friends. In January 1936, Clair visited America for two weeks, checking out for future employment possibilities but still planning to remain with Korda. Korda however rejected Clair's next script and they parted company. Clair's remaining time in England led to only one more completed film, Break the News (1938), a musical comedy with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier.Returning to France, Clair attempted to make another film there in 1939, Air pur, which was to be a celebration of youth and childhood, but the outbreak of war interrupted filming and it was abandoned. In May 1940, Jean Giraudoux, then Minister of Information, suggested to Clair that the film profession should concentrate its resources in the south of country in Nice and Marseille – and if necessary establish a French production centre in the United States. It was with this last plan in mind that Clair and his family, along with Julien Duvivier, departed for America, but by the time he reached New York the project had already fallen through and he went straight on to Hollywood where several studios were interested in employing him. He made his first American film for Universal Studios, The Flame of New Orleans (1941), but it was such a commercial failure that for a time Clair's career as a director was in the balance. After more than a year's delay, his next film was I Married a Witch (1942), followed by It Happened Tomorrow (1944), both of which did respectably well, and then And Then There Were None (1945), which turned out to be an exceptional commercial success despite being perhaps the least personal of his Hollywood ventures. Each of Clair's American films was made for a different studio.In 1941 Clair was stripped of his French citizenship by the Vichy government, though this was later reversed. It was also in 1941 that he learned of the death of his brother Henri Chomette in France from polio. In 1943, he was planning to go to Algeria to organise the Service Cinématographique de l'Armée, but funding for the project was withdrawn just as he was on the point of departure. In July 1945 he went back to France for a short visit, and then returned finally in July 1946, having signed a contract with RKO for his next film to be made in France.Clair's American exile had allowed him to develop his characteristic vein of ironical fantasy with several commercially successful films, but there was some feeling that it had been at the expense of personal control and that his output there had not matched the quality of his earlier work in France. Clair himself recognised that being employed by the highly organized American studios had allowed him to work in ideal circumstances: "In spite of the restrictions of the American system, it is possible, if one wishes, to take responsibility. In my four Hollywood films I managed to do what I wanted."1947–1965Clair's first film on his return to France was the romantic comedy Le silence est d'or (Silence is Golden) (1947), which was set in 1906 and nostalgically evoked the world of early French film-making; its plot also created variations on Molière's L'École des femmes. Clair considered it one of his best post-war films. Literary inspirations also underpinned other films: Faust for La Beauté du diable (Beauty and the Devil) (1950); and Don Juan for Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955). In these two films and the intervening Les Belles de nuit (Beauties of the Night) (1952), the leading actor was Gérard Philipe who became a friend and a favourite performer for Clair. Porte des Lilas (1957) was a sombre film, set once again in a popular district of Paris with its picturesque inhabitants, for which the singer Georges Brassens was persuaded to give his only film performance.During the 1950s, as a new generation of French critics and film-makers emerged who were impatient of the prevailing modes of film production, Clair found himself increasingly criticised as a representative of the cinéma de qualité, a "cinema of old men" dominated by nostalgia for their younger days. His status as a figure of the 'establishment' was further confirmed by his election to the Académie Française in 1960. Although he continued to make a few more films in comic vein such as Tout l'or du monde (All the Gold in the World) (1961), they were not well received and he made his last film, Les Fêtes galantes (The Lace Wars), in 1965.Writing and later workClair began his career as a journalist, and writing remained an important interest for him to which he increasingly turned in his later years. In 1926 he published a novel, Adams (translated into English as Star Turn), about a Hollywood star for whom the distinction between the real and unreal becomes blurred. He occasionally returned to writing fiction (La Princesse de Chine and Jeux du hasard), but many of his publications dealt with the cinema, including reflections on his own films. Apart from many journal articles, his main publications were:Adams. (Paris: Grasset, 1926). English translation, Star Turn, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936).Réflexion faite. (Paris: Gallimard, 1951). English translation, Reflections on the Cinema. (London: William Kimber, 1953).La Princesse de Chine, suivi de De fil en aiguille. (Paris: Grasset, 1951).Comédies et commentaires. (Paris: Gallimard, 1959) [includes 5 of Clair's screenplays]. English translation, in part, Four Screenplays. (New York: Orion Press, 1970).Discours de réception à l'Académie française. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Tout l'or du monde. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Cinéma d'hier, cinéma d'aujourd'hui. (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). English translation, Cinema Yesterday and Today. (New York: Dover, 1972).L'Étrange Ouvrage des cieux, d'après The Dutch Courtezan de Jon Marston. (Paris: Gallimard, 1972).Jeux du hasard: récits et nouvelles. (Paris: Gallimard, 1976).Clair also ventured into other media.  In 1951 he directed his first radio production, Une larme du diable.  In 1959 he directed a stage production of Musset's On ne badine pas avec l'amour, in which Gérard Philipe gave one of his last performances before his death. In 1972 he staged Gluck's Orphée for the Paris Opéra.Personal lifeAt the end of 1924, while Clair was working on Ciné-sketch for the theatre with France Picabia, he first met a young actress, Bronja Perlmutter, who subsequently appeared in his film Le Voyage imaginaire (1926) premiered at the newly opened Studio des Ursulines. They married in 1926, and their son, Jean-François, was born in 1927.René Clair died at home on 15 March 1981, and he was buried privately at Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois.ReputationClair's reputation as a film-maker underwent a considerable reevaluation during the course of his own lifetime: in the 1930s he was widely seen as one of France's greatest directors, alongside Renoir and Carné, but thereafter his work's artifice and detachment from the realities of life fell increasingly from favour. The avant-gardism of his first films, and especially Entr'acte, had given him a temporary notoriety, and a grounding in surrealism continued to underlie much of his comedy work. It was however the imaginative manner in which he overcame his initial scepticism about the arrival of sound which established his originality, and his first four sound films brought him international fame.Clair's years of working in the UK and USA made him still more widely known but did not show any marked development in his style or thematic concerns. It was in the post-war films that he made on his return to France that some critics have observed a new maturity and emotional depth, accompanied by a prevailing sense of melancholy but still framed by the elegance and wit that characterised his earlier work.However, in the 1950s the critics who heralded the arrival of the French New Wave, especially those associated with Cahiers du Cinéma, found Clair's work old-fashioned and academic. François Truffaut wrote harshly of him after seeing The Flame of New Orleans: "We don't follow our elders in paying the same tribute to Renoir and Clair. There is no film by Clair which matches the invention and wit of Renoir's Tire au flanc.... Clair makes films for old ladies who go to the cinema twice a year."André Bazin, the founding editor of Cahiers, made a more measured assessment: "René Clair has remained in a way a film-maker of the silent cinema. Whatever the quality and importance of his recent films, expression through the image always predominates over that of the word and one almost never misses the essence if one can only vaguely hear the dialogue." It was also in a special number of Cahiers du Cinéma reviewing the current state of the French cinema in 1957 that Clair received one of his most positive appreciations: "A complete film author who, since the silent era, has brought to the French cinema intelligence, refinement, humour, an intellectual quality that is slightly dry but smiling and in good taste.... Whatever may follow in his rich career, he has created a cinematic world that is his own, full of rigour and not lacking in imagination, thanks to which he remains one of our greatest film-makers."Such appreciations have subsequently been rare, and the self-contained artificiality of Clair's films, his insistence on the meticulous preparation of an often literary script, and his preference for filming in studio sets rather than on location increasingly set him apart from modern trends in film-making. The paradox of Clair's reputation has been further heightened by those commentators who have seen François Truffaut as the French cinema's true successor to Clair, notwithstanding the occasions of their mutual disdain.FilmographyFeature filmsShort filmsEntr'acte (1924)La Tour (1928) (documentary)Forever and a Day (1943) (segment "1897")La Française et l'Amour (1960) (segment "Mariage, Le")Love and the FrenchwomanLes Quatre Vérités (1962) (segment "Les Deux Pigeons")Three Fables of LoveTelevisionLes Fables de La Fontaine (1964) (episodes "?")Awards and honoursRené Clair held the national honours of Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, and Grand-croix de l'ordre national du Mérite.  He received the Grand Prix du cinéma français in 1953.In 1956 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cambridge.In 1960 he was elected to the Académie Française; he was not the first film-maker so honoured (he was preceded by Marcel Pagnol (1946), Jean Cocteau (1955), and Marcel Achard (1959)) but he was the first to be elected primarily as a film-maker. In 1994 the Académie established the Prix René-Clair as an annual prize awarded to a distinguished film-maker.In 1967 he received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London.As well as many awards made for individual films, Clair received an honorary prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival in 1979 for his contribution to cinema.Place René Clair in Boulogne-Billancourt, on the outskirts of Paris and near the site of the former film studios in that district, is named after him.See alsoList of ambulance drivers during World War ICinema purPassage 2:Searchlight on JapanSearchlight on Japan is an Australian documentary about the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II directed by Ken G. Hall.The film was sold to American television.Passage 3:Beauties of the NightBeauties of the Night may refer to:Beauties of the Night (1952 film), a French-language fantasy filmBeauties of the Night (2016 film), a Mexican documentary filmPassage 4:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there."Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 5:Jaime ChikJaime Chik Mei-chun (Chinese: , born 5 January 1962) is a Hong Kong TVB actress and was named as one of the Five Beauties of TVB.Personal lifeChik met Hong Kong actor Michael Miu in 1981 while shooting for the TVB television drama You Only Live Twice. The couple married in 1990 and since have two children: daughter Phoebe Miu (born 1991) and son Murphy Miu (born 1993).FilmographyExternal linksJaime Mei Chun Chik at IMDbJaime Chik Mei-Jan at the Hong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 6:Ken G. HallKenneth George Hall, AO, OBE (22 February 1901 – 8 February 1994), better known as Ken G. Hall, was an Australian film producer and director, considered one of the most important figures in the history of the Australian film industry. He was the first Australian to win an Academy Award.Early yearsHall was born Kenneth George Hall in Paddington, Sydney, Australia in 1901, the third child of Charles and Florence Hall. He was educated at North Sydney Boys' High School.At age 15, with the help of his father, he gained a cadetship at the Sydney Evening News, where he became friends with a young Kenneth Slessor, then a cadet for another paper. Two years later, he became a publicist for Union Theatres, initially working as an assistant to Gayne Dexter. He had a six-month stint as manager for the Lyceum Theatre then returned to publicity, working his way up to national publicity director, "the highest post in film publicity in Australia" at that time.In 1924, Hall joined the American distribution company First National Pictures as a publicist, and visited Hollywood the following year.Directing careerEarly years: 1928–1930Hall began making films in 1928 when at First National he was


Passage 1:Beatrix of BadenBeatrix of Baden (22 January 1492 – 4 April 1535) was a margravine (wife of a margrave) of Baden by birth and by marriage and a Countess Palatine of Simmern.  She was a daughter ofChristoph I, Margrave of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.Marriage and issueIn 1508 she married the Count Palatine  Johann II of Simmern (born: 21 March 1492; died: 18 May 1557).  With him she had twelvechildren:Catherine (1510–1572), Abbess in Kumbd monasteryJohanna (1512–1581), Abbess in Marienberg monastery at BoppardOttilia (1513–1553), nun at Marienberg in BoppardFrederick III the Pious (1515–1576),Elector Palatinemarried firstly 1537 Princess Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519–1567)married secondly 1569 Countess Amalia of Neuenahr-Alpen (1540–1602)Brigitta (1516–1562), Abbess at Neuburg an derDonauGeorg (1518–1569), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in 1541 princess Elisabeth of Hesse (1503–1563)Elisabeth (1520–1564)married in 1535 Count Georg II of Lauterbach (1506-1569)Reichard(1521–1598), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in firstly 1569 Countess Juliane of Wied (1545-1575)married in secondly 1578 Countess Emilie of Württemberg (1550-1589)married in thirdly 1589 CountessPalatine Anna Margarete of Veldenz (1571-1621)Maria (1524–1576), nun at Marienberg in BoppardWilliam (1526–1527)Sabine (1528–1578)married in 1544 Count Lamoral of Egmont (1522–1568)Helena(1532–1579)married in 1551 Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg (1526–1561)AncestorsPassage 2:Frederick II, Grand Duke of BadenFrederick II (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928; German: Großherzog von BadenFriedrich II.) was the last sovereign Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1907 until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. The Weimar-era state of Baden originated from the area of the Grand Duchy. In1951–1952, it became part of the new state of Baden-Württemberg.LifeFriedrich "Fritz" Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold August Prinz von Baden was born on 9 July 1857, in Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg toFrederick I, Grand Duke of Baden and Princess Louise of Prussia.As a student at the University of Heidelberg, Frederick was a member of the Suevia Corps, a student fraternal organization. Frederick became the head ofthe House of Zähringen on 28 September 1907, after the death of his father Frederick I, who was the sovereign Grand Duke of Baden reigning from 1856 to 1907. He abdicated on 22 November 1918, amidst thetumults of the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy. After the death of his cousin Carola of Vasa, he became the representative of the descent of the Kings of Sweden of theHouse of Holstein-Gottorp. On 20 September 1885 in Schloss Hohenburg, he married Princess Hilda of Nassau, the only daughter of the exiled Duke Adolphe of Nassau who later succeeded as Grand Duke ofLuxembourg. There was no surviving issue from the marriage.He was à la suite the Royal Prussian Regiments Erstes Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (1st Guard Foot Regiment) and 1. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment and à la suite theImperial 1st Seebataillon. He was also Regimentschef of the 4. Königlich Sächsisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 103, which was also known as Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden“ (4. KöniglichSächsisches) Nr. 103.Promotions1875 : Sekondeleutnant (= Leutnant)1881 : Premierleutnant (= Oberleutnant)1882 : Hauptmann1884 : Major1889 : Oberst1891 : Generalmajor1893 : Generalleutnant1897 : Generalder Infanterie1905 : Generaloberst with the rank of GeneralfeldmarschallDeathAfter his death in 1928, the headship of the house was transferred over to his first cousin who was the last Chancellor of Imperial Germany,Prince Maximilian of Baden.Honours and awardsGerman orders and decorationsForeign orders and decorations  Austria-Hungary:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1885Military Jubilee Cross, 14August 1908 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 13 October 1897 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 10September 1897 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion Kingdom of Romania:Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with CollarGrand Cross of the Star of Romania Russian Empire: Knight of St.Andrew  Sweden-Norway:Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 20 September 1881Grand Cross of St. Olav, 27 September 1897 United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 16 June1905Honorary military appointmentsHonorary General of the Swedish Army, 1906AncestryPassage 3:Mechthild of BavariaMechthild of Bavaria (12 July 1532 – 2 November 1565 in Baden-Baden) was a Germannoblewoman. She was the daughter of William IV, Duke of Bavaria and his wife Marie. She was buried in the Stiftskirche at Baden-Baden.On 17 January 1557 she married Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden, and theyhad the following children:Jakobea (16 January 1558 – 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf), married Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.Philip II (19 February 1559 in Baden-Baden – 17 June 1588), Margrave ofBaden.Anna Maria (22 May 1562 – 25 April 1583 in Trebon).Maria Salome (1 February 1563 – 30 April 1600 in Pfreimd).Mechthild is a German form of Matilde.Passage 4:Herman II, Margrave of BadenHermann II ofBaden (c. 1060 – 7 October 1130) was the first to use the title Margrave of Baden, after the family seat at Castle Hohenbaden. This castle is in the present day town of Baden-Baden.LifeHermann was the son ofHermann I of Baden and Judit of Backnang-Sulichgau. He was ruler of the March of Verona from 1112 until 1130.He styled himself Dominus in Baden, comes Brisgaviae, marchio Verona. In English, his titles were: Lordin Baden, Count of Brisgau, Margrave of Verona. Around 1070 Hermann began to build Castle Hohenbaden on top of the remains of an old Celtic structure. After the structure was completed in 1112, he gave himself thetitle Margrave of Baden.He rebuilt the Augustine monastery that his father had built in Backnang in 1123. Hermann was laid to rest in the monastery with the inscription:"In this tomb lies the Margrave Hermann ofBaden, who was the founder of this monastery and temple. He died in the year thousand increased by hundred and three times ten fronm the time on when the pious virgin bore . When he was transferred here alongwith his descendancy, fifteen hundred years had passed, thereto ten onandall three."Family and childrenHermann II married Judit of Hohenberg and had the following children:Hermann III (d. January 16, 1160)Judith(d. 1162), married Ulrich I of Carinthia (d. 1144)Passage 5:Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)Prince Louis William Augustus of Baden (German: Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden; 18 December 1829 – 27 April1897) was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor of the German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince ofBaden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.FamilyWilhelm was born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, on 18 December 1829 as the fifth child and third surviving son of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, and hiswife Princess Sophie of Sweden. Through his father, Wilhelm was a grandson of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden and his wife Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg and through his mother, a grandson ofGustav IV Adolf of Sweden and his wife Frederica of Baden.Wilhelm was a brother of Alexandrine, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Charles ofBaden, Marie, Princess Ernest of Leiningen, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia.Military careerDuring his brief service in the Baden Federal Contingent (German: Baden Bundescontingente), Wilhelm attainedthe rank of Lieutenant in 1847 and First Lieutenant in 1849. Beginning between 1849 and 1850, he served as a First Lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards (German: 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß) infantry regiment of theRoyal Prussian Army. Wilhelm received his formal education in the Prussian Army. From 1856, Wilhelm served as Major of the Guard Artillery (German: Gardeartillerie) and served as the last Major General andCommander of the Guards Artillery Brigade (German: Gardeartilleriebrigade). Wilhelm retired from Prussian military service in 1863 with the rank of Lieutenant General, shortly before his marriage to Princess Maria ofLeuchtenberg.Austro-Prussian WarIn 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Wilhelm assumed command of the Baden Division of the 8th Federal Corps(German: 8. Bundeskorps) siding with the Austrian-led German Confederation. The dissolution of the 8th Federal Corps began on 30 July 1866 when Wilhelm sent a flag of truce along with a letter to the Prussianheadquarters at Marktheidenfeld. The letter stated that Wilhelm's father Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, had entered into direct negotiations with Wilhelm I of Prussia and that King Wilhelm I granted the Baden troopspermission to return to their homes.Immediately following the Austro-Prussian War, Wilhelm reformed the army of Baden based upon the Prussian system. Wilhelm and Prince August of Württemberg were the two southGerman princes who were foremost in securing the union of the Northern and Southern German states. On 22 September 1868, Wilhelm announced his resignation from the command of the troops of the Grand Duchyof Baden and was replaced by General Beza.Franco-Prussian WarIn the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Wilhelm commanded the 1st Baden Brigade in the XIV Corps. On 30 October 1870, Wilhelm and General GustavFriedrich von Beyer assailed Dijon. The French had transported 10,000 men by rail and the citizens of Dijon, including women, joined in the defense of the city against the Germans. The resistance was not easilysubdued and the Germans suffered heavy losses, however according to historian Gustave Louis Maurice Strauss, "[Wilhelm] carried the heights of St. Apollinari in gallant style and occupied the suburbs from which theGermans ultimately forced their way into the city where fierce fights from barricade to barricade from house to house lasted till midnight." Dijon was occupied by 24,000 Prussians on 18 January 1870, but wasreoccupied by the French after a severe battle, and subsequently retaken by the Prussians on 19 January, during which Wilhelm was shot in his cheek at Nuits-Saint-Georges.Post-war careerIn 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm IIpromoted him à la suite to the Grenadier Regiment (German: Leibgrenadierregimentes) in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Nuits-Saint-Georges. At the same time, Wilhelm II made him knight of the Orderof Pour le Mérite, the Kingdom of Prussia's highest military order.Wilhelm's final military rank was General of the Infantry.Political careerFrom a young age, Wilhelm held a seat in the First Chamber of the Diet of theGrand Duchy of Baden. From 1871 to 1873, Wilhelm was a representative of Baden in the Reichstag of the German Empire in which he was a member of the German Imperial Party (German: Deutsche Reichspartei)(also known as the Free Conservative Party).Marriage and childrenWilhelm married Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, Princess Romanovskaja on 11 February 1863 in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldestsurviving daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia,  Russian Empire. Upon learning of the marriage, United States President AbrahamLincoln sent a letter to Wilhelm's elder brother Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden in which Lincoln stated: "I participate in the satisfaction afforded by this happy event and pray Your Royal Highness to accept my sincerecongratulations upon the occasion together with the assurances of my highest consideration." Prior to the marriage, Wilhelm had traveled to England as a potential suitor of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge.Wilhelmand Maria had two children:Princess Marie of Baden (26 July 1865 – 29 November 1939), later Duchess of Anhalt as the wife of Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (no issue)Prince Maximilian of Baden (10 July 1867 – 6November 1929)Candidate for the Greek throneFollowing the deposition of Otto of Greece and the Greek head of state referendum of 1862, Wilhelm was considered by Wilhelm I of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck as acandidate for the throne of the Kingdom of Greece. The Russian Empire's preferred candidate for the Greek throne fluctuated between Nicholas de Beauharnais, 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg and Wilhelm, hisbrother-in-law. As a potential candidate, Wilhelm demanded no renunciations of rights to the Greek throne from King Otto's family in the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to The New York Times on 16 March 1863, thenrecent purchases of Greek bonds in London were the result of a report that Wilhelm was to be formally recommended for the throne.Later lifeWilhelm was in attendance at the dedication of the monument to MartinLuther at Worms on 27 June 1868.Following the death of his brother-in-law Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Wilhelm traveled to Schloss Reinhardsbrunn on 23 August 1893 to visit his widowed sisterAlexandrine and greet the Duke's successor, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He attended the Duke's funeral procession and service in Coburg on 28 August 1893.Wilhelm died in Karlsruhe on 27 April 1897 at the ageof 67. He was interred at the Grand Ducal Crypt Chapel (German: Großherzogliche Grabkapelle) in the Fasanengarten in Karlsruhe.Titles, styles, honours and armsTitles and styles18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897: HisGrand Ducal Highness Prince Wilhelm of BadenHonoursNational honoursForeign honours Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1852 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold FrenchEmpire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, June 1860 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I Russian Empire:Knight of St. AndrewKnightof St. Alexander NevskyKnight of St. Anna, 1st ClassKnight of St. George, 4th ClassAncestryPassage 6:Jakobea of BadenPrincess Jakobea of Baden (16 January 1558 – 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf, buried in the St.Lambert Church in Düsseldorf) was daughter of the Margrave Philibert of Baden-Baden and Mechthild of Bavaria.LifeJakobea of Baden-Baden became an orphan at an early age and was raised at the court of hermaternal uncle Duke Albert V of Bavaria, where she had several suitors. At the insistence of her cousin Ernest of Bavaria, who was Archbishop of Cologne, Emperor Rudolph II, King Philip II of Spain and Pope GregoryXIII, she married, on 16 June 1585, to Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was considered physically unattractive and mentally unstable and was the son and heir apparent of William "the Rich" ofJülich-Cleves-Berg, in an attempt to keep the confessionally wavering duke William in the Catholic camp. The marriage was celebrated lavishly in Düsseldorf, which at the time was ravaged by the Cologne War, and wasdocumented by Dietrich Graminäus in his volume Beschreibung derer Fürstlicher Güligscher ec. Hochzeit.William the Rich could never overcome the early death of his eldest son Charles Frederick.  He despised hissecond son and successor, John William, and gave him little chance to learn to govern and thus contributed to the disaster that befell his duchies.When William died in 1592, John William inherited the duchies andJakobea tried to rule on behalf of her husband, who had been locked up because of his temper tantrums. She had been born a Protestant, but was raised as a Roman Catholic and did not choose for either side. Shenever became pregnant, possibly because her husband was impotent. She had a relationship with the much younger Dietrich von Hall zu Ophoven, who was Amtmann at Monheim am Rhein and was eventually arrestedand locked up in the tower of Düsseldorf Castle.  She tried to plead her case in the Roman Rota and at the imperial court in Prague, but the case made little progress. The Catholic side, represented primarily by hersister-in-law Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, then took matters into their own hands.She was found dead in her room on the morning of 3 September 1597, after she had received guests and toasted on her husband'shealth the night before.  Eyewitness accounts suggest that she was strangled or suffocated.  The motive for the move appears to have been to make room for a more fertile wife, who could save the endangereddynasty.She was buried on 10 September 1597 in a closed ceremony in the Kreuzherren Church in Düsseldorf.  On 23 March 1820, her body was transferred to the St. Lambert Church in Düsseldorf and solemnlyreburied.The City Museum in Düsseldorf has a lock of her hair.LegacyComparing Jakobea to Mary Stuart is not entirely far-fetched; even so, it may be an exaggeration.  Jakobea of Baden was overwhelmed by theconfusing conditions at the religiously divided court in Düsseldorf and fled in a love affair for some amusement. When she was held in humiliating captivity and lost all hope of help from her powerful relatives in Badenand Bavaria, she showed her true caliber and attitude.  The popular misinformation that Jakobea of Baden was beheaded, would make her more similar to Mary Stuart.FootnotesPassage 7:Frederick III, Margrave ofBadenFrederick III of Baden (1327 – 2 September 1353) was Margrave of Baden from 1348 to 1353.LifeHe was the elder son of Rudolf IV and Marie of Oettingen.Family and childrenHe married Margareta of Baden,daughter of Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden and had the following children:Rudolf VI, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 21 March 1372).Margarete, Dame d'Héricourt, married to:10 November 1363 CountGottfried II of Leiningen-Rixingen;Count Heinrich of Lützelstein.See alsoList of rulers of BadenPassage 8:Stéphanie de BeauharnaisStéphanie, Grand Duchess of Baden (Stéphanie Louise Adrienne de Beauharnais; 28August 1789 – 29 January 1860) was a French princess and the Grand Duchess consort of Baden by marriage to Karl, Grand Duke of Baden.Born in Versailles during the French Revolution, Stéphanie's life wassignificantly influenced by Napoleon Bonaparte, who married her aunt and became her patron. Napoleon, needing to secure an alliance with the Prince-elector of Baden, adopted Stephanie and arranged her marriage toKarl of Baden.Her marriage to Karl in 1806 wasn't notably successful initially; they lived separately in Karlsruhe and Mannheim respectively. However, they reconciled to produce heirs after Karl succeeded to the thronein 1811. They had five children, but there was controversy around their unnamed son who died shortly after birth, with rumors suggesting Kaspar Hauser could have been the real heir. After Karl's death in 1818,Stéphanie remained a widow for 41 years. Her residence in Mannheim became a notable salon for artists and intellectuals. She died in Nice, France, in 1860.BiographyEarly lifeBorn in Versailles at the beginning of theFrench Revolution, Stéphanie was the daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, 2nd Count des Roches-Baritaud (1756–1819). In 1783 the 2nd Count married Claudine Françoise de Lezay (1767–1791). The marriage resultedin the birth of first her older brother Alberic de Beauharnais (1786–1791) and then Stephanie herself. Her father remarried in 1799 to Suzanne Fortin-Duplessis (1775–1850). On 13 December 1779 Alexandre, Vicomtede Beauharnais, first cousin of her father, married Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. On 23 July 1794, Alexandre was guillotined. Joséphine had affairs with several influential figures of the French Directory, including PaulFrançois Jean Nicolas Barras. The latter would introduce her to his recent favorite Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon soon started courting her. On 9 March 1796 they were married.General Napoléon Bonaparte was nowstepfather to Eugène de Beauharnais and Hortense de Beauharnais, second cousins of Stephanie. As his prominence and wealth continued to rise, Napoléon found himself being de facto patron to both the Bonaparteand the de Beauharnais families. Stephanie would soon see her patron rise to become First Consul of France.PrincessHer "uncle" crowned himself Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804. As a prominent member ofthe new Imperial Family, Stephanie held residence in the Tuileries Palace. Her new status allowed her to live a rather luxurious life. This was a consequence of Napoleon's effort to secure an alliance with the


Passage 1:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of NorfolkThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk  (1443 – 21 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman, soldierand statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and QueenCatherine Howard and the great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1513 he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive Battle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded by King Henry VIII, then away inFrance.Early lifeThomas Howard was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns (died 8June 1425) and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.Service under Edward IVWhile a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side whenwar broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severelywounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York,and Lady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).Service under Richard IIIAfter the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard'scoronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard wascreated Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed arebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded andtaken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years.Serviceunder Henry VIIHoward was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to theearldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499. He and his family lived in Sheriff HuttonCastle while in the North. In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June ofthat year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham (Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's "executivetriumvirate". He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 he was involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor toScotland for her wedding to King James IV.Service under Henry VIIISurrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King HenryVIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition toFrance, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sonsThomas and Edmund, crushed James's much larger force at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed.The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, he was created Duke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands andannuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour of Flodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules, anemblem of the Scottish royal arms on rare occasion granted by Scottish kings to a favoured follower as a special mark of favour. The grant by Henry VIII to Howard was thus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings ofScotland.Final yearsIn the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII ofFrance, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517, he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trialof his in-law Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to David M. Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of ageand in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle atFramlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a processionof 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howardtombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.Marriages and issueOn 30 April1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1st BaronBerners. They had issue:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of NorfolkSir Edward HowardLord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine HowardSir John HowardHenry HowardCharles HowardHenry Howard(the younger)Richard HowardElizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstlyJohn Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died 1504), and secondly Sir Thomas KnyvetNorfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, AgnesTilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of EffinghamLord Thomas Howard(1511–1537)Richard Howard (died 1517)Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of DerbyAnne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of OxfordCatherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Marriedsecondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater.Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex.Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named Elizabeth Howard and twoliving sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolk family tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked toAgnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which is impossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.FootnotesPassage 2:Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel)Rhysap Gruffydd (1508–December 1531) was a powerful Welsh landowner who was accused of rebelling against King Henry VIII by plotting with James V of Scotland to become Prince of Wales. He was executed as a rebel.He married Lady Catherine Howard (b. abt 1499 Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, England), the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his second wife Agnes Tilney.Early lifeRhys was the grandson of Rhys apThomas, the most powerful man in Wales and close ally of Henry VIII. His father, Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, died in 1521, leaving him his grandfather's heir. In 1524 Rhys married Catherine Howard, daughter ofThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.As his grandfather's heir, Rhys expected to inherit his estates and titles. When Rhys ap Thomas died in 1525, Henry VIII gave his most important titles and powers to WalterDevereux, Lord Ferrers, leading to a feud between Rhys and Ferrers, which escalated over the next few years.Conflict with FerrersRhys attempted to increase his status in Wales, petitioning Cardinal Thomas Wolsey tobe given various posts. The potential for conflict with Ferrers increased when both men were given the right to extend their number of retainers; this led to the emergence of competing armed gangs. The bad bloodbetween Rhys and Ferrers reached a crisis point in June 1529 when Ferrers made a display of his status during preparations for the annual Court of Great Sessions in Carmarthen. Rhys, surrounded by forty armed men,threatened Ferrers with a knife. Rhys was arrested and imprisoned in Carmarthen Castle. Rhys's wife Catherine escalated the situation by collecting hundreds of her supporters and attacking the castle. She laterthreatened Ferrers himself with an armed gang. In the conflict between the two factions, several of Ferrers's men were killed. The factions continued to cause other disruptions over the coming months, leading to deathsin street fights and acts of piracy.Treason chargesThe rebellious actions of Rhys's supporters led to Rhys's transfer to prison in London in 1531. By this stage, Henry was claiming that Rhys was attempting to overthrowhis government in Wales. Rhys had added the title Fitz-Urien to his name, referring to Urien, the ancient Welsh ruler of Rheged, a person of mythical significance. Rhys's accusers claimed that this was an attempt toassert himself as Prince of Wales. He was supposed to be plotting with James V of Scotland to overthrow Henry in fulfilment of ancient Welsh prophecies.Rhys was convicted of treason and was executed in December1531. The execution caused widespread dismay and he was openly said to have been innocent. Contemporary writer Ellis Gruffudd, however, argued that the arrogance of the Rhys family had caused their downfall,saying that "many men regarded his death as Divine retribution for the falsehoods of his ancestors, his grandfather, and great-grandfather, and for their oppressions and wrongs. They had many a deep curse from thepoor people who were their neighbours, for depriving them of their homes, lands and riches."Historian Ralph Griffith asserts that "Rhys's execution...was an act of judicial murder based on charges devised to suit theprevailing political and dynastic situation". Since it was linked to Henry's attempt to centralise power and break with the church of Rome, he argues that it "in retrospect made him [Rhys] one of the earliest martyrs ofthe English Reformation." Rhys was believed to be opposed to the Reformation and had spoken disparagingly of Anne Boleyn. He had also been friendly with Katherine of Aragon and Cardinal Wolsey, so ridding himselfof Rhys helped Henry to prepare the ground for the Reformation. The execution led to fears of a Welsh rebellion. One clergyman was concerned that the Welsh and Irish would join together.FamilyWith his death, Rhys'vast possessions were forfeit to the crown. His children are known by the Anglicised surname "Rice". His son, Griffith Rice (c.1530–1584), was restored to some of the family estates by Queen Mary. His daughter AgnesRice had a much-publicised affair with William Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton, and in defiance of the rights of his widow and children, she inherited much of the Stourton estates after his death in 1548. She later marriedSir Edward Baynton, and had children with both William and Edward.Passage 3:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of SuffolkThomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk,  (24 August 1561 – 28 May 1626) of Audley End House in theparish of Saffron Walden in Essex, and of Suffolk House near Westminster, a member of the House of Howard, was the second son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Audley, thedaughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, of Audley End.Early life and marriagesThomas was born at Audley End on 24 August 1561, the second of four children ThomasHoward, 4th Duke of Norfolk had by his second wife, Margaret Audley. His older sister was Elizabeth Howard, who died in infancy and his younger siblings were Margaret and William. His maternal grandparents wereThomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden and his second wife Elizabeth Grey. His paternal grandparents were Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and his wife Frances de Vere. On her father's side, Thomas had an olderhalf-brother, Philip Howard, who would later become Earl of Arundel who in turn was also a second cousin of Thomas (Philip's mother, Mary FitzAlan and Margaret Audley were first cousins).When his mother died inJanuary 1564, Thomas inherited the manor of Saffron Walden and other Audley family properties.Thomas' father, a Roman Catholic with a Protestant education, was arrested in 1569, because of involvement in intriguesagainst Queen Elizabeth. Although he was briefly released, he was imprisoned again in September 1571, after his participation in the Ridolfi Plot was discovered and he was executed in June 1572, when William wasalmost eleven years old. After Norfolk's death, Thomas and his siblings Philip, William and Margaret were left in the care of their uncle Henry Howard, who also he took charge of their education. During this time,Thomas and his siblings lived with their uncle at Audley End. Due to his father's execution, much of his paternal family's property was forfeit, although Thomas, his younger siblings, and his older half-brother Philip wereable to recover some of the forfeited estates.His father, while imprisoned in the Tower awaiting execution, urged Thomas to marry his stepsister Mary Dacre, the daughter of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre andElizabeth Leybourne, the duke's third wife. He did so; but Mary died, childless, in April 1578 at Walden.In or before 1582, Howard remarried, his second wife being Katherine Knyvet, widow of Richard, son of RobertRich, 2nd Baron Rich. A noted beauty, she was also the eldest daughter and heiress of her father, Sir Henry Knyvet of Charlton. She survived her husband, dying in 1633.IssueTheophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (13August 1582 – 3 June 1640) married: Elizabeth Home, and had issueElizabeth Howard (c. 1583 – 17 April 1658) married: (1) William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury, and had issue (2) Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux ofHarrowden (some say that Elizabeth's and William's children were illegitimate)Sir Robert Howard (1598–1653) (1) mistress Frances Villers and had issue Robert Danvers; (2) married: Catherine NevillSir William Howard(1586 – before 1672)Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire (8 October 1587 – 16 July 1669) married: Elizabeth Cecil, and had issueCatherine Howard (c. 1588–1673) married: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, andhad issueFrances Howard (31 May 1590 – 1632) married: (1) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (2) Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, and had issueSir Charles Howard (1591 – 21 June 1626), married Mary Fitz(john)and had issueHenry Howard (1592–1616), married Elizabeth Bassett and had issue. In September 1613 he travelled to Veere to fight a duel with the Earl of Essex, but the courtier Henry Gibb prevented thecombat.Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick (died 24 April 1675), married Mary Boteler daughter of John Boteler and Elizabeth Villiers and had issue.Margaret Howard (c. 1599–1608)Naval exploitsIn December1584, he was restored in blood as Lord Thomas Howard. Lord Thomas commanded the Golden Lion in the attack on the Spanish Armada. On 25 July 1588, the Golden Lion was one of the three ships thatcounter-attacked the Spanish galleasses protecting the Saint Anne. He was knighted the next day aboard Ark Royal by his kinsman, Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham.In 1591, he was sent with a squadron to theAzores which was to waylay the Spanish treasure fleets from America. However, one fleet reached Spain before his arrival, and the second would not arrive in the islands until September. Forced by the long delay toland his sick and repair his ships, he was barely able to re-ballast and get to sea off Flores in time when his scouts reported an arriving fleet. To his horror, this proved to be, not the treasure fleet, but a powerfulSpanish force dispatched from Ferrol to destroy his squadron. All of Howard's fleet escaped, by the barest of margins, except Revenge, commanded by the squadron's vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville. Revenge, somedistance from the remainder of the fleet, attempted to break through the Castilian Squadron and was forced to surrender after a long fight, in which Revenge was virtually destroyed and Grenville mortally wounded.In1596, Howard served as vice-admiral of the expedition against Cadiz, which defeated a Spanish fleet and captured the town. Favoured by Queen Elizabeth, he was installed as a Knight of the Garter in April 1597, and inJune sailed with the unsuccessful expedition to the Azores, which he had partly funded.Political careerHe was seriously ill in the autumn of 1597, and was created Baron Howard de Walden by writ of summons. While herecovered from his illness, he was unable to attend Parliament until January 1598. On 2 February 1598, he was admitted an honorary member of Gray's Inn. In 1599, he commanded the fleet in The Downs; in thatsame year, he became an admiral. He was appointed Constable of the Tower of London on 13 February 1601 after the revolt of the Earl of Essex, and was one of the commission who tried Essex and Southampton. Stillactive in privateering ventures, he never obtained significant profit from them. At this time, he was also sworn High Steward of Cambridge University, and would hold the post until 1614. (He received an MA fromCambridge in 1605.)A friend of Sir Robert Cecil, he became acting Lord Chamberlain at the close of 1602, and entertained the Queen at the Charterhouse, towards the end of her life in January 1603. Under James I,Howard immediately entered the King's favour, being appointed Lord Chamberlain on 6 April 1603 and a Privy Counsellor on 7 April. Later that year, on 21 July 1603, he was created Earl of Suffolk. He was alsoappointed a commissioner for creating Knights of the Bath, and from 1604 to 1618 a commissioner for the Earl Marshalcy. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk in 1605, having several years earlier been madeLord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.Suffolk accepted a gift from the Spanish ambassador negotiating the peace treaty of 1604, but his countess proved a more valuable informant and Catholic sympathiser. Avaricious,she accepted an annual pension of £1000 from the Spanish. While Suffolk was less pro-Spanish and pro-Catholic than his wife, she was felt to dominate her husband in matters of politics, a circumstance which wouldlater bring him to grief.By 1605, Cecil, now Earl of Salisbury, Suffolk, the Earl of Northampton, and the Earl of Worcester were James's principal privy counsellors. Suffolk and Salisbury were both privy to thecommunications made by Lord Monteagle revealing the existence of the Gunpowder Plot, and Suffolk examined the cellar, spotting the brushwood concealing the gunpowder. Later that evening, the Keeper of thePalace, Sir Thomas Knyvet (Suffolk's brother-in-law) made further search, revealing the gunpowder, and the plot collapsed. Suffolk was one of those commissioned to investigate and try the plotters.Numbered byJames as one of his "trinity of knaves" (with Salisbury and Northampton), he was nonetheless thought loyal and reliable to the King. By 1607, work was completed on Charlton Park, a house which is still home to his


Passage 1:Muhammad Habib ShakirMuhammad Habib Shakir (1866 in Cairo – 1939 in Cairo) (Arabic:   ) was an Egyptian judge, born in Cairo and a graduate from Al-Azhar University.LifeSheikhMohammed Shakir b. Ahmad b. ‘Abd al-Qadir was born in 1866 CE in Jirja, a city in Upper Egypt. He studied and graduated from Al-Azhar University. He died in 1939 in Cairo.His son, Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Shakir,wrote his biography in a treatise entitled Mohammed Shakir ‘Alam min A‘lam al-‘AsrPositionsSudan's Supreme Judge for four years (1890-1893)Dean of Alexandria's ScholarsAl-Azhar Secretary General ("Wakil") and amember of its board of directorsMember of Al-Azhar Corps of High ScholarsMember of Al-Azhar legislative Society ("al-Jam‘iyya al-Tashri‘iyya")Works"Al-Durus al-Awwaliyya fi al-‘Aqa’id al-Diniyya""Al-Qawl al-Fasl fiTarjamat al-Qur’an al-Karim""Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya"Qur'an controversyMohammed Habib Shakir has been stated by many internet sources as "a well known translator of the Qur'an into English." He has been associatedwith the translator M. H. Shakir of the translation published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. However this idea is contradicted by two pieces of evidence that have now come to light:There is strong evidence that MohammedHabib Shakir was against the translation of the Qur'an and considered the rendering of the Arabic into any other language unlawful.There is strong evidence that M. H. Shakir, the translator, is actually a pen name forMohammedali Habib Shakir the son of Habib Esmail of The House of Habib.The translator of this edition was in fact a Pakistani Shi'a.See alsoList of Islamic scholarsTranslation of the Qur'anPassage 2:RumbiKatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduatedwith a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking fromGoldsmiths College, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She producedand presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the ZimbabweInternational Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the bannernamelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 –Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at theNational Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to activelysupport the film industry.Passage 3:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. Hewas later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University ofPennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as hostand took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as AmericanBandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, takingYates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of hislife.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 4:Reginald Le BorgReginald Le Borg (11 December 1902 – 25 March 1989) was an Austrian film director. He was born in Vienna, Austria with the surname Groebel anddirected 68 films between 1936 and 1974.Le Borg made a series of low-budget horror films at Universal Studios in the 1940s. In 1944, he made his most expensive and also most successful film, San Diego, I Love You,featuring Buster Keaton in a supporting role.A banker in Vienna, he came to the United States as a visitor in 1928, 1929 and 1930, according to New York steamship passenger manifests. He was recorded as HarryReginald Groebel. He emigrated permanently in 1931. In his naturalization petition in 1937, he changed his name legally from Harry Groebel to Reginald Le Borg Le Borg died in Los Angeles, California from a heartattack.Selected filmographyFurther readingHelmut G. Asper: Etwas besseres als den Tod – Filmexil in Hollywood. Schüren Verlag, Marburg 2002, ISBN 3-89472-362-9, p. 154–168 (German)Helmut G. Asper:Filmexilanten im Universal Studio. Bertz und Fischer, 2005, (German)Wheeler Winston Dixon: The Films of Reginald Le Borg. Scarecrow Press (Filmmakers series Book 31), 1992Passage 5:War JabiWar-Dyabe ibn Rabis(Arabic:    ) or War Jabi (Arabic:  ), also known as: War Jaabi or War-Dyabe or War-Ndyay, was the king of Tekrur.  He converted to Islam around 1030 and his subjects did thesame to imitate him. Following attacks on the Muslims of Tekrour by animists who were afraid of the growing influence of Islam in the kingdom, he called on his Almoravid allies who helped him to take power. Thisconflict forced the ancestors of today's Serer people to flee south to land near the Saloum Delta.Under his reign, he expanded the kingdom by conquering other territories. The rapprochement with the Almoravidsbenefited the kingdom economically and created stronger political ties between the Muslim states of North Africa and Tekrour. Later, during a period of domestic instability in the Ghana Empire, Tekrur ended upconquering the emprie with the help of the Almoravids by taking its capital Koumbi Saleh.He died in 433 Hijri (1040 or 1041 Gregorian), succeeded by his son Labi.See alsoTakrurBambukSourcesBarry, Boubacar.Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade, (Cambridge: University Press, 1998) p. 6Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips. Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition, (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scrarecrow Press,1994) pp. 18; 265Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony, "The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050", Cambridge University Press (1975), p. 485, ISBN 9780521209816 - [1] last retrieved 20 June2022Cohen, Robert Z., Discovering the Empire of Ghana, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. (2013), p. 39, ISBN 9781477718889 - [2] last retrieved 20 June 2022Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. NewYork: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 44,183. ISBN 0841904316.NotesSerer historyPassage 6:Chester WitheyChester "Chet" Withey (8 November 1887, Park City, Utah – 6 October 1939, California) was an American silent filmactor, director, and screenwriter. He participated in the production in total of some 100 films. Born in Park City, Utah, the son of Chester Henry Withey and Mary E. Kelso, Withey started his career in silent film as anactor in 1913. He starred in films such as the 1916 film The Wharf Rat.  He married Virginia Philley, a screenwriter, who also did some acting.However, by 1916, he had already directed several films and decided toconcentrate on work behind the camera. Withey was also accredited with writing for 15 films.He retired from film directing in 1928 and died 6 October 1939.Partial filmographyExternal linksChester Withey atIMDbPassage 7:Hassan ZeeHassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of sevenbrothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a badinfluence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion forstorytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning,"the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender andintersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree atRawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modernWestern ways..." Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.Hissecond film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition." His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family whichstruggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancientculture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldiercomes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritualfor his cure.Passage 8:A Cafe in CairoA Cafe in Cairo is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Chester Withey and starring Priscilla Dean, Robert Ellis and Carl Stockdale. Hunt Stromberg produced it for releaseby the recently established Producers Distributing Corporation. It was part of a wave of films with Middle Eastern settings which followed on from the success of Paramount's The Sheik in 1921.SynopsisWhen her Britishparents are killed when an Arabian desert bandit launches an attack on their encampment, their young daughter is spared and brought up as an Arab known as Nadia. The bandit who killed Nadia's parents wishes tomarry her. She is ordered to steal some documents from a British secret service agent but falls in love with him, and refuses to help the bandit. He threatens to throw both her and her lover into the Nile, before he iskilled. Nadia and her lover return to England.CastPreservationWith no prints of A Cafe in Cairo located in any film archives, it is a lost film.Passage 9:War DrumsWar Drums is a 1957 American Western film directed byReginald Le Borg, written by Gerald Drayson Adams, and starring Lex Barker, Joan Taylor, Ben Johnson, Larry Chance, Richard H. Cutting and John Pickard.  The film was produced by Aubrey Schenck and Howard W.Koch for United Artists and it was released on March 21, 1957.PlotPrior to the American Civil War, a group of Apache led by their chief Mangas Coloradas track some of their stolen horses to a group of Mexicans. TheApaches kill the lot of them and take their communal woman Riva. The Apaches' initial intention was to sell Riva north of the border to the Americans. On two occasions, Mangas refuses to sell Riva to his good friendLuke Fargo (Ben Johnson), despite being offered excellent deals for her.Luke brings a government representative to meet with Mangas, trying to come to terms with the Apaches. The most Mangas will promise is theApache will not break the peace with the whites first.Mangas desires Riva for his wife, an honor never before extended to a Mexican woman. He has to fight three braves who disagree with him, killing all three. He thentells the band that Riva will not be a squaw, but will be trained as a warrior, again breaking with custom. Following Mangas's second refusal to sell him Riva, whom Luke also wants for a wife, Luke reluctantly attendstheir wedding.Meanwhile a group of American gold seekers enter the Apache lands. After making a gold strike in a stream, they attack the Indians camped on the bank. When Mangas comes to bring the offendingminers to the law, they pinion and whip him. This sets off an Apache war, with Mangas Coloradas becoming known as "Red Sleeves."Luke attempts to put a stop to the war by bringing a representative from Washingtonto meet with Mangas. The attempt fails when the men with him, thinking they are about to be ambushed by the Apaches, fire on them. In the ensuing firefight, Luke is shot by an arrow. Taken to Mangas's camp, Rivaremoves the arrow and nurses Luke back to health. He is sent back with a message from Mangas to the government.When the Civil War breaks out, Luke volunteers for the Union and is commissioned a major in thecavalry. He is assigned to the frontier, to deal with the Apache problem. Meanwhile, Mangas is wounded on a raid, taking a bullet that shatters his breastbone. Riva takes him to a town with a doctor. Mangas promisesthe doctor that if he can patch him up and he lives, the town will be safe from the Apaches. But if he dies, the tribe will kill everyone in the town and burn it to the ground.While he is being worked on by the doctor, Lukeand a troop of cavalry arrive. He goes forward to the defenses set up by the Apache under a flag of truce, and recognized by braves who know him and his friendship with Mangas, is passed inside. The friends meet andtalk, and Luke leads Mangas, Riva, and their warriors out of the town. Luke advises Mangas to take his people deep into the mountains where it will be a long time (if ever) before the cavalry can come after them.Wishing each other well, Mangas and Riva take their leave of Luke and lead their people away from the town.CastLex Barker as Mangas ColoradasJoan Taylor as RivaBen Johnson as Luke FargoLarry Chance asPonceRichard H. Cutting as Judge BentonJohn Pickard as Sheriff BullardJames Parnell as ArizonaJohn Colicos as ChinoTom Monroe as Dutch HermanJil Jarmyn as NonaJeanne Carmen as Yellow MoonMauritz Hugo asClay StaubWard Ellis as DelgaditoJack Hupp as Lt. RobertsProductionParts of the film were shot in Kanab Canyon and Johnson Canyon in Utah.According to the July 1956 Hollywood Reporter, there were accidents on theset of War Drums. A lightning strike destroyed a generator, delaying production a few days, and a fire burned up one of the wardrobe trailers.Passage 10:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life and songsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley.In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerousarrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, livingin London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Heco-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, "The Proms", included four of hiscompositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It alsoappeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms.AmericaIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:on-stageactor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;co-composer of Miss Pocahontas(1907), a musical comedy;musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicagoand elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);musical director of The Sunshine Girl(1913);musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free(1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida JohnsonYoung;contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue1921 in LondonThough domiciled in the US, he made several visits backto England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namelyLeague of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed themusic and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyricsBack to BroadwayBack in the US he returned toBroadway, working ascomposer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romanceRadio playsIn later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly forradio, such as:Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)Say, Uncle: a radio series(1933)Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)PersonalIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner. They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived inNew York City. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen. He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City.Noteon his first nameThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to "his son William Augustus Barratt" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is thesame person and that a "William" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as "W. Augustus Barratt", and thereafter mostly as simply "Augustus Barratt".