{"doc_id":"doc_0","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Margaret, Countess of BrienneMarguerite d'Enghien (born 1365 - d. after 1394), was the ruling suo jure Countess of Brienne and of Conversano, suo jure Lady of Enghien, and Lady of Beauvois from 1394until an unknown date.LifeMarguerite was born in 1365, the eldest daughter of Louis of Enghien, Count of Brienne and Conversano, Lord of Enghien, Titular Duke of Athens, and Giovanna of Sanseverino. Marguerite hada brother, Antoine who died at the age of sixteen, leaving her, the eldest daughter, heir to her father's estates and titles.  She inherited the counties of Brienne and of Conversano, and the Lordship of Enghien from herfather Louis of Enghien on 17 March 1394. She was the wife of John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois and the mother of Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Count of Brienne and of Conversano who inherited herfiefs, and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.ReignMarguerite became the suo jure Countess of Brienne and Conversano, and Dame of Enghien upon her father's death on 17 March 1394. Her husband John alsobecame Count of Brienne and of Conversano by right of his wife.She died on an unknown date sometime after 1394. Her will was dated 19 September 1393. Her eldest son, Peter received her titles of Brienne and ofConversano.Marriages and issueOn an unknown date, Marguerite married  her first husband, Pierre de Baux, and following his death, she married as her second husband, a relative of her mother, Giacopo ofSanseverino. Both of these early marriages were childless. In 1380, after Giacopo's death, Marguerite married her third husband, John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois (1370–1397).  He was the son of Guy ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Mahaut of Châtillon, Countess of Saint-Pol. By her third husband, Marguerite had five children:Peter of Luxembourg (1390–31 August 1433), Count of Saint-Pol (1430), which heinherited from his aunt Jeanne of Luxembourg, Countess of Saint-Pol and Ligny; he also inherited, on an unknown date, Marguerite's fiefs of Brienne and of Conversano, thus becoming Count of Brienne and ofConversano. He married on 8 May 1405, Margaret de Baux, by whom he had nine children, including Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville Queen-Consort of Edward IV of England.John II ofLuxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392–5 January 1441), inherited the title of Beauvois from his father, and the title of Ligny from his aunt, Jeanne of Luxembourg. On 23 November 1418, married Jeanne de Béthune,widow of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons who had been killed at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. John, who was an ally of the English during the Hundred Years War, received Joan of Arc as hisprisoner, and subsequently sold her to the English for 10,000 livres.Louis of Luxembourg (died 18 September 1443). He was a statesman and a high-ranking churchman. His posts and clerical titles included Cardinal(1439), Archbishop of Rouen (1437), Chancellor of France (1425), Governor of Paris (1436), Bishop of Thérouanne, Administrator of Ely (1437), Bishop of Frascati (1442). He was buried in Ely Cathedral.Catherine ofLuxembourg (born c. 1393)Jeanne of Luxembourg (died 1420), married firstly, on 8 September 1415, Louis, Seigneur de Ghistelles (killed at the Battle of Agincourt); she married secondly on 28 October 1419, Jean IV,Viscount of Melun, Constable of Flanders.Passage 2:Nocher II, Count of SoissonsNocher II (died 1019), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, Count of Soissons. He was the son of Nocher I, Count of Bar-sur-Aube. Nocher's brotherBeraud (d. 1052) was Bishop of Soissons.Nocher became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris, upon his marriage to Adelise, Countess of Soissons.  Nocher and Adelisa had three children:Nocher III (d. 1040), Count ofBar-sur-Aube, had at least two daughters by unknown wife:Adèle (d. 1053), Countess of Bar-sur-AubeIsabeauGuy, archbishop of ReimsRenaud I, Count of SoissonsNocher's son and namesake became Count ofBar-sur-Aube upon his death, and the countship of Soissons reverted to his wife.  His son Renaud would eventually become the Count of Soissons.Passage 3:Adelaide, Countess of SoissonsAdelaide (died 1105), wassovereign Countess of Soissons from 1057 until 1105.She was the daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife, whose name is unknown, widow of Hilduin III, Count of Montdidier. .Adelaide became ruler ofthe County of Soissons upon the death of her father and brother, Guy II, Count of Soissons, in 1057.Adelaide married William Busac, Count of Eu, grandson of Richard I, Duke of Normandy.  Adelaide and William hadfive children:Renaud II, Count of SoissonsJohn I, Count of Soissons, married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of SoissonsLithuise de Blois, married to Milo I ofMontlhéryUnnamed daughter, married to Yves le Vieux.William Busac became Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris, upon their marriage.NotesSourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comteset gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 4:Margaret, Countess of SoissonsMargaret (or Margaretha) of Soissons (died ca. 1350) was ruling Countess of Soissons in 1305-1344. She was theonly daughter of Hugh, Count of Soissons, and Johanna of Argies. In 1306 she succeeded her father as Countess of Soissons.Margaret was married to John of Beaumont, son of John II, Count of Holland. Margaret andJohn had five children:Johanna of Hainault (1323–1350), married first to Louis II, Count of Blois, (three sons), and second to William I, Marquis of Namur, no issue.John, Canon of Cambrai.William, Canon of Cambrai,Beauvais and Le Mans.Amalrik, Canon of Cambrai, Dole and Tours.Reinout, Canon of Cambrai.Upon their marriage, John became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et deses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 5:Jeanne of Bar, Countess of Marle and SoissonsJeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess of Marle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy,Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462)  was a noble French heiress and Sovereign Countess. She was the only child of Robert of Bar, Count ofMarle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy, who was killed at the Battle of Agincourt when she was a baby, leaving her the sole heiress to his titles and estates. In 1430, at the age of fifteen, Jeanne was one of the three womenplaced in charge of Joan of Arc when the latter was a prisoner in the castle of John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jeanne's stepfather. She was the first wife of Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, deLigny, and Conversano, Constable of France.FamilyJeanne was born in 1415, the only child of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy (1390- 25 October 1415), whose own mother was Marie de Coucy,Countess of Soissons, granddaughter of English King Edward III of England. Her mother was Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux (c.1397- late 1450).On 25 October 1415, her father was killed in the Battle ofAgincourt, leaving Jeanne, who was a baby, as sole heiress to her father's titles and estates. In 1418, her mother married secondly John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and de Guise (1392 – 5 January 1441), son ofJohn of Luxembourg, Sire de Beauvois and Marguerite of Enghien, Countess of Brienne and of Conversano. The marriage was childless.It was Jeanne's stepfather John who received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and kepther at his castle of Beaurevoir. Joan, who was three years Jeanne's senior, was placed in the care of Jeanne, her mother and Jeanne of Luxembourg, John's elderly aunt. The three ladies did all they could to comfortJoan in her captivity, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade her to abandon her masculine clothing for feminine attire. They earned Joan's gratitude for their kind and compassionate treatment of her. Despite the pleas ofJeanne and the other two women, John sold Joan of Arc to the English, who were his allies, for 10,000 livres.Marriage and issueOn 16 July 1435, at the age of twenty, Jeanne married Louis of Luxembourg, Count ofSaint-Pol, Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano, Constable of France (1418 – 19 December 1475). The marriage took place at the Chateau de Bohain. She was Louis' first wife. Louis was the eldest son of Peter ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, and Conversano, by his wife Margaret de Baux. Louis had been brought up by his paternal uncle, who was Jeanne's stepfather, John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny andGuise; therefore the young couple were well-acquainted with one another. John designated Louis as his heir to the counties of Ligny and Guise, but upon John's death in 1441, King Charles VII of France sequestered theestates and titles. The title of Ligny was eventually restored to Louis. The title and estates of Guise were given to Louis' youngest sister, Isabelle as her dowry, which passed to her husband, Charles, Count of Maine,upon their marriage in 1443.  Jeanne succeeded as Viscountess of Meaux suo jure upon the death of her mother in late 1450.Jeanne and Louis had seven children:John of Luxembourg, Count of Marle and Soissons,Governor of Burgundy (killed at the Battle of Morat on 22 June 1476)Jacqueline of Luxembourg (died 1511), married Philippe de Croy, 2nd Count of Porcien, by whom she had issue.Pierre II de Luxembourg, Count ofSaint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, Marle and Soissons (1448 – 25 October 1482), on 12 July 1466, married Marguerite of Savoy (1439 Turin – 9 March 1483 Bruges), the daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne deLusignan of Cyprus, and widow of Giovanni IV Paleologo, Margrave of Montferrat, by whom he had issue, including Marie de Luxembourg (c. April 1467 – 1 April 1547), wife of François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme,and from whom Mary, Queen of Scots, King Henry IV of France, the subsequent Bourbon kings of France, and the Lorraine Dukes of Guise were directly descended.Helene of Luxembourg (died 23 August 1488), marriedJanus of Savoy, Count of Faucigny, Governor of Nice (1440–1491), the brother of her sister-in-law, Marguerite of Savoy, by whom she had a daughter, Louise of Savoy (1467 – 1 May 1530).Charles of Luxembourg,Bishop of Laon (1447 – 24 November 1509), had several illegitimate children by an unknown mistress.Anthony I, Count of Ligny, Brienne, and Roussy (died 1519), married firstly Antoinette de Bauffrémont, Countess deCharny, by whom he had issue; he married secondly, Françoise de Croÿ-Chimay, by whom he had issue; he married thirdly Gillette de Coélivy. His last marriage was childless. By his mistress, Peronne de Machefert, hehad an illegitimate son, Antoine of Luxembourg, Bastard of Brienne, who married and left descendants.Philippe of Luxembourg (died 1521), Abbesse at MoncelDeathJeanne died on 14 May 1462 aged about forty-sevenyears. Her husband married secondly Marie of Savoy (20 March 1448 – 1475), daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus, by whom he had three more children. Marie was a younger sister of hisdaughter-in-law Marguerite of Savoy. Louis of Luxembourg was imprisoned in the Bastille and afterward beheaded in Paris on 19 December 1475 for treason against King Louis XI of France.AncestryPassage 6:John ofLuxembourg, Count of SoissonsJohn of Luxembourg (died 22 June 1476) was Count of Marle and Count of Soissons between 1462 and 1476, Lord of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg.John was the eldest son of Louisde Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol and Jeanne de Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons. He became Count of Marle and Soissons, following the death of his mother in 1462. In 1473, John became a member in the Orderof the Golden Fleece. He was unable to inherit his father's lands, since his father was beheaded for treason in 1475 and his lands confiscated.John was killed at the Battle of Morat, 22 June 1476. He never married andhis lands went to his younger brother Peter.Passage 7:William BusacWilliam Busac (1020–1076), son of William I, Count of Eu, and his wife Lesceline, was Count of Eu and Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris.  William wasgiven the nickname Busac by the medieval chronicler Robert of Torigni.William appealed to King Henry I of France, who gave him in marriage Adelaide, the heiress of the county of Soissons. Adelaide was daughter ofRenaud I, Count of Soissons and Grand Master of the Hotel de France. William then became Count of Soissons in right of his wife. William and Adelaide had four children:Renaud II, Count of Soissons (died 1099)John I,Count of Soissons (died after 1115), married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of Soissons (died 1 Mar 1108)Lithuise de Blois, married to Milo I of MontlhéryRaintrude, married toRaoul I of Nesle, a member of the House of Nesle.His son Renaud became Count of Soissons upon William's death, and he was succeeded by his brother John.Passage 8:John V, Count of SoissonsJohn V (21 March 1281– 1304), son of John IV, Count of Soissons, and his wife Marguerite of Rumigny. Count of Soissons.John inherited the countship of Soissons from his father in 1302.  Nothing is known about his brief rule of the county.He never married and died with no heirs.  Upon his death, his brother Hugh became Count of Soissons.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664(available on Google Books)Passage 9:John III, Count of SoissonsJohn III (died before 8 October 1286), son of John II, Count of Soissons, and Marie de Chimay.  Count of Soissons and Seigneur of Chimay.  Johninherited the countship of Soissons upon his father’s death in 1272.John married Marguerite de Montfort, daughter of Amaury, Count of Montfort, and his wife Beatrix de Viennois.  John and Marguerite had:Marie deNesle (d. after 1272), married to Guy de Saint-RémyJohn IV, Count of SoissonsUnnamed daughter, married Eustache IV de Conflans, Seigneur de Mareuil, son of Eustache III de ConflansRaoul de Nesle (killed in thebattle of Courtrai, 11 July 1302)Auchier de Nesle.Hugh de Nesle, d.1306Passage 10:Guy II, Count of SoissonsGuy II (d. 1057), son of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife (name unknown), widow of Hilduin III,Count of Montdidier. Guy was identified as Count of Soissons in 1042 in a charter in which Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, the treasurer of St. Martin, denoted property. Guy died with his father in 1057 at the siege ofSoissons.It is not known whether or not Guy was married and no children are recorded. Upon his death, his sister Adelaide assumed the countship of Soissons.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et deses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_1","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promoteand market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.TheVictoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 was recorded in New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Sting, Mary J. Blige, and Eve. Angel Heidi Klum was wearingthe Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Very Sexy Fantasy Bra worth $11,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Super HeroinesSegment 2: Razor Sharp Latex LadiesSpecial PerformanceSegment 3 : Rock ChicksRockin' OutSpecial PerformanceSegment 4 : Sexy KittensSpecial PerformanceSegment 5 : GlaaaaamaaazonsIndexFinaleAngels: Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum.Returning Models: Michelle Alves,Alessandra Ambrosio, Carmen Kass, Dewi Driegen, Naomi Campbell, Ana Beatriz Barros, Angela Lindvall, Frankie Rayder, Mini Andén, Eugenia Volodina, Oluchi Onweagba, Liya Kebede, Lindsay Frimodt, FernandaTavares, Letícia Birkheuer, Ujjwala Raut, Karolina Kurkova.Newcomers: Isabeli Fontana, Marcelle Bittar, Jacquetta Wheeler, Margarita Svegzdaite, Deanna Miller.External linksVSFS 2003 GalleryPassage 2:Victoria'sSecret Fashion Show 2001The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market itsgoods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Daniela Peštová, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.TheVictoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001 was recorded in New York, United States at the Bryant Park. The show featured musical performances by Andrea Bocelli and Mary J. Blige. Angel Heidi Klum was wearing theVictoria's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Heavenly Star Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1Special PerformanceSegment 2IndexFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum, AdrianaLima, Tyra Banks, Daniela Peštová.Returning models: Karolína Kurková, Caroline Ribeiro, Eva Herzigová, Mini Andén, Fernanda Tavares, Trish Goff, Bridget Hall, Aurélie Claudel, Rhea Durham, Alessandra Ambrosio,Inés Rivero.Newcomers: Rie Rasmussen, Maggie Rizer, Alek Wek, Omahyra Mota, Karen Elson, Molly Sims, Audrey Marnay, Diána Mészáros, Anouck Lepere, Emma Heming.External linksVSFS 2001 GalleryPassage3:List of Victoria's Secret modelsThis is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.Victoria's SecretAngelsModels who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending its Angels brand.PINK spokesmodelsThe following is the list ofmodels who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.NotesPassage 4:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored byVictoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such ascurrent Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 was recorded in New York, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The showfeatured musical performances by Destiny's Child, Marc Anthony, and Phil Collins. Karolína Kurková was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Star of Victoria Fantasy Bra worth $10,000,000.Fashion showsegmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1: Religious HolidaySpecial PerformanceSegment 2: Jungle AnimalsSpecial PerformanceSegment 3: Flamenco FrillsSegment 4: Neon AngelsFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, HeidiKlum, Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Karolína Kurková.Returning models: Carmen Kass, Bridget Hall, Naomi Campbell, Fernanda Tavares, Alessandra Ambrosio, Frankie Rayder, Caroline Ribeiro, OluchiOnweagba.Newcomers: Yfke Sturm, Eugenia Volodina, Lindsay Frimodt, Michelle Alves, Nadine Strittmatter, Raquel Zimmermann, Liya Kebede, Dewi Driegen, Ana Beatriz Barros, Caitriona Balfe, Inga Savits, UjjwalaRaut, Ana Hickmann, Reka Ebergenyi, Letícia Birkheuer.IndexExternal linksVSFS 2002 GalleryPassage 5:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored byVictoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such ascurrent Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, Karolína Kurková, Alessandra Ambrosio, Selita Ebanks, and Izabel Goulart.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 was recordedin New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Chris Botti, Seal, and Ricky Martin. Gisele Bündchen was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : SexySplendor Fantasy Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion Show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Santa HelpersSegment 2: Sexy Shadow DreamsSegment 3: Sexy Crystal PrincessesSegment 4: Sexy DeliciousThis segment wasswapped in order of appearance with the fifth segment, Sexy Russian Babes, in the edited TV version.Segment 5: Sexy Russian BabesThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fourth segment, SexyDelicious, in the edited TV version.Special PerformanceSegment 6: Sexy ToysFinaleTyra Banks led the finale. == Index ==Passage 6:The Gravity GroupThe Gravity Group is a wooden roller coaster design firm based inCincinnati, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded in July 2002 out of the engineering team of the famed but now defunct Custom Coasters International. The core group of designers and engineers at The GravityGroup have backgrounds in civil, structural and mechanical engineering.  Their experience comes from work on over 40 different wooden roller coasters around the world.  The first coaster designed under the GravityGroup opened as Hades at Mount Olympus Theme Park in 2005. The Gravity Group also designed The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, which opened in May 2006 and is the second-longest woodenroller coaster in the world.  These first two accomplishments of the team have been received with great success by both the industry and coaster enthusiasts alike.In 2007, The Gravity Group opened Boardwalk Bullet,an intense wooden roller coaster that was built at Kemah Boardwalk and opened as the only wooden coaster in the Greater Houston area. The Gravity Group designed Ravine Flyer II at Waldameer in Erie, Pennsylvania,which was opened at the start of the 2008 season. In 2009, Wooden Coaster - Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China, becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park openedWooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The Gravity Group was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin.In 2008,members of The Gravity Group announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners.  They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sister company to The Gravity Group.  TheGravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of steering through curves, resulting in a more comfortable and maintenance-friendly ride.  Timberliners were planned to debut on TheVoyage at Holiday World for the 2010 season, but after four years of delays, Holiday World officially cancelled the project on August 16, 2013.  However, in 2011, the Timberliners appeared on Wooden Warrior atQuassy Amusement Park in Connecticut and on Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden, and in 2013 were added to Hades as part of its transformation to Hades 360.List of roller coastersAs of 2019, The Gravity Group hasbuilt 28 roller coasters around the world.Passage 7:The Cú Chulainn CoasterThe Cú Chulainn Coaster is a wooden roller coaster located at Emerald Park in Ashbourne, County Meath, Ireland. Manufactured by TheGravity Group, the wooden coaster features an overbanked turn and opened on 6 June 2015.HistoryThe Cú Chulainn Coaster was officially announced by Tayto Park in a press release on 19 February 2015, althoughconstruction started earlier in August 2014. Ohio-based company The Gravity Group was selected to build the roller coaster, marking their second installation in Europe following Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden.Construction was completed in May 2015, and the roller coaster opened on 6 June 2015. It was part of a €26 million investment at Tayto Park, which also included 7 other new attractions for the 2015 season. Its themeis based on the mythological lore surrounding Irish hero Cú Chulainn, whom the ride is named after.ReceptionPassage 8:Victoria's SecretVictoria's Secret is an American lingerie, clothing, and beauty retailer known forhigh visibility marketing and branding, starting with a popular catalog and followed by an annual fashion show with supermodels dubbed Angels. As the largest retailer of lingerie in the United States, the brand hasstruggled since 2016 due to shifting consumer preferences and controversy surrounding corporate leadership's business practices.Founded in 1977 by Roy and Gaye Raymond, the company's five lingerie stores weresold to Leslie Wexner in 1982. Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, growing the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion by the early 1990s when Victoria's Secret became thelargest lingerie retailer in the United States.From 1995 through 2018, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was an essential part of the brand's image featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by thecompany as fantasy Angels. The 1990s saw the company's further expansion throughout shopping malls along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the new brand Body by Victoria, and the development of a line offragrances and cosmetics. In 2002 Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK, a brand that was aimed to appeal to teenagers. Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expanded internationally, with retail outlets withininternational airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and in company-owned stores throughout Canada and the UK.By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share began to decline due to competition from other brandsthat embraced a wider range of sizes and a growing consumer preference for athleisure. The company canceled the circulation of their famous catalog in 2016. The brand struggled to maintain its market positionfollowing criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek. As of May 2020, with over 1,070 stores, Victoria's Secret remained the largestlingerie retailer in the United States.History1977–1981Victoria's Secret was founded by Roy Raymond, and his wife, Gaye Raymond, on June 12, 1977. The first store was opened in the Stanford Shopping Center in PaloAlto, California. Years earlier, Raymond was embarrassed when purchasing lingerie for his wife at a department store. Newsweek reported Roy Raymond stating: \"When I tried to buy lingerie for my wife, I was facedwith racks of terry-cloth robes and ugly floral-print nylon nightgowns, and I always had the feeling the department store saleswomen thought I was an unwelcome intruder.\" Raymond reportedly spent the next eightyears studying the lingerie market.At the time when the Raymonds founded Victoria's Secret, the undergarments market in the U.S. was dominated by pragmatic items from Fruit of the Loom, Hanes, and Jockey, oftensold in packs of three at department stores, while lingerie was reserved for special occasions such as one's honeymoon. Considered niche products, lingerie items (such as lacy thongs and padded push-up bras) wereonly found in specialty shops like Frederick's of Hollywood, located \"alongside feathered boas and provocative pirate costumes\". In 1977, Raymond borrowed $40,000 from family and $40,000 from a bank to establishVictoria's Secret: a store in which men could feel comfortable buying lingerie. The store was named in reference to Queen Victoria and the associated refinement of the Victorian era, while the \"secret\" was hiddenunderneath the clothes.Victoria's Secret grossed $500,000 in its first year of business, enough to finance the expansion from a headquarters and warehouse to four new store locations and a mail-order operation. Thefourth store, added in 1982 at 395 Sutter Street in San Francisco, operated at that location until 1990, when it was moved to the larger Powell Street frontage of the Westin St. Francis.In April 1982, Raymond sent outhis 12th catalog at a cost to customers of $3 (equivalent to $9.1 in 2022); catalog sales accounted for 55% of the company's $7 million annual sales that year. Victoria's Secret was a minor player in the underwearmarket at this time, with the business described as \"more burlesque than Main Street.\"1982–1990In 1982, Victoria's Secret had grown to five stores, a 40-page catalog, and was grossing $6 million annually. Raymondsold the company to Les Wexner, creator of Limited Stores Inc of Columbus, Ohio, for $1 million. In 1983, Wexner revamped Victoria's Secret's sales model towards a greater focus on female customers. Victoria'sSecret transformed into a mainstay that sold broadly accepted underwear with \"new colors, patterns and styles that promised sexiness packaged in a tasteful, glamorous way and with the snob appeal of Europeanluxury\" meant to appeal to female buyers.To further this image, the Victoria's Secret catalog continued the practice that Raymond began: listing the company's headquarters on catalogs at a fake London address, withthe real headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. The stores were redesigned to evoke 19th century England.The New York Times reported in 1982 that the financial success of the Victoria's Secret catalog influenced othercatalogs by presenting lingerie as \"romantic and sensual but tasteful\", \"in which models are photographed in ladylike poses against elegant backgrounds.\" Howard Gross became president in 1985. In October of thatyear, the Los Angeles Times reported that Victoria's Secret was stealing market share from department stores; in 1986, Victoria's Secret was the only national chain devoted to lingerie.The New York Times reported thatVictoria's Secret swiftly expanded to 100 stores by 1986. and described it in 1987 as a \"highly visible leader\" that used \"unabashedly sexy high-fashion photography to sell middle-priced underwear.\" In 1990, analystsestimated that sales had quadrupled in four years, making it one of the fastest growing mail-order businesses. Sales and profits from the catalog continued to expand due to the addition of clothing, swimwear and shoesand wider circulation.Cynthia Fedus-Fields oversaw the company's direct business, including its catalog, from the mid-1980s until 2000.  During her tenure, total revenues increased to nearly $1 billion. In 1987,Victoria's Secret was reported to be among the bestselling catalogs.1991–2005Victoria's Secret experienced quality problems with their product in the early 1990s and was working to resolve the issues. In 1991,Howard Gross was assigned to fix the L Brands subsidiary Limited Stores. In 1993, Business Week reported that both divisions suffered. Gross was succeeded by Grace Nichols, who worked to improve the productquality. The company's margins tightened, resulting in a slower growth of profits.Victoria's Secret expanded beyond apparel in the 1990s with the launch of their own line of fragrances in 1991, followed by theirentrance into the billion dollar cosmetics market in 1998.Victoria's Secret introduced the 'Miracle Bra' in 1993, selling two million within the first year. When faced with competition from Sara Lee's WonderBra a yearlater in 1994, the company responded with a TV campaign. At the same time, in 1994, Wexner discussed the creation of a company fashion event with Ed Razek. The first Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, held in 1995 inNew York, became a mainstay for the company's image for the next 23 years.By 1998, Victoria's Secret's market share of the intimate apparel market was 14 percent and the company also entered the $3.5 billioncosmetic market. The following year, in 1999, the company added the Body by Victoria line. The catalog had achieved \"an almost cult-like following\". In May 2000, Cynthia Fedus-Fields stepped down as CEO afterdelivering record profits in 1999 and early 2000. Fedus-Fields later stated that, up until the point of her departure, the company was guided by sensibilities of what a European woman would choose to wear. After herdeparture in 2000, the brand pursued an image that was \"much more blatantly sexy.\"In May 2000, Wexner installed Sharen Jester Turney, previously of Neiman Marcus Direct, as the new chief executive of Victoria'sSecret Direct to turn around catalog sales that were lagging behind other divisions. Forbes reported Turney stating, \"We need to quit focusing on all that cleavage.\" In 2000, Turney began to redefine Victoria's Secretcatalog from \"breasts—spilling over the tops of black, purple and reptile-print underthings\" to one that would appeal to an \"upscale customer who now feels more comfortable buying La Perla or Wolford lingerie.\";\"dimming the hooker looks\" such as \"tight jeans and stilettos\"; and moving from \"a substitute for Playboy in some dorm rooms,\" to something closer to a Vogue lifestyle layout, where lingerie, sleepwear, clothes andcosmetics appear throughout the catalog. Beginning in 2000, Grace Nichols, CEO of Victoria's Secret Direct, led a similar change at Victoria's Secret's stores—moving away from an evocation of 1800s England (or aVictorian bordello).2006–2020By 2006, Victoria's Secret's 1,000 stores across the United States accounted for one third of all purchases in the intimate apparel industry. In May 2006, Wexner promoted Turney from theVictoria's Secret catalog and online units to lead the whole company. In 2008, she acknowledged \"product quality that doesn't equal the brand's hype.\" In September 2006, Victoria's Secret reportedly tried to maketheir catalog feel more like magazines by head-hunting writers from Women's Wear Daily.The company had about a third of the market share in its category in 2013.In February 2016, Turney stepped down as CEO ofVictoria's Secret after being in the business for a decade. Victoria's Secret was split into three divisions: Victoria's Secret Lingerie, Victoria's Secret Beauty, and Pink, each with a separate CEO. In 2016, direct sales onlygrew 1.6% and fell by 7.4% in the last quarter of the year, typically a high revenue period due to the holidays. The company discontinued its use of a print catalog and dropped certain categories of clothing such asswimwear. Sales revenue continued to stagnate and drop in early 2017.In late 2018, CEO Jan Singer resigned amid declining sales. The Wall Street Journal reported that only one quarter showed an increase insame-store sales between 2016 and 2018. Singer's announcement came one week after CMO Ed Razek made a controversial comment that the company does not cast transgender or plus-size models in its annualfashion show \"because the show is a fantasy.\" After a 40% stock plunge in a single year, Victoria's Secret announced the closure of 53 stores in the U.S. in 2019, as well as the relaunch of its swimwear line. L Brands,the parent company of Victoria's Secret, came under public pressure in 2019 from an activist shareholder of Barrington Capital Group who took issue with the performance of Razek and urged the company to update itsbrand image and switch up its predominantly male board of directors.In August 2019, chief marketing officer, Ed Razek, resigned following a disastrous Vogue interview in which he made inflammatory statements abouttransgender models. Also in 2019, executive vice president April Holy stepped down after 16 years. In November 2019, Victoria's Secret announced it would no longer hold the annual fashion show featuring its angels,indicating a major change in marketing strategy.In January 2020, L Brands chairman and CEO Lex Wexner was in talks to step down. Reports of widespread bullying and harassment at Victoria's Secret surfaced in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_2","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsHenry III of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Henry III of Poděbrady, Henry III of Bernstadt; German: Heinrich III. von Podiebrad; Czech: Jindřich III-Minstrbersko Olešnický; 29April 1542, Oleśnica – 10 April 1587, Oleśnica) was Duke of Münsterberg from 1565 to 1574 and Duke of Bernstadt.  He also held the title of Count of Glatz.LifeHenry's parents were Henry II of Münsterberg and Oelsand Margaret (1515–1559), daughter of Henry V of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  Henry III was married to Magdalena Meseritsch of Lomnitz (Czech: Magdaléna Mezeřícká z Lomnice).When his father died in 1548, Henry wasonly six years old, so he initially stood under the guardianship of his uncle John, who called himself \"Duke of Bernstadt\" from 1548 until his death in 1565.  In 1565, Henry III took up the rule of the Duchy ofBernstadt.  He was excessively in debt, and in 1574, he had to sell the Duchy of Bernstadt, including the castle and several more villages, to the von Schindel family.Henry III died childless in 1587.  The Duchy ofBernstadt was bought back in 1604 by Henry's brother Charles II.References ad sourcesHugo Weczerka: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, Stuttgart, 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3, p. 19  and genealogicaltables on p. 602–603.Rudolf Žáček: Dějiny Slezska v datech, Prague, 2004, ISBN 80-7277-172-8, p. 145, 410 and 436.External linksMarek, Miroslav. \"Genealogy of Poděbrady\". Genealogy.EU.Passage 2:Olaf III ofNorwayOlaf III or Olaf Haraldsson (Old Norse: Óláfr Haraldsson, Norwegian: Olav Haraldsson; c. 1050 – 22 September 1093), known as Olaf the Peaceful (Old Norse: Óláfr kyrri, Norwegian: Olav Kyrre), was King ofNorway from 1067 until his death in 1093.He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, an event that directly precededhis kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of the monarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070.Around 1225, Snorri Sturluson wrote  Olav Kyrres saga about King Olaf in the Heimskringla.BiographyOlaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter. Olaf joined his father during the invasion ofEngland during 1066. However, he was only 16 years old during the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066. He stayed on a ship and did not participate in the fighting. After the Norwegian defeat, he sailed withthe remains of the Norwegian strike force back to Orkney, where they wintered. The return journey to Norway took place in summer 1067.After the death of his father, Olaf shared the kingdom with his brother MagnusII (Magnus 2 Haraldsson) who had become king the previous year. When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway.During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended periodof peace. He renounced any offensive foreign policy, instead protecting Norway's sovereignty through agreements and marriage connections. Domestically he emphasized the church's organization and themodernization of the kingdom. The latter resulted in, among other things, the reorganization of the body-guard and of measures under which key cities, especially Bergen, could better serve as a royal residence.According to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, Olaf is said to have founded the city of Bergen (originally called Bjørgvin).The death of Harald Hardrada and the serious defeat suffered by the Norwegians in 1066tempted the Danish king, Svend Estridsen, to prepare for an attack on Norway. King Svend no longer felt bound by the ceasefire agreement signed with Harald Hardrada in 1064, since it would only be valid for the twokings during their own lives. However Olaf made peace with King Svend and married the king's daughter Ingerid. Later, Olav's half sister Ingegerd married King Svend's son  Olaf. Although there were some attacks onEngland by Danish forces, peace persisted between Denmark and Norway. Olaf also made peace with William the Conqueror of England.King Olaf broke with his father's line in his relationship to the church. HaraldHardrada had developed a continuing conflict with the Archbishopric of Bremen due to the archbishop's authority over the Norwegian church. Unlike his father, Olav recognized that authority fully. Political considerationsmay have been behind this conciliatory attitude, as may have been Olaf's concern with the church organization. Until his time bishops had formed part of the king's court and traveled with him around the country totake care of the ecclesiastical affairs while the king took care of worldly matters. The bishops established fixed residence in Oslo, Nidaros and Bergen. King Olaf also took the initiative for the construction of churches,including Christ Church in Bergen and Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.Olaf strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds in Norway. There are strong indications that the government of KingOlaf began writing secure provincial laws to a greater extent. The Norwegian law Gulatingsloven was probably put in writing for the first time during his reign.King Olaf died of illness on 22 September 1093 in Haukbø,Rånrike, then part of Norway (now Håkeby, Tanum Municipality, Sweden). He was buried at the Nidaros Cathedral. His marriage to Ingerid did not produce any children. His successor as king, Magnus III nicknamedMagnus Barefoot (Magnus Berrføtt), was acknowledged to be his illegitimate son.Appearance and characterThe Morkinskinna (c. 1220) describes Olaf III as:\"[A] tall man, and everyone agrees that there has never beenseen a fairer man or a man of nobler appearance.\"\"He had blond hair, a light complexion, and pleasing eyes, and he was well proportioned. He was taciturn for the most part, and not much of a speechmaker, though hewas good company after drink.\"Another description is found in the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson:\"Olaf was a stout man, well grown in limbs; and every one said a handsomer man could not be seen, nor of a noblerappearance.\"\"His hair was yellow as silk, and became him well; his skin was white and fine over all his body; his eyes beautiful, and his limbs well proportioned. He was rather silent in general, and did not speak mucheven at Things; but he was merry in drinking parties. He loved drinking much, and was talkative enough then; but quite peaceful.\"\"He was cheerful in conversation, peacefully inclined during all his reign, and lovinggentleness and moderation in all things.\"MemorialA memorial to King Olaf Kyrre was placed in Bergen, Norway in connection with the city's 900-year anniversary. The abstract equestrian statue by noted Norwegiansculptor Knut Steen was unveiled on 21 May 1998.The \"Maine penny\"The Maine penny - a Norwegian silver coin discovered in the US State of Maine in 1957 and suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceaniccontact - has been dated to the time of Olaf III. The circumstances of its arrival from Norway to a Native American village in the present US territory remain unclear and highly disputed.See alsoList of NorwegianmonarchsPassage 3:Ingerid of DenmarkIngerid Swendsdatter of Denmark (also spelt Ingrid; 11th century – after 1093) was a Danish princess who became Queen of Norway as the spouse of King Olaf III ofNorway.Ingerid Swensdatter was the daughter of King Sweyn II of Denmark. It is not known which one of her father's wives and concubines who was the mother of Ingerid.She was married to Olav Kyrre in 1067 in amarriage arranged as a part of the peace treaty between Denmark and Norway, and became Queen of Norway upon marriage the same year. To further strengthen the alliance Olav Kyrre's half-sister, IngegerdHaraldsdatter, married  King Olaf I of Denmark, who was the brother of Queen Ingerid.Ingerid Svendsdatter was Olaf Kyrre's official consort and queen. There are not much information about her personality or her actsas queen.  Queen Ingerid had no children by King Olaf. After the death of King Olav in 1093, queen dowager Ingerid, according to unconfirmed tradition, moved to Sogn and married Svein Brynjulfsson of Aurland, withwhom she reportedly had a daughter, Hallkattla  She seem to have retired to private life as a widow and there is nothing to indicate that she played any political part after the death of her spouse.AncestryNotesPassage4:Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of NorwayIngeborg Eriksdotter (c. 1244 – 24/26 March 1287) was Queen of Norway and the wife of King Magnus VI. She was born a Danish princess, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark. Asqueen dowager, she played an important part in politics during the minority of her son King Eirik II of Norway in 1280-82.BiographyIngeborg was born to Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Ingeborg was onlyabout six years-old when her father was killed. Her mother returned to Saxony and married Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg.  In large part, Ingeborg and her three sisters lived in the court of her uncle KingChristopher I of Denmark and Queen Margaret Sambiria.  The four sisters were heirs to substantial lands in Denmark. The struggle to claim Ingeborg's inheritance from her murdered father would later involve Norway inintermittent conflicts with Denmark for decades to come.Ingeborg was promised in marriage by the Danish regency government to Magnus, the son of King Haakon IV of Norway. Ingeborg arrived in Tønsberg on 28 July1261, after she being retrieved  at the instruction of King Haakon from the monastery in  Horsens (dominikanerkloster ved Horsens).  On 11 September 1261, she married Magnus in Bergen.   Magnus and Ingeborgwere crowned directly after their marriage, and Magnus was given the district of Ryfylke for his personal upkeep. The marriage was described as happy.On 16 December 1263 King Haakon IV of Norway died whilefighting the Scottish king over the Hebrides, and Magnus became the ruler of Norway. Ingeborg is not known to have played any part in politics as queen. Her two older sons Olaf (1262 – 15 March 1267) and Magnus(b. and d. 1264) died in infancy, but the youngest two would later become Kings of Norway: Eric II (1268 – 13 July 1299) and Haakon V (ca. 10 April 1270 – 8 May 1319).In 1280, she became a widow. Ingeborg was animportant figure in the leadership of the country during the minority of King Eirik, though she was not formally named regent. Her influence grew after her son was declared adult in 1283. Her principal ally was AlvErlingsson, who had been a second cousin of her husband King Magnus and served as the governor Borgarsyssel which today makes up the county of Østfold.During the reign of her cousin King Eric V of Denmark,Ingeborg  begun a feud regarding  her inheritance, which she had never received.  This largely private feud caused hostility between Norway and the German Hanseatic cities and a tense relationship with Denmark.Several Danish nobles, including Count Jacob of Halland, took her side against the Danish monarch, but she died before the affair was finished.Passage 5:Hallvard TrættebergHallvard Trætteberg (21 April 1898 in Løten– 21 November 1987 in Oslo) was the leading Norwegian heraldic artist and the expert adviser on heraldry to the Government of Norway and the Norwegian Royal Family for much of the 20th century. From about 1930he played a central role in the renewal of public heraldry in Norway with an emphasis on simplification. He gave the Coat of arms of Norway a modern design and designed several county and municipal coats of arms,seals of the bishops of the Church of Norway, and monograms. He also wrote several books.He was a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav and a member of L'Académie Internationale d'Héraldique. He wasemployed at the National Archives of Norway from 1924. Trætteberg was the acting national archivist of Norway from 1963 to 1964.GalleryThe years shown are the years in which the arms were approved, notnecessarily the years in which the arms were designed. If the original drawings are signed with earlier dates, these will be indicated within parentheses. Drawings below may differ slightly from Hallvard Trætteberg'soriginal drawings.County armsMunicipal armsPublicationsFylkesmerker. Forslag fra Norges Bondelags fylkesmerkenevnd, Oslo 1930Norges våbenmerker - Norske by- og adelsvåben, Kaffe Hag AS, Oslo 1933\"Norgesstatssymboler inntil 1814\", Historisk Tidsskrift, vol. 29, no. 8 and 9, Oslo 1933\"Norges krone og våpen\". I Festskrift til Francis Bull, Oslo 1937\"Heraldiske farvelover\", Meddelanden från Riksheraldikerämbetet, bind 7,Stockholm 1938\"Statens forhold til heraldikken i Norge\", Meddelanden från Riksheraldikerämbetet, bind 7, Stockholm 1938\"Måne- og stjernevåpen\", Meddelelser til slekten Mathiesen, Oslo 1946\"The Coat of Arms ofNorway\", The American-Scandinavian Review, June 1964Borg i segl, mynt og våpen, Oslo 1967\"A History of the Flags of Norway\", The Flag Bulletin, (XVIII:3), 1978LiteratureHallvard Trætteberg - Offentlig heraldikk iNorge 1921-1975 - Våpen flagg segl symboler (Exhibition catalogue)Hans Cappelen: Règles pour utilisation des armoiries communales en Norvège. Archivum Heraldicum (1-2) 1976.Hans Cappelen: NorwegianSimplicity. The principles of recent public heraldry in Norway. The Coat of Arms, Vol. VII, No. 138, London 1988.FootnotesPassage 6:Where Do You GoWhere Do You Go may refer to:\"Where Do You Go\" (Chersong)\"Where Do You Go\" (La Bouche song), also covered by No Mercy\"Where Do You Go\", a song by Bryan Rice from Confessional\"Where Do You Go?\", a song by Frank Sinatra from No One CaresSee also\"Where DoYou Go To (My Lovely)?\", a song by Peter SarstedtPassage 7:Olaf III (disambiguation)Olaf III of Norway was King 1067–1093.Olaf III may also refer to:Olaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin 934–939Olof Skötkonung, Kingof Sweden 980–1022Olaf II of Denmark, sometimes numbered as III when counting a previous anti-kingOlaf HaraldssonPassage 8:KyrreKyrre is a common Norwegian given name. The name comes from the Old Norseword kyrr, which translates to \"calm, peaceful\". It is believed to have been derived from Olaf III of Norway, who was nicknamed \"Olaf Kyrre\" (Olaf the Peaceful).People named KyrreAs first nameKyrre Andreassen,Norwegian authorKyrre Haugen Bakke, Norwegian actor and translatorKyrre Eggen, Norwegian lawyerKyrre Fritzner, Norwegian musicianKyrre Grepp (1879–1922), Norwegian politicianKyrre Gørvell-Dahll (born 1991),Norwegian DJ, known by stage name KygoKyrre Hellum, Norwegian actorKyrre Holm Johannessen, Norwegian hostKyrre Lekve (born 1968), Norwegian biologistKyrre Lindanger, Norwegian politicianKyrre Nakkim (born1966), Norwegian journalistKyrre Haugen Sydness, Norwegian actorKyrre Sæther, Norwegian author and humoristAs second nameKristen Kyrre Bremer, Norwegian theologian and bishopSee alsoAll pages with titlesbeginning with KyrreAll pages with titles containing KyrreKarrePassage 9:Inga of VarteigInga Olafsdatter of Varteig (Inga Olafsdatter fra Varteig) (Varteig, Østfold, 1183 or c. 1185 – 1234 or 1235) was the mistress ofKing Haakon III of Norway and the mother of King Haakon IV of Norway.BiographyInga, from Varteig in Østfold, maintained a relationship with King Haakon III who visited nearby in Borg (now Sarpsborg) during late1203. King Haakon subsequently died in early 1204. His reign had been marked by competition between the Bagler and Birkebeiner factions for control of Norway during a period of civil war. King Haakon was succeededas King of Norway, first by his nephew Guttorm Sigurdsson and later by the appointment of Inge Bardsson.Shortly after the death of King Haakon, Inga gave birth to a son who she claimed was the child of the recentlydeceased king. Inga's claim was supported by several of King Haakon's Birkebeiner followers. However, her claim placed both her and her son in a dangerous position. Consequently, a group of Birkebeiner loyalists fledwith Inga and her son from Lillehammer in eastern Norway over the mountains during the mid-winter 1205–06. The cross-country skiing trip continued north through Østerdalen to Trøndelag, where they came underthe protection of King Inge.After King Inge died in April 1217, Inga successfully performed a trial by ordeal to prove her son's right of succession. Her son Haakon succeeded to the Norwegian throne at the age of 13.Reportedly Inga became seriously ill and died before Christmas in Bergen during 1234.See alsoBirkebeinerrennetCivil war era in NorwayPrimary SourceThe primary source of information regarding Inga of Varteig is fromthe Saga of Haakon Haakonarson which was written following the death of King Haakon IV.Passage 10:Harald HardradaHarald Sigurdsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Sigurðarson; c. 1015 – 25 September 1066), also known asHarald III of Norway and given the epithet Hardrada (harðráði; modern Norwegian: Hardråde, roughly translated as \"stern counsel\" or \"hard ruler\") in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to 1066. Additionally, heunsuccessfully claimed both the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent around fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' andas a chief of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire.When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought in the Battle of Stiklestad together with his half-brother Olaf Haraldsson (later Saint Olaf). Olaf sought toreclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost to the Danish king Cnut the Great two years prior. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Cnut, and Harald was forced into exile to Kievan Rus'(the sagas' Garðaríki). He thereafter spent some time in the army of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, eventually obtaining rank as a captain, until he moved on to Constantinople with his companions around 1034. InConstantinople, he soon rose to become the commander of the Byzantine Varangian Guard, and saw action on the Mediterranean Sea, in Asia Minor, Sicily, possibly in the Holy Land, Bulgaria and in Constantinople itself,where he became involved in the imperial dynastic disputes. Harald amassed considerable wealth during his time in the Byzantine Empire, which he shipped to Yaroslav in Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left theByzantine Empire in 1042, and arrived back in Kievan Rus' in order to prepare his campaign of reclaiming the Norwegian throne. Possibly to Harald's knowledge, in his absence the Norwegian throne had been restoredfrom the Danes to Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good.In 1046, Harald joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark (Magnus had also become king of Denmark), the pretender Sweyn II of Denmark, and startedraiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, since Harald in turn would share his wealth with him. The co-rule ended abruptly the next year as Magnus died,and Harald thus became the sole ruler of Norway. Domestically, Harald crushed all local and regional opposition, and outlined the territorial unification of Norway under a national governance. Harald's reign wasprobably one of relative peace and stability, and he instituted a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Cnut's \"North Sea Empire\", Harald also claimed the Danish throne, and spent nearlyevery year until 1064 raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark.Not long after Harald had renounced his claim toDenmark, the former Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, brother of the newly chosen (but reigning not for long) English king Harold Godwinson (also known as Harold of Wessex), pledged his allegiance to Haraldand invited him to claim the English throne. Harald went along and invaded northern England with 10,000 troops and 300 longships in September 1066, raided the coast and defeated English regional forces ofNorthumbria and Mercia in the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. Although initially successful, Harald was defeated and killed in a surprise attack by Harold Godwinson's forces in the Battle of StamfordBridge on 25 September 1066, which wiped out almost his entire army. Modern historians have often considered Harald's death, which brought an end to his invasion, as the end of the Viking Age.EpithetsHarald's mostfamous epithet is Old Norse harðráði, which has been translated variously as 'hard in counsel', 'tyrannical', 'tyrant', 'hard-ruler', 'ruthless', 'savage in counsel', 'tough', and 'severe'. While Judith Jesch has argued for'severe' as the best translation, Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes prefer 'resolute'. Harðráði has traditionally been Anglicised as 'Hardrada', though Judith Jesch characterises this form as 'a bastard Anglicisation of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_3","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Museums at Washington and ChapinThe Museums at Washington and Chapin are several museums that share a campus in South Bend, Indiana. The name is derived from the location, at the corner ofWashington Street and Chapin Street in South Bend. Both museums have one common entrance off Thomas Street, one block south of Washington Street. The museums currently include the History Museum andStudebaker National Museum.External linksStudebaker National MuseumThe History MuseumPassage 2:William P. Didusch Center for Urologic HistoryThe William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History is a museum andthe headquarters of the American Urological Association in Linthicum, Maryland. It is described as encompassing \"a rich and varied collection of drawings, photographs, and instruments of historical importance tourology, many displayed in the urological exhibits during the American Urological Association (AUA) conventions.\"BackgroundThe center is named in honor of William Didusch, the museum's founder and first curator.Didusch was a notable scientific illustrator, and Executive Secretary of the AUA. Didusch had begun working at Johns Hopkins University in 1915 as an illustrator and eventually a lecturer. Didusch was an artist but morecommitted to the drawing of illustrations, rather than paintings, of anatomy. As result he became a legend during his time after his work in Johns Hopkins Hospital. Some of his many illustrations were those of theanatomy of the urinary tract and instruments used to treat the urinary diseases. The museum was formally established in 1971 as the William P. Didusch Museum, following Didusch's gift to the American UrologicalAssociation of his many original urological drawings. It was accommodated within the headquarters buildings of the AUA, then on Charles Street in Baltimore. Didusch curated the museum until his death in 1981, whenhe was succeeded by Herbert Brendler. After Brendler's death in 1986, William W. Scott (a colleague of Nobel Laureate Charles Huggins at the University of Chicago) became curator of the museum. When Scott retiredin 1993, the post of curator went to Rainer Engel of Johns Hopkins. In 2003 – when the AUA moved to Linthicum, Maryland – the museum also moved. Its scope was extended to relate to the topic of research in urologichistory. Engel remained curator until 2011, when Michael Moran took over the position.CollectionThe museum provides 300 years of the history of urology, beginning from early and extremely dangerous kidney stonesurgeries to modern ultra sound treatments that \"pulverizes these jagged mineral clumps without any need to enter the body\". It includes illustrations, urological tools such as catheters, cystoscopes (includes Nitzecystoscopes made in 1890 with platinum loops for illumination and rotating cystoscopes), operating resectoscopes, laparoscopes, lithotriptors, and resectoscopes; some of this urologic equipment was sterilized usingformaldehyde or cyanide. All was donated by urologists, including Ernest F. Hock of Binghamton, New York, Hans Reuter of Stuttgart, Germany and Adolf A. Kutzmann of Los Angeles.The Center also aids research in allfields of urologic history in the United States. It contains an extensive urological library, with early urological and medical texts, and the AUA archives.Current AUA Historian Engel considers the museum to show howmedical history in urology evolved, and notes that the implements on display frequently scare visitors. Amongst its items are \"long, thick metal tubes that once opened the floodgates between some unfortunate soul'sbladder and the outside world\", lassoes and nutcrackers on the end of steel tubes to break bladder stones, and Hugh Hampton Young's \"Prostate Punch\", which resembles a \"massively enlarged and curved hypodermicneedle designed for the blind resection of prostate tissues\", used in prostate surgery (to ream out the tube of prostate tissue blindly); this last implement was used on the wealthy railway magnate Diamond Jim Brady,who—cured of a prostate problem—gave a generous donation to Johns Hopkins which enabled the establishment of the Brady Urological Institute and also the museum.A number of very large mineral samples of kidneystones are also on display. The collection in the museum also includes more than 30 microscopes dating as far back as the 18th century, along with operating manuals; this acquisition on loan from a German urologyfamily.A popular display is the \"spermatorrhea ring\", a device from the early 20th century used to prevent ejaculations while sleeping. It is made of a double ring of metal, with the inner ring clipped over the penis andthe outer ring, which is lined on the inside with an armature of blunt metal teeth, on the shaft. These teeth constitute what could be called the \"medically active ingredient\". In the event of voluntary unknowing erectionwhile sleeping, \"the sensitive skin of the engorged part expands against the spiky outer ring, and the sleeper is pricked into consciousness in time to prevent nature from committing an unspeakable crime againstitself\".Passage 3:Lake City-Columbia County Historical MuseumLake City-Columbia County Historical Museum is a living history museum at the May Vinzant Perkins House in Lake City, Florida.HistoryThe LakeCity-Columbia County Historical Museum is located in the Vinzant House. The house was built in the 1880s and purchased by John Vinzant Jr. for $450. Vinzant had come to Lake City after serving in the American CivilWar as a sergeant in the 1st Florida Cavalry. Vinzant was the Columbia County Clerk of the Circuit Court and County Tax Collector. Vinzant also contributed to the Florida Agricultural College Fund when it wasestablished about 1 mile south from the house in 1888. Vinzant was married to Mattie Vinzant and had three daughters: Cronin Ives, Birdie Livingston and May Perkins. John Vinzant died in 1907. Vinzant's youngestdaughter May Perkins was married to Herbert Perkins and moved away to Washington, D.C. In 1912 May Perkins had a son but he died in infancy and then her husband died shortly afterwards. May Perkins returned toher father's house in Lake City. May Perkins' mother Mattied died in 1926 leaving her to live alone at the house until her death in 1981 at 102 years old. Perkins became a notable Lake City poet and historian. Since thedeath of Perkins in 1981 the house is still called the May Vinzant Perkins house. The Historic Preservation Board of Lake City and Columbia County jointly bought the house with the Blue-Grey Army, Inc. in 1983. Thetwo groups wanted to restore the house and make it a historical and cultural center as well as a museum. The house was renovated in 1984 by the Blue-Grey Army to turn the May Vinzant Perkins house into a museumas well as to save the house from being demolished since it was in poor condition. In 2000 a plaque was placed on the front of the house commemorating May Vinzant Perkins as a notable Floridian.Lake City holds anannual Battle of Olustee festival in downtown. Events are held at the Lake City-Columbia County Museum related to civil war history such as caring for wounded civil war soldiers or performing plays in relation to thecivil war. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the museum had to close from March to the second week of May 2020.Blue-Grey ArmyThe Blue-Grey Army is an organization that has collected civil war artifacts and annuallysponsors the Battle of Olustee Festival in Lake City. The organization jointly bought the Vinzant house with the Lake City Columbia County Historical Society. A room in the museum holds the Blue-Grey Army's civil warartifacts and is called the Blue-Grey Army room.GalleryPassage 4:Historical Museum of SerbiaThe Historical Museum of Serbia (Serbian: Историјски музеј Србије/Istorijski muzej Srbije, IMUS) is a public institutiondedicated to documentation of history of Serbia from prehistory up to the present. The museum was established in 1963 and today it preserves over 35,000 exhibits in its collection. Over the years the museum waslocated at different locations around the capital city of Belgrade. In 2020, as a part of the Belgrade Waterfront development project, the museum was granted the historical building of the Belgrade Main railway stationas its new permanent base. The museum is one of the leading institutions of its kind in the city and the country.HistoryThe first unsuccessful initiative to establish the museum was taken in 1950 with the enactment ofthe Decree on the establishment of the History Museum of the People's Republic of Serbia. The proposal was reinitiated in 1954 with the establishment of the Serbian Revolution Museum (hosted by the Residence ofPrince Miloš) commemorating the 150th anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising.The Historical Museum of Serbia was established by the decision of the People's Republic of Serbia authorities on 20 February 1963 withthe new institution absorbing the Serbian Revolution Museum. The task of the Museum was defined in 1966 as follows: ″to collect, record, store, arrange, study and exhibit material from the history of the Serbianpeople and Serbia from the earliest times to the present day″.Until 2003 the museum published the  scientific journal Zbornik Istorijskog muzeja Srbije. Initially, from 1954 to 1965, it was published by the SerbianRevolution Museum.In November 2020 the Serbian government made the decision to relocate the museum to a far bigger building, which formerly served as Belgrade Main railway station.See alsoList of museums inSerbiaPassage 5:Museum of the Sea (Uruguay)The Museum of the Sea, opened in 1996, is a museum of natural history located in La Barra, in the department of Maldonado, Uruguay. It occupies about 2,300 m2(25,000 sq ft) and is divided into four large halls, which are open to the public all year round.OverviewThe museum contains over 5,000 specimens of marine fauna, all of which are clearly labelled. Among thesespecimens are whale skeletons, sea urchins, starfish and turtle shells. In addition, there are old photographs and an old bathing machine used by women in the early days of the 20th century, as well as telescopes andblunderbusses of the period. There is also an exhibit about the most famous pirates. This huge collection of objects, exhibits, photographs and stories is the work of the museum's creator, Pablo Etchegaray. Thisself-taught collector began his collection of marine-related items many years ago.Exhibit hallsThe Museum of the Sea is composed of four museums in one. In the Museum of the Sea, everything is related to marine life:whale skeletons, seashells, a deep sea room, interactive exhibits, an area where children can draw their own pictures, a section devoted to pirates and another to treasure. The Beach Resort Museum shows the historyof holiday resorts, some of which are now city neighbourhoods, such as Pocitos and Carrasco, while others are tourist destinations, such as Punta del Este, La Paloma, Piriápolis, Atlántida, Mar del Plata and Copacabana.The Nostalgia Museum holds collections of vintage objects such as jars, tins, radio sets, medical remedies, photographs, and beach-related items such as beach umbrellas and pails that were used decades ago. Threecollections and 38,000 specimens of insects are exhibited in the Insectarium. Most of the specimens are beetles, but there are also moths, cicadas, and grasshoppers, among other species.Passage 6:Joliet AreaHistorical MuseumThe Joliet Area Historical Museum is a historical museum located in Joliet, Illinois.  The museum documents the history of Joliet and surrounding Will County.Description and historyThe museumadaptively reuses an urban space formerly occupied by the Ottawa Street Methodist Church, which was designed by Joliet architect G. Julian Barnes and built in 1909.  Located on one of the alternate paths of oldhistoric U.S. Route 66, the museum's modern ground-floor addition features the Route 66 Welcome Center, which presents a permanent exhibit called the Route 66 Experience.  This newer part of the museum alsoconnects to the historic Joliet Chamber of Commerce Clubhouse next door (now known as the Renaissance Center of the City Center campus of Joliet Junior College) and to the JJC Renaissance Center's main diningroom, which is staffed by the college's hospitality and culinary school students and open to the public.During the late 20th century, formerly rural Will County townships grew rapidly, while properties in central city Jolietwere threatened.  In 2002, the former church's urban space was reconfigured as a historic museum.  A separate wing is home to an exhibit about the Joliet-raised NASA engineer and JJC graduate John C. Houbolt,honored as the chief conceptualizer of the lunar orbit rendezvous segment of the U.S. Apollo program and the use of a lunar module to shuttle astronauts to and from the surface of the Moon.The museum is located at204 N. Ottawa Street in central Joliet.  An admission fee is charged.As of 2014, the museum was seeking to establish guided tours of the landmark former Collins Street Prison for Route 66 travelers and other interestedtourists. As of 2018, the museum began providing tours of the Collins Street Prison.Passage 7:Aalborg Historical MuseumAalborg Historical Museum (Danish: Aalborg Historiske Museum) is a historical and culturalmuseum in the city of Aalborg in Denmark. The museum was established in 1863 and is now part of The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland (Nordjyllands Historiske Museum).HistoryAalborg Historical Museum wasorganized to explain the history of the city and the surrounding region for the past 1000 years. It was established in 1863, making it one of the earliest provincial museums in Denmark. The present museum wasconstructed in 1878 and expanded in the early 1890s to house the growing collection of items from the region's earliest inhabitants to modern times.Aalborg Historical Museum has rotating exhibitions from its largecollections and is particularly noted for its fine silver and glass collections. The museum also has a large collection of clothing and textiles items from the 18th century to the present.Of particular interest is theAalborgstuen 1602. This well-preserved Renaissance paneled wooden room is claimed to be 'The best preserved middle class Renaissance interior' in Denmark.In the 1950s Aalborg Historical Museum, conducted aseries of archaeological excavations at Iron Age and Viking sites in the area, including Lindholm Høje, resulting ultimately in Lindholm Høje Museet at Lindholm Høje.In 1994 and 1995 the museum conductedexcavations at the site of the former  Greyfriars Friary  (gråbrødrekloster)  in central Aalborg.  The excavations resulted in the creation of the \"in situ\" underground Gråbrødrekloster Museum (GråbrødreklosterMuseet).Recent historyIn 2004 several organizations banded together to form The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland. The museum system is administered by a 12-member committee made of members from theconstituent organizations which make up the museum.  These include: The Museum Society of Hadsund, the Museum Society for Hals Kommune, the Aalborg History Association, the North Jutland Association ofArchaeology for Jutland, the Historical Community of Himmerland and Kjaer District, and the Cultural Historic Society of North Jutland. The umbrella organization coordinates research, outreach programs, educationalprograms, as well as manages the many properties in North Jutland which have been preserved by the various organizations.GalleryPassage 8:Halifax Historical MuseumThe Halifax Historical Museum displays localhistory from 5,000 BC to the present day in a National Register of Historic Places listed building designed by Wilbur B. Talley in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. The museum is housed in the former MerchantsBank building (1910), added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1986. It is located at 252 South Beach Street.Passage 9:National Historical Museum, AthensThe National Historical Museum(Greek: Εθνικό Ιστορικό Μουσείο, Ethnikó Istorikó Mouseío) is a historical museum in Athens. Founded in 1882, is the oldest of its kind in Greece. It is located in the Old Parliament House at Stadiou Street in Athens,which housed the Hellenic Parliament from 1875 until 1932. A branch of the National History Museum has been organized and operated there since 2001.CollectionsThe museum houses the collection of the Historicaland Ethnological Society of Greece (IEEE), founded in 1882. It is the oldest collection of its kind in Greece, and prior to its transfer to the Old Parliament, it was housed in the main building of the National TechnicalUniversity.The collection contains historical items concerning the period from the capture of Constantinopolis by the Ottomans in 1453 to the Second World War, emphasizing especially the period of the GreekRevolution and the subsequent establishment of the modern Greek state.Among the items displayed are weapons, personal belongings and memorabilia from historical personalities, historical paintings by Greek andforeign artists, manuscripts, as well as a large collection of traditional Greek costumes from various regions. The collection is displayed in the corridors and rooms of the building, while the great central hall of theNational Assembly is used for conferences.Passage 10:White River Valley MuseumWhite River Valley Museum is a historical museum located in Auburn, Washington.HistoryCreated through the combined effort of theCity of Auburn and the White River Valley Historical Society, the White River Valley Museum has been open to the public as far back as January 1996. Since then, the museum has published a monthly newsletter, \"WhiteRiver Journal\", while working to preserve regional historical artifacts and sites, including the Mary Olsen Farm. In 2001, the White River Valley Museum applied for and received the Mary Olson Farm's placement onto theNational Register of Historic Places.MissionThe White River Valley Museum's mission statement is: \"The White River Valley Museum is a partnership with the city of Auburn and combines history and culture to create anexciting and educational experience for visitors.\"ExhibitsThe White River Valley Museum has both permanent exhibits and four temporary exhibits per year. The museum's collections focus on local Puget Sound history,Northwest Indian culture, Japanese-Americans, and the Northern Pacific Railroad.1924 Auburn Depot - visitors can view and experience the Northern Pacific Railroad depot and caboose.1915 Japanese Farmhouse -teaches visitors about the Iseri Family of Thomas Washington, including picture brides, Buddhist home altars, and life on truck farms.Downtown Auburn in the 1920s  - includes the Auburn Public Market and the AuburnHat Shop with replica hats that museum visitors may handle.Muckleshoot Indian Tribe (the original settlers of the region) - includes a c 1890 river canoe display and a scale model of a winter house.Northern ClayCompany, aka Gladding, McBean - illustrates the architectural terra cotta of Seattle and Tacoma, and the clay industry of the Green River Valley, the Auburn laborers, and Vienna designers.Tourist Hotel of 1924 -illustrates Auburn as a boom town in the 1920s and includes photos of the 1924 mayor Otto Bersch and a conductor for the Northern Pacific Railroad.Examples of the museum's temporary exhibits include \"On Track\": acollection of railroad photographs of Warren McGee taken between the 1930s and 1970s, and a collection of Auburn \"Our Story\" Videos covering a variety of regional historical topics.CollectionsThe White River ValleyMuseum's collections include the historic site Mary Olson's Farm, as well as an archive of the monthly museum publication \"White River Journal\". The museum's photograph collection contains thousands of regionalhistoric images dating between 1894 and 1982, while the museum's small research library holds books, diaries and regional newspapers from the same period. The museum also has an extensive collection of regionalartifacts from both historic Auburn and its people, as well as objects from regional Native American tribes, including the Salish and Muckleshoot."}
{"doc_id":"doc_4","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Rebel GladiatorsThe Rebel Gladiators (Italian: Ursus il gladiatore ribelle/ Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator) is a 1962 Italian peplum film directed by Domenico Paolella starring Dan Vadis, Josè Greci and Alan Steel.PlotThe newly crowned emperor Commodus kidnaps the beautiful Arminia, who happens to be betrothed to the mighty gladiator Ursus. Obsessed with a desire to physically best all other men, he uses the girl as a hostage to force Ursus to fight him in the arena, but when Ursus beats him up and actually forces the dictator to beg for his life, he accuses Ursus of being in league with a group of usurpers who oppose Commodus' tyrannical rule. Ursus finally leads a slave revolt that overthrows Commodus, who is killed in the uprising, and Ursus is reunited with Arminia.CastDan Vadis as UrsusJosè Greci as ArminiaAlan Steel as Commodo/CommodusTullio Altamura as AntoninoNando Tamberlani as Marco AurelioGloria MillandGianni Santuccio as Emilio LetoSal Borghese as gladiatorBruno ScipioniAndrea Aureli as gladiator instructorCarlo Delmi as SettimioPassage 2:Voice of Free ChinaThe Voice of Free China (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zìyóu Zhōngguó Zhīshēng) was the international broadcasting station of the Republic of China from 1949 until 1998. During the Cold War era the station was the source of Chinese Nationalist propaganda largely aimed at discrediting the People's Republic of China and buttressing the Nationalists' claims to be the sole legitimate government of all of China.The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.With the easing of cross-strait relations and the liberalization of Taiwan's government, the Voice of Free China changed its name to Radio Taipei International in 1998 and also used the name \"Voice of Asia\" for some broadcasts. In 2003, it became Radio Taiwan International reflecting the defeat of the Kuomintang government in 2000 and the new government's orientation towards Taiwan independence from China. Today, this station is now known as Radio Taiwan International.See alsoPropaganda in the Republic of ChinaPassage 3:Ellen BassEllen Bass (born June 16, 1947) is an American poet and author.  She has won three Pushcart Prizes and a Lambda Literary Award for her 2002 book Mules of Love. She co-authored the 1991 child sexual abuse book The Courage to Heal. She received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2014 and was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets in 2017. Bass has taught poetry at Pacific University and founded poetry programs for prison inmates.LifeBass grew up in Pleasantville, New Jersey, where her parents owned a liquor store. Her family later moved to Ventnor City, New Jersey. She attended Goucher College, where she graduated magna cum laude in 1968 with a bachelor's degree. She pursued a master's degree in creative writing at Boston University, where she studied with Anne Sexton, and graduated in 1970. From 1970 to 1974, Bass worked at Project Place, a social service center in Boston.From 1983 to 2003, she worked in the field of healing from childhood sexual abuse: writing the best-selling The Courage to Heal in 1991, developing training seminars for professionals, offering workshops for survivors, and lecturing to mental health professionals nationally and internationally. She is a co-founder of the Survivors Healing Center in Santa Cruz, a non-profit organization offering services to survivors of child sexual abuse.Bass has taught poetry at the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Pacific University in Oregon since 2007. She has taught workshops in Santa Cruz, California since 1974 and also nationally. In 2013, she founded the Poetry Program at the Salinas Valley State Prison, which offers a weekly workshop to incarcerated men. In 2014, she also founded the Santa Cruz Poetry Project, which offers six weekly workshops to men and women incarcerated in the Santa Cruz County jails.Among Bass' poetry books are Indigo, (2020) which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award; Like a Beggar (2014), which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award; The Human Line (2007), and Mules of Love (2002), which won the Lambda Literary Award. Her poems have been published widely in journals and anthologies, including the New Yorker, the American Poetry Review, the Kenyon Review, and Ploughshares.Her nonfiction books include I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1983), Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth and Their Allies (HarperCollins, 1996), and The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1988, 2008), which has been translated into twelve languages.In 2017, Bass was elected as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.Bass was named the Santa Cruz County Artist of the Year in 2019.Bass lives in Santa Cruz, California with her wife, Janet Bryer. She has two children, Saraswati Bryer-Bass and Max Bryer-Bass.AwardsBass was awarded the Elliston Book Award for Poetry from the University of Cincinnati, Nimrod/Hardman's Pablo Neruda Prize, The Missouri Review’s Larry Levis Award, the Greensboro Poetry Prize, the New Letters Poetry Prize, the Chautauqua Poetry Prize, four Pushcart Prizes (2003, 2015, 2017), Fellowships from The Guggenheim Foundation, The National Endowment for the Arts, and the California Arts Council.Indigo, (2020) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award. Like a Beggar (Copper Canyon Press, 2014) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award. The Human Line (Copper Canyon Press, 2007) was named among the notable books of 2007 in the poetry section by the San Francisco Chronicle, and Mules of Love (BOA Editions, 2002) won the 2002 Lambda Literary Award.Published worksPoetryI'm not your laughing daughter. University of Massachusetts Press. 1973. ISBN 9780870231285.No More Masks! An Anthology of Poems by Women. Co-edited with Florence Howe. Doubleday. 1973. ISBN 9780385025539.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Of Separateness and Merging. Autumn Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0394734309.For Earthly Survival. A letter press chapbook, Moving Parts Press, 1980.Our Stunning Harvest. New Society Publishers, 1984. ISBN 978-0865710535.Mules of Love. BOA Editions. 2002. ISBN 9781929918225.The Human Line. Copper Canyon Press. 2007. ISBN 9781556592553.Like A Beggar. Copper Canyon Press. 2014. ISBN 9781556594649.Indigo. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 9781556595752.NonfictionI Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Louise Thornton and others. Harper Collins. 1991 [1983]. ISBN 9780060965730.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2008 [1988]. ISBN 9780061284335.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Beginning to Heal: A First Book for Men and Women Who Were Sexually Abused as Children. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2003 [1993]. ISBN 9780062270597.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth—and Their Allies. Co-authored with Kate Kaufman. Harper Collins. 1996. ISBN 9780060951047.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Children's booksI Like You to Make Jokes with Me, But I Don't Want You to Touch Me. Lollipop Power Books/Carolina Wren Press. 1993 [1981]. ISBN 9780914996279.Passage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Chlorox, Ammonium and CoffeeChlorox, Ammonia and Coffee (Norwegian: Salto, salmiakk og kaffe) is a 2004 Norwegian comedy film written and directed by Mona J. Hoel, starring Benedikte Lindbeck, Kjersti Holmen and Fares Fares. The film follows multiple storylines, and is about having the courage to take chances in life.External linksChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at IMDbChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Rotten TomatoesChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Filmweb.no (in Norwegian)Chlorox, Ammonium and Coffee! at the Norwegian Film InstitutePassage 6:Free China: The Courage to BelieveFree China: The Courage to Believe is a 2012 documentary film (61 minutes) about the persecution of Falun Gong, starring Jennifer Zeng and Dr. Charles Lee.DescriptionThe film is based on a true story of a mother and former Communist Party member, Jennifer Zeng, who along with more than 70 million Chinese were practicing Falun Gong, a belief that combined Buddhism and Daoism until the Chinese Government outlawed it. The Internet police intercepted an email and Jennifer was imprisoned for her faith. As she endured physical and mental torture, she had to decide: does she stand her ground and languish in jail, or does she recant her belief so she can tell her story to the world and be reunited with her family?A world away, Dr. Charles Lee, a Chinese American businessman, wanted to do his part to stop the persecution by attempting to broadcast uncensored information on state controlled television. He was arrested in China and sentenced to three years of re-education in a prison camp where he endured forced labor, making amongst other things, Homer Simpson slippers sold at stores throughout the US.With more than one hundred thousand protests occurring each year inside China, unrest among Chinese people is building with the breaking of each political scandal. As China's prisoners of conscience are subjected to forced labor and possibly organ harvesting, but at this time it is unconfirmed. This timely documentary exposes profound issues such as genocide and unfair trade practices with the West. The film also highlights how new Internet technologies are helping bring freedom to more than 1.3 billion people living in China and other repressive regimes throughout the world.Interviewees in the filmJennifer Zeng - author of Witnessing History: One Chinese Woman’s Fight for FreedomDr. Charles Lee - Chinese American businessman and labor camp survivorDavid Kilgour - human rights investigator and former Canadian Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific)Chris Smith - US Congressman and chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on ChinaEthan Gutmann - China analyst, human rights investigator, author of The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem and Losing The New China: A Story of Commerce, Desire, and Betrayal. Contributor for The Wall Street Journal AsiaAwards and other informationThe film won awards at 8 film festivals, including American INSIGHT's 2012 Free Speech Film Festival and WorldFest's 2012 Film Festival.The film was produced and directed by awarding winning filmmakers Kean Wong and Michael Perlman. The film has screened at over 700 private venues including the UK, European and Israeli parliaments and the US Congress. The film will be available in over 20 languages by the end of 2014.The soundtrack, trailers, and DVDs of the film are available on the Free China website.The most recent screenings of the film were on 5–7 December 2014 in Taiwan.The online premiere was on 3 February 2015.See alsoPersecution of Falun GongDocumentaries about the Persecution of Falun GongOrgan harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in ChinaPassage 7:The Rebel SetThe Rebel Set is a 1959 American crime drama film in black and white directed by Gene Fowler Jr. It was later featured and riffed on Mystery Science Theater 3000 in Season 4.Plot summaryMr. Tucker (Platt), proprietor of a Los Angeles coffee house, hires three down-on-their-luck classic beatnik patrons: out-of-work actor John Mapes (Palmer); struggling writer Ray Miller (Lupton); and George Leland (Sullivan), the wayward son of movie star Rita Leland, to participate in an armored car robbery to take place during a four-hour stopover in Chicago during the trio's train trip from Los Angeles to New York. Mapes' worried wife Jeanne (Crowley) joins him on the train, concerned about his not having had a job in more than a year.Tucker and his henchman Sidney (Glass) fly ahead to set up the robbery, which goes off without a hitch. John, Ray and George take the train to Chicago.  George shoots out a tire on the armored truck.  Then Sidney drives a car into the truck.  As the security guards get out to check the accident, John and Ray drive up disguised as policemen in a police car.  The three guards are tied up and the almost one million dollars is transferred into the fake police car.  The five then drive off to another site to bury their clothes, guns and other crime gear.  The money is placed into a gift box and entrusted to George.  The men continue on the train to New York.  Tucker promised the three $200,000 apiece.However, once back on the train, Leland's greed gets the better of him and he decides to keep all of the money for himself.  John and Ray go to talk to him but find him murdered with a suicide note left behind.  Tucker has disguised himself as a man of the cloth and is on the train.  He double crosses the trio, first eliminating Leland and Miller next, leaving Mapes as the only one left to stop Tucker from getting away with murder and keeping the entire haul.John confesses to his wife Jeanne his role in the robbery.  When the cops board the train in Newark to investigate the Leland murder, John confesses.  Tucker jumps from the train with the money and Mapes chases after him.  Two cops chase and fire shots.  Tucker and Mapes tangle all over and through the train railyard.  Finally, Tucker falls onto an electric transformer and dies while Mapes surrenders to police.  As Jeanne gives her husband a goodbye hug, movie star Rita Leland waits for her son George to arrive on the train, unaware that he is dead.CastSoundtrackExternal linksThe Rebel Set at IMDbThe Rebel Set is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 8:Free ChinaThe term \"Free China\" may mean:Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War), areas of China not under the control of the invading Imperial Japanese ArmyFree area of the Republic of China, a term used by the ROC government to contrast itself with the People's Republic of China and avoid acknowledging their control over mainland China; often shortened to \"Free China\" and used in contrast to \"Red China\"Free China Journal, a former publication of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan)Free China (junk) (zh:\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), a Chinese junk boatThe Free China Movement, a coalition of about 30 pro-democracy and human rights organizations promoting democracy in ChinaFree China: The Courage to Believe a 2012 American filmFree China Relief Association, a non-governmental organizationSee alsoNationalist China (disambiguation)Red China (disambiguation)Communist China (disambiguation)Passage 9:Land of Make BelieveLand of Make Believe or The Land of Make Believe may refer to:Music\"Land of Make Believe\" (Easybeats song), 1968Land of Make Believe (Chuck Mangione album), 1973Land of Make Believe (Kidz in the Hall album), 2010\"The Land of Make Believe\", a 1980 song by Bucks Fizz\"The Land of Make-Believe\", a song by R. Nelson, U. Ray, D. Alex recorded by Fats Domino\"The Land of Make Believe\", a song by R. Miller and A. Miller, performed by Diana Ross and the Supremes from The Never-Before-Released Masters\"The Land of Make-Believe\", a song by The Moody Blues from the Seventh Sojourn album\"(In the) Land of Make Believe\", a song written by Burt Bacharach & Hal David and sung by The Drifters, Dionne Warwick, Dusty Springfield and othersOtherLand of Make Believe (amusement park), an amusement park in Hope Township, New Jersey, United StatesLand of Makebelieve, a former amusement park in Upper Jay, New York, United StatesThe Neighborhood of Make-Believe, a segment on the children's television program Mister Rogers' NeighborhoodPassage 10:Do You Believe?Do You Believe? or Do You Believe may refer to:\"Do You Believe?\" (The Beatnuts song)\"Do You Believe\" (Julie-Anne Dineen song)\"Do You Believe\" (Maurice Williams song)Do You Believe? (film)Do You Believe? (Cher tour)\"Believe\" (Cher song)See alsoDo You Believe in Magic (disambiguation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_5","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the ThirdArmy team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joinedLeadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goalin that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 2:ThomasScott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHe competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a police officer at thetime of the 1930 Games.Passage 3:Fred Bradley (rower)Frederick Bradley (1908 – date of death unknown) was an English rower.RowingHe competed in the single sculls at the 1930 British Empire Games for Englandand won a bronze medal.Personal lifeHe was listed as having no occupation at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 4:Parimala NagappaParimala Nagappa is a politician from the state of Karnataka and wife of Late H.Nagappa. Parimala was elected as M.L.A from Hanur constituency on a Janata Dal (Secular) ticket in the 2004 Karnataka assembly elections. On 16 March 2017, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.Passage 5:AlbertThompson (footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joined Bradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. He was York City's top scorer for the 1936–37 season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937,after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York. After making 4 appearances in the league for Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 6:Harry Wainwright (footballer)Harry Wainwright(born 1899; date of death unknown) was an English footballer.CareerWainwright played for Highfields before joining Port Vale as an amateur in December 1919. After making his debut in a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley onBoxing Day he signed as a professional the following month. He was unable to nail down a regular place however, and was released at the end of the season with just four appearances to his name.He returned toHighfields before moving on to Doncaster Rovers where he scored in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored two more goals that season, and nonethe following season.He then went to Brodsworth Main, Frickley Colliery, Sheffield United, Boston Town, Scunthorpe & Lindsey United and Newark Town.Career statisticsSource:Passage 7:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer(born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficultsubjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has causedcontroversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What isPeace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at theage of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City publicschool children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to getpublished through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker onThe Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 8:Harry Johnson (wrestler)Harry Johnson (born 1903, date of death unknown) was an English wrestler.WrestlingHe competed in the welterweight category at the 1930 BritishEmpire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a turner at the time of the 1930 Games and lived in 31 Kambala Road, Battersea.Passage 9:H. NagappaH. Nagappa was a Janata Dal (United) political leader, two termmember of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and minister for agricultural marketing in the J. H. Patel cabinet.He was abducted by forest brigand Veerappan and his gang members on 25 August 2002 from theKamagere village of Chamarajanagar district. On 8 December 2002, Nagappa was killed by Veerappan or his gang members or by Tamil nadu police at Changadi forest area near M. M. Hills bordering the state of TamilNadu.who killed him is a mystery .Passage 10:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometimebetween 995 and 997."}
{"doc_id":"doc_6","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the UnitedStates.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of theHood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to directthe Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the PeabodyEssex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studiedboth art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 2:Only the Lonely (film)Only the Lonely is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Chris Columbus, produced by John Hughes, and stars John Candy, Maureen O'Hara (in herfinal film role), Ally Sheedy and Anthony Quinn. The film is a comedic take on the premise established in the 1953 television play Marty and the 1955 film Marty, while the title comes from the song \"Only the Lonely\" byRoy Orbison. The story follows a bachelor who is looking to settle down and start a family with a mortuary beautician, while coping with his controlling mother who wants him all to herself.PlotDanny Muldoon, a38-year-old Chicago policeman, lives with his controlling Irish mother, Rose Muldoon. A lonely bachelor, he falls in love with Theresa Luna, an introverted girl who works in her father's funeral home. On their first date,they have a picnic on Comiskey Park field. Dating becomes difficult as Rose fears Theresa is trying to steal her son away.Danny's brother Patrick tries to convince him to remain unmarried and move to Florida with theirmother to take care of her; Salvatore \"Sal\" Buonarte, one of Danny's married friends and a fellow officer, advises him not to settle down just yet, as he did. Danny begins to feel guilty about his relationship, especiallytowards his mother. This leads to his interrupting dates with Theresa to check on her.When Theresa finally meets Rose at a fancy dinner, Rose immediately begins to put her down, mocking her Sicilian and Polishheritage. Theresa stands up to her, then berates Danny for not doing so himself. After Theresa leaves, Danny scolds his mother for being so cruel, saying that her way of \"telling it like it is\" hurts people. He reminds hershe lost a $450,000 account for his late father's company by making anti-Semitic remarks. He then tells Rose he will propose to Theresa, whether she approves or not.Danny apologizes to Theresa, proposing to herfrom the bucket of a Chicago fire truck. She says yes and they are set to be married. However, even though Rose finally approves, Danny calls to check on his mother in front of Theresa on the night before the wedding.Angered that they might never be alone, she walks off. Neither of them show up for the wedding. A few weeks later, Danny's friends ask why they called off the wedding, but he gives no answer. When a friend namedDoyle suddenly passes away, alone with no wife or children, Danny realizes he doesn't want to end up that way.Finally, the day Danny and Rose are scheduled to move to Florida, Danny tells Rose that he can't letTheresa go because she's the best thing that ever happened to him. Reluctant at first, Rose finally goes to Florida without him, telling him to get married, have a family and be happy. Danny then goes to the funeralhome, looking for Theresa.  However, her father tells him that she left for New York City by train. Danny contacts the railroad station manager, who stops the train at a station outside the city. There, Danny apologizesto Theresa and proclaims his love for her. He tells her that he will move to New York with her and join the NYPD. Having no more guilt about his mother, they board the train for New York to live the rest of their livestogether.Throughout the film, the Muldoons' Greek neighbor, Nick Acropolis — who has been encouraging Danny to pursue Theresa — attempts to woo Rose. She initially resists, but as she gradually softens her stanceregarding Danny's relationship with Theresa, she ultimately warms to Nick, who takes Danny's place on the flight to Florida with her.CastJohn Candy as Officer Daniel \"Danny\" Muldoon, Chicago PoliceDepartmentMaureen O'Hara as Rose MuldoonAlly Sheedy as Theresa LunaAnthony Quinn as Nick AcropolisJames Belushi as Officer Salvatore \"Sal\" Buonarte, Chicago Police DepartmentKevin Dunn as PatrickMuldoonMacaulay Culkin as Billy MuldoonKieran Culkin as Patrick Muldoon, Jr.Milo O'Shea as DoyleBert Remsen as SpatsJoe Greco as Joey LunaProductionCastingChris Columbus wrote the part of Rose specifically forMaureen O'Hara, but did not know that she had retired from acting and was living in the Virgin Islands. Columbus contacted O'Hara's younger brother Charles B. Fitzsimons, a producer and actor in the film industry, toask him to send O'Hara a copy of the script, which he did, telling her, \"This you do!\". O'Hara read the script and loved it. She was reported to have replied to Fitzsimons, \"This I do!\". However, she would not commituntil she met co-star John Candy.Co-star Jim Belushi recounted this story: On the set of Only the Lonely, the producers stuck Maureen O’Hara in a tiny trailer. When John Candy complained on her behalf, he was toldthe budget was being spent on the picture, not on accommodations for old movie stars. Candy responded by giving O'Hara his trailer and going without one until the studio finally caved in and got a trailer for eachactor.John Hughes co-produced the film. This movie marked Macaulay Culkin's third film with Hughes and Candy (after Home Alone and Uncle Buck). Other than New Port South, it was the only film Hughes producedthat he did not write.FilmingMost of the film was shot on location in Chicago. Danny and Rose Muldoon's house is located at the intersection of Clark Street and Roscoe Street, as is the front façade of O'Neils' Pub. Theinside of the pub was shot at Emmett's Pub, a Chicago landmark that was also used in Uncle Buck, another film with John Candy. At the request of producer John Hughes (a Chicagoan and big fan of the Chicago WhiteSox) and sports fan John Candy, the baseball stadium where Danny and Theresa's first date took place was arranged to be set at old Comiskey Park (home of the Chicago White Sox until 1990). Hughes hastily arrangedthe filming, as the stadium was slated to be torn down imminently. There is also a shot showing old Comiskey Park and the new Guaranteed Rate Field, the current home of the White Sox, under construction next door.Comiskey Park was located at the corner of 35th St. and Shields Ave., on the South Side of Chicago. The scene where Danny and Theresa kiss along Lake Michigan is located at Lincoln Park, Chicago, and the dinnerscene was shot at One Ambassador East, also known as the Ambassador East Hotel, located at 1301 North State Parkway in Chicago's Gold Coast. The church scenes were filmed at St. John Cantius Church in WestTown on 825 N Carpenter St.The final scene with Danny and Theresa was shot at the Amtrak station in Niles, Michigan, which was renamed to Willoughby and decorated with Christmas lights for the filming.MusicRoyOrbison's song \"Only the Lonely\" is played in its entirety in the movie's opening scene. \"Someone Like You\" by Van Morrison is played during one of Danny and Theresa's dates. \"Dreams to Remember\" by Etta James isplayed, also in its entirety. Also, \"Pachelbel's Canon\" is played briefly during the wedding scene. The film's original music was composed and conducted by Maurice Jarre.The soundtrack album was released by VarèseSarabande, featuring 28 minutes of Jarre's score and the songs \"Only the Lonely\" and \"Someone Like You.\"ReceptionOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on reviews from 23 critics, withan average rating of 6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an averagegrade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.Entertainment Weekly gave it a grade C.Passage 3:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où est donc passée la septièmecompagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 during the Battle ofFrance.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near the Machecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. CaptainDumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill, and takes positionwithin a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, and order a puzzled 7thCompany to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff Sergeant Chaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slowdown and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the camp without their weapons to look forPithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake. While Chaudard teaches hismen how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapesbefore his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm,but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard. Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door,comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard hasbeen lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killing its two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and thetwo dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans' uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company,who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures thenewest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck's cannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by their owncolonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowing the company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins hisChaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobertLamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : The peasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A FrenchsoldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by Robert Lamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune(The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. The"}
{"doc_id":"doc_7","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George AlagiahGeorge Maxwell Alagiah  ( born 22 November 1955) is a British newsreader, journalist and television news presenter.Since 3 December 2007, he has been the presenter of the BBC News at Sixand was previously the main presenter of GMT on BBC World News since its launch on 1 February 2010.BackgroundAlagiah was born in Colombo, Ceylon on 22 November 1955. His parents, Donald Alagiah, an engineer,and Therese, were Sri Lankan Tamil. In 1961, his parents moved to Ghana in West Africa, where he had his primary education at Christ the King International School. He has four sisters. His secondary education tookplace at St John's College, an independent Roman Catholic school in Portsmouth, England, after which he read politics at Van Mildert College, Durham University. Whilst at Durham, he wrote for and became editor of thestudent newspaper Palatinate and was a sabbatical officer of Durham Students' Union.In 2004, he returned to his grandfather's original home in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami to survey the damage.The family's former home had been destroyed, but he was able to recognise an old well where he had played with his sisters, although the well was unsalvageable.Broadcasting careerAlagiah joined the BBC in 1989after seven years in print journalism with South Magazine. Before becoming a presenter, he was Developing World correspondent, based in London, and then Southern Africa correspondent in Johannesburg. As one ofthe BBC's leading foreign correspondents, he reported on events ranging from the genocide in Rwanda to the plight of the Marsh Arabs in southern Iraq to the civil wars in Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone andSomalia.He was the presenter of BBC Four News from its launch in 2002; the programme was later relaunched as The World and then another edition of World News Today. In January 2003 he joined the BBC SixO'Clock News, which he co-presented with Sophie Raworth until October 2005, and with Natasha Kaplinsky until October 2007. Since 3 December 2007, he has been the sole presenter of the Six O'Clock News. Prior tothat, he had been the deputy anchor of the BBC One O'Clock News and BBC Nine O'Clock News from 1999. Since 3 July 2006, he has presented World News Today on BBC World News and BBC Two, which wasrebranded GMT on 1 February 2010. He last appeared on the programme in 2014. He was formerly a relief presenter on BBC News at Ten, presenting mainly Monday to Thursday when main presenters Huw Edwardsand Fiona Bruce were unavailable.A specialist on Africa and the developing world, Alagiah has interviewed, among others, Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Secretary-General of the United Nations KofiAnnan and President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. His other documentaries and features include reports on why affirmative action in America is a 'Lost Cause', for the Assignment programme, Saddam Hussein'sgenocidal campaign against the Kurds of northern Iraq for the BBC's Newsnight programme and a report on the last reunion of the veterans of Dunkirk.Awards and interestsIn 2000, Alagiah was part of the BBC teamwhich collected a BAFTA award for its coverage of the Kosovo conflict. He has won numerous awards including Best International Report at the Royal Television Society in 1993 and in 1994 was the overall winner of theAmnesty International UK Media Awards. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.His appearances at literary festivals include Cheltenham, Keswick, Hay-on-Wyeand London, and he has spoken at the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Arts and at the Royal Overseas League. He is on the Board of the Royal Shakespeare Company.From 2002 to 2009, Alagiah was apatron of the Fairtrade Foundation from which in July 2009, he was obliged to resign by BBC Management who claimed professional conflict of interest. Complaints were received at the BBC from members of the publicwho were unhappy that Alagiah had been asked to step down. The BBC responded that in keeping with its principles of impartiality, it would be inappropriate for one of its leading journalists to be seen supporting amovement that clearly represents a controversial view of global trade. He has also been actively involved in supporting microfinance as a tool for development, including recent appearances in support of OpportunityInternational. He has been a patron of Parenting UK since 2000.In 2010, he received the Outstanding Achievement in Television award at the Asian Awards.In 2020, his debut novel The Burning Land was shortlisted fora Society of Authors' award. The book is described as a \"gripping, pacy thriller about corruption and homicide in South Africa\".Personal lifeHe is married to Frances Robathan, whom he met at Durham University. Thecouple have two children, Adam and Matthew. He lives in Stoke Newington, North London.On 17 April 2014, it was announced that Alagiah was being treated for colorectal cancer. A statement from the BBC said: \"He isgrateful for all the good wishes he has received thus far and is optimistic for a positive outcome.\" On 28 June, Alagiah announced on Twitter that he was making \"encouraging progress\". In late October 2015 heannounced on Twitter that the treatment was officially over, and he returned to the BBC on 10 November. In January 2018 it emerged that the cancer had returned and he would undergo further treatment.In March2018, in an interview with The Sunday Times, Alagiah noted that his cancer was terminal and could have been caught earlier if the screening programme in England, which is automatically offered from the age of 60,was the same as that in Scotland, where it is automatically offered from the age of 50.In June 2020 Alagiah said that the cancer had spread to his lungs, liver and lymph nodes, but was not at a \"chronic\" or \"terminal\"stage. In October 2022, Alagiah announced that his cancer had spread further and he took a break from TV to undergo a new series of treatment.Passage 2:William CrawleyWilliam Crawley, MRIA, is a Belfast-born BBCjournalist and broadcaster. He is the presenter of Talkback, a daily radio programme on BBC Radio Ulster, and he is a presenter of Sunday on BBC Radio 4. He has also made several television series for BBC NorthernIreland.Early lifeWilliam Hugh Galloway Crawley was born and raised in North Belfast. He was educated at Grove Primary School, Dunlambert Secondary School, Belfast Royal Academy and Queen's University, where hestudied Philosophy (B.A., M.Phil.). He read Theology (M.Div.) at Princeton Theological Seminary. In 1999 Crawley was awarded a PhD by Queen's for a thesis on the epistemology of the American philosopher AlvinPlantinga.Prior to his career in the media, Crawley worked as a university lecturer in Philosophy and Theology. Having been licensed, then subsequently ordained into the ministry of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland inthe mid-1990s, he worked as assistant minister in First Presbyterian Church, New York City, and Fisherwick Presbyterian Church, Belfast, before serving as Presbyterian chaplain at the University of Ulster. He laterresigned from the ordained ministry and from membership of the church before beginning his career as a journalist. He has described himself as \"a lapsed Protestant.\"Television programmesBlueprint NI, a three-partseries examining Ireland's natural history, first broadcast in 2008.The late-night television interview show, William Crawley Meets..., a series of 30 minutes in duration with leading thinkers and social reformers fromacross the world, including the philosopher Peter Singer, the scientist Richard Dawkins, the writer and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, and the gay bishop Gene Robinson.Frozen North (BBC One, 2008), a documentaryexamining the possible future impact of global warming.Festival Nights (BBC Two), television coverage of the 2005, 2006 and 2007 Belfast Festival at Queens.Hearts and Minds, a Northern Ireland politicsprogramme.What's Wrong With ...? (BBC One), a six-part round-table current affairs discussion programme.More Than Meets The Eye (BBC Two, 2008), a series investigating folklore in contemporary Ireland.Heanchored the BBC's live coverage of the Queen's official visit to Northern Ireland in 2008.In 2010, he presented an episode of Spotlight (BBC One NI) concerning the Vatican.In 2012, he wrote and presented a60-minute documentary exploring the history of the Ulster Covenant.In 2013, his series An Independent People examined the history of Ireland's Presbyterians.His 2013 one-hour documentary It's a Blas followed hisyear-long effort to learn Irish sufficiently well to present a live radio programme in the language.The 2013 programme The Man Who Shrank The World told the story of the engineering feat carried out by the scientistLord Kelvin in the creation of a transatlantic communications cable was made as part of the Groundbreakers series for BBC Four.His 2014 four-part series for BBC Two Northern Ireland, It's a Brave New World -- NewZealand, examined the links between Northern Ireland and New Zealand.2015 Brave New World: USA (4 part series).2016 Brave New World: Australia (4 part series).2017 Brave New World: Canada (4 partseries).2018 Brave New World: Bringing It Home (1 episode).2019 Spend It Like Stormont.Radio programmesHe presented Sunday Sequence on BBC Radio Ulster from 2002 to 2014.Since 2008, he has presentedSunday on BBC Radio 4.He has presented the daily radio phone-in show Talkback on BBC Radio Ulster since 2015.He has presented Radio 4's Beyond Belief and The Moral Maze.Awards and membershipsFellow of theRoyal Society of the Arts (FRSA).Fellow of the British-American Project.Recipient of Eisenhower Fellowship (2012).Honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Lit.), Queen's University Belfast, 2012, for services tobroadcasting.Andrew Cross Award for Speech Broadcaster of the Year 2006, and other programme content awards.Thinker and Explainer of the Year, Slugger O'Toole/Channel 4 Political Awards 2011.Aisling Award,2013, for contribution to Irish language broadcasting.Patron, Belfast Film Festival.Member of advisory board of Irish Pages: A Journal of Contemporary Writing.2015 Royal Television Society Documentary Award forBrave New World: New Zealand.Member of the Royal Irish Academy.2022 IMRO Speech Broadcaster of the Year (Gold Award).Passage 3:Tim RussertTimothy John Russert (May 7, 1950 – June 13, 2008) was anAmerican television journalist and lawyer who appeared for more than 16 years as the longest-serving moderator of NBC's Meet the Press. He was a senior vice president at NBC News, Washington bureau chief and alsohosted an eponymous CNBC/MSNBC weekend interview program. He was a frequent correspondent and guest on NBC's The Today Show and Hardball. Russert covered several presidential elections, and he presentedthe NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey on the NBC Nightly News during the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Time magazine included Russert in its list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008. Russertwas posthumously revealed as a 30-year source for syndicated columnist Robert Novak.Early lifeRussert was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Elizabeth \"Betty\" (née Seeley; January 9, 1929 – August 14, 2005), ahomemaker, and Timothy Joseph \"Big Russ\" Russert (November 29, 1923 – September 24, 2009), a sanitation worker. Elizabeth and Joseph were married for 30 years, before separating in 1976. Russert was the onlyson and the second of four children; his sisters are Betty Ann (B.A.), Kathleen (Kathy) and Patricia (Trish). His parents were Catholics, and he had German and Irish ancestry. He received a Jesuit education fromCanisius High School in Buffalo.He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1972 from John Carroll University and a Juris Doctor with honors from the Cleveland State University College of Law in 1976. Russert commented onMeet the Press that he went to Woodstock \"in a Buffalo Bills jersey with a case of beer.\" While in law school, an official from his alma mater, John Carroll University, called Russert to ask if he could book some concertsfor the school as he had done while a student. He agreed, but said he would need to be paid because he was running out of money to pay for law school. One concert that Russert booked was headlined by athen-unknown singer, Bruce Springsteen, who charged $2,500 for the concert appearance. Russert told this story to Jay Leno when he was a guest on The Tonight Show on NBC on June 6, 2006. John Carroll Universityhas since named its Department of Communication and Theatre Arts in Russert's honor.Professional careerPoliticalPrior to becoming host of Meet the Press, Russert ran one of U.S. Senator Daniel Moynihan's five majoroffices, based in Buffalo, New York. He later served as special counsel and as chief of staff to Moynihan, a Democrat from Hell's Kitchen, New York. In 1983, he became a top aide to New York Governor Mario Cuomo,also a Democrat.NBC News: Washington bureau chief and host of Meet the PressHe was hired by NBC News' Washington bureau in 1984 and became bureau chief by 1989. Russert became host of the Sunday morningprogram Meet the Press in 1991, and was the longest-serving host of the program. Its name was changed to Meet the Press with Tim Russert, and, at his suggestion, expanded to an hour in 1992. The show also shiftedto a greater focus on in-depth interviews with high-profile guests, where Russert was known for extensive preparatory research and cross-examining style. One approach he developed was to find old quotes or videoclips that were inconsistent with guests' more recent statements, present them on-air to his guests and then ask them to clarify their positions. With Russert as host the audience grew to more than four million viewersper week, and it was recognized as one of the most important sources of political news. Time magazine named Russert one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008, and Russert often moderated politicalcampaign debates.Political coverage and debatesDuring NBC's coverage of the 2000 presidential election, Russert calculated possible Electoral College outcomes using a whiteboard (now in the Smithsonian Institution)on the air and memorably summed up the outcome as dependent upon \"Florida, Florida, Florida.\" TV Guide described the scene as \"one of the 100 greatest moments in TV history.\" Russert again accurately predictedthe final battleground of the presidential election of 2004: \"Ohio, Ohio, Ohio.\" In the course of the debate leading up to that election, Russert used February 2004 interviews with the two candidates  to home in on theparadoxical fact (and the possible consequences for democracy) of their both apparently having been members of Yale University's Skull and Bones secret society. On the MSNBC show Tucker, Russert predicted thebattleground states of the 2008 presidential election would be New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Nevada, saying, \"If Democrats can win three of those four, they can lose Ohio and Florida, and win the presidency.\"Redstates and blue statesAccording to The Washington Post, the phrases red states and blue states were coined by Tim Russert, although in that same article Russert states that he wasn't the first to use the terminology.This term refers to those states of the United States of America whose residents predominantly vote for the Republican Party (red) or Democratic Party (blue) presidential candidates, respectively. John Chancellor,Russert's NBC colleague, is credited with using red and blue to represent the states on a US map for the 1976 presidential election, but at that time Republican states were blue, and Democratic states were red. (Howthe colors got reversed is not entirely clear.) During the 1984 presidential election, between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale, ABC News used a map which showed Republican states as red and Democratic states asblue. According to David Brinkley, that was because Red = R = Reagan. Mainstream political discussion following the 2000 presidential election used red state/blue state more frequently.CIA leak scandalIn the Plameaffair, Scooter Libby, convicted chief of staff for Vice President Dick Cheney, told special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald that Russert told him of the identity of Central Intelligence Agency officer Valerie Plame (who ismarried to former ambassador Joseph C. Wilson). Russert testified previously, and again in United States v. I. Lewis Libby, that he would neither testify whether he spoke with Libby nor would he describe theconversation. Russert did say, however, that Plame's identity as a CIA operative was not leaked to him. Russert testified again in the trial on February 7, 2007. According to The Washington Post, Russert testified that\"when any senior government official calls him, they are presumptively off the record,\" saying: \"when I talk to senior government officials on the phone, it's my own policy our conversations are confidential. If I want touse anything from that conversation, then I will ask permission.\"At the trial, the prosecution asserted that a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent had called Russert regarding Russert's phone call with Libby, and thatRussert had told the agent that the subject of Plame had not come up during his conversation with Libby. Russert was posthumously revealed as a thirty-year source of columnist Robert Novak, whose original articlerevealed Plame's affiliation with the CIA. In a Slate.com article, Jack Shafer argued that \"the Novak-Russert relationship poses a couple of questions. [...] Russert's long service as an anonymous source toNovak...requires further explanation.\" In a posthumous commentary, the L.A. Times wrote that, \"Like former New York Times reporter Judith Miller, Russert was one of the high-level Washington journalists who cameout of the Libby trial looking worse than shabby.\" The article's author, Tim Rutten, argued that although Russert and NBC had claimed that these conversations were protected by journalistic privilege, \"it emerged underexamination [that] Russert already had sung like a choirboy to the FBI concerning his conversation with Libby—and had so voluntarily from the first moment the Feds contacted him. All the litigation was for the sake ofimage and because the journalistic conventions required it.\"Iraq WarIn the lead-up to the Iraq War, Meet the Press featured interviews with top government officials including Vice President Dick Cheney. CBS EveningNews correspondent Anthony Mason praised Russert's interview techniques: \"In 2003, as the United States prepared to go to war in Iraq, Russert pressed Vice President Dick Cheney about White House assumptions.\"However, Salon.com reported a statement from Cheney press aide Cathie Martin regarding advice she says she offered when the Bush administration had to respond to charges that it manipulated pre-Iraq Warintelligence: \"I suggested we put the vice president on Meet the Press, which was a tactic we often used. It's our best format.\" David Folkenflik quoted Russert in his May 19, 2004, Baltimore Sun article:I don't think thepublic was, at that time, particularly receptive to hearing it,\" Russert says. \"Back in October of 2002, when there was a debate in Congress about the war in Iraq—three-fourths of both houses of Congress voted with thepresident to go. Those in favor were so dominant. We don't make up the facts. We cover the facts as they were.Folkenflik went on to write:Russert's remarks would suggest a form of journalism that does not raise theinsolent question from outside polite political discourse—so, if an administration's political foes aren't making an opposing case, it's unlikely to get made. In the words of one of my former editors, journalists can readthe polls just like anybody else.In the 2007 PBS documentary, Buying the War, Russert commented:My concern was, is that there were concerns expressed by other government officials. And to this day, I wish myphone had rung, or I had access to them.2008 presidential debateAt the February debate, Russert was criticized for what some perceived as disproportionately tough questioning of Democratic presidential contenderHillary Clinton. Among the questions, Russert had asked Clinton, but not Obama, to provide the name of the new Russian President (Dmitry Medvedev). This was later parodied on Saturday Night Live. In October 2007,liberal commentators accused Russert of harassing Clinton over the issue of supporting drivers' licenses for illegal immigrants.Enthusiasm for sportsRussert grew up as a New York Yankees fan, switching his allegianceto the Washington Nationals when they were established in Washington, D.C. Russert held season tickets to both the Nationals and the Washington Wizards and was elected to the board of directors of the Baseball Hall"}
{"doc_id":"doc_8","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:OttakootharOttakoothar (c. 12th century CE) was a Tamil court poet to three Later Chola kings, namely Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga II and Rajaraja II. He wrote poems in praise of these three kings.The poet'smemorial is believed to be still in a place known as Darasuram in Kumbakonam, just opposite the famous Airavatesvara Temple. According to legend, the goddess Saraswati blessed him in Koothanur, then he became afamous poet.FamilyAccording to a legend, there was once a  Chola king called Muchukundan who had his capital at Karur. He is said to have won the favor of God Murugan after deep penances and the latter is said tohave bestowed upon him his personal bodyguards to aid him in his wars. Muchukundan Chola then married Chitravalli, daughter of the warrior chief and Murugan's bodyguard called Virabahu and spawned a new line.The poet Ottakoothar is presented as the scion of the family of this Sengunthar chief in his work Eeti-elupattu. It is worth mentioning that this Muchukunda Chola figures in the ancestry of Rajendra I as detailed in hisTiruvalangadu copper plates.Literary worksOttakoothar (Tamil: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is renowned for his Ula poems on the three successive kings, Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga II and Rajaraja II.  The Ula poems aregenerally written in honor of the king and describe the triumphant procession of the king amidst the people and his subjects. He also authored a work dealing with the Kulottunga II's childhood called Kulottunga CholanPillai Tamil.Ottakoothar wrote Uttara Kandam, the seventh (last chapter) kandam of the Tamil epic Ramayanam. Ottakoothar's works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository Project Madurai.Duringthis period when he was very popular, the Sengunthar community, the one to which he belonged, requested him to compose a work in their honor. He initially refused but then later agreed provided they brought him1008 heads of their first born sons. Accordingly, 1008 members of the community sacrificed their lives so that he could write about their history. The poet then wrote, Eeti-elupattu, a poem consisting of seventy versesin honor of the spear and extolled the glorious past of the Sengunthar chiefs and soldiers. He later wrote another poem called Elupp-elupattu in order to bring back the 1008 dead members to life. When he sang it theheads are said to have miraculously attached to their bodies and the dead became alive once again. The poet Koothar thus came to be known as Otta Koothar  for he attached the heads to the bodies and revivedthem.Popular cultureIn the 1957 Tamil film Ambikapathy, the character of Ottakoothar was portrayed and was performed by M. N. Nambiar. The character was also played by Rajesh in Mahasakthi Mariamman, a 1986Tamil film.See alsoKoothanur Maha Saraswathi TemplePassage 2:Rajaraja IIRajaraja II was a chola emperor who reigned from 1150 CE to 1173 CE. He was made his heir apparent and Co-Regent in 1146 and so theinscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. Rajaraja's reign began to show signs of the coming end of the dynasty.Growing weaknessThe extent of the Chola territories remained as it was during Rajaraja'spredecessors. The Vengi country was still firmly under the Chola rule.The Chola central administration did show weaknesses with regard to their control and effective administration over the outlying parts of the empire,which became pronounced towards the end of Raja Raja-II's reign.  However, Rajaraja regained adequate control of provinces like Vengi, Kalinga, Pandya and Chera territories. He probably even invaded Sri Lanka as isexplained in one of the Tamil poems written during his time.  This is borne out by the fact that not just Rajaraja, but also his successors like Kulothunga III bore titles like Tribhuvana Chakravartin attesting to theirmilitary capabilities and cultural achievements.During the last years of Rajaraja's reign, a civil unrest as a result of a succession dispute convulsed the Pandya country, further weakening Chola influence there. This wasonly to be expected as even though the Pandyas were subjugated by the Cholas since the time of Aditya I and were firmly controlled until the time of Virarajendra, the Madurai kingdom nevertheless kept making effortsfrom time to time, for gaining their independence from their occupiers.  Later Pandyas like Maravarman or Maravaramban Sundara Pandyan, Jatavarman Vira Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan steadily went onincreasing their power and prestige and were to emerge as the most powerful kingdom in South India during the period 1200–1300. These developments were to slowly but surely weaken the Chola kingdom, thoughthere was a minor revival during the fairly steady rule of Kulothunga III (1178–1218).In as much as the cholas during his time were dominant militarily is noted by some literature that mention Raja Raja's conquest andhis innovative management initiatives.Here is excerpt from an inscription of his from the Rajagopala Perumal temple:..Having won the heart (of the goddess) of the earth for countless ages, (he) was pleased to beseated on the throne of heroes, (made) of pure gold..while the Villavar (Cheras), Telungar, Minavar (Pandyas),..and other kings prostrated themselves (before him). In the 8th year (of the reign) of (this) kingParakesarivarman, alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Rajarajadeva.Death and successionThe last regnal year cited in Rajaraja's inscription is 26. That makes the last year of his reign 1173. Rajaraja was notdestined to live long. Rajaraja did not have any suitable direct descendant to ascend the Chola throne so he chose Rajadhiraja Chola II a grandson of Vikrama Chola as his heir.  According to the Pallavarayanpettaiinscription, Rajaraja died four years after he made Rajadhiraja Chola II as heir-apparent.  Since, Rajadhiraja himself was quite young, he would require the help of Pallavarayar to usher the young sons of Rajaraja tosafety. According to the inscription, Pallavarayar took steps immediately after the death of Rajaraja for the protection of the king's children, aged one and two years. According to historian Krishnaswami Aiyangar,Kulothunga Chola III who is widely considered as the last great Chola sovereign was the son of Rajaraja II.Socio-Religious AchievementsKUMBAKONAMOne of the most important achievements of Rajaraja II was thatdespite being considered a weak king, it appears that he did enjoy periods of calm and peace especially during the later half of his 26-year rule.  It was during this period that he initiated construction of the very famousAiravatesvarar Temple at Darasuram, Kumbakonam .  This royal Siva temple, which is one of the trinity of the Great Living Chola Temples along with the Brihadeeswarar Temple Temples at  Thanjavur and GangaikondaCholapuram all of which are World Heritage Sites.  The Airavateswarar Temple was completed either by the time his rule ended or during the initial period of his successor, Rajadhiraja II. The Airavateswarar Temple isconsidered an  architectural marvel of the Later Chola  period and this tradition was carried on by Kulothunga III who built the Kampahareswarar Temple at Tribhuvanam in commemoration of his conquest of Madurai,Kalinga, Karuvur and his defeat of the Hoysala King Veera Ballala II  This temple contains innumerable miniature freezes containing stories from Ramayanam, Periya Puranam and other stories devoted to Siva-Parvati,Vinayagar, Karthikeya etc.  The temple is also a symbol of continuing architectural tradition of the Chola craftsmen for it also has musical stairs called the Saptasvaras near a small shrine for Ganapati. TheMukhamandapam or the Mukhyamandapam of this temple is a real architectural marvel containing many great architectural specimen and was a continuation of the Later Chola tradition of building temples in the shapeof giant elephant-driven Rathas or Chariots as like as in Melakadambur siva temple built by Kulothunga I, which was also carried on not just by later Chola kings such as Kulothunga III but also by the kings of Kalingaand culminated in construction of the Sun Temple of Konarak by Eastern Ganga king Narasinghdeo. This is one of the later Chola temples which have remained unparalleled in terms of architectural excellence to date,that left a lasting impression on the succeeding dynasties to the Chola rule.Rajaraja also made numerous grants to the temples at Tanjore, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Srirangam, Tiruchy as well as to the temples atMadurai.  He was also believed to be a regular visitor to the temples in Parasurama's country (Kerala), which were also recipients of his grants. During his time the chola navies did remain dominant in the western seaas well as eastern sea.Overall he was a benevolent king who did put up good administrative processes, including efficient revenue generation systems as evidenced by his relief measures to the people during the timesof both the famine and civil unrest, which though did take some effort to subdue, but which finally ensured that he retained the loyalty and respect of his ministers, commanders and the general sections of thepopulace.Extent of the Empire and Summary of the ruleEven though there was a famine which further caused a civil disturbance, Raja Raja-II nevertheless, kept most of his adversaries under control and also succeededin largely maintaining the Chola territories consisting of their possessions in Tamizhagam including Kongunadu, Madurai and Thirunelveli, Nellore-Guntur areas (with Renandu and Telugu Cholas having allegiance to RajaRaja-II but controlling their areas with more authority than before), Visaiyavadai(Vijayawada)-Eluru-Rajahmundry-Prakasham (Draksharama) areas traditionally controlled by Vengi kings, Kalinga (whose King was atribute paying subordinate and a supportive feudatory to Chola overlordship).. up to the banks of Hooghly.  In addition, he also had Northern Sri Lanka (as was the case during the time of his illustrious predecessor,Raja Raja-I) under his loose control while as compared to before, even though he had subdued Chera kings, due to the re-emergence of Pandya power, he was forced to allow more autonomy to Malainadu kings withwhom he was believed to be having marital relations. But somehow, Raja Raja-II proved not strong enough to regain control of the eastern Gangavadi province, which was lost to the Hoysalas by his predecessor, thegreat Vikrama Chola. Possibly, the Hoysalas themselves were trying to free themselves from the control of Western Chalukyas and other rapidly growing adversaries like Kalachuris and Kakatiyas, who were as hostile tothe Chalukyas and Hoysalas, as they were to the Cholas and even the Pandyas, as would be evidenced in the later years.NotesPassage 3:Ali RahumaAli Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)  (born May 16, 1982)is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team.External linksAli Rahuma at National-Football-Teams.comSoccerPunter. “AliKhalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics.” SoccerPunter. SoccerPunter, n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2016Passage 4:Nayelly HernándezNayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player. Shehas represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships. Nayelly achievedher highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour. Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player. She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as thefirst Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010.CareerNayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior tothe retirement.Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games. In the 2011 PanAmerican Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event. She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships onfour occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016.Passage 5:Eleni Gabre-MadhinEleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the EthiopiaCommodity Exchange (ECX). She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food PolicyResearch Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva).Eleni GebremedhnEleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964. She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya,Tanzania and South Africa. She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French. She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours. She has a PhD in Applied Economics from StanfordUniversity, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University. Eleni was selected as \"Ethiopian Person of the Year\" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times.CareerShe was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Whilst working as a researcher for the International FoodPolicy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there weresurpluses or bumper harvests. Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly.  Tradersoften failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce.  In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead anIFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets. Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX.   She became CEO of the new exchange in2008, and argued that \"(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises\" .... and thatthe \"ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level.\"In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta.In 2013, Eleni launched eleniLLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa.In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni'sparticipation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, thatmentioned a transitional government during Tigray War. Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition.  On25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as \"deliberately misrepresented\". Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed forsuspected foul play.  The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor. The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her.AwardsIn 2010, Eleni wasnamed Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year. Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011.In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizermanufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact. Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of EthiopiaMeles Zenawi. That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David.She was granted ThePower with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016.Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia. However, later in November 2021, theUniversity of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia.Passage6:Kulothunga Chola IIKulothunga II (died 1150 CE) was a Chola Emperor from 1133 CE to 1150 CE. He succeeded Vikrama Chola to the throne in 1135 CE. Vikrama Chola made Kulothunga his heir apparent andcoregent in 1133 CE, so the inscriptions of Kulothunga II count his reign from 1133 CE. According to historians Nilakanta Sastri and T.N Subramanian, Kulottunga Chola II was not the son of Vikrama Chola and theyhave suggested that there was a break in the line of succession.Personal life and familyKulothunga II preferred to live in Chidambaram rather than the royal capital at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Of the various titles  hehad, Anapaaya was perhaps his favourite. It is found in his inscriptions as well in the poetic tribute Kulothunga Cholan Ula. He was also called Tirunirruchola.Kulothunga II was succeeded by Rajaraja Chola II in 1150CE.Extent of EmpireThe extent of empire as inherited from his predecessor Vikrama Chola was well maintained. The Western Chalukya kingdom was overthrown by the Yadava chiefs of Devagiri and Hoysalas ofDwarasamudra during this period. Kulottunga II took advantage of the internal skirmishes and rebellions in the Kannada and Chalukya country to establish his hold over Vengi and Eastern Chalukya territories. Gonka IIof the Velanadu Choda family who ruled over northern part of Vengi acknowledged his supremacy. Similarly the Kadapa-Nellore chief, Madurantaka Pottapi Choda, son of Betta I and Buddhavarman III of the Kondavidubranch and his son Mandaya II also acknowledged the king's authority in the Andhra country.Patron of ChidambaramChidambaram is one of those five places where Chola princes were invested with the crown.Kulothunga was a great devotee of the Chidambaram Temple to Lord Shiva in that city, and he celebrated his coronation there. An inscription of the king from Tirumanikuli hails this event and states that king celebratedhis coronation so as to add lustre to the city of Tillai (Chidambaram).He also financed an elaborate renovation of the temple as described in the poem Kulothunga Cholan Ula. It is possible that this renovation work was acontinuation of work started by Vikrama Chola. Kulottunga II is credited with gilding the Perambalam of the Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram with gold. He is also said to have constructed its gopurams and the ThousandPillared Hall.LiteratureKulottunga Chola II's reign was marked by literary activity as evidenced by the works of Sekkizhar and Ottakoothar. Sekkizhar composed the Periyapuranam, a religious treatise on Shaivism duringhis reign. The Kulottunga Cholan Ula and the Kulottunga Cholan Pillai Tamil, a work dealing with the king's childhood were authored by Ottakoothar in honor of the king.Persecution of VaishnavasSome scholars identifyKulothunga II with Krimikanta Chola or worm-necked Chola so called as he is said to have suffered from cancer of the throat or neck. The latter finds mention in the Vaishnava Guruparampara and is said to have been astrong opponent of the Vaishnavas. The work Parpannamritam (17th century) refers to the Chola king called Krimikanta who is said to have removed the Govindaraja idol from the Chidambaram Nataraja temple. TheKulothunga Cholan Ula states that during the reign of Kulottunga II, God Vishnu was sent back to his original abode, that is the sea. However, according to \"Koil Olugu\" (temple records) of the Srirangam temple,Kulottunga Chola was the son of Krimikanta Chola. The former, unlike his father, is said to have been a repentant son who supported Vaishnavism. Ramanuja is said to have made Kulottunga II as a disciple of hisnephew, Dasarathi. The king then granted the management of the Ranganathaswamy temple to Dasarathi and his descendants as per the wish of Ramanuja.InscriptionsThe Tyagarajaswami temple in Tiruvarur containsan inscription of the king in which he styles himself as Anapaaya and a bee at the lotus feet of Natesa at Chidambaram. As per the Muchukundasahasranamam, Anapaaya Mahipaala is another name of the deity"}
{"doc_id":"doc_9","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance ofDeath, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindbergplay), a 1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyTheDance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance ofDeath (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror filmstarring Boris KarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 albumby Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance ofthe Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz(disambiguation)Passage 2:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporaryDeir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the villagenecropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servantin the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 3:Kristján EldjárnKristján Eldjárn (Icelandic:[\u0000k\u0000r\u0000stjaun \u0000\u0000ltjaurtn\u0000]; 6 December 1916 – 14 September 1982) was the third president of Iceland, from 1968 to 1980.BiographyKristján was born in Tjörn, Svarfaðardal, Iceland. His parents were Þórarinn Kr.Eldjárn, a teacher in Tjörn, and Sigrún Sigurhjartardóttir. He graduated in archaeology from the University of Copenhagen and taught at the University of Iceland. In 1957 he was awarded a doctorate for his researchinto pagan burials in Iceland. He was a teacher at the Akureyri Grammar School and the College of Navigation in Reykjavík, becoming a curator at the National Museum of Iceland in 1945 and its Director in 1947, aposition he held until the 1968 presidential election.In 1966–68 he hosted a series of educational TV programs on the (then new) Icelandic National Television (RÚV), in which he showed the audience some of theNational Museum's artefacts and explained their historical context. These programs became quite popular, making him a well known and respected popular figure. This no doubt gave him the incentive needed to run inthe 1968 presidential election as a politically non-affiliated candidate.Starting as the underdog in the 1968 presidential election, running against Ambassador Gunnar Thoroddsen who initially had a 70% lead in theopinion polls, Kristján won 65.6% of the vote on a 92.2% voter turnout. He was re-elected unopposed in 1972 and 1976. In 1980 he decided not to run for another term, wanting to devote his remaining years entirelyto continuing his lifelong academic work.President Kristján Eldjárn died following heart surgery in Cleveland, Ohio on 13 September 1982.His son Þórarinn Eldjárn is one of Iceland's most popular authors, specializing inshort stories, but also writing poetry and an occasional novel. His daughter Sigrún Eldjárn is also an author and illustrator of several children's books. Þórarinn's son, Ari Eldjárn, is Iceland's most prominent stand-upcomedian.Passage 4:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify aperson. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries forforeign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when thebirth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this alsomeans that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographicalcharacteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registeredplace of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assignedthe place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of theirSwiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), theplace of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on thenationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea,difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the planeor ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether theinformation requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA(American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 5:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSeealsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 6:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo diattinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three ofthese locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are asfollows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years livedin said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above arerequired, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves acriminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines themunicipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify whichmunicipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to betaken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even moremunicipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swisscitizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whoselast name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swissparent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identitycard, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead toadministrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have aplace of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a largerset of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place ofresidence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes toabolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of theplace of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported totheir place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed torenounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 7:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherlandis the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat),also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film andtelevisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about theSecond Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name ofseveral political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 8:Valley of DeathValley ofDeath may refer to:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battleof BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum RunValley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valleyof Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in RussiaThe Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nickname forthe highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film\"Valley of Death\", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Timedebut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the earlystages of a start-up company; see Venture capital\"The Valley of Death\", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pages with titles containing Valley ofDeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)Passage 9:Halldóra EldjárnHalldóra Eldjárn (24 November 1923 – 21 December 2008) was the wife of Icelandic President KristjánEldjárn and First Lady of Iceland from 1968 to 1980.Halldóra Ingólfsdóttir was born and raised in Ísafjörður. Her parents were Ingólfur Árnason, a businessman, and his wife Ólöf Sigríður Jónasdóttir; she was the eldestof four children. She graduated from the Commercial College of Iceland in 1942 and worked in an office in Reykjavík until her marriage to archaeologist and museum director Kristján Eldjárn in 1947. They lived inReykjavík and had four children. He retired in 1980 after three terms as President; after his death in 1982, Halldóra worked for the University of Iceland dictionary for a number of years.Passage 10:Where Was I\"WhereWas I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with thepanelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and HisOrchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde EstuveYo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (BillyMaddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from TimeFlies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_10","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Stella's oorlogStella's oorlog (Dutch for Stella's war) is a 2009 Dutch drama film directed by Diederik van Rooijen.CastPassage 2:Don Juan in a Girls' SchoolDon Juan in a Girls' School (German: Don Juan inder Mädchenschule) is a 1928 German silent comedy film directed by and starring Reinhold Schünzel. It is based on Hans Stürm's play The Unfaithful Eckehart.The film's art direction was by Gustav A. Knauer and WillySchiller.Two later film versions were The Unfaithful Eckehart (1931) and The Unfaithful Eckehart (1940).CastIn alphabetical orderErnst Behmer as Studienrat MeiselAdolphe Engers as Fritz StürmerCarl Geppert asStudienrat SchädenElse Groß as Mädchen für alles bei Susanne BachMax Gülstorff as Oberstudienrat Arminius NiedlichJulius E. Herrmann as Sala ManderCarola HöhnValerie Jones as EvaMaria Kamradek as SusanneBachLydia Potechina as Frau TiedemannF. W. Schröder-SchromReinhold Schünzel as Dr. Eckehart BleibtreuLotte Stein as Perle im Hause BleibtreuJakob Tiedtke as Herr TiedemannRolf von Goth as Prinz OsramHilde vonStolz as TrudePassage 3:The Unfaithful Eckehart (1931 film)The Unfaithful Eckehart (German: Der ungetreue Eckehart) is a 1931 German comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starring Ralph Arthur Roberts, FritzSchulz and Paul Hörbiger. The film is based on the play of the same title by Hans Stürm. It was remade in 1940. A silent film was made by Reinhold Schünzel in 1928 under the title Don Juan in a Girls' School.SynopsisAman who is faithful to his wife is mistakenly blamed for the philandering antics of his brother-in-law.CastPassage 4:Diederik van RooijenDiederik van Rooijen (born 26 December 1975) is a Dutch television and filmdirector.CareerFilmVan Rooijen graduated in 2001 from the Netherlands Film Academy with his English-language film Chalk. Chalk was also one of the graduation films of cinematographer Lennert Hillege. Van Rooijenand Hillege worked together on many films in the years that followed, including Mass (2005), De bode (2005), Bollywood Hero (2009), Stella's oorlog (2009), Taped (2012) and Daylight (Daglicht) (2013).In 2002, hedirected the film A Funeral for Mr. Smithee which follows an unnamed girl (Priscilla Knetemann) burying a dead bird. His short film Babyphoned won the NPS Award for Best Short Film at the 2002 Netherlands FilmFestival.Van Rooijen made his feature film debut with his 2003 film Zulaika. The film is the first Antillean youth film spoken entirely in Papiamento.Van Rooijen won the UNESCO Award Prix Jeunesse for his film Genji(2006).His 2007 film Een trui voor kip Saar was made during the 2007 Netherlands Film Festival on request of the guest of honor Burny Bos who asked to adapt his 1986 children's book of the same name.Van Rooijenmoved to Los Angeles late 2014 to work on projects in the United States. Van Rooijen made his debut in Hollywood with the 2018 horror film The Possession of Hannah Grace.In 2019, the film Penoza: The Final Chapterconcluded the story of the television series Penoza that he also directed. The film became the best visited Dutch film of 2019.TelevisionHe directed the Dutch television series Penoza as well as episodes of the televisionseries Meiden van de Wit, Parels & zwijnen, Keyzer & De Boer Advocaten and Spoorloos verdwenen. The television series Penoza was adapted into the 2013 American drama series Red Widow by Melissa Rosenberg.Penoza was also adapted into the 2015 Swedish television series Gåsmamman.Van Rooijen also directed many commercials for the Dutch supermarket chain Albert Heijn featuring Harry Piekema playing the role of asupermarket manager. Van Rooijen also made commercials for other companies and brands, such as McDonald's, KPN, Ziggo and Unox. He won a Bronze Lion award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006 for hisVolkswagen GTI commercial.In 2019, Van Rooijen worked on the television series Heirs of the Night based on the German book series Die Erben der Nacht written by Ulrike Schweikert. The first episode aired in October2019 and a second season aired in 2020.He also directed the 2023 crime television series Anoniem.FilmographyFilm2001: Chalk2002: A Funeral for Mr. Smithee2002: Babyphoned2003: Zulaika2005: Mass2005: Debode2006: Dummy2006: Genji2007: Een trui voor kip Saar2007: Het boze oog2009: Bollywood Hero2009: Stella's oorlog2012: Taped2013: Daylight (Daglicht)2018: The Possession of Hannah Grace2019: Penoza: TheFinal ChapterTelevision2003 – 2005: Meiden van de Wit2005 – 2008: Parels & zwijnen2005: Keyzer & De Boer Advocaten2006: Spoorloos verdwenen2008: Deadline2010 – 2015: Penoza2019 – 2020: Heirs of theNight2023: AnoniemNotesPassage 5:Reinhold SchünzelReinhold Schünzel (7 November 1888 – 11 November 1954) was a German actor and director, active in both Germany and the United States. The son of a Germanfather and a Jewish mother, he was born in St. Pauli, the poorest part of Hamburg. Despite being of Jewish ancestry, Schünzel was allowed by the Nazis to continue making films for several years until he eventually leftin 1937 to live abroad.Life in GermanyReinhold Schünzel (or Schuenzel) started his career as an actor in 1915 with a role in the film Werner Krafft. He directed his first film in 1918's Mary Magdalene and in 1920directed The Girl from Acker Street and Catherine the Great. He was one of Germany's best-known silent film stars after World War I, a period during which films were significantly influenced by the consequences of thewar. Schünzel performed in both comedies and dramas, often appearing as a villain or a powerful and corrupt man.He was influenced by filmmakers such as his mentor Richard Oswald and Ernst Lubitsch, for whom heworked as an actor in the film Madame Du Barry in 1919.Schünzel's work was very popular in Germany and the Nazi regime gave him the title of Ehrenarier or Honorary Aryan, allowing him to continue to direct and actdespite his Jewish heritage (his mother was Jewish). He found that the government, first under Kaiser Wilhelm II and later under Adolf Hitler, interfered with his film projects, compelling him to leave in 1937. Schuenzeldescribed both the Kaiser and Hitler \"persons of recognized authority and the worst possible dramatic taste.\"Moving to the United States, he worked in Hollywood, playing Nazis and scientists. One of many exampleswas the film The Hitler Gang (1944), directed by John Farrow. Made in the style of a gangster film, it depicts the rise of Hitler from a small political adventurer to the dictator of Germany. Reinhold Schünzel played therole of General Erich Ludendorff.FamilySchünzel had a daughter Marianne Stewart, who was born in Berlin, Germany and followed her father by becoming an actress. She appeared in Broadway plays and was known forThe Facts of Life (1960), Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), and Time Table (1956).Schünzel in the United StatesSchünzel came to the United States in 1937, and began his American career in Hollywood atMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Among the films he directed were Rich Man, Poor Girl (1938), Ice Follies (1939), Balalaika (1939), and New Wine (1941). He also acted in films like The Hitler Gang (1944), Dragonwyck (1946),and The Vicious Circle (1948), among others. His most memorable performance was as Dr. Anderson, a Nazi conspirator, in the film Notorious released in 1946. Schünzel went to New York in 1945 to make a debut onBroadway. He acted in Temper the Wind in 1946 and Montserrat in 1949.Among the prizes he received was the Federal West German Film prize for the best supporting role in the movie My Father's Horses.He became aU.S citizen in 1943 and he returned to Germany in 1949. Schünzel died of a heart attack in Munich, Germany. Before returning to Germany, he starred in the 1949 Clifford Odets Broadway play The BigKnife.FilmographyGerman filmsAmerican filmsRich Man, Poor Girl (1938, director)The Ice Follies of 1939 (1939, director)Balalaika (1939, director)The Great Awakening (1941, director)Hangmen Also Die! (1943) asGestapo Insp. RitterFirst Comes Courage (1943) as Col. Kurt von ElserHostages (1943) as Kurt DaluegeThe Hitler Gang (1944) as Gen. LudendorffThe Man in Half Moon Street (1945) as Dr. Kurt vanBrueckenDragonwyck (1946) as Count De Grenier (uncredited)Notorious (1946) as Dr. AndersonPlainsman and the Lady (1946) as Michael H. ArnesenGolden Earrings (1947) as Prof. Otto KrosigkBerlin Express (1948)as WaltherThe Vicious Circle (1948) as Baron AradyWashington Story (1952) as Peter KralikWest German filmsThe Dubarry (1951, director)Meines Vaters Pferde I. Teil Lena und Nicoline (1954) as KonsulRittinghausMeines Vaters Pferde, 2. Teil: Seine dritte Frau (1954) as Konsul RittinghausA Love Story (1954) as Schlumberger, Schauspieldirektor (final film role)Passage 6:Don Juan (1969 film)Don Juan (Czech: DonŠajn) is a 1969 Czechoslovak short film by Jan Švankmajer, based on traditional Czech puppet plays of the Don Juan legend.PlotWithin an old dilapidated and seemingly automated theater, human-sized marionettesperform a production of the Don Juan legend without the aid of puppeteers or an audience.In the play, Don Juan's fiancée Maria is secretly seeing his brother Don Phillipe. Unbeknownst to the two lovers, Don Juan iswatching them from one of the balconies. Horrified by the thought of Maria leaving him for Philippe, he calls upon his Jester servant for help. So that he can pay for a wedding, Juan sends the Fool into town to ask formoney from the Mayor (Juan and Phillipe's father), under the false pretense that Juan needs the money to pay off medical bills. When Juan's father learns about his son's true intentions, he gives the Jester two coins sohe and Juan can buy some rope to hang themselves with. Outraged by this, Don Juan murders his own father backstage and heads over to the garden where Maria and Philippe were planning to meet.Maria arrivesshortly after, but is shocked to discover Don Juan there instead of her true love — Philippe. Demanding that she return his feelings or face the consequences, he chases after Maria but is stopped by her father, DonVespis, who now realizes Juan is unfit to marry his daughter and threatens to have him arrested. Don Juan dispatches of Maria's father by cutting his face off, and as he lay dying, he swears his ghost will haunt DonJuan to exact his revenge.Philippe soon discovers Maria mourning her dead father, and swears to avenge them both. He eventually finds Don Juan and the two engage in a duel which ends with Philippe's gory demise.The Jester then arrives to tell Juan that there is a spectral man who wants to speak with him in the cemetery. The man turns out to be the spirit of Maria's dead father, who warns Don Juan that his soul will be draggedto Hell at midnight.As in the traditional Czech puppet plays, Juan urges children not to commit evil deeds like him.Juan's physical body keels over dead into an open grave, while his spirit is lowered into a trapdoor.Instead of being dragged into Hell as the legend suggests, the lifeless puppet merely falls into a compartment beneath the stage. Upon discovering an inanimate Don Juan, The Jester asks how he is going to get paidwith his master dead.Passage 7:Don Juan in Hell (film)Don Juan in Hell (Spanish: Don Juan en los infiernos) is a 1991 Spanish drama film directed by Gonzalo Suárez. It was entered into the 17th Moscow InternationalFilm Festival.CastFernando Guillén as Don JuanMario Pardo as EsganarelCharo López as Doña ElviraHéctor Alterio as Padre de Don JuanAna Álvarez as Chiquilla IndiaManuel de Blas as BuhoneroIñaki Aierra as Rey FelipeII (as Ignacio Aierra)Olegar Fedoro as Marido Luis de MoorYelena Samarina as Dama ErmitaAyanta Barilli as DamaAlicia Sánchez as ProstitutaPassage 8:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop ofCanterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera inNovember 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he madethe highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went onto win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote thebowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIIIagainst the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 9:Don Juan in SicilyDon Giovanni in Sicilia, internationally released as Don Juan in Sicily, is a 1967 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Alberto Lattuada. It isloosely based on the novel with the same title by Vitaliano Brancati.CastLando Buzzanca: Giovanni PercollaKatia Moguy: Ninetta MarconellaKatia Christine: FrançoiseEwa Aulin: WandaStefania Careddu: LandladyCarlettoSposito: ScannapiecoElio CrovettoPassage 10:Julie Dawall JakobsenJulie Dawall Jakobsen (born 25 March 1998) is a Danish badminton player. She won gold medals in the girls' doubles at the 2015 European JuniorChampionships and in the girls' singles event in 2017.AchievementsEuropean Junior ChampionshipsGirls' singlesGirls' doublesBWF International Challenge/Series (7 titles, 5 runners-up)Women's singlesWomen'sdoubles  BWF International Challenge tournament  BWF International Series tournament  BWF Future Series tournament"}
{"doc_id":"doc_11","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by The Decemberists and thelyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who isconfronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-side despite theartwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitallyadding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberistson his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, onThe Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy,as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel(the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters haveall burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the twolovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, beforethey gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds anote by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at thesame cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with afork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of thescreen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is alsosimilar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screenedDecemberists video footage.Passage 2:Mimi (song)\"Mimi\" is a popular song written by Richard Rodgers, with words by Lorenz Hart. It was featured in the movie Love Me Tonight (1932), in which it was first sung byMaurice Chevalier to Jeanette MacDonald, then later reprised by the entire company. Sergio Franchi performed this song January 2, 1964 on the ABC Television special, Victor Borge At Carnegie Hall. Sergio Franchi alsorecorded \"Mimi\" on his 1963 RCA Victor Red Seal album. Women In My Life.Passage 3:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist ofThe Presidents of the United States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for EarlyParent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to considermaking music that \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own. The first album,Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began to perform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedyimprovisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were theCaspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo. The reasons for the changewere to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballew has made two albums of Beatlescovers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, andmasters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants has released a total of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1,2020. His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album. All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUN FAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are twovinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah ThomasMore Please!(Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests:Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby!(Released 09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles!(Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released2010) – Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up, Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep HopingMachine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey LoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog KidPassage 4:Dáithí SprouleDáithí Sproule (born 23 May 1950) is a guitarist and singer oftraditional Irish music. He is the grandson of Frank Carney and uncle of singer Claire Sproule.BiographyBorn and raised in Derry, Northern Ireland, at the age of 18 he moved to Dublin in Ireland, where he attendeduniversity. Growing up, he listened to Bob Dylan, Bert Jansch, the Beatles, British folk songs and traditional Irish music. It was in Dublin that he entered the music scene which was prominent in Ireland at the time. As ateenager he had met the Ó Domhnaill family during trips to the Gaeltacht area of Rann na Feirste in Co. Donegal, and while in Dublin they formed a band, Skara Brae who would go on to have a great effect on Irishtraditional music.Dáithí is well known as a guitarist and was one of the first guitarists to use the DADGAD guitar tuning for Irish music after the originator Davy Graham. In 1992 he joined Irish supergroup Altan withwhom he sings and plays guitar. Of his use of DADGAD tuning, Sproule says, it \"just seemed to instantly gel with Irish music. The nature of the tuning meant that you didn't really produce anything that was terribly,drastically, offensively wrong to people. I was always a singer, but when I started playing with instrumentalists in sessions and pubs, I was able to develop a style by just playing along with them quietly and tactfully.\"He was deemed \"a seminal figure in Irish music\" by The Rough Guide to Irish Music.Sproule is also a member of various other bands and has recorded further solo albums; he also teaches DADGAD guitar and traditionalsongs at the Center for Irish Music in St. Paul, Minnesota.DiscographySolo albumsThe Crow in the Sun (2007)Lost River, Vol. 1 (New Folk, 2011)A Heart Made of Glass (1995)with AltanOther bandsBright and Early (withPaddy O'Brien and Nathan Gourley - 2015 - New Folk Records)From Uig to Duluth (with Laura MacKenzie and Andrea Stern - 2014)The Pinery (with Laura MacKenzie – 2009 – New Folk Records)Seanchairde (with TaraBingham and Dermy Diamond – 2008 – New Folk Records)Fingal (with Randal Bays and James Keane – 2008 – New Folk Records)Snug in the Blanket (with Jamie Gans and Paddy O'Brien – 2004)Overland (with RandalBays – 2004)Trian II (with Liz Carroll and Billy McComiskey – 1995)A Thousand Farewells (with Martin and Christine Dowling – 1995)Trian (with Liz Carroll and Billy McComiskey – 1992)Stranger at the Gate (with PaddyO'Brien – 1988)The Iron Man (with Tommy Peoples – 1984)Carousel (with Seamus and Manus McGuire – 1984)Spring in the Air (with James Kelly and Paddy O'Brien – 1981)Is it Yourself?  (with James Kelly and PaddyO'Brien – 1979)Skara Brae (Skara Brae – 1971)Guest appearancesFour & Eight String Favorites (Bone Tone Records) 2021 - Eric Mohring & FriendsMerrijig Creek - Fintan VallelySpinning Yarns (Two Tap Records) 2015- Norah RendellHeigh Ho, The Green Holly (New Folk Records) 2015 - Laura MacKenzieMinnesota Lumberjack Songs (Two Tap Records) 2011 - Brian MillerSide by Side (Dawros Music) 2010 - Liz and Yvonne Kane40Acre Notch (New Folk Records) 2008 – the HiBsThe Essential Chieftains (RCA) 2006 – The ChieftainsBlue Waltz 2004 – Julee GlaubEvidence (New Folk Records) 2003 – Laura MacKenzieOver the Water (HeartProductions) 2002 – Ross SutterLittle Sparrow (Sugarhill) 2001 – Dolly PartonLost in the Loop (Green Linnet) 2001 – Liz CarrollShine (Swallowtail) 2001 – Katie McMahonPersevere 2000 – The ProclaimersWater fromthe Well (RCA) 2000 – The ChieftainsTis the Season (Compass) 1997  – Laura MacKenzieIrish Women Musicians of America (Shanachie) 1995 – Cherish the LadiesHeartsongs (Sony) 1994 – Dolly PartonMamma, Willyou Buy Me a Banana? (Heart Productions) 1991 – Ross SutterBlue Mesa (Red House) 1989 – Peter OstroushkoLiz Carroll (Green Linnet) 1988 – with Liz CarrollSean O'Driscoll (Shanachie/Meadowlark) 1987 – SeanO'DriscollCapel Street (Capelhouse) 1986 – James KellyThe Streets of My Old Neighborhood (Rounder) 1983 – Peter OstroushkoSluz Duz Music (Rounder) 1982 – Peter OstroushkoCompilationsA Harvest Home: Centerfor Irish Music Live Recordings, Vol. 5 2013Strings Across the North Shore 2009Young Irish Musicians Weekend Live!  2008 – with James Kelly and Paddy O'BrienNew Folk Records Sampler 2007 (New Folk Records)2007Masters of the Irish Guitar (Shanachie) 2006The Independence Suite (Celtic Crossings) 2005 – with Randal BaysSimply Folk Sampler 3 (Wisconsin Public Radio) 2005Festival International des Arts Traditionnels deQuébec (Folklore) 2004 – with TrianThe Ice Palace – Irish Originals from Minnesota (IMDA) 2001The Last Bar – Irish Music from Minnesota (IMDA) 2000Alternate Tunings Guitar Collection (String Letter) 2000 – withTrianAs They Pass Through (Kieran's) 2000Best of Thistle and Shamrock, Vol. 1 (Hearts of Space) 1999 – with AltanCeltic Colours International Festival – the Second Wave (Stephen McDonald) 1999 – with AltanAWinter's Tale (Universal) 1998 – with AltanGaelic Roots (Kells) 1997 – with James Kelly, Paddy O'Brien and Gerry O'ConnorCeltic Music from Mountain Stage (Blue Plate) 1997 – with AltanHunger No More (Éire Arts)1997Passage 5:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine),is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" whichwas one of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 6:Astrid NorthAstrid North (Astrid Karina North Radmann; 24 August 1973, West Berlin – 25 June 2019, Berlin) was a German soulsinger and songwriter. She was the singer of the German band Cultured Pearls, with whom she released five Albums. As guest singer of the band Soulounge she published three albums.CareerNorth had her firstexperiences as a singer with her student band Colorful Dimension in Berlin. In March 1992 she met B. La (Bela Braukmann) and Tex Super (Peter Hinderthür) who then studied at the Hochschule für Musik und TheaterHamburg and who were looking for a singer for their band Cultured Pearls. The trio entered the German charts with four singles and four albums.In 1994 North sang for the dance-pop band Big Light on their hit singleTrouble Is. In 1996 she was a guest on the side project Little Red Riding Hood by Fury in the Slaughterhouse brothers Kai and Thorsten Wingenfelder which resulted in the release of the single Life's Too Short from theeponymous album.The song Sleepy Eyes, texted and sung by North, appears in the soundtrack of the movie Tor zum Himmel (2003) by director Veit Helmer. In 2003 she appeared at the festival Das Fest in Karlsruheand sang alongside her own songs a cover version of the Aerosmith hit Walk This Way together with the German singer Sasha. North also toured with the American singer Gabriel Gordon.After the end of her bandCultured Pearls in 2003 North moved 2004 to New York City to write new songs, work with a number of different musicians and to experiment with her music.In 2005 she joined the charity project Home, whichproduced an album for the benefit of the orphans from the Beluga School for Life in Thailand which have been affected by the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 and the subsequent tsunami. Beside the orphansthemselves also the following artists have been involved, guitarist Henning Rümenapp (Guano Apes), Kai Wingenfelder (Fury in the Slaughterhouse), Maya Saban and others. With Bobby Hebb Astrid North recorded anew version of his classic hit Sunny. It was the first time Hebb sung this song as duett and it appeared on his last album That's All I Wanna Know.North sang in 2006 My Ride, Spring Is Near and No One Can Tell on thealbum The Ride by Basic Jazz Lounge, a project by jazz trumpeter Joo Kraus. In addition, she worked as a workshop lecturer of the Popkurs at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.In spring 2010 Northperformed as the opening act of the Fakebling-Tour of Miss Platnum. The magazine Der Spiegel described her as one of the \"leading ladies of the local soul scene\". On 20 July 2012 her solo debut album North wasreleased.On 16 September 2016 Astrid North released her second solo album, Precious Ruby, dedicated to her grandmother Precious Ruby North. North used crowdfunding to finance the album. The first single publishedfrom this album was the song Miss Lucy. In 2016 she also started her concert series North-Lichter in Berlin's Bar jeder Vernunft to which she invited singers such as Katharina Franck, Elke Brauweiler, Lizzy Scharnofske,Mia Diekow, Lisa Bassenge or Iris Romen.LifeAstrid North was born in West Berlin, West Germany to Sondria North and Wolf-Dieter Radmann. She commuted between her birth city and her family in Houston, Texasuntil she was nine years old. In the USA she lived mainly with her grandparents and her time there significantly shaped her musical development.Besides her music career Astrid North worked also as lecturer inHamburg at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater and as yoga teacher. North was the mother of two children, her daughter was born in 2001 and her son in 2006. Her sister Ondria North works as make-up artist andhair stylist in the German film industry.She died in June 2019 at the age of 45 years from pancreatic cancer.Discographywith Cultured PearlsAlbums1996: Sing Dela Sing (German chart position 92, 3 weeks)1997:Space Age Honeymoon (German chart position 54, 6 weeks)1999: Liquefied Days (German chart position 19, 9 weeks)2002: Life on a Tuesday (German chart position 74, 1 week)Singles1996: Tic Toc (1996) (Germanchart position 65, 10 weeks)1997: Sugar Sugar Honey (German chart position 72, 9 weeks)1998: Silverball (German chart position 99, 2 weeks)1999: Kissing the Sheets (German chart position 87, 9 weeks)withSoulounge2003: The Essence of the Live Event – Volume One2004: Home2006: Say It AllSolo2005: Sunny (Single, Bobby Hebb feat. Astrid North)2012: North (Album, 20. Juli 2012)2013: North Live (Album, liverecordings from different venues in Germany)2016: Sunny (Compilation, Bobby Hebb feat. Astrid North)2016: Precious Ruby (Album, 16. September 2016)as guest singer1994: Trouble Is – Big Light (Single)1996:Life's Too Short – Little Red Riding Hood (Single)2006: Basic Jazz Lounge: The Ride – Joo Kraus (Album)Passage 7:Panda (Astro song)Astro is the first album of long duration (after the EP Le disc of Astrou) of Chileanindie band Astro, released in 2011. The first single from the album was \"Ciervos\" and followed \"Colombo\", \"Panda\" and \"Manglares\".This album was chosen by National Public Radio among the 50 discs of 2012.TracklistingAll tracks written by Andrés Nusser, except where noted.Ciervos (Deer)Coco (Coconut)ColomboDruida de las nubes (Druid of the clouds)PandaMiu-MiuManglares (Mangroves)Mira, está nevando en las pirámides(Look, it's snowing in the pyramids)Volteretas (Tumbles)PepaNueces de Bangladesh (Nuts of Bangladesh)Miu-Miu reaparece (Miu-Miu reappears)PersonnelAstroAndrés Nusser – vocals, guitarOctavio Caviares –drumsLego Moustache – keyboards, percussionZeta Moustache – keyboards, bassProductionAndrés Nusser – producer, recording and mixingChalo González – mixing and masteringCristóbal Carvajal – recordingIgnacioSoto – recordingPassage 8:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D.,and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist RogerMiret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 9:MauriceChevalierMaurice Auguste Chevalier (French: [mo\u0000is \u0000\u0000valje]; 12 September 1888 – 1 January 1972) was a French singer, actor and entertainer. He is perhaps best known for his signature songs, including \"Livin' InThe Sunlight\", \"Valentine\", \"Louise\", \"Mimi\", and \"Thank Heaven for Little Girls\" and for his films, including The Love Parade, The Big Pond, The Smiling Lieutenant, One Hour with You and Love Me Tonight. His"}
{"doc_id":"doc_12","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.   The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 2:Trịnh CươngTrịnh Cương (Hán tự: \u0000\u0000; 9 July 1686 – 20 December 1729) was the lord who ruled Tonkin from 1709 to 1729 (his title as ruler was An Đô Vương). Trịnh Cương was born to Trịnh Bính, a grandson of the former lord Trịnh Căn. He belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who had ruled parts of Vietnam since 1545. Like his great-grandfather and predecessor, Trịnh Căn, his reign was mostly devoted to administrative reforms.BiographyTrịnh Cương ruled Việt Nam during a time of external peace but growing internal strife. He enacted many governmental reforms in both financial matters and judicial rules. His main concern was the growing problem of landless peasants. Unlike the Nguyễn lords who were constantly expanding their territory south, the Trịnh lords had little room for expansion. Hence, the land supply was essentially fixed but the population kept growing.Trịnh Cương tried various legislative means to solve the problem. He tried to limit private land holdings. He tried to redistribute the communal fields of the small villages. Nothing really worked and the problem became very serious over the succeeding decades. According to historian R. H. Bruce Lockhart, the governmental reforms enacted by Trịnh Cương and his great-grandfather, Trịnh Căn, made the government more effective but, they also made the government more of a burden to the people. This had the effect of increasing the hatred felt by the people towards the Trịnh rulers in Hanoi.Trịnh Cương passed an edict forbidding people to practice Christianity in 1712. Like previous efforts to suppress Christianity, this had little real effect in Vietnam. However, he tried to offer the people an alternative, and he had many Buddhist pagodas constructed during his rule.As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, the emperor, Lê Dụ Tông, ruled throughout Trịnh Cương's lifetime. The two men died within a few months of each other in 1729.SourcesEncyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4. 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)See alsoTrịnh lordsLê dynastyPassage 3:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 4:Nguyễn Thị Ngọc DiễmNguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm (Hán tự: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1721–1784), posthumous name Từ Trạch (\u0000\u0000), was a consort of lord Trịnh Doanh.BiographyLady Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm was born in 1721 at Linh Đường village, Linh Đàm commune, Thanh Trì district, Southern of Phụng Thiên prefect. She was commended to Trịnh clan's palace by her father who was Duke Nguyễn Văn Luân (\u0000 \u0000\u0000, 1686–1739). She became a concubine of prince Trịnh Doanh and was granted the title Hoa Dung (\u0000\u0000).Passage 5:Zhao ShoushanZhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician. He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji.CareerZhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi.External links(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006.Passage 6:Trịnh DoanhTrịnh Doanh (4 December 1720 – 15 February 1767) ruled northern Vietnam (Tonkin) from 1740 to 1767 (he ruled with the title Minh Đô Vương). Trịnh Doanh was the third son of Trịnh Cương, and belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who ruled northern Vietnam. His rule was spent putting down rebellions against Trịnh rule.Trịnh Doanh took over from his brother, Trịnh Giang, who, through financial mismanagement and bad behavior, provoked a wave of revolts against his rule. This was a time of increasing peasant revolts in both the north and the south under the Nguyễn lords. In the north, some of the revolts were apparently led by members of the royal Lê family. The rebellions which broke out in Tonkin during this period, were almost without number. Princes belonging to the royal family, generals, civil mandarins, common people, and out-casts from the hills, all rose in the provinces against the tyranny of the Trịnh, as well as for their personal interests. Chapter 16 (continued) Despite the many revolts, Trịnh Doanh defeated them all and passed the rule of Vietnam to his son, Trịnh Sâm.As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, there was just one emperor, Lê Hien Tông (1740–1786), who occupied the royal throne in Hanoi.See alsoLê dynastySourcesEncyclopedia of Asian History, Volumes 4. 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)Passage 7:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 8:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \" Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \" Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 9:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 10:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in "}
{"doc_id":"doc_13","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La PuntaLa Punta, Spanish for \"the point\" or the promontory and may refer to:La Punta, San Luis, ArgentinaLa Punta District, PeruSan Giovanni la Punta, ItalySan Salvador de la Punta Fortress, CubaSeealsoPunta (disambiguation)Passage 2:Turning PointA turning point, or climax, is the point of highest tension in a narrative work.Turning Point or Turning Points may refer to:FilmThe Turning Point, a 1914 silent filmstarring Caroline CookeThe Turning Point (1920 film), an American film starring Katherine MacDonaldThe Turning Point (1945 film), a Soviet film by Fridrikh Markovitch ErmlerThe Turning Point (1952 film), a crimedrama starring Edmond O'BrienTurning Point (1960 film), an Australian TV playThe Turning Point (1977 film), a drama starring Shirley MacLaine and Anne BancroftThe Turning Point (1978 film), a Soviet drama filmdirected by Vadim AbdrashitovThe Turning Point (1983 film), an East German film by Frank BeyerTurning Point (2009 Hong Kong film), a spin-off to the 2009 Hong Kong television drama series E.U.Turning Point (2009American film), a documentary film on the travels of Michelle YeohTurning Point (2012 film), a 2012 drama film by Niyi TowolawiThe Turning Point (2022 film), an Italian filmLiteratureThe Turning Point (book), a 1982nonfiction book by Fritjof CapraBatman: Turning Points, a 5-issue limited series of comicsThe Turning Point, a 1942 autobiography by Klaus MannThe Turning Point, a 1988 short story by Isaac AsimovMusicTurning Point(American band), an American straight-edge hardcore bandTurning Point (UK band), a late 1970s UK fusion bandAlbumsTurning Point (Benny Golson album) (1962)Turning Point (Mario album) (2004)The Turning Point(John Mayall album) (1969)The Turning Point (McCoy Tyner album) (1992)Turning Point (Lonnie Smith album) (1969)Turning Point (Pink Lady album) (1980)Turning Point (Chuck Wicks album) (2016)Turning Point(Paul Bley album)Turning Point, a 1995 album by Rory BlockTurning Point (Dr SID album) (2010)Songs\"Turning Point\" (Tyrone Davis song) (1976)\"Turning Point\", a song by Buckwheat Zydeco\"Turning Point\", a 2013song by Killswitch Engage from Disarm the Descent\"Turning Point\", a song by Mighty Joe Young\"Turning Point\", a 1967 song by Nina Simone from Silk & Soul\"The Turning Point\", a song by Toto fromTambuOrganizationsTurning Point (institute), a training and counseling institute in IrelandTurning Point (charity), a social care organisation in the United KingdomTurning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, in Melbourne,AustraliaTurning Point USA, an American conservative, right-wing organizationTurning Point UK, an off-shoot of Turning Point USATelevisionTurning Point (ministry), carried on TBN, broadcast from San Diego County,United StatesTurning Point, an American dramatic anthology series broadcast on NBC from April to October 1958 consisting of two unsold pilots and reruns from other seriesTurning Point (1991 TV series), an Indianscience magazine TV seriesTurning Point (TV program) (1994–1999), an American news programTurning Points of History, a History Television seriesImpact Wrestling Turning Point, a professional wrestlingpay-per-view event and episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (2004 wrestling), the first event in the seriesTurning Point (2005 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2006 wrestling),a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2007 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2008 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2009wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2010 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2011 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurningPoint (2012 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2013 wrestling), a professional wrestling episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (January 2015 wrestling), a professional wrestlingpay-per-view event as part of the One Night Only seriesTurning Point (August 2015 wrestling), a professional wrestling episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (2016 wrestling), a professional wrestling episode ofImpact WrestlingTurning Point (2019 wrestling), a professional wrestling exclusive event on Impact Plus\"Turning Point\" (Amphibia), an episode of Amphibia\"Turning Point\" (Planetes episode)\"Turning Point\"(Spider-Man), an episode of the 1994 animated series\"The Turning Point\" (The Vampire Diaries), a 2009 episode of The Vampire DiariesOther usesTurning Point: Fall of Liberty, a 2008 first-person shooter videogameTurning point, in mathematics: a stationary point at which the derivative changes signSee alsoCursus (classical)Turning (disambiguation)Passage 3:Edoardo MulargiaEdoardo Mulargia (10 December 1925 – 7September 2005) was an Italian director and screenwriter.Life and careerBorn in Torpè, Nuoro, Mulargia graduated in Law, first working as a journalist, then directing numerous scientific and industrial short films. Afterbeing assistant of Pietro Germi and Luciano Emmer, in 1963  he made his feature film debut  with Le due leggi. As a film director Mulargia specialized in the spaghetti western genre, in which he was usually creditedas  Tony Moore and Edward G. Muller. In the 1980s he abandoned cinema to work for RAI television.Selected filmographyThe Invincible Brothers Maciste (screenwriter, 1964)Three Swords for Rome (screenwriter,1964)Night of Violence (screenwriter, 1965)Perché uccidi ancora (director and screenwriter, 1965)Cjamango (director, 1967)The Reward's Yours... The Man's Mine (director and screenwriter, 1969)Shango (director andscreenwriter, 1970)W Django! (director, 1971)La figliastra (director, 1976)Orinoco: Prigioniere del sesso (director, 1979) – American re-edited version: Savage Island (1985, with Linda Blair)Escape from Hell (director,1980)Passage 4:Julie HollandJulie Holland (born December 13, 1965) is an American psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, and author.  She is the author of five books, including  Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on theNight Shift at the Psych ER, a memoir documenting her experience as the weekend head of the psychiatric emergency room at Bellevue Hospital in New York City An advocate for the appropriate use of consciousnessexpanding substances as part of mental health treatment, she is a medical monitor for MAPS studies, which involve, in part, developing psychedelics into prescription medication.Personal backgroundJulie Holland wasborn on December 13, 1965, in New York City. She grew up in Framingham, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston.She attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she majored in the Biological Basis of Behavior, aseries of courses combining the study of psychology and neural sciences, with a concentration on psychopharmacology.  She received her medical degree from Temple University; during her residency, at Mount SinaiHospital in New York, she served as Chief Resident of the Schizophrenia Research Ward.  A principal investigator in a research study examining a new medication for schizophrenia, Holland earned a National Institute ofHealth Outstanding Resident Award in 1994.While in college, Holland wrote an extensive research paper on MDMA; it became the foundation for her 2001 book Ecstasy: The Complete Guide.ProfessionalbackgroundFrom 1995 through 2004, Holland was an attending psychiatrist in the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program at Bellevue Hospital in New York.   Her national bestseller, Weekends at Bellevue: NineYears on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, was published in 2009. In describing the book, The New York Times wrote: \"Dr. Holland brings readers into the psychiatric emergency room, where she was in charge onweekends for nine years. She explains the language, characters, policies and politics of the highly charged environment of caring for those in crisis. At the same, she walks readers through her mind and its substantialstruggles. The book is as much a story about her own internal dramas as it is about mental health care in New York City.\" Weekends at Bellevue was optioned by Fox for a television pilot in 2011; the pilot was notpicked up. In November 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that HBO was developing a comedy based on Holland's book Moody Bitches: The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the Sex You're Not Having, TheSleep You're Missing and What's Really Making You Crazy.From 1995 through 2012, Holland was an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine.Now a medical advisor toMAPS, Holland was the medical monitor for several therapeutic studies of MDMA assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In addition to serving as a forensic consultant for drug-relatedcases, Holland is a frequent lecturer, and has appeared as a drug and behavior expert on CNN, National Geographic Channel, Fox, VH1, MTV and Good Morning America. She has appeared on The Today Show overtwenty-five times and is in private practice in New York.Honors and awards2011: Norman Zinberg Award for Medical ExcellenceNational Institute of Health Outstanding Resident AwardPublished worksBooksHolland, Julie(2001). Ecstasy: The Complete Guide: A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA, New York: Park Street Press, ISBN 0892818573Holland, Julie (2010). The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis,New York: Park Street Press, ISBN 1594773688Holland, Julie (2010). Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, New York: Bantam, ISBN 0553386522Holland, Julie (2015). MoodyBitches:  The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the Sleep You're Missing, the Sex You're Not Having, and What's Really Making You Crazy,  New York, Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-580-4Holland, Julie (2020).Good Chemistry: The Science of Connection, from Soul to Psychedelics , New York; Harper Wave, ISBN 978-0062862884PapersFeduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., & Holland, J. (2020). Discontinuation ofmedications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Psychopharmacology, 1–8.Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer, A. T., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wagner, M., Wymer,J., Holland, J. ... & Doblin, R. (2018). 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised,double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(6), 486–497.Feduccia, A. A., Mithoefer, M. C., Jerome, L., Holland, J., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018). Response to the consensus statementof the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group. Biological psychiatry, 84(2), e21-e22.Feduccia, A. A., Holland, J., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2018). Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program.Psychopharmacology, 1–11.Doblin, R., Greer, G., Holland, J., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., & Sessa, B. (2014). A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013)“Human psychobiology of MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’: anoverview of 25 years of empirical research”. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29(2), 105–108.Holland, J.A.; Nelson, L.W.; Ravikumar, P.R. (1998). \"Embalming Fluid-Soaked Drugs: New Drug orNew Guise for PHP?\". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 30 (2): 215–219. doi:10.1080/02791072.1998.10399693. PMID 9692385.Holland, Julie; and Kevin C. Riley. \"Characterizing Auditory Hallucinations: An Aid in theDifferential Diagnosis of Malingering\"Brašić JR, Holland JA. Reliable classification of case-control studies of autistic disorder and obstetric complications. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2006;18(4):355–381.</ref>Brašić JR, HollandJA. Reliable classification of case-control studies of autistic disorder and obstetric complications. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2006;18(4):355–381.</ref>Holland, Julie. \"Positron emission tomography findings in heavy users ofMDMA\"Holland, Julie. \"Hallucinogenic Drugs in Experimental Psychiatric Research\"Holland, Julie. \"Raves for Research or Psychedelic Researchers: The Next Generation\"See alsoPsychedelia – Film about the history ofpsychedelic drugsPassage 5:PointPoint or points may refer to:PlacesPoint, Lewis, a peninsula in the Outer Hebrides, ScotlandPoint, Texas, a city in Rains County, Texas, United StatesPoint, the NE tip and a ferryterminal of Lismore, Inner Hebrides, ScotlandPoints, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United StatesBusiness and financePoint (loyalty program), a type of virtual currency in common use amongmercantile loyalty programs, globallyPoint (mortgage), a percentage sometimes referred to as a form of pre-paid interest used to reduce interest rates in a mortgage loanBasis point, 1/100 of one percent, denoted bp,bps, and \u0000Percentage points, used to measure a change in percentage absolutelyPivot point (technical analysis), a price level of significance in analysis of a financial market that is used as a predictive indicator ofmarket movement\"Points\", the term for profit sharing in the American film industry, where creatives involved in making the film get a defined percentage of the net profits or even gross receiptsRoyalty points, a way ofsharing profit between companies and unit holdersVigorish point, the commission charged on a gambling bet or loanshark's loanMathematicsPoint (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or on a plane, but hasno extent; more generally, an element of some abstract topological spacePoint, or Element (category theory), generalizes the set-theoretic concept of an element of a set to an object of any categoryCritical point(mathematics), a stationary point of a function of an arbitrary number of variablesDecimal pointPoint-free geometryStationary point, a point in the domain of a single-valued function where the value of the functionceases to changeMeasurement unitsPoint (gemstone), 2 milligrams, or one hundredth of a caratPoint (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over timePoint, in hunting, thenumber of antler tips on the hunted animal (e.g. 9 point buck)Point, for describing paper-stock thickness, a synonym of mil and thou (one thousandth of an inch)Point, a hundredth of an inch or 0.254 mm, a unit ofmeasurement formerly used for rainfall in AustraliaParis point, 2/3 cm, used for shoe sizesPoints of the compass, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass, equal to one eighth of a right angle (11.25degrees)SportsPoint (American football)Point (basketball)Point (ice hockey)Point (pickleball)Point (tennis)Point, fielding (cricket)Point, in sports ScorePoint guard, in basketballPoints (association football)Points decision,in boxing and some other fighting sportsThe point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey playerTechnology and transportPoint, a data element in a SCADA system representing a single input or outputPoints, acontact breaker in an ignition systemPoints, a railroad switch (British English)Points, the clock position of an object seen from a moving vessel or aircraft on an imaginary horizontal clock with 12:00 at the front; e.g.,two points to starboard is 2:00Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind directionPoint system (driving), a system of demerits for driving offensesProjectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as aknife or projectile tipPublic Oregon Intercity Transit, styled POINT, a public transit systemArts, entertainment, and mediaMusicPoint (album), a 2001 album by CorneliusPoint #1, a 1999 album of ChevellePoint Music, arecord labelPoints (album), by jazz pianist Matthew Shipp\"The Points\",  a 1995 single and video from the Panther soundtrackPoint (Yello album), a 2020 album by Yello\"Point\", a song by the American band Bright fromtheir self-titled albumOther uses in arts, entertainment, and mediaHigh card points, used for hand evaluation in contract bridgeLe Point, a French weeklyOn Point, a radio showPoint Broadcasting, a radio broadcastingcompanyPointe technique, a ballet technique for dancing on the tips of toesTake Point (2018), a South Korean action filmOther usesPoint (coat color), animal fur coloration of the extremitiesPoint (geography), apeninsula or headlandPoint (surname), a surnameMake a point or come to a point, a hunting term referring to a pointing dog's standing rigid and facing the preyOn point, someone who possesses abundant and variousqualities of competence, leadership or style, or to specific acts which demonstrate such qualitiesPoint man, one who takes point (defined below) on patrol, the lookout in the commission of a crime, a defense position inice hockey, or someone who leads the defense of a political positionPoint mutation, a change in a single nucleotideTake point (or walk point, be on point, or be a point man), to be the lead, and likely most vulnerable,soldier, vehicle, or unit in a combat military formationPoint University, West Point, GeorgiaSee alsoEndpoint (disambiguation)Lapointe (disambiguation), also Lepoint/La Pointe/Le PointMidpoint (disambiguation)PointLookout (disambiguation)Pointing (disambiguation)Points system (disambiguation)Start Point (disambiguation)The Point (disambiguation)Tipping point (disambiguation)All pages with titles beginning with Point All pageswith titles containing PointPassage 6:La figliastraLa figliastra: Storia di corna e di passioni is a 1976 commedia sexy all'italiana film directed by Edoardo Mulargia. It features Bruno Scipioni with Austrian sexploitationstar Sonja Jeannine (credited as Sonia Jeanine).In France, the film was released in an adult version with added hardcore scenes and under the title Veuves excitées.PlotThe wife of the Sicilian barone Francesco 'Cocò'Laganà (Bruno Scipioni) dies of heart failure while having sex with the lecherous gardener Fefè (Nino Terzo). Cocò marries a Northerner widow named Nadia (Maristella Greco), her beautiful teenage daughter Daniela(Sonja Jeannine) later moving to her stepfather's house. Both Cocò and Fefè (who is now married to Cocò's nymphomaniac sister Agata (Lucrezia Love)) make sexual advances to Daniela but to no avail. MeanwhileCocò's heirship to a large inheritance is in jeopardy because his late wife did not beget him a child and Nadia cannot get pregnant, the Sicilian customary law barring a man without offspring from heirship.Passage7:Juan Bustillo OroJuan Bustillo Oro (2 June 1904 – 10 June 1989) was a Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer, whose career spanned  over 38 years.Among his works there are In the Times of Don Porfirio,Here's the Point, Arm in Arm Down the Street, Cuando los hijos se van and those listed below.Selected filmographyTwo Monks (1934)The Black Angel (1942)My Memories of Mexico (1944)Seven Women (1953)Passage8:You're Missing the PointYou're Missing the Point (Spanish: Ahí está el detalle) is a 1940 Mexican comedy film starring Cantinflas. It was produced by Jesús Grovas and directed by Juan Bustillo Oro, and also featuresJoaquín Pardavé, Sara García, Sofía Álvarez, and Dolores Camarillo. It was the twelfth film in Cantinflas's career, considered one of his best by Mexican film critics, as well as one of Mexico's best films.The film's setswere designed by the art director Carlos Toussaint.Plot summaryCantinflas is the boyfriend of Paz, the household maid of Cayetano Lastre. It is dinnertime and Cantinflas is waiting outside the mansion for Paz's whistle:a sign for Cantinflas to enter the kitchen to eat. This is because there is a dog in the front yard named \"Bobby\", and Paz's boss is unaware of Cantinflas's forays into the house. While waiting, another man also arrives todo the same, pulling out a cigarette and dropping his wallet in the process, which Cantinflas picks up when entering the house. Though like other times Cantinflas goes straight in to eat, this time his girlfriend has afavor to ask him: to kill the dog \"Bobby\" who has suffered a sudden onset of rabies and doesn't let Cayetano leave for an appointment. Seeing his hesitation, Paz is adamant: if he does not kill the dog, he does not getto eat. Cantinflas is nervous about the idea, but eventually kills the dog with a gun.Meanwhile, inside the house, after Cayetano leaves, his wife Dolores del Paso has given entrance to the other man: her ex-boyfriendBobby Lechuga, a con artist who plans to blackmail her with some undated letters with a new date unless she does as he says. However, Cayetano suddenly returns to the house, as his over-bearing jealousy has ledhim to think that his wife cheats on him and has plotted a scheme to expose her supposed \"adultery\" red-handed. Hearing his arrival, Paz hides Cantlinflas and later does the same with Bobby. Cayetano finds andcatches Cantinflas, assuming he is his wife's lover, but Dolores pretends that Cantinflas is her long-estranged brother, Leonardo del Paso. Being that his father-in-law (Dolores and Leonardo's father) needed the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_14","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Joely CollinsJoely Collins (born Joely Meri Bertorelli; August 8, 1972) is a Canadian actress. She is the daughter of Andrea Bertorelli and of English musician Phil Collins.Early lifeBorn and raised largely inVancouver, British Columbia, Collins studied at the Vancouver Youth Theatre, and later at London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. She was adopted by her mother's husband, Phil Collins, upon their marriage in 1975.They later had one child, son Simon (born in 1976). She was named Canada's \"Best Leading Actress\" at the age of 22 for her work on the television series Madison. She appeared on the long-running drama Cold Squad.In 2009, she co-founded StoryLab Productions and produced the award-winning feature film Becoming Redwood.Actress Lily Collins is her half-sister, born to her father Phil Collins and his second wife Jill Tavelman afterhe and her mother Andrea Bertorelli divorced in 1980.Collins won the award for Best Actress in a Canadian Film at the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2004 for The Love Crimes of Gillian Guess.Personal lifeCollinsmarried Dutch-born Stefan Buitelaar on August 23, 2008, in Leiden, Netherlands. On October 26, 2009, Collins gave birth to their daughter, Zoë Amelie.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 2:Phil CollinsPhilip DavidCharles Collins  (born 30 January 1951) is an English singer, drummer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He was the drummer and later lead singer of the rock band Genesis and also has a career as a soloperformer. Between 1982 and 1990, Collins achieved three UK and seven US number one singles as a solo artist. When his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career are totalled, he wasresponsible for more US top 40 singles than any other artist during the 1980s. His most successful singles from the period include \"In the Air Tonight\", \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)\", \"One More Night\",\"Sussudio\", \"Another Day in Paradise\" and \"I Wish It Would Rain Down\".Born and raised in west London, Collins began playing drums at five and completed drama school training, which secured him various roles as achild actor, with his first major role at 13 as the Artful Dodger in the West End musical Oliver!. He then pursued a musical career, joining Genesis in 1970 as their drummer and becoming lead singer in 1975 followingthe departure of Peter Gabriel. Collins began a successful solo career in the 1980s, initially inspired by his marital breakdown and love of soul music, releasing the albums Face Value (1981), Hello, I Must Be Going(1982), No Jacket Required (1985) and ...But Seriously (1989). Collins became, in the words of AllMusic, \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\". He also became knownfor a distinctive gated reverb drum sound on many of his recordings. In 1985, he was the only artist to perform at both Live Aid concerts. He also resumed his acting career, appearing in Miami Vice and subsequentlystarring in the film Buster (1988).Collins left Genesis in 1996 to focus on solo work; this included writing songs for Disney's animated film Tarzan (1999). He wrote and performed the songs, \"Two Worlds\", \"Son of Man\",\"Strangers Like Me\" and \"You'll Be in My Heart\", the latter of which earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Song. He rejoined Genesis for their Turn It On Again Tour in 2007. Following a five-year retirement tofocus on his family life, Collins released his memoir in 2016 and completed his Not Dead Yet Tour in 2019. He then rejoined Genesis in 2020 for a second reunion tour, ending in March 2022.Collins's discography includeseight studio albums that have sold 33.5 million certified units in the US and an estimated 150 million records sold worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists. He is one of only three recording artists,along with Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson, who have sold over 100 million records both as solo artists and separately as principal members of a band. He has won eight Grammy Awards, six Brit Awards (winningBest British Male Artist three times), two Golden Globe Awards, one Academy Award, and a Disney Legend Award. He was awarded six Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers andAuthors, including the International Achievement Award. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1999, and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as amember of Genesis in 2010. He has also been recognised by music publications with induction into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2012, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.Early lifePhilip DavidCharles Collins was born on 30 January 1951 at Putney Hospital in Wandsworth, south-west London. His father, Greville Philip Austin Collins (1907–1972), was an insurance agent for London Assurance and his mother,Winifred June Collins (née Strange, 1913–2011), worked in a toy shop and later as a booking agent at the Barbara Speake Stage School, an independent performing arts school in East Acton. Collins is the youngest ofthree children: his sister Carole competed as a professional ice skater and followed her mother's footsteps as a theatrical agent, and his brother Clive was a noted cartoonist. The family moved twice by the time Collinshad reached two; they settled at 453 Hanworth Road in Hounslow, Middlesex.Collins was given a toy drum kit for Christmas when he was five, and later his two uncles made him a makeshift set with triangles andtambourines that fitted into a suitcase. As Collins grew older, these were followed by more complete sets bought by his parents. He practised by playing along to music on the television and radio. During a familyholiday at a Butlin's, a seven-year-old Collins entered a talent contest singing \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\", but stopped the orchestra halfway through to tell them they were in the wrong key. The Beatles were a majorearly influence on Collins, including their drummer Ringo Starr. He followed the lesser-known London band the Action, whose drummer he would copy and whose work introduced him to the soul music of Motown andStax Records. Collins was also influenced by jazz and big band drummer Buddy Rich, whose opinion on the importance of the hi-hat prompted him to stop using two bass drums and start using the hi-hat.Around twelve,Collins received basic piano and music tuition from his father's aunt. He studied drum rudiments under Lloyd Ryan and later under Frank King, and considered this training \"more helpful than anything else becausethey're used all the time. In any kind of funk or jazz drumming, the rudiments are always there.\" Collins never learned to read or write musical notation and devised his own system, which he regretted in later life. \"I'vealways felt that if I could hum it, I could play it. For me, that was good enough, but that attitude is bad.\"Collins attended Nelson Primary School until he was eleven. He was accepted into Chiswick County GrammarSchool, where he took to football and formed the Real Thing, a school band that had Andrea Bertorelli, his future wife, and friend Lavinia Lang, as backup singers. Both women would have an impact on Collins' personallife in later years. Collins' next group was the Freehold, with whom he wrote his first song, \"Lying, Crying, Dying\", and played in a group named the Charge.Career1963–1970: Early acting roles and bandsCollins quitschool at fourteen to become a full-time pupil at Barbara Speake. He had an uncredited part as an extra in the Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night (1964), where he is amongst the screaming teenagers during the televisionconcert sequence. Later in 1964, Collins was cast as the Artful Dodger in two West End runs of the musical Oliver! He was paid £15 a week, and called the role \"the best part for a kid in all London\". His days as theDodger were numbered when his voice broke during a performance and had to speak his lines for the rest of the show. Collins starred in Calamity the Cow (1967), a film produced by the Children's Film Foundation.After a falling out with the director, Collins decided to quit acting to pursue music. He was to appear in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) as one of the children who storm the castle, but his scene was cut. Collinsauditioned for the role of Romeo in Romeo and Juliet (1968), but the role went to Leonard Whiting. He also travelled the country teaching people the \"crunch\" dance made popular by a Smith's crisps advertisingcampaign.Collins's enthusiasm towards music grew during his acting years. He frequented the Marquee Club on Wardour Street so often, eventually the managers asked him to set out the chairs, sweep the floors, andassist in the cloakroom. It was here where Collins saw The Action and newcomers Yes perform, which greatly influenced him. When auditions for Vinegar Joe and Manfred Mann Chapter Three were unsuccessful, Collinssecured a position in the Cliff Charles Blues Band and toured the country. This was followed by a stint in The Gladiators, a backing band for a black vocal quartet, which also featured Collins's schoolmate Ronnie Caryl onguitar. Around this time, Collins learned that Yes were looking for a new drummer and spoke to frontman Jon Anderson, who invited him to an audition the following week. Collins failed to turn up, and later wonderedwhat his life would have been like had he gone ahead with it.In 1969, Collins and Caryl joined John Walker's backing band for a European tour, which also consisted of guitarist Gordon Smith and keyboardist BrianChatton. The tour finished, and the quartet formed a rock band, Hickory, which recorded one single (\"Green Light\"/\"The Key\").  Still in 1n 1969, they were later renamed Flaming Youth. They signed to Fontana Recordsand recorded Ark 2 (1969), a concept album written and produced by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley that tells the story of man's evacuation from a burning Earth and its voyage into space. Each member sings a leadvocal.In May 1970, after Flaming Youth split, Collins played congas on George Harrison's song \"Art of Dying\", but his contribution was omitted. Years later, Collins asked Harrison about the omission. Harrison sentCollins a recording allegedly containing Collins's performance; Collins was embarrassed to hear that the performance was poor. When Collins apologised, Harrison confessed that the recording was a prank, which Collinsaccepted in good humour.1970–1978: Genesis, later role as lead singer, and Brand XIn July 1970, the rock band Genesis had signed with Charisma Records and recorded their second album Trespass (1970), butsuffered a setback following the departures of drummer John Mayhew and guitarist Anthony Phillips. They decided to continue, and placed an advert in the Melody Maker for a drummer \"sensitive to acoustic music\" anda 12-string acoustic guitarist. Collins recognised Charisma owner Tony Stratton-Smith's name on it, and he and Caryl went for the auditions. The group, who had been a full-time working band for less than a year,consisted of school friends from Charterhouse School, a private boarding school: singer Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, and bassist/guitarist Mike Rutherford. Collins and Caryl arrived early, so Collins took aswim in the pool at Gabriel's parents' house and memorised the pieces the drummers before him were playing. He recalled: \"They put on 'Trespass', and my initial impression was of a very soft and round music, notedgy, with vocal harmonies, and I came away thinking Crosby, Stills and Nash.\" On 8 August 1970, Collins became their fourth drummer. Genesis then took a two-week holiday, during which Collins earned money as anexterior decorator. Rutherford thought Caryl was not a good fit; in 1971, the band enlisted Steve Hackett.From 1970 to 1975, Collins played drums, percussion, and largely sang backing vocals on Genesis albums andconcerts. His first album as a member, Nursery Cryme, features the acoustic song \"For Absent Friends\" that has Collins singing lead vocal. He sang \"More Fool Me\" on their 1973 album Selling England by the Pound. In1974, during the recording of The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, Collins played drums on Brian Eno's second album Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) after Eno had contributed electronic effects to two songs on thealbum.In August 1975, Gabriel's departure from the band was publicly announced. Genesis advertised for a replacement in Melody Maker and received around 400 replies. After a lengthy auditioning process, duringwhich he sang backup vocals for applicants, Collins became the band's lead vocalist during the recording of their album A Trick of the Tail. The album was a commercial and critical success, reaching number 3 in the UKcharts and 31 in the US. Rolling Stone wrote that Genesis \"has managed to turn the possible catastrophe of Gabriel's departure into their first broad-based American success.\" For the tour, Collins accepted former Yesand King Crimson drummer Bill Bruford to play drums while Collins sang. Wind & Wuthering was the last Genesis album recorded with Hackett before he left the group. In 1976, Collins brought in American drummerChester Thompson, formerly of Frank Zappa and Weather Report who became a mainstay of Genesis' and Collins' backing bands until 2010. When Collins, Banks, and Rutherford decided to continue Genesis as a trio in1977, they recorded ...And Then There Were Three.... This marked a shift from their progressive rock roots to a more radio-friendly, pop rock sound, and included the band's first UK Top 10 and US Top 40 single,\"Follow You Follow Me\". The level of commercial success that Genesis had reached by this time allowed Collins and his wife to move into Old Croft, a home in Shalford, Surrey, in the spring of 1978.Collins pursuedvarious guest spots and solo projects from his time as Genesis's drummer. In 1973, he and Hackett were among the musicians who performed on the solo debut of ex-Yes guitarist Peter Banks. In 1975, Collins sang andplayed drums, vibraphone, and percussion on Hackett's first solo album, Voyage of the Acolyte; performed on Eno's albums Another Green World, Before and After Science, and Music for Films; and replaced drummerPhil Spinelli of the jazz fusion group Brand X before recording their first two albums, Unorthodox Behaviour and Moroccan Roll. Collins played percussion on Johnny the Fox by Thin Lizzy, and sang on Anthony Phillips'debut solo album, The Geese & the Ghost.1978–1984: Solo debut with Face Value and Hello, I Must Be Going!After Genesis finished touring in December 1978, the group went on hiatus after Collins went to Vancouver,Canada to try to save his failing marriage. The attempt failed, leaving his wife to return to England with their children while living apart. Collins returned to Old Croft, their home in Shalford, Surrey, and their divorce wasfinalised in 1981. Banks and Rutherford were recording their first solo albums during this time, so Collins rejoined Brand X for their album Product and its accompanying tour, played on John Martyn's album Grace andDanger, and started writing demos of his own at home. This was followed by Genesis resuming activity and recording and touring through 1980 with their album Duke (1980). The three members contributed two trackseach; Collins put forward \"Please Don't Ask\" and \"Misunderstanding\".In February 1981, Collins released his debut solo album Face Value. He signed with Virgin Records and WEA for American distribution in order todistance himself from the Charisma label, and oversaw every step of its production; he wrote the liner notes himself and by hand. His divorce was the focus of its lyrical themes and song titles: \"I had a wife, twochildren, two dogs, and the next day I didn't have anything. So a lot of these songs were written because I was going through these emotional changes.\" Collins produced the album in collaboration with Hugh Padgham,with whom he had worked on Peter Gabriel's self-titled 1980 album. Face Value reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. It was also an international success, reaching number one in six other countries andnumber seven in the US where it went on to sell 5 million copies. \"In the Air Tonight\", the album's lead single, became a hit and reached number two in the UK charts. The song is known for the gated reverb effect usedon Collins's drums, a technique developed by Padgham when he worked as an engineer on Gabriel's song \"Intruder\", on which Collins played drums.Following an invitation by record producer Martin Lewis, Collinsperformed live as a solo artist at an Amnesty International benefit show The Secret Policeman's Other Ball at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London in September 1981, performing \"In the Air Tonight\" and \"The RoofIs Leaking\". Collins also worked again with John Martyn in this year, producing his album Glorious Fool. In September 1981, Genesis released Abacab. This was followed by its 1981 supporting tour and a two-month tourin 1982 promoting the Genesis live album Three Sides Live. In early 1982, Collins produced and played on Something's Going On, the third solo album by Anni-Frid Lyngstad of ABBA, and performed most of the drumparts on Pictures at Eleven, the first solo album by Led Zeppelin singer Robert Plant. In October 1982, Collins took part in the one-off Genesis reunion concert Six of the Best held at the Milton Keynes Bowl inBuckinghamshire, which marked the return of Gabriel on lead vocals and Hackett on guitar.Collins's second solo album, Hello, I Must Be Going!, was released in November 1982. His marital problems continued toprovide inspiration for his songs, including \"I Don't Care Anymore\" and \"Do You Know, Do You Care\". The album reached number 2 in the UK and number 8 in the US, where it sold 3 million copies. Its second single, acover of \"You Can't Hurry Love\" by the Supremes, became Collins's first UK number one single and went to number 10 in the US. Collins supported the album with the Hello, I Must Be Going! tour of Europe and NorthAmerica from November 1982 to February 1983. Following the tour, Collins played drums on Plant's second solo album, The Principle of Moments, and produced and played on two tracks for Adam Ant's album Strip,\"Puss 'n Boots\" and the title track. In May 1983, Collins, Banks and Rutherford recorded a self-titled Genesis album; its tour ended with five shows in Birmingham, England in February 1984. The latter shows werefilmed and released as Genesis Live – The Mama Tour.1984–1989: No Jacket Required and commercial ubiquityCollins wrote and performed on \"Against All Odds\", the main theme for the romantic film of the samename, which demonstrated a more pop-oriented and commercially accessible sound than his previous work. Released in February 1984, it was the first single of his solo career to reach number one on the Billboard Hot100 chart; it peaked at number two in the UK. Collins won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male. The song also earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song, and he arranged his1985 tour to accommodate the possibility of performing it at the awards ceremony. However, a note to Atlantic Records from show producer Larry Gelbart explaining a lack of invitation stated: \"Thank you for your noteregarding Phil Cooper [sic]. I'm afraid the spots have already been filled\", and Collins watched actress and dancer Ann Reinking perform it. The Los Angeles Times said: \"Reinking did an incredible job of totallydestroying a beautiful song.\" Collins would introduce it at subsequent concerts by saying: \"I'm sorry Miss Ann Reinking couldn't be here tonight; I guess I just have to sing my own song.\"In 1984, Collins contributed tothe production on Chinese Wall by Earth, Wind & Fire vocalist Philip Bailey, which included a duet from the two, \"Easy Lover\". The song was number one in the UK for four weeks, and peaked at number 2 in the US. Healso produced and played drums on several tracks on Behind the Sun by Eric Clapton. In November, Collins was part of the charity supergroup Band Aid in aid of Ethiopian famine relief and played drums on its single,\"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".Collins's third album, No Jacket Required, was recorded in 1984 and marked a turning point in his output. He departed from lyrics about his personal life and wrote more upbeat anddance-orientated songs with strong hooks and melodies, such as \"Sussudio\", \"One More Night\", and \"Take Me Home\". The album also featured guest backing vocals from Sting, Peter Gabriel, and Helen Terry. No JacketRequired was released in February 1985 and became a huge worldwide success, reaching number one in several countries. \"Sussudio\" and \"One More Night\" topped the US singles chart, and \"Don't Lose My Number\"and \"Take Me Home\" made the US top ten. The album remains Collins's most successful of his career, selling over 12 million copies in the US and 1.9 million in the UK.Although the album was criticised for being overly"}
{"doc_id":"doc_15","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George IV, Count of Erbach-FürstenauGeorge IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (12 May 1646 – 20 June 1678), was a member of the German House of Erbach who held the fiefs of Fürstenau, Michelstadt,Reichenberg, Bad König and Breuberg.Born in Hanau, he was the eighth child and fifth (but third surviving) son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of GeorgeFrederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at the time of their father's death in 1647, the guardianship and rule over the Erbach domains wereassigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest, who ruled alone until his death in 1669, without issue. George IV and his surviving younger brothers George Louis I and George Albert II jointly held the Erbach landsuntil 1672, when  formal division of their possessions was effected: George IV received the districts of Fürstenau, Michelstadt, Bad König and Breuberg.George IV pursued a military career, and eventually he wasappointed major-general in the Netherlands. He died in the Waal river near Tiel, aged 32, at the end of the Franco-Dutch War, and was buried in Michelstadt.Marriage and issueIn Arolsen on 22 August 1671 George IVmarried Louise Anna (18 April 1653 – 30 June 1714), heiress of Culemborg and daughter of Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck by his wife Elisabeth Charlotte of Nassau-Siegen. They had four children:Sophie Charlotte(23 September 1672 – April 1673)Amalie Mauritiana (1674 – 1675)William Frederick (March 1676 – 18 August 1676)Charlotte Wilhelmine Albertine (posthumously; 18 September 1678 – 20 March 1683)Because hedied without surviving male issue, his domains reverted to his brothers, who divided them between themselves.== Notes ==Passage 2:George Albert II, Count of Erbach-FürstenauGeorge Albert II, Count ofErbach-Fürstenau (26 February 1648 – 23 March 1717), was a member of the German House of Erbach who held the fiefs of Fürstenau, Schönberg, Seeheim, Reichenberg and Breuberg.Born in Fürstenau, he was theninth child and sixth (but fourth surviving) son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst.He was born three months after his father's death, on 25 November 1647.LifeHe pursued a military career and became an Oberstleutnant of the Imperial army.Following the division of the Erbach patrimony in 1672,George Albert II received the districts of Schönberg, Seeheim and 1/4 of Breuberg; in 1678, following the death of his brother George IV, he added to his domains the districts of Fürstenau and Reichenberg.GeorgeAlbert II died in Fürstenau aged 69 and was buried in Michelstadt.== Notes ==Passage 3:George Albert I, Count of Erbach-SchönbergGeorge Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (16 December 1597 – 25 November1647), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Schönberg, Seeheim, Reichenberg, Fürstenau and since 1643 over all the Erbach family lands.Born in Erbach, he was the fourth child andsecond (but eldest surviving) son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his fourth wife Maria, a daughter of Count Albert X of Barby-Mühlingen.LifeAfter the death of their father, George Albert I and his survivingelder half-brothers divided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Schönberg and Seeheim.In 1617 he was captured by pirates and taken to Tunis, but shortly after he was ransomed.In 1623, after thedeath of his eldest half-brother Frederick Magnus without surviving issue, the remaining brothers divided his domains: George Albert I received the district of Reichenberg.In 1627, with the death of anotherhalf-brother, John Casimir, unmarried and without issue, was made another land division; this time George Albert I received Fürstenau. Finally, the death of his last surviving half-brother Louis I in 1643 without livingsons, allowed George Albert I to reunite all the Erbach family possessions.George Albert I died in Erbach aged 49 and was buried in Michelstadt.Marriages and IssueIn Erbach on 29 May 1624 George Albert I marriedfirstly with Magdalena (13 November 1595 – 31 July 1633), a daughter of Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and his third wife Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein. They had six children:Ernest Louis Albert (6 October1626 – 10 May 1627).Louise Albertine (5 October 1628 – 20 October 1645).George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein (7 October 1629 – 25 August 1669).Maria Charlotte (24 March 1631 – 8 June 1693), married on15 June 1650 to Count Johann Ernest of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach.Anna Philippina (15 July 1632 – 16 March 1633).Stillborn son (31 July 1633).On 23 February 1634 George Albert I married secondly withAnna Dorothea (1612 – 23 June 1634), a daughter of Albert, Schenk of Limpurg-Gaildorf and his wife Emilie of Rogendorf. They had no children.In Frankfurt am Main on 26 July 1635 George Albert I married thirdly withElisabeth Dorothea (27 August 1617 – 12 November 1655), a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst and his wife Dorothea Sophie of Solms-Hohensolms. They had ninechildren:George Frederick, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (6 October 1636 – 23 April 1653).William Louis (born and died 7 December 1637).Sophie Elisabeth (13 May 1640 – 18 June 1641).Juliana Christina Elisabeth (10September 1641 – 26 November 1692), married on 12 December 1660 to Count Salentin Ernest of Manderscheid in Blankenheim.George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (8 May 1643 – 30 April 1693).George Albert (14May 1644 – 27 March 1645).Mauritia Susanna (30 March 1645 – 17 November 1645).George IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (12 May 1646 – 20 June 1678).George Albert II, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (posthumously26 February 1648 – 23 March 1717).== Notes ==Passage 4:George Louis I, Count of Erbach-ErbachGeorge Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (8 May 1643 – 30 April 1693), was a German prince member of the House ofErbach and ruler over Erbach, Freienstein, Wildenstein, Michelstadt and Breuberg.Born in Fürstenau, he was the fifth child and third (but second surviving) son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and histhird wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at the time of their father's death in 1647, theguardianship and rule over the Erbach domains were assigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest, who ruled alone until his death in 1669, without issue. George Louis I and his surviving younger brothers GeorgeIV and George Albert II ruled jointly the Erbach lands until 1672, when was made the formal division of their possessions: George Louis I received the districts of Erbach, Freienstein and Wildenstein.The death of GeorgeIV in 1678 without surviving issue forced another division in the Erbach patrimony; this time George Louis received the districts of Michelstadt and Breuberg.George Louis I died in Arolsen aged 49 and was buried inMichelstadt.Marriage and issueIn Culemborg on 26 December 1664 George Louis I married with Countess Amalia Katharina of Waldeck-Eisenberg (13 August 1640 – 4 January 1697), a daughter of Philipp Dietrich,Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg and his wife Maria Magdalena von Nassau-Siegen. They had sixteen children:Henriette (27 September 1665 – 28 September 1665).Henriette Juliane (15 October 1666 – 27 February1684).Philipp Louis, Count of Erbach-Erbach (10 June 1669 – 17 June 1720).Charles Albert Louis (16 June 1670 – k.a. Dapfing a.d.Donau, 18 August 1704).George Albert (born and died 1 July 1671).Amalie Katharina(13 May 1672 – 18 June 1676).Frederick Charles (19 April 1673 – 20 April 1673).A son (born and died 16 September 1674).Wilhelmine Sophie (16 February 1675 – 20 August 1675).Magdalena Charlotte (6 February1676 – 3 December 1676).Wilhelm Louis (21 March 1677 – 19 February 1678).Amalie Katharina (born and died 18 February 1678).Fredericka Charlotte (19 April 1679 – 21 April 1679).Frederick Charles, Count ofErbach-Limpurg (21 May 1680 – 20 February 1731).Ernest (23 September 1681 – 2 March 1684).Sophia Albertine (30 July 1683 – 4 September 1742), married on 4 February 1704 to Ernest Frederick I, Duke ofSaxe-Hildburghausen.== Notes ==Passage 5:George Frederick, Count of Erbach-BreubergGeorge Frederick, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (6 October 1636 – 23 April 1653), was a German prince member of the House ofErbach and ruler over Breuberg.He was the eldest child of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg inSchillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at the time of their father's death in 1647, the guardianship and rule over the Erbach domains were assigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest,who in 1653 gave George Frederick the district of Breuberg when he attained his majority; however, he died shortly after, unmarried and childless, and Breuberg merged back to the rule of George Ernest.== Notes==Passage 6:John Casimir, Count of Erbach-BreubergJohn Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (10 August 1584 – 14 January 1627), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Breuberg,Wildenstein and Fürstenau.Born in Erbach, he was the eleventh child and fourth (but third surviving) son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his second wife Anna, a daughter of Frederick Magnus, Count ofSolms-Laubach-Sonnenwalde.LifeAfter the death of their father, John Casimir and his surviving brothers divided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Breuberg and Wildenstein. In 1623, after thedeath of his eldest brother Frederick Magnus without surviving issue, the remaining brothers divided his domains: John Casimir received the district of Fürstenau.John Casimir died in Schweidnitz aged 41 and was buriedin Michelstadt. Because he never married or had children, his brothers divided his land after his death.== Notes ==Passage 7:George August, Count of Erbach-SchönbergGeorge August was the Count ofErbach-Schönberg and an Imperial counselor.BiographyHe was the youngest son of George Albert II, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau and Countess Anna Dorothea of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg. He was born on Sunday 17 June1691 in Waldenburg. Georg died on Wednesday 29 March 1758 in Konig, aged 66.FamilyAt the age of 28, Georg married Ferdinande Henriette, Countess of Stolberg-Gedern, aged 20, on Friday 15 December 1719 inGedern. She was born on Friday 2 October 1699 in Gedern, daughter of Ludwig Christian of Stolberg-Wernigerode and Duchess Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Ferdinande died on Saturday 31 January 1750 inErbach, aged 50.IssueCountess Christine of Erbach-Schonberg (b. Schönberg, Starkenburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, 5 May 1721 – d. Eschleiz, Reuss-Juengere-Linie, Thuringia, 26 November 1769), married in Schönberg on2 October 1742 to Heinrich XII, Count of Reuss-Schleiz (Schleiz 15 May 1716-Kirschkau 25 June 1784).Georg Ludwig II, Count of Erbach-Schonberg (b. Schönberg, 27 January 1723 – d. Plön, Holstein, 11 February1777), married in Plön on 11 November 1764 to Duchess Friederike of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (1736–1769).Count Franz Karl of Erbach (b. Schönberg, 28 July 1724 – d. Schönberg, 29 September 1788),married in Bergheim, Oberhesse, Hesse-Darmstadt on 4 September 1778 to Countess Auguste Karoline of Ysenburg und Büdingen zu Büdingen.Christian Adolf, Count of Erbach (b. Gedern, 23 August 1725 – d. Gedern,29 March 1726).Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg  (b. Gedern, 20 August 1727 – d. Ebersdorf, 22 April 1796), married Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf, on 28 June 1754 in Thurnau, Bavaria.CountChristian of Erbach (b. Gedern, 7 October 1728 – d. Mergentheim, 29 May 1799).Countess Auguste Friederike of Erbach (b. Schönberg, 20 March 1730 – d. Thurnau, 5 September 1801), married in Schönberg on 13September 1753 to Christian Count of Giech-Wolfstein.Count Georg August of Erbach (b. Schönberg, 9 March 1731 – d. König, 8 February 1799).Count Karl of Erbach-Schonberg (b. Schönberg, 10 February 1732 – d.Schönberg, 29 July 1816) married in Cernetice, Strakonice, Bohemia then Habsburg monarchy, now Czech Republic, on 1 July 1783 to Maria Johanna Nepomucena Zadubsky von Schönthal.Count Friedrich of Erbach (b.Schönberg, 22 January 1733 – d. Schönberg, 6 April 1733).Countess Louise Leonore of Erbach (b. Schönberg, 26 August 1735 – d. Schönberg, 23 January 1816), married on 6 July 1750 to Leopold Casimir, Count ofRechteren.Count Kasimir of Erbach (b. Schönberg, 27 September 1736 – d. Prague, Bohemia then Habsburg monarchy, now Czech Republic, 6 April 1760).Count Gustav Ernst of Erbach-Schönberg  (b. Schönberg, 27April 1739 – d. Zwingenberg, 17 February 1812), married in Rottleberode on 3 August 1753 to Countess Henriette of Stolberg-Stolberg.Passage 8:George Ernest, Count of Erbach-WildensteinGeorge Ernest, Count ofErbach-Wildenstein (7 October 1629 – 25 August 1669), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Wildenstein, Kleinheubach und Breuberg.He was the third child and second (but eldestsurviving son) of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his first wife Magdalena, a daughter of Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.LifeAfter the death of his father in 1648, he ruled jointly with hishalf-brothers their domains until 1653, when he ceded Breuberg to George Frederick, but his early death allowed him to reunite this district to his government. Because his other three half-brothers are still minors,George Ernest continue to be sole ruler until his death.In Fürstenau on 22 November 1656 George Ernest married with her step-aunt Charlotte Christiana (6 November 1625 – 13 August 1677), a daughter of GeorgeFrederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst and his wife Dorothea Sophie of Solms-Hohensolms. They had no children.George Ernest died in Kleinheubach aged 39. Because he died without issue, hisdomains where inherited by his surviving half-brothers, who ruled jointly until 1672, when they divided their lands between them.== Notes ==Passage 9:Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-FürstenauFrederick Magnus,Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (18 April 1575 – 26 March 1618), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Fürstenau and Reichenberg.Born in Erbach, he was the third child and second (buteldest surviving) son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his second wife Anna, a daughter of Frederick Magnus, Count of Solms-Laubach-Sonnenwalde. He was named after his maternal grandfather.LifeAfterthe death of their father, Frederick Magnus and his surviving brothers divided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Fürstenau and Reichenberg.Frederick Magnus died in Reichenberg aged 42 and wasburied in Michelstadt. Because he died without surviving male issue, his brothers divided his domains between them.Passage 10:Louis I, Count of Erbach-ErbachLouis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (3 September 1579 – 12April 1643), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Erbach, Freienstein, Michelstadt, Bad König and Wildenstein.Born in Erbach, he was the seventh child and third (but second surviving)son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his second wife Anna, a daughter of Frederick Magnus, Count of Solms-Laubach-Sonnenwalde.LifeAfter the death of their father, Louis I and his surviving brothersdivided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Erbach and Freienstein.When their older brother Frederick Magnus died in 1618 without surviving male issue, the brothers divided his domains amongthem, but this took place only in 1623, when Louis I received Michelstadt and Bad König. In 1627, the death of another of the brother, John Casimir, unmarried and childless, caused another division of the paternalinheritance: this time, Louis I received Wildenstein.Louis died in Erbach aged 63 and was buried in Michelstadt. Because he died without surviving male issue, his only remaining brother, George Albert I inherited hisdomains, and with this reunited all the Erbach family lands.== Notes =="}
{"doc_id":"doc_16","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl. late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria.BiographyAccording to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios. Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife. On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife. According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium. According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca. 998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II.Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava. Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son.Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil.Passage 2:Nína TryggvadóttirNína Tryggvadóttir (March 16, 1913 – June 18, 1968) was born Jónína Tryggvadóttir in Seyðisfjörður, Iceland. She was one of Iceland's most important abstract expressionist artists and one of very few Icelandic female artists of her generation.Early lifeNína Tryggvadóttir was born on March 16, 1913, in Seyðisfjörður. In 1920 the family moved to Reykjavik. She studied art from Ásgrímur Jónsson, a close relative on her father’s side. From 1933 to 1935 she also attended classes of Finnur Jonsson and Johann Briem. She moved to Copenhagen in 1935 where she studied art at the Royal Academy of Art. After graduating from the Academy in 1939 she spent time studying in Paris and was quite taken by the city.CareerIn 1942 she and her fellow artist Louisa Matthíasdóttir moved to New York City to study at the Art Students League of New York and develop her art further. There she took an active part in the city’s art scene.In 1949 she married Alfred L. Copley (alter ego: L. Alcopley). Later that year she went to Iceland for a short visit. There she was informed that she was not able to return to the United States because she was suspected of being a Communist sympathizer.During her exile from the United States she lived in various places in Europe, Iceland being one of them. Copley joined her in Paris where they lived for a few years together with their daughter Una Dóra Copley, born 1951. During those years Nina kept making and practicing her art, exhibiting in many places and traveling through Europe. They returned to New York City in 1959 where Nína continued to work on her art and exhibiting mostly in Europe. During all her years abroad Nína kept exhibiting in Iceland and was her input very valuable to the art society in Iceland.Mainly working in painting she also did paper collage, stained glass work, mosaic and more. She frequently based her compositions on nature where Icelandic landscape and the Nordic light played an important role.DeathShe died on June 18, 1968, in New York.Legacy and recognitionIn 2012, a crater on Mercury was named after Tryggvadóttir.In May 2018, the Reykjavík City Council signed a declaration of intent between the city and couple Una Dóra Copley and Scott Jeffries to set up an art museum dedicated to Nína Tryggvadóttir. The couple donated their art collection to the city.In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970 at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.See alsoList of Icelandic women artistsPassage 3:Alfred L. CopleyAlfred Lewin Copley (1910–1992) was a German-American medical scientist and an artist at the New York School in the 1950s. As an artist he worked under the name L. Alcopley. He is best known as an artist for his abstract expressionist paintings, and as a scientist for his work in the field of hemorheology. He was married to the Icelandic artist Nína Tryggvadóttir.Work as a medical scientistAs a scientist, Copley studied the rheology of blood. In 1948 he introduced the word biorheology to describe rheology in biological systems.In 1952 he introduced the word hemorheology, to describe the study of the way blood and blood vessels function as part of the living organism.In 1966 he established the International Society of Hemorheology, which changed its name and scope in 1969 to the International Society of Biorheology (ISB).  In 1972 the ISB awarded him its Poiseuille gold medal.Work as an artistIn 1949 he was one of twenty artists who founded the Eighth Street Club. The group also included Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning and Alcopley's close friend, the composer Edgard Varèse.He participated in the Ninth Street Show in 1951 and had a solo exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1962. His work is held in the collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.See alsoBiorheology, the study of flow properties(rheology) of biological fluids.Hemorheology, the study of flow properties of blood and its elements .Passage 4:James Copley (bobsleigh)James Copley (born October 18, 1951) is an American bobsledder. He competed in the four man event at the 1972 Winter Olympics.Passage 5:Pheonix CopleyPheonix Copley (born January 18, 1992) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender for the  Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).Playing careerUSHL and CollegeUndrafted, Copley played in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Tri-City Storm and Des Moines Buccaneers before committing to play collegiate hockey with Michigan Tech of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). At the conclusion of his sophomore season, Copley opted to turn professional in agreeing to a two-year entry-level contract with the Washington Capitals on March 20, 2014.St. Louis Blues and Washington CapitalsCopley was assigned to AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears, to begin his first full professional season in 2014–15. In sharing the crease, he impressed with the Bears, earning 17 wins in 26 games. In the off-season, Copley was included in a trade, which also included Troy Brouwer and a third-round pick in 2016, to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for T. J. Oshie on July 2, 2015.In the 2015–16 season, Copley made his NHL debut with the Blues in relief in a defeat to the Nashville Predators on February 27, 2016.During the 2016–17 season, on January 20, 2017, Copley was recalled from the Chicago Wolves of the AHL by the Blues. He made the first start of his NHL career on January 21 against the Winnipeg Jets, where the Blues lost 5–3. After he was returned to the Wolves, on February 27, 2017, Copley was traded back to the Capitals in a deadline trade along with Kevin Shattenkirk in exchange for Zach Sanford, Brad Malone, a 2017 first-round pick, and a conditional second-round pick in 2019. Copley was called up to the NHL during the Capitals' 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs run and although he did not play during the playoffs, he stayed with the team as they won the 2018 Stanley Cup.Copley made the Capitals opening-night roster to begin the 2018–19 season. He recorded his first NHL win in a 4–3 shootout win over the Calgary Flames on October 27, 2018. He spent the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons with the Hershey Bears, where he earned the Harry \"Hap\" Holmes Memorial Award with Zachary Fucale for the 2020–21 season's best save percentage.Los Angeles KingsAs a free agent following the 2021–22 season, Copley signed a one-year, $850,000 contract with the Los Angeles Kings on July 13, 2022. After Kings goaltenders Cal Petersen and Jonathan Quick struggled at the start of the 2022–23 season, the Kings called up Copley from the AHL in December 2022. Copley would quickly established himself as the team's starting goaltender, becoming just the fifth goaltender in franchise history to win seven games in a row.Personal lifeCopley was born on January 18, 1992, in North Pole, Alaska, to parents Peter Copley and Mary Sanford. His older brother Navarone also plays ice hockey. At a young age, his family moved to Ohio so his father could pursue an advanced degree. Eventually, his parents divorced and Mary, Navarone and Pheonix moved back to Alaska. In honor of his birthplace, Copley has candy canes on his goaltender mask.Career statisticsPassage 6:Paul CopleyPaul Mackriell Copley (born 25 November 1944) is an English actor and voiceover artist. From 2011 to 2015 he appeared as Mr. Mason, father of William Mason, in 16 episodes of Downton Abbey, and from 2020 to 2021, he appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Arthur Medwin.Early lifeCopley was born in Denby Dale, West Riding of Yorkshire, and grew up beside a dairy farm there. His father, Harold, was involved with local amateur dramatic productions, as were the rest of his family. He went to Penistone Grammar School, then to the Northern Counties College of Education in Newcastle upon Tyne, where he received an Associate of the Drama Board (ADB) in Drama. He taught English and Drama in Walthamstow, before he joined the Leeds Playhouse Theatre-in-education Company in 1971.CareerCopley was the male lead character in the four-part BBC series Days of Hope in 1975, which depicted events between the First World War and the General Strike from a family involved in socialist politics.In 1976, Copley won the Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play for his role in John Wilson's For King and Country.After appearing as Private Wicks in the film A Bridge Too Far (1977), he played a small but noticeable role in Zulu Dawn (1979) as Cpl Storey in the British Army. He appeared in the then controversial ATV drama Death of a Princess (1980), playing a British witness to the killing of an Arabian princess and her lover. He has played Matthews in Hornblower, Ian in Roughnecks and Jerry in This Life and Peter Quinlan in The Lakes. In the critically acclaimed Queer as Folk he played Nathan Maloney's father. He was in Big Finish's July 2002 Doctor Who story Spare Parts and appeared in Shameless as a water sports enthusiast. In 1980 he appeared in the highly successful comedy drama series Minder playing George Palmer in episode The Old School Tie. He narrates the Channel 4 programme How Clean Is Your House?. He featured in the ITV children's hit show Best Friends in 2005–2006, playing the grandfather.He is a regular actor in Radio 4 drama, usually in gritty or romantic plays or series about hard-working folk set in the north of England, often repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra. Whenever a genial Yorkshire accent has been cast in the BBC radio drama department, he has often been summoned. Copley played the long-suffering teacher Geoff Long in Radio 4's long running King Street Junior. Covering ten series and some seventy-six episodes, this ran on BBC Radio 4 from 1985 to 1998. He also narrated the Yorkshire Television nine-part serial adaptation of The Pilgrim's Progress (1985) entitled Dangerous Journey.On 13 February 2006, Copley appeared as an angry hostage-taker in an episode of the crime drama Life on Mars. Copley appeared in the TV Soap Coronation Street on 8 August 2007, portraying a character called Ivor Priestley, and in the TV adaptation of The Worst Witch by Jill Murphy, as wizard and former-frog Algernon Rowan-Webb.From 1998 to 2003, Copley played Mathews in the Meridian Television series Hornblower. He appeared as Clement MacDonald in Children of Earth, the third series of BBC One show Torchwood, in 2009. The following year, he was seen in episodes of BBC One shows Casualty and Survivors.  From 2011 to 2015 he appeared as Mr. Mason, father of William Mason, in 16 episodes of Downton Abbey; in 2012, he played Alan in the television series White Heat.Between 2012 and 2020 he played Harry in 5 seasons of the TV series Last Tango in Halifax. In 2014 he played the part of Malcolm Kenrich in the episode \"On Harbour Street\" of the TV series Vera.In 2014 he narrated the Channel 5 programme The Railway – First Great Western of which there are 12 episodes. He also features as the father in Tom Wrigglesworth's Hang-Ups, a comedy on BBC Radio 4.In 2016, he appeared in the BBC series The Coroner episode 2.4 \"The Beast of Lighthaven\" as John Roxwell.In 2017, Copley appeared in Jimmy McGovern's acclaimed series Broken, Red Production Company's Trust Me, and in episode 5 of Doc Martin he played the eccentric Walter O'Donnell. He also took part in What Does an Idea Sound Like promoting the Veterans Work Campaign and narrated A Celebrity Taste of Italy for Channel 5.In 2018, he played the role of Charlie Rainbird in the short film Thousand Yesterdays, currently in post production, and continues to voice Morrisons advertisements on radio and television in the UK.Additionally in 2018, Copley played Charity Dingle's father Obadiah in Emmerdale.On 7 February 2019, he made his first appearance as Leonard (Jill Archer's new love interest) in the BBC radio 4 soap Opera The Archers.On 9 January 2020 he appeared as Feste in Father Brown on BBC1.Personal lifeHe married the actress Natasha Pyne in 1972, after performing with her in a Leeds Playhouse production of Frank Wedekind's Lulu, adapted by Peter Barnes, directed by Bill Hays in 1971.FilmographyRadioPassage 7:Clara McMillenClara Bracken McMillen (October 2, 1898 – April 30, 1982) was an American researcher. The wife of Alfred Kinsey, whose nickname for her was \"Mac\", she contributed to the Kinsey Reports on human sexuality.Life and careerBorn in Bloomington, Indiana, the only child of Josephine (née Bracken) and William Lincoln McMillen. She enjoyed a middle class upbringing, growing up in Brookville, Indiana. Her father was an English professor and her mother studied music but gave up her career once her daughter was born. Clara described her parents as 'in-active Protestants'. She excelled at sports as a teenager, including swimming. She attended Fort Wayne Public High School. In 1924, tragedy struck and her father died of pneumonia, then her mother died six months later.In 1917, she enrolled to study chemistry at Indiana University, graduating with Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, and other honors.  She also attended graduate school which she eventually left after marrying Alfred Kinsey.  She first met him briefly when he visited Indiana University before joining the faculty and they met again at a zoology department picnic in 1920.  The couple were married from 3 June 1921 until Alfred's death in 1956. Alfred was bisexual and polyamorous. Clara and Kinsey had an open relationship.  Clara slept with other men (as well as with him), and Kinsey slept with other men, including his student Clyde Martin. Over the years, she supported and contributed to her husband's work and legacy.Alfred and Clara had four children: Donald (1922–1927), Anne (1924–2016), Joan (1925–2009), and Bruce (1928).  Donald died of diabetes shortly before his fifth birthday. Alfred died in 1956.DeathClara Kinsey died on April 30, 1982, and is buried with her husband in Bloomington, Indiana.Portrayal in mediaLaura Linney was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Clara McMillen in the 2004 film Kinsey.Passage 8:Empress ShōkenEmpress Dowager Shōken (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Shōken-kōtaigō, 9 May 1849 – 9 April 1914), born Masako Ichijō (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Ichijō Masako), was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan. She is also known under the technically incorrect name Empress Shōken (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Shōken-kōgō). She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War.Early lifeLady Masako Ichijō was born on 9 May 1849, in Heian-kyō, Japan. She was the third daughter of Tadayoshi Ichijō, former Minister of the Left and head of the Fujiwara clan's Ichijō branch. Her adoptive mother was one of Prince Fushimi Kuniie's daughters, but her biological mother was Tamiko Niihata, the daughter of a doctor from the Ichijō family. Unusually for the time, she had been vaccinated against smallpox. As a child, Masako was somewhat of a prodigy: she was able to read poetry from the Kokin Wakashū by the age of 4 and had composed some waka verses of her own by the age of 5. By age seven, she was able to read some texts in classical Chinese with some assistance and was studying Japanese calligraphy. By the age of 12, she had studied the koto and was fond of Noh drama. She excelled in the studies of finances, ikebana and Japanese tea ceremony.The major obstacle to Lady Masako's eligibility to become empress consort was the fact that she was 3 years older than Emperor Meiji, but this issue was resolved by changing her official birth date from 1849 to 1850. They became engaged on 2 September 1867, when she adopted the given name Haruko (\u0000\u0000), which was intended to reflect her serene beauty and diminutive size.The Tokugawa Bakufu promised 15,000 ryō in gold for the wedding and assigned her an annual income of 500 koku, but as the Meiji Restoration occurred before the wedding could be completed, the promised amounts were never delivered. The wedding was delayed partly due to periods of mourning for Emperor Kōmei,  for her brother Saneyoshi, and the political disturbances around Kyoto between 1867 and 1868.Empress of JapanLady Haruko and Emperor Meiji's wedding was finally officially celebrated on 11 January 1869. She was the first imperial consort to receive the title of both nyōgō and of kōgō (literally, the emperor's wife, translated as \"empress consort\"), in several hundred years. However, it soon became clear that she was unable to bear children. Emperor Meiji already had 12 children by 5 concubines, though: as custom in Japanese monarchy, Empress Haruko adopted Yoshihito, her husband's eldest son by Lady Yanagihara Naruko, who became Crown Prince. On 8 November 1869, the Imperial House departed from Kyoto for the new capital of Tokyo. In a break from tradition, Emperor Meiji insisted that the Empress and the senior ladies-in-waiting should attend the educational lectures given to the Emperor on a regular basis about national conditions and developments in foreign nations.InfluenceOn 30 July 1886, Empress Haruko attended the Peeresses School's graduation ceremony in Western clothing. On 10 August, the imperial couple received foreign guests in Western clothing for the first time when hosting a Western Music concert.From this point onward, the Empress' entourage wore only Western-style clothes in public, to the point that in January 1887 Empress Haruko issued a memorandum on the subject: traditional Japanese dress was not only unsuited to modern life, but Western-style dress was closer than the kimono to clothes worn by Japanese women in ancient times.In the diplomatic field, Empress Haruko hosted the wife of former US President Ulysses S. Grant during his visit to Japan. She was also present for her husband's meetings with Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881. Later that same year, she helped host the visit of the sons of future British King Edward VII: Princes Albert Victor and George (future George V), who presented her with a pair of pet wallabies from Australia.On  26 November 1886, Empress Haruko accompanied her husband to Yokosuka, Kanagawa to observe the new Imperial Japanese Navy cruisers Naniwa and Takachiho firing torpedoes and performing other maneuvers. From 1887, the Empress was often at the Emperor's side in official visits to army maneuvers. When Emperor Meiji fell ill in 1888, Empress Haruko took his place in welcoming envoys from Siam, launching warships and visiting Tokyo Imperial University. In 1889, Empress Haruko accompanied Emperor Meiji on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto. While he continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara to worship at the principal Shinto shrines.Known throughout her tenure for her support of charity work and women's education during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), Empress Haruko worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society. She participated in the organization's administration, especially in their peacetime activities in which she created a money fund for the International Red Cross. Renamed \"The Empress Shōken Fund\", it is presently used for international welfare activities. After Emperor Meiji moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, Empress Haruko joined her husband in March 1895. While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals full of wounded soldiers every other day of her stay.DeathAfter Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Empress Haruko was granted the title Empress Dowager (\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kōtaigō) by her adoptive son, Emperor Taishō. She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka and was buried in the East "}
{"doc_id":"doc_17","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Abe MeyerAbe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores.Selected filmographyPainted Faces (1929)Honeymoon Lane (1931)Unholy Love (1932)A Strange Adventure (1932)Take the Stand(1934)Legong (1935)The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)Suicide Squad (1935)The Mine with the Iron Door (1936)The Devil on Horseback (1936)Song of the Trail (1936)County Fair (1937)The 13th Man (1937)Raw Timber(1937)Roaring Timber (1937)The Law Commands (1937)The Painted Trail (1938)My Old Kentucky Home (1938)The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)Saleslady (1938)Numbered Woman  (1938)The Marines Are Here(1938)Fisherman's Wharf (1939)Undercover Agent (1939)Passage 2:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operaticsoprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage3:Thomas MorseThomas Morse (born June 30, 1968) is a composer of film and concert music.Life and composing careerHe began his musical career while in high school, writing his first orchestral work. After receiving abachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a composition master's degree at USC in Los Angeles, changing over to the film scoring program in the second year.In the years thatfollowed, Morse composed orchestral scores for more than a dozen feature films including The Big Brass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a Golden Globenomination for her performance; The Sisters (Maria Bello & Elizabeth Banks); and The Apostate (with Dennis Hopper), as well as the noted orchestral score for Jerry Bruckheimer's CBS series The Amazing Race.Workingparallel in the field of popular music, he created string arrangements on songs for numerous artists including a posthumous Michael Hutchence release entitled Possibilities.In 2013 he signed a worldwide publishingagreement with Music Sales Group in New York, parent company of G. Schirmer.Notable music for film and televisionNotable music for film and television:2014 Come Back to Me2005 The Sisters2001-2005 The AmazingRace (69 Episodes)2001 Lying in Wait2000 The Apostate1999 The Big Brass RingOpera2017 Frau SchindlerOther works2013 Code Novus (album)Passage 4:Yandé Codou, la griotte de SenghorYandé Codou, la griotte deSenghor is a 2008 Belgian-Senegalese documentary film written and directed by Angèle Diabang Brener and starring Yandé Codou Sène — two years prior to her death. The documentary is a portrayal of the life andwork of Yandé Codou Sène, official griot to President Léopold Sédar Senghor, and one of the most influential Senegalese and Senegambian artists for decades despite not recording her first album until the age ofsixty-five. The music is provided by Yandé Codou Sène, Wasis Diop and Youssou N'Dour.SynopsisThe griotte Yandé Codou Sène, who is now around 80 years old, is one of the last representatives of the Serer polyphonicpoetry. This documentary, shot over four years, is an intimate portrait of the diva that traveled through the history of Senegal by the side of one of the country's legendary figures, poet President, Léopold SédarSenghor. A sweet and bitter story about greatness, glory and the passage of time.AwardsFestival de Cine de Dakar 2008: Audience Award for Best Documentary (6 December 2008)Passage 5:André SenghorAndréKoupouleni Senghor (born 28 January 1986), is a Senegalese footballer who played as a striker. He is currently playing for Chinese Super League team Cangzhou Mighty Lions.Club careerSenghor was loaned to RajaCasablanca, where he scored two goals in his first league match, against CODM Meknès, the second was one of the best of season.Senghor also played an important role in Al-Karamah's run in the AFC ChampionsLeague 2007, while he was with the club on loan during 2007.International careerOn 28 March 2009, he made his debut for the Senegal national football team against Oman.Career statisticsAs of 3 January2023.NotesPassage 6:Bert GrundBert Grund (1920–1992) was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyCrown Jewels (1950)Immortal Light (1951)I Can't Marry Them All (1952)We're Dancing on theRainbow (1952)My Wife Is Being Stupid (1952)Knall and Fall as Detectives (1952)The Bachelor Trap (1953)The Bird Seller (1953)The Immortal Vagabond (1953)The Sun of St. Moritz (1954)The Witch (1954)The Majorand the Bulls (1955)Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)Love's Carnival (1955)The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz (1956)Between Time and Eternity (1956)That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)Arena of Fear (1959)TheThousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960)The Count of Luxemburg (1972)Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)Die Wächter (1986, TV miniseries)Carmen on Ice (1990)Passage 7:Henri VerdunHenri Verdun (1895–1977) was aFrench composer of film scores.Selected filmographyNapoléon (1927)The Sweetness of Loving (1930)The Levy Department Stores (1932)The Lacquered Box (1932)The Weaker Sex (1933)The Flame (1936)Girls of Paris(1936)The Assault (1936)Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)The Woman Thief (1938)Ernest the Rebel (1938)Rail Pirates (1938)The Fatted Calf (1939)Camp Thirteen (1940)The Man Without a Name (1943)The Bellman(1945)My First Love (1945)The Murderer is Not Guilty (1946)Distress (1946)The Fugitive (1947)The Ironmaster (1948)The Tragic Dolmen (1948)The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)La Fugue de Monsieur Perle(1952)The Lovers of Midnight (1953)The Big Flag (1954)Blood to the Head (1956)Passage 8:Walter UlfigWalter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyDas Meer (1927)Venus im Frack(1927)Svengali (1927)Bigamie (1927)Homesick (1927)The Awakening of Woman (1927)The Famous Woman (1927)Alpine Tragedy (1927)The Strange Case of Captain Ramper (1927)Assassination (1927)Queen Louise(1927)Homesick (1927)Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)The Hunt for the Bride (1927)The Orlov (1927)Serenissimus and the Last Virgin (1928)Mariett Dances Today (1928))The Woman from Till 12 (1928)The Belovedof His Highness (1928)The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928)It Attracted Three Fellows (1928)Miss Chauffeur (1928)The King of Carnival (1928)The Weekend Bride (1928)Honeymoon (1928)Spring Awakening (1929)The Rightof the Unborn (1929)The Heath Is Green (1932)Höllentempo (1933)The Two Seals (1934)Pappi (1934)Mädchenräuber (1936)BibliographyJung, Uli & Schatzberg, Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene.Berghahn Books, 1999.External linksWalter Ulfig at IMDbPassage 9:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shapedstring instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but hegrew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués deSantillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musicalactivities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for variousfestivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in thecollection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published forthe four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositions represented in thispublication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recordingmainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs fordifferent tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in theRenaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel BayPublications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\".Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra atthe International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 10:Yandé Codou SèneYandé Codou Sène (also Yande Codou Sene) was a Senegalese singer from the Serer ethnic group. She was born in 1932 at Somb inthe Sine-Saloum delta and died on July 15, 2010 at Gandiaye in Sénégal. She was the official griot of president Léopold Sédar Senghor. Most of her music is in the Serer language.CareerYandé Codou sings in the oldSerer tradition and have had a significant impact on Senegambian music as well as artists including Youssou N'Dour whom she has inspired immensely. Although she has been singing since she was a child and have hada profound effect on Senegambia's music scene, she did not record her first album (Night Sky in Sine Saloum) until she was aged 65. Her first recording debut on an album \"Gainde\" was in 1995 that she shared withYoussou N'Dour in which she received rave reviews. In that same year, her vocals were showcased on the full-length album Youssou N'Dour Presents Yandé Codou Sène. RootsWorld described her as someone who:\"canmove mountains with her positively poetic voice.\"In Safi Faye's Mossane (a 1996 film), Yandé's powerful vocals received rave reviews whose song in the film is associated with the evocation of the Serer Pangool(ancestral spirits and Serer Saints in the Serer religion).President Senghor who is famous for adopting the African griot technique of \"naming\" in his poems is adopted from the Serer tradition as in his poem \"Auxtirailleurs Sénégalais morts pour la France.\"  Yandé Codou who is proficient in this technique used a similar technique in the funeral of President Senghor.AlbumsGainde, Yandé Codou Sène and Youssou N'Dour,1995Yandé Codou Sène, Night Sky in Sine Saloum, 1997TracksSalmon Faye (sang in a cappella)GaindeKeur Maang CodouBofia Tigue WagueneSalmon FayeGnaikha Gniore NdianesseNatangueKeur MangCodouFilmographyYandé Codou Sène, Diva Sérère, documentary film by Laurence Gavron, 2008Yandé Codou, la griotte de Senghor, documentary film by Angèle Diabang Brener, 2008Mossane, film by Safi Faye,1996Karmen Gei, film, directed by Joseph Gai Ramaka, 2001Ousmane Sembene's film Faat KineNotesExternal linksAll musicPortrait, Music. Télérama.frTelerama.frPortrait France24France24.comNew York Times reviewof MossanYandé Codou Sène, R.I.P. – Voice of America News"}
{"doc_id":"doc_18","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Secrets of a Door-to-Door SalesmanSecrets of a Door-to-Door Salesman is a 1973 sex comedy film directed by Wolf Rilla. Also known as Naughty Wives.PlotThe film is about a young man who gets a job as avacuum salesman and finds that he has to fight off advances from female customers.CastBrendan Price – David ClydeSue Longhurst – PennyFelicity Devonshire – SusanneVictoria Burgoyne – Sally CockburnGrahamStark - Charlie VincentChic Murray – PolicemanBernard Spear - Jake TripperJean Harrington – MartinaSteve Patterson – Anthony ClydeJacqueline Logan – Mrs. DonovanElizabeth Romilly – NancyJan Servais –JaneJacqueline Afrique – RachelJohnny Briggs - LomanKaren Boyes – GirlfriendDavid Rayner – Bruce, the art directorRon Alexander – Ron, the assistantNoelle Finch – Edith Simons, the reporterPassage 2:Bill Porter(salesman)William Douglas Porter (September 9, 1932 – December 3, 2013) was an American salesman, who worked for Watkins Incorporated based out of Winona, Minnesota. Born with cerebral palsy, Porter'sbackground and work was brought to the public's attention in 1995 when an Oregon-based newspaper published a series of feature stories about him.LifePorter was born in San Francisco, California, and at a young agemoved to Portland, Oregon along with his mother. He was unable to gain employment due to his cerebral palsy, but refused to go on disability. Porter eventually convinced Watkins Incorporated to give him adoor-to-door salesman job, selling its products on a seven-mile route in the Portland area. He eventually became Watkins' top seller, and worked for the company for over forty years.In 1995, the newspaper TheOregonian ran a feature story about Porter. The story of his optimistic determination made him the subject of media attention across the United States. He was featured in Reader's Digest and on ABC's 20/20. The20/20 broadcast received over 2000 phone calls and letters, which was the most ever for a 20/20 story. Porter was the subject of a 2002 made-for-TV movie on TNT called Door to Door, featuring William H. Macy, KyraSedgwick and Helen Mirren. In 2009 the Japanese TBS network aired a TV movie loosely based on Bill Porter, also called Door to Door. It starred Ninomiya Kazunari and Rosa Kato as fictional versions of Porter andBrady. Porter died of an infection in Gresham, Oregon, on December 3, 2013, at the age of 81.Passage 3:The Fuller Brush ManThe Fuller Brush Man is a 1948 American comedy film starring Red Skelton as adoor-to-door salesman for the Fuller Brush Company who becomes a murder suspect.PlotSuccess doesn't exactly stare the unfortunate street cleaner Red Jones (Red Skelton) in the eye, and when he decides to proposeto his sweetheart Ann Elliot (Janet Blair), who is a secretary at the Fuller Brush company, she demands that he makes something more of himself before she can accept the offer. She suggests he should follow theexample of a salesman and friend of hers, Keenan Wallick (Don McGuire), who works at her company. Red gets a chance to prove himself worthy sooner than he had expected when he is fired from his job as a cleanerby his boss, Gordon Trist (Nicholas Joy), because he accidentally sets a trash can on fire in the line of duty, and smashes Trist's car window. Ann gives him a chance to show his skills as a door-to-door salesman for theFuller Brush company, and he is teamed up with her friend Keenan. Both Ann and Red are unaware that Keenan himself has a romantic interest in Ann, and wants to get Red out of the way as soon as possible, so hecan pursue Ann without competition. Keenan assigns Red a list of the hardest homes, and Red fails tremendously with his task of selling to an almost impossible potential customer. He has a comical run-in with atroublesome small boy, and a beautiful model at another home tries to seduce him.Seeing how unsuccessful Red's sales attempts are, Keenan comes up with the idea of a bet – the winner gets to pursue Ann withoutinterference of the other man – which he suggests to Red. The bet is that Red won't be able to sell a single brush to the households on their run. Red takes the bet, and the next household on their run is the mansion ofhis old boss Gordon Trist. After Red tries to hide from Gordon and the groundskeeper, Gordon recognizes Red and sends him packing, but his wife comes after Red and buys ten brushes from him.Red returns to Annaand Keenan in high spirits, until he realizes he forgot to collect the payment money from Mrs. Trist. When Red comes back to the Trist home, he overhears a conversation between his former boss, Keenan, GregoryCruckston (Donald Curtis) and a few other persons, as they discuss their involvement in a racketeering operation. Red is caught eavesdropping and knocked unconscious after he is brought into the house. When hecomes back to life, Gordon has been murdered in the dark, and everyone present in the house is arrested by police lieutenant Quint (Arthur Space), all suspected of murder.Red is released since there is no evidencepointing to him being the killer, and when he comes home he discovers Mrs. Trist (Hillary Brooke) waiting for him with the money. Soon after, Sara arrives at his home, and shortly after that Freddie Trist (Ross Ford),Gordon's son, with two armed gangsters. The gangsters hold everyone hostage as they search in vain for the murder weapon that killed Gordon. Ann and Red conclude that the weapon must have been a Fuller brush,molded into a knife-looking object. Cruckston stops them from telling policeman Quint about the weapon, and it turns out Cruckston, who is Gordon's partner in crime, is the murderer. Ann and Red escape from him andhis gangsters. Cruckston is arrested and Red is the hero of the day, winning Ann's heart in the process.CastRed Skelton as Red JonesJanet Blair as Ann ElliottDon McGuire as Keenan WallickHillary Brooke as MildredTristAdele Jergens as Miss SharmleyRoss Ford as Freddie TristTrudy Marshall as Sara FranzenNicholas Joy as Commissioner Gordon TristDonald Curtis as Gregory CruckstonArthur Space as LieutenantQuintProductionThe project had been in development for four years. Producer Simon got permission from the Fuller Brush company and wrote the story with Skelton in mind but was unable to secure studio interest untilthe success of Miracle on 34th Street (1947) showed the benefits of commercial tie-ins for feature films. He set the project up at Columbia conditional upon MGM agreeing to loan him out.Producer Edward Small wasowed a favour by MGM as he agreed not to make a film called D'Artagnan to clash with their production of The Three Musketeers (1948). Small and Simon then purchased a story in the Saturday Evening Post by RoyHuggins.Fuller Brush gave their final approval provided it was clear in the final movie that the character Skelton played was an independent dealer and not an employee of the Fuller Brush company.See alsoThe FullerBrush GirlPassage 4:Wolf RillaWolf Peter Rilla (16 March 1920 – 19 October 2005) was a film director and writer of German background, although he worked mainly in the United Kingdom.Rilla is known for directingVillage of the Damned (1960). He wrote many books for students, such as The Writer and the Screen: On Writing for Film and Television and The A to Z of Movie Making.Early life and careerRilla was born in Berlin,where his father Walter Rilla was an actor and producer. In common with many others in entertainment and the arts, Walter recognised the dangers when Hitler came to power, and the family moved to London in 1934when Wolf was 14. He completed his schooling at the enlightened co-educational Frensham Heights School, Surrey, and went on to St Catharine's College, Cambridge. In 1942, he joined the BBC External Service'sGerman section, beginning as a script editor, but transferred to television in the late 1940s.Film and television careerRilla left the BBC staff in 1952 to pursue a career making films, but continued to take on televisionproductions as a freelance. For television, he directed episodes of series such as The Adventures of Aggie, a sitcom, and The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel (both 1956), both produced for ITV, but also aimed atthe American market. Later, he wrote episodes of the Paul Temple television series.Meanwhile, in the cinema he worked for Group 3, a production company set up by the National Film Finance Corporation with MichaelBalcon, John Baxter and John Grierson in charge. The intention was to give young talent a chance to make modestly budgeted films (those costing less than £50,000), but the arrangement only survived until 1956. By1960, Rilla was working regularly for MGM-British Studios.His best remembered film, Village of the Damned (1960), dates from his period with the American studio's British subsidiary. Derived from John Wyndham'ssci-fi novel The Midwich Cuckoos. As well as directing the film, Rilla collaborated with producer Ronald Kinnoch (using the pseudonym George Barclay) and Stirling Silliphant on the adaptation. George Sanders co-starredwith Barbara Shelley. In his other film for MGM-British, Rilla directed his father, along with George Sanders and Richard Johnson, in Cairo (1963), a remake of John Huston's The Asphalt Jungle, with Tutankhamun'sjewels in a Cairo museum now the target of the robbers.His novels included Greek Chorus, The Dispensable Man, The Chinese Consortium and one simply entitled Movie.Rilla also wrote an episode of Doomwatch entitledThe Devil's Demolition  however the series was cancelled before it was produced.Personal lifeRilla married the actress and director Valerie Hanson after they appeared together in a BBC television production of ThePortugal Lady; the couple had a daughter, Madeleine, in 1955. In 1967, he married Shirley Graham-Ellis, a publicist for tea suppliers Jacksons of Piccadilly and London Films. Rilla and Graham-Ellis had a son, Nico, whohas been a filmmaker and chef. His daughter Madeline died in a car crash in 1985.After Rilla had held office in both the film technicians' union ACTT and the Directors' Guild, he and Shirley moved to the south of France,to buy and run a hotel at Fayence in Provence.FilmographyNoose for a Lady (1953)Glad Tidings (1953)The Large Rope (1953)Marilyn (US: Roadhouse Girl, 1953)The Black Rider (1954)The End of the Road (1954)StockCar (1955)The Blue Peter (1955)Pacific Destiny (1956)The Scamp (1957)Bachelor of Hearts (1958)Jessy (1959)Witness in the Dark (1959)Die zornigen jungen Männer (1960)Village of the Damned (1960)PiccadillyThird Stop (1960)Watch it, Sailor! (1961)The World Ten Times Over (1963)Cairo (1963)Pax? (1968)Secrets of a Door-to-Door Salesman (1973)Bedtime with Rosie (1974)Passage 5:Lee MiglinLee Albert Miglin (July 12,1924 – May 4, 1997) was an American business tycoon and philanthropist. After starting his career as a door-to-door salesman and then broker, Miglin became a successful real estate developer. He was an earlydeveloper of business parks. His firm, at one point, proposed the construction of the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, which was planned to be the tallest building in the world. Miglin was murdered in his home in May 1997 byAndrew Cunanan, a spreekiller.Life and careerMiglin was one of seven children born to a Roman Catholic family of Lithuanian descent. His father was a Czech immigrant who worked as a Central Illinois coal miner andalso owned a tavern, ice cream parlor, and soda distributorship. Miglin was born in Westville, Illinois.Miglin trained as an air cadet during World War II, before attending the University of Illinois.Miglin began hisprofessional career selling silverware door-to-door and pancake batter out of the trunk of his car. After this, he sold frozen cheesecakes, and subsequent to that sold TV dinners. He quit his salesman job to spend a sixmonth trip across Europe. After this, he decided to make an effort to go into real estate to make substantial money.In 1956, at the age of 31, Miglin began his real estate career. In the early 1960s, he took a job as abroker with Chicago real estate magnate Arthur Rubloff. At Arthur Rubloff & Co., Miglin would first get involved with warehouse construction, later moving into office development. One of the projects he  was involved inwas the development of the first two of the three towers at the President's Plaza office complex near Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. Miglin would later develop the third tower in 1985 with his firm Miglin-Beitler.Miglin was regarded as an early developer of the business park developments. He worked at Rubloff & Co. for 25 years.In 1959, Miglin married 20-year-old Marilyn Klecka, a Roman Catholic of Czech descent. Klecka, asuccessful entrepreneur known as the Queen of Makeovers, established a prominent perfume and cosmetics company and appeared on the Home Shopping Network. They would have two children together, Marlena(born 1968) and Duke Miglin (born 1971), the latter of whom would become an actor.Miglin formed a successful real estate development partnership with J. Paul Beitler, who had also worked at Rubloff & Co. Together,they founded the firm Miglin-Beitler Developments in 1982. Among the projects developed by the firm were Madison Plaza (200 West Madison), 181 West Madison Street, and Oakbrook Terrace Tower (the tallestbuilding in Illinois outside of Chicago). In addition to constructing developments, the firm also managed properties.In 1988, Miglin-Beitler Developments unveiled plans to construct a 1,999 foot 125-floor skyscraper inChicago to be called the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle. This would have been the tallest building in the world at the time of its planned completion. However, the building was never built, with plans faltering during a 1990downturn of Chicago's downtown office market. Miglin-Beitler had held hopes of resurrecting the project, but these hopes would be dashed by Miglin's murder.After Miglin-Beitler Developments began shifting its focusaway from development and towards property management in the 1990s, Miglin gradually withdrew from the daily operations but still remained involved in the company.Miglin was a well-regarded figure in Chicago  andwas known for his philanthropy.Miglin was murdered on May 4, 1997, by the spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Miglin's body was found in the garage of his home in Chicago's Gold Coast Historic District. He had been boundat the wrists, and his head was bound with tape, with only a breathing space under his nostrils. He had been tortured with a saw and a screwdriver, his ribs had been broken, he had been beaten and stabbed, and histhroat had been slashed with a gardener's bow saw. Cunanan was already wanted in Minneapolis for murdering his friend Jeffrey Trail and his own ex-lover David Madson a few days earlier.LegacyMiglin-BeitlerDevelopments merged in 1998 with the New York City real estate Howard and Edward Milstein to form the Chicago-based firm Miglin Beitler Real Estate (MBRE). In 2022, it was announced that Houston-basedTranswestern was acquiring the firm. Some of the properties developed by Miglin are today managed by Miglin Properties, LLC.In popular cultureThe second season of the anthology television series American CrimeStory: The Assassination of Gianni Versace, recounted the Cunanan spree. It included appearances by Miglin, portrayed by Mike Farrell.  This portrayal was based on Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace,and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History by Maureen Orth, who speculated that Miglin may have been a closeted bisexual man in a secret relationship with Cunanan. The Miglin family has refuted this story, andhas insisted that there was no relationship of any kind between Miglin and Cunanan. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation had investigated allegations that Cunnanan had known Miglin or a relative of Miglin's theywere unable to establish any link between Miglin and Cunanan.See alsoList of homicides in IllinoisPassage 6:Victoria BurgoyneVictoria Burgoyne (born 3 April 1953) is an English actress.She is known for being a guestactress in the infamously uncompleted 1979 Doctor Who serial Shada, the making of which was abandoned as the result of a BBC strike. She provided her voice to complete the serial using animation in 2017. Burgoynewas a regular cast member on the series Howards' Way as Vicki Rockwell during its 1989 series.Other TV credits include: Doctors Daughters, where she was one of the leads, The Professionals, Give Us a Break and EverDecreasing Circles.Her film credits include Mr Smith (1976), Secrets of a Door-to-Door Salesman (1973), Death Ship (1980), Where Is Parsifal? (1984), and a role as a prostitute in the costume drama Stealing Heaven(1988).FilmographyExternal linksVictoria Burgoyne at IMDbPassage 7:Ruth WeyherRuth Weyher (28 May 1901 – 27 January 1983) was a German film actress of the silent era. She appeared in 60 films between 1920and 1930. She starred in the 1926 film Secrets of a Soul, which was directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst.Selected filmographyPassage 8:William Richard SuttonWilliam Richard Sutton (1833 – 20 May 1900) was thefounder of the UK's first door-to-door long distance parcel service and founder of the William Sutton housing trust.Early lifeWilliam Richard Sutton was born in 1833 at London's Cheapside.CareerSutton founded thebusiness of Sutton and Co., general carriers in 1861. He noted that the Royal Mail could carry letters from door to door, but they did not carry parcels; instead the sender had to arrange for delivery to a railway station,goods freight to a station near the destination, and then make separate arrangements for delivery to the final destination. Sutton Carriers would take care of all those stages. The railway companies obstructed this andSutton took them to court with a case that lasted over seven years; the House of Lords ruled to break the railway companies' monopoly on pricing and allowed him to deliver packages door-to-door. At his death in 1900his business had grown to 600 branches. Sutton Carriers was eventually nationalised in the 1950s.Sutton also had a partnership in Sutton, Carden and Co. which was a brewer, bottler, distiller, hotelier and merchant ofwines, tea, coffee, and tobacco.Death and legacySutton died at his home in Adelaide Crescent, Hove, and was buried in West Norwood Cemetery. His will bequeathed almost all of his considerable wealth intophilanthropic trusts for housing of the poor, although during his life he had held no public office and did no charity work. His will was disputed by his family and by existing large landlords, among them the LondonCounty Council, who were worried that these cheap and desirable dwellings would lead to lower rents. Nonetheless, his will was proved and The Sutton Model Dwellings Trust (now known as Clarion Housing Group) builtestates for the poor across England, beginning in Bethnal Green, then Chelsea, Islington, Rotherhithe, Plymouth and Birmingham.Passage 9:Live Now, Pay LaterLive Now, Pay Later is a 1962 British black-and-white filmstarring Ian Hendry, June Ritchie and John Gregson. Hendry plays a smooth-talking, conniving door-to-door salesman.PlotUnsavoury door-to-door salesman Albert Argyle's (Ian Hendry) technique involves bedding hisfemale customers in an attempt to seduce them to buy on credit. As well as being unfaithful to his pregnant girlfriend (June Ritchie), the unrepentant Albert is also cheating his boss (John Gregson) out of profits, andalso trying his hand at a spot of blackmail.Preservation statusThe only known print was discovered and finally made available on DVD in June 2020. The film premiered on Talking Pictures TV on 9 October2022.CastProductionFilming locations included London, Elstree and Luton. A collection of location stills and corresponding contemporary photographs is hosted at reelstreets.com.Critical receptionIn a contemporaryreview, Variety considered it to have \"many amusing moments, but overall it is untidy and does not develop the personalities of some of the main characters sufficiently\"; whereas more recently, the Radio Times gavethe film four out of five stars, noting \"...a remarkably cynical and revealing portrait of Britain shifting from postwar austerity into rampant consumerism and the Swinging Sixties.\"Passage 10:Our Willi Is the BestOurWilli Is the Best (German: Unser Willi ist der Beste ) is a 1971 German comedy film directed by Werner Jacobs and starring Heinz Erhardt, Ruth Stephan and Rudolf Schündler. Now retired from his civil service job, Willibecomes a door-to-door salesman. Is the third part of the 'Willi' series of films.CastHeinz Erhardt as Willi WinzigRuth Stephan as Heidelinde HansenRudolf Schündler as Ottokar MümmelmannElsa Wagner as AlteDamePaul Esser as Herr KaiserJutta Speidel as Biggi HansenHenry Vahl as Opa HansenMartin Hirthe as Hauswirt GraumannEdith Hancke as Elsetraut KnöpfkeHans Terofal as Emil KlingelbergMartin Jente as Butler"}
{"doc_id":"doc_19","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Karl Wilhelm WachKarl Wilhelm Wach (also Carl Wilhelm or Wilhelm Wach) (11 September 1787 – 24 November 1845) was a German painter.LifeWach was born in Berlin in 1787, studied art at the PrussianAcademy of Arts and was a pupil of painter Karl Kretschmar. At the age of just 20, Wach was commissioned to paint an altar piece for the Paretz village church and produced his \"Christ with four Apostles\" (1807).Fiveyears later came his artistic breakthrough, his painting of Königin Luise (1812). After spending 1813 to 1815 in the Prussian army, Wach then established himself in Paris. He met William Hensel and the two becamepupils of the painters Antoine Jean Gros and Jacques-Louis David. In 1817 Wach undertook a longer study trip to Italy, above all  to study artists from Quattrocento. His strongest influence – according to his ownstatements – was however Raphael. Two years later Wach returned to Berlin (1819) and set himself up himself as a freelance artist. His first large commission was a picture for Berlin Concert Hall. Wach created for it acover painting of the nine Muses. Prussian king Frederick William III made available to Wach premises in which he then furnished a studio. Due to its influence and its many pupils, this studio soon became a school. By1837 it had nearly 70 pupils, almost all of whom went on to forge artistic careers. His activity as a teacher did not noticeably impair his artistic work. Wach was honoured with the title professor and appointed a memberof Prussian Academy of Arts (1820). To mark his 40th birthday Wach was officially promoted to royal painter (1827).Wach died in 1845.Selected worksChrist with four Apostles (1807)Königin Luise (1812)TheCommunion and the Auferstehung Christ (in the Evangelist church of St Peter & Paul, Moscow)The beautiful Velletrinerin, (1820)Madonna picture (1826, for Prince Frederik of the Netherlands)The Three HimmlischenVirtues (1830, in Friedrichswerder Church in Berlin)Carl von Clausewitz (1830)Christ at the oil mountainPsyche of Amor surpriseA life-large NympheBildnis Bettina von Savigny (1834)Johannes in the desert (1838)Judithwith the head of the Holofernes (1838)Königin Elisabeth von Preußen (1840)Passage 2:Wilhelm Karl Ritter von HaidingerWilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger (or Wilhelm von Haidinger, or most often Wilhelm Haidinger) (5February 1795 – 19 March 1871) was an Austrian mineralogist.Early lifeHaidinger's father was the mineralogist Karl Haidinger (1756–1797), who died when Wilhelm was only two years old. The books on mineralogy andthe collection of rocks and minerals of his father will almost certainly have raised the interest of young Wilhelm. The collection of his uncle, banker Jakob Friedrich van der Nüll, was by far larger and much more precious,even to such a degree that the famous professor Friedrich Mohs of Freiberg (Germany) had been asked to describe it in detail. Young Wilhelm Haidinger and the professor often met in the house of Wilhelm's uncle. Aftercompleting the \"Normalschule\" and the \"Grammatikalschule\" Wilhelm started out his pre-academical training at the local \"Gymnasium\". However, after completing only his first year, the \"Humanitätsclasse\", Wilhelm(now 17 years old) was asked by professor Friedrich Mohs to join him as his assistant at the newly founded Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz.Scientific careerDuring the next five years in Graz and the following sixyears in Freiberg Wilhelm Haidinger remained a devoted assistant and admirer of professor Friedrich Mohs. During these years Haidinger became more and more involved in scientific work. In 1821 Wilhelm Haidingerpublished his first scientific paper: \"On the crystallisation of copper-pyrites\" in the Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (Edinburgh), volume 4, pp. 1–18. This paper formed the start of a grand total of some350 scientific publications, all of which are listed in volume 3 of the Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800–1863) and volume 10 of the same catalogue for the years 1864–1883. Apart from all these papers WilhelmHaidinger published several books: Anfangsgründe der Mineralogie, an account on the collection of the \"k. k. Hofkammer im Münz- und Bergwesen\"; a review of mineralogical research (which grew into a well-knownseries edited by Gustav Adolph Kenngott); his Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie; an atlas to this textbook on mineralogy and the first complete geological map of Austria-Hungary.In 1822 Wilhelm Haidingeraccompanied August Graf von Breunner-Enckevoirt (1796–1877) on a six-month trip; they traveled from Linz to Munich, Basel, Paris, London and Edinburgh. In Edinburgh banker Thomas Allan provided Haidinger withthe means to translate Mohs' Grundriss der Mineralogie into English. (The translation appeared in 1823 in three volumes: Treatise on Mineralogy.)In 1823 Wilhelm Haidinger left Freiberg to re-settle in Edinburgh, wherehe stayed until the summer of 1825. In Edinburgh Haidinger met mineralogists Robert Jameson and Robert Ferguson of Raith, geologist James Hall, chemists Thomas Thomson and Edward Turner, and physicist DavidBrewster. The years in Edinburgh are among Haidinger's most productive: The translation of the comprehensive textbook by Mohs appeared in print and 33 scientific papers were written and published (in, for example,The Edinburgh Journal of Science of David Brewster and in the Philosophical Journal of Robert Jameson). While in Edinburgh Haidinger's friend Pierre Berthier named a new mineral (an iron antimony sulfide)\"Haidingérite\".Return to AustriaA long journey with Robert Allan (the son of Thomas Allan) in 1825 and 1826 brought Wilhelm Haidinger to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria, and northern Italy. The wintermonths of 1825 and 1826 were spent by Wilhelm Haidinger in the highest scientific circles of Berlin; here he met for example Gustav Rose and Heinrich Rose, Friedrich Wöhler, Eilhard Mitscherlich, Heinrich GustavMagnus, and Johann Christian Poggendorff. In the spring of 1826 the journey was continued and visits to Friedrich Mohs in Freiberg, to Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann and Friedrich Stromeyer in Göttingen,Hermann von Meyer in Frankfurt, Carl Cäsar Ritter von Leonhard and Leopold Gmelin in Heidelberg, Christian Gmelin, Franz von Kobell in Munich and Franz Xaver Riepl in Vienna completed their trip.In 1827 WilhelmHaidinger returned to Austria and became one of the directors of the \"Erste (böhmische) Porzellan-Industrie Aktien Gesellschaft (Epiag)\" in Elbogen (now Loket, Czech Republic). Working in the ceramics factory ownedby his brothers Eugen and Rudolf did not prevent Wilhelm from continuing his mineralogical research and writing scientific papers. In the years 1827 to 1840 Haidinger published some 24 papers (according to theCatalogue of Scientific Papers), which appeared in such well known journals as Poggendorff's Annalen and the Zeitschrift für Physik. One of the papers described the occurrence of fossil plants in the brown coal andsandstones of the surroundings of Elbogen (Loket).In 1840 Wilhelm Haidinger moved to Vienna to succeed his tutor Friedrich Mohs as director of the mineralogical collection of the \"Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hofkammer imMünz- und Bergwesen\". How much Haidinger devoted himself to science in general is evident from the fact that he founded a non-governmental scientific society: the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\". Becker,in 1871, recalled how Haidinger had been able to organize his scientific society in spite of serious opposition from the Austrian police. Haidinger, founder and president of the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\"undertook to publish its proceedings from 1840 to 1850. The last meeting of the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\" took place on 29 November 1850. After that the learned society ceased to exist. In addition tohis work on the collections of the mineralogical museum, his lectures on mineralogy and geology to young mining engineers, Wilhem Haidinger found the time to continue his own research and published some 105papers during the years 1849 to 1860.DolomitizationHaidinger's scientific work became more and more concentrated on the phenomenon of \"pseudomorphosis\": that is minerals which have taken up the outer aspect ofanother mineral. For example, anhydrite would have changed into gypsum, but the original cleavage planes and crystal habitus would give the impression of anhydrite. Another example given by Haidinger was that ofcalcium carbonate, which would readily change into calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). In his own words:... part of the carbonate of lime is replaced by carbonate of magnesia, so as to form in the new species acompound of one atom each. How this change was brought about, is a difficult question to resolve, though the fact cannot be doubted, as we have in the specimen described a demonstration of it, approaching incertainty almost to ocular evidence.To geologists Haidinger is known especially for his postulate of the \"dolomitization\" reaction that would change calcium carbonate into dolomite at low temperatures (below 100degrees Celsius). A solution of magnesium sulfate would convert calcium carbonate into dolomite plus calcium sulfate in solution. Nonetheless, in 1844 Haidinger related how his friends, the well-known chemistsFriedrich Wöhler, Eilhard Mitscherlich, and Leopold Gmelin had explained to him, that powdered dolomite will react, even at room temperature, with a solution of calcium sulfate to give calcium carbonate plus a solutionof magnesium sulfate. (\"Durch meinem verehrten Freund Wöhler wurde ich auf die Beobachtung, die auch Mitscherlich und L. Gmelin anführen, aufmerksam gemacht, daß man Dolomit in Pulverform künstlich zerlegenkann, wenn man eine Auflösung von Gyps durch denselben dringen läßt. Bittersalz wird gebildet und kohlensaurer Kalk bleibt zurück. Dieser Versuch erläutert wohle mit hinreichender Evidenz die Bildung desKalkspathes aus Dolomit bei unserer gewöhnlichen Temperatur und atmosphärischer Pressung\": Haidinger, 1844, p. 250.) It was Haidinger's employee at the \"Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hofkammer im Münz- undBergwesen\", Adolph von Morlot, who undertook to investigate the formation of dolomite in the laboratory (no doubt at the request of Haidinger). The outcome of the experiments confirmed what Friedrich Wöhler hadpredicted in 1843: dolomite does not form from calcium carbonate plus a solution of magnesium sulfate unless high temperatures (more than 200 degrees Reamur = 250 degrees Celsius) and high pressures wereapplied. Von Morlot used calcite powder soaked in a concentrated solution of magnesium sulfate sealed in a glass tube. Heating the glass tube in an oil bath increased the pressure inside it to at least 15 bar. The glasstube was able to withstand this high pressure only because it had been placed inside a gun barrel filled with sand. In this way Von Morlot in 1847 had clearly demonstrated the existence of a minimum temperature forthe synthesis of the mineral dolomite. When Von Morlot (1847 A) reacted dolomite powder with a concentrated solution of calcium sulfate at room temperature, the result was (solid) calcium carbonate plus a solution ofmagnesium sulfate. (\"Wenn man nämlich durch gepulverten Dolomit eine Auflösung von Gyps filtriert, so entsteht die umgekehrte doppelte Zersetzung in der Art, daß Bittersalz aufgelöst durch's Filtrum geht, währendkohlensaurer Kalk zurück bleibt\": Von Morlot, 1847 A, p. 309.)Moral standardsRitter von Hauer (1871), in his necrology of Wilhelm Haidinger, recalled with great pride how open-minded Haidinger had been. The verythought of censoring any scientific publication would have been alien to Wilhelm Haidinger. In this regard, it must be remembered how Wilhelm Haidinger had allowed Adolph von Morlot to publish his accounts on thelaboratory syntheses of dolomite first and foremost in Haidinger's own Berichte über die Mittheilungen von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in Wien (at the same time Morlot's paper on the synthesis of dolomiteappeared in four other well-known journals.)As part of his mineralogical research Haidinger studied the optical behaviour of minerals, which led to his discovery of the phenomenon of pleochroïsm.A major step inHaidinger's career took place in 1849: the founding of the \"Kaiserlich-Königliche geologische Reichs-Anstalt\" on 15 November 1849 in Vienna. Wilhelm Haidinger became its first director. The \"k. k. Hofkammer im Münz-und Bergwesen\" now became part of this newly founded geological office of Imperial Austria-Hungary. A detailed account of all events in relation with this major re-organization was published by Haidinger in 1864.Details of Haidinger's years as director of the Austrian geological survey were published by Haidinger's successor Franz Ritter von Hauer.There can be little or no doubt as to the scientific status that Wilhelm Haidingerachieved during the years 1850 to 1866: the \"Kaiserlich-Königliche Geologische Reichsanstalt\" became the epicentre of geological research of its time. Haidinger's unselfish attitude is best reflected in his motto:\"Förderung der Wissenschaft, nicht Monopolisirung der Arbeit\" (Advancement of science, not monopolisation of research).Political activityAccording to Döll (1871) Wilhelm Haidinger played a major role in the founding ofthe \"k. k. Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Wien\" (Becker, 1871 mentions how Haidinger had started the Austrian Geographical Society after the example of the famous Royal Geographical Society of London); the\"Werner-Verein zur geologischen Durchforschung Mährens und Schlesiens\", the \"Geologischer Verein für Ungarn\" in Pest, the \"Società Geologica\" in Milan, Italy and its successor the \"Società Italiana di Scienze naturali\".Haidinger remained convinced that such scientific organizations outside the official governmental societies were necessary, if not essential.In 1860 Wilhelm Haidinger read in the Wiener-Zeitung that his \"k. k.Geologischer Reichsanstalt\" was going to be incorporated into the \"Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften\". Haidinger was shocked, not only because he had to read this news in the paper, but especially because thetwo institutes were truly incompatible. After several months of great uncertainty the Imperial Government, the Reichsrath, decided to cancel the planned forceful unification. Thus Haidinger was able to continue his workat the Imperial Geological Survey. With considerable pride Wilhelm Haidinger related, how Emperor Franz-Josef of Austria-Hungary had visited the building of the k. k. Geologischer Reichsanstalt in Vienna on 15February 1862. In 1866 Wilhelm Haidinger became seriously ill and asked the Government for early retirement; it was generously granted. After retirement Haidinger continued his studies at home; this time meteoritesheld his main interest (and several papers followed).Awards and honoursEmperor Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary bestowed great honour onto Wilhelm Haidinger: the Order of Franz Joseph and the Order of Leopoldwith his elevation to knighthood (\"Ritter von Haidinger\") on 30 July 1864. Haidinger had received from the King of Prussia on 24 January 1857 the highly coveted civil version of the Königlich Preußischer Orden \"Pour leMérite\".Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger | ORDEN POUR LE MÉRITE Furthermore, the King of Bavaria bestowed the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art; the King of Sweden gave the Nordstern Orden; andthe King of Portugal made Wilhelm Haidinger Commander in the Portuguese Order of Christ. Although Wilhelm Haidinger had never completed his academic training, he was promoted to Doctor honoris causa inphilosophy by the Charles University in Prague and to Doctor honoris causa in medicine by the University of Jena (see: Von Wurzbach, 1861).After a short illness Wilhelm Haidinger died at his home in Vienna on 19March 1871.Optical ResearchHaidinger fringeSee alsoHaidinger's brushNotes and ReferencesFurther readingWoodward, Horace Bolingbroke (1911). \"Haidinger, Wilhelm Karl\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11thed.). p. 820.Wevers, Joyce (1970–1980). \"Haidinger, Wilhelm Karl\". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.Passage 3:Wilhelm MeiseWilhelmMeise (12 September 1901 in Essen - 24 August 2002 in Hamburg) was a German ornithologist. He studied at the University of Berlin from 1924 to 1928, where he did his Ph.D. dissertation on the distribution of thecarrion crow and the hooded crow, and hybridization between them under the supervision of Professor Erwin Stresemann, (1889–1972). He also analysed taxonomic and historic relationships between the house sparrowand the Spanish sparrow in particular the status of the \"Italian sparrow\". He was curator of vertebrates at the Museum of Natural History in Dresden from 1929 until World War II.Meise produced the first review of birdspecies new to science in 1934 at the eighth International Ornithological Congress (IOC), followed by an update at the ninth IOC in 1938. He spent three years in a prison camp in Siberia after the war, and joined theBerlin's Natural History Museum in 1948. In 1951, he was appointed curator of ornithology at the Museum of Natural History in Hamburg and professor at the University of Hamburg.During the 1950s, Meise was thePresident of the Jordsand Club for the Protection of Seabirds at a time when such endeavours were at an early stage. He undertook an expedition to Angola in 1955 and, during the following years, published severalpapers on geographical variation, speciation, and evolution of African birds.Meise produced 47 parts of Max Schönwetter's handbook Handbuch der Oologie between 1960 and 1992, following Schönwetter's death in1960. The work consists of 3666 pages and presents in detail all species and subspecies whose eggs are known. According to Meise, there are 30000 - 35000 sub-species of birds, and the eggs of only half of these areknown to science.Meise's  170 publications dealt mainly with birds, but occasionally with the taxonomy of scorpions, spiders, lizards, snakes, and molluscs. He retired in 1972, and died aged 101 in 2002.Passage 4:MotuHafokaMotu Hafoka (13 March 1987 – 30 June 2012) was a Samoan footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He represented Samoa in the 2012 OFC Nations Cup and in the 2007 OFC U-20 Championship.He committedsuicide by hanging himself from a tree in his family's back yard on Saturday, 30 June 2012.  It is believed that \"differences with his family\" were the cause of the suicide.Passage 5:Wilhelm LoeweWilhelm Loewe (14November 1814 in Olvenstedt – 2 November 1886 in Meran, County of Tyrol) was a German physician and Liberal politician, also called Wilhelm Loewe-Kalbe or Wilhelm Loewe von Kalbe.He was president of the \"rumpparliament\" remnant of the Frankfurt Parliament.BiographyHe was educated at the University of Halle and became a practicing physician. In 1848, he was elected to the Frankfurt Parliament, was a prominent memberof the extreme Democratic Party, was soon chosen first vice-president of the Parliament. After it moved to Stuttgart, he was made president. At first acquitted on the charge of sedition for his part in this revolutionarymovement, he was finally sentenced to life imprisonment for contumacy. He spent several years in Switzerland, Paris, and London, and then practiced medicine for eight years in New York City.In 1861, he benefited bythe amnesty and returned to Germany. Two years later he was elected to the Prussian House of Deputies, and in 1867 to the North German Reichstag as a member of the Progressist Party. In 1874, he quarreled withhis party on the military law of that year, and tried to form with other independents a Liberal Party which would agree in political matters with the Progressist Party, but would be free on economic questions. In carryingout this policy, he eagerly defended the protective tariff of 1879. He was defeated for reelection in 1881.NotesPassage 6:Wilhelm BaurWilhelm Baur or Wilhelm Baur de Betaz (17 February 1883 in Metz – 26 May 1964 inLindenfels) was a German Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) of the Heer during Second World War.BiographyWilhelm Baur was born in Metz (February 17, 1883), in Alsace-Lorraine, which was then part of Germany.He joined the army at twenty years old. He served in the 61st Artillery Regiment, from 1903 until 1914. Baur was detached to the Military Technical Academy in 1909, before being detached to the War-Academy from1912 to 1914. During the First World War, Baur served as a company-grade officer. He was awarded the Iron Cross.At the beginning of the Second World War, Wilhelm Baur was appointed Chief of Staff of the HigherFlying-Training-Commander. In March 1940, he took command of the Special-Purpose-Combat-Group in Norway. In September 1940, he was appointed commander of the air district of Greifswald, then commander of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_20","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \" aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 3:Richard HalliburtonRichard Halliburton (January 9, 1900 – presumed dead after March 24, 1939) was an American travel writer and adventurer who swam the length of the Panama Canal and paid the lowest toll in its history—36 cents in 1928. He disappeared at sea while attempting to sail the Chinese junk Sea Dragon across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, California.Early life and educationRichard Halliburton was born in Brownsville, Tennessee, to Wesley Halliburton, a civil engineer and real estate speculator, and Nelle Nance Halliburton. A brother, Wesley Jr., was born in 1903. The family moved to Memphis, where the brothers, who were not close, spent their childhood. Richard attended Memphis University School, where his favorite subjects were geography and history; he also showed promise as a violinist, and was a fair golfer and tennis player. In 1915 he developed a rapid heartbeat and spent some four months in bed before its symptoms were relieved. This included some time at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan, run by the eccentric and innovative John Harvey Kellogg, whose philosophy of care featured regular exercise, sound nutrition, and frequent enemas. In 1917, following an apparent bout of rheumatic fever, Wesley Jr., thought strong and in fine health, suddenly died.: 8 At 5'7\" (170 cm) and about 140 pounds (64 kg), Halliburton was never robust but would seldom complain of sickness or poor stamina. He graduated from the Lawrenceville School in 1917, where he was chief editor of The Lawrence. In 1921 he graduated from Princeton University, where he was on the editorial board of The Daily Princetonian and chief editor of The Princetonian Pictorial Magazine. He also attended courses in public speaking and considered a career as a lecturer.Career\"An even tenor\"Leaving college temporarily during 1919, Halliburton became an ordinary seaman and boarded the freighter Octorara that July, bound from New Orleans to England.: 19–23 He toured historic places in London and Paris, but soon returned to Princeton in early 1920 to finish his schooling.: 55–57 His trip inspired in him a lust for even more travel; seizing the day became his credo. The words of Oscar Wilde, who in works like The Picture of Dorian Gray enjoined experiencing the moment before it vanished, inspired Halliburton to reject marriage, family, a regular job, and conventional respectability as the obvious steps after graduation. He liked bachelorhood, youthful adventure, and the thrill of the unknown. To earn a living he intended to write about his adventures. He dedicated his first book to his Princeton roommates, \"...whose sanity, consistency and respectability ... drove [him] to this book\".Halliburton's father advised him to get the wanderlust out of his system, return to Memphis and adjust his life to \"an even tenor\":\"I hate that expression\", Richard responded, expressing the view that distinguished his life-style, \"and as far as I am able I intend to avoid that condition. When impulse and spontaneity fail to make my way uneven then I shall sit up nights inventing means of making my life as conglomerate and vivid as possible.... And when my time comes to die, I'll be able to die happy, for I will have done and seen and heard and experienced all the joy, pain and thrills—any emotion that any human ever had—and I'll be especially happy if I am spared a stupid, common death in bed.Witness to the wedding of the emperor of ChinaIn 1922 Halliburton witnessed the last ceremonial  marriage  of a Chinese Emperor, the wedding of Emperor Puyi to Empress Wanrong in Beijing. The Royal Family would be permanently expelled less than 2 years later. Halliburton wrote of the event in his memoir as follows: At four in the morning this gorgeous spectacle moved through the moonlit streets of Peking en-route to the prison-palace. The entire city was awake and the people thronged the line of march. A forest of pennants blazed and fluttered past ...gold dragons on black silk, blue dragons on gold silk; and swaying lanterns, and gilded kiosques containing the bride’s ceremonial robes, and princes on horseback surrounded by their colorful retinues. There was more than enough music. Last of all came the bride’s sedan hung with yellow brocade, roofed with a great gold dragon, and borne along by sixteen noblemen. I followed close behind the shrouded chair, and wondered about the state of mind of the little girl inside. Headed straight for prison, she was on the point of surrendering forever the freedom she had hitherto enjoyed... The procession wound its way to the 'Gate of Propitious Destiny,' one of the entrances to the palace, and halted before it. Torches flared. There was subdued confusion and whispers. mandarins and court officials hurried back and forth. Slowly, darkly, the great gates swung open,—I could look inside the courtyard and see the blazing avenue of lamps down which the procession would move up to the throne room where the emperor waited. Into the glitter and glamour of this 'Great Within' the trembling little girl, hidden in her flowered box, was carried. Then as I watched, the gates boomed shut and the princess became an empress.Lecturer and pioneer of adventure journalismWhile Halliburton was attending Princeton, Field and Stream magazine paid him $150 for an article (equivalent to $2,190 in 2022). This initial success encouraged him to choose travel writing as a career. His fortunes changed when a representative of the Feakins Agency heard him deliver a talk, and soon Halliburton was given bookings for lectures. Despite a high-pitched voice and occasional discomfort on the details, Halliburton displayed such enthusiasm and recounted such vivid recreations of his often bizarre foreign encounters that he became popular with audiences. On the strength of his lecturing and increasing celebrity appeal, publisher Bobbs-Merrill, whose editor-in-chief David Laurance Chambers was also a Princeton graduate, accepted Halliburton's first book, The Royal Road to Romance (1925), which became a bestseller.Two years later he published The Glorious Adventure, which retraced Ulysses' adventures throughout the Classical Greek world as recounted in Homer's Odyssey, and included his visiting the grave of English poet Rupert Brooke on the island of Skyros. In 1929, Halliburton published New Worlds To Conquer, which recounted his famous swim of the Panama Canal, his retracing the track of Hernán Cortés' conquest of Mexico, and his enactment in full goat-skin costume, of the role of Robinson Crusoe in Alexander Selkirk's, \"cast away\" on the island of Tobago. Animals figure prominently in this and many other of Halliburton's adventures.Ascent to fameHalliburton's friends during this time included movie stars, writers, musicians, painters, and politicians, including writers Gertrude Atherton and Kathleen Norris, Senator James Phelan, philanthropist Noël Sullivan, and actors Ramón Novarro and Rod La Rocque. Casual acquaintances were many, as lectures, personal appearances (notably to promote India Speaks), syndicated columns, and radio broadcasts made him a household name associated with romantic travel.Halliburton was acquainted with swashbuckling cinema star Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., who was also a world traveler. Halliburton himself, though several times approached about film versions of his adventures (notably by Fox Film Corporation in 1933 for The Royal Road to Romance), only appeared in one movie, the Walter Futter-produced semi-documentary India Speaks (1932; re-released in 1947 as Bride of Buddha or Bride of the East).Flying Carpet ExpeditionIn 1930 Halliburton hired pioneer aviator Moye Stephens on the strength of a handshake for no pay, but unlimited expenses—to fly him around the world in an open cockpit biplane. The modified Stearman C-3B was named the Flying Carpet after the magic carpet of fairy tales, subsequently the title of his 1932 best-seller. They embarked on \"one of the most fantastic, extended air journeys ever recorded\" taking 18 months to circumnavigate the globe, covering 33,660 miles (54,100 km) and visiting 34 countries.The pair started on Christmas Day 1930, making stops along the way, from Los Angeles to New York City, where they crated the airplane and boarded it on the oceanliner RMS Majestic. They sailed to England, where their extended mission began. They flew to France, then Spain, the British possession of Gibraltar, and on to Africa at Fez, Morocco (where Stephens performed aerobatics for the first air meet held in that country). They crossed the Atlas mountains and set out across the Sahara to Timbuktu, using the fuel caches of the Shell Oil Company. While in Timbuktu, they were guests of Pere Yakouba, a French Augustinian friar who had fled years before from the distractions of modern society and become a patriarch and a noted scholar of the community. They flew to their destination without mishap, then continued northward and eastward, spending several weeks in Algeria with the French Foreign Legion, and continuing via Cairo and Damascus, with a side trip to Petra.In Persia (now Iran) they met German aviator Elly Beinhorn, who was grounded by mechanical problems. They assisted her and then worked out shared itineraries. Later, Halliburton wrote a foreword to her book Flying Girl about the adventures she had in the air. In spite of being exhausted, and their plane becoming less safe, Stephens and Halliburton continued their eastward journey. In Persia, they took  Crown Princess Mahin Banu for a ride in the airplane; in neighbouring Iraq, they gave the young Crown Prince Ghazi a ride, flying him over his school yard.In India, Halliburton visited the Taj Mahal, which he had first visited in 1922. In Nepal, as The Flying Carpet flew past Mount Everest, Halliburton stood up in the open cockpit of the plane and took the first aerial photograph of the mountain, and to the delight of an amazed Maharajah of Nepal, Stephens and Beinhorn performed daring aerobatics. In Borneo, Halliburton and Stephens were feted by Sylvia Brett, wife of the White Rajah of Sarawak. They gave her a ride, making Ranee Sylvia the first woman to fly in that country. At the Rajang River, they took the chief of the Dyak head hunters for a flight; he gave them 60 kilos of shrunken heads, which they dared not refuse but dumped as soon as possible. They were the first Americans to fly to the Philippines; after arriving in Manila on April 27, the plane was again loaded onto a ship (SS President McKinley) to cross the ocean. They flew the final leg from San Francisco to Los Angeles. A fictionalized account of his travels in India and Asia was depicted in the 1933 film India Speaks.Moye Stephens was a skilled pilot. Halliburton, in a reassuring letter to his parents (January 23, 1932), recited his many flight skills. Stephens, for instance, during one aerobatic display, astutely aborted a slow roll the moment he realized that Halliburton had not fastened his seat belt. Stephens later became chief test pilot of the Northrop Flying Wing, which evolved into today's B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. The around-the-world trip had cost Halliburton over $50,000, plus fuel. In the first year, the book, entitled The Flying Carpet (after his valiant plane) earned him royalties of $100,000, in those depression-era days a remarkably large sum. Barbara H. Schultz's Flying Carpets, Flying Wings – The Biography of Moye Stephens (2011), besides recounting the Flying Carpet Expedition from a flier's viewpoint and documenting Stephens' (1906–1995) contributions to aviation history, contains Stephens' extended reports of the adventure. With rare glimpses into the travel writer's art, these give historic balance to Halliburton's often romanticized renditions.Commissioned research "}
{"doc_id":"doc_21","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Konstantin LopushanskyKonstantin Sergeyevich Lopushansky (Russian: Константин Сергеевич Лопушанский; born June 12, 1947) is a Soviet and Russian film director, film theorist and author. He is bestknown for directing the apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic films Dead Man's Letters (1986), A Visitor to a Museum (1989), Russian Symphony (1994), and The Ugly Swans (2006).In 1997, Lopushansky was awarded theHonored Artist of the Russian Federation honorary title. In 2007, he was awarded the People's Artist of Russia honorary title, the highest Russian civilian honor for performing arts.BiographyEarly lifeKonstantinLopushansky was born on June 12, 1947, in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR. His mother was Sofia Petrovna Lopushanskaya, who worked as a linguistic professor at Volgograd State University. His father was SergeiTimofeyevich Lopushansky, a front-line soldier who died in 1953 from wounds he sustained in war.Education and early careerIn 1970, Konstantin Lopushansky graduated from Kazan Conservatory as a violinist, and in1973 he completed a postgraduate course at Leningrad Conservatory with a Ph.D. thesis in art criticism. Afterwards, Lopushansky taught at the Kazan and Leningrad conservatories for several years. Lopushansky tookhigher courses for scriptwriters and film directors from the director's department at the workshop of Emil Loteanu.Upon graduating from the directorial courses in 1979, Lopushansky assisted Andrei Tarkovsky indirecting the legendary film Stalker, based on the novel Roadside Picnic by Boris Strugatsky.Lopushansky's thesis film Solo made in 1980 was about a musician playing his last concert during the Siege ofLeningrad.Since 1980 Lopushansky has worked as a production director at the Lenfilm cinema studio.Dead Man's Letters and breakthroughIn 1986, Konstantin Lopushansky made his feature film directorial debut withthe post-apocalyptic film Dead Man's Letters, which was co-written by Boris Strugatsky. It was screened at the International Critics' Week section of the Cannes Film Festival in 1987 and received the FIPRESCI prize atthe 35th International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg.Lopushanksy's 1989 film A Visitor to a Museum was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Silver St. George and the Prix ofEcumenical Jury.Lopushansky's 1994 film Russian Symphony was screened in the Forum section of the 45th Berlin International Film Festival where it received the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury.Lopushansky made the2006 film The Ugly Swans, based on the novel by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. The science-fiction film was about a writer who visits a boarding school for gifted children where the teachers are mutants.Lopushansky's2013 drama film The Role told the story of an actor who decides to impersonate a deceased commander of the Red Army. It was shown in competition at the 35th Moscow International Film Festival. It received the NikaAward for Best Screenplay.Konstantin Lopushansky's drama film Through the Black Glass was released in 2019.FilmographyPassage 2:Vyacheslav RybakovVyacheslav Rybakov (Russian: Вячеслав МихайловичРыбаков; born January 1954 in Leningrad), is a Russian science fiction author and an orientalist, interested in the medieval bureaucracy of China. He is a frequent collaborator with science fiction director KonstantinLopushansky. Screenwriting for his films The Ugly Swans, based on the 1972 novel by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. As well as Dead Man's Letters in 1986, which he would later receive a Governmental Award of theRSFSR for the screenplay in 1987 after its premiere at the Toronto Film Festival.BiographyRybakov graduated from the Oriental Studies Department of the Leningrad State University in 1976, mostly focusing on writingsabout the medieval bureaucracy of China and started. Soon after he studied at the Leningrad branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences Oriental Institute where he was able to publish over 40 thesis papers. Whilestudying at Leningrad, the KGB had gained access to rough drafts of his anti-Soviet novel Trust due to Rybakov sending drafts to friends and classmates. This resulted in the copies being seized by the KGB and awarning. Although the KGB has checked in with Rybakov several years later, Rybakov insisted on writing the final draft of the novel using previous remaining drafts and memory. The novel was later published a decadelater. In 1983, Rybakov had met Konstantin Lopushansky to discuss writing the screenplay for his film Dead Man's Letters. The process of developing the film allowed both artists to freely express their visions for theproduction of the film and further productions further on, this was a stark contrast to Russia's strict censorship rules at the time.Science fictionAmong Rybakov's works were first published and include the prize-winningnovels: Fireplace on a Tower (Ochag na bashne, 1990), and Gravilyot Tsesarevitch (1993) which depicts an alternative world featuring a Russian Empire in which communism is merely a religion, and our world is just aninsane scientific experiment.His Death of Ivan Ilyich (1997) reveals the inner world of a contemporary person in a moment before his death.The novel Na budushchiy god v Moskve (In the adjacent year in Moscow,2003) explores a Russia torn apart into small, poor countries, ruled by those idealists of the late Soviet Union who sincerely hated totalitarianism but didn't notice any good features of the nation, ruined the wholesystem of government and survived with help of the West. In the story, space is ruled by Darths and Vaders, and a Russian rocket scientist Ivan Obiwankin attempts to resurrect his people's feelings of nationalism bylaunching his own space ship.Rybakov preaches equality of cultures and states that cultures are often based on restrictions, and that simply removing the restrictions as anti-democratic may ruin the culture. Rybakov'snovel also examines the Russian mentality, criticizing its tendency to understand and agree with the positions of others as an inappropriate way to deal with the encroaching Western civilization. He argues that all livingcivilizations are unique, and that in the future it may become essential to save some other civilization from stagnation, because a world ruled by only one civilization has no future.He shows through an example of theruined family of the main character Alexey that, \"the surest way for you to cease being esteemed and appreciated... even just loved... is to implicitly cede something essential and principal.\"Vyacheslav Rybakov andIgor Alimov were also the authors  of There are no bad people. The work was originally attributed to Holm van Zaichik but was later proved to be a hoax. The series tells the story of the world of the Orduss, a fictionalcountry with a humane and rich culture, that unifies lands of China, Russia and the Near East.English translationsArtist (Story)The Trial Sphere (Story)Passage 3:The Dance of Death (1948 film)The Dance of Death(French: La danse de mort, Italian: La prigioniera dell'isola) is a 1948 French-Italian drama film directed by Marcel Cravenne and starring Erich von Stroheim, Denise Vernac and Palau. It is based on August Strindberg'sThe Dance of Death.The film's sets were designed by Georges Wakhévitch.PlotAn egocentric artillery Captain and his venomous wife engage in savage unremitting battles in their isolated island fortress off the coast ofSweden at the turn of the century. Alice, a former actress who sacrificed her career for secluded military life with Edgar, reveals on the occasion of their 25th wedding anniversary, the veritable hell their marriage hasbeen. Edgar, an aging schizophrenic who refuses to acknowledge his severe illness, struggles to sustain his ferocity and arrogance with an animal disregard for other people. Sensing that Alice, together with her cousinand would-be lover, Kurt, may ally against him, retaliates with vicious force. Alice lures Kurt into the illusion of sharing a passionate assignation and recruits him in a plot to destroy Edgar.CastErich von Stroheim asEdgarDenise Vernac as ThéaPalau as Le sergent / Il sergenteMassimo Serato as Stéphane / StefanoPaul Oettly as Le général / Il generaleMarie OlivierHenri Pons as Le timonier / Il timoniereRoberto VillaGaleazzoBentiMargo Lion as Mathilde - la servanteJean Servais as KurtMaría Denis as RitaRoberto BerteaPassage 4:Dead Man's LettersDead Man's Letters (Russian: Письма мёртвого человека, romanized: Pis'ma myortvogocheloveka), also known as Letters from a Dead Man, is a 1986 Soviet post-apocalyptic drama film directed and written by Konstantin Lopushansky. He wrote it along with Vyacheslav Rybakov and Boris Strugatsky. Itmarks his directorial debut.The film was screened at the International Critics' Week section of the Cannes Film Festival in 1987and received the FIPRESCI prize at the 35th International FilmfestivalMannheim-Heidelberg.In the aftermath of nuclear apocalypse, a group of people are forced to live underground in bunkers. They cannot go outside their dwellings without wearing protective clothing and gas masks.They try to find hope in the disturbing new world. Among these people is a history teacher who tries to contact via letters his missing son.PlotThe film is set in a town after a nuclear war; the town is destroyed andpolluted with radioactive elements. The main character, Professor Larsen, played by Rolan Bykov, is a Nobel Prize in Physics laureate, who lives in the basement of a museum along with his sick wife and several otherpeople who used to work at the museum. He often writes letters to his son Eric, though he has no way of contacting him. Larsen believes the war has ended and that more surviving humans exist outside the centralbunker, but nobody else believes his theories.Larsen visits an orphanage where the current caretaker of the surviving children explains that she's thinking of evacuating to the central bunker, though may have to leavethe children behind as they likely won't be allowed in since they're sick, to Larsen's disapproval. Larsen is informed that he also might be rejected from entering the central bunker due to his old age. With his wife'shealth declining, Larsen sneaks past several soldiers during curfew hours and attempts to find medicine for his wife, escaping from a military raid in the process. When he returns to the museum's basement, however,he finds that his wife died. The other museum employees bury her body.In one of his letters to Eric, Larsen tells a darkly humorous story on how someone failed to prevent the nuclear war. According to him, an operatorfrom an electronics center had a chance to cancel the first missile launch (which happened due to a computer error), but was unable to reach the computer in time to abort the launch as he was slowed down by a cup ofcoffee in his hands. The operator then hung himself in return.Larsen makes a trip to the central bunker in an effort to find Eric. After sneaking into a medical facility, he enters the children's department, only to find allthe children sick, injured, and screaming in agony, much to Larsen's horror.After returning to the museum's basement, he finds that a museum employee is about to take his life as he thinks the history of mankind hasended and that mankind was doomed from the very beginning. He then leaves the group, lies down in a grave, and shoots himself dead, to the horror of his son. Later, while salvaging books from a flooded library,Larsen talks with a man who disagrees with his theory on how there's hope for mankind, referencing how Jesus said mankind was doomed.Larsen visits the orphanage where he learns the children were rejected fromentering the central bunker. The caretaker leaves the children for Larsen to look after, as she is evacuating to the central bunker herself. The remaining museum employees also evacuate to the central bunker, thoughLarsen stays behind to look after the children (it's assumed they're the only people left in the town). On Christmas Day, Larsen creates a makeshift Christmas tree out of sticks and candles while the children designChristmas ornaments to decorate it with. In his final letter to Eric, Larsen writes that he finally found purpose in life and that he hopes his son doesn't leave him alone in the world.The final scene is narrated by one ofthe children Larsen looked after, who explains that Larsen died some time later. On his deathbed, he told the children to leave the museum and find somewhere else to go while they have the strength, still believing thatlife exists elsewhere. The film ends with the children wandering through the apocalyptic landscape together, their fates unknown.CastRolan Bykov - Professor LarsenVatslav Dvorzhetsky - PastorVera Mayorova -AnnaVadim LobanovViktor MikhaylovSvetlana Smirnova - TheresaVladimir BessekernyhVyacheslav Vasiliev - doctor dosimetristNatalya VlasovaThemesDue to the heated climate between North America and Russiaduring the events of The Cold War, many critics believe that Dead Man's Letters is a response to American films like WarGames and The Day After discussing their perspective on the Nuclear Arms Race. TBS purchasedthe rights to show Dead Man's Letters, deciding to air it alongside Amerika, a twelve-hour ABC miniseries about what the United States would be like as a Soviet satellite state. The heavy reliance on themes like warfare,uncertainty, and grief as well as Americans involved in the war are interwoven through the production design from Yelena Amshinskaya and Viktor Ivanov. The use of defense equipment in the film, including gas masksand shelter equipment,  makes its portrayal of a post-nuclear setting an eerie mirror image of the Soviet program.ProductionAround the time the film started production, it was common knowledge that Russia had astrict censorship policy following the death of Stalin, resulting in a three year waiting period for Lopushansky and the crew consisting of various re-rewrites, possibly most likely due to Vyacheslav Rybakov's involvementwith anti-Soviet literature and run-ins with the KGB. However, censorship started to loosen around the mid to late 80s towards discussing sensitive topics regarding current or previous events in Russia's history, soproducers and film studios became more lenient with what was shown in cinemas. Gorbachev established a policy of allowing more open discussion of previously sensitive political issues making it possible for wellconnected civil defense skeptics to popularize their views. The patronage of Anatoly Gromyko-historian, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and son of Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko enabled theproduction by Lenfilm in 1986 of the first portrayal of the aftermath of nuclear war in Soviet cinema.Before production started on this film and his short Solo, Lopunshansky served as an apprentice for Tarkovsky andwould later work as a production assistant for his 1979 film Stalker. Tarkovsky's teachings played a huge influence on Lopushansky's directing style as well as many aspects of the film from the set design,cinematography, and signature slow yet otherworldly pacing. In a 2017 interview with Indie Cinema, Lopunshansky states  \"I noticed that his lectures, in fact, are not about certain professional skills, but are morephilosophical, about understanding the essence of art, its essence.\" This can be seen through the film's brutal realism and constant feelings of hopelessness and confusion, a sentiment shared with by various membersof the crew. The use of monochrome coloring on the film stock gives a resemblance to the greenish tint seen in various scenes in Stalker, in order to give the film a more foreboding atmosphere.ReceptionIn 1989, TheNew York Times  published a somewhat positive review of the film. Praising the film for its brutal realism and stunning set design, but found that the film was somewhat dismissed by its meandering in certain scenesstating \"despite its technical virtues, seems just a bit too contrived to truly convince, much less to deeply move. Yet, in stripping the ideological gloss from the vision of ultimate calamity, Mr. Lopushinsky does succeedin creating a cultural artifact that makes the specter of the most dreadful possible event common to both sides of the superpower divide\".See alsoVyacheslav RybakovList of nuclear holocaust fictionNuclear weapons inpopular culturePassage 5:Michael VerhoevenMichael Verhoeven (born 13 July 1938) is a German film director.Life and workVerhoeven is the son of the German film director Paul Verhoeven (not to be confused with theDutch film director Paul Verhoeven). He married actress Senta Berger in 1966; their sons are actor-director Simon Verhoeven (born 1972) and actor Luca Verhoeven (born 1979). Together, the couple have a productioncompany to make films. The 1970 anti-Vietnam War film, o.k. was entered into the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, but led to a scandal that forced the collapse of the festival without the awarding of any prizes.In1982, Verhoeven released Die weiße Rose (The White Rose), which, with the Best Foreign film nomination of Das schreckliche Mädchen (The Nasty Girl) in 1990, cemented his reputation as an important politicalcontributor to German film. Along with his films My Mother's Courage and documentary Der unbekannte Soldat (The Unknown Soldier), they have been hailed as an unstinting examination of Germany's Nazi period. In1992, he was a member of the jury at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival.Awards1990 Silver Bear for Best Director, 40th Berlin International Film Festival for The Nasty Girl1995 Bavarian Film Awards, BestProduction2006 Bavarian Film Awards, Honorary AwardSelected filmographyDirectorFilmThe Dance of Death (1967) – based on The Dance of Death by August StrindbergUp the Establishment (1969) – screenplay byFranz GeigerStudent of the Bedroom (1970) – screenplay by Volker Vogeler, based on a novel by Finn Søeborgo.k. (1970)He Who Loves in a Glass House (1971)MitGift (1976)Scrounged Meals (1977) – screenplay byElke Heidenreich and Bernd SchroederSunday Children (1980) – based on a play by Gerlind ReinshagenDie weiße Rose (1982)Killing Cars (1986)The Nasty Girl (1990)My Mother's Courage (1995) – based on a story byGeorge TaboriLet's Go! (2014) – based on an autobiographical novel by Laura WacoTelevisionDer Kommissar: Dr. Meinhardts trauriges Ende (1970, TV series episode)Tatort: Kressin und der Mann mit dem gelbenKoffer (1972, TV series episode)Ein unheimlich starker Abgang (1973) – based on a play by Harald SommerKrempoli – Ein Platz für wilde Kinder (1975, TV series)Die Herausforderung (1975) – screenplay by ElkeHeidenreich and Bernd SchroederBier und Spiele (1977, TV series) – screenplay by Bernd SchroederDas Männerquartett (1978) – based on a novel by Leonhard Frank1982: Gutenbach (1978) – screenplay by MichaelMansfeldVerführungen (1979) – screenplay by Elke HeidenreichFreundinnen: Edith und Marlene (1979, TV series episode) – screenplay by Elke Heidenreich and Irene RodrianAm Südhang (1980) – screenplay byManfred Bieler, based on a novella by Eduard von KeyserlingDie Ursache (1980) – based on a novella and a play by Leonhard FrankDie Mutprobe (1982)Das Tor zum Glück (1984)Stinkwut (1986) – based on a play byFitzgerald KuszGundas Vater (1987)Gegen die Regel (1987) – screenplay by Daniel ChristoffIgnaz Semmelweis – Arzt der Frauen (1988) – biographical film about Ignaz SemmelweisDie schnelle Gerdi (1989, TVseries)Schlaraffenland (1990)Lilli Lottofee (1992, TV series)Eine unheilige Liebe (1993)Zimmer mit Frühstück (2000) – screenplay by Conny LensEnthüllung einer Ehe (2000) – screenplay with Nicole Walter-LingenDieschnelle Gerdi, second season (2004, TV series)Tatort: Die Spieler (2005, TV series episode)Bloch: Vergeben, nicht vergessen (2008, TV series episode)Bloch: Heißkalte Seele (2012, TV series episode)Bloch: DieLavendelkönigin (2013, TV series episode)Glückskind (2014) – based on a novel by Steven UhlyDocumentary and short filmsTische (1970)Bonbons (1971)Coiffeur (1973)Liebe Melanie (1983) – film about MelanieHoreschowskyDas Mädchen und die Stadt oder: Wie es wirklich war (1990)The Legend of Mrs. Goldman and the Almighty God (1996) – with George TaboriGeorge Tabori – Theater ist Leben (1998) – film about GeorgeTaboriDer Fall Liebl (2001)Die kleine Schwester – Die weiße Rose: Ein Vermächtnis (2002)Der unbekannte Soldat (The Unknown Soldier, 2006)Menschliches Versagen (Human Failure, 2008)The Second Execution ofRomell Broom (2012)ProducerDie Spider Murphy Gang (dir. Georg Kostya, 1983)Welcome to Germany (dir. Simon Verhoeven, 2016)ActorThe Flying Classroom (1954), as FerdinandMarianne of My Youth (1955), asAlexisThe Crammer (1958), as Peter WielandThat's No Way to Land a Man (1959), as Horst BurkhardtThe Juvenile Judge (1960), as Fred KaiserMit 17 weint man nicht (1960), as Richard DengerThe House in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_22","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas Scott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHe competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was apolice officer at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 2:William Jolliffe, 4th Baron HyltonWilliam George Hervey Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton (2 December 1898 – 14 November 1967), was a British peer and soldier.Hyltonwas the son of Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron Hylton, and Lady Alice Adeliza Hervey. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Coldstream Guards and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Somerset from 1949 to 1964.Lord Hylton married Lady Perdita Rose Mary Asquith, daughter of Katharine and Raymond Asquith, eldest son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, in 1931. He died in November 1967, aged 68.He was succeeded in his titlesby his elder son Raymond. The writer (of eg. Raymond Asquith: Life and Letters) John Hedworth Jolliffe is his younger son; his daughter Mary is the wife of John Paget Chancellor, son of Christopher Chancellor ofReuters. Mary and John Chancellor are the parents of the actress Anna Chancellor and the financial historian Edward Chancellor.Passage 3:William Jolliffe, 1st Baron HyltonWilliam George Hylton Jolliffe, 1st BaronHylton  (7 December 1800 – 1 June 1876), known as Sir William Jolliffe, Bt, between 1821 and 1866, was a British soldier and Conservative politician. He was a member of the Earl of Derby's first two administrations asUnder-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1852 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between 1858 and 1859.BackgroundJolliffe was the son of Reverend William John Jolliffe, the son of WilliamJolliffe and his wife Eleanor Hylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet (who had assumed the surname of Hylton in lieu of his patronymic Musgrave; see Musgrave Baronets) and his wife Anne, sisterand co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe first served in the Army and achieved the rank of captain in the 15th Dragoons. He notably took part in the events at St Peter's Field in Manchester in1819 (the \"Peterloo Massacre\"). In 1821, at the age of twenty, Jolliffe was created a Baronet, of Merstham in the County of Surrey.Political careerJolliffe served a year as High Sheriff of Surrey in 1830 and then sat as aMember of Parliament for Petersfield from 1830 to 1832, 1837 to 1838 and 1841 to 1866 and served under the Earl of Derby as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1852 and as ParliamentarySecretary to the Treasury from 1858 to 1859. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1859 and in 1866 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hylton, of Hylton in the County Palatine of Durham and of Petersfield in theCounty of Southampton.CricketJolliffe played a single first-class match for Hampshire in 1825 against Sussex. Jolliffe scored 12 runs in the match.FamilyLord Hylton married, firstly, Eleanor Paget, daughter of the Hon.Berkeley Thomas Paget, in 1825. Their eldest son Hylton Jolliffe was a captain in the Coldstream Guards but died from cholera during the Crimean War. Hylton married, secondly, Sophia Penelope, daughter of Sir RobertSheffield, 4th Baronet, and widow of William Fox-Strangways, 4th Earl of Ilchester, in 1867. He died at Merstham House near Reigate on 1 June 1876, aged 75, and was succeeded in his titles by his second but eldestsurviving son from his first marriage, Hedworth. His granddaughter Gertrude Crawford became the first commandant of the Women's Royal Air Force.Passage 4:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after thearmistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 leagueappearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in theMidland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 5:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’sliterature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teachingguide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for itsuniversalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, Whatis a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English classat Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the NewYork City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published!programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 6:HenryHylton, de jure 12th Baron HyltonHenry Hylton, de jure 12th Baron Hylton (1586 – 30 March 1641) was an English nobleman.Hylton was the eldest son of Thomas Hylton (himself the son of William Hylton, de jure 11thBaron Hylton) and his wife, Anne née Bowes (daughter of Sir George Bowes of Streatlam Castle). In 1600, Hylton inherited the right to the barony of Hylton from his grandfather.SourcesHenry Hylton b.1585 -AncestryUK.comThe Gentlemen's Magazine, March 1821Passage 7:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his deathwas sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 8:Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron HyltonHylton George Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron Hylton (10 November 1862 – 26 May 1945) was a British peer and Conservative politician.Hyltonwas the eldest son of Hedworth Jolliffe, 2nd Baron Hylton, and Lady Agnes Mary Byng. Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey was his maternal great-grandfather.CareerGeorge succeeded the barony in 1899; prior tothat he was educated at Eton college and Oriel College, Oxford. He pursued a brief military career as capital for the Somerset imperial yeomanry, then diplomatic service in 1888, then 3rd secretary in 1890 and 2ndsecretary in 1894. He became Justice of the peace and county Alderman for Somerset where he sat in politics.Hylton entered the Diplomatic Service in 1888, but in 1895 he was elected to the House of Commons forWells. He held this seat until 1899, when he succeeded his father as third Baron Hylton and entered the House of Lords. In June 1915 Hylton was appointed a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) inthe newly formed coalition government, and in 1918 he was promoted him to Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. The coalition government of David Lloyd George fell in 1922, but Hylton continued as Deputy ChiefWhip also under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin. However, after the first Baldwin government fell in January 1924, he never returned to office.He was created Viscount Hylton and owned much of Chaldon, of which hewas Lord of the manor.Lord Hylton married Lady Alice Adeliza Hervey, daughter of Frederick Hervey, 3rd Marquess of Bristol, in 1896. He died in May 1945, aged 82, and was succeeded in his titles by his son WilliamGeorge Hervey Jolliffe. Lady Hylton died in 1962.Passage 9:Hedworth Jolliffe, 2nd Baron HyltonHedworth Hylton Jolliffe, 2nd Baron Hylton DL (23 June 1829 – 31 October 1899), was a British peer and ConservativeMember of Parliament.Birth and educationHylton was the second son of William George Hylton Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton, and Eleanor Paget. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford.Crimean War serviceIn1849, he joined the 4th Light Dragoons and served in the Crimean War, where his older brother was killed at Sebastopol. He was present at the Charge of the Light Brigade. He retired from the Army in 1856, followinghis election to Parliament.Parliamentary serviceHe was elected to the House of Commons for Wells in 1855, a seat he held until 1868.In 1870 he succeeded his father as second Baron Hylton and entered the House ofLords.MarriagesLord Hylton married his second cousin, Lady Agnes Mary Byng, daughter of George Byng, 2nd Earl of Strafford, in 1858. Their divorce was a Cause célèbre. There were children of this marriage, sons anda daughter, Agatha Eleanor Augusta Jolliffe, who married Ailwyn Fellowes MP.Lord Hylton married again to Anne, daughter of Henry Lambert, who was the second wife and the widow of the third Earl of Dunraven.Deathand successionHe died in October 1899, aged 70, and was succeeded in his titles by his surviving son Hylton George Hylton Jolliffe.NotesPassage 10:William Jolliffe (1745–1802)William Jolliffe (16 April 1745 – 20February 1802) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1768 to 1802.LifeHe was the eldest son of the politician John Jolliffe and his wife Mary, daughter of Samuel Holden. He was educated atWinchester College and Brasenose College, Oxford.Jolliffe was elected as Member of Parliament for Petersfield in 1768, a seat controlled by his father, who died in 1771 leaving him a sitting patron. He held it until1802.He was a Lord of Trade from 1772 to 1779 and Lord of the Admiralty during 1783.He bought the lease for his residence on King Street in 1772 for what he called \"very cheap,\" but Edward Gibbon described theplace as \"excellent.\" After his death, his son Hylton sold it to Henry Francis Greville, who opened it as the Argyll Rooms.FamilyHe married Eleanor Hylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet, and Anne,sister and co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe died in February 1802, aged 56, after falling through a trapdoor into a cellar at his home. His wife died the same year. Their grandson WilliamGeorge Hylton Jolliffe became a prominent Conservative politician and was created Baron Hylton in 1866.Notes"}
{"doc_id":"doc_23","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Immilla of TurinImmilla (also Emilia, Immula, Ermengard, or Irmgard) (born c. 1020; died January 1078) was a duchess consort of Swabia by marriage to Otto III, Duke of Swabia, and a margravine ofMeissen by marriage to Ekbert I of Meissen. She was regent of Meissen during the minority of her son, Ekbert II.LifeImmilla was the daughter of Ulric Manfred II of Turin and Bertha of Milan and thereby a member of theArduinici dynasty. Her older sister was Adelaide of Susa.Her first husband was Otto III, Duke of Swabia, whom she married c. 1036. After Otto's death in September 1057, Immilla married again (c.1058). Her secondhusband was Ekbert I of Meissen.In 1067, shortly before his death, Ekbert I attempted to repudiate Immilla in order to marry Adela of Louvain, daughter of Lambert II, Count of Louvain and the widow of Otto I,Margrave of Meissen. After Ekbert's death in 1068, Immilla spent some time at the imperial court with her niece Bertha, before returning to Italy. It is possible that she acted as regent for her young son, Ekbert II, atthis time.Immilla died in Turin in January 10, 1078. She is sometimes said to have become a nun before her death.Marriages and childrenWith her first husband, Otto, Immilla had five daughters:Bertha (or Alberada)(died 1 April 1103), married firstly Herman II, Count of Kastl, and married secondly Frederick, Count of KastlGisela, inherited Kulmbach and Plassenburg, married Arnold IV, Count of AndechsJudith (died 1104), marriedfirstly Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria, and secondly Botho, Count of PottensteinEilika, abbess of NiedermünsterBeatrice (1040–1140), inherited Schweinfurt, married Henry II, Count of Hildrizhausen and Margrave of theNordgauWith her second husband, Ekbert I, Immilla had the following children:Ekbert IIGertrudePassage 2:VolkoldVolkold of Meissen (also Wolcold, Folcold, Folchold, Volhold, Volkhuld, Volchrad, Vocco; died 23 August992) was the second Bishop of Meissen.LifeBefore his elevation to the episcopate all that is known of Volkold's life is that he was at the court of Emperor Otto I as one of the tutors of the Emperor's son, the  future OttoII. He seems to have been appointed Bishop of Meissen in 969. Before his elevation Volkold was the patron of the young Willigis, later Saint Willigis, and used his influence to obtain for him a position in the Imperialservice. In 972 Volkold attended a synod in Ingelheim.When Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, besieged the Albrechtsburg and the town of Meissen in 984 in support of the Imperial ambitions of Henry II of Bavaria afterthe death of Otto II, Volkold was obliged to seek refuge from the Sorbs in Erfurt, under the protection of Willigis, and was not able to return to his badly-damaged headquarters until after the re-conquest by Ekkehard I,Margrave of Meissen, in 987. In that year he put the diocese under Imperial protection.Doubtless as compensation for the bishopric's many losses he received from Otto II several gifts of estates, tolls and uses.While ona visit to Prague he suffered a stroke, on Good Friday 992, and returned paralysed to Meissen, where he died on 23 August and was buried.Passage 3:Albrecht I of MeissenAlbrecht I of Meissen (died 1 August 1152) wasBishop of Meissen from 1150 to 1152.LifeAlbrecht I is not extensively documented. He was supposedly from a family of the Sorbian nobility. Before his elevation to the bishopric he was a cathedral provost. Otto vonFreising mentions Albrecht in 1151 in connection with the dispute between Friedrich II of Berg and Herman van Horne over the office of bishop of Utrecht.With the agreement of the Pope, the bishopric of Meissen, likethat of Naumburg, was under the protection of Burggraf Conrad I of Meissen, in return for which the bishops were expected to undertake appropriate tasks from time to time. At the beginning of 1152 Conrad IIIentrusted Albrecht, who had the reputation of being talented at languages, with a diplomatic mission to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The bishop died either on the way to Constantinople or in the cityitself.Passage 4:John I, Duke of Brunswick-GrubenhagenJohn I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (born: before 1322; died: 23 May 1367) was provost of the St. Alexandri Minster in Einbeck.He was the son of DukeHenry I \"the Marvelous\" of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and his wife Agnes of Meissen, daughter of Margrave Albert II of Meissen.Passage 5:Agnes of WaiblingenAgnes of Waiblingen (1072/73 – 24 September 1143), alsoknown as Agnes of Germany, Agnes of Poitou and Agnes of Saarbrücken, was a member of the Salian imperial family.  Through her first marriage, she was Duchess of Swabia; through her second marriage, she wasMargravine of Austria.FamilyShe was the daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Bertha of Savoy.First marriageIn 1079, aged seven, Agnes was betrothed to Frederick, a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty;at the same time, Henry IV invested Frederick as the new duke of Swabia. The couple married in 1086, when Agnes was fourteen. They had twelve children, eleven of whom were named in a document found in theabbey of Lorsch:Hedwig-Eilike (1088–1110), married Friedrich, Count of LegenfeldBertha-Bertrade (1089–1120), married Adalbert, Count of ElchingenFrederick II of SwabiaHildegardConrad III ofGermanyGisihild-GiselaHeinrich (1096–1105)Beatrix (1098–1130), became an abbessKunigunde-Cuniza (1100–1120/1126), wife of Henry X, Duke of Bavaria (1108–1139)Sophia, married Konrad II, Count ofPfitzingenFides-Gertrude, married Hermann III, Count Palatine of the RhineRichildis, married Hugh I, Count of RoucySecond marriageFollowing Frederick's death in 1105, Agnes married Leopold III (1073–1136), theMargrave of Austria (1095–1136). According to a legend, a veil lost by Agnes and found by Leopold years later while hunting was the instigation for him to found the Klosterneuburg Monastery.Their childrenwere:AdalbertLeopold IVHenry II of AustriaBerta, married Heinrich of RegensburgAgnes, \"one of the most famous beauties of her time\", married Wladyslaw II of PolandErnstUta, wife of Liutpold von PlainOtto of Freising,bishop and biographerConrad, Bishop of Passau, and Archbishop of SalzburgElisabeth, married Hermann, Count of WinzenburgJudith, m. c. 1133 William V of Montferrat. Their children formed an important Crusadingdynasty.Gertrude, married Vladislav II of BohemiaAccording to the Continuation of the Chronicles of Klosterneuburg, there may have been up to seven other children (possibly from multiple births) stillborn or who diedin infancy.In 2013, documentation regarding the results of DNA testing of the remains of the family buried in Klosterneuburg Abbey strongly favor that Adalbert was the son of Leopold and Agnes.In 1125, Agnes'brother, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, died childless, leaving Agnes and her children as heirs to the Salian dynasty's immense allodial estates, including Waiblingen.In 1127, Agnes' second son, Konrad III, was electedas the rival King of Germany by those opposed to the Saxon party's Lothar III. When Lothar died in 1137, Konrad was elected to the position.Passage 6:Margaret of SicilyMargaret of Sicily (also called Margaret ofHohenstaufen or Margaret of Germany) (1 December 1241, in Foggia – 8 August 1270, in Frankfurt-am-Main) was a Princess of Sicily and Germany, and a member of the House of Hohenstaufen. By marriage she wasLandgravine of Thuringia and Countess Palatine of Saxony (German: Landgräfin von Thüringen und Pfalzgräfin von Sachsen).She was the daughter of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily and Germany, byhis third wife, Isabella of England.  Her paternal grandparents were Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance of Sicily. Her maternal grandparents were John of England and Isabella of Angoulême.BirthThe date ofher birth is difficult to ascertain because there is controversy over the exact number of children borne by her mother. Some sources say that she was the first or second child, born by the end of 1237; others say thatshe was the last child, born in December 1241, when Isabella died in childbirth. Historians commonly accept the latter date.LifeShortly after her birth (1242), Margaret was betrothed to Albert \"the Degenerate\", eldestson and heir of Henry III \"the Illustrious\", Margrave of Meissen. The marriage took place in June 1255, the bride receiving Pleissnerland (the towns of Altenburg, Zwickau, Chemnitz and Leisnig) as her dowry.The couplesettled at his residence in Eckartsberga and later moved to Wartburg, where she bore five children: three sons (Henry, Frederick and Dietzmann) and two daughters (Margaret and Agnes). Through her second sonFrederick – later Margrave of Meissen – Margaret was the direct ancestor of the Electors and Kings of Saxony and English Queen consorts Margaret of Anjou and Anne of Cleves.In 1265 her husband received the titles ofLandgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony (German: Pfalzgräf von Sachsen) after the abdication of his father, who retained control of Meissen.After the execution of her nephew Conradin (29 October 1268),Margaret, as the next legitimate relative, became the rightful Queen of Sicily and the general heiress of the Hohenstaufen claims over the Duchy of Swabia and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (despite the fact she was notdescended from the Kings of Jerusalem, her father Frederick II had claimed the kingdom for himself). Her son Frederick assumed by some time this titles on her right.After discovering the adultery of her husband withKunigunde of Eisenberg, Margaret left Wartburg; according to a legend, before her departure she bit her son Frederick in the cheek; he was called henceforth Frederick the Bitten (de: Friedrich der Gebissene). The flighttook place on 24 June 1270. Margaret went to Frankfurt-am-Main and was supported there by the citizens. She died there six weeks later.IssueMargaret and Albert had five children:Henry (b. 21 March 1256 – d. 25January/23 July? 1282), inherited the Pleissnerland in 1274.Frederick (b. 1257 – d. Wartburg, 16 November 1323), Margrave of Meissen.Theodoric, called Dietzmann (b. 1260 – murdered Leipzig, 10 December 1307),Margrave of Lusatia.Margaret (b. 1262 – d. young, after 17 April 1273).Agnes of Meissen (b. 1264 – d. September 1332), married before 21 July 1282 to Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.Passage 7:Elisabeth ofMeissenElisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine of Nuremberg (22 November 1329 – 21 April 1375) was the daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria and a member of the House ofWettin.Marriage and childrenShe was born in Wartburg.  On 7 September 1356, at the age of twenty six, she married Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg in Jena. In 1357 her husband succeeded to the title, and fromthat time until her death in 1375, she was styled as Burgravine of Nuremberg. Together Frederick and Elisabeth had nine children, seven girls and two boys, who survived to adulthood:Elisabeth (1358–26 July 1411,Heidelberg), married in Amberg 1374 to Rupert of Germany.Beatrix (c. 1362, Nuremberg–10 June 1414, Perchtoldsdorf), married in Vienna 1375 Duke Albert III of AustriaAnna (c. 1364–after 10 May 1392), a nun inSeusslitz.Agnes (1366 – 22 May 1432), Convent in Hof (1376–1386) married in Konstance 1386 Baron Friedrich of Daber, Returned to Convent in Hof (1406) Abbess in Hof (1411–1432).John (c. 1369–11 June 1420,Plassenburg).Frederick (1371–1440) was the last Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1397 to 1427 (as Frederick VI), Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from 1398, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1420, and Electorof Brandenburg (as Frederick I) from 1415 until his death. He became the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg.Margarete (died 1406, Gudensberg), married in Kulmbach1383 Landgrave Hermann of Hesse.Katharina (died 1409), Abbess in Hof.Veronica of Hohenzollern, married Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania.Elisabeth died at the age of 45.Passage 8:Agnes II, Abbess ofQuedlinburgAgnes II (Agnes of Meissen; 1139 – 21 January 1203) was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg.LifeShe was born in Meissen as the daughter of Conrad, Margraveof Meissen, and Luitgard of Swabia. In 1184, she was elected successor to Princess-Abbess Adelaide III.Agnes was a significant patron of art, as well as miniaturist and engraver. During her reign, the nuns ofQuedlinburg Abbey made large curtains that are indispensable in the study of the art industry of the era. She also wrote and illuminated books for divine service. However, her greatest masterpiece was the manufactureof wall-hangings, of which one set was intended to be sent to the Pope; this tapestry is the best preserved piece of Romanesque textile. She was known for combining her embroidering with her literary composition andeven composed Latin verses on a piece of tapestry.She died in Quedlinburg Abbey on 21 January 1203.LegacyAgnes is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one ofthe 999 names on the Heritage Floor.Passage 9:Albert, Margrave of Meissen (1934–2012)Prince Albert Joseph Maria Franz-Xaver of Saxony, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Meissen (30 November 1934 – 6 October 2012)was the head of the Royal House of Saxony and a German historian. The fourth child and youngest son of Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen and his wife Princess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis, he was theyounger brother of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, who was his predecessor as head of the Royal House of Saxony. Had he been King he would have been known as Albert IILifeAlbert received his secondaryeducation at the Federal Gymnasium in Bregenz, Austria. He passed his matura in 1954.  His parents and their children then moved to Munich, with support from his mother's relatives from the Thurn und Taxisdynasty.  In Munich, Albert studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University. He initially studied macroeconomics, and later switched to history and ethnography.  On 13 February 1961, he received his PhD for a thesis on hisgreat-great-grandfather, King John of Saxony, and his reform of Saxon commercial law.On 30 January 1960 the Studiengruppe für Sächsische Geschichte und Kultur e.V. (\"Study group for Saxon history and culture\")was founded by Albert together with his parents, his elder brother Maria Emanuel, some other Saxon nobles, the Chapter of the Military Order of St. Henry, the chapter of the association of people from Dresden, and theassociation of Heimatvertriebene in the history department of the University of Munich. This study group became one of the largest historical societies in West Germany. After completing his studies, Albert worked as ahistorian and referent. He studied the history of the Duchy of Saxony and the Kingdom of Saxony, in particular the relationship of Saxony to Bavaria.At times, he was vice president of the Bund der Mitteldeutschen(\"Association of Central Germans\").  In 1972, he joined the Mitteldeutschen Kulturrat e.V. (\"Central German Culture Council\"), where he represented the interests of the Free State of Saxony.In the summer of 1982, hewas allowed to visit Saxony for the first time since his youth. He visited again in 1983 and 1985. He was then not allowed to enter the German Democratic Republic again, for unknown reasons, until 1989/1990. On 22January 1990, he participated in a Monday demonstration in Dresden and was unexpectedly asked to address the crowd. He told his audience about their task to rebuild Saxony and ended with the words \"Long liveSaxony, Germany, Europe and the western-Christian culture.\"In the subsequent elections for the Saxon parliament, he ran as a DSU candidate; he was not elected, nor did the newly elected government of Saxonyemploy him as an advisor. After the German reunification, he has tried to reclaim some of his family's former possessions.MarriageAlbert morganatically wed Elmira Henke in a civil ceremony on 10 April 1980 in Munich,and in a religious ceremony on 12 April 1980, in the Theatine Church, also in Munich. Elmira assisted Albert with his scientific and historical studies; she specialized in ethnographic topics. Albert and Elmira had nochildren.SuccessionThe headship of the Royal House of Saxony is a matter of dispute in the Saxon Royal Family. The conflict stems from the fact that the last undisputed head of the house Maria Emanuel, Margrave ofMeissen, and the other princes of his generation either had no children or, in the case of Prince Timo, had children (including Prince Rüdiger of Saxony) who were deemed not to be members of the Royal House ofSaxony.The first designated dynastic heir of Maria Emanuel was his and Albert's nephew Prince Johannes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, only son of their youngest sister Princess Mathilde of Saxony by her marriage toPrince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, dynast of a ducal branch of the House of Wettin senior patrilineally to the royal branch. After the early death of Prince Johannes, the heirless Maria Emanuel thenconsidered as potential heir another nephew, Alexander Afif, the eldest son of Princess Anna of Saxony and her husband Roberto Afif, despite the Afif-Saxony marriage being contrary to the traditional laws of the Houseof Saxony which required equal marriages for descendants to inherit dynastic rights. On 14 May 1997 the Margrave of Meissen proposed his nephew Alexander Afif as heir and drew up a document that was signed bythe other male and female members of the Royal House (including previously non-dynastic spouses of princes) setting out that Alexander would succeed on his death. The document was signed by: Anastasia,Margravine of Meissen, Prince Albert and his wife, née Elmira Henke, Prince Dedo (for himself, for his brother Prince Gero and for their stepmother née Virginia Dulon – his brother Prince Timo had died in 1982), thePrincesses Maria Josepha, Anna and Mathilde, and Prince Timo's third wife, née Erina Eilts. Two years later on 1 July 1999 the Margrave adopted his nephew Alexander Afif, who had used the title Alexander, Prince ofSaxe-Gessaphe since 1972, based on his patrilineal descent from the once-sovereign Lebanese \"Afif\" (or Gessaphe) dynasty.The 1997 agreement proved to be controversial and in the summer of 2002 three of thesignatories, Princes Albert, Dedo and Gero (the latter consented via proxy but had not personally signed the document) retracted their support for the agreement. The following year Prince Albert wrote that it is throughPrince Rüdiger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct. Until his death, however, the Margrave, as head of the former dynasty,continued to regard his nephew and adopted son, Prince Alexander, as the contractual heir entitled to succeed.Immediately following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Albert assumed the position of headof the Royal House of Saxony. According to the Eurohistory Journal prior to the Margrave's funeral Albert met with his nephew, Alexander, and recognised him as Margrave of Meissen. However this claim is contradictedby Albert himself in his final interview, given after the funeral, where he states that he needs recognition as Margrave of Meissen. Prince Alexander, citing the 1997 agreement, has also assumed the headship. Albert,Margrave of Meissen died at a hospital in Munich on 6 October 2012 at the age of 77.Prior to the requiem for Margrave Maria Emanuel, Rüdiger, who had sought to be recognised by his cousin as a dynastic member ofthe House of Saxony but was refused, conducted a demonstration outside the cathedral with Saxon royalists in protest against the late Margrave Maria Emanuel's decision to appoint Alexander as heir. The familywebsite of Prince Rüdiger states that, prior to his death, Albert determined Rüdiger to be his successor and instituted a clear succession plan. On this basis following Albert's death Prince Rüdiger assumed the headshipof the house.AncestryPublications by Prince AlbertDie Reform der sächsischen Gewerbegesetzgebung (1840–1861), PhD thesis, University of Munich, 1970Dresden, Weidlich, Frankfurt 1974, ISBN 3-8035-0474-0Leipzigund das Leipziger Land, Weidlich, Frankfurt 1976, ISBN 3-8035-8511-2Die Albertinischen Wettiner — Geschichte des Sächsischen Königshauses (1763–1932), 1st ed., St.-Otto-Verlag, Bamberg, 1989, ISBN3-87693-211-4; 2d ed., Gräfelfing, 1992, ISBN 3-87014-020-8Weihnacht in Sachsen, Bayerische Verlagsanstalt, Munich, 1992, ISBN 3-87052-799-4Die Wettiner in Lebensbildern, Styria-Verlag, Vienna, Graz andCologne, 1995, ISBN 3-222-12301-2Die Wettiner in Sachsen und Thüringen, König-Friedrich-August-Institut, Dresden, 1996Das Haus Wettin und die Beziehungen zum Haus Nassau-Luxemburg, Bad Ems, 2003Bayern &"}
{"doc_id":"doc_24","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Cry of the HuntedCry of the Hunted is a 1953 American crime film noir directed by Joseph H. Lewis.  The drama features Vittorio Gassman, Barry Sullivan and Polly Bergen.PlotAn obsessive lawman (BarrySullivan) who works for the state chases an escaped fugitive (Vittorio Gassman) through the Louisiana bayou.CastVittorio Gassman as JoryBarry Sullivan as Lieutenant TunnerPolly Bergen as Janet TunnerWilliam Conradas GoodwinMary Zavian as EllaRobert Burton as Warden KeeleyHarry Shannon as Sheriff BrownJonathan Cott as Deputy DavisReceptionAccording to MGM records the film earned $376,000 in the US and Canada and$249,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $179,000.Critical responseFilm critic Hal Erickson, of Allmovie, has praised the directing of the film, writing, \"On the whole, the MGM B product of the 1950s contained some ofthe studio's best-ever 'small' pictures...Cry of the Hunted is directed with flair by Joseph H. Lewis, who always managed to rise above the slimmest of budgets and the barest of production values.\"TV Guide in its filmguide also wrote well of the film, \"Stylishly directed chase film from Lewis who had previously shown his talent in Gun Crazy...At one point he is caught but again breaks free, only to be recaptured again at the finale.Interesting subplot has Conrad waiting for Sullivan to make a wrong move so he can grab his job.\"Noir analysisCritics Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward, in various sections of their analysis of the film, discuss a sub silentiotheme found in the movie: the homosexual undercurrent of the protagonists; they write, \"After an initial scene, in which Sullivan and Gassman wrestle each other to exhaustion and then sit sharing cigarettes likebrothers,\" and, \"...even in his sleep [Sullivan] is obsessive as he dreams of the escapee in homoerotic terms,\" and, \"Gassman too seems drawn to his pursuer.\"Film critic Eddie Muller, in an interview for Bright LightsFilm Journal, agrees, \"I once showed this goofy B film called Cry of the Hunted, with Barry Sullivan and William Conrad — it's swamp noir. In Los Angeles, the audience adored it. They howled, especially at theover-the-top gay subtext between the two lead actors. They fight, and when it's obvious the fight is over, they're still wrestling around the floor. Then they lie against the wall and smoke cigarettes. The L.A. audienceate it up.\"Passage 2:The Hunted (2015 film)The Hunted is a 2015 American film based on the action comedy web series The Hunted (2001) created and directed by Robert Chapin. Starring Chapin and MoniqueGanderton in lead roles. It tells the story of a struggling actor who leads a group of misfit slayers against an army of vampires. The film is one of the first to be produced under SAG’s New Media contract and wasdistributed online through Vimeo VOD.PlotComing to terms with his unsuccessful attempts at becoming an actor, Bob (Chapin) is bitten by a vampire named Susan, (Ganderton) who is the daughter of a crazed vigilanteslayer. Consequently, Bob becomes one of the Hunted, a small group of humans, bitten but not turned, who use cold steel and fighting technique to fend off vampires. The vampires, however, have developed animmunity to everything over the years, and the only way they can be killed is with a sword. Luckily, Bob knows how to wield a sword, mostly due to his starring role in a cheesy 80’s action flick called, “Vampslayer”.Find How Bob helps Susan and the Hunted defend the vampires forms the rest of the story.CastRobert Chapin as BobMonique Ganderton as SusanDavid Lain Baker as HarryGary Kasper as DragosTex Wall as LoreMasterAndrew Helm as KevinAnthony De Longis as VincentProductionConception and writingThe Hunted began in 2001 as a long-standing Internet series, created by Chapin in an effort to train his credentials as astuntman and VFX-artist. Embracing his skills with a sword and his technical abilities behind the camera, he collaborated with his friends and colleagues in order to combine their talents and undertake an underdog storyof LA-based vampire hunters. The fact that user-generated content created by fans became the main content source for the online series is reflected in the theme of the film, where soccer moms learn to becomevampire slayers, just like fans learning to become filmmakers, thus providing everyone a chance to discover their true potential. The dialogues in the film make use of copious lines from well-known films and poems,ranging from Scarface (1983) and Independence Day (1996) to Shakespeare.FilmingThe film received financial support in June 2011 via a Kickstarter campaign. The film was shot in Hollywood, California in 2012 and isco-produced by New Deal Studios, the Academy Award-winning effects studio behind numerous blockbuster films, including Inception (2010) and Interstellar (2014). Post-production was completed in March 2015. Themajority of the film's cast consisted of stunt people.Passage 3:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (TheCockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 4:Adrian BrunelAdrian Brunel (4 September 1892 – 18 February 1958) was an English film director and screenwriter. Brunel's directorial career started in the silentera, and reached its peak in the latter half of the 1920s. His surviving work from the 1920s, both full-length feature films and shorts, is highly regarded by silent film historians for its distinctive innovation, sophisticationand wit. With the arrival of talkies, Brunel's career ground to a halt and he was absent from the screen for several years before returning in the mid-1930s with a flurry of quota quickie productions, the majority of whichare now classed as lost. Brunel's last credit as director was in a 1940 comedy film, although he worked for a few years more as a \"fixer-up\" for films directed or produced by friends in the industry.After decades ofneglect, Brunel's work has latterly been rediscovered and has undergone a critical re-evaluation. His lost films are eagerly sought, and the British Film Institute includes two, The Crooked Billet (1929) and Badger'sGreen (1934), on its \"75 Most Wanted\" list of missing British feature films.Early life and careerBorn in Brighton in 1892, Brunel was educated at Harrow School. His mother Adey was a drama teacher so he grew up in astage milieu and dabbled in acting and writing plays, as well as training in opera. On leaving school he worked for a time as a local journalist in Brighton before taking employment in London in the bioscope showdistribution division of music hall chain Moss Empires. This spurred his interest in cinema, and in 1916 he and a friend formed a company called Mirror Films, which produced one film, The Cost of a Kiss, the followingyear.In 1920 Brunel joined with actor Leslie Howard and author A. A. Milne to set up Minerva Films, which produced six comedy shorts over a two-year period. Brunel's major break came in 1923, when he was offeredthe directorial role for the film The Man Without Desire, starring Ivor Novello. His feature film debut was a time-travelling story set in Venice and included location filming in the Italian city. Studio and post-productionwork took place in Germany, and the resulting work has been described as \"one of the stranger films to emerge from Britain in the 1920s\".Comedy shortsBetween 1923 and 1925, Brunel directed a series ofsophisticated comedy burlesque short films, frequently lampooning fads or institutions of the day. Initially these were produced and distributed independently, but their popularity among film insiders and cognoscentibrought them to the attention of Michael Balcon, who offered Brunel the opportunity to produce them through Gainsborough Pictures. These films were replete with punning intertitles and playful visual wit, with anumber parodying the silhouette animation technique pioneered by Lotte Reiniger by using live actors in place of animated cutouts (Two-Chinned Chow, Shimmy Sheik, and Yes, We Have No...! – in which a man isdriven to distraction by the ubiquity of the song \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\" and travels to ever-more exotic and outlandish locations to escape it, only to find that no matter where in the world he goes, the song has gotthere first).Other films were self-referential in highlighting the ability of film to produce a manipulated and distorted picture of reality. Brunel's most highly admired production of this period is 1924's Crossing the GreatSagrada, a spoof of the hugely popular travelogue genre of the time, in which its conventions are laid bare as the absurdities they are. Brunel uses the film to satirise the prevalent colonial view of \"native people\", whilehighlighting the dishonesty inherent in the genre with ludicrously incongruous intertitles, tagging a view of an African mud-hut village as Wapping, and a sequence of the heroes struggling across a desert landscape asBlackpool beach. Critic Jamie Sexton notes: \"The film's surreal humour prefigures that of later innovative British comedy, such as Monty Python's Flying Circus.Brunel also targeted the British film industry itself, with SoThis Is Jollygood bemoaning what he saw as its general ineptitude in comparison with its American counterpart, and Cut It Out attacking the over-zealousness of the British film censors.Gainsborough filmsImpressedwith Brunel's short film output, Balcon invited him to try his hand at directing full-length features for Gainsborough. This resulted in five films between 1926 and 1929, all of which were high profile, big-budgetproductions with star names, and were designed as serious prestige vehicles with none of the opportunities for the humour and facetiousness of most of Brunel's earlier work. The first release was Blighty, a class-basedstudy of life during World War I, written by Brunel's friend Ivor Montagu. It was reported that Brunel was initially uneasy about directing a \"war film\" as it went against his moral values; however the finished productcontained no militaristic or jingoistic material, concentrating instead on the effects of the unseen war on an English family.In 1928 there followed two films which reunited Brunel with Novello as his leading actor: thefirst screen adaptation of Margaret Kennedy's best-selling novel The Constant Nymph and a version of the Noël Coward play The Vortex. Brunel's third film of 1928 was A Light Woman starring Benita Hume, while 1929brought the Madeleine Carroll vehicle The Crooked Billet, which Brunel described in his autobiography as \"my last, and perhaps my best, silent film\". The film's \"lost\" status however precludes it from being criticallyevaluated alongside his surviving work.Later careerWith the introduction of talkies to British cinema, Brunel's career impetus came to a sudden halt. It is not exactly clear why Brunel in particular should have found hiscareer so comprehensively derailed at this time, although it is suggested that his pursuance of a legal claim against Gainsborough for alleged non-payment of fees may well have tarnished his reputation in the filmindustry by making him appear a potential trouble-maker. After writing and partly directing 1930's Elstree Calling for British International Pictures, he was sacked by the studio, who enlisted Alfred Hitchcock to finish thepicture, and no further film offers were forthcoming.Brunel returned to film directing in 1933, and over the following four years made 17 quota quickies, mainly for Fox British. As was the norm with quota quickiedirectors, Brunel's films in this period encompassed a range of genres from comedy and musicals, through drama, to thrillers and crime. However, few of these films are known to survive. Brunel's last three featurefilms, The Rebel Son (1938); The Lion Has Wings (1939), a three-way directorial venture with Michael Powell and Brian Desmond Hurst; and The Girl Who Forgot (1940), were more visible productions which dosurvive.Following these, Brunel drew a line under his directorial career, although he did continue for a time to offer uncredited help as a favour, most notably to his old friend Leslie Howard on The First of the Few (1942)and The Gentle Sex (1943). He published an autobiography Nice Work in 1949, and died in February 1958, aged 65.In an assessment of Brunel's significance in British cinema history, Geoff Brown concludes: \"...(his)career was clearly not what it might have been, and the apparent absence of surviving copies of many of his talkies makes a thorough re-evaluation of his work difficult. But the burlesque comedies alone give him adistinctive place in British cinema history as a satirical jester, and a key player in the film industry's uneasy war between art and commerce.\"Filmography (director)BibliographyBrunel wrote two guides to filmmaking anda memoir detailing his time in the industry.Filmcraft: the Art of Picture Production (1935)Film script: The Technique of Writing for the Screen (1948)Nice Work: Thirty Years in British Films (1949)Passage 5:Joseph H.LewisJoseph H. Lewis (April 6, 1907 – August 30, 2000) was an American B-movie film director whose stylish flourishes came to be appreciated by auteur theory-espousing film critics in the years following hisretirement in 1966. In a 30-year directorial career, he helmed numerous low-budget westerns, action pictures, musicals, adventures, and thrillers. Today he is remembered for mysteries and film noir stories: My NameIs Julia Ross (1945) and So Dark the Night (1946) as well as his most highly regarded features, 1950's Gun Crazy, which spotlighted a desperate young couple (Peggy Cummins and John Dall) who embark on a deadlycrime spree, and the 1955 film noir The Big Combo, with its stunning cinematography by John Alton.Life and careerBorn in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, Ernestine (née Miriamson) and Leopold Lewis.His father was an optometrist. He grew up on the Upper East Side of New York City and attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx and when his brother, Ben, moved to Hollywood in 1927, he decided to followwith the hope of becoming an actor. Ben found him a job as camera assistant and, subsequently, young Joseph became an assistant film editor just as the film industry was converting to sound.  He began his directorialcareer (1937–40) by turning out low-budget B-Westerns starring Bob Baker, Charles Starrett, and Bill Elliott. Film editors referred to Lewis as \"Wagon-Wheel Joe,\"  because of his tendency to use wagon wheels in theforeground to create interesting visual compositions.Lewis served with the United States Army Signal Corps as a Sergeant during World War II, making training films at the Army's Astoria Studios. One on how to shootthe M-1 rifle was shown well into the 1960s.Lewis was equally comfortable working in different genres: horror (Bela Lugosi, The Invisible Ghost), comedy (The East Side Kids, That Gang of Mine), detective mystery(Tom Conway, The Falcon in San Francisco), costume adventure (Larry Parks, The Swordsman), and musicals (Benny Fields, Minstrel Man). Lewis's creative compositions for Minstrel Man won him the assignment ofstaging the musical sequences for The Jolson Story.Today, Lewis is primarily known for his work in film noir during the 1940s and early 1950s. Gun Crazy is a dark romance about gun-obsession, notable for its use oflocation photography and, for film students and buffs, a particularly arresting shot which lasts for ten minutes, as the audience suddenly becomes a passenger in the getaway car following a bank robbery committed bythe young leads.Toward the end of Lewis's career, he worked in television, directing mostly westerns:  The Rifleman, Bonanza, The Big Valley, Gunsmoke, and the pilot for Branded. He also directed the 1961 CBS crimeadventure-drama series The Investigators.Lewis suffered a major heart attack at the age of 46, but continued working until his 59th birthday in April 1966, at the end of the 1965–66 TV season. He later lectured at filmschools and fan gatherings as well as at retrospectives such as the Telluride Film Festival, along with European venues in France, Germany and other locations.  In 1997 he became the recipient of the Los Angeles FilmCritics Association Lifetime Achievement Award.Nearly five months after his 93rd birthday, Lewis died at his home in Los Angeles County's seaside community of Marina del Rey.  Active until the end, he made his finalpublic appearance five weeks earlier to introduce a screening of Gun Crazy at the University of California at Los Angeles. He was married to Buena Vista Lewis; they had one daughter, Candy Lewis Sangster.SelectedfilmographyPassage 6:The Hunted (2003 film)The Hunted is a 2003 American action thriller film directed by William Friedkin and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Benicio del Toro, and Connie Nielsen.PlotU.S. Army SergeantFirst Class Aaron Hallam, a former Delta Force operator, has spent much of his career performing covert assassinations and black operations for the U.S. government. He is awarded the Silver Star for his service in theKosovo War, but is left wracked with PTSD from the atrocities he witnessed.In the wilderness of Silver Falls State Park, Oregon, Hallam encounters two hunters equipped with expensive scoped rifles. Hallam tells themthat, due to their use of guns and scopes, they are not \"true hunters\". Insulted, the hunters pursue him, but are overwhelmed by Hallam's tactics and traps and are killed.L.T. Bonham, a former civilian instructor ofmilitary survival and combat training, lives secluded deep in the woods of British Columbia. He is approached by the FBI, who ask him to help apprehend Hallam, one of his former students. Bonham agrees and joins theFBI task force pursuing Hallam, led by Assistant Special Agent in Charge Abby Durrell. Bonham discovers Hallam's personal effects in a tree and encounters Hallam. As the two of them fight, Hallam is struck by an FBItranquilizer and taken into custody.During his interrogation, Hallam is uncooperative and looks mainly to Bonham, who he views as a father figure. The FBI, unsure what to do, hand him to the custody of his fellow JSOCoperators, who tell the FBI that Hallam cannot stand trial due to the classified operations he had participated in. While being transported, the operators indicate that they intend to kill Hallam to ensure his silence;Hallam manages to kill all the operatives and escape.Alerted to the incident, Bonham and the FBI search for Hallam. Bonham finds him at the house of his ex-girlfriend and her daughter in Portland, but he flees afterAbby arrives to apprehend him. Pursued by the FBI and the Portland Police Bureau, Hallam ambushes and kills pursuing FBI agents in a sewer and attempts to board a streetcar to blend in. The police block the bridgethe streetcar is on, and he dives off the bridge, fleeing upstream.Resurfacing up the river, Hallam crafts a knife out of reclaimed metal, as Bonham taught him. Meanwhile, Bonham crafts his own knife out of stone andenters the wilderness alone in search of Hallam. Bonham is caught by one of Hallam's traps and is thrown down a waterfall. Surviving, he meets Hallam at the bottom, and they engage in hand-to-hand combat. The twosustain severe injuries, and Bonham's knife is broken, but Bonham manages to gain the upper hand and stab Hallam with his own knife, killing him as Abby and the FBI arrive.Bonham, mostly recovered, returns to hishome in British Columbia. He starts to burn Hallam's letters, in which he expressed his concerns over the things he witnessed during his service.CastTommy Lee Jones as L.T. BonhamBenicio del Toro as Sergeant AaronHallamConnie Nielsen as FBI Special Agent Abby DurrellLeslie Stefanson as Irene KravitzJohn Finn as FBI Special Agent Ted ChenowethJosé Zúñiga as FBI Special Agent Bobby MoretRon Canada as FBI Special AgentHarry Van ZandtMark Pellegrino as Dale HewittJenna Boyd as Loretta KravitzAaron DeCone as Stokes (as Aaron Brounstein)Carrick O'Quinn as KohlerLonny Chapman as ZanderRex Linn as Powell, The HunterEddie Velezas Richards, The HunterJohnny Cash as The Narrator (uncredited)ProductionThe film was partially filmed in and around Portland, Oregon and Silver Falls State Park. Portland scenes were filmed in Oxbow Park, theSouth Park Blocks, the Columbia Blvd Treatment Plant, and Tom McCall Waterfront Park. The technical adviser for the film was Tom Brown Jr., an American outdoorsman and wilderness survival expert. The story ispartially inspired by a real-life incident involving Brown, who was asked to track down a former pupil and Special Forces sergeant who had evaded capture by authorities. This story is told in Tom's book, Case Files OfThe Tracker. Chapter 2 of this book, \"My Frankenstein,\" describes Brown's tracking and fight with a former special operations veteran.The hand-to-hand combat and knife fighting in the film featured Filipino Martial Arts.Thomas Kier and Rafael Kayanan of Sayoc Kali were brought in by Benicio del Toro. They were credited as knife fight choreographers for the film.ReceptionBox officeThe box office for the film was less than its reported"}
{"doc_id":"doc_25","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Still of the NightStill of the Night  or In the Still of the Night may refer to:In the Still of the Night (film), a Czech filmStill of the Night (film), 1982 psychological thriller film, directed by Robert Benton\"Still ofthe Night\" (song), 1987, by Whitesnake\"Still of the Night\", a song by Quiet Riot from QR III\"In the Still of the Night\", a 1932 popular song written by Hoagy Carmichael and Jo Trent\"In the Still of the Night\" (Cole Portersong), a popular song by Cole Porter\"In the Still of the Night\" (The Five Satins song), 1956 doo-wop song, covered in 1992 by Boyz II MenIn the Still of the Night (album), a 1989 Johnny Mathis album\"Lost in the FiftiesTonight (In the Still of the Night)\", a 1985 medley containing the Five Satins songPassage 2:Emile ArdolinoEmile Ardolino (May 9, 1943 – November 20, 1993) was an American television and film director and producer,best known for his work on the films Dirty Dancing (1987) and Sister Act (1992). He won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for his film He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (1983).Early life and careerArdolinowas born in Maspeth, a neighborhood of Queens, the son of Italian immigrants Ester (nee Pesiri) and Emilio Ardolino.He began his career as an actor in Off-Broadway productions, and then moved to the production sideof the business. In 1967, he founded Compton-Ardolino Films with Gardner Compton. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ardolino worked for PBS. He profiled dancers and choreographers for their Dance in America and Live fromLincoln Center series.Ardolino won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for the 1983 film He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. He found commercial success with the Academy Award-winning 1987 hit DirtyDancing.DeathArdolino died in California on November 20, 1993 of complications from AIDS. His last films, The Nutcracker (based on George Balanchine's New York City Ballet adaptation) and the television productionof Gypsy starring Bette Midler, were released and shown posthumously. Ardolino is buried beside his parents at St. John Cemetery in New York.Personal lifeArdolino was openly gay.Awards1969 Obie Award for theBroadway production of Oh! Calcutta!19 Emmy Award nominations, winning three1983 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'.Partial filmographyHe Makes Me Feel LikeDancin' (1983)Dirty Dancing (1987)Chances Are (1989)Three Men and a Little Lady (1990)Sister Act (1992)The Nutcracker (1993)Gypsy (1993, TV movie)Passage 3:Ultimate Dirty DancingUltimate Dirty Dancing is asoundtrack album containing every song from the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, sequenced in the order it appears in the film. It was released on December 9, 2003, by RCA Records.Track listingTrack listing\"Be My Baby\" –The Ronettes\"Big Girls Don't Cry\" – Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons\"Merengue\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Trot the Fox\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Johnny's Mambo\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Time of My Life\"(instrumental version) – The John Morris Orchestra\"Where Are You Tonight?\" – Tom Johnston\"Do You Love Me\" – The Contours\"Love Man\" – Otis Redding\"Gazebo Waltz\" – Michael Lloyd\"Stay\" – Maurice Williams andthe Zodiacs\"Wipe Out\" – The Surfaris\"Hungry Eyes\" – Eric Carmen\"Overload\" – Zappacosta\"Hey! Baby\" – Bruce Channel\"De Todo Un Poco\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Some Kind of Wonderful\" – The Drifters\"These Armsof Mine\" – Otis Redding\"Cry to Me\" – Solomon Burke\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" – The Shirelles\"Love Is Strange\" – Mickey & Sylvia\"You Don't Own Me\" – The Blow Monkeys\"Yes\" – Merry Clayton\"In the Still of theNight\" – The Five Satins\"She's Like the Wind\" – Patrick Swayze\"Kellerman's Anthem\" – The Emile Bergstein Chorale\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" – Bill Medley & Jennifer WarnesChartsCertificationsPassage 4:DirtyDancing (disambiguation)Dirty Dancing is a 1987 film.Dirty Dancing may also refer to:Dirty Dancing (1988 TV series), an American television series that aired on CBSDirty Dancing (2006 TV series), an American realityseries that aired on WE tv networkDirty Dancing (2017 film), a musical television remake of the 1987 filmDirty Dancing (album), by Swayzak\"Dirty Dancing\" (song), by New Kids On The BlockDirty Dancing(soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1987 filmDirty Dancing: Havana Nights (also known as Dirty Dancing 2 or Dirty Dancing 2: Havana Nights), a 2004 filmDirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage, a stage musicalDirtyDancing: The Time of Your Life, a UK TV seriesPassage 5:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.ExternallinksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 6:Dirty Dancing: Havana NightsDirty Dancing: Havana Nights (also known as Dirty Dancing 2 or Dirty Dancing 2: Havana Nights) is a 2004 American dance musical romance filmdirected by Guy Ferland and starring Diego Luna, Romola Garai, Sela Ward, John Slattery, Jonathan Jackson, January Jones, and Mika Boorem. The film is an unrelated prequel/\"re-imagining\" of the 1987 blockbusterDirty Dancing, reusing the same basic plot, but transplanting it from upstate New York to Cuba on the cusp of the Cuban Revolution. Patrick Swayze, star of the original Dirty Dancing, appears as a dance instructor. Itwas mostly filmed in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico.PlotIn 1958, Katey Miller (Romola Garai), her parents (Sela Ward and John Slattery), and her younger sister Susie (Mika Boorem) arrive in Cuba during the Cubanrevolution. A self-described bookworm, Katey is not very happy about having to move to a different country during her senior year of high school, as she had been planning to attend Radcliffe College, although the restof her family seem extremely pleased to be in Cuba.Meeting several other rich American teenagers down by the pool - including James Phelps (Jonathan Jackson), the son of her father's boss - Katey becomes disgustedwhen one of the teenagers insults a local waiter when he drops their drinks because Katey accidentally bumped into him. Katey attempts to talk to the waiter—Javier (Diego Luna), who works at the hotel to support hisfamily—because she feels awful about what had occurred, but he is not interested.Katey watches a film of her mother and father dancing and wishes she could dance as well as they did. She and her father dance a bit.The next day in class, Katey is asked to read aloud from the Odyssey - a passage about love and passion. After class, James invites her to a party at the country club the next day and she accepts.While walking homefrom school, she sees Javier dancing to street music, and he offers to walk her home. They stop to listen to a street band and police show up, stopping Javier while Katey runs away.The next day, Katey tries some of thedance moves she saw. Javier sees her and asks her to come see the real dancers Saturday night, but she says she is already going to the country club. Javier gets upset and leaves. Katey wears one of her maid'sdresses to the country club party and impresses James. Katey convinces him to take her to the Cuban nightclub La Rosa Negra (The Black Rose) where Javier is dancing with the ladies.Javier dances with Katey whileJames sits at the bar. Soon he is accosted by Javier's brother, Carlos, who tells him that they will eventually kick the Americans out of Cuba. Javier comes over and argues with his brother. James takes Katey back tothe car and assaults her after she refuses to kiss him. She slaps him and runs into the club, and Javier agrees to walk her home.The next day, Katey walks by a dance class. The teacher (Patrick Swayze) asks if anyonewants to enter the big dance contest and then dances with Katey for a bit. She grabs a flyer for the competition.While walking to the pool, James apologizes to Katey and then tells her that Susie saw Javier with her andgot him fired. Katey argues with Susie and goes to find Javier. He is now working at a chop shop with Carlos. She asks him to enter the dance contest with her, but he refuses. Meanwhile, it is becoming apparent thatCarlos is helping the revolutionaries.The next day, Javier shows up at Katey's school and agrees to enter the dance contest with her. They start teaching each other dance moves and Javier convinces her to \"feel themusic.\" They practice all the time, and Katey dances some more with the dance teacher, until it is the night of the dance. Katey and Javier dance with the other couples on the floor and are chosen to go on to the nextround.Katey's parents disapprove of her relationship with Javier, but Katey reconciles with them. On the night of the contest's final round, while Katey and Javier are on the dance floor, Javier sees his brother and somerevolutionaries disguised as waiters, and the police soon try to arrest them. The contest stops as everyone flees the club, and Javier has to save Carlos from the police. Javier and Carlos talk about how they miss theirdad, then they hear that Batista has fled the country and join the celebration.Later, Javier comes to the hotel and finds Katey. He takes her to the beach and they have sex. The next day, Katey's parents tell her theyare leaving Cuba and she has one last night with Javier. They go to the Cuban club where they first danced, and the floor is theirs as they are dubbed King and Queen. Katey's family is there to see her, and Kateynarrates that she doesn't know when she will see Javier again, but this will not be their last time to dance together.CastRomola Garai as Katey MillerDiego Luna as Javier SuarezSela Ward as Jeannie MillerJohn Slatteryas Bert MillerMika Boorem as Susie MillerJonathan Jackson as James PhelpsRene Lavan as Carlos SuarezPatrick Swayze as Dance Class InstructorJanuary Jones as EveMýa Harrison as Lola MartinezAngélica Aragón asMrs. SuarezKaly Cordova as DancerProductionHavana Nights is based on an original screenplay by playwright and NPR host Peter Sagal, based on the real life experience of producer JoAnn Jansen, who lived in Cuba asa 15-year-old in 1958–59. Sagal wrote the screenplay, which he titled Cuba Mine, about a young American woman who witnessed the Cuban revolution and had a romance with a young Cuban revolutionary. Thescreenplay was to be a serious political romance story, documenting, among other stories, how the Cuban revolution transformed from idealism to terror. It was commissioned in 1992 by Lawrence Bender, who wasrising to fame with his production of Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction. The screenplay was bought by a film studio, which requested several rewrites before deciding not to produce the film. A decadelater, Bender decided to make a Dirty Dancing sequel, and the film was very loosely adapted from Sagal's script. Not a single line from Sagal's original screenplay appears in the final film and Sagal says that the onlyremnants of the political theme that existed in his script is a scene wherein some people are executed.Natalie Portman was offered the role of Katey Miller but she turned it down. Ricky Martin was also considered for therole of Javier Suarez. The film was British actress Romola Garai's first Hollywood film and she repeatedly has cited the filming of the movie as being an extremely negative experience which caused her to re-evaluateworking in Hollywood. In a 2004 interview with The Telegraph she explained that the filmmakers \"were obsessed with having someone skinny. I just thought, why didn't they get someone like Kate Bosworth, if that'swhat they wanted?\"In October 2017, in the midst of producer Harvey Weinstein's sexual abuse allegations in Hollywood, Garai later revealed that Weinstein, whose company Miramax was co-producing the film, hadrequired her to meet him alone in a hotel room while he was wearing only a bathrobe to obtain the part: \"I had to go to his hotel room in the Savoy, and he answered the door in his bathrobe. I was only 18. I feltviolated by it, it has stayed very clearly in my memory.\"ReceptionReview aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 23% rating based on 108 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The websiteprovides a brief critical consensus: \"Cheesy, unnecessary remake.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".RobertDenerstein of the Rocky Mountain News gave it a D+, saying: \"Tries to add Cuban flavor to a familiar plot but comes up with nothing more than a bubbling stew of cliches.\" Peter Howell of the Toronto Star thought it tobe \"Charmless, clumsy and culturally offensive all at the same time\" and merited it 1 out of 5 stars. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe awarded it 2 out of 4 stars, saying: \"As you might expect, the movie is as squareas a sock hop.\" Philip Martin of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, who rated it B−, because \"aside from the triteness of the dialogue, the mathematical predictability of the script and the muddling of numbskulled politics,DD: HN is a fairly enjoyable experience.\" According to Louis Hobson of Jam! Magazine, who thought the movie was worth 3.5 out of 5 stars, the main redeeming factor was the choreography: \"You may have problemswith the obvious, clichéd story, but the dancing is incredible.\" Philip Wuntch of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a C, stating that \"both the dance numbers and the personal drama are largelylistless.\"Soundtrack\"Dance Like This\" – Wyclef Jean featuring Claudette Ortiz\"Dirty Dancing\" – The Black Eyed Peas\"Guajira (I Love U 2 Much)\" – Yerba Buena\"Can I Walk By\" – Phalon Alexander featuring MonicaArnold\"Satellite (From \"Havana Nights\")\" – Santana featuring Jorge Moreno\"El Beso Del Final\" – Christina Aguilera\"Represent, Cuba\" – Orishas featuring Heather Headley\"Do You Only Wanna Dance\" – Mýa Harrison\"YouSend Me\" – Shawn Kane\"El Estuche\" – Aterciopelados\"Do You Only Wanna Dance\" – Julio Daivel Big Band (conducted by Cucco Peña)\"Satellite (Spanish Version) Nave Espacial (From \"Havana Nights\")\" – Santanafeaturing Jorge MorenoPassage 7:Dirty DancingDirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein, produced by Linda Gottlieb, and directed by Emile Ardolino. Starring PatrickSwayze and Jennifer Grey, it tells the story of Frances \"Baby\" Houseman (Grey), a young woman who falls in love with dance instructor Johnny Castle (Swayze) at a vacation resort.The film was based on screenwriterBergstein's own childhood. She originally wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film It's My Turn, but ultimately ended up conceiving a story for a film which became Dirty Dancing. She finished the script in 1985,but management changes at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer put the film in development hell. The production company was changed to Vestron Pictures with Emile Ardolino as director and Linda Gottlieb as producer. Filmingtook place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia, with the film's score composed by John Morris and dance choreography by Kenny Ortega.Dirty Dancing premiered at the 1987 Cannes Film Festivalon May 12, 1987, and was released on August 21, 1987, in the United States, earning over $214 million worldwide, and was the first film to sell more than a million copies for home video. It earned positive reviews fromcritics, who particularly praised the performances of Grey and Swayze, and its soundtrack, created by Jimmy Ienner, generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles. \"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\",performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group withVocals.The film's popularity led to a 2004 prequel, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, and a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia, Europe, and North America. A made-for-TV remake was alsoreleased in 2017. A sequel is scheduled to be released in 2024, with Grey reprising her role.PlotIn the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances \"Baby\" Houseman is vacationing with her family—cardiologist father Jake,mother Marge and older sister Lisa—at Kellerman's, an upscale Catskills resort in the Borscht Belt owned by Jake's sarcastic best friend Max. Exploring one night, Baby secretly observes Max instructing the waiters, allIvy League students, to romance the guests' daughters, no matter how unattractive. Max also demeans the working class entertainment staff, including Johnny Castle, one of the dance instructors. Baby is attracted toJohnny and dances briefly with him after his kindhearted cousin, Billy, introduces them at a secret \"dirty dancing\" party for resort staff. Max's grandson Neil flirts with Baby in the meantime.Baby learns Johnny's dancepartner Penny is pregnant by Robbie, a waiter and womanizer who attends Yale School of Medicine and now has his eye on Lisa. When Robbie refuses to help Penny, Baby, without explaining why, borrows money fromher father to pay for Penny's abortion. At first, Penny declines as it would cause her and Johnny to miss a performance at a nearby resort, costing them the season's salary, but Baby volunteers to stand in for Penny.During her dance sessions with Johnny, they develop a mutual attraction, and despite their failure to execute a climactic lift, Johnny and Baby's performance is successful.Back at Kellerman's, Penny is gravely injured bythe botched abortion, and Baby enlists her father's help to stabilize Penny. Angered by Baby's deception, and assuming Johnny got Penny pregnant, Dr. Houseman orders Baby to stay away from them. Baby sneaks offto apologize to Johnny for her father's treatment, but Johnny feels he deserves it due to his lower status; Baby reassures him of his worth, declaring her love. They begin secretly seeing each other, and her fatherrefuses to talk to her.Johnny rejects an indecent proposal by Vivian Pressman, an adulterous wife, who instead sleeps with Robbie, inadvertently foiling Lisa's plan to lose her virginity to him. When Vivian spots Babyleaving Johnny's cabin, she feels spurned and attempts revenge on Johnny by claiming he stole her husband's wallet. Max is ready to fire Johnny, but Baby backs up his alibi, revealing she was with Johnny the night ofthe theft. The real thieves, Sydney and Sylvia Schumacher, are caught, but Johnny is still fired for mixing with Baby. Before leaving, Johnny tries to talk to Dr. Houseman but is accused of only trying to get at Baby.Baby later apologizes to her father for lying, but not for her romance with Johnny, and then accuses him of classism.At the end-of-season talent show, Dr. Houseman gives Robbie a recommendation letter for medicalschool, but when Robbie admits that he got Penny pregnant, and then insults her and Baby, Dr. Houseman angrily grabs the letter back. Johnny arrives and disrupts the final song by bringing Baby up on stage anddeclaring that she has made him a better person, and then they perform the dance they practiced all summer, ending with a successful climactic lift. Dr. Houseman admits he was wrong about Johnny and reconcileswith Baby, and all the staff and guests join Baby and Johnny dancing to \"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\".CastBruce Morrow appears in a cameo as a magician; Morrow himself could be heard as a DJ's voice in differentparts of the film. Emile Ardolino and Matthew Broderick (who was dating Grey at the time and co-starred with her in Ferris Bueller's Day Off) have cameos.SoundtrackThe Dirty Dancing album held the number one spoton the Billboard album chart for over four months. As of July 2022, the Dirty Dancing album has sold over 14 million copies.ProductionPre-productionDirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter EleanorBergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York and had spent summers with her family in the Catskills where she participated in \"Dirty Dancing\" competitions; she was alsonicknamed \"Baby\" herself as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn; however, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, prompting her to conceive a newstory that took inspiration from her youth dance competitions. In 1984, she pitched the idea to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb.They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985while she was researching the story. She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.Bergstein gave the script to other studios but was repeatedlyrejected until she brought it to Vestron Pictures. While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb had agreed to cut the proposed budget in half. Bergstein and Gottlieb then chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director;"}
{"doc_id":"doc_26","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by The Decemberists and thelyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who isconfronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-side despite theartwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitallyadding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberistson his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, onThe Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy,as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel(the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters haveall burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the twolovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, beforethey gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds anote by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at thesame cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with afork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of thescreen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is alsosimilar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screenedDecemberists video footage.Passage 2:Donna SummerDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known professionally as Donna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter. She gainedprominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the \"Queen of Disco\", while her music gained a global following.Influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of apsychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City. In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where she spent several years living, acting, and singing. There, she met musicproducers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as \"Love to Love You Baby\" and \"I Feel Love\", marking Summer's breakthrough into international musicmarkets. Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and more hits such as \"Last Dance\", her version of \"MacArthur Park\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"Hot Stuff\", \"Bad Girls\", \"Dim All the Lights\", \"No More Tears (Enough IsEnough)\" with Barbra Streisand, and \"On the Radio\" followed.Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime, including 14 top ten singles and four number one singles. Sheclaimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top-ten hits (10 were top-five hits), more than any other act during that time period. Shereturned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top-ten hit in 1989 with \"This Time I Know It's for Real\". She was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach the top of the USBillboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles chart in the US and a number-one single in the UnitedKingdom. Her last Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with \"I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)\". While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned in subsequent decades, Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance Club Songschart throughout her entire career.Summer died in 2012 from lung cancer, at her home in Naples, Florida. She sold over 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Shewon five Grammy Awards. In her obituary in The Times, she was described as the \"undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom\" who reached the status of \"one of the world's leading female singers.\" Moroderdescribed Summer's work on the song \"I Feel Love\" as \"really the start of electronic dance\" music. In 2013, Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In December 2016, Billboard ranked her sixth onits list of the \"Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists\".Early lifeDonna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Andrew and Mary Gaines, and was third of seven children. Shewas raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill. Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher.Summer's performance debut occurred at church when she was ten years old, replacing a vocalistwho failed to appear. She attended Boston's Jeremiah E. Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular. In 1967, just weeks before graduation, Summer left for New York City,where she joined the blues rock band Crow. After a record label passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band's lead singer, the group agreed to dissolve.Summer stayed in New York andauditioned for a role in the counterculture musical, Hair. She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show, moving there in August 1968 after getting her parents' reluctantapproval. She eventually became fluent in German, singing various songs in that language, and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich (the German version of The Me Nobody Knows), Godspell, and Show Boat. Withinthree years, she moved to Vienna, Austria, and joined the Vienna Volksoper. She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree, the creation of producer Günter \"Yogi\" Lauke.In 1968, Summer released(as Donna Gaines) on Polydor her first single, a German version of the title \"Aquarius\" from the musical Hair, followed in 1971 by a second single, a remake of the Jaynetts' 1963 hit, \"Sally Go 'Round the Roses\", from aone-off European deal with Decca Records. In 1969, she issued the single \"If You Walkin' Alone\" on Philips Records.She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973, and gave birth to their daughter Natalia PiaMelanie \"Mimi\" Sommer, the same year. She provided backing vocals for producer-keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You, credited as \"Gayn Pierre\". Several subsequent singles includedDonna performing with the group, and the name \"Gayn Pierre\" was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during 1972. Their marriage subsequently ended in divorce, and she married singer-guitaristBruce Sudano in 1980.Music career1974–1979: Initial successWhile working as a model part-time and backing singer in Munich, Summer met producer Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session forThree Dog Night at Musicland Studios. The trio forged a working partnership, and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974. A demo tape of Summer's work with Moroder and Bellotte led to a deal with theEuropean-distributed label Groovy Records. Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became Donna Summer; the name stuck. Summer's first album was Lady of the Night. It became a hit in theNetherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium on the strength of two songs, \"The Hostage\" and the title track \"Lady of the Night\". \"The Hostage\" reached the top of the charts in France, but was removed from radioplaylists in Germany because of the song's subject matter: a high ranking politician that had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom. One of her first TV appearances was in the television show, Van Oekel'sDiscohoek, which started the breakthrough of \"The Hostage\", and in which she gracefully went along with the scripted absurdity and chaos in the show.In 1975, Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder whowas working with another artist; a song that would be called \"Love To Love You Baby\". Summer, Moroder and Bellotte wrote the song together, and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing thesong. Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released. Seeking an American release for the song, it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart. Bogart played the song at one of his extravagantindustry parties, where it was so popular with the crowd, they insisted that it be played over and over, each time it ended. Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques. Moroder, Bellotte,and Summer returned with a 17-minute version. Bogart tweaked the title and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975. The shorter 7\" version of the single was promoted by radio stations,while clubs regularly played the 17-minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album).By early 1976, \"Love to Love You Baby\" had reached No. 2 on the US Hot 100 chart and had become a Goldsingle, while the album had sold over a million copies. The song generated controversy due to Summer's moans and groans, which emulated lovemaking, and some American stations, like those in Europe with the initialrelease, refused to play it. Despite this, \"Love to Love You Baby\" found chart success in several European countries, and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban. Casablanca Records wasted no timereleasing the follow-up album A Love Trilogy, featuring \"Try Me, I Know We Can Make It\".In 1977, Summer released the concept album I Remember Yesterday. The song \"I Feel Love\", reached No. 6 on the Hot 100chart. and No. 1 in the UK. She received her first American Music Award nomination for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist. The single would attain Gold status and the album went Platinum in the US. Another conceptalbum, also released in 1977, was Once Upon a Time, a double album which told of a modern-day Cinderella \"rags to riches\" story. This album would attain Gold status. Summer recorded the song \"Down Deep Inside\"as the theme song for the 1977 film The Deep. In 1978, Summer acted in the film Thank God It's Friday, the film met with modest success; the song \"Last Dance\", reached No. 3 on the Hot 100. The soundtrack andsingle both went Gold and resulted in Summer winning her first Grammy Award, for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. Its writer, Paul Jabara, won both an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for thecomposition. Summer also had \"With Your Love\" and \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\", on the soundtrack. Her version of the Jimmy Webb ballad, \"MacArthur Park\", became her first No. 1 hit on the Hot 100 chart. It was alsothe only No. 1 hit for songwriter Jimmy Webb; the single went Gold and topped the charts for three weeks. She received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The song was featured onSummer's first live album, Live and More, which also became her first album to hit number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and went double-Platinum, selling over 2 million copies. The week of November 11, 1978,Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the No. 1 single on the Hot 100 and album on the Billboard 200 charts, simultaneously. The song \"Heaven Knows\", which featured BrooklynDreams singer Joe \"Bean\" Esposito; reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and became another Gold single.In 1979, Summer won three American Music Awards for Single, Album and Female Artist, in the Disco category at theawards held in January. Summer performed at the world-televised Music for UNICEF Concert, joining contemporaries such as ABBA; Olivia Newton-John; the Bee Gees; Andy Gibb; Rod Stewart; John Denver; Earth,Wind & Fire; Rita Coolidge; and Kris Kristofferson for a TV special that raised funds and awareness for the world's children. Artists donated royalties of certain songs, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause. Summerbegan work on her next project with Moroder and Bellotte, Bad Girls. Moroder brought in Harold Faltermeyer, with whom he had collaborated on the soundtrack of film Midnight Express, to be the album's arranger.In1979, Summer gained 5 big hits such as \"Hot Stuff\" and \"Bad Girls\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"Dim All the Lights\", and No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\". The week of June 16, 1979, Summer would again have thenumber-one single on the Hot 100 chart, and the number-one album on the Billboard 200 chart; when \"Hot Stuff\" regained the top spot on the Hot 100 chart. The following week, \"Bad Girls\" would be on top of the USTop R&B albums chart.1980–1985: She Works Hard For The Money, unreleased album, new record labelSummer received four nominations for the 7th Annual American Music Awards in 1980, and took home awards forFemale Pop/Rock and Female Soul/R&B Artist; and well as Pop/Rock single for \"Bad Girls\". In 1980, her single \"On the Radio\", reached No. 5, selling over a million copies in the US alone, making it a Gold single. \"TheWanderer\" reached #3 on the Hot 100. Summer would again receive a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Just over a week after the awards, Summer had her own nationally televised special,The Donna Summer Special, which aired on ABC network on January 27, 1980. After the release of the On the Radio album, Summer wanted to branch out into other musical styles, which led to tensions between herand Casablanca Records. Casablanca wanted her to continue to record disco only. Summer was upset with President Neil Bogart over the early release of the single \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\", becauseCasablanca didn't wait until her previous single, \"Dim All the Lights\", had peaked; she had penned \"Dim All the Lights\" alone, and was hoping for a number-one hit as a songwriter. Summer and the label parted ways in1980, and she signed with Geffen Records, the new label started by David Geffen. Summer filed a $10 million lawsuit against Casablanca; the label counter-sued. In the end, she did not receive any money, but won therights to her own lucrative song publishing.Summer's first Geffen album, The Wanderer, featured an eclectic mixture of sounds, bringing elements of rock, rockabilly, new wave, and gospel music. The Wanderer wasrushed to market; the producers of the album wanted more production time. The album continued Summer's streak of Gold albums with the \"title track\" peaking at No. 3 on the Hot 100 chart. Its follow-up singles were,\"Cold Love\", No. 33; and \"Who Do You Think You're Foolin'\", No. 40. Summer was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for \"Cold Love\", and Best Inspirational Performance for \"I Believe in Jesus\" at the1981 Grammy Awards.She would soon be working on her next album. It was to be another double album set. When David Geffen stopped by the studio for a preview, he was warned that it was a work in progress, but itwas almost done. That was a mistake, because only a few tracks had been finished, and most of them were in demo phase. He heard enough to tell producers that it was not good enough; the project was canceled. Itwould be released years later in 1996, under the title I'm a Rainbow. Over the years, a few of the tracks would be released. The song \"Highway Runner\" appears on the soundtrack for the film Fast Times at RidgemontHigh. \"Romeo\" appears on the Flashdance soundtrack. Both, \"I'm a Rainbow\" and \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\" would be on her 1993 anthology album.David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones toproduce Summer's next album, the eponymously titled Donna Summer. The album took over six months to record as Summer, who was pregnant at the time, found it hard to sing. During the recording of the project,Neil Bogart died of cancer in May 1982 at age 39. Summer would sing at his funeral. The album included the top-ten hit \"Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)\"; for which she received a Grammy nomination for BestFemale R&B Vocal Performance. Summer was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for \"Protection\", penned for her by Bruce Springsteen. Other singles included a cover of the Jon and Vangelis song\"State of Independence\" (No. 41 pop) and \"The Woman in Me\" (No. 33 pop).By then Geffen Records had been notified by Polygram Records, which now owned Casablanca, that Summer still needed to deliver to themone more album to fulfill her contract. Summer had her biggest success in the 1980s while on Geffen's roster with her next album She Works Hard for the Money and its title song—which were released by MercuryRecords in a one-off arrangement to settle Summer's split with the soon-to-be-defunct Casablanca Records, whose catalogue now resided with Mercury and Casablanca's parent company PolyGram.Summer recordedand delivered the album She Works Hard for the Money and Polygram released it on its Mercury imprint in 1983. The title song became a major hit, reaching No. 3 on the US Hot 100, as well as No. 1 on Billboard's R&Bchart for three weeks. It also garnered Summer another Grammy nomination, for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. \"Unconditional Love\", which featured the British group Musical Youth, and \"Love Has a Mind of ItsOwn\" did not crack the top 40. The album itself was certified Gold, and climbed to No. 9 on the Billboard 200 chart; the highest chart position of any female artist in male-dominated 1983. The song \"He's a Rebel\" wouldwin Summer her third Grammy Award, this time for Best Inspirational Performance.British director Brian Grant was hired to direct Summer's video for \"She Works Hard for the Money\". The video was a success, beingnominated for Best Female Video and Best Choreography at the 1984 MTV Music Video Awards; Summer became one of the first African-American artists, and the first African-American female artist to have her videoplayed in heavy rotation on MTV. Grant would also be hired to direct Summer's Costa Mesa HBO concert special, A Hot Summers Night. Grant, who was a fan of the song \"State of Independence\", had an idea for a grandfinale. He wanted a large chorus of children to join Summer on stage at the ending of the song. His team looked for local school children in Orange County, to create a chorus of 500 students. On the final day ofrehearsals, the kids turned up and they had a full rehearsal. According to Grant, \"It looked and sounded amazing. It was a very emotional, very tearful experience for everyone who was there.\" He thought if this wasthat kind of reaction in rehearsal, then what an impact it would have in the concert. After the rehearsal Grant was informed that he could not use the kids because the concert would end after 10 pm; children could notbe licensed to be on stage at such a late hour (California had strict child labor laws in 1983). \"It's a moment that I regret immensely: a grand finale concept I came up with that couldn't be filmed in the end\". When the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_27","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 2:Sweepstakes(film)Sweepstakes is a 1931 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Albert S. Rogell from a screenplay written by Lew Lipton and Ralph Murphy. The film stars Eddie Quillan, James Gleason, Marian Nixon,  LewCody, and Paul Hurst, which centers around the travails and romances of jockey Buddy Doyle, known as the \"Whoop-te-doo Kid\" for his trademark yell during races. Produced by the newly formed RKO Pathé Pictures,this was the first film Charles R. Rogers would produce for the studio, after he replaced William LeBaron as head of production. The film was released on July 10, 1931, through RKO Radio Pictures.PlotBud Doyle is ajockey who has discovered the secret to get his favorite mount, Six-Shooter, to boost his performance. If he simply chants the phrase, \"Whoop-te-doo\", the horse responds with a burst of speed. There is a special bondbetween the jockey and his mount, but there is increasing tension between Doyle and the horse's owner, Pop Blake (who also raised Doyle), over Doyle's relationship with local singer Babe Ellis. Blake sees Ellis as adistraction prior to the upcoming big race, the Camden Stakes.The owner of the club where Babe sings, Wally Weber, has his eyes on his horse winning the Camden Stakes. When the issues between Pop and Doylecome to a head, Pop tells Doyle that he has to choose: either he stops seeing Babe, or he'll be replaced as Six-Shooter's jockey in the big race. Angry and frustrated, Doyle quits. Weber approaches him to become thejockey for Rose Dawn, Weber's horse, and Doyle agrees, with the precondition that he not ride Royal Dawn in the Camden Stakes, for he wants Six-Shooter to still win the race.  Weber accedes to that one precondition,however, on the day of the race, he makes it clear that Doyle is under contract, and that he will ride Rose Dawn in the race.Upset, Doyle has no choice but to ride Rose Dawn.  However, during the race, he manages tochant his signature \"Whoop-te-doo\" to Six-Shooter, causing his old mount to win the race. Furious that his horse lost, Weber goes to the judges, who rule that Doyle threw the race, pulling back on Rose Dawn, to allowSix-Shooter to win, and suspend Doyle from horse-racing.Devastated, Doyle wanders from town to town, riding in small local races, until his identity is uncovered, and he is forced to move on.  Soon, he is out of racingall together, and forced to taking one odd-job after another.  Eventually, he ends up south of the border, in Tijuana, Mexico, working as a waiter. Doyle's friend, Sleepy Jones, hears of Doyle's plight. Jones gets theracing commission to lift the ban, by proving Doyle's innocence.  He then, accompanied by Babe, gets a group to buy Six-Shooter from Pop, and they take the horse down to Tijuana, where there is another big race inthe near future, the Tijuana Handicap.Doyle is reluctant to ride at first, however, he is eventually cajoled into it by Sleepy and Babe, and of course, his bond with Six-Shooter is there.  He rides the horse to victory,re-establishing his credentials as a rider. The film ends by jumping a few years into the future, which shows Doyle and Babe happily married, with a child of their own.Cast(Cast list as per AFI database)Eddie Quillan asBud DoyleLew Cody as Wally WeberJames Gleason as Sleepy JonesMarian Nixon as Babe EllisKing Baggot as MikePaul Hurst as Cantina BartenderClarence Wilson as Mr. EmoryFrederick Burton as Pop BlakeBilly Sullivanas Speed MartinLillian Leighton as Ma ClancyMike Donlin as The DudeProductionCritical responseMordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave a very non-committal review of this film, with neither much praise or criticism.While he gave no indication of what he thought about the quality of the film, he enjoyed the performances of James Gleason and Lew Cody, and he called Quillan's performance as Doyle \"original\".See alsoList of filmsabout horse racingPassage 3:Albert S. RogellAlbert S. Rogell (August 21, 1901 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma - April 7, 1988 Los Angeles, California) was an American film director.Rogell directed more than a hundredmovies between 1921 and 1958. He was the uncle of producer Sid Rogell.FilmographyPassage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone(1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TVmovie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an Americandirector of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a ManySplendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which shereceived an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" buthad to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage6:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at NorthwesternUniversity. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directedthe musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 7:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works inthe United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was thedirector of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO ofthe Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin,where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of theIrish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.NationalGallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at themuseum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantlyaltered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy builton the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and theAustralian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to thebuilding project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decisionwas due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn.Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against theexhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning wasfinally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizenin 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 8:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour ResearchFoundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from theCalifornia Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards andmembershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 9:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blanksteinwas born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directedand shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed thefilm and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educationalcommunity activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory programfor Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 10:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav."}
{"doc_id":"doc_28","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Royal Tramp IIRoyal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron. The film is a sequel to Royal Tramp, which was released earlier in the same year.PlotHaving been revealed as the false Empress Dowager, Lung-er returns to the Dragon Sect camp. There, the sect leader reminds her of their mission to support Ng Sam-kwai's, a military general, campaign for the throne before abdicating her title to Lung-er.Siu-bo lounges at the brothel where he once worked but is then attacked by disciples of the One Arm Nun, an anti-Qing revolutionary figure, before being quickly subdued. When Siu-bo tries to take advantage of them, Ng Ying-hung, Ng Sam-kwai's son, exposes his lies. Scorned and unaware of the stranger's title, Siu-bo sends his men after Ying-Hung, but Lung-er, now disguised as Ying-hung's male bodyguard, easily fends them off.At the palace, The Emperor, wary of Ng Sam-kwai's intentions, marries off the Princess to Ying-hung and assigns Siu-bo to be the Imperial Inspector General of the wedding march, so that he can keep his eyes on the general's activities. This complicates Siu-bo's relationship with Princess when she tells Siu-bo she's pregnant with his child.The One Arm Nun and her disciple, Ah Ko, later ambushes the procession. Fighting to a standstill with Lung-er, the assailants escape with Ying-hung and Siu-bo. However, Siu-bo garners some respect from her when he reveals his dual identity as a Heaven and Earth Society commander. Lung-er finally catches up to them with reinforcements at an inn but only manages to rescue Siu-bo. Having been saved by Ying-hung before, Ah Ko elopes with him amid the confusion.At the Dragon Sect camp, Ying-hung and Fung Sek-fan secretly poisons Lung-er and turn the followers against her. She escapes with Siu-bo but must have sex with a man before dawn, otherwise she will die. However, this will transfer 4/5th of her martial arts' power to whomever she sleeps with. Despite Siu-bo's lecherous personality, Lung-er accepts his blunt honesty as a sign of virtue and chooses to sacrifice her virginity to Siu-bo and becomes his third wife.When Siu-bo gets back to the Princess, they execute a plan to castrate Ying-hung. With her betrothed no longer able to produce heirs, the Princess is taken by Siu-bo as his fourth wife. Enraged by the end of his family line, Ng Ying-hung prematurely gathers his troops and sets out to wage war with the Emperor. He tasks Fung Sek-fan with killing the Princess and Siu-bo. Though Chan Kan-nam manages to intervene and lets his disciple escape.Later, the One Arm Nun captures the elopers, Ying-hung and Ah Ko, and offers them to Siu-bo. Siu-bo pardons them and even takes Ah Ko as his fifth wife. Afterward, Fung Sek-fan is promoted when he surrenders Ng Sam-kwai's battle plans and Chan Kan-nam to the Emperor. Given Siu-bo's muddied history with the Heaven and Earth Society, the Emperor tasks him with Chan's execution. Siu-bo's newfound power is difficult for him to control, and Chan helps him master it in time for him to use it against Fung. Siu-bo also uncovers the secret of the 42 Chapters books after burning them in frustration, revealing hidden stones that are left unburned, revealing map coordinates to the location of the treasure all major parties have been attempting to locate.In order to save his master, Siu-bo defeats Fung with his newly acquired martial arts power after both falling into a hidden cave wherein the treasure is found, and swaps Feng's body with Chan's before the execution to save his master. And just as he was about to escape with his wives and Chan, the Emperor arrives with his troops, having been sold out by Siu-bo's opportunistic friend To-lung who is now involved romantically with Siu-bo's sister. But seeing that they are friends, his sister is in love with Siu-bo, and with Siu-bo bluffing that he's strong enough to demolish the Emperor and his entire army if he wanted, the Emperor lets them go, declaring that Siu-bo has died and no longer exists as far as he's concerned. Siu-bo laughs afterward that the Emperor fell for his bluff.CastStephen Chow as Wai Siu-boBrigitte Lin as Lung-erChingmy Yau as Princess Kin-ningMichelle Reis as Ah Ko/Li Ming-koNatalis Chan as To-lungDamian Lau as Chan Kan-namDeric Wan as Hong-hei EmperorKent Tong as Ng Ying-hung, Sam-kwai's sonPaul Chun as Ng Sam-kwaiSandra Ng as Wai Chun-faFennie Yuen as Seung-yee twinVivian Chan as Seung-yee twinYen Shi-kwan as Fung Sek-fanHelen Ma as Kau-nan/one-armed Divine nunSharla Cheung as Mo Tung-chu / Empress DowagerLaw Lan as founder of Divine Dragon SectTam Suk-moi as Ah NongHoh Choi-chow as Palace guard Wen Shan LunYeung Jing-jingWan Seung-lamLee FaiCheng Ka-sangHo Wing-cheungKwan YungTo Wai-woPassage 2:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 3:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 4:Lloyd (film)Lloyd is a 2001 American comedy film. The film was released on May 4, 2001.PlotLloyd is the \"class clown.\" He often gets in trouble with teachers, one of whom is very strict. When he tries to rebel, he is put into a class for \"less enthusiastic students.\" Once there, he joins the other students in the group: Troy, Carla, and Storm. He soon falls in love with the class's newest member, Tracy (Kristin Parker). However, she is taken by storm. When Lloyd talks to his mother, she tells him that he can still win her back by being himself.The role of Lloyd is played by Todd Bosley. Tom Arnold, a friend of the producers, played a small role.CastTodd Bosley - LloydBrendon Ryan Barrett - TroyMary Mara - JoannChloe Peterson - CarlaSammy Elliott - NathanPatrick Higgins - StormKristin Parker - TracyTom Arnold - TomTaylor Negron - Mr. WeidProductionThe film was shot in Sunnyvale, California, in 1997.External linksLloyd at IMDbPassage 5:La Princesse de Clèves (film)La Princesse de Clèves (Italian: La principessa di Cleves) is a 1961 French-Italian drama film based on the 1678 novel of the same name.CastMarina Vlady – La princesse de ClèvesJean Marais – Le prince de ClèvesJean-François Poron – Jacques, Duke of NemoursHenri Piégay – Le vidame de ChartresAnnie Ducaux – Diane de PoitiersLea Padovani – Catherine de' MediciPassage 6:Nous, princesses de ClèvesNous, princesses de Clèves is a French documentary film directed by Régis Sauder, filmed at the Lycée Diderot and released on 3 March 2011.SynopsisThe movie follows the thoughts and emotions of various teenagers as they prepare to take their Baccalauréat by reading the classic 1678 French novel, La Princesse de Clèves. The film highlights the differences and connections between the lives of the students, many of which are from immigrant and working-class families, and the passions and plots of the 17th century French court.Festivals and awardsThe film was screened at different film festivals throughout the world, including: 2011 Doc à Tunis - Tunis; 2011 Docudays - Beirut International Documentary Festival - Beyrouth (Liban); 2011 RIDM - Rencontres Internationales du Documentaire de Montréal - Montréal (Canada); 2011 SFFF - San Francisco International Film Festival - San Francisco (États-Unis); 2011 Visions du Réel - Nyon (Suisse), ... and received the 2011 Étoile de la Scam.Selected castSarah Yagoubi as herselfAbou Achoumi as himselfLaura Badrane as herselfMorgane Badrane as herselfManel Boulaabi as herselfVirginie Da Vega as herselfThérèse Demarque as herselfPassage 7:Invasion of the Neptune MenInvasion of the Neptune Men (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd. The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U.S. version).The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States. In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.PlotAstronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero \"Iron Sharp\" and has many children as friends. When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens (\"Neptune Men\" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away. The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth.  After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic. The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters. After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it.CastSonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron SharpKappei Matsumoto as Dr. TanigawaRyuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)Shinjirō Ehara as scientist YanagidaMitsue Komiya as scientist SaitōStyleInvasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects.ProductionInvasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba. Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960. Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star.ReleaseUchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961. The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released directly to American television by Walter Manley on March 20, 1964, dubbed in English and retitled Invasion of the Neptune Men.The film was also released as Space Chief, Space Greyhound and Invasion from a Planet.Reception and legacyIn later reviews of the film, Bruce Eder gave the film a one-star rating out of five, stating that the film was \"the kind of movie that gave Japanese science fiction films a bad name. The low-quality special effects, the non-existent acting, the bad dubbing, and the chaotic plotting and pacing were all of a piece with what critics had been saying, erroneously, about the Godzilla movies for years.\" The review referred to the film's \"cheesy special effects and ridiculous dialogue taking on a sort of so-bad-they're-good charm\", and described the film as a \"thoroughly memorable (if not necessarily enjoyable, outside of the MST3K continuum) specimen of bad cinema.\"On October 11, 1997 the film was shown on the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000. In his review of the film, Bruce Eder of AllMovie described the episode as a memorable one, specifically the cast watching the repetitive aerial dogfights between spaceships, and one of the hosts remarking that \"Independence Day seems a richly nuanced movie\". Criticism of the film included excessive use of WWII stock footage in the action scenes (especially the obviously noticeable shot featuring a picture of Adolf Hitler in one building).In his book Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, Stuart Galbraith IV stated that the film \"had a few surprises\" despite a \"woefully familiar script\". Galbraith noted that the film was not as over-the-top as Prince of Space and that the opticals in the film were as strong as anything Toho had produced at the time. Galbraith suggested the effects may have been lifted from Toei's The Final War (aka World War III Breaks Out) from 1961.See alsoList of Japanese films of 1961List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodesList of science fiction films of the 1960sNotesPassage 8:It's a KingIt's a King is a 1933 British comedy film directed by Jack Raymond and starring Sydney Howard, Joan Maude and Cecil Humphreys. It was made at Elstree Studios by the producer Herbert Wilcox's British and Dominions company.PlotFarce in which insurance agent Albert King is discovered to be the exact double of the king of Helgia, and even has his name in reverse (King Albert). Insurance man Albert enjoys a romance with a princess, before finally saving the King from assassination by anarchists.CastSydney Howard as Albert King / King AlbertJoan Maude as Princess YasmaCecil Humphreys as Count YendoffGeorge De Warfaz as Colonel BrandtArthur Goullet as LeaderFranklyn Bellamy as SalvatoreBela Berkes as himselfLew Stone as himselfPassage 9:Vai Raja VaiVai Raja Vai (transl. Place It King, Place It) is a 2015 Indian Tamil language black comedy crime thriller film written and directed by Aishwarya Dhanush, and produced by AGS Entertainment featuring an ensemble cast starring Gautham Karthik, Priya Anand, Vivek, Gayathri Raguram and Daniel Balaji with S. J. Suryah, Taapsee Pannu and Dhanush playing guest appearances. The film was announced on 12 September 2013, along with the commencement of principal photography.Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the film's soundtrack and score. The film's plot summary is a mix of Hollywood movies Next and 21.The film was released on 1 May 2015 to mixed reviews from critics and was declared successful at the box office.PlotKarthik is a middle-class boy gifted with extrasensory perception who works at an IT company. He has a girlfriend Priya. During school days, he scores good in the exams using his power, so his father asks him to suppress this power to avoid suspicion due to prior incidents. Then Karthik meets Pandian aka Panda at his office and befriends him. Panda, a gambler, learns of Karthik's power and asks him to play cricket gambling by using his power. Rangarajan aka Rande is in charge of cricket gambling under an unknown man known as Kumar. Karthik wins a crore in gambling and uses 10 lakhs for his elder sister Gayathri's marriage. Panda, Karthik and Sathish vacation in Goa to spend the gambling money. There, Rande threatens Karthik to play roulette in the Casino Royale ship. Initially Karthik hesitates, but Rande threatens him by kidnapping Priya. Karthik accepts to play. By this incident, Priya realises Karthik's power. To train Karthik, Shreya comes to help. Karthik plays the game and tricks Rande to take his place in gambling. The casino officials arrest Rande. Karthik, with his money won in the gambling with Panda, Sathish and Priya, escapes and goes back home. Shreya helps Rande escape from guards by the saying of Kumar. Rande traces Karthik and takes him to his place. There, Karthik uses his power to fight Rande's sidekicks and threatens Rande. At that time, a Rolls-Royce Phantom arrives and is revealed that the unknown man Kumar is Kokki Kumar, and he asks Karthik to play for him in politics.CastProductionCastingInitially, director Aishwarya's choice for the lead actor was Atharvaa, but due to schedule conflicts he was unable to work on the project, therefore, Gautham Karthik was signed to play the male lead. It was later announced that Priya Anand was going to be the female lead opposite Gautham in the film. Velraj was confirmed as cinematographer for the film.Director Vasanth was cast as Gautham's father to make his acting debut, while choreographer Gayathri Raguram was signed to play Gautham's sister, making her return as an actress after a ten-year hiatus. Taapsee Pannu and Daniel Balaji were chosen to perform guest appearances in the film. Taapsee's role would be a surprise element in the film as for the first time she plays a character with a negative shade. She later stated that she was not playing the villain in the film but \"an aloof girl who is a regular at casinos\". In November 2014, Dhanush also shot for a cameo role, reprising the role he played in the film Pudhupettai, Kokki Kumar.FilmingThe film was mostly shot in Chennai, with major portions being shot at Pacifica Tech Park, OMR. The climax scenes were filmed in a cruise liner as the ship sailed a seven-night itinerary across Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In December 2013, the crew filmed a song in Osaka, Japan. Gayathri Raguram, besides acting in the film, choreographed the love duet. A few scenes and songs were also canned in Goa.SoundtrackYuvan Shankar Raja was chosen to compose the film's soundtrack and score, making his first collaboration with Aishwarya R. Dhanush. The soundtrack album featuring five tracks was released on 10 December 2014 in Chennai. Four months earlier, a single from the album, \"Move Your Body\", a song in the trap-and-bass genre, which was written by Aishwarya's husband, actor Dhanush and sung by Maestro Ilaiyaraaja, was released on YouTube on 18 August 2014. Besides Dhanush, Madhan Karky wrote two songs, while Gana Bala and Hiphop Tamizha wrote and performed each a song.ReleaseA first-look teaser of 70 seconds was released on 18 April 2014 which received a good response. The trailer was released alongside the soundtrack on 10 December 2014. The satellite rights of the film were sold to STAR Vijay.Critical receptionThe New Indian Express stated the film was \"compact, breezy, stylish and a pleasant watch\". Sify called the film \"a perfect recipe of a full-on entertainer without even a dash of obscenity or violence...the film is smartly packaged as an exciting and stylish entertainer\". The Times of India gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"The film isn't perfect, far from it, it has a few weak spots that could have been disastrous but the confidence with which Aishwaryaa manages to narrate this story helps us tide over its issues\".The Hindu wrote that \"her second film too suffers from bipolar disorder\". Indo-Asian News Service gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"Vai Raja Vai is a good effort gone completely awry\", noting that \"the first half is incredible fun\" but that the film \"goes haywire post interval\". Rediff gave the same rating and wrote, \"Despite a good storyline, young enthusiastic cast and an impressive technical crew, the film barely manages to hold your attention\", calling the film a \"let down\".Box officeThe film collected \u00003.35 crore (US$420,000) in Tamil Nadu in first day.Passage 10:Rakka (film)Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and  directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017.PlotChapter 1: WorldIn the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced \"klume\"). Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved. The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions. They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities. Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane. The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe. And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities.The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together. Most human survivors live underground or among ruins. They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition. The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them.The resistance makes \"brain-barriers\" that "}
{"doc_id":"doc_29","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter BurroughsPeter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.Early careerBurroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire.His first dramatic role was that of the character \"Branic\" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur. He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave.Film careerBurroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).Personal lifeHis daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.FilmographyPassage 2:Ogawa MatajiViscount Ogawa Mataji (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama.Life and military careerOgawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka. He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period.After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874. He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874. Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876. From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month.In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison. He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880. In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison. In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison. Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment. In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office. German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army. Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin\") from General Kawakami Soroku.First Sino-Japanese WarOgawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade. At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army. In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron). He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division. In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class.Russo-Japanese WarDuring the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata.  The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang. At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo. In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905. He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906.  In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November.Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery. His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura.Decorations1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 1906 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd classPassage 3:Prince Rupert of the RhinePrince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland,  (17 December 1619 (O.S.) [27 December 1619 (N.S.)] – 29 November 1682 (O.S.) [9 December 1682 (N.S)]) was an English army officer, admiral, scientist, and colonial governor. He first came to prominence as a Royalist cavalry commander during the English Civil War. Rupert was the third son of the German Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King James VI and I of Scotland and England.Prince Rupert had a varied career. He was a soldier as a child, fighting alongside Dutch forces against Habsburg Spain during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), and against the Holy Roman Emperor in Germany during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War, becoming the archetypal \"Cavalier\" of the war and ultimately the senior Royalist general. He surrendered after the fall of Bristol and was banished from England. He served under King Louis XIV of France against Spain, and then as a Royalist privateer in the Caribbean Sea. Following the Restoration, Rupert returned to England, becoming a senior English naval commander during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War, and serving as the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. He died in England in 1682, aged 62.Rupert is considered to have been a quick-thinking and energetic cavalry general, but ultimately undermined by his youthful impatience in dealing with his peers during the Civil War. In the Interregnum, Rupert continued the conflict against Parliament by sea from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean, showing considerable persistence in the face of adversity. As the head of the Royal Navy in his later years, he showed greater maturity and made impressive and long-lasting contributions to the Royal Navy's doctrine and development. As a colonial governor, Rupert shaped the political geography of modern Canada: Rupert's Land was named in his honour, and he was a founder of the Hudson's Bay Company.  Rupert's varied and numerous scientific and administrative interests, combined with his considerable artistic skills, made him one of the more colourful public figures in England of the Restoration period.Parents and ancestryRupert's father was Frederick V of the Palatinate, of the Palatinate-Simmern branch of the House of Wittelsbach. As Elector Palatine, Frederick was one of the most important princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also head of the Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states. The Palatinate was a wealthy state, and Frederick lived in great luxury.Frederick's mother, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, was daughter of William the Silent and half-sister of Maurice, Prince of Orange, who as stadtholders of Holland and other provinces were the leaders of the Dutch Republic.Rupert's mother was Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. Thus Rupert was nephew of King Charles I of England and Scotland, and first cousin of King Charles II of England and Scotland, who made him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness. His sister Electress Sophia was the mother of George I of Great Britain.Rupert was named in honour of Rupert, King of Germany, a famous Wittelsbach ancestor.Early life and exileRupert was born in Prague, Bohemia, in 1619, and was declared a prince by the principality of Lusatia. His father had just been elected king by the largely Protestant estates of Bohemia. This was perceived as an act of rebellion by the Catholic House of Habsburg, who had been kings of Bohemia since 1526, and initiated the Thirty Years' War. Frederick was not supported by the Protestant Union, and in 1620 was defeated by Emperor Ferdinand II in the Battle of White Mountain. Rupert's parents were thus mockingly termed the \"Winter King and Queen\". Rupert was almost left behind in the court's rush to escape Ferdinand's advance on Prague, until courtier Kryštof z Donína (Christopher Dhona) tossed the prince into a carriage at the last moment.Rupert accompanied his parents to The Hague, where he spent his early years at the Hof te Wassenaer (the Wassenaer Court). Rupert's mother paid her children little attention even by the standards of the day, apparently preferring her pet monkeys and dogs. Instead, Frederick employed a French couple, Monsieur and Madame de Plessen, as governors to his children. They were raised with a positive attitude towards the Bohemians and the English, and as strict Calvinists. The result was a strict school routine including logic, mathematics, writing, drawing, singing, and playing instruments.As a child, Rupert was at times badly behaved, \"fiery, mischievous, and passionate\" and earned himself the nickname Robert le Diable, or \"Rupert The Devil\". Nonetheless, Rupert proved to be an able student. By the age of three he could speak some English, Czech, and French, and mastered German while still young, but had little interest in Latin and Greek. He excelled in art, being taught by Gerard van Honthorst, and found mathematics and science easy. By the time he was 18 he stood about 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall.Rupert's family continued their attempts to regain the Palatinate during their time in The Hague. Money was short, with the family relying upon a relatively small pension from The Hague, the proceeds from family investments in Dutch raids on Spanish shipping, and revenue from pawned family jewellery. Frederick set about convincing an alliance of nations—including England, France and Sweden — to support his attempts to regain the Palatinate and Bohemia. By the early 1630s Frederick had built a close relationship with King Gustavus of Sweden, the dominant Protestant leader in Germany. In 1632, however, the two men disagreed over Gustavus' insistence that Frederick provide equal rights to his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects after regaining his lands; Frederick refused and set off to return to The Hague. He died of a fever along the way and was buried in an unmarked grave.Rupert had lost his father at the age of 13, and Gustavus' death at the Battle of Lützen in the same month deprived the family of a critical Protestant ally. With Frederick gone, King Charles proposed that the family move to England; Rupert's mother declined, but asked that Charles extend his protection to her remaining children instead.Teenage yearsRupert spent the beginning of his teenage years in England between the courts of The Hague and his uncle King Charles I, before being captured and imprisoned in Linz during the middle stages of the Thirty Years' War. Rupert had become a soldier early; at the age of 14 he attended the Dutch pas d'armes with the Protestant Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. Later that year he fought alongside him and the Duke of Brunswick at the Anglo-German siege of Rheinberg, and by 1635 he was acting as a military lifeguard to Prince Frederick. Rupert went on to fight against imperial Spain in the successful campaign around Breda in 1637 during the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands. By the end of this period, Rupert had acquired a reputation for fearlessness in battle, high spirits and considerable industry.In between these campaigns Rupert had visited his uncle's court in England. The Palatinate cause was a popular Protestant issue in England, and in 1637 a general public subscription helped fund an expedition under Charles Louis to try to regain the electorate as part of a joint French campaign. Rupert was placed in command of a Palatinate cavalry regiment, and his later friend Lord Craven, an admirer of Rupert's mother, assisted in raising funds and accompanied the army on the campaign. The campaign ended badly at the Battle of Vlotho (17 October 1638) during the invasion of Westphalia; Rupert escaped death, but was captured by the forces of the Imperial General Melchior von Hatzfeldt towards the end of the battle.After a failed attempt to bribe his way free of his guards, Rupert was imprisoned in Linz. Lord Craven, also taken in the battle, attempted to persuade his captors to allow him to remain with Rupert, but was refused. Rupert's imprisonment was surrounded by religious overtones. His mother was deeply concerned that he might be converted from Calvinism to Catholicism; his captors, encouraged by Emperor Ferdinand III, deployed Jesuit priests in an attempt to convert him. The emperor went further, proffering the option of freedom, a position as an Imperial general and a small principality if Rupert would convert. Rupert refused.Rupert's imprisonment became more relaxed on the advice of the Archduke Leopold, Ferdinand's younger brother, who met and grew to like Rupert. Rupert practised etching, played tennis, practised shooting, read military textbooks and was taken on accompanied hunting trips. He also entered into a romantic affair with Susan Kuffstein, the daughter of Count von Kuffstein, his gaoler. He received a present of a rare white poodle that Rupert called Boy or sometimes Pudel, and which remained with him into the English Civil War. Despite attempts by a Franco-Swedish army to seize Linz and free Rupert, his release was ultimately negotiated through Leopold and the Empress Maria Anna; in exchange for a commitment never again to take up arms against the emperor, Rupert would be released. Rupert formally kissed the emperor's hand at the end of 1641, turned down a final offer of an imperial command and left Germany for England.Career during the First English Civil WarRupert is probably best remembered today for his role as a Royalist commander during the English Civil War. He had considerable success during the initial years of the war, his drive, determination and experience of European techniques bringing him early victories. As the war progressed, Rupert's youth and lack of maturity in managing his relationships with other Royalist commanders ultimately resulted in his removal from his post and ultimate retirement from the war. Throughout the conflict, however, Rupert also enjoyed a powerful symbolic position: he was an iconic Royalist Cavalier and as such was frequently the subject of both Parliamentarian and Royalist propaganda, an image which has endured over the years.Early phases, 1642–1643Rupert arrived in England following his period of imprisonment and final release from captivity in Germany. In August 1642, Rupert, along with his brother Prince Maurice and a number of professional soldiers, ran the gauntlet across the sea from the United Provinces, and after one initial failure, evaded the pro-Parliamentary navy and landed in Newcastle. Riding across country, he found the King with a tiny army at Leicester Abbey, and was promptly appointed General of Horse, a coveted appointment at the time in European warfare. Rupert set about recruiting and training: with great effort he had put together a partially trained mounted force of 3,000 cavalry by the end of September. Rupert's reputation continued to rise and, leading a sudden, courageous charge, he routed a Parliamentarian force at Powick Bridge, the first military engagement of the war. Although a small engagement, this had a propaganda value far exceeding the importance of the battle itself, and Rupert became an heroic figure for many young men in the Royalist camp.Rupert joined the King in the advance on London, playing a key role in the resulting Battle of Edgehill in October. Once again, Rupert was at his best with swift battlefield movements; the night before, he had undertaken a forced march and seized the summit of Edgehill, giving the Royalists a superior position. When he quarrelled with his fellow infantry commander, Robert Bertie, however, some of the weaknesses of Rupert's character began to display themselves. Rupert vigorously interjected—probably correctly, but certainly tactlessly—that Lindsey should deploy his men in the modern Swedish fashion that Rupert was used to in Europe, which would have maximised their available firepower. The result was an argument in front of the troops and Lindsey's resignation and replacement by Sir Jacob Astley. In the subsequent battle Rupert's men made a dramatic cavalry charge, but despite his best efforts a subsequent scattering and loss of discipline turned a potential victory into a stalemate.After Edgehill, Rupert asked Charles for a swift cavalry attack on London before the Earl of Essex's army could return. The King's senior counsellors, however, urged him to advance slowly on the capital with the whole army. By the time they arrived, the city had organised defences against them. Some argue that, in delaying, the Royalists had perhaps lost their best chance of winning the war, although others have argued that Rupert's proposed attack would have had trouble penetrating a hostile London. Instead, early in 1643, Rupert began to clear the South-West, taking Cirencester in February before moving further against Bristol, a key port. Rupert took Bristol in July with his brother Maurice using Cornish forces and was appointed governor of the city. By mid-1643, Rupert had become so well known that he was an issue in any potential peace accommodation—Parliament was seeking to see him punished as part of any negotiated solution, and the presence of Rupert at the court, close to the King during the negotiations, was perceived as a bellicose statement in itself.Later stages, 1644–1646During the second half of the war, political opposition within the Royalist senior leadership against Prince Rupert continued to grow. His personality during the war had made him both friends and enemies. He enjoyed a \"frank and generous disposition\", showed a \"quickness of... intellect\", was prepared to face grave dangers, and could be thorough and patient when necessary. However, Prince Rupert lacked the social gifts of a courtier, and his humour could turn into a \"sardonic wit and a contemptuous manner\": with a hasty temper, he was too quick to say whom he respected and whom he disliked. The result was that, while he could inspire great loyalty in some, especially with his men, he also made many enemies at the Royal court. When Prince Rupert took Bristol, he also slighted the Marquess of Hertford, the lethargic but politically significant Royalist leader of the South-West. Most critically, he fell out with George Digby, a favourite of both the King and the Queen. Digby was a classic courtier and Rupert fell to arguing with him repeatedly in meetings. The result was that towards the end of the war Prince Rupert's position at court was increasingly undermined by his enemies.Rupert continued to impress militarily. By 1644, now the Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness, he led the relief of Newark and York and its castle. Having marched north, taking Bolton and Liverpool along the way in two bloody assaults, Rupert then intervened in Yorkshire in two highly effective manoeuvres, in the first outwitting the enemy forces at Newark with speed; in the second, striking across country and approaching York from the north. Rupert then commanded much of the royalist army at its defeat at Marston Moor, with much of the blame falling on the poor working relationship between Rupert and the Marquess of Newcastle, and orders from the King that wrongly conveyed a desperate need for a speedy success in the north.In November 1644, Rupert was appointed general of the entire Royalist army, which increased already marked tensions between him and a number of the King's councillors. By May 1645, and now desperately short of supplies, Rupert captured Leicester, but suffered a severe reversal at the Battle of Naseby a month later. Although Rupert had counselled the King against accepting battle at Naseby, the opinions of Digby had won the day in council: nonetheless, Rupert's defeat damaged him, rather than Digby, politically. After Naseby, Rupert regarded the Royalist cause as lost, and urged Charles to conclude a peace with Parliament. Charles, still supported by an optimistic Digby, believed he could win the war. By late summer, Prince Rupert had become trapped in Bristol by Parliamentary forces. "}
{"doc_id":"doc_30","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:One Does Not Play with LoveOne Does Not Play with Love (German: Man spielt nicht mit der Liebe) is a 1926 silent German drama film directed by G. W. Pabst. The film is an adaptation of the 1834 play byAlfred de Musset, On ne badine pas avec l'amour. The film is considered to be a lost film.CastWerner Krauss as Fürst Colalto (Prince Colalto)Lili Damita as CalixtaErna Morena as Florence, ehemalige Opernsängerin(alumna opera singer)Egon von Jordan as Eugen LewisArtur Retzbach as Nepallek, Hofmobiliardirektor (Director of the furniture of the court) (as Artur Retzbach-Erasiny)Oreste Bilancia as Der Freund (the friend)GustavCzimegTala Birell as Bit Role (as Thala Birell)Karl EtlingerMaria PaudlerMathilde SussinSee alsoList of lost filmsPassage 2:Gustav CzimegGustav Czimeg (December 20, 1877 – August 21, 1939) was a German actor ofthe silent period. He appeared in films such as Madame DuBarry (1919),  in which he played Duke Aiguillon, Die Rache des Titanen (1919), Glasprinzessin (1921), and One Does Not Play with Love (1926).Passage 3:TheFlesh Is WeakThe Flesh Is Weak is a 1957 British film directed by Don Chaffey. It stars John Derek and Milly Vitale. Distributors Corporation of America released the film in the USA as a double feature with Blonde inBondage.PlotTony Giani is a Soho pimp who preys on young provincial women who come to London seeking work. Marissa Cooper, one such girl, has just arrived in London. Giani spots her and offers her a job in theGolden Bucket, a nightclub. In her innocence, she does not realize the club is a front for prostitution. When she tries to escape from the pimp's control, she is set up by Giani and his brother Angelo and arrested by thepolice. Investigative journalist Lloyd Buxton persuades her to give evidence against the brothers leading to their imprisonment and her freedom.CastJohn Derek as Tony GianiMilly Vitale as Marissa CooperWilliamFranklyn as Lloyd BuxtonMartin Benson as Angelo GianiFreda Jackson as TrixieNorman Wooland as Inspector KingcombeHarold Lang as HenryPatricia Jessel as MillieJohn Paul as Sergeant FranksDenis Shaw asSaradineJoe Robinson as LoftyRoger Snowden as BennyPatricia Plunkett as Doris NewmanShirley Anne Field as SusanSource: BFIProductionThe film was based on the Messina vice gang who operated in the West End ofLondon. Its original title was Women of Night then Not for Love before being changed to The Flesh is Weak.ReceptionThe film was a box office success - according to Variety it was the fourth highest grossing film inEngland. The movie is not listed in Kinematograph Weekly as one of the most popular British films of 1957 but that magazine did say the movie was \"enjoying a triumphant West End run\".The reception to the filmenabled the producer and director to raise finance for another movie, A Question of Adultery.Passage 4:Blonde in BondageBlonde in Bondage (Swedish: Blondin i fara) is a 1957 Swedish drama crime film directed byRobert Brandt, who also wrote lyrics to the film's two songs.  Distributors Corporation of America released the film in the US as a double feature with The Flesh Is Weak. It was shot at the Metronome Studios inStockholm.PlotNew York City reporter Larry Brand is sent to Stockholm to do a story on Swedish morals.  A traffic accident leads him into rescuing a strip tease artiste from drug addiction and pits him against a ruthlesscriminal gang.CastMark Miller as Larry BrandAnita Thallaug as Mona MaceLars Ekborg as MaxRuth Johansson as LailaBirgitta Ander as BirgittaEva Laräng as IngridAnita Strindberg as Telephone operator (credited asAnita Edberg)Erik Strandmark as OlleStig Järrel as KreugerBörje Mellvig as Chief InspectorDangy Helander as a ProstituteNorma Sjöholm as a second ProstituteSangrid Nerf as a taxi driverAlexander von Baumgarten asKuger's valetJohn Starck ...  Chief of guardsSoundtrackThe Blues Music by Ulf CarlénLyrics by Robert BrandtShock Around the ClockMusic by Ulf Carlén Lyrics by Robert BrandtExternal linksBlonde in Bondage atIMDbPassage 5:But the Flesh Is WeakBut the Flesh Is Weak is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Jack Conway and written by Ivor Novello based on his 1928 play The Truth Game. The film stars RobertMontgomery, Nora Gregor, Heather Thatcher, Edward Everett Horton, C. Aubrey Smith and Nils Asther. The film was released on April 9, 1932, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.  But the Flesh Is Weak was remade in 1941 asFree and Easy.PlotMax Clement and his father Florian, short of money, take advantage of wealthy British women by romancing them. Max's problem is that he is far more attracted to more attractive women, oneswithout the means to support him.While seeing a pleasant but plain Lady Joan Culver socially, Max is introduced to Austrian widow Rosine Brown, quickly falling in love with her. Max is persistent in his romanticadvances, but Rosine reveals that she is penniless and, much like Max, counting on a richer but less exciting man, Sir George Kelvin, to marry and take care of her.Florian's gambling losses in the casino leave himheavily in debt. The only way Max knows how to aid his father is by marrying Lady Joan, who can afford to solve his financial difficulties. Max's guilty conscience and true love lead him back to Rosine, and the suddenengagement of Florian to a wealthy woman helps bring everyone together.CastRobert Montgomery as Max ClementNora Gregor as Mrs. Rosine BrownHeather Thatcher as Lady Joan CulverEdward Everett Horton as SirGeorge KelvinC. Aubrey Smith as Florian ClementNils Asther as Prince PaulFrederick Kerr as Duke of HampshireEva Moore as Lady Florence RidgwayForrester Harvey as GoochDesmond Roberts as FindleyPassage 6:TheFleshThe Flesh (Italian: La carne) is a 1991 Italian drama film directed by Marco Ferreri. It was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.PlotPaolo is a municipal employee, who in his spare time works at the piano barof a club, is divorced and has two children who live with his ex-wife. Paolo often recalls his mother and his First Communion, with which he seems to live a totalizing experience in the divine.In his friend Nicola'snightclub, Paolo meets the young Francesca, back from a relationship with an Indian guru, who has just had an abortion and is alone. Intimacy develops between the two: according to Paolo, this is the victory of theultra sex and of the fusion that completes and exalts everything, a fusion that Francesca assures him thanks to a special oriental technique, which allows the partner a state of permanent efficiency.They shut themselvesup in his beach house south of Rome where, after filling the fridge, they spend their time eating and making love, interrupted only by a quick incursion of Paolo's two sons visiting him and a small group of friends. ButFrancesca at a given moment thinks of leaving for other shores, while Paolo understands that in order to \"communicate\" there is really only one alternative: either to love each other totally, or to tear apart thatvoluptuous female body, put it in the fridge and eat it by the sea in front of the sun. Thus, after having made animalistic love in the kennel of the beloved dog Giovanni, Paolo's insane anxiety is satisfied: he killsFrancesca, cuts her up and keeps her in the refrigerator, eating her piece by piece.CastSergio Castellitto - PaoloFrancesca Dellera - FrancescaPhilippe LéotardFarid ChopelPetra ReinhardtGudrun GundelachNicolettaBorisClelia PiscitelliElena WiedermannSonia TopazioFulvio FalzaranoPino ToscaEleonora CecereMatteo RipaldiDaniele FralassiSalvatore EspositoPassage 7:Don ChaffeyDonald Chaffey (5 August 1917 – 13 November1990) was a British film director, writer, producer, and art director.Chaffey's film career began as an art director in 1947, and his directorial debut was in 1953.  He remained active in the industry until his death in 1990from heart failure. His film Charley One-Eye (1973) was entered into the 24th Berlin International Film Festival.He is chiefly remembered for his fantasy films, which include Jason and the Argonauts (1963), The ThreeLives of Thomasina (1963), One Million Years B.C. (1966), The Viking Queen (1967), Creatures the World Forgot (1971), Pete's Dragon (1977), and C.H.O.M.P.S. (1979), his final feature film.Concurrent with histheatrically released films, Chaffey directed episodes of numerous British television series, including multiple installments of Danger Man, The Prisoner, and The Avengers.  From the 1980s until his death, all of his workwas in American made-for-TV movies, and in such TV series as Fantasy Island, Stingray, MacGyver, Vega$, T. J. Hooker, Matt Houston, and Charlie's Angels.CareerChaffey began his career in the art department ofGainsborough Productions where he worked as a draftsman on Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945), The Rake's Progress (1945), and Caravan (1946). He was art director of The Adventures of Dusty Bates (1947) andThe Little Ballerina (1948). He directed the documentary shorts Thames Tideway (1948) and Cape Cargoes (1948).Chaffey directed the short features The Mysterious Poacher (1950) and The Case of the Missing Scene(1950). He returned to the art department for King of the Underworld (1950), The Stolen Plans (1952), Murder at the Grange (1952), Murder at Scotland Yard (1952), and Black 13 (1953).DirectorChaffey resumed hisdirecting career with the family film Skid Kids (1953). He made the short Watch Out (1953), then did Strange Stories (1953), Bouncer Breaks Up (1953, a short), The Mask (1952), and A Good Pull Up (1953).Chaffeydirected Time Is My Enemy (1954). After the short Dead on Time (1955) he made The Secret Tent (1956), The Flesh Is Weak (1957) and The Girl in the Picture (1957). He also directed \"The Man Upstairs\" (1958)starring Richard Attenborough.He directed episodes of TV series like Theatre Royal, The Adventures of the Big Man, Chevron Hall of Stars, The Errol Flynn Theatre, Assignment Foreign Legion, The Adventures of RobinHood, Dial 999, and The New Adventures of Charlie Chan. He interspersed these with features like A Question of Adultery (1958), The Man Upstairs (1958), Danger Within (1959), Dentist in the Chair (1960), Lies MyFather Told Me (1960), and Nearly a Nasty Accident (1961).Disney and FantasyHe did Greyfriars Bobby: The True Story of a Dog (1961) then A Matter of WHO (1961), a version of The Prince and the Pauper (1962) forDisney, and The Webster Boy (1962).He had a big hit with Jason and the Argonauts (1963) with Ray Harryhausen. Then it was back to Disney for The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963).Chaffey directed They All DiedLaughing (1964), The Crooked Road (1965), and One Million Years B.C. (1966) for Hammer. He returned to television to do episodes of Danger Man, The Baron, The Prisoner, Man in a Suitcase, Journey to the Unknown,The Avengers, The Pathfinders, and The Protectors.Chaffey did The Viking Queen (1967) for Hammer, A Twist of Sand (1968), Creatures the World Forgot (1971) for Hammer, Clinic Exclusive (1973), Charley-One-Eye(1973), and Persecution (1974).Australia and US TVChaffey went to Australia where he directed Ben Hall (1975), Ride a Wild Pony (1975), The Fourth Wish (1976), and Shimmering Light (1978).He worked in Americatoo making CHiPs, Pete's Dragon (1977) for Disney, The Magic of Lassie (1978), Lassie: A New Beginning (1978), The Gift of Love (1978), C.H.O.M.P.S. (1979), and Casino (1980).He eventually focused almostexclusively on episodic TV: Vega$, Charlie's Angels, Strike Force, Fantasy Island, Gavilan, The Renegade, Lottery!, Hotel, Matt Houston, Finder of Lost Loves, International Airport (1985, a pilot), Spenser: For Hire,Hollywood Beat, Airwolf, Hunter, Outlaws, MacGyver, Stingray and Mission: Impossible.Personal lifeChaffey married American actress Paula Kelly in 1985 and they had one child together. Chaffey died of a heart attackin 1990.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 8:Promise of the FleshPromise of the Flesh (Korean: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000; RR: Yukche-ui yaksok) is a 1975 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young.PlotA melodrama about a femaleprisoner who meets a man while on leave to visit her mother's grave. Not knowing that the man is a thief, she promises to meet him at a park two years later, after she is released from prison.CastKim Ji-meeLeeJung-gilPark Jung-jaPark AmJo Jae-seongHan Se-hunYu Chun-suYeo Han-dongKim Chung-chulLee Yong-hoAwardsGrand Bell Awards (1975)Best Actress (Kim Ji-mee)Best Supporting Actress (ParkJung-ja)NotesBibliographyBerry, Chris. \"Promise of the Flesh\". The House of Kim Ki-young. Archived from the original on 2004-05-05. Retrieved 2008-01-21.Berry, Chris. \"Whose Story Is It? Gender, Narrative andNarration in Promise of the Flesh\". The House of Kim Ki-young. Archived from the original on 2004-05-05. Retrieved 2008-01-21.\"Kim, Ki-young Master of Madness (From the 41st San Francisco International FilmFestival)\". www.cinekorea.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-19.External linksPromise of the Flesh at IMDbPassage 9:G. W. PabstGeorg Wilhelm Pabst (25 August 1885 – 29 May 1967)was an Austrian film director and screenwriter. He started as an actor and theater director, before becoming one of the most influential German-language filmmakers during the Weimar Republic.Early yearsPabst wasborn in Raudnitz, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (today's Roudnice nad Labem, Czech Republic), the son of a railroad official. While growing up in Vienna, he studied drama at the Academy of Decorative Arts and initiallybegan his career as a stage actor in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. In 1910, Pabst traveled to the United States, where he worked as an actor and director at the German Theater in New York City.In 1914, hedecided to become a director, and he returned to recruit actors in Europe. Pabst was in France when World War I began, he was arrested and held as an enemy alien and interned in a prisoner-of-war camp near Brest.While imprisoned, Pabst organised a theatre group at the camp and directed French-language plays. Upon his release in 1919, he returned to Vienna, where he became director of the Neue Wiener Bühne, anavant-garde theatre.CareerPabst began his career as a film director at the behest of Carl Froelich who hired Pabst as an assistant director. He directed his first film, The Treasure, in 1923. He developed a talent for\"discovering\" and developing the talents of actresses, including Greta Garbo, Asta Nielsen, Louise Brooks, and Leni Riefenstahl.Pabst's best known films concern the plight of women, including The Joyless Street (1925)with Greta Garbo and Asta Nielsen, Secrets of a Soul (1926) with Lili Damita, The Loves of Jeanne Ney (1927) with Brigitte Helm, and Pandora's Box (1929) and Diary of a Lost Girl (1929) with American actress LouiseBrooks. He also co-directed with Arnold Fanck a mountain film entitled The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1929) starring Leni Riefenstahl.After the coming of sound, he made a trilogy of films that secured his reputation:Westfront 1918 (1930), The Threepenny Opera (1931) with Lotte Lenya (based on the Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill musical), and Kameradschaft (1931). Pabst also filmed three versions of Pierre Benoit's novelL'Atlantide in 1932, in German, English, and French, titled Die Herrin von Atlantis, The Mistress of Atlantis, and L'Atlantide, respectively. In 1933, Pabst directed Don Quixote, once again in German, English, and Frenchversions.After making A Modern Hero (1934) in the USA and Street of Shadows (1937) in France, Pabst (who was planning to emigrate to the United States) was caught in France in 1939, when war was declared, whilstvisiting his mother, and was forced to return to Nazi Germany. Under the auspices of propaganda minister, Josef Goebbels, Pabst made two films in Germany during this period: The Comedians (1941) and Paracelsus(1943).Pabst directed four opera productions in Italy in 1953: La forza del destino for the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence (conducted by Dimitri Mitropoulos, the cast included Renata Tebaldi, Fedora Barbieri,Mario del Monaco, Aldo Protti, Cesare Siepi), and a few weeks later, for the Arena di Verona Festival, a spectacular Aïda, with Maria Callas in the title role (conducted by Tullio Serafin, with del Monaco), Il trovatore andagain La forza del destino.He directed The Last Ten Days (1955), the first post-war German feature film to feature Adolf Hitler as a character.DeathOn 29 May 1967, Pabst died in Vienna at the age of 81. He wasinterred at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.Awards1941, Venice Film Festival: Gold Medal of the Biennale for Best Director for his film The ComediansFilmographySee alsoMax Deutsch, composerPassage 10:Devil in theFlesh 2Devil in the Flesh 2 (also known as Teacher's Pet) is a 2000 erotic thriller film directed by Marcus Spiegel. It is a sequel to Devil in the Flesh (1998), which stars Rose McGowan.PlotDebbie Strand a beautifulpsychopath, escapes from the mental institution she was sent off to in the first installment of the series. After a teenage girl who took Debbie in her car dies when retreating from Debbie and accidentally impalingherself, Debbie steals both the girl's identity and her car, and heads off to the college the dead girl was supposed to attend as a freshman.There, Debbie instantly develops a psychotic crush on her dashing writingprofessor, Dr. Sam Deckner after being impressed by their shared interests as well as his personality on their first interaction. Debbie assumed the role of a wealthy man's daughter while going by the deceased girl'sname \"Tracy Carlay\" as her new identity. She is checked into same room with Laney, a naive girl who she soon influences. Further interactions with Sam renders Debbie further psychotic and in order to strengthen theirlove she soon begins killing anyone who she believes served as a threat to their perceived relationship.Laney, her computer-literate roommate discovers the truth about Debbie's past, and instantly panics then falls toher death after being agitated by Debbie's presence. Debbie described this as a suicide to the cops and soon begins to stalk Sam, unable to move on from their earlier intimate encounter. She repeatedly threatens Carla,Sam's girlfriend, especially after Carla revealed to Sam she was pregnant by him. Debbie, out of jealousy,  throws a stone at the glass window while the couple were getting intimate and prompted a policeinquiry.Debbie becomes more unhinged and at night, goes over to Carla's house, finds a knife and lurked around, intent on murdering Carla but is hindered by the presence of two cops both of whom she woundedbefore inadvertently stabbing herself in a scuffle with Sam.The film ends with a stabbed Debbie being picked off the road by the father of the real Tracy Carlay, the teenage girl who had picked up Debbie in the film'sopening. Tracy's father comments on Debbie's striking resemblance with his daughter and made mention of his daughter's troubles at school.CastJodi Lyn O'Keefe as Debbie Strand /Tracy CarlayJsu Garcia as SamDecknerSarah Lancaster as Tracy CarlayKatherine Kendall as Carla BriggsJeanette Brox as LaneyChristiana Frank as Sydney HollingsTodd Robert Anderson as Deputy Toby TaylorBill Gratton as Sheriff Bill Taylor"}
{"doc_id":"doc_31","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director whohas worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of theToledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currentlylives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019,he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A.(1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and inIreland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the NationalGallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 hebecame Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows ofAustralian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significantprivate donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project wasnot delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 3:George L. CoxGeorge L. Cox (1878–1947) was an American actor and film director.Selected filmographyThe House of Toys (1920)The Gamesters (1920)The Week-End (1920)TheThirtieth Piece of Silver (1920)A Light Woman (1920)The Blue Moon (1920)Sunset Jones (1921)Payment Guaranteed (1921)Their Mutual Child (1921)Passage 4:The Dangerous TalentThe Dangerous Talent is a lost1920 silent film  directed by George L. Cox and starring Margarita Fischer and Harry Hilliard. It was released by Pathé Exchange.CastMargarita Fischer - Leila MeadHarry Hilliard - Gilbert EllisBeatrice Van - MildredSheddHarvey Clark - HortonNeil Hardin - Bob AmesGeorge Periolat - Peyton DodgeMae Talbot - A DerelictPassage 5:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the SamSpiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeliculture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blanksteingraduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and toRenen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, aswell as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.InNovember 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded thelaunch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 6:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 7:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, hewas the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhDin electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had fivechildren.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 8:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life andcareerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run.He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John GoldenTheatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall inJanuary 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, SanFrancisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play TheFloatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fullystaged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the filmSisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)ShotgunWedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 9:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museumdirector.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museumof Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 10:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed alarge number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant,Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990),Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director,Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at theCarnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [theHardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company."}
{"doc_id":"doc_32","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Traces of DeathTraces of Death is a 1993 Z movie mondo shockumentary that consists of various scenes of stock footage depicting death and real scenes of violence.Unlike most earlier Faces of Death whichusually included fake deaths and reenactments, Traces consists mostly of actual footage depicting death and injury, and consists also of public domain footage from other films. It was written and narrated by DamonFox.Since its release, Traces of Death has been followed by four sequels. The first sequel, Traces of Death II, was released in June 1994. This was followed by Traces of Death III in December 1994, Traces of Death IV:Resurrected in 1996 and Traces of Death V: Back in Action in April 2000.Film contentIn the first two films of the series, Damon Fox was the narrator. Darrin Ramage, who would later become the founder of BrainDamage Films, would become the host for the third, fourth and fifth volumes. Unlike Faces of Death, the footage throughout the entire films are real and are not staged or reenacted. Starting with Traces of Death II,scenes were accompanied by background music from death metal and grindcore bands.Also contained in the series, especially in the first one, is footage of step-by-step autopsy procedures, which are shown from acoroner's point of view. Most of the other footage is recognizably notable. Among the footage samples seen on Traces of Death and in the sequels that followed are listed below.Traces of Death (1993)The 1993 murderof Maritza Martin MunozThe 1988 police chase of armed bank robber Phillip HutchinsonThe 1980 Iranian Embassy siegeThe 1989 suicide attempt of Terry RosslandThe 1984 race car crash of Ricky RuddThe 1990 racecar crash of Allan McNishThe 1990 racing incident of Willy T. RibbsThe 1992 racing crash of Kerry MadsenThe 1986 Rally de Portugal crashThe 1992 crash of the monster truck Bad MedicineThe 1966 motorcycle stuntcrash of Evel KnievelThe 1967 Caesar Palace jump stunt crash of Evel KnievelThe 1990 Dinamo–Red Star riotThe 1986 Calgary Stampede chuckwagon accidentThe 1989 horse riding accident of Bill PeckThe 1990parachute skydiving accident of Mike Mcgee and Greg JonesThe 1992 Maracanã Stadium collapseAnatoly Kvochur's plane at the 1989 Paris Air Show crashing after a birdstrikeThe 1987 press conference suicide of R.Budd DwyerThe first film of the series also contains allegedly staged footage from Savage Man Savage Beast, where a tourist, Pit Dernitz supposedly gets mauled and eaten by African lions.Other scenes that featureanimals include undated footage of a pig experiment by military scientists at the Burn Center in Fort Sam Houston (derived from a 1987 mondo film entitled True Gore), an animal control officer, Florence Crowell beingattacked by a pit bull in Los Angeles, California in 1987, and a black bear getting shocked off a utility pole in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1989.The first two films both contain scenes of sex reassignment surgery, whichis featured in the 1974 mondo film Shocking Asia. Some autopsy footages were taken from the 1961 U.S. Army training film Basic Autopsy Procedure.Also included is an interview with James Vance, who had attemptedsuicide with a shotgun at a church playground in Sparks, Nevada (taken from the documentary Dream Deceivers).The only known footage showing evidence of Ilse Koch is included as well.Traces of Death II(1994)Iranian soldiers slaughtered by the Iraqi Regime during the Iran–Iraq WarThe 1981 assassination of Anwar SadatBoston bomb expert Randolph G. LaMattina blasted in the face by a pipe bomb following itsremoval in 1985 [1]A robber blowing himself up after holding up a bank and being cornered by police at gunpoint in León, Spain in 1983A 1984 fire in a Rio de Janeiro apartment building, which led to four women fallingto their deathsThe 1974 Joelma fireThe 1979 Egyptian Embassy Siege in Ankara, TurkeyThe 1983 public execution of double murderer Ibrahim TarrafAnimal attacks such as a rodeo horse stomping its rider's face andgoring from running of the bullsThe 1963 self-immolation of Vietnamese monk Thích Quảng ĐứcNelson Piquet fighting with Eliseo Salazar after a collision during the 1982 German Grand PrixA brawl at a pressconference in Salt Lake City, UtahThe 1985 Sanrizuka Struggle riotsThe 1980 Scottish Cup Final riotFootball hooliganism in Germany in 1988The 1985 Heysel Stadium disasterA courtroom outburst in Mobile, Alabama,in 1992Riots in Seoul, South Korea in 1987The death of Karl WallendaThe 1984 shooting of Jeff Doucet by Gary PlauchéThe 1986 Peruvian prison massacresThe 1987 assault on Prime Minister Rajiv GandhiThe executionof Ishola OyenusiA 1984 hot air balloon accidentThe murder of Mark KilroyA deadly airshow crash in San Diego in 1978A Blue Angels air show crash in 1985The Controlled Impact DemonstrationThe 1988 crash of AirFrance Flight 296The 1981 Belgian Grand Prix racing crashThe 1966 Indy 500 crashThe death of Eddie SachsThe death of Riccardo PalettiThere is one unusual piece of footage taken at a monster truck show inBaltimore, Maryland, on March 23, 1992. What makes this footage so unusual is that the robot transformer at the show malfunctioned. A large rod from the malfunctioning robot went into the actor of the alien suit'schest, and exploded.Another notable air show crash in the film took place in Plainview, Texas, on September 11, 1983, where the pilot lost both his plane's wings in mid-air and plummeted into the field below. There aremany other various plane crashes and race car crashes during the middle and towards the end of the film.Traces of Death III (1995)The first Markale Massacre in 1994The 1994 Hadera bus station suicidebombingKillings of children during the Algerian Civil WarNecklacing in South AfricaVillager killings during the 1984 elections in El SalvadorEl Cordobés during his career in the bullringThe Sabra and Shatila MassacreThe1991 discovery of ÖtziA 1988 crash involving the monster truck Wild Stang, which was one of the first monster truck crashes to be captured on filmThe 1985 race car crash of Bosco LoweRare scenes of body parts fromvictims of the Cambodian genocide and Burundian Genocide in 1972The assassination of a Haitian lawyer in 1994The 1994 assassination of Luis Donaldo ColosioDiscoveries of skeletal remains in the Killing Fields inCambodiaThe third edition starts with crime scenes in urban American cities such as New York City, ranging from murders to traffic crashes. These pieces look as if taken from the '60s and '70s.This volume also showswhat it is like to survive an attack, as in a 1991 press conference of Frank Tempest, an English man disfigured in the face when he was attacked by two pit bulls.Also included is graphic content of gang violence inRussia, various motocross and amateur race car crashes, and cockfighting held in the Philippines.Traces of Death IV (1996)The 1972 assassination attempt of George WallaceThe stunt accident of Alexandre KareemThe1992 Agdam Massacre, which was a massacre of Azerbaijanian civilians by Armenian militants during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.Executions of Kurdish civilians during the Anfal GenocideA terrorist attack on ayacht perpetrated by the PLO in Cyprus in 1985.The Amiriyah shelter bombingThe 1968 execution Of Nguyễn Văn LémRiots in Seoul, South Korea in 1994 and 1987.Riots in Moscow, Russia, in 1993Bosnian soldierscaught in sniper crossfire during the Bosnian WarThe 1984 Kent and Dollar Farm massacresA 1986 stabbing attack in East Jerusalem, where a Palestinian terrorist is shot in the head by Israeli soldiers after theywitnessed him stab a Jewish resident to death in the town square.A mortar attack in Bosnia that killed six people waiting for water in 1993.A mortar attack in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) that killed 16 civilians inline for water and bread on May 27, 1992.Villager killings during the 1984 elections in El SalvadorAnother piece of notable footage in the fourth volume is a moose killing a man in Anchorage, Alaska on January 9,1995.Towards the start of the film graphic photographs of birth defects are shown.There is also footage of traffic crashes from the graphic driving education film, Signal 30.Traces of Death V (2000)The 1980 murders ofU.S. missionaries in El SalvadorThe 1998 Cúa hostage crisisThe 1992 attack on Reginald DennyThe 1990 Poll Tax RiotsThe 1990 Temple Mount riots in Al Aqsa, Jerusalem, IsraelSouth Korean student clashing with riotpoliceThe 1998 suicide of Daniel V. Jonesbackyard wrestlingThe last volume starts with three police chases. The first was in Los Angeles in June 1996. The second was also in Los Angeles, but it took place in June 1995.The third took place in Whittier, California in September 1995. All were televised live by helicopter pilot Zoey Tur.SoundtrackThe music clearance were provided by Subtempeco Muzik (pseudonymously credited asT.O.D.), which derived from various film soundtracks. Later in Traces of Death 3, the first soundtrack album was released on CD. The soundtrack for the first installment were tracks by J.R. Bookwalter from the 1989film Robot Ninja.Traces of Death III SoundtrackThe soundtrack for Traces Of Death III was released on CD by Relapse Records in 1995. The music featured in the film include:Regina Confessorum by Dead WorldOrgy OfSelf-Mutilation by Dead WorldBrainpan Blues by Pungent StenchRevenge by Core (band)Traces Of Death by Mortician (band)Frozen In Time by KataklysmSlaughtered by Hypocrisy (band)Stained by PurgeSadistic Intentby Sinister (band)Violent Generation by Brutality (band)Skin Her Alive by Dismember (band)Into The Bizarre by Deceased (band)Low by GorefestVanished by MeshuggahOpen Season by Exit-13Nightstalker by Macabre(band)Blood Everywhere by Dead WorldDown On Whores by Benediction (band)God Is A Lie by Hypocrisy (band)Bodily Dismemberment by Repulsion (band)Darkened Soul by Core (band)I Lead You Towards GloriousTimes by MerzbowHome mediaIn 2003, a box set of the entire series was released on DVD by Brain Damage Films.ControversyThe original Traces of Death has run into controversy worldwide due to its graphic content.In 1997, Amy Hochberg, a woman living in Coaldale, Pennsylvania rented the film from a video store and was so disgusted by the film's content that she considered keeping the tape to prevent children from procuring itfrom the store. She also contacted multiple animal rights groups after witnessing a scene in the film wherein a pig is experimented on with a blowtorch. She also lodged a complaint with the video store she had rented itfrom, as she thought the film was simply \"911 calls with a little more\".In 2003, a DVD boxset of the film and its sequels were confiscated by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, after being deemed to\"contravene Regulation 4A(1A)(a) of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations.\"In 2005, the British Board of Film Classification refused to give the first film an age certificate, effectively banning it. The BBFCconsidered the film to have \"no journalistic, educational or other justifying context for the images shown\", while also suggesting that the film could potentially breach UK law under the Obscene Publications Act.SeealsoBanned from TelevisionPassage 2:Ravina (actress)Ravina is an Indian actress who acted in Dhallywood movies. She acted in the 1997 film Praner Cheye Priyo with Riaz. She also appeared in Sabdhan and Dolopoti,again opposite Riaz.Selected filmographyPraner Cheye PriyoSabdhanDolopotiPassage 3:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starringBrad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailorGeorges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle's brother.Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and alsomanages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic byslitting his throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playing a game of chancewith all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that \"That way, I cansay my wife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" to Robert, who won his dice game, the brothers endup in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him.  Gil hidesfrom the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closely resembleshis brother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior, Lieutenant Seblon, is in love withQuerelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss andembrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl as Robert / GilGünther Kaufmann asNonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert van Ackeren as DrunkenlegionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with ascenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including John Schlesinger and SamPeckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took the linear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotes Schidor as saying \"Fassbinder did somethingtotally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate policestory that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots, but Fassbinder insteadshot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, \"Everything is bathed in an artificial light and the architectural elementsare all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each Man Kills the Things He Loves\" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\" (Music by Peer Raben,lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its release in Paris, the first timethat a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was \"amess...a detour that leads to a dead end.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibility to come from amajor filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it \"visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose.\" Genet, in discussion with Schidor, said that he hadnot seen the film, commenting \"You can't smoke at the movies.\"Passage 4:J. Lee ThompsonJohn Lee Thompson (1 August 1914 – 30 August 2002) was a British film director, active in London and Hollywood, bestknown for award-winning films such as Woman in a Dressing Gown, Ice Cold in Alex and The Guns of Navarone along with cult classics like Cape Fear, Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and The White Buffalo.EarlylifeThompson was born in Bristol on 1 August 1914. His family had links to the theatre. Thompson studied at Dover College then went to work in the theatre, joining the Nottingham Repertory Company as an actor andstagehand. He later went to work for a repertory company in Croydon, Surrey.He wrote plays in his spare time, and had started when he was nine. One of them, Murder Happens? was performed at Croydon in 1934. Hissecond staged play, Double Error, had a brief West End run at the Fortune Theatre in 1935. An article from this time about the play said he had written 40 plays already, including four in between his first two stagedplays. A company worth £10,000 was formed to exploit Thompson's writings over the next seven years but this appears to have not had a long life.Thompson later said he had written a part for himself to perform, butwhen management asked him if he wanted to do so he said \"of course not,\" and \"the die was cast. Later I decided if I didn't have the guts to admit I wanted to play the role I should never act again and I neverdid.\"ScreenwriterThe film rights to Double Error were purchased for £100. Thompson was hired to work in the scriptwriting department at British International Pictures at Elstree Studios. While there he made his oneappearance as an actor in films, playing a small role in Midshipman Easy (1935).His first credit was The Price of Folly (1937), based on his play. He also worked on the scripts for Glamorous Night (1937), and he workedas dialogue coach on Jamaica Inn (1939), directed by Alfred Hitchcock.He wrote the scripts for The Middle Watch (1940), made at Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC) and East of Piccadilly (1941).World WarIIThompson served in World War II as a tailgunner and wireless operator in the RAF. In 1942 a revised version of Double Error, titled Murder Without Crime, opened at the Comedy Theatre in London. The play had a runon Broadway in 1943.Post WarAfter the war Thompson returned to his work as scriptwriter under contract at Associated British on such films as No Place for Jennifer (1949) and For Them That Trespass (1949), thelatter starring Richard Todd in his debut.Thompson was dialogue director on The Hasty Heart (1949), which turned Todd into a star. He later said he gave up dialogue directing because he found the job \"impossible. Myjob was to take stars through their lines but I felt that I was also expected to be a spy for the front office. If a word was altered they wanted to know why. It was a way of keeping control.\"The same year his play TheHuman Touch, co written with Dudley Leslie, ran for more than a hundred performances at the Savoy Theatre in a production starring Alec Guinness.British film directorEarly filmsHis first film as a director was MurderWithout Crime (1950), made at ABPC, who put Thompson under contract.  Thompson was offered £500 for the screen rights to the play and £500 to direct. He said \"it was not so much that I wanted to direct movies itwas to get the money so I could continue writing plays. But while directing it I got the feeling that I wanted to be a movie director.\"Thompson said \"the fact is I found directing to be much easier than writing and Ienjoyed it much more than writing as well. So I became a film director.\"The film was about a man who thinks he has committed murder. Thompson also wrote the screenplay, based on his own play Double Error. In thewords of Thompson's Screenonline profile \"this well structured film went largely unnoticed but contained many of the themes which were to characterise Lee Thompson's work: a good person's struggle with their"}
{"doc_id":"doc_33","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the \"Chōshū Five\":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue MasaruPassage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Takayama TomoteruTakayama Tomoteru (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) (1531–1596) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Matsunaga Hisahide.He was the father of Takayama Ukon, and was a Kirishitan.Passage 4:Wendell WillkieWendell Lewis Willkie (born Lewis Wendell Willkie; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was an American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 Republican nominee for President. Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field's only interventionist: although the U.S. remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbor, he favored greater U.S. involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies. His Democratic opponent, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, won the 1940 election with about 55% of the popular vote and took the electoral college vote by a wide margin.Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana, in 1892; both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the final days of the war, and saw no action. Willkie settled in Akron, Ohio, where he was initially employed by Firestone, but left for a law firm, becoming one of the leaders of the Akron Bar Association. Much of his work was representing electric utilities, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S), a utility holding company. He was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, and announced plans for a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) that would supply power in competition with C&S. Between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&S's property for a good price, and gained public esteem.A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters—many youthful—enthusiastically promoted his candidacy. As German forces advanced through western Europe in 1940, many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Robert A. Taft, or a non-interventionist like Thomas E. Dewey, and turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. Willkie's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states.After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt's informal envoy, and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes. Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming a liberal political party after the war, but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1941, which helped the president to pass Lend-Lease to send supplies to the United Kingdom and other Allied nations.Youth, education and World War I serviceLewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana, on February 18, 1892, the son of Henrietta (Trisch) and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar. His father was born in Germany, son of Joseph Wilhelm Willecke or Willcke, born 1826. His mother was born in Indiana, to German parents; his grandparents were involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions in Germany. The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but, as they were abolitionists, moved to Indiana after the territory was opened to slavery in the mid-1850s. Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well.Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name. Herman Willkie, who had come from Prussia with his parents at age four, was intensely involved in progressive politics, and in 1896 took his sons to a torchlight procession for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, who had come to Elwood during his campaign. The Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan lost his to William McKinley. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, and the Democratic candidate for president became the first political hero for the boy who would later seek that office.By the time Willkie reached age 14 and enrolled in Elwood High School, his parents were concerned about a lack of discipline and a slight stoop, and they sent him to Culver Military Academy for a summer in an attempt to correct both. Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher; one classmate said that Philip \"Pat\" Bing \"fixed that boy up. He started preaching to Wendell to get to work and that kid went to town.\" Faced with a set of athletic brothers—Edward became an Olympic wrestler—Willkie joined the football team but had little success; he enjoyed the debate team more, but was several times disciplined for arguing with teachers. He was class president his final year, and president of the most prominent fraternity, but resigned from the latter when a sorority blackballed his girlfriend, Gwyneth Harry, as the daughter of immigrants.During Willkie's summer vacations from high school, he worked, often far from home. In 1909, aged 17, his journey took him from Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he rose from dishwasher to co-owner of a flophouse, to Yellowstone National Park, where he was fired after losing control of the horses drawing a tourist stagecoach. Back in Elwood, Herman Willkie was representing striking workers at the local tin plate factory, and in August journeyed with Wendell to Chicago in an attempt to get liberal attorney Clarence Darrow to take over the representation. They found Darrow willing, but at too high a price for the union to meet; Darrow told Wendell Willkie, \"there is nothing unethical in being adequately compensated for advocating a cause in which you deeply believe.\"After graduation from Elwood High in January 1910, Willkie enrolled at Indiana University in Bloomington. There, he became a student rebel, chewing tobacco, reading Marx, and petitioning the faculty to add a course on socialism to the curriculum. He also involved himself in campus politics, successfully managing the campaign of future Indiana governor Paul McNutt for student office, but when Willkie ran himself, he was defeated. He graduated in June 1913, and to earn money for law school, taught high school history in Coffeyville, Kansas, coaching debaters and several sports teams. In November 1914, he left his job there for one as a lab assistant in Puerto Rico arranged by his brother Fred. Wendell Willkie's  commitment to social justice was deepened by the sight of workers suffering abuse there.Willkie enrolled at Indiana School of Law in late 1915. He was a top student, and graduated with high honors in 1916. At the commencement ceremony, with the state supreme court present, he gave a provocative speech criticizing his school. The faculty withheld his degree, but granted it after two days of intense debate. Willkie joined his parents' law firm, but volunteered for the United States Army on April 2, 1917, the day President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. An army clerk transposed his first two names; with Willkie unwilling to invest the time to have the bureaucracy correct it, he kept his name as Wendell Lewis Willkie. Commissioned as a first lieutenant, Willkie was sent for artillery training. He arrived in France as the war was ending and  did not see combat. In January 1918 he married Edith Wilk, a librarian from Rushville, Indiana; the couple had one son, Philip. In France, Willkie was assigned to defending soldiers who had slipped away for time in Paris against orders. He was recommended for promotion to captain, but was discharged in early 1919 before the paperwork went through.Lawyer and executive (1919–1939)Akron attorney and activistDischarged from the army, Willkie returned to Elwood. He considered a run for Congress as a Democrat, but was advised that the district was so Republican he would be unlikely to keep the seat even if he could win it, and his chances might be better in a more urban area. Herman Willkie wanted Wendell and Robert to rejoin the family law firm, but Henrietta was opposed, feeling that opportunities in Elwood were too limited for her sons. She got her way, and in May 1919 Wendell Willkie successfully applied for a job with the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio as head of the legal office that advised workers on wills and other personal matters. He was soon bored there, and on the advice of his wife, left for a law firm despite an offer from Harvey Firestone to double his salary. Firestone told the departing lawyer that he would never amount to anything because he was a Democrat.Willkie became active in the Akron Democratic Party, becoming prominent enough while still with Firestone to introduce the Democratic presidential nominee, Ohio Governor James M. Cox, when he came to town during the 1920 campaign. He was a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, and supported New York Governor Al Smith through the record 103 ballots, when the nomination fell to former West Virginia congressman John W. Davis. More important to Willkie, though, was a fight against the Ku Klux Klan, which had become powerful in much of the nation and in the Democratic Party, but he and other delegates were unsuccessful in their attempt to include a plank in the party platform condemning the Klan. He also backed a proposed plank in support of the League of Nations that ultimately failed. In 1925, Willkie led a successful effort to oust Klan members on the Akron school board.After leaving Firestone in 1920, Willkie joined leading Akron law firm Mather & Nesbitt, which represented several local public utilities. Although he quickly gained a reputation as a leading trial lawyer, he was especially noted for presenting utility cases before the Ohio Public Utilities Commission. In 1925, he became president of the Akron Bar Association. One of Willkie's clients, Ohio Power & Light, was owned by New York-based Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S), whose chairman, B.C. Cobb, noticed him. Cobb wrote to the senior partner of Willkie's firm, \"I think he is a comer and we should keep an eye on him.\" In 1929, Cobb offered Willkie a salary of $36,000 (equal to $613,535 today) to be corporate counsel to C&S, a job which would involve a move to New York, and Willkie accepted.Commonwealth & Southern executiveWendell and Edith Willkie moved to New York in October 1929, only weeks before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and found an apartment overlooking Central Park. Initially intimidated by the size and anonymity of the big city, Wendell Willkie soon learned to love it. He attended the Broadway theatre, and read through ten newspapers each day. Willkie and his wife had little in common, and grew apart through the 1930s. He acquired a social life, and met Irita Van Doren, the book review editor of the New York Herald Tribune who became a friend, and later his lover. Cultured, brilliant and well connected, Van Doren introduced him to new books, new ideas, and new circles of friends. Unlike Van Doren, Willkie was indiscreet about their relationship, and their affair was well known to the reporters covering him during his 1940 presidential campaign. None of them printed a word.At C&S, Willkie rose rapidly under the eye of Cobb, impressing his superiors. Much of his work was outside New York City; Willkie was brought in to help try important cases or aid in the preparation of major legal briefs. Cobb, a pioneer in the electricity transmission business, had presided over the 1929 merger of 165 utilities that made C&S the largest electric utility holding company in the country. He promoted Willkie over 50 junior executives, designating the younger man as his successor. In January 1933, Willkie became president of C&S.Willkie maintained his interest in politics, and was a delegate to the 1932 Democratic National Convention. Since the incumbent Republican president, Herbert Hoover, was widely blamed for the Depression that had followed the stock market crash, the nominee would have a good chance of becoming president. The major candidates were Smith (the 1928 nominee), Smith's successor as New York's governor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Speaker of the House John Nance Garner, and former Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. Willkie backed Baker, and was an assistant floor manager for his campaign. With a two-thirds majority needed to gain the Democratic presidential nomination, Willkie and others tried to deadlock the convention in the hope that it would turn to Baker. Roosevelt was willing to swing his votes to Baker in the event of a stalemate, but this did not occur, as Governor Roosevelt gained the nomination on the fourth ballot. Willkie, although disappointed, backed Roosevelt, and donated $150 to his successful campaign.TVA battleSoon after taking office, President Roosevelt proposed legislation creating the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a government agency with far-reaching influence that promised to bring flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished Tennessee Valley. However, the TVA would compete with existing private power companies in the area, including C&S subsidiaries. Willkie appeared before the House Military Affairs Committee on April 14, 1933.  He approved of the ideas for development of the Tennessee Valley, but felt that the government role should be limited to selling power generated by dams. Although the House of Representatives passed a bill limiting the TVA's powers, the Senate took the opposite stance, and the latter position prevailed.Negotiations took place through the remainder of 1933 for C&S to sell assets, including a transmission line, to allow the TVA to distribute energy to retail customers, leading to an agreement on January 4, 1934. TVA head David Lilienthal was impressed by Willkie, who left him \"somewhat overwhelmed\" and \"pretty badly scared\". C&S agreed to sell some of its properties in part of the Tennessee Valley, and the government agreed that the TVA would not compete with C&S in many areas. In October 1934, holders of securities issued by a C&S subsidiary filed suit to block the transfer.  Willkie angrily denied that he had prompted the lawsuit, though plaintiffs' counsel proved later to have been paid by the Edison Electric Institute, of which Willkie was a board member. Willkie warned that New York capital might avoid Tennessee if the TVA experiment continued, and when Roosevelt gave a speech in praise of the agency, issued a statement rebutting him. By 1934, Willkie had become the spokesman for the private electric power industry.Amid this tension, Willkie and Roosevelt met for the first time, at the White House on December 13, 1934.  The meeting was outwardly cordial, but each man told his own version of what occurred: the president boasted of having outtalked Willkie, while the executive sent a soon-to-be-famous telegram to his wife: \"CHARM OVERRATED ... I DIDNT TELL HIM WHAT YOU THINK OF HIM\" Roosevelt decided that the utility holding companies had to be broken up, stated so in his 1935 State of the Union address and met with Willkie later in January to inform him of his intent. In the meantime, the companies did their best to sabotage the TVA; farmers were told by corporate representatives that lines from the new Norris Dam could not carry enough power to make a light bulb glow, and the company ran \"spite lines\" that might not even carry power in an effort to invoke the non-compete agreement over broad areas.Through 1935, as the breakup legislation wound through Congress, and litigation through the courts, Willkie was the industry's chief spokesman and lobbyist. When the Senate narrowly passed a bill for the breakup, Willkie made a series of speeches asking the public to oppose the legislation, and a storm of letters to congressmen followed. After the House of Representatives defeated the breakup clause, investigation proved that many of these communications were funded by the electric companies, signed with names taken from the telephone book, though Willkie was not implicated. Amid public anger, Roosevelt pressured Congress to pass a bill requiring the breakup to take place within three years.In September 1936, Roosevelt and Willkie met again at the White House, and a truce followed as both sides waited to see if Roosevelt would be re-elected over the Republican, Kansas Governor Alf Landon. Willkie, who voted for Landon, expected a narrow victory for the Republican, but Roosevelt won an overwhelming landslide as Landon won only Maine and Vermont. In December, a federal district court judge granted the C&S companies an injunction against the TVA, and negotiations broke off by Roosevelt's order as the litigation continued. Willkie took his case to the people, writing columns for major publications, and proposing terms for an agreement that The New York Times described as \"sensible and realistic\". He received favorable press, and many invitations to speak.The January 1938 Supreme Court ruling in Alabama Power Co. v. Ickes, resolving the 1934 case, and the lifting of the injunction by an appeals court, sent the parties back to the negotiating table. Willkie kept the public pressure on: like most corporate executives, he had not spoken out against Roosevelt's New Deal policies, but in January stated in a radio debate that anti-utility policies were depressing share prices, making it hard to attract investment that would help America to recover. \"For several "}
{"doc_id":"doc_34","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louis, Count of GravinaLouis of Durazzo (1324 – 22 July 1362) was Count of Gravina and Morrone. He was the son of John of Durazzo and Agnes of Périgord.In 1337, he was named Vicar- andCaptain-General of the Kingdom of Albania. During the ascension of the Durazzeschi at the court of Naples during the reign of Joanna I, he was one of the royal ambassadors to the Roman Curia. Upon the invasion ofLouis I of Hungary and the execution of his elder brother, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, in 1348, he was imprisoned, with his younger brother Robert of Durazzo, until 1352. The rest of his life was spent stirring up revoltsagainst Joanna in Apulia with the aid of some Free Companions. These were ultimately quashed in 1360 by Louis of Taranto, and Louis of Durazzo was imprisoned in the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples and murdered bypoison.FamilyHe married Margaret of Sanseverino in 1343, by whom he had three children:Louis (1344–d. young)Charles III of Naples (1345–1386)Agnes (1347–d. young)Passage 2:Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott,Duchess of BuccleuchLouisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (26 August 1836 – 16 March 1912) was the daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn.  In 1884, she becamethe Duchess of Buccleuch and Duchess of Queensberry, the wife of William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch and 8th Duke of Queensberry. She was the paternal grandmother of PrincessAlice, Duchess of Gloucester, and of Marian Louisa, Lady Elmhirst, as well as a maternal great-grandmother of Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and a great-great-grandmother ofSarah, Duchess of York. Diana, Princess of Wales, is one of her great-great-great-nieces.Early life, marriage, and familyLouisa Jane Hamilton was born on Friday 26 August 1836 in Brighton, Sussex, England, the thirdchild of fourteen born to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, and the former Lady Louisa Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford.She married William Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, on 22November 1859 in London. Lord Dalkeith was the eldest son of the Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, and his wife, the former Lady Charlotte Thynne. They had six sons and two daughters:WalterHenry Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (17 January 1861 – 18 September 1886)John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch (30 March 1864 – 19 October 1935)Lord George William MontaguDouglas Scott (31 August 1866 – 23 February 1947); married on 30 April 1903 Lady Elizabeth Emily Manners (daughter of John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland and Janetta Hughan) and had issueLord Henry FrancisMontagu Douglas Scott (15 January 1868 – 19 April 1945)Lord Herbert Andrew Montagu Douglas Scott (30 November 1872 – 17 June 1944); married 26 April 1905 Marie Josephine Edwards and had issue, maternalgrandfather of Sarah, Duchess of YorkLady Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott (25 March 1875 – 7 March 1951); married Thomas Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden, and had issueLady Constance Anne MontaguDouglas Scott (10 March 1877 – 7 May 1970); married on 21 January 1908 The Hon. Douglas Halyburton Cairns (son of Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns and Mary Harriet McNeill) and had issueLord Francis George MontaguDouglas Scott (1 November 1879 – 26 July 1952); married on 11 February 1915 Lady Eileen Nina Evelyn Sibell Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (daughter of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, and LadyMary Caroline Grey) and had issueCareerShe served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1885 – 1892 (Conservative), and again from 1895 – 1901. She was appointed Mistress of the Robes to QueenAlexandra in 1901, a position in which she served until her death in 1912.DeathThe duchess died on Saturday 16 March 1912, in her 76th year, at Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, Scotland.  She was survived by herhusband, and six of her children and their families.She was buried on Wednesday 20 March 1912 in the Buccleuch family crypt in St. Mary's Church, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, Scotland.Titles, styles, and honours16April 1884 – 1912: The Duchess of Buccleuch and QueensberryHonours1885: Invested as Lady, Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (VA), 3rd Class1885 – 1892 and 1895 – 1901:  Mistress of the Robes to QueenVictoria1901 – 1912: Mistress of the Robes to Queen AlexandraAncestryPassage 3:Joanna, Duchess of DurazzoJoanna of Durazzo (1344 – 20 July 1387) was the eldest daughter and eldest surviving child of Charles,Duke of Durazzo, and his wife, Maria of Calabria. She succeeded as duchess on the death of her father in 1348 when she was only a child of four years old. Joanna was a member of the House of Anjou-Durazzo.Shereigned as Duchess of Durazzo from 1348-1368. She married twice; firstly to Louis of Navarre and then to Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu.LifeJoanna's father died in 1348 and Joanna succeeded him, being the eldestsurviving child. However, Joanna remained in Naples rather than going to Durazzo. It was here she was betrothed to her cousin Charles Martel, son of Queen Joan. Charles Martel was heir in Hungary due to a lack ofmale heirs. The boy was moved to Hungary, however the engagement was broken when the young boy died around 1348 in Hungary.In 1365 aged twenty one, Joanna married her first husband Louis of Navarre, whobecame Duke of Durazzo in right of his wife. He was the son of Joan II of Navarre. In 1368 Durazzo was captured by the Albanian Topia dynasty under the leadership of warlord Karl Thopia. Joanna and her husbandimmediately began planning the reconquest of not only Durazzo, but all the lands of the former Angevin Kingdom of Albania, conquered by the Bulgarian Sratsimir dynasty in 1332. They were successful in rallying thesupport of Louis' brother Charles II the Bad and Charles V King of France in this undertaking. In 1372, Louis brought over the Navarrese Company of mercenaries, who had fought with him during the war in France, toassist them in taking Durazzo. Their ranks swelled considerably in 1375 with new recruits directly from Navarre. Many documents survive telling us of the complex nature of the military planning and engineering whichwas undertaken to ensure success. This they attained, taking the city in midsummer 1376. Louis died shortly after. Louis and Joanna had no children. Joanna never fully regained full control of Durazzo and by 1385 theCity was back in the hands of Karl Thopia.Around 1376 Joanna remarried to Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu. This marriage was also childless. Robert was not Count of Eu for long, he and Joanna were not informed ofhis father's death in 1387. Joanna and Robert were staying at Castel dell'Ovo in Naples where they were both poisoned on July 20, 1387 on the orders of Joanna's sister Margaret, queen dowager and regent ofNaples.Joanna is buried in San Lorenzo (Naples).Passage 4:Agnes of PérigordAgnes of Périgord (died 1345) was Duchess consort of Durazzo, through her marriage to John of Gravina, Duke of Durazzo, who was also theruler of the Kingdom of Albania. Although Agnes was never styled as Queen consort, she became politically influential. Following the death of Robert, King of Naples in 1343, she organised a marriage for her eldest sonto Robert's granddaughter, who was second-in-line to the Neapolitan throne. Agnes's ambition was to bring her family closer to the line of succession.Early life and marriageAgnes was daughter of Helie VII, Count ofPérigord and his second wife, Brunissende of Foix. Amongst her siblings was Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, a Cardinal who would become a major figure in the Avignon Papacy.The marriage between Agnes and John waslikely arranged by King Robert of Sicily due to his favour for the Avignon Papacy. The King had anti-Ghibelline ambitions in Northern Italy and desired support from the Papacy and the French in achieving them. Agnes'sfamily had marital ties to Pope John XXII as her sister Rosemburge was married to Jacques de Lavie, the Pope's grand-nephew. Acting upon this during his visit to Avignon, Robert arranged for his brother to marryJacques's sister-in-law.The marriage contract is dated 14 November 1321. The couple were married shy of fourteen years and had three sons:Charles, Duke of Durazzo (1323–1348)Louis of Durazzo (1324–1362),Count of GravinaRobert of Durazzo (1326–1356)Agnes became, through her husband's brotherly quarrel with Philip I, Prince of Taranto, duchess of Durazzo. Her husband died in 1335 and he was succeeded by theirson, Charles.Political intriguesAny plans that the Durazzo family may have had of marrying Joanna, heiress to Robert's throne, were thwarted in 1333 when Robert arranged for her to marry Andrew of Hungary.However, in his final will and testament, Robert instructed that if Joanna were to die without issue, the Neapolitan throne should pass to her sister, Maria, who was unmarried. Whilst the monarch was spoken for, theheir was not. Agnes did her best to make her family appear favourable towards the royals, in the hope that Robert would consider a Durazzo match for Maria. In 1338, she supported her son's position at the head ofRobert's armada to conquer Sicily. However, the campaign failed due to the outbreak of typhus. Agnes used her own position at court to her advantage, making friendly overtures towards Queen Sancha and the youngprincesses. This too did not result in any marriage plans.King Robert died in January 1343. Agnes's tactics during his final years had proven unsuccessful therefore, she took matters into her own hands. Immediatelyafter Robert's death, she orchestrated the marriage between her eldest son and Maria. The timing of this marriage was crucial as Joanna strongly favoured the Taranto faction, having an affair with Prince Robert, son ofCatherine, and Maria was promised in marriage to one of Andrew's brothers. The two matters would only have politically isolated the Durazzo clan and thwarted their chances of reaching the throne.Agnes used herconnection to her influential brother, Cardinal Talleyrand, to put aside the Hungarian match for Maria and obtain the Pope's permission for the ambitious marriage. Not relying on family feeling alone, Agnes bribed herbrother with 22,000 florins left over from her dowry in order to ensure absolute support. Building up a friendship with Queen Sancha also appears to have paid off as the dowager queen supported the match. On theother hand, the Taranto clan were horrified when they discovered Agnes's scheme and used their influence over Joanna to put an end to it. Catherine instructed the young queen to oppose the match, hoping that thelack of royal favour would act as a deterrent.Much to the dismay of the Tarantos, their control over Joanna was not enough to prevent Agnes, who responded by abducting Maria one night in April 1343 and marrying heroff to Charles. The marriage was a great insult to Joanna and Andrew as their royal authority was defied and the latter's family lost out on their chance for total control of the succession. The Tarantos were ready forarmed warfare against their Durazzo cousins, Naples stood on the brink of civil war. To remedy the matter, the Pope wrote letters to both Joanna and Agnes, confirming the validity of the papal dispensation, askingthem to put aside their differences and to urge Joanna to allow an official marriage ceremony. The letter to Agnes also informs that the Pope was sending Talleyrand's chamberlain, Roger of Vintrono, who hadexperience in the Papal service in Italy, to mend the breach amongst the Neapolitans. Roger's efforts clearly worked as Andrew pardoned Agnes and her family and the marriage was officially recognised on 14 July. Thefact that Maria was pregnant probably also helped resolve the issue, no more scandals were desired.Agnes then became involved in the marital disputes between Joanna and Andrew. As the latter was initially refusedjoint authority with his wife, he wrote to his mother Elisabeth, announcing plans to flee Naples. Elisabeth decided to make a state visit and threatened to take Andrew with her when she returned home. For the firsttime, Agnes, Catherine and Joanna worked together to persuade Elisabeth not to do so. All three women were aware that Andrew would only return with a Hungarian army; according to Domenico de Gravina, Joannaand Catherine were motivated purely by this threat however, Agnes was genuinely concerned with the welfare of Andrew. The appeals worked and Andrew remained. Despite her assistance in this matter, Joanna did notforgive Agnes for her marital scheming.DeathMuch like her life, Agnes's death was also surrounded by political intrigue. During the early months of 1345, the duchess had managed to make herself even more unpopularwith Joanna by meddling in diplomacy linked to the Papacy. In addition, she had attempted to have one of her sons married to Catherine's daughter, in the hope of penetrating the Taranto clan. In May, she fell ill.Allegedly, the doctor asked for a urine sample and when this was taken that evening, it was switched with that of a pregnant lady-in-waiting, who was a friend of Joanna's. When the doctor discovered that Agnes wassupposedly pregnant, it caused a scandal and led to her son, Charles, keeping his distance from her. This made for perfect conditions for the ladies-in-waiting to poison Agnes.Although, it is quite possible that theseevents are fictional, they are accounted by Domenico de Gravina, whom as noted from the encounter with Elisabeth, appeared sympathetic to Agnes rather than Joanna and Catherine. It is just as possible that Agnessuccumbed to a bacterial infection, worsened by the hot climate.Charles and Maria never ascended the throne, the former was executed three years after the death of his mother for his own political intrigues involvingJoanna and the Hungarians. Despite this, Charles, a grandson of Agnes through her son, Louis, succeeded to the throne in 1382. Much like his family, he clashed with Joanna but he managed to depose her and had herstrangled. He was married to Margaret, a daughter of Charles and Maria.AncestryPassage 5:Charles, Duke of DurazzoCharles of Durazzo (Italian: Carlo di Durazzo 1323 – 23 January 1348) was a Neapolitan nobleman,the eldest son of John, Duke of Durazzo and Agnes of Périgord.LifeHe succeeded his father as Duke of Durazzo and Count of Gravina in 1336.On 21 April 1343, he married Maria of Calabria, Countess of Alba, in Naples.She was the younger daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria and sister of Joan I of Naples, and had been intended as a bride for Louis I of Hungary or John II of France, but was abducted by Charles and his mother tomake a marriage that would place Charles closer to the throne of Naples.Keeping carefully aloof from the conspiracy that murdered Joan's husband Andrew, Duke of Calabria, he led a faction opposing Joan and Louis ofTaranto. He contacted the Hungarian court, seeking their support. He hoped to turn the invasion of Louis of Hungary and the flight of Joan to his own ends: but he was seized and beheaded by the Hungarians atAversa.IssueCharles and Maria had:Louis (December 1343 – 14 January 1344)Joanna (1344–1387), Duchess of Durazzo; married first in 1366 Louis of Navarre, Count of Beaumont (d. 1372), married second Robert IVof Artois, Count of Eu (d. 1387)Agnes (1345–1383, Naples), married first on 6 June 1363 Cansignorio della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1375), married second James of Baux (d. 1383)Clementia (1346–1363,Naples)Margaret (28 July 1347 – 6 August 1412), married in February 1368 Charles III of NaplesPassage 6:Marie of Blois, Duchess of AnjouMarie of Blois (1345–1404) was a daughter of Joan of Penthièvre, Duchess ofBrittany and Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany. Through her marriage to Louis I, Duke of Anjou, she became Duchess of Anjou, Countess of Maine, Duchess of Touraine, titular Queen of Naples and Jerusalem andCountess of Provence.BiographyMarie married Louis I, son of John II of France, in 1360. Throughout their marriage his official titles increased, though he would never actually rule the Kingdom of Naples. After his deathin 1384, most of the towns in Provence revolted against her son, Louis II. Marie pawned her valuables and raised an army.She, her young son and the army went from town to town to gain support. In 1387 Louis II wasformally recognized as Count in Aix-en-Provence. She then appealed to Charles VI of France to support her son in obtaining Naples. In 1390, Louis, supported by the pope and the French, set sail for Naples. Marienegotiated for a marriage between Louis and Yolande of Aragon, to prevent the Aragonese from obstructing him there.They finally wed in 1400.  Marie was an able administrator and on her deathbed revealed to Louisthat she had saved the amount of 200,000 écus. This was to make sure that she could pay his ransom in case he was captured.IssueWith Louis I she had the following children:Marie (1370 – after 1383)Louis II of Anjou(1377 – 1417)Charles (1380 – 1404, Angers), Prince of Taranto, Count of Roucy, Étampes, and GienPassage 7:Joanna, Duchess of BrabantJoanna, Duchess of Brabant (24 June 1322 – 1 December 1406), also knownas Jeanne, was a ruling Duchess (Duke) of Brabant from 1355 until her death. She was duchess of Brabant until the occupation of the duchy by her brother-in-law Louis II of Flanders. Following her death, the rights tothe duchy of Brabant went to her great-nephew Anthony of Burgundy, son of Philip the Bold.LifeJoanna was born 24 June 1322, the daughter of John III, Duke of Brabant and Marie d'Évreux. Her first marriage, in 1334,was to William II, Count of Hainaut (1307–1345), who subsequently died in battle and their only son William died young, thus foiling the project of unifying their territories.Joanna's second marriage was to Wenceslausof Luxemburg. The famous document, the foundation of the rule of law in Brabant called the Blijde Inkomst (\"Joyous Entry\"), was arrived at in January 1356, in order to assure Joanna and her consort peaceable entryinto their capital and to settle  the inheritance of the Duchy of Brabant on her \"natural heirs\", who were Joanna's sisters, they being more acceptable to the burghers of Brabant than rule by the House of Luxembourg.The document was seen as a dead letter, followed by a military incursion in 1356 into Brabant by Louis II of Flanders, who had married Margaret, Joanna's younger sister, and considered himself Duke of Brabant byright of his wife. With the Duchy overrun by Louis' forces, Joanna and Wencelaus signed the humiliating Treaty of Ath, which ceded Mechelen and Antwerp to Louis.  By August 1356 Joanna and Wencelaus had calledupon the Emperor, Charles IV to support them by force of arms. Charles met at Maastricht with the parties concerned, including representatives of the towns, and all agreed to nullify certain terms of the Blijde Inkomst,to satisfy the Luxembourg dynasty. The duchy continued to deteriorate with Wencelaus's defeat and capture at the battle of Baesweiler in 1371.On Joanna's death, by agreement the Duchy passed to her great-nephewAntoine, the second son of her niece Margaret III, Countess of Flanders.TombHer tomb was not erected in the Carmelite church in Brussels until the late 1450s; it was paid for in 1459 by her sister's great-grandson,Philip the Good. Though it was destroyed in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars, its appearance has been  reconstructed from drawings and descriptions by  Lorne Campbell, who concluded that the tomb wasan afterthought, providing an inexpensive piece of propaganda for Philip's dynastic rights.See alsoDukes of Brabant family treePassage 8:Louis, Duke of DurazzoLouis of Évreux (also called \"of Navarre\"; 1341 – 1376)was the youngest son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre. He inherited the county of Beaumont-le-Roger from his father (1343) and became Duke of Durazzo in right of his second wife, Joanna, in1366.Louis's first marriage was to Maria de Lizarazu in 1358. He took part on behalf of his brother Charles II of Navarre in the war against the Dauphin Charles.His second marriage to Joanna, Duchess of Durazzo,brought him the rights to Durazzo and the Kingdom of Albania, which he strove to recover. He received assistance from both his brother and the king of France in this undertaking, for Durazzo (the remnant of thekingdom) was in the hands of Charles Thopia. In 1372, he brought over the Navarrese Company of mercenaries, who had fought with him during the war in France, to assist him in taking Durazzo. Their ranks swelledconsiderably in 1375 with new recruits directly from Navarre. Many documents survive telling us of the complex nature of the military planning and engineering which was undertaken to ensure success. This they"}
{"doc_id":"doc_35","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of BohemiaBeatrice of Bourbon (1320 – 23 December 1383) was a French noblewoman. A member of the House of Bourbon, she was by marriage Queen of Bohemia and Countess of Luxembourg.She was the youngest daughter of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, and Mary of Avesnes.LifeMarriageOn 28 September 1330, Queen Elisabeth of Bohemia, wife of King John of Bohemia, died:\"The news was that the King, distraught for the loss of his wife manifested his feelings using mourning clothes, after all, they were married for twenty years, and yet remained completely himself with a brief time, this was in Bohemia, the other side used to be mostly in their county or elsewhere, where he discussed the matter.\"Despite the fact that John and Elisabeth became estranged during the last years of their marriage, the king remained a widower for the next four years. The French King Philip VI wanted to tie John more closely with France, and he suggested to the Bohemian king a second marriage. The proposed bride was Beatrice, youngest daughter of the Duke of Bourbon and member of a cadet branch of the House of Capet. Beatrice was already betrothed, however, to Philip, the second son of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, as of 29 May 1321. The engagement was broken soon after the marriage negotiations with Bohemia started.The marriage of King John of Bohemia and Beatrice of Bourbon was solemnized in the Château de Vincennes in December 1334, at which time she was fourteen years old. But because the two were related in a prohibited degree (they were second cousins through their common descent from Henry V, Count of Luxembourg, and his wife Margaret of Bar), Pope Benedict XII had to give dispensation for the marriage, which was granted in Avignon on 9 January 1335 at the request of Philip VI.The marriage contract stipulated that if a son was born from the marriage, the County of Luxembourg (King John's paternal heritage), as well as lands belonging to it, would go to him. King John's sons from his first marriage, Charles and John Henry, were not informed of the contents of the marriage contract, but both princes were compelled to accept it along with the knights and citizens of Luxembourg in August 1335.Life in BohemiaBeatrice arrived in Bohemia on 2 January 1336:\"...our father came to Bohemia and brought him a wife, named Beatrix, daughter of the Duke of Bourbon and relative of the King of the Frenchs...\"In the Bohemian court, Beatrice took care of the wife of her oldest stepson Charles, Blanche of Valois. Both women could easily communicate in French. The Queen soon felt ill-at-ease in Prague, where she was always compared unfavorably with the Margravine of Moravia (Blanche's title as wife of the Bohemian heir). Also, the Czech people were offended by her coldness, insolence and aversion to learning their language.The new Queen of Bohemia and Countess of Luxembourg brought with her an annual income of 4,000 livres extracted from her father's County of Clermont. On 25 February 1337, Beatrice gave birth in Prague to her only child, a son named Wenceslaus after the holy patron of the Přemyslid dynasty; probably calling her son with this name either the queen or her husband tried to gain the favor of the Bohemians. There is some indirect evidence that this was the first caesarean section that was survived by both the mother and child. However, the relationship between Beatrice and her new subjects remained estranged: her coronation as Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral three months later, on 18 May, was an event of spectacular indifference  from the citizens of Prague.Shortly after her coronation, in June 1337, Beatrice left Bohemia leaving her son behind, and went to live in Luxembourg. After this, she rarely visited the Bohemian Kingdom.Later YearsOn 26 August 1346 King John was killed in the Battle of Crécy and Beatrice ceased to be queen consort. Her stepson, now King Charles of Bohemia, confirmed the provisions of her marriage contract. Beatrice, now Dowager Queen of Bohemia, received in perpetuity lands in the County of Hainaut, the rent of 4,000 livres and the towns of Arlon, Marville and Damvillers (where she settled her residence) as her widow's estate. These revenues were used not only for their own needs, but also for the education of her son. King Charles also left her all the movable property and income from the mines in Kutná Hora. In addition, when her father Duke Louis I of Bourbon died in 1342, she received the sum of 1,000 livres, which was secured from the town of Creil.Around 1347, Beatrice married for a second time to Eudes II, Lord of Grancey, (then a widower) at her state of Damvillers. Despite her new marriage, she retained the title of Queen of Bohemia. The couple had no children. Soon after her second marriage, she arranged the betrothal of her son Wenceslaus with the widowed Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, daughter and heiress of John III, Duke of Brabant, who was fifteen years older than he was. The marriage took place in Damvillers four years later, on 17 May 1351.Despite all the grants of land and money given to Beatrice, the Bohemian king delayed the investiture of his young half-brother Wenceslaus as Count of Luxembourg. In fact, he held on to the title until 1353, when Wenceslaus finally obtained sovereignty over the County.  One year later (13 March 1354) the County was elevated to the rank of a Duchy.Beatrice died on 27 December 1383, having outlived her son (for only sixteen days) and all her stepchildren. She was buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris - her effigy is now in the Basilica of St Denis. Her second husband survived her by six years.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Bonne of ArmagnacBonne of Armagnac (19 February 1399 – 1430/35) was the eldest daughter of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac and Constable of France, and his wife Bonne of Berry.MarriageOn 15 April 1410 at the age of 11, she married Charles, Duke of Orléans (left an orphan by his father Louis's assassination in 1407). This marriage made the constable not only Charles's father-in-law but also his natural defender. The Orléans party, left without a leader by Louis's death, thus became the Armagnac party, the name it held up to the treaty of Arras in 1435.Following the French defeat at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, Charles was taken prisoner by the English. Bonne had not borne any children prior to his imprisonment. She died sometime between 1430 and 1435 while her husband was still in captivity.In literature and artBonne appears in the critically acclaimed historical novel Het woud der verwachting (1949) by Hella Haasse, (translated into English in 1989 under the title \"In a Dark Wood Wandering\"). The novel portrays the life of Bonne's husband Charles. Charles and Bonne's marriage at the Chateau de Dourdan is thought to be depicted in the elaborate illuminated manuscript entitled Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) in the illustration for April.AncestryPassage 4:Mathilde of BourbonMathilde of Bourbon (French: Mahaut de Bourbon; c. 1165/69 – 18 June 1228) was a French noblewoman who was the ruling Lady of Bourbon from 1171 until her death.LifeMathilde was the only child of Archambault of Bourbon and his wife Alix (or Adelaide) of Burgundy (daughter of Odo II).  She was born in the second half of the 1160s.Her father, the heir apparent of Bourbon, died in 1169, without ever inheriting the lordship.  Her grandfather, Archambault VII, died in 1171.  Mathilde, as his only surviving grandchild, succeeded him.Before 1183, she married Gaucher IV of Vienne, Lord of Salins.  After he returned from the Third Crusade, they frequently quarreled.  In the end, he became violent and had her locked up.: p. 117   She fled to her grandmother's estate in Champagne: p. 217   During her escape, she allegedly also used violence,: p. 117 and for this she was excommunicated by Archbishop Henri de Sully of Bourges.  After she arrived in Champagne, she asked Pope Celestine III for a divorce from her husband, arguing that Gaucher IV and she were close relatives and that the marriage therefore had been inadmissible.  The Pope tasked the bishops of Autun and Troyes and the abbot of Monthiers-en-Argonne with investigating her claim.  These men found that Mathilde and her husband were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of William II, Count of Burgundy, and that, therefore, her claim that they were too closely related was justified.  The pope granted the divorce, and also lifted the excommunication.In September 1196, only a few months after her divorce, she married Lord Guy II of Dampierre.  Thus, the Bourbonnais fell to the House of Dampierre.  This marriage lasted 20 years: he died in 1216.Mathilde died twelve years after her husband.  After her death, Margaret, her daughter from her first marriage claimed the Lordship of Bourbon.  Guy II had initially recognized Margaret as heir of Bourbon, however, he later claimed the Lordship for his oldest son, Archambault VIII.   In the end, Archambault prevailed.Marriages and issueMathilde married Gaucher IV of Vienne, Lord of Salins.  Together, they had one daughter:Margaret of Vienne (c. 1190/95 – c. 1259), married William III of Forcalquier, later she married Joceran, Lord of BrancionMathilde's second husband was Guy II of Dampierre.  With him, she had:Archambaud VIII (1189–1242), Lord of BourbonWilliam II (1196–1231), married Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut (d. 1280), a daughter of Latin Emperor Baldwin I of ConstantinoplePhilippe (d. 1223), married in 1205 to Guigues IV, Count of Forez (d. 1241)Guy of Saint Just (d. 22 March 1275)Marie, married 1201 to Hervé of Vierzon, later married 1220 to Henry I of SullyMatilde, married Guigues V of ForezSourcesTheodore Evergates: The aristocracy in the county of Champagne, 1100–1300, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8122-4019-1, pp. 117, 217, 343 (Partially online).Devailly, Guy (1973). Le Berry du X siecle au milieu du XIII (in French). Mouton & Co.Passage 5:John II, Duke of BourbonJean (John) de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon (1426 – 1 April 1488), sometimes referred to as John the Good and The Scourge of the English, was a son of Charles I of Bourbon and Agnes of Burgundy. He was Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne from 1456 to his death.LifeJohn earned his nicknames \"John the Good\" and \"The Scourge of the English\" for his efforts in helping drive out the English from France.He was made constable of France in 1483 by his brother Peter and sister-in-law Anne, to neutralize him as a threat to their regency.In an effort to win discontented nobles back to his side, Louis XI of France made great efforts to give out magnificent gifts to certain individuals; John was a recipient of these overtures. According to contemporary chronicles, the King received John in Paris with \"honours, caresses, pardon, and gifts; everything was lavished upon him\".John is notable for making three brilliant alliances but leaving no legitimate issue.First MarriageIn 1447, his father, the Duke of Bourbon, had John married to a daughter of Charles VII, King of France, Joan of Valois. They were duly married at the Château de Moulins. They had no surviving issue.Second marriageIn 1484 at St. Cloud to Catherine of Armagnac, daughter of Jacques of Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, who died in 1487 while giving birth to:John of Bourbon (Moulins, 1487 - 1487), styled Count of ClermontThird marriageIn 1487 he married Jeanne of Bourbon-Vendôme, daughter of John of Bourbon, Count of Vendôme (from a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon), by whom he had one son:Louis of Bourbon (1488 - 1488), styled Count of ClermontIllegitimate issueBy Louise of Albret, daughter of Jean I d'Albret (- 8 September 1494): Charles, Bastard of Bourbon (- 1502), Viscount of Lavedan jure uxoris, married before 1462 Louise du Lion (- aft. 25 February 1505), Viscountess of Lavedan, and had issue, four sonsBy Marguerite de Brunant: Mathieu, the Great Bastard of Bourbon (- Château de Chambrou-en-Forez, 19 August 1505), Lord of Botheon and Lord and Baron of Roche-en-Régnier, unmarried and without issueBy unknown women: Hector, Bastard of Bourbon (- 1502, bur. Toulouse), 15th Archbishop of Toulouse (1491 - 1502), 17th Bishop of Lavaur (1497 - 1500)Peter, Bastard of Bourbon, died young, unmarried and without issueMarie, Bastard of Bourbon (- 22 July 1482), married at the Château de Beseneins-en-Dombes in 1470 Jacques de Sainte Colombe, Lord of ThilMarguerite, Bastard of Bourbon (1445 - 1482), legitimized in 1464, married in Moulins in 1462 Jean de Ferrières (- 1497)Death and aftermathJohn died in 1488 at the Château de Moulins and was succeeded by his younger brother Charles.  However, this succession was strongly contested due to the political strength of Peter and Anne.  Within a span of days, Charles was forced to renounce his claims to the Bourbon lands to Peter in exchange for a financial settlement.AncestryNotesPassage 6:Bernard d'Armagnac, Count of PardiacBernard d'Armagnac, Count of Pardiac (died 1462) was a younger son of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac and Bonne of Berry.Bernard fought at the Battle of Patay in 1429. That year he married Eleanor of Bourbon-La Marche, daughter and ultimately heir of James II, Count of La Marche. Count James was the consort of Queen Joanna II of Naples. Bernard served as lieutenant-general in La Marche and governor of Limousin in 1441, and later as lieutenant-general of Languedoc and Roussillon in 1461.Bernard was the father of:Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of NemoursJohn d'Armagnac (1440-1493)Passage 7:Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two SiciliesPrincess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Italian: Urraca Maria Isabella Carolina Aldegonda Carmela, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie; 14 July 1913, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria – 3 May 1999, Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.Early life and familyPrincess Urraca of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was born on 14 July 1913, at Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. She was the sixth and youngest child of Prince Ferdinand Pius of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro (1869–1960) and his wife Princess Maria Ludwiga Theresia of Bavaria (1872–1954). Ferdinand Pius was the Head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and pretender to the defunct throne of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 26 May 1934 to 7 January 1960. Urraca had five older siblings, four sisters and one brother: Princess Maria Antonietta (1898–1957), Princess Maria Cristina (1899–1985), Prince Ruggiero Maria, Duke of Noto (1901–1914), Princess Barbara Maria (1902–1927), and Princess Lucia (1908–2001).Through her father, Urraca was a granddaughter of Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Caserta (1841–1934) and his wife Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1851–1938). Urraca was descended from King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (1777–1830) through her paternal great-grandfathers, King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (1810–1859) and Prince Francis of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Trapani (1827–1892). Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of King Ludwig III of Bavaria (1845– 1921) and his wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919).Urraca chose not to celebrate her birthday, stating: \"How can a Bourbon celebrate on the day of the Bastille's taking?\"Adult lifeAs the daughter of the heir-apparent, then head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Urraca regularly represented her family at royal and aristocratic functions and charitable events. She attended the funeral of her great uncle Prince Leopold of Bavaria on 3 October 1930, at St. Michael's Church in Munich. Urraca, her mother, and her sister Lucia attended an afternoon dance tea at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten and the Hungarian Aid Association's Hungarian Ball in Munich in January 1934. She also took part in the closing events of Munich's Carnival celebrations in February 1936. On 16 April 1936, Urraca attended the wedding of her first cousin Infante Alfonso of Spain, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies to Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma at the Minoritenkirche in Vienna. She was a guest of honor at the Austrian Armed Forces' Spring Parade in April 1936, along with Alfonso XIII of Spain, Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon-Parma, and Prince Elias of Bourbon-Parma. Urraca attended the Baltic Red Cross Ball and the ball of Countess Adelheid Arco-Valley in the Cherubinsälen of the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in February 1938. On 23 October 1957, she attended the wedding of her first cousin  Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria and Georg, Prince of Waldburg zu Zeil und Trauchburg in Munich.On the night of 10 January 1957, Urraca was driving her eldest sister Maria Antonietta to her home in Lindau, Germany when their automobile collided with a truck that had skid on ice near Winterthur, Switzerland. Maria Antonietta was killed in the accident and Urraca was seriously injured.Urraca was also an active supporter of Duosicilian historical societies and other royalty and nobility organizations. In October 1993, she attended a conference of over 200 Italian nobles and aristocrats at the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi in Rome, which advocated for the nobility's renewed leadership in the defense of Catholic principles in political and cultural institutions. Her first cousin once removed and claimant to the Duosicilian throne, Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, was also in attendance. In February 1994, Urraca traveled to Gaeta where she participated in a tribute to the centenary of the death of Francis II, King of the Two Sicilies and an observation of the 133rd anniversary of the conclusion of the Siege of Gaeta which marked the victory of the Kingdom of Sardinia over Two Sicilies.DeathUrraca died on 3 May 1999, in Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.Titles, styles, honours and armsTitles and styles14 July 1913 – 3 May 1999: Her Royal Highness Princess Urraca of Bourbon-Two SiciliesHonoursDame Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint GeorgeDame of Honor and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of MaltaAncestryPassage 8:Peter II, Duke of BourbonPeter II, Duke of Bourbon (1 December 1438 – 10 October 1503 in Moulins), was the son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy, and a member of the House of Bourbon. He and his wife Anne of France ruled as regents during the minority of Charles VIII of France.Life, marriage, and royal favourA loyal and capable subject of the crown, Peter earned the grudging respect of Louis XI through his demonstration of the Bourbon family's \"meekness and humility\". Initially he was betrothed to Marie d'Orleans, sister of Louis, Duke of Orleans (the future Louis XII); Louis XI, who wanted to prevent such an alliance between two of the greatest feudal houses in France, broke the engagement, and took measures to bind both families closer to the crown.A marriage between Peter and the King's elder daughter, Anne, was arranged (as was another marriage between Louis of Orleans and Anne's younger sister, Joan); as a mark of his favour, the King forced Peter's older brother John II, Duke of Bourbon to grant the Bourbon fief of Beaujeu (Beaujolais) to Peter, who was also given a seat on the royal council. Peter and Anne were married on 3 November 1473.Regent of France and Duke of BourbonAt the time of Louis XI's death in 1483, Peter was one of the few royal servants to have remained consistently in favour during the King's reign, and it was to him that Louis, on his deathbed, granted guardianship over the new King, Charles VIII. Peter and his wife Anne immediately took up their duties, and began to position themselves as leaders of a regency government. The King was swiftly crowned, preventing the need for a regency government; instead, the thirteen-year-old King undertook personal rule of the Kingdom—theoretically on his own, but in reality guided by the Beaujeu couple.Having assisted his wife in the governing of France, in 1488 both were able to begin building up a power-base of their own in the Bourbonnais. Anne was already Countess of Gien, and Peter was Count of Clermont and La Marche, as well as Lord of Beaujeu; but the death of his eldest brother, John II, and the subsequent enforced renunciation of the family rights by his next eldest brother, Charles II, delivered the Bourbon inheritance (the Duchies of Bourbon and Auvergne, and the Counties of Forez and l'Isle-en-Jordain) into Peter's hands.The new Duke and Duchess of Bourbon then proceeded to add to these domains, adding Bourbon-Lancy in December "}
{"doc_id":"doc_36","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John G. AdolfiJohn Gustav Adolfi (February 19, 1888 – May 11, 1933) was an American silent film director, actor, and screenwriter who was involved in more than 100 productions throughout his career. Anearly acting credit was in the recently restored 1912 film Robin Hood.BiographyHe was born in New York City to Gustav Adolfi and Jennie Reinhardt. Adolfi entered films as an actor in The Spy: A Romantic Story of theCivil War in 1907, but after appearing in thirty or so films he switched roles and concentrated on directing until his death in 1933 from a brain hemorrhage in British Columbia, Canada while huntingbears.FilmographyPassage 2:Who's Your Daddy? (film)Who's Your Daddy? is a 2002 American comedy film directed and directed by Andy Fickman.SynopsisChris Hughes (Brandon Davis), an adopted and geeky Ohiohigh school senior, discovers that his recently deceased birth parents are the proprietors of a vast pornography empire and he is the inherited heir. Dropped into a bitter power struggle, his new flock of beautifulco-workers come to his aid. Chris Hughes is an outsider and geek in Ohio. He is in the middle of his senior year at high school and he is 18 years old. Chris earns extra money working on a paper route riding a moped.Right now, he would do anything to get out of the job. Chris is raised by his religious parents, Carl Hughes (Dave Thomas) and Beverly Hughes (Colleen Camp). They own a grocery store and are very strict on nodrinking, smoking. sex until marriage. They also don't tolerate porn or porn magazines that Chris hides under his bed. His little adopted brother Danny Hughes (Justin Berfield) is popular and has a better chance with agirl than Chris. Danny usually gets away with murder from his parents; Chris always ends up getting in trouble. Chris is a reporter in the school newspaper, and he is a good writer. However, he is always late ondeadlines or dedication. He has a crush on the most popular girl Brittany Van Horn (Marnette Patterson), who is the mean girl of their school. She dreams about getting out of town and becoming a famous actress ormodel. She has an entourage, too, and she is dating Hudson Reed (Ryan Bittle) on and off. Hudson is the popular jock—handsome and able to get any girl he wants. Chris always wished he could be like him sometimes.Chris even fantasizes a lot of times, wishing he could hook up with Brittany. It is never going to happen, as she does not know Chris even exists. Brittany only dates good-looking popular guys. Chris and his friends, whoare nerdy perverts like Adam Torey (Charlie Talbert), Scooter (Martin Starr), Murphy (Robert Ri'chard) and Steven Chambers, are labeled as the outsiders and geeks of their high school. For once, they want to dosomething noticeable to earn a ticket to popularity. Chris had an idea to throw a party at his house while his parents are out of town. They need the booze to attract the popular crowd, especially Brittany and herentourage.Production and releaseThe film's producers intended for Who's Your Daddy? to capitalize on the start of the 21st century's teenage sex comedy revival, as spearheaded by 1999's American Pie.Fickman shotthe film in 2001, but after an unsuccessful test-screening process in 2002, the film was shelved for a number of years. Unreleased theatrically in North America, Who's Your Daddy? finally reached US audiences on DVDin January 2005, followed by a short run in Icelandic cinemas the following summer.Passage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctorZee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee wasforbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and producedradio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the PakistanInstitute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws aftermarriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired DoctorZee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received hisearly education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme ofthe film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture.Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\"His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back toPakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernaturalthriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts anddemons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 4:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketerwho spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one ofthe daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisterswas a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before hisdeath in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-classseason: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfebefore he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season'smatch against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground toindulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of theCanterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage5:Who's Your Brother?Who's Your Brother? is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by John G. Adolfi and starring Edith Taliaferro, Frank Burbeck and Paul Panzer. It was also released under the alternative titleKeep to the Right.CastEdith Taliaferro as Esther FieldFrank Burbeck as Stephen FieldPaul Panzer as Stephen Field (20 years earlier)Coit Albertson as Dr. William MorrisHerbert Fortier as Robert E. Graham Sr.GladdenJames as Robert E. Graham Jr.Elizabeth Garrison as Mrs. Robert GrahamElizabeth Kennedy as The kidEdith Stockton as Dorothy GrahamPassage 6:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born firstBlack Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and aGoverning Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change,nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degreein Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the Universityof Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturerand researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Pressand the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing:Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (PalgraveMacmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation inNarration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty ofAfrican and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 7:Lewis R. FosterLewis Ransom Foster (August 5, 1898 – June 10, 1974) was an American screenwriter, film/television director, and film/television producer. Hedirected and wrote over one hundred films and television series between 1926 and 1960.Selected filmographyDirectorDouble Whoopee (1929)Berth Marks (1929)Angora Love (1929)Dizzy Dates (1930)Blondes PreferBonds (1931)Love Letters of a Star (1936)The Man Who Cried Wolf (1937)El Paso (1949)The Lucky Stiff (1949)Manhandled (1949)Captain China (1950)Passage West (1951)Hong Kong (1952)Tropic Zone (1953)ThoseRedheads From Seattle (1953) filmed in 3-DFour Star Playhouse (1 episode, 1954)Crashout (1955)The Bold and the Brave (1956)Cavalcade of America (2 episodes, 1955–1956)The Adventures of Jim Bowie (21episodes, 1956–1957)Tonka (1958)The Wonderful World of Disney (8 episodes, 1957–1960)WriterThe Merry Widower (1926)Wrong Again (Story, 1929)Broken Wedding Bells (1930)The Great Pie Mystery (1931)AirEagles (1931)The Girl in the Tonneau (1932)Cheating Blondes (1933)Stolen Harmony (1935)Two in a Crowd (1936)The Magnificent Brute (1936)She's Dangerous (1937)Tom Sawyer, Detective (1938)Mr. Smith Goes toWashington (Story, 1939)Million Dollar Legs (1939)Golden Gloves (1940)The Farmer's Daughter (1940)Adventure in Washington (1941)I Live on Danger (1942)Alaska Highway (1943)The More The Merrier (1943)Can'tHelp Singing (1944)It's in the Bag! (1945)I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now (1947)The Lucky Stiff (1949)The Eagle and the Hawk (1950)Crosswinds (1951)The Blazing Forest (1952)Crashout (1955)The Adventures ofJim Bowie (5 episodes, 1956)Tales of Wells Fargo (2 episodes, 1957–1961)The Wonderful World of Disney (3 episodes, 1959–1960)Awards and nominationsExternal linksLewis R. Foster at IMDbLewis R. Foster atAllMovieLewis R. Foster at Find a GravePassage 8:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he workedas a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire,then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 againstGlamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but ata considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eightwickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managedonly the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshirecompleted an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union forKidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 9:The Last Outpost (1951 film)The Last Outpost is a1951 American Technicolor Western film directed by Lewis R. Foster, set in the American Civil War with brothers on opposite sides. The film is character actor Burt Mustin's film debut at the age of 67.The film earned anestimated $1,225,000 at the US box office in 1951.  The Last Outpost had the distinction of being the most successful film for the prolific B movie company, Pine-Thomas Productions. The film was re-released in 1962by Citation Films Inc. under the title Cavalry Charge.PlotIn 1862, Confederate Army Captain Vance Britton (Reagan) and his cavalry force are capturing most of the supplies sent east along the Santa Fe Trail before theyreach the Union Army outpost at San Gil, Arizona, where trading post owner Sam McQuade (Ridgely) deals with the Apache Indians. Union Colonel Jeb Britton (Bennett), Vance's brother, is sent West to stop theConfederate raids, unaware that his brother is his adversary. When he arrives with only a small detachment of troops, McQuade tries to persuade Jeb to use the Apaches to subdue the Rebels, but Jeb rejects the idea,certain the Indians would kill settlers as well as Confederate soldiers.That evening McQuade, believing that Jeb rather than Vance is the Britton who was once the fiancé of McQuade's lonely and unhappy wife Julie(Fleming), tries to embarrass them both socially. McQuade angrily tells Julie that she is still pining for Vance and she leaves him. Vance turns the tables on Jeb’s attempt to trap the Rebels and humiliates him. Returningto the fort on foot and bootless, Jeb is informed by McQuade that he has persuaded the government to negotiate with the Apaches. Soon afterwards McQuade is attacked and killed by Apaches. Vance finds a letter onMcQuade's body stating that a Union officer is on his way from Washington, D.C. to parley with the Apache chiefs. Vance waylays the officer and takes his place, discovering that Chief Grey Cloud is actually a disgracedformer Army general who married an Apache. Gray Cloud knows the real emissary and Britton admits that he is a Confederate officer trying to keep the Apaches out of the war.A group of Apaches is arrested forMcQuade's murder. Gray Cloud gives Vance 24 hours to free the prisoners as the price of keeping the Apaches from joining forces with the Union troops. Still posing as a Yankee officer, Vance goes to the jail in San Gil,where the jailed Apaches tell him that McQuade was killed for selling them defective guns and tainted liquor. He encounters Julie, who angrily rejects his explanation that he jilted her because he chose the Confederacy.Before Vance can arrange the escape of the prisoners or seize a shipment of gold coin being sent east by stagecoach, Jeb returns from searching for the Rebels and captures his brother. Vance escapes and reluctantlydecides to return to Texas.Grey Cloud, under a flag of truce, comes to San Gil with his warriors and promises to stay out of the white man’s war if the prisoners are released, but is killed by a civilian. Vance and hiscommand learn of the ensuing Apache attack, and he orders his men to charge the Apaches and save the town. After the battle, Julie returns to the East, promising to reunite with Vance someday. The brothers shakehands before the Confederates ride away.CastRonald Reagan as Capt. Vance BrittonRhonda Fleming as Julie McQuadeBruce Bennett as Colonel Jeb BrittonBill Williams as Seargent TuckerNoah Beery Jr. as SeargentCalhounHugh Beaumont as Lieutenant FentonPeter Hansen as Lieutenant CrosbyLloyd Corrigan as Mr. DelacourtJohn Ridgely as Sam McQuadeBurt Mustin as Marshal (uncredited)Passage 10:Rumbi KatedzaRumbiKatedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor ofArts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College,London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radioshows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International FilmFestival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);BigHouse, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus"}
{"doc_id":"doc_37","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre directorDedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. Duringher studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lostand Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He wasthe director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museumof Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the HoodMuseum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody EssexMuseum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 3:William DearWilliam Dear (born November 30, 1943) is a Canadian actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for directing the films Harry and the Hendersons, If Looks Could Kill, Angels inthe Outfield, Wild America, and Santa Who?.He also directed episodes of the television series Saturday Night Live, Television Parts, Amazing Stories, Dinosaurs, Covington Cross, and The Wannabes Starring Savvy.Dearwas born on November 30, 1943, in Toronto, Ontario. He is the father of actor and storyboard artist, Oliver Dear.FilmographyDirectorNymph (1973)Northville Cemetery Massacre (1976)PopClips (1980)Elephant Parts(1981)Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (1982)Harry and the Hendersons (1987)If Looks Could Kill (1991)Journey to the Center of the Earth (1993)Angels in the Outfield (1994)Wild America (1997)Balloon Farm(1999)Santa Who? (2000)School of Life (2005)Simon Says (2006)The Foursome (2006)The Sandlot: Heading Home (2007)Free Style (2008)The Perfect Game (2009)Mr. Troop Mom (2009)Politics of Love (2011)A Milein His Shoes (2011)ActorTimerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (1982) - 3rd TechnicianHarry and the Hendersons (1987) - Sighting ManDarkman (1990) - Limo DriverIf Looks Could Kill (1991) - Bomb TesterAngels inthe Outfield (1994) - Toronto ManagerMidnight Stallion (2013) - Whip T. VickerRazor (2017) - BillPassage 4:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 andFebruary 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editoronly)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me(2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is anAmerican director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of LesMisérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the VineyardTheatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London andthe show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concertof Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musicalpremiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers& Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte,North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as anexecutive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archiemovie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 7:Jesse E.HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life andeducationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 8:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and televisionfilms. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some ofhis television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heartin Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, hedirected productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and wasalso an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 9:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was thedirector of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the RoyalNorwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 10:Northville Cemetery MassacreNorthville Cemetery Massacre is a 1976 outlaw biker film written and directed by William Dear and Thomas L. Dyke.  Nick Nolte did an uncreditedvoice over for the film's lead actor, David Hyry.PlotAn outlaw motorcycle club commits illegal acts, but only to make a point against police corruption. They are normally law-abiding, even going so far as to help anelderly couple whose car stops running. When a police officer rapes a woman, he frames the crime on the bikers. The town's citizens attack the gang in revenge, leading to a battle.ProductionWilliam Dear asked MichaelNesmith to compose the film's music and Nesmith agreed. The film's crew was unable to pay him, but he composed the music for free. The author Steven Puchalski referred to the film as the \"perfect funeral wreath tothe biker movie phenomenon\". It was filmed using 16 mm film.ReceptionBill Gibron, writing for DVD Verdict, said, \"amid all its gory, blood-soaked brazenness, there's a message about personal and public perspectivethat is awfully hard to miss\". Scott Weinberg, of DVD Talk, said, \"Highly recommended to anyone who's old enough to remember and appreciate this type of low-budget, down & dirty, occasionally terrible but entirelywatchable genre fare.\"A TV Guide review said, \"Unimaginatively directed and too bloody for words\".Home mediaThe film was released on VHS under Northville Cemetery Massacre, as well as Freedom R.I.P. and Harley'sAngels. It was released on DVD in 2006 with three commentaries, behind the scenes pictures, previous film posters, three film trailers, and biographies. The DVD is the 30th Anniversary Director's Cut."}
{"doc_id":"doc_38","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Danny DeVitoDaniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in thetelevision series Taxi (1978–1983), which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award. He plays Frank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2006–present).He is known for hisfilm roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), The War of the Roses (1989), Batman Returns(1992), Jack the Bear (1993), Junior (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Matilda (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) andJumanji: The Next Level (2019). He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018).DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards,Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers. DeVito also owned Jersey Television, which produced the Comedy Centralseries Reno 911!. DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda, based on Roald Dahl's children's novel. DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picturefor Erin Brockovich (2000).In 2017, he earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Price.Early lifeDeVito was born at RaleighFitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner, and Julia DeVito (née Moccello). He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and twoolder sisters. He is of Italo-Albanian descent; his family is originally from San Fele, Basilicata, as well as from the Arbëresh Albanian community of Calabria. He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey. He lived a fewmiles away from the original Jersey Mike's location and would eat there frequently, which would  inspire him to become the sub shop's first celebrity spokesman in a line of commercials that began to air in September2022.DeVito was raised as a Catholic. When he was 14, he persuaded his father to send him to boarding school to \"keep him out of trouble\", and graduated from Oratory Preparatory School in Summit, New Jersey, in1962. While working as a beautician at his sister's salon, his search for a professional makeup instructor led him to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, where he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, heperformed with the Colonnades Theater Lab at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. Along with his future wife Rhea Perlman, he appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights FeministCollective.CareerFilm workDeVito played Martini in the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, reprising his role from the 1971 off-Broadway play of the same title.After his time on the Taxi series ended, DeVitodevoted more effort to a growing successful film career, appearing as Vernon Dalhart in the 1983 hit Terms of Endearment; as the comic rogue Ralph in the romantic adventure Romancing the Stone (1984), starringMichael Douglas and Kathleen Turner; and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985). In 1986, DeVito starred in Ruthless People with Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold, and in 1987 he made his feature-directing debut withthe dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train, in which he starred with Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey. He reunited with Douglas and Turner two years later in The War of the Roses (1989), which he directed and inwhich he co-starred.Other work included Other People's Money with Gregory Peck; director Barry Levinson's Tin Men, as a rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss' character; the comedies Junior (1994) and Twins (1988)with Arnold Schwarzenegger; playing the villain The Penguin in director Tim Burton's Batman Returns (1992); and the film adaptation Matilda (1996), which he directed and co-produced, along with playing the role ofMatilda's father, the villainous car dealer Harry Wormwood.Although generally a comic actor, DeVito expanded into dramatic roles with The Rainmaker (1997); Hoffa (1992), which he directed and in which he co-starredwith Jack Nicholson; Jack the Bear (1993); neo-noir film L.A. Confidential (1997); The Big Kahuna (1999); and Heist (2001), as a gangster nemesis of Joe Moore (Gene Hackman).DeVito has an interest indocumentaries. In 2006 he began a partnership with Morgan Freeman's company ClickStar, for whom he hosts the documentary channel Jersey Docs. He was also interviewed in the documentary Revenge of the ElectricCar, discussing his interest in and ownership of electric vehicles.TheatreIn April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside RichardGriffiths. It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened on May 17, and played a limited 12-week season until July 28.DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Companyrevival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, andopened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7.ProducingDeVito has become a major film and television producer. DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, producing films like Pulp Fiction, Get Shorty, ErinBrockovich (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca, and Garden State. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in Man on the Moon, a film about the unusual life of his former Taxico-star Andy Kaufman, played in the film by Jim Carrey. DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911!, the film spin-off Reno 911!: Miami, and the revival on Quibi.DirectingDeVito made his directorialdebut in 1984 with The Ratings Game. He then directed and starred in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), The War of the Roses (1989), Hoffa (1992), Matilda (1996), Death to Smoochy (2002) and Duplex (2003).The War of the Roses was a commercial and critical success, as was the film adaptation of Roald Dahl's Matilda; Death to Smoochy and Duplex had mixed reviews. He also directed the TV movie Queen B in 2005.DeVitohas directed eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue(2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016).Television and voice-over workIn 1977, DeVito played the role of John \"John John the Apple\" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode \"TheCollector\". DeVito gained fame in 1978 playing Louie De Palma, the short but domineering dispatcher for the fictional Sunshine Cab Company, on the hit TV show Taxi.In 1986, he directed and starred in the blackcomedy \"The Wedding Ring\", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg's anthology series Amazing Stories, where his character acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress RheaPerlman). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow. That year, DeVito also voiced the Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie. In 1990, heand Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic & Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special. In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in The Simpsons episodes \"Brother, Can You SpareTwo Dimes?\" and \"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\". In 2013, he would voice Herb for a third time in the episode \"The Changing of the Guardian\".In 1996, he provided the voice of Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam. In1997, he was the voice of Philoctetes in the Disney film Hercules.In 1999, DeVito hosted the last Saturday Night Live episode before the year 2000. He earned a 2004 Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in aComedy Series for an episode of Friends, following four Emmy nominations (including a 1981 win) for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy for Taxi. In 2006, he joined the cast of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphiaas Frank Reynolds.In 2011, DeVito received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 2012, he voiced the title character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss' The Lorax. He appeared in theAngry Birds Friends \"Champions for Earth\" tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the Nintendo 3DS game Detective Pikachu, dedicated Pokémon fans submitted a40,000-signature petition requesting that DeVito be the English voice actor for the title character. However, he declined to audition for the role, commenting that he was unfamiliar with the franchise.Appearances inother mediaDeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video of One Direction's song \"Steal My Girl\". He also appeared in the short film Curmudgeons, which he also produced and directed.In 2021, DeVitowrote a 12-page story centered on the Penguin and Catwoman for the anthology comic Gotham City Villains.Personal lifeDeVito stands 4 feet 10 inches (1.47 metres) tall. His short stature is the result of multipleepiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth.On January 17, 1971, DeVito met Rhea Perlman when she went to see a friend in the single performance of the play TheShrinking Bride, which featured DeVito. They moved in together two weeks later and married on January 28, 1982. They have three children: Lucy Chet DeVito (born March 11, 1983), Grace Fan DeVito (born March1985), and Jacob Daniel DeVito (born October 1987).Perlman and DeVito have acted alongside each other several times, including in the television show Taxi and the feature film Matilda (where they played Matilda'sparents). They separated in October 2012, after 30 years of marriage and over 40 years together, then reconciled in March 2013. They separated for a second time in March 2017, but remained on amicable terms andPerlman stated they had no intent of filing for divorce. In 2019, Perlman told interviewer Andy Cohen that she and DeVito have become closer friends after their separation than they were in their final years as acouple.DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579-square-foot (1,354 m2) house in Beverly Hills, California, that they purchased in 1994, until selling it for US$24 million in April 2015. They also own a bungalow nearRodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, and a multi-residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu. They also frequented a home they owned in Interlaken, New Jersey to get away from Los Angeles.Politically, DeVito is aDemocrat and a staunch supporter of Bernie Sanders.FilmographyDeVito has an extensive film career, dating back to the early 1970s.Selected work:Awards and nominationsDeVito has a large and varied body of workas an actor, producer and director in stage, television and film. He has been nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards,Screen Actors Guild awards and Tony awards. In 2011 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6909 Hollywood Blvd., for his contributions to television.Passage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)HenryWalter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of theReverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their greatgrandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch.He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace inGeraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket earlyon the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\".Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reesesaid, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury CricketAssociation in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, hetop-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:Anne RamseyAngelina Anne Ramsey-Mobley (March 27, 1929 – August 11, 1988) was an Americanactress. She was best known for her film roles as Mama Fratelli in The Goonies (1985) and as Mrs. Lift in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), the latter of which earned her nominations for an Academy Award and aGolden Globe Award.Early lifeRamsey was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the daughter of Eleanor (née Smith), the former national treasurer of the Girl Scouts of the USA, and Nathan Mobley, an insurance executive. Hermother was a descendant of the Pilgrims (William Brewster), and her uncle was U.S. Ambassador David S. Smith. Ramsey was raised in Great Neck, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut. She attended BenningtonCollege where she became interested in theatre. She performed in several Broadway productions in the 1950s and married actor Logan Ramsey in 1954. They moved to Philadelphia where they formed the Theatre ofthe Living Arts.CareerIn the 1970s, Ramsey began a successful Hollywood career in character roles and appeared in such television programs as Little House on the Prairie, Wonder Woman, Three's Company andIronside. She appeared with her husband in seven films, including her first, The Sporting Club (1971), and her last, Meet the Hollowheads (1989). In 1988, Ramsey was nominated for the Academy Award for BestSupporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for her performance in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), with Billy Crystal and Danny DeVito. The film also earned her asecond Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress; she had received her first for The Goonies (1985). In February 1988, she guest-starred on an episode of ALF that aired six months before her death. She also appearedin six films released in the two years after her death.DeathRamsey's somewhat slurred speech, a trademark of her later performances, was caused in part from having had some of her tongue and her jaw removedduring surgery for esophageal cancer in 1984.In 1988, Ramsey's cancer returned. She died on August 11 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California. Ramsey is buried atForest Lawn Cemetery in North Omaha, Nebraska.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 4:Joaquín PardavéJoaquín Pardavé Arce (30 September 1900 – 20 July 1955) was a Mexican film actor, director, songwriter andscreenwriter of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. He was best known for starring and directing various comedy films during the 1940s. In some of them, Pardavé paired with one of Mexico's most famous actresses,Sara García. The films in which they starred are El baisano Jalil, El barchante Neguib, El ropavejero, and La familia Pérez. These actors had on-screen chemistry together, and are both noted for playing a wide variety ofcomic characters from Lebanese foreigners to middle-class Mexicans.Early lifePardavé was born to Spanish immigrants Joaquín Pardavé Bernal and Delfina Arce Contreras, theater actors, in Pénjamo, Guanajuato. Hisparents came to Mexico with the theatrical company \"Betril\".After the death of his mother in 1916, Pardavé decided to settle in the city of Monterrey where he worked as a telegrapher in the Ferrocarriles Nacionales deMéxico. There he composed the song \"Carmen\", dedicated to his girlfriend Carmen Delgado. Three years later, he returned to Mexico City after he  learned of the death of his father.CareerTheatrical careerAt age 18,Joaquín Pardavé followed in the footsteps of his parents. He began his acting career in the operetta Los sobrinos del capitán Grant, in the company of his uncle Carlos Pardavé, when he asked to meet an actor.  Later hejoined the company of Jose Campillo, where he met and teamed for 12 years, Roberto \"Panzón\" Soto.  His first role in this company was in the operetta La banda de las trompetas (1920). Later he won fame in theMexican Rataplan Journal (1925).Film careerHe started his film career in the silent film era. Pardavé's film debut was in Viaje redondo in 1919. He participated in other films such as El águila y el nopal (1929), Águilasfrente al sol (1932), La zandunga (1937), La tía de las muchachas (1938), En tiempos de Don Porfirio (1939).Juan Bustillo Oro contracted Pardavé to co-star with Cantinflas in the comedy film Ahí está el detalle (1940).In the film, Pardavé portrays \"Cayetano Lastre\", the rich and jealous husband of Sofía Álvarez's character Dolores del Paso. The character is later entreated to believe that Cantinflas' \"pelado\" character is his wife'slong-lost brother, the person whom Lastre was eagerly waiting for to reclaim his wife's inheritance. Other co-stars in the film were Sara García and Dolores Camarillo. Ahí está el detalle was ranked thirty-seventh amongthe top 100 films of Mexican cinema.Later in the 1940 decade, Pardavé worked in ¡Ay, qué tiempos señor don Simón! (1941) and Yo bailé con don Porfirio (1942). In 1942 he debuts as a film director with El baisano Jalilstarring himself and Sara García as \"Jalil and Suad Farad\", Lebanese entrepreneurs settled in Mexico. Film and theater actress Sara García would soon become Pardavé's on-screen partner. Both starred in the films Elbarchante Neguib (1946) also as Lebanese-immigrants, El ropavejero (1947), and La familia Pérez (1949).Personal lifeIn 1925, Pardavé met Soledad Rebollo, whom he married on October 26, 1925. Soledad becamethe love of his life and his inspiration for the songs \"Plegaria\", \"Bésame en la boca\", \"Negra consentida\", and \"Varita de Nardo\".DeathOn July 20, 1955, at three-o'clock in the morning, Joaquín Pardavé died victim of astroke caused by stress of excess of work, he was participating in two films simultaneously and in the theatrical play, Un Minuto de Parada. After his death, an urban legend started to circulate that Pardavé had beenburied alive. The actor's niece María Elena Pardavé Robles confirmed that the rumor was a lie. She quoted \"Joaquín Pardavé was not buried alive like many people believe. His remains have never been exhumed, noteven when his wife died. She, my aunt, occupies a place in the same tomb, but my uncle's remains were never exhumed... we insist that his coffin has never been opened. That is how we categorically deny the rumorsthat circulate\".FilmographyPassage 5:Larry BreznerLawrence Ira \"Larry\" Brezner (August 23, 1942 – October 5, 2015) was an American film producer, most notable for producing films such as Good Morning, Vietnam,Throw Momma from the Train, and Ride Along.Life and careerBorn in the Bronx in New York City in 1942,  Brezner studied at the University of Bridgeport and St. John's University from which he graduated with aMasters in Psychology. He then was a teacher at an elementary school in Spanish Harlem before he moved on to the entertainment industry. In 1974 he opened a night club in Manhattan, where he met the producerJack Rollins. In the same year he joined the company of Rollins & Charles H. Joffe with Buddy Morra and was their partner in the late 1970s. After Rollins and Joffe withdrew from the company, he, Buddy Morra, David"}
{"doc_id":"doc_39","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Worskla ForestThe Worskla Forest (на Ворскле) is in the Belgorod Oblast of Russia. It is part of the (Sapowednik) Belogorye Nature Reserve.It lies on the high right side of the Worskla river, between theWorskla and the Gotnja rivers. It covers an area of 1,038 hectares (2,560 acres). Geographically the area belongs to the southern part of the forest-steppe zone. The nature reserve is bordered to the north-west by thevillage of Krasny Kutok, to the southeast by Borisovka, and in the north and the south and west by the Worsklatal. On the left bank of the Vorskla, is the village of Dubino (Landsgemeinde Belenkoje). The territory of theforest itself is part of the rural community Kryukovo.GeographyThe western, northwestern and southern edges form the river terraces and slopes of Woskla and Loknjatal Rivers. The highest point in the forest at 217metres (712 ft) is located in the northeastern part of the forest. The lowest point (137 metres (449 ft)) is located in Worsklatal. Through the forest run numerous small gullies that are called in this region \"Jar\".In theforest there are no springs and watercourses although the forest is quite wet at the beginning of spring, after the snow melts, flowing rivulets at the bottom of canyons. The rivers Vorskla, Gotnja and Loknja flow alongthe forest edge for a distance of 10 to 900 metres (33 to 2,953 ft).On the territory of the forest there is no natural pond. Only in the protection zone of the nature reserve, in the Worsklatalaue, there are smallbackwaters. In the 20th century, ponds were built in the Klosterrunse whose dams broke through snow meltwater. Only a pond remained at the top of the gully.SoilsThe soils of the forest at the Vorskla developed ondifferent parent materials, especially on the loam, which is found in the eastern half of the forest. In the northwestern part of the forest, old alluvium sands play a role. They are distributed on the river terraces of Gotnjaand Loknja. At the southern and south-eastern edge of the forest an oligozänischer sandy loam is common parent rock. In some places in the southern part of the forest, a rust-colored clay comes out. The oligozänischesandy loam and the rust-colored clay are the starting materials of soil formation, where erosion has removed the loess. Under the oligozänischen clay are rocks from the Cretaceous, which do not appear on the surfacein the territory of the forest.Here 20 different soil types are distinguished. They differ on the degree of podsolisation and the humus content. All floors of the Forest on the Vorskla are based on the Russian soilclassification from 1977 about the types of gray forest soils.  According to the USDA soil classification they belong to the Alfi sols, after the German soil classification if they were classified as Luvisols.HistoryUntil the17th century, the Worskla forest was a part of an undivided oak forest that stretched along the high right bank of the Vorskla River. Forest was used as a natural barrier against depredations of the Tartars. Therefore,logging of the woods was strictly forbidden. At the end of the 17th century, however, the Tartar threat had diminished.In the Early 18th century the forest was protected from being cut down by regulations of Peter I. In1701, the deforestation along the rivers was banned, then in 1703, the ban was extended to the small rivers. The edict included a ban on grazing and oaks, pines, maples and elms with trunk thicknesses of more than54 centimetres (21 in) were excluded from felling.In 1705 the forest was owned by Count Boris Sheremetev who created a conservation area and hunting reserve. In 1714 Count Sheremetev founded a nunnery inBorisovka on the edge of the forest, today it is a nature reserve.In the 1880s and 1890s the first major deforestation in the fourth section of the forest and in the northern part of the tenth section the deforestationcontinued into the 20th century.After the October Revolution, the forest on the Vorskla was in danger with felling beginning in 1917, with grazing and vegetable gardens being introduced. Larger native animals almostdisappeared.It fell to the entomologist Malyshev to begin a movement to save the forest. He knew the forest at the Vorskla from the time before the revolution when as a student he undertook entomological researchthere. In 1919 he wrote appeals to various authorities. He also appeared in the People's Assembly of the residents of Borisovka and made propaganda work for forest conservation in schools and village libraries. Hisefforts were successful, and after the establishment of Zoopsychologischen Station (in 1922) the forest was made a nature reserve in 1924.  Malyshev organized the protection of forests. In the nature reserve beganscientific research, the nature reserve, the Natural History Museum was founded. In Russian and Germany  scientific journals first article on the forest at the Vorskla were published. However, Malyshev was subject to apolitical witch-hunt under Joseph Stalin and he was dismissed from his role at the Nature Reserve and in 1934, Malyshev was transported to Leningrad.In 1934 the forest was transferred to control of LeningradUniversity. During World War II, the forest fell under German occupation who felled tens of thousands of trees. During the Battle of Kursk, trenches were laid out in the forest, causing soil erosion, which can be seen tothis day.In 1994, the Nature Reserve of the University of St. Petersburg was handed over to the Ministry of Natural Resources. Today an area of 160 hectares (400 acres), is the only forest with 300-year-old oak treesto have survived in the European part of the former Soviet Union.GalleryPassage 2:Pearl AirwaysPearl Airways or Pearl Airways Compagne Haitienne was an airline based in Haiti.Passage 3:Olavina UdugoreOlavinaUdugore is a 1987 Indian Kannada-language film directed, written and co-produced by D. Rajendra Babu. The film stars Ambareesh, Manjula Sharma and Ramakrishna. The music was composed by M. Ranga Rao andthe script was written by B. L. Venu.CastAmbareesh as SureshIlavarasi(Manjula Sharma) as Suma and Uma (Dual Role)Leelavathi as Rathnamma, Suresh's MotherRamakrishna as Ramesh, Suresh's CousinKeerthiraj asPrathapBalakrishna as RagannaDinesh as Shridhara Raya, Suma's Adoptive FatherN. S. Rao as Baalu, Suresh's ClassmateUmashree as Baby, Suresh's ClassmateShanthammaSoundtrackAll songs were composed by M.Ranga Rao, with lyrics by R. N. Jayagopal and Shyamasundara Kulkarni. The album consists of five tracks. The title song will recreated for his son's debut film AmarAwardsFilmfare Award for Best Actor - Kannada -AmbareeshPassage 4:Operation LeopardLa légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed in French Guiana. The script is based on the true story ofthe Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978. It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent. He published his book in 1979, and the film cameout in 1980. Coutard shot the film in a documentary style.PlotThe film is based on true events. In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched intoKolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt. They took 3,000 civilians as hostages. Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed. The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to havethreatened to annihilate all civilians.Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium, France and the United States to help. France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flownfrom Corsica to Kolwezi. Following their arrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians. Within two days more than 2,000 Europeans andabout 3,000 African citizens were saved. The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans' plight.ProductionThe late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, buther death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress, Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes.CastBruno Cremer: Pierre DelbartJacques Perrin:Ambassador BerthierLaurent Malet: PhillipeDenrémontPierre Vaneck: Colonel GrasserMimsy Farmer: Annie DevrindtGiuliano Gemma: Adjudant FédéricoRobert Etcheverry : Colonel DubourgJean-Claude Bouillon : MauroisPassage 5:A Pearl in the ForestA Pearl inthe Forest (Mongolian: Мойлхон, Moilkhon, Buckthorn) is a 2008 Mongolian historical film.This is a story about a young couple whose newly planned life was destroyed by the impact of the Great Purge of 1934–1938 inMongolia.The main goal of this movie was to provide a testimony for the many Buryats and Mongolians who were persecuted during the Great Purges initiated by Joseph Stalin. In 1937 and 1938, many people, andeven entire families, were killed after being wrongfully accused of conspiracies.The movie was shot on location near the Buryat village of Dadal in the Khentii province of Mongolia. The acting and other participation ofmany local villagers was a great addition to the authenticity of the film.SynopsisIn the 1930s in Mongolia, a former villager returns as a government informer, and is determined to use his authority to crush a village inorder to take by force what he cannot win by love: a young woman who is engaged to another man.CastBayarmaa Baatar : SendemZolboot Gombo : MarkhaaNarankhuu Khatanbaatar : DugarG. Altanshagai :SodnomPassage 6:Cristaria (bivalve)Cristaria is a genus of freshwater mussels or pearl mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae.SpeciesSpecies in the genus Cristaria include:Cristaria beirensisCristariaplicataCristaria radiataCristaria tenuisCristaria truncataHuman relevanceIn China, one of the species in this genus, Cristaria plicata is \"one of the most important freshwater mussels for pearl production\" in the country.It is also used for medicinal purposes.Passage 7:Pearl in the CrownPearl in the Crown (Polish: Perła w koronie) is a 1972 Polish drama film directed by Kazimierz Kutz. It was entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival.The film was also selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 45th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.PlotThe film takes place in August 1934 in the Polish part of UpperSilesia. The film tells the story of a strike in the fictional mine \"Zygmunt\". Jaś, a young miner who works in the mine in question, has a wife and two young sons. Jaś comes home from shift. The next day he learns thatthe unprofitable mine is to be closed by flooding with water. A strike breaks out. Families help the strikers, despite the fact that the mine is surrounded by a police cordon. Petitions to the Government remainunanswered, the management persists, so the miners announce a hunger strike. The police retaliate by violently breaking up the demonstration. The determined miners decide to continue the strike undergrounddespite the imminent threat of the mine being flooded, as per the original plan.  Finally though, the management signs a settlement, and the miners come to the surface and they go back to their families.CastŁucjaKowolik - WiktaOlgierd Łukaszewicz - JasJan Englert - Erwin MaliniokFranciszek Pieczka - Hubert SierszaJerzy Cnota - August MolBernard Krawczyk - Franciszek BulaTadeusz Madeja - OchmanHenryk Maruszczyk - AlojzGrudniokMarian Opania - AlbertJerzy Siwy - MilendaSee alsoList of submissions to the 45th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language FilmList of Polish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign LanguageFilmPassage 8:Pearl Diver (disambiguation)Pearl Diver (1944–1971) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse which won the Derby in 1947.Pearl Diver or Pearl Divers may also refer to:Pearl diver, one who recovers pearlsfrom wild molluscs.BooksPearl Diver, a 1930 biography of pioneering diver Victor Berge (1891–1974)The Pearl Diver, a 2004 novel by Sujata MasseyFilmSisid (TV series)  (International title: Pearl Diver), a Philippineunderwater action dramaPearl Diver, a film which won 2005 award at Indianapolis International Film FestivalMusicThe Pearl Diver: A Japanese Legend (Ship At Sea), a 2016 violin composition and single by Edward W.HardyLes pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl Fishers) opera by BizetOther usesDead Pearl Diver, a sculpture by Benjamin Paul AkersPearl Diver, one of the LNER Peppercorn Class A2 steam locomotives named in 1948Thepearl diver cocktail, a tiki cocktail developed by Donn BeachPassage 9:Greta (given name)The name Greta is derived from the name Margareta, which comes from the Greek word margarites or \"pearl\".Notable peoplewith the name include:Greta Almroth (1888–1981), Swedish actressGreta Andersen (1927–2023), Danish swimmerGréta Arn (born 1979), Hungarian tennis playerGreta Svabo Bech (born 1987), Faroese singerGretaBösel (1908–1947), German Nazi concentration camp guard and nurse executed for war crimesGreta Chi, Danish actressGreta Christina (born 1961), American atheist author and activistGreta Cicolari (born 1981),Italian beach volleyball playerGreta Duréel (died 1696), Swedish fraudGreta Espinoza (born 1995), Mexican footballerGreta Garbo (1905–1990), Swedish-American actressGreta Gerwig (born 1983), American actressand filmmakerGreta Grönholm (1923–2015), Finnish canoeistGreta Gynt (1916–2000), Norwegian singer, dancer and actressGreta Hällfors-Sipilä (1899–1974), Finnish painterGreta Hodgkinson (born 1973),American-Canadian ballet dancerGrethe Hjort (1903–1967), Danish  writer and professor of Danish and English literatureGreta Johansson (1895–1978), Swedish diver and swimmerGreta Johnson (born 1977), Americanlawyer and politicianGreta Kempton (1901–1991), American painterGréta Kerekes (born 1992), Hungarian hurdlerGreta Kline, (born 1994), American musicianGreta Knutson (1899–1983), Swedish artist, poet andcriticGreta Lee (born 1983), American actressGreta M. Ljung (born 1941), Finnish-American statisticianGreta Magnusson-Grossman (1906–1999), Swedish designer and architectGreta Mikalauskytė, Lithuanian beautypageant contestantGreta Molander (1908–2002), Swedish-Norwegian rally driver and writerGreta Morkytė (born 1999), Lithuanian figure skaterGreta N. Morris, American diplomatGreta Naterberg (1772–1818), Swedishfolk singerGreta Neimanas (born 1988), American Paralympic cyclistGreta Nissen (1906–1988), Norwegian-American actressGreta Podleski, Canadian chef, author and television hostGreta De Reyghere, BelgiansopranoGreta Richioud (born 1996), French cyclistGreta Scacchi (born 1960), Italian-Australian actressGreta Schröder (1891–1967), German actressGreta Salpeter (born 1988), American singerGreta Skogster(1900–1994), Finnish textile artistGreta Salóme Stefánsdóttir (born 1986), Icelandic singer and violinistGreta Mjöll Samúelsdóttir (born 1987), Icelandic singer and footballerGreta Schiller (born 1954), American filmdirectorGreta Small (born 1995), Australian alpine skierGreta Stevenson (1911–1990), New Zealand botanist and mycologistGréta Szakmáry (born 1991), Hungarian volleyball playerGreta Thunberg (born 2003),climate change activist from SwedenGreta Thyssen (1927–2018), Danish-American actressGreta Vaillant (1942–2000), French actressGreta Van Susteren (born 1954), American television journalistGreta Wrage vonPustau (1902–1989), German dancerFictional charactersGreta, character from Liar Liar portrayed by Anne HaneyGreta, character on Lost portrayed by Lana ParrillaGreta (Chuck), one of several characters onChuckGreta, character from The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 portrayed by Blythe DannerGreta, hair salon assistant at Christian Grey's choice salon in Fifty Shades DarkerGreta von Amberg, character on the soapopera Days of Our LivesGreta, a female Gremlin from the 1990 horror comedy movie Gremlins 2: The New BatchGreta Catchlove, witch from the Harry Potter series, also known as Gerda CurdGreta Gibson, character inA Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child portrayed by Erika AndersonGreta Grimly from TV's Fargo, portrayed by Joey KingDr. Greta Guttman, character on Mad MenGreta Hayes, Secret (Greta Hayes) in DCComicsGreta James, a struggling musician played by Keira Knightley in Begin AgainDr. Greta Mantleray, famous therapist and mother to another character in Maniac (miniseries)Greta Martin, character on The VampireDiaries, portrayed by Lisa TuckerGreta Matthews, character from short-lived CW cult show Hidden PalmsGreta McClure, character on Family Matters portrayed by Tammy TownsendGreta O'Donnell, main character fromthe movie According to Greta played by Hilary DuffGreta Ohlsson, character from Murder on the Orient ExpressGreta Wolfcastle, the daughter of Rainier Wolfcastle from The Simpsons voiced by Reese WitherspoonGreta,the main character in Projection: First LightPassage 10:Mount Cole State ForestThe Mount Cole State Forest is in western Victoria, Australia, near the town of Beaufort. The forest is around Mount Cole, which formed390 million years ago. The Indigenous Australians, the Beeripmo balug people, called it Bereep-bereep, which means wild. The forest covers an area of 12,150 hectares, including the forest around Mount Lonarch.Theforest is on a plateau which is above grassy plains. The plateau is about 760 metres above sea level. High peaks in the forest include Mount Buangor (1,090 metres), Mount Cole (899 metres) and Ben Nevis (877metres).The main trees in the southern part of the forest are Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), and Blue Gums (Eucalyptus globulus). In the north, which is drier, there are Yellow Box(Eucalyptus melliodora), and Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha). There is also the rare Mount Cole Grevillea, Grevillea montis-cole. On the high peaks there are groups of Snow Gums (Eucalyptuspauciflora).There have been 130 different birds seen in the forest, including the Powerful owl (Ninox strenua). Animals include kangaroos, wallabies, echidna, koalas and possums. In 1954, 160 koalas were set free inthe forest to as part of a plan to re-establish the animals in Victorian forests. In the 19th century, deer were introduced and Sambar deer are still living in the wet gullies in the south of the forest.Activities in the forestinclude camping, walking, four wheel driving, horse riding, and bird watching.The purpose of the forest is to supply good quality hardwood logs for sawmills. The management plan for the forest also protects the watercatchments of several creeks which supply water to nearby towns.On 24 June 2021, the Andrews State Government, following an extensive review and recommendation, declerated that the Mt Cole State Forest wouldbe added to the National Park register, providing it with additional protections. The proposed Mt Buangor National Park would be staged over the next 8 years in addition to 60,000 hectares of State forests and parksalso to be added.Mount Buangor State ParkAn area of 1,940 hectares, the Mount Buangor State Park, was protected from logging in 1973. This park includes the waterfalls on Middle Creek, and the large rock faces andcaves on Cave Hill.ClimateAs the ranges face into the prevailing westerly storm track, maximum temperatures are particularly cold for the altitude and latitude. Heavy snowfalls occur regularly throughout the year, andsub-freezing daily maximum temperatures have been recorded well into spring at Lookout Hill (965 metres). Cold weather is present even at the height of summer: on 02 February 2005, the daily maximumtemperature did not exceed 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) at Lookout Hill. The ranges can be classed as having a cool mediterranean climate. Winters are extraordinarily cloudy, evident from the afternoon relative humidity readingsat Lookout Hill."}
{"doc_id":"doc_40","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 hewas the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 2:John DonatichJohnDonatich is the Director of Yale University Press.Early lifeHe received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cumlaude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The VillageVoice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served aspublisher and vice president of Basic Books. While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as ChristopherHitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as MichaelWalzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T. J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis,Norman Manea and Claudio Magris. He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gained media attention whenhe was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, aLove Story, and a novel, The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhy Books Still Matter, Journalof Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have adaughter, Raffaella.Passage 3:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directedthe mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage4:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life andeducationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he metThomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in theconstruction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia ArtFoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in NewYork's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economicrevival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Streetbuilding. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projectsunder construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, asearch committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because ofLACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity toreconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival,LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano,the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govanhas commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealistRené Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-Americanartist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has alsocommissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from differentneighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton bouldertransported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA wasranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed amerger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, thereplacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments.Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existingcuratorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Trainsculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a\"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available fordisplays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew itssupport.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, andcharacterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is marriedand has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent taxfilings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu'sPoint Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 5:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) isan American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects forchildren is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy fromreligious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What isMoney?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when hewrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school childrencompiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get publishedthrough How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on TheTeachings of the Buddha.Passage 6:Tanikella BharaniTanikella Bharani (born 14 July 1954) is an Indian actor, screenwriter, poet, playwright and director who works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He has worked asan actor in more than 750 films, including some in Tamil and Hindi; while he was also screenwriter for 52 films. He has won three Andhra Pradesh State Nandi Awards.Early lifeTanikella Bharani's ancestors includespoets and literary figures of Telugu literature. Diwakarla Venkatavadhani and Viswanatha Satyanarayana were his grand uncles. Divakarla Tirupati Sastry, one of the Telugu poet duo Tirupati Venkata Kavulu, was hisgreat-granduncle.He was born into a Telugu Brahmin family. He is fluent in Telugu, English, Hindi, Tamil.He is a religious Hindu who is known for singing devotional songs in praise of Sri Shiva and Devi Parvati, andpropagates to his fellow Hindus to not just read the Bhagavad Gita but to follow what it teaches.CareerTanikella did stage plays in the mid 70s and during this time he made the acquaintance of Rallapalli, a Tollywoodactor. With his help Tanikella started writing small dialogues and stage scenes. Later, he took a diploma in Theatre arts. Following Rallapalli's advice he moved to Chennai.He started his career as a dialogue writer forKanchu Kavachum in 1984 and has written dialogues for various movies like Ladies Tailor (1985), Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1987), Varasudochhadu (1988), Chettu Kinda Pleader (1989), SwaraKalpana (1989), Shiva (1989) and Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi (2004). He also penned and sung the lyrics of Gundamma Gaari Manavadu (Bhale Bhaleti Mandu).He has acted in more than 750 movies starting with LadiesTailor (1985) & Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1987) in which he was seen as Dora Babu. In 1989 he appeared in the hit film Shiva, by Ram Gopal Varma, which starred Nagarjuna. With the releaseof the film Shiva, he received much recognition and his character Nanaji impressed the whole Telugu audience.He also played a supporting role in the comedy film Bombay Priyudu in 1996. His powerful antagonism inSamudram won him the Nandi award as the Best Villain. After 2000, he started playing more mature roles in movies like Manmadhudu (2002), Okariki Okaru (2003), Samba (2004), Malliswari, Godavari (2006), andHappy (2006).He directed Telugu Drama film Mithunam is a 2012 featuring S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Lakshmi. He received CineMAA Award Special Jury Award for Best Direction for this film.He wrote seven Telugudevotional songs song for the album \"Nee Lona Shivudu Galudu, Na Lona Shivudu Galadu,\" literally translating as \"The Lord Shiva in you and the Lord Shiva in me can rule the world.\" He also sang the title song forNalona sivudu galadu and Shahabash Raa Shankara which were written by him.Personal lifeHe married Durga Bhavani in 1988. The couple has two children, Teja and Soundarya Lahari. They reside in Yousufguda,Hyderabad.Teja made his debut as an actor in the film Mr Lavangam (2012).AwardsNandi AwardsBest Villain – SamudhramBest Character Actor  – Nuvvu NenuNandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer – MithunamLiteraryAwardsSri Pada Subhramanya Sastry Literary Award – PolamuruBhanumathi Award – HyderabadSri Vanamamalai Varadacharyulu Literary Award – AdilabadFellowship Jawahar Bharathi – KavaliAllu RamalingayyiahNational Award – HyderabadAkkineni Swarna Kankanam – HyderabadNagabhairava Koteswara Rao literary Award – NelloreCineMAA AwardsSpecial Jury Award for Best Director – Mithunam (2013)Sangam AcademyAwardsSangam Academy award for completing Twenty five years in Telugu CinemaAwards for Short Films (as a Director)Tenth Mumbai International Film Festival AwardIdaho Panhandle – Hyderabad International FilmFestival Award for Sira-The InkLok Nayak Foundation Sahitya PuraskarLok Nayak Foundation Sahitya Puraskar presented to Tanikella Bharani in Visakhapatnam.Literary worksBooksParikiniNakshatraDarsanamMaathraluEndaro MahanubavuluPlays (Drama)Jambu DweepamKokkorokkoChal Chal GurramGaardhabhaandamGograhanamNaalugo KothiPlaylets (Telugu)GaardhabhandaGograhanamKokkorokoChalchalGurramJambudweepamGrahanam Pattina RatriSani GrahaluGoyyiPanjaram Lo ElakaHulakkiSong compositions\"Naalona Sividu Kaladu\" is a composition of 7 songs written by Tanikella.\"Sabhash raa sankara!\" Iscomposition by Tanikella about the concept of Shiva.\"Naamanasu Kothi raa Raama!\"Spiritual BooksAata Gadaraa SivaSabhashuraa SankaraFilmographyTelugu filmsActorWriterDubbing artistTamil filmsHindifilmsKannada filmsNaga Devathe (2000)See alsoList of Indian writersPassage 7:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from theUniversity of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC,where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements.He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access toresidential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known asthe ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunicationsprovider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 asDirector of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in LatinAmerica, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’sstrategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.Passage8:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his televisionseries credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film creditsinclude Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by hiswife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan"}
{"doc_id":"doc_41","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Ashwamedha (film)Ashwamedha is a 1990 Indian Kannada language action film directed by C. R. Simha. It stars Kumar Bangarappa and Geethanjali with Srividya, Srinath, Balakrishna,Avinash and Ramesh Bhat essaying other important roles.The story was written by C. R. Simha who co-wrote the screenplay and dialogues with Keerthi. The film was produced by Shanthilal Jain in the banner of SriRenukamba Enterprises. The film was edited by S. Manohar while R. Deviprasad handled the cinematography.The film met with positive reviews upon release and is often regarded as one of the best films in KumarBangarappa's career.CastSoundtrackSangeetha Raja composed the background score for the film and to the soundtracks, with the lyrics for all the soundtracks penned by Doddarange Gowda. The album consists of fivesoundtracks. The soundtrack \"Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki\" sung by actor and playback singer, Rajkumar, was received very well and is often considered one of his best songs. The song is still being played in cultural andreligious activities, and concerts across Karnataka.Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directingepisodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law &Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) andamong other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor inseveral Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University.Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse]with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:C. R. SimhaChannapatna Ramaswami Simha (16 June 1942 – 28 February 2014), better known as C. R.Simha, was an Indian actor, director, dramatist and playwright. He was best known for his work in Kannada films and for his work in stage shows. Starting his career in Prabhat Kalavidaru, a theatre group based inBangalore, he acted in numerous Kannada plays which reached the cult status. He started his own theatre group called \"Nataranga\" in 1972 and directed many successful plays such as Kakana Kote, Thughlaq andSankranthi.Simha also directed and acted in the Kannada adaptation of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello. These plays found a widespread presentation across many states in India. Following this,he directed and acted in many English plays written by eminent personalities such as Moliere, Bernard Shaw, Edward Albee and Neil Simon among others. Apart from theatre, Simha acted in more than 150 feature filmsin Kannada which include both artistic and commercially viable projects. He also directed about five feature films with the most prominent being his own film adaptation of Kakana Kote.Simha received many awards inboth the cinema and theatre fields. In 2003, he was awarded with the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award by the Government of India recognising his contribution to theatre acting and direction.Early lifeSimhawas born in Karnataka on 16 June 1942 into a Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin family. His younger brother Srinath is a film actor who acted in several mainstream Kannada cinema as both the leading actor and supportingactor.Simha appeared on stage at the age of twelve. He wrote a book at the age of thirteen titled \"Family Doctor\" and got a publisher for a remuneration of \u000015. He was a student of National College at Basavanagudi,Bangalore. In 1959, he joined the National College Histrionics Club, an institution nurtured by Dr. H. Narasimhaiah. Simha then acted in many Kannada plays like \"Bahaddur Ganda\" and \"ManavembaMarkata\".CareerTheatreSimha, along with his friends, started a theatre group called \"Nataranga\" in 1972. He acted in and directed many successful plays like Kakana Kote and Tughlaq.Simha also acted in and directedstraight translations of Shakespeare's plays such as Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello, which besides Karnataka, were also performed in Delhi, Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) & Calcutta (Kolkata). In 1960,Simha became a member of \"Bangalore Little Theatre\" (BLT) and since then directed some of the reputed English plays which included his portrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac which was hailed as a memorable performance.His other notable works for BLT were Utpal Dutt's Suryashikar and Girish Karnad's Thuglaq.In 1983, Simha started another theatre group called \"Vedhike\" in which his one-man show Typical Kailasam became a success.It was the first amateur Kannada play to be performed abroad (in the United States of America, Canada and England). Some of the other notable plays which made news through \"Vedhike\" are Meese Bandoru, Bhairavi,Karna, Rasa Rishi Kuvempu, Macbeth, Maduve Maduve, Haavu Yeni and 8/15. Among these, Rasa Rishi Kuvempu, based on the life and literature of Kuvempu, was made into a film, directed by Simha's son RithwikSimha, in which Simha plays the role of Kuvempu.FilmsBesides making his strong presence in theatre, Simha was also a popular mainstream character actor in numerous Kannada films. He acted in close to 150 featurefilms. His portrayal of roles varied from critically acclaimed award-winning films like Samskara, Bara, Chithegoo Chinte and Anuroopa and also in commercially acclaimed films such as Indina Ramayana, Nee BaredaKadambari, Parameshi Prema Prasanga, Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege and Nee Thanda Kanike. Simha played negative roles, against Anant Nag in Ramapurada Ravana (1984) and with Dr. Rajkumar in Parashuram(1990). Simha's villainous role in Parashuram was said to be very menacing.Besides acting, Simha has directed five films including Kakana Kote (1977), Shikaari, Simhasana, Ashwamedha (1990) and Angayalli Apsare(1993).TelevisionSimha made his strong presence in television too and acted in several tele-serials in Kannada, Hindi and English languages. This includes the serial Malgudi Days. Another serial was Goruru in Americabased on the travelogue written by the humorist Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar. Simha played the part of Gorur and the serial was shot extensively in America including New York, Washington D.C., Niagara Falls,Disneyland and Universal Studios – Hollywood.PublicationsSimha wrote and published five plays in Kannada. He was a popular columnist, he wrote a column called \"Nimma Simha\" every Friday for six years in thepopular daily newspaper Vijaya Karnataka and three volumes of this are published in the Book forum.FilmographyActorDirectorShikari (1981)Ashwamedha (1992)Angaili Apsare (1993)DeathIn February 2014, Simhawas admitted to Sevakshetra Hospital, Bangalore having been suffering from prostate cancer from over a year. He died on 28 February 2014. On 1 March, his body was kept at the Samsa Bayalu Rangamandira forpeople to pay homage and his favourite songs were sung by theatre artists. He was cremated at the Banashankari crematorium in Bangalore the same day. Simha's last public appearance was at the press meet of thefilm Rasarishi Kuvempu in which he played the lead role.Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TVmovie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director,and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in TelAviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival,2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city ofKfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel;director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born inFredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also theDirector General of Police in Punjab.Passage 9:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and nowlives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States afterleaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executivedirector and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from UniversityCollege-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85),Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He wasChair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery ofAustralia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number ofexhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of hispredecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship.However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, witha significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001.Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to thebuilding project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decisionwas due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn.Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against theexhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning wasfinally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizenin 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 10:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied atNorthwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_42","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Barthold A. Butenschøn Sr.Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson.He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen. Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M. Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn. Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp.He took commerce school and agricultural school. He was hired in the family company N. A. Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910. He eventually became chief executive officer. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s. He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk. He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that.He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.He was buried in Enebakk.Passage 2:Peter BurroughsPeter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.Early careerBurroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire.His first dramatic role was that of the character \"Branic\" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur. He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave.Film careerBurroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).Personal lifeHis daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.FilmographyPassage 3:Brijlal NehruBrijalal Nehru (5 May 1884 – 27 May 1964) was a noted civil servant and member of the Nehru family.He was the son of Pandit Nandlal Nehru (the elder brother of Motilal Nehru) and the cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru. Nandlal Nehru was Diwan of Khetri State for 11 years.Brijlal was born on 5 May 1884 in Allahabad and he grew up in Anand Bhawan. Brijlal had been sent to Oxford in 1905 to compete for the Indian Civil Service by Motilal Nehru.  He was a senior officer of the Audit and Accounts Service. After his retirement, he served Finance Minister of Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir during reign of Maharaja Hari Singh.He was married to Rameshwari Raina, a noted social and women activist and a freedom fighter and recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1955, Later she also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961.Their son was Braj Kumar Nehru (1909-2001), an administrator and Padma Vibhushan recipient.Brijlal died on 27 May 1964, the same day on which his illustrious cousin died.Passage 4:James Armour (Master mason)James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns. His birth year was shown here as 1730. The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour. Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731. The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731. His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock. James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i.e. John. The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730.Life and backgroundAt Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith. James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard. His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband.FamilyJames' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd). Three siblings died in childhood. Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834. He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried. He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787. James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822. Their offspring were James and Betthaia. Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law.The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane. Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself. The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson.Occupation and social standingJames was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one. He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire. Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations. William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour.James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church. James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life. Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was \"Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous.\".William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that \"he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!\" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that \"The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!\".Association with Robert BurnsJames had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation. When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns. The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith. Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant.Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their \"Marriage by Declaration\" possibly witnessed by James Smith. This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out. This act did not in fact effect its legality.  Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had \"...cut my very veins\", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over \"the unlucky paper\" and had agreed to go to Paisley.James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant \"in meditatione fugae\" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her. Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan.Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock. Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable.  Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family.Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger. She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill. It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel. The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard. Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean.Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant. On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed \"Your most affectionate son. R. Burns.\"Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law.The Inveraray marble Punch BowlOf the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns. As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson. He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms .. Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, my BROTHERS!” taken from Burns’s “The Epistle to J. Lapraik.”Alexander died in 1812 and it was then sold at auction in 1815 for the impressive price of 80 Guineas to a London publican who, falling upon hard times,  sold it to Archibald Hastie Esq of London. A copy is held by the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum at Alloway, whilst the original is in the British Museum in London, presented to that institution by Archibald Hastie in 1858.See alsoAdam ArmourJean ArmourRobert BurnesWilliam BurnesPassage 5:John Adams (merchant)John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c. 1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council. He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton.BiographyAdams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams. Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710. Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life. There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor. Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did. He also held several other public positions in the province. Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727.Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730. After this, he was less active in community activities and trade. Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed. He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724. In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died. With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government. (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position.) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president. This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life. He died some time after 1745.NotesPassage 6:Mohammad Ilyas (cricketer)Mohammad Ilyas Mahmood  (Urdu: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 ; born 19 March 1946) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in ten Test matches between 1964 and 1969.Cricket careerIlyas was an opening batsman and occasional leg-spin bowler. He played first-class cricket in Pakistan from 1961 to 1972. He scored 126 in the Third Test against New Zealand in Karachi in April 1965, when Pakistan needed 202 to win in five and half hours, and reached the target with a session to spare for the loss of only two wickets. He made his highest first-class score in December 1964, when he scored 154 against South Australia.He toured Australia a second time with the Pakistan team in 1972–73, but was injured early in the tour and omitted from the team before it left for the New Zealand leg of the tour. At the time he decided to stay in Australia to live, but he later returned to Pakistan. He served for a time as a national selector, but was dismissed in 2011 for allegedly violating the Pakistan Cricket Board's code of conduct.FamilyHe is the father-in-law of Imran Farhat and Kamran Akmal. Nazar Mohammad was his uncle.Passage 7:Rameshwari NehruRameshwari Nehru (née Rameshwari Raina; 10 December 1886 – 8 November 1966) was a social worker of India. She worked for the upliftment of the poorer classes and of women. In 1902, she married Brijlal Nehru, a nephew of Motilal Nehru and cousin of the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru. Her son Braj Kumar Nehru was an Indian civil servant who served as governor of several states.She edited Stri Darpan, a Hindi monthly for women, from 1909 to 1924. She was one of the founders of All India Women's Conference (AIWC) and was elected its president in 1942. She led delegations to the  World Women's Congress in Copenhagen and the first Afro-Asian Women's Conference in Cairo (1961).Nehru was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India for her social work, in 1955, and won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961.She was one of the signatories of the Agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt a Constitution for the Federation of Earth.Passage 8:Ludwig von WestphalenJohann Ludwig von Westphalen (11 July 1770 – 3 March 1842) was a liberal Prussian civil servant and the father-in-law of Karl Marx.BiographyEarly lifeJohann Ludwig von Westphalen was born on 11 July 1770 in Bornum am Elm. He was the youngest son of Philipp von Westphalen (1724–92), who himself was the son of a Blankenburg postmaster. Philipp von Westphalen had been ennobled in 1764 with the predicate Edler von Westphalen by Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick for his military services. He had served as the duke's de facto \"chief of staff\" during the Seven Years' War. Through his mother, Jane Wishart of Pittarrow, he was the descendant of many Scottish and European noble families.He received extensive education and spoke German and English, and read Latin, Greek, Italian, French and Spanish. He studied at the Collegium Carolinum, the forerunner of today's Braunschweig University of Technology, and at Göttingen.CareerIn 1794, he entered government's service in Brunswick. In 1797 he married Elisabeth von Veltheim, who bore him four children. In 1804 he entered the government service of the Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel).With the establishment of the Napoleonic state in Westphalia (the Kingdom of Westphalia) in 1807, he entered its service. He was likely motivated in this by a desire to see reforms carried out. He did, however, oppose the French dominance of the local government, and other policies, and for his critique he was eventually arrested by orders from Louis-Nicolas Davout and imprisoned in the fortress of Gifhorn. In the same year, he lost his first wife. In the summer of 1809 Louis was appointed sub-prefect of Salzwedel, where three years later in 1812 he married Karoline Heubel; they had three children. After Salzwedel was again under Prussian administration, in 1816 Ludwig von Westphalen was transferred to the newly established regional government in Trier.Personal lifeIt was in Trier that he met and befriended Heinrich Marx, the father of Karl Marx. The children of the respective families, in particular Jenny and Edgar von Westphalen, and Sophie and Karl Marx, became close friends as well. In 1836, Jenny von Westphalen and Karl Marx became engaged; at first secretly but Ludwig approved the marriage in 1837, even though some saw Marx, who was both middle class and younger than her, as well as of Jewish descent, as an inappropriate partner for the noble daughter. In fact, Ludwig was seen as the mentor and role model of Karl Marx, who referred to him as a \"dear fatherly friend\". Ludwig filled Marx with enthusiasm for the romantic school and read him Homer and Shakespeare, who remained Marx's favorite authors all his life. Marx also read Voltaire and Racine with Ludwig. Ludwig devoted much of his time to the young Marx and the two went for intellectual walks through \"the hills and woods\" of the neighbourhood. It was Ludwig who first introduced Marx to the personality and socialist teachings of Saint-Simon. Marx dedicated his doctoral thesis \"The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature\" written in 1841 to Ludwig in a most effusive manner in which Marx wrote \"You, my fatherly friend, have always been for me the living proof that idealism is no illusion, but the true reality\" In 1842, Marx was present at the deathbed of Ludwig von Westphalen. Jenny and Karl became married in 1843, a year after Ludwig's death.He was the father of Ferdinand von Westphalen, a conservative and reactionary Prussian Minister of the Interior.DeathHe died on 3 March 1842 in Trier.Passage 9:Bill DundeeWilliam Cruickshanks (born 24 October 1943) is a retired Scottish-born Australian professional wrestler and author better known by his stage name Bill Dundee. Cruickshanks is the father of Jamie Dundee and was the father-in-law of wrestler Bobby Eaton.CareerDundee was born in Angus, Scotland, and raised in Melbourne. At 16, he joined the circus as a trapeze artist. He started wrestling in Australia in 1962 and finally arrived in the United States as \"Superstar\" Bill Dundee in 1974 with his tag team partner George Barnes.Dundee made a name for himself in the Memphis Territory, where he regularly teamed and feuded with Jerry Lawler and Jimmy Valiant for years. Dundee and Lawler ventured to the American Wrestling Association in 1987 and captured the AWA World Tag Team Championship twice.As a singles wrestler, he held the Southern Heavyweight Championship belt several times from 1975 to 1985. Also, he had a successful team with \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Landel that wreaked havoc in Tennessee.Dundee had a brief run in the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions, Central States Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling in 1986, where he teamed with Jimmy Garvin and feuded with Sam Houston for the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship. He also briefly managed The Barbarian and The "}
{"doc_id":"doc_43","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 2:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 3:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married his first wife Anne in 1629, and she died about six months later after catching smallpox. His second wife, Frances was about 21 upon her marriage.Edward Hyde had risen rapidly in his profession. When King Charles was at Oxford, he was knighted on 22 February 1642–3, and was then made Lord Chancellor and Privy Councillor at the age of 34. Upon King Charles' death, he had to flee from Puritan vengeance. He was with King Charles II in exile in Flanders, and in Bruges on 29 January 1657–58, he was again appointed Lord Chancellor in prospectu. With the restitution of the monarchy, Edward and Frances Hyde were now in high favour. For his long service to the King, and his fidelity to the Crown, Edward was created Baron Hyde of Hindon, Wiltshire in 1660. In 1661, he was raised to be Viscount Cornberry (in which year Frances died). He was later created Earl of Clarendon (1662), taking his title from the Estate and Park of Clarendon, near Salisbury.Edward and Frances had six children. Their daughter Lady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VII.Death and burialAnne Denman is interred in the Hyde family vault in Westminster Abbey. She seems to have secured the regard of her grandson-in-law, James, Duke of York, as Samuel Pepys notes in his Diary that, in 1661, The Duke of York was in mourning for his wife's grandmother, who (he adds) was thought of with a great deal of fondness — and which grandmother was Anne Denman, of the Old Manor House, West Retford, Notts, now the Trinity Hospital.Queen Anne portraitAnne Denman's childhood home, the Old Hall in Retford, was given by her nephew John Darrell in his will to become a hospital for old men of good repute. As the last member of the Denman-Darrell family, he carried out the wishes of his father, Edward, in this respect. The Old Hall became Trinity Hospital, on Hospital Road, Retford. It is administered by a Trust which owns considerable property around Retford. A portrait of Queen Anne in Trinity Hospital was recently attributed (1999) by the auctioneers Phillips to Sir Godfrey Kneller. John was the nephew of Anne Denman, the first cousin of Frances Hyde, and therefore a cousin twice removed of Queen Anne.== Notes ==Passage 4:Mona Hopton BellMona Hopton Bell (1867–1940) was a British artist, best known for her portraits of civic figures.She was the grandmother of the painter Jean H. Bell.Passage 5:Archduke Leopold Salvator of AustriaArchduke Leopold Salvator, Prince of Tuscany (Leopold Salvator Maria Joseph Ferdinand Franz von Assisi Karl Anton von Padua Johann Baptist Januarius Aloys Gonzaga Rainer Wenzel Galius von Österreich-Toskana) (15 October 1863 – 4 September 1931), was the son of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.BiographyLeopold was born in Stará Boleslav, Bohemia. He was a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and held the title Archduke of Austria.He was a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece and was awarded Order of the White Eagle.Marriage and issueOn October 24, 1889 Leopold Salvator married Infanta Blanca of Spain (1868-1949), eldest daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid. They had 10 children: Archduchess Dolores of Austria (5 May 1891 – 10 April 1974)Archduchess Immaculata of Austria (9 September 1892 – 3 September 1971); married in 1932 Nobile Igino Neri-Serneri.Archduchess Margaretha of Austria (8 May 1894 – 21 January 1986); married in 1937 Francesco Maria Taliani de Marchio.Archduke Rainer of Austria (21 November 1895 – 25 May 1930)Archduke Leopold of Austria (30 January 1897 – 14 March 1958); married morganatically in 1919 Dagmar Baroness Nicolics-Podrinska; they were married until 1931. He married secondly in 1932 (also morganatically) Alicia Gibson Coburn.Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (13 July 1899 – 22 October 1977); married in 1924 Don Ramón de Orlandis y Villalonga (died 1936); married secondly in 1942 Luis Perez Sucre.Archduke Anton of Austria (20 March 1901 – 22 October 1987); was married from 1931 to 1954 to Princess Ileana of Romania.Archduchess Assunta of Austria (10 August 1902 – 24 January 1993); was married from 1939 to 1950 to Joseph Hopfinger.Archduke Franz Josef of Austria (4 February 1905 – 9 May 1975); married morganatically in 1937 Maria Aloisa Baumer; the marriage ended the following year in 1938. He married secondly in 1962 (also morganatically) Maria Elena Seunig.Archduke Karl Pius of Austria (4 December 1909 – 24 December 1953); was married from 1938 to 1950 to Christa Satzger de Bálványos.AncestryPassage 6:Archduchess Dolores of AustriaArchduchess Dolores of Austria German: Dolores Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana;(5 May  1891 – 10 April 1974) was a daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. She was member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany by birth. After the fall of the Austro Hungary Empire, she lived under reduced circumstances with her family in Spain, Austria, and Italy. She died unmarried.Early lifeArchduchess Dolores was born in Lemberg, Austria, the eldest child of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria (1863–1931) and of his wife Blanca de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma (1868–1949). Her mother was the eldest daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain. Dolores was given the baptismal names Maria de los Dolores Beatrix Carolina Blanca Leopoldina  von Habsburg-Lothringen.Archduchess Dolores grew up in the last period of the   Austrian-Hungarian Empire. She was educated in splendor. Her father, who had followed a career in the army, was also an inventor with a number of military patents under his name. Her mother was the domineering force in the family. Theirs was a multi-cultural household. Dolores's paternal ancestors had reigned in Austria, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Her mother's family had reigned in Spain, Parma and France.Archduchess Dolores was educated with her sisters Immaculata and Margaretha. The three sisters, very close in age, were artistically inclined.  Dolores was particularity skillful at drawing. Her education emphasised languages, and in addition to her native German, she learned French, Spanish, Hungarian and Italian. The family was wealthy. They had the Palais Toskana in Vienna and Schloss Wilhelminenberg as their country state. Vacations were spent in Italy where Infanta Blanca owned a rural property near Viareggio. During World War I, Archduchess Dolores's father and two eldest brothers fought with the Austro-Hungarian army.ExileAt the fall of Habsburg monarchy, the republican government of Austria confiscated all the properties of the Habsburgs. Dolores' family lost all their fortune. Her two eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, decided to remain in Austria and recognized the new republic. Dolores with her parents and her other siblings emigrated to Spain. In January  1919 they arrived in Barcelona where they settled for over a decade. They lived modestly. While in Wilhelminenberg the family employed no less than 80 servants to attend their large household, by contrast in Barcelona, Dolores her mother and sisters had to fence for themselves doing the house chores. With income from her father's military patents in France and with the sell of some of her mother jewels they were able to buy a house in Barcelona. Archduchess Dolores remained unmarried. She was mildly handicapped by a limp since childhood.The convulsed political situation in Spain during  the Second Spanish Republic made the family returned to Austria. They were able to rent three rooms at their former residence in Vienna, the Palais Toskana. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and Archduchess Dolores with her mother and youngest brother moved to Tenuta Reale, a villa belonging to his mother's family near Viareggio in Italy. As the situation there became increasingly dire due to the war, Archduchess Dolores her mother, her youngest brother, Archduke Karl, and his family moved back to  Barcelona. When the war ended they returned to Viareggio.After the death of her mother, Archduchess Dolores returned to live in Barcelona. In the 1960s her family lost contact with her. It was later discovered that she was living in Lleida being held in semi imprisonment by the family of the postman who used to deliver her letters. They were trying to get hold on her inheritance. Rescued by her sister Margaretha, Dolores remained at Tenuta Reale for the rest of her life living with her sisters  Margaretha and Immaculata who were by then widows. She died on 10 April 1974 at age 82 at Viareggio, Italy.AncestryNotesBibliographyHarding, Bertita. Lost Waltz: A Story of Exile. Bobbs-Merrill, 1944. ASIN: B0007DXCLYMcIntosh, David. The Unknown Habsburgs. Rosvall Royal Books, 2000, ISBN 91-973978-0-6Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo. An Unconventional Family. Royalty Digest N 37 July 1994.Passage 7:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_44","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom TheInbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up(2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its mainstar, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)TheInbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up(2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders(2020)Passage 2:Mel WellesMel Welles (February 17, 1924 – August 19, 2005) was an American film actor and director. His best-remembered role may be that of hapless flower shop owner Gravis Mushnick in the 1960low-budget Roger Corman dark comedy, The Little Shop of Horrors.Life and careerWelles was born Ira W. Meltcher in the Bronx, New York City, son of Max and Sally Grichewsky Meltcher. He was raised in MountCarmel, Pennsylvania and graduated from Mt. Carmel High School, in 1940. He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Penn State University, a Master of Arts degree from West Virginia University, and aPh.D. in psychology from Columbia University.Welles held a number of jobs during his lifetime; at one time or another he worked as a clinical psychologist, radio DJ, television actor, writer and film director. He did somestage work before traveling to Hollywood, where in 1953 he appeared in his first film, Appointment in Honduras. His favorite role (The Little Shop of Horrors) was also his last in the U.S. for many years.In the early1960s, he left the United States initially to make a film in Germany. After the producer was arrested he travelled to Rome to act, produce and direct mostly uncredited primarily in Europe several film productionsincluding the cult horror films Maneater of Hydra (1967) and Lady Frankenstein (1971). His fluency in five languages proved to be most helpful where he started a dubbing company that by his own estimate dubbedover 800 European made films. He also served as a film consultant. Later, he returned to the U.S., appearing in a number of films, doing voice work, and teaching voice acting.Probably his most widely seen work in thelate 1970s was his English adaptation of the Japanese television show, Spectreman which was seen on UHF and cable across the United States. While he shares writing credit with two other people, it's clear that most ofthe English voice work, and the offbeat humor, is his. Reportedly, Welles also wrote gag material for Lord Buckley at some point in his career.In 1998, Welles took to the stage in a community theater production of LittleShop of Horrors as Mushnik, the role he created in the original Roger Corman film. Welles had never performed in the musical and was happy to be asked to do the role, which he described as a \"mitzvah\" for ScottsValley Performing Arts. Jonathan Haze, who played Seymour in the original film, attended the opening, and Welles also received a visit from Martin P. Robinson, the designer of the Audrey II plant puppets used in theoff-Broadway production (Robinson is also famous for his puppetry on Sesame Street).Arguably his most remembered piece is the beat poem he wrote for the classic film High School Confidential (1958).  Famouslydelivered by Phillipa Fallon, Dragsville, has become a classic piece of literary and cinema history.Welles was working on a horror screenplay, tentatively titled House of a Hundred Horrors, at the time of hisdeath.FilmographyNotesExternal linksMel Welles at IMDbPassage 3:Edward LudwigEdward Irving Ludwig (October 7, 1899 – August 20, 1982) was a Russian-born American film director and writer. He directed nearly100 films between 1921 and 1963 (some under the names Edward I. Luddy and Charles Fuhr).Ludwig was born in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire, entered the United States from Canada on March 6, 1911,became a naturalized citizen December 23, 1932, and died in Santa Monica, California.Partial filmographyPassage 4:The Fighting SeabeesThe Fighting Seabees is a 1944 war film, directed by Edward Ludwig and starringJohn Wayne and Susan Hayward. The supporting cast includes Dennis O'Keefe, William Frawley, Leonid Kinsky, Addison Richards and Grant Withers. The Fighting Seabees portrays a heavily fictionalized account of thedilemma that led to the creation of the U.S. Navy's \"Seabees\" in World War II. At the 17th Academy Awards, the film received a nomination for Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture for Walter Scharf and RoyWebb but the award went to Max Steiner for Since You Went Away.Plot\"Wedge\" Donovan is a tough construction boss, building airstrips in the Pacific for the US Navy during World War II. He clashes with his liaisonofficer, Lieutenant Commander Robert Yarrow, over the fact that his men are not allowed to arm themselves against the Japanese.When the enemy lands in force on the island, Donovan's men want to help fight.Donovan initially tries to dissuade them, but after a Japanese fighter kills or wounds several workers, he changes his mind and leads his men into the fray. This prevents Yarrow from springing a carefully devised trapthat would have wiped out the invaders in a murderous machine gun crossfire, with minimal American losses. Instead, many of Donovan's men are killed unnecessarily.As a result of this tragedy, Yarrow finallyconvinces the Navy to form Construction Battalions (CBs, or the more familiar \"Seabees\") with Donovan's assistance, despite their mutual romantic interest in war correspondent Constance Chesley. Donovan and manyof his men enlist and receive formal military training.The two men are teamed together on another island. The Japanese launch a major attack, which the Seabees barely manage to hold off, sometimes using heavyconstruction machinery such as bulldozers and a clamshell bucket.When word reaches Donovan of another approaching enemy column, there are no sailors left to counter this new threat. In desperation, he rigs abulldozer with explosives on its blade, intending to ram it into a petroleum storage tank. The plan works, sending a cascade of burning liquid into the path of the Japanese, who retreat in panic, right into the sights ofwaiting machine guns.  However, Donovan is shot in the process and dies in the explosion.CastProductionThe Fighting Seabees had the biggest budget in Republic's history, $1.5 million. The film was completed incollaboration with the US Navy and the US Marine Corps, and took place on several bases in California (Camp Hueneme and Camp Pendleton), Virginia (Camp Peary) and Rhode Island (Camp Endicott). Principalphotography took place from September 20  to early December 1943.The bulk of the outdoor locations for The Fighting Seabees was filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., widely considered to be themost heavily filmed outdoor filming location in the history of film and television. The production took over virtually the entire 500-acre location ranch for a period of time in 1943, constructing extensive sets on both theUpper Iverson and the Lower Iverson. Palm trees were brought in to transform Iverson's rocky Western landscape into a version of the Pacific islands where the film's action was set.A massive landing strip wasconstructed on the Upper Iverson to simulate the takeoffs and landings of combat aircraft, as well as enemy bombing raids on the U.S.-built installation. On other parts of the ranch, Quonset huts, observation towers,large fuel tanks and other props were built, with the construction process in many cases filmed and featured as part of the film. Graphic scenes depicting tank battles, sniper attacks and hand-to-hand combat werefilmed in the Iverson Gorge, Garden of the Gods and other sections of the movie ranch, in one of the largest productions in the ranch's history.The aircraft in The Fighting Seabees were:Brewster F2A-3 BuffaloDouglasTBD DevastatorDouglas SBD DauntlessMitsubishi Ki-21Grumman F4F-3 WildcatPropagandaDuring World War Two, the enemy in Europe was Nazism, while the enemy in the Pacific was the entire race of Japanesepeople, according to Dower. Japanese atrocities including the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March, and the kamikaze pilots were partly to blame for these attitudes, but other aspects such as the Attack on PearlHarbor were also at work. As a result of these attitudes, anti-Japanese attitudes were common, including in films of the time. In 'The Fighting Seabees', Dennis O'Keefe informs John Wayne \"We're not fighting menanymore, we're fighting animals.\"  The films climactic scene shows Wayne as he punctures and ignites a large fuel tank, flooding the advancing enemy with burning oil. '\"That'll scorch those Nips back six generations,\"he exults.'ReceptionFilm historian Leonard Maltin in Leonard Maltin's 2013 Movie Guide (2012) considered The Fighting Seabees, \"action-packed\" and \"spirited\". Film historian Alun Edwards in Brassey's Guide to WarFilms (2000) was more effusive in his evaluation: \"With oodles of eulogies and even a Seabees song to sing, you can't fail to leave the Roxy dewey-eyed and with Stars and Stripes fluttering.\"A positive review in theRushville Republican included as highlights expertly scened battle sequences, tense dramatic interludes, moments of comedy contrasting with moments of suspense; concluding that this film is 'among the mostspectacular ever filmed in Hollywood.' This review also drew attention to the fact that the 'Seabees' are less known to the public than most other branches of service, despite providing invaluable service: 'They are, quiteliterally, the \"men in front of the man behind the gun.\" They land in combat zones ahead of the troops, and prepare docks, landing fields, barracks, everything that the invading troops require.'See alsoJohn WaynefilmographyList of American films of 1944Passage 5:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boommicrophone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 fromthe University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted withBob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to LosAngeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last twomonths of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 6:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; bornPolish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort ofPeter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself. Onlyuncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of SamuelSkowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Hermother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two stories were conflated, andSwedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landlessserf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne inLatvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. In his household she served as a lowlyservant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there areaccounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained foreight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreedto his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier GeneralRudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid.  Shetravelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggestthat she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetimealliance.It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home,Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (YekaterinaAlexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretlybetween 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peter had moved the capital to St.Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinarycouple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very energetic, compassionate,charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was said to have saved Peter andhis Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used inan effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. In any case Peter creditedCatherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712.  She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced EudoxiaLopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherinebecame Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.IssueCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna andElizabeth:Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancyPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancyCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May1728)Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June1715)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)Grand Duke PeterPetrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)SiblingsUpon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titlesof Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: СимонГейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the CountsEfimovsky.Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, aRussian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.Fryderyk Skowroński,renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without havingchildren by either of them.Reign as empress regnantCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's formermistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine's secretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great dealof influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this hadbeen overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Monshad had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the \"new men\", commoners who had been brought to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_45","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gerald Rudolff FordGerald Rudolff Ford (December 9, 1890 – January 26, 1962) was an American businessman and Republican politician who was the stepfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford and for whomFord legally changed his name.Early lifeFord was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he raised the future President. His parents were George R. and Frances (Pixley) Ford.The senior Ford's father George Ford died ina train accident in 1903 forcing him to drop out of school to support the family.  He was working as a paint salesman at the Grand Rapids Wood Finishing Company when he met the future president's mother DorothyAyer Gardner King. Dorothy had fled to Michigan from Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, 16 days after the President's birth, after her husband (and her son's birth father), Leslie Lynch King Sr., had physically abused her. Shecame to Grand Rapids to be near her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer Gardner, who lived in the town.FamilyThe couple married on February 1, 1917, following Dorothy's divorce from King whenthe future president was three and began calling Dorothy's first son \"Gerald.\"Gerald Rudolff Ford and Dorothy Ford had three children – sons Thomas Gardner Ford (July 15, 1918 – August 28, 1995); Richard AddisonFord (June 3, 1924 – March 20, 2015); and James Francis Ford (August 11, 1927 – January 23, 2001).The president was to write later that in the household there were three rules for him and his half brothers: \"tell thetruth, work hard and come to dinner on time.\"The elder Ford founded the Ford Paint and Varnish Company in 1929 just before the Great Depression. After the Depression hit, Ford asked his employees to work for$5/week and likewise paid himself the same salary until all could be paid more.The future president was enrolled in the Grand Rapids school system under the name of his stepfather.   When the president's birth fatherLeslie Lynch King reappeared in 1929 (or 1930 depending on accounts), he stopped at schools searching for a \"Leslie King\" before finding him at Grand Rapids South High School after asking for a \"Junior Ford.\"Thefuture president turned down an offer from his biological father to move with him to Wyoming.Leslie's father Charles King had been paying child support for Ford until 1929 when the stock market crash wiped out hisfortune. After Leslie's father died, Dorothy sought an order to get money from the $50,000 Leslie had inherited. However, since Leslie had moved to Wyoming he was out of the jurisdiction of the Nebraska court.Theelder Ford never legally adopted the president. The president changed his name in 1935 after the deaths of his paternal King family grandparents to an Anglicized version of his stepfather's name: Gerald RudolphFord.Early careerThe elder Ford was active on various functions including the formation of the Youth Commonwealth to help disadvantaged youth. He was director of the Grand Rapids Chamber of Commerce andchairman of the Kent County, Michigan Republican Committee from 1944 until 1948 when he stepped down after the future President began his first run for Congress.The elder Ford was active with his four sons in theBoy Scouts of America. The future President would be the first Eagle Scout to become Vice President or President. The President was to say later that the award was one of his proudest accomplishments.The Presidentwas to write later:He was the father that I grew up to believe was my father, the father I loved and learned from and respected. He was my dad... Dad was one of the truly outstanding people I ever knew in mylife.DeathThe elder Ford died on January 26, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He and his wife are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Grand Rapids.Passage 2:Caroline KennedyCaroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassador to Australia since 2022. She previously served in the Obama administration as the United States Ambassador to Japanfrom 2013 to 2017. A prominent member of the Kennedy family, she is the only surviving child of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy (JFK) and former first lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy.JFK won the 1960presidential election when Caroline was two years old. Spending her early childhood years in the White House during the Kennedy Administration, she was almost six when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963.The following year, she and her brother John F. Kennedy Jr. moved with their mother Jacqueline to the Upper East Side of Manhattan, where Caroline attended grade school.Kennedy graduated from Harvard Universityand worked at Manhattan's Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She later earned a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School. Most of Kennedy'sprofessional life has been in law, politics, education reform, and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her family's legacy, especially that of her father, and co-authored two books with EllenAlderman on civil liberties.Early in the primary race for the 2008 presidential election, Kennedy and her uncle, Ted Kennedy, endorsed Democratic candidate Barack Obama. She later stumped for him in Florida, Indiana,and Ohio, served as co-chair of his Vice Presidential Search Committee, and addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.After Obama selected United States senator Hillary Clinton to serve assecretary of state, Kennedy expressed interest in being appointed to Clinton's vacant Senate seat from New York, but later withdrew from consideration for personal reasons. In 2013, President Obama appointedKennedy as the United States ambassador to Japan. Eight years later, Joe Biden appointed Kennedy as United States ambassador to Australia and she took office following her confirmation on June 10, 2022.EarlylifeWhite House yearsCaroline Bouvier Kennedy was born by caesarean section on November 27, 1957, at New York Hospital in Manhattan's Upper East Side to John Fitzgerald Kennedy (then a U.S. senator fromMassachusetts) and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.  A year before Caroline's birth, her parents had a stillborn daughter. Caroline had a younger brother, John Jr., who was born just before her third birthday in 1960.Another brother, Patrick, died two days after his premature birth in 1963. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. during the first three years of her life. When Caroline was three years old, thefamily moved to the White House after her father was sworn in as the president of the United States.Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, and she was oftenphotographed riding her pony \"Macaroni\" around the White House grounds. One such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, \"Sweet Caroline\", which he revealedwhen he performed it for Caroline's 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Yucatán pony from Vice PresidentLyndon B. Johnson.  A short-lived comic strip was created about her.Historians described Caroline's childhood personality as \"a trifle remote and a bit shy at times\" yet \"remarkably unspoiled.\" \"She's too young torealize all these luxuries\", her paternal grandmother, Rose Kennedy, said of her. \"She probably thinks it's natural for children to go off in their own airplanes. But she is with her cousins, and some of them dance andswim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence. Little children accept things\".On the day of JFK's assassination on November 22, 1963, nanny Maud Shaw took Caroline and John Jr. away fromthe White House to the home of their maternal grandmother, Janet Bouvier Auchincloss, who insisted that Shaw would be the one to tell Caroline that her father was assassinated. That evening, Caroline and John Jr.returned to the White House, and while Caroline was sleeping in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the two children; this caused a rift betweenShaw and Jacqueline. On December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline, Caroline, and John Jr. moved out of the White House and returned to Georgetown. However, their new home soon became a populartourist attraction. The family left Georgetown the following year and later moved to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.Later childhood yearsIn 1967, Caroline christened the U.S. Navyaircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a six-week \"sentimental journey\" to Ireland, where they met PresidentÉamon de Valera and visited the Kennedy ancestral home at Dunganstown. In the midst of the trip, Caroline and John were surrounded by a large number of press photographers while playing in a pond. The incidentcaused their mother to telephone Ireland's Department of External Affairs and request the issuing of a statement that she and the children wanted to be left in peace. As a result of the request, further attempts by pressphotographers to photograph the threesome ended with arrests by local police and the photographers being jailed.Robert F. Kennedy became a major presence in the lives of Caroline and John Jr. following their father'sassassination, and Caroline saw her uncle as a surrogate father. However, when Bobby Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Jacqueline sought a means of protecting her children, stating: \"I hate this country.  I despiseAmerica and I don't want my children to live here anymore.  If they're killing Kennedys, my kids are the number one targets.  I have the two main targets.  I want to get out of this country\". Jacqueline Kennedy marriedGreek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis several months later and she and the children moved to Skorpios, his Greek island. The next year, 11-year-old Caroline attended the funeral of her grandfather, Joseph P.Kennedy Sr. Her cousin, David, asked her about her feelings towards her mother's new husband and she replied, \"I don't like him\".In 1970, Jacqueline wrote her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy a letter stating that Carolinehad been without a godfather since Robert Kennedy's death and would like Ted to assume the role. Ted began making regular trips from Washington to New York to see Caroline, where she was in school. In 1971,Caroline returned to the White House for the first time since her father's assassination when she was invited by President Richard Nixon to view the official portrait of her father.Onassis died in March 1975, and Carolinereturned to Skorpios for his funeral. A few days later she and her mother and brother attended the presentation by French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of the Legion of Honor award to her aunt, Eunice KennedyShriver. Later that year, Caroline was visiting London to complete a year-long art course at the Sotheby's auction house, when an IRA car bomb placed under the car of her hosts, Conservative MP Sir Hugh Fraser andhis wife, Antonia, exploded shortly before she and the Frasers were due to leave for their daily drive to Sotheby's. Caroline had not yet left the house, but a neighbor, oncologist Professor Gordon Hamilton Fairley, waspassing by when he was walking his dog and was killed by the explosion.Education and personal lifeKennedy began her education with kindergarten classes in the White House organized by her mother. Before thefamily's move to New York, she was registered at Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart. She attended The Brearley School and Convent of the Sacred Heart in New York City and graduated from Concord Academy inMassachusetts in 1975.  She was a photographer's assistant at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1977, she worked as a summer intern at the New York Daily News, earning $156 a week ($753 in 2022dollars), \"fetching coffee for harried editors and reporters, changing typewriter ribbons and delivering messages.\" Kennedy reportedly \"sat on a bench alone for two hours the first day before other employees even saidhello to her\"; and, according to Richard Licata, a former News reporter, \"Everyone was too scared.\"  Kennedy also wrote for Rolling Stone about visiting Graceland shortly after the death of Elvis Presley.In 1980, sheearned a Bachelor of Arts from Radcliffe College at Harvard University.  During college, Kennedy had \"considered becoming a photojournalist, but soon realized she could never make her living observing other peoplebecause they were too busy watching her.\" After graduating, Kennedy was hired as a research assistant in the Film and Television Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. She later became a \"liaisonofficer between the museum staff and outside producers and directors shooting footage at the museum\", helping coordinate the Sesame Street special Don't Eat the Pictures. On December 4, 1984, Caroline wasthreatened when a man telephoned the museum and stated his name and address while reporting that a bomb had been planted there. Three days later, he was arrested for the threat. In 1988, she earned a JurisDoctor from Columbia Law School, graduating in the top ten percent of her class.Caroline was romantically linked to many famous men, including Mark Shand, Guillermo Vilas, Sebastian Taylor, and JonathanGuinness.While working at the Met, Kennedy met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. They married in 1986 at Our Lady of Victory Church in Centerville, Massachusetts. Kennedy's first cousin MariaShriver served as the bride's matron of honor, and Ted later walked her down the aisle. Kennedy is sometimes incorrectly referred to as \"Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg\", but she did not change her name at the time shemarried. Kennedy has three children: Rose Kennedy Schlossberg (born 1988), Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg (born 1990), and John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg, known as Jack (born 1993).Raised in Manhattanand somewhat separated from their Hyannisport cousins, Caroline and John Jr. were very close, and especially so following their mother's death in 1994. After John Jr. died in a plane crash in 1999, Caroline was theonly remaining survivor of President Kennedy's immediate family, and she preferred not to have a public memorial service for her brother. She decided that his remains would be cremated and his ashes scattered intothe Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, where he met his fate. John Jr. bequeathed Caroline his half ownership of George magazine, but Caroline believed that her brother would not have wanted themagazine to continue following his death, and the magazine ceased publication two years later.Kennedy owns her mother's 375-acre (152 ha) estate known as Red Gate Farm in Aquinnah (formerly Gay Head) onMartha's Vineyard. The New York Daily News estimated Kennedy's net worth in 2008 at over $100 million. During her 2013 nomination to serve as ambassador to Japan, financial disclosure reports showed her net worthto be between $67 million and $278 million, including family trusts, government and public authority bonds, commercial property in New York, Chicago and Washington, and holdings in the Cayman Islands.Publiccareer: 1989–presentKennedy is an attorney, writer, and editor who has served on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations. With Ellen Alderman, she co-wrote the book, In Our Defense: The Bill of Rights InAction, which was published in 1991. During an interview regarding the volume, Kennedy explained that the two wanted to show why the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution was written. She attendedthe Robin Hood Foundation annual breakfast on December 7, 1999. Her brother John had been committed to the organization, which she spoke of at the event. In 2000, she supported Al Gore for the presidency andmentioned feeling a kinship with him since their fathers served together in the Senate. Kennedy spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention which was held in Los Angeles, California, the first time since the 1960Democratic National Convention, where her father had been nominated by the Democratic Party for the presidency.From 2002 through 2004, she worked as director of the Office of Strategic Partnerships for the NewYork City Department of Education, appointed by School Chancellor Joel Klein. The three-day-a-week job paid her a salary of $1 and had the goal of raising private money for the New York City public schools; shehelped raise more than $65 million. She served as one of two vice chairs of the board of directors of The Fund for Public Schools and is currently honorary director of the fund. She has also served on the board oftrustees of Concord Academy, which she attended as a teen.Kennedy and other members of her family created the Profile in Courage Award in 1989. The award is given to a public official or officials whose actionsdemonstrate politically courageous leadership in the spirit of John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage. In 2001, she presented the award to former president Gerald Ford for his controversial pardon of formerpresident Richard M. Nixon almost 30 years prior. She is also president of the Kennedy Library Foundation and an adviser to the Harvard Institute of Politics. Kennedy is a member of the New York and Washington, D.C.,bar associations. She is also a member of the boards of directors of the Commission on Presidential Debates and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and is an honorary chair of the American Ballet Theatre.Kennedy represented her family at the funeral services of former presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford and former First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Barbara Bush. She also represented her family at thededication of the Bill Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, in November 2004, and at the dedication of the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library in 1997. Kennedy attended thefiftieth-anniversary ceremony of the March on Washington on August 28, 2013. On December 7, 2019, Kennedy christened the new USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) at Newport News Shipbuilding.After her post asambassador to Japan ended, the Boeing Company elected her in August 2017 to serve on its board of directors.She resigned her position on the board of directors on January 15, 2021.2008 and 2012 presidentialelectionsOn January 27, 2008, Kennedy announced in a New York Times op-ed piece entitled, \"A President Like My Father,\" that she would endorse Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Her concludinglines were: \"I have never had a president who inspired me the way people tell me that my father inspired them. But for the first time, I believe I have found the man who could be that president—not just for me, but fora new generation of Americans.\"Federal Election Commission records show that Kennedy contributed $2,300 to the Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign committee on June 29, 2007. She previously contributeda total of $5,000 to Clinton's 2006 senatorial campaign. On September 18, 2007, she contributed $2,300 to Barack Obama's presidential campaign committee.On June 4, 2008, Obama named Kennedy, along with JimJohnson and Eric Holder, to co-chair his Vice Presidential Search Committee. (Johnson withdrew one week later.) Filmmaker Michael Moore called on Kennedy to \"Pull a Cheney\", and name herself as Obama's vicepresidential running mate (Dick Cheney headed George W. Bush's vice presidential vetting committee in 2000—Cheney himself was chosen for the job). On August 23, Obama announced that Senator Joe Biden ofDelaware would be his running mate. Kennedy addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, introducing a tribute film about her uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy. The Topps trading card companymemorialized Caroline Kennedy's involvement in the campaign by featuring her on a card in a set commemorating Obama's road to the White House.Kennedy was among the 35 national co-chairs of Obama's 2012re-election campaign. On June 27, 2012, Kennedy made appearances in Nashua and Manchester, New Hampshire, to campaign for the re-election of President Obama.There was media speculation that she mightbecome a possible candidate for the 2020 Presidential primaries and election but this did not come to pass.United States Senate seatIn December 2008, Kennedy expressed interest in the United States Senate seatoccupied by Hillary Clinton, who had been selected to become Secretary of State. This seat was to be filled through 2010 by appointment of New York Governor David Paterson. This same seat was held by Kennedy's"}
{"doc_id":"doc_46","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Spy KidsSpy Kids is an American family action-adventure spy comedy franchise created by Robert Rodriguez. The plot follows adventures of Carmen and Juni Cortez, two children who become involved in theirparents' espionage organization. The films include Latino themes, as Rodriguez is of Mexican descent.BackgroundInfluencesSpy Kids was influenced by James Bond films. The first film was \"a fusion of Willy Wonka andJames Bond\" and the second was the \"Mysterious Island and James Bond mix\".The spy organization in the films is called the OSS. These initials are from the Office of Strategic Services, a former U.S. intelligenceorganization during World War II which later evolved into the CIA. The character Donnagon Giggles was named after William Joseph Donovan, the director of the original OSS. The initials in the Spy Kids universe arenever specified on screen, but, in one of the books, they stand for the Organization of Super Spies.ThemesOne of the main themes of Spy Kids is the unity of family. The children have adult responsibilities, and a lessonis that keeping secrets from family members can have a negative effect on relationships. The first film also deals extensively with sibling rivalry and the responsibility of older children. There is also a strong sense ofLatino heritage.Technical innovationsThe other films were shot with High Definition digital video, parts of the third film using an anaglyphic process to create the 3-D effect. Audiences were given red/blue 3D glasseswith their tickets in movie theatres. Four sets of these glasses were also included in the DVD release. The third film was used as a test for a special Texas Instruments digital projector which can project polarized 3D,which does not require the red-blue lenses, later reused for The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005).FilmsSpy Kids (2001)After retiring from espionage for ten years, Gregorio and Ingrid (AntonioBanderas and Carla Gugino) are pulled back into duty for their important assignment despite the fact they were out of practice, and were captured. Their two children, Carmen and Juni (Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara),stay with their uncle Felix Gumm (Cheech Marin) and discover the truth of their parents' past, which they had neglected to tell them because they were afraid that if they knew, they would picture danger at everycorner; and decide to rescue them. On their first mission, Carmen and Juni manage to bring around their estranged uncle, Isador \"Machete\" Cortez (Danny Trejo), a genius gadget inventor and Juni helps to redeem a TVshow host named Fegan Floop (Alan Cumming). Together, Carmen and Juni thwart the plan of Floop's notorious second in-command Alexander Minion (Tony Shalhoub) to develop an army of androids resembling youngchildren (including Carmen and Juni themselves) for a mastermind named Mr. Lisp (Robert Patrick) and his partner Ms. Gradenko (Teri Hatcher). The robots based on Carmen and Juni became part of Floop's show.SpyKids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)As agents of the OSS, Carmen and Juni try to save the daughter (Taylor Momsen) of The President Of The United States (Christopher McDonald) while facing a particularly hardcompetition with Gary and Gerti Giggles (Matt O'Leary and Emily Osment), the two children of a double-dealing agent Donnagon Giggles (Mike Judge), whom Carmen and Juni helped to rescue them from the first film.Juni gets fired from the OSS after fighting with Gary over a smaller version of the transmooker, a device that can shut off all electronic devices even though it was Gary who started the fight. Juni loses his spot for thebest spy kid of the year award, while Donnagon plans to steal the transmooker to take over the world. On their second mission, Carmen and Juni follow the trail to the mysterious island of Leeke Leeke which is home toRomero (Steve Buscemi), an eccentric scientist who attempted to create genetically miniaturised animals, but instead ended up with his island inhabited by mutant monsters. Eventually, Donnagon is fired and Gary issuspended, and the transmooker is destroyed. Juni is offered his job back, but in order to take a break from the OSS, he retires to start his own private eye agency.Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003)After retiring fromthe OSS, Juni is thrust back into service when an evil mastermind named Sebastian \"The Toymaker\" (Sylvester Stallone) creates a fictional video game called Game Over, which hypnotizes its users. Carmen was sent ona mission to disable the game, but disappeared on Level 4. With the help of his maternal grandfather, Valentin Avellan (Ricardo Montalban), who uses a wheelchair, Juni is sent after Carmen and helps her to disable thegame in order to save the world. It is revealed that Sebastian was the one who disabled Valentin in the first place. Instead of avenging his former partner, Valentin forgives Sebastian who is redeemed.Spy Kids: All theTime in the World (2011)The OSS has become the world's top spy agency, while the Spy Kids department has become defunct. A retired spy Marissa (Jessica Alba) is thrown back into the action along with her twostepchildren, Rebecca and Cecil (Rowan Blanchard and Mason Cook), when a maniacal Timekeeper (Jeremy Piven) attempts to take over the world. In order to save the world, Rebecca and Cecil must team up withMarissa.Spy Kids: Armageddon (2023)The fifth installment, Spy Kids: Armageddon, serving as a reboot of the franchise, is in development, with a film involving a plot that centers around a multicultural family. RobertRodriguez again serves as writer/director, while the project is a joint-venture production between Skydance Media and Spyglass Media Group. The film is scheduled for distribution on Netflix, making it the second SpyKids project produced for the platform. Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Everly Carganilla and Connor Esterson were set to star, along with Billy Magnussen and D. J. Cotrona. The plotline for the film is as follows: \"Whenthe children of the world's greatest secret agents unwittingly help a powerful Game Developer unleash a computer virus that gives him control of all technology, they must become spies themselves to save their parentsand the world\". Production of the film wrapped in late August 2022, and is set to be released on Netflix in Q3-Q4 2023.TelevisionSpy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)An animated series based on the films, Spy Kids: MissionCritical, was released on Netflix in 2018. The first and second seasons both consist of 10 episodes and is produced by Mainframe Studios. Robert Rodriguez served as one of the executive producers on the show.Maincast and charactersAdditional crew and production detailsReceptionBox office performanceCritical and public responseThough the first and second film received positive reviews, the series experienced a steadilydeclining critical reception with each film.Home mediaSeptember 18, 2001 (Spy Kids) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentFebruary 18, 2003 (Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams) on DVD by Buena VistaHome EntertainmentFebruary 24, 2004 (Spy Kids 3D: Game Over) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentAugust 2, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over) on DVDand Blu-ray Disc by Lionsgate (However, all 3 DVDs are still the original Buena Vista Home Entertainment copies.)November 15, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game OverTriple Feature) on Blu-ray Disc by LionsgateNovember 22, 2011 (Spy Kids: All the Time in the World) on DVD and Blu-ray by Anchor Bay EntertainmentDecember 4, 2012 (Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, The Adventures ofSharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D 3D Double Feature) on Blu-ray 3D Disc by LionsgateSeptember 22, 2020 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Triple Feature) on DVD andBlu-ray Disc reissue by ParamountOther mediaVideo gamesSpy Kids Challenger (Game Boy Advance)Spy Kids Mega Mission Zone (PC/Mac)Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (Game Boy Advance and PC/Mac)Spy Kids: LearningAdventures series (PC/Mac)Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (Nintendo DS)See alsoRelated film seriesIsador \"Machete\" Cortez, who appeared in all four Spy Kids film series as a supporting character, additionally hada series of two stand-alone films: Machete and Machete Kills, also written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. However, the Machete films share little in common with the Spy Kids films thematically and are notconsidered direct spin-offs, the first film instead being an adult-oriented action exploitation film, with the second film introducing science fiction elements; both films additionally share several cast members andcharacters with the Spy Kids films. The idea for a Machete film came from a fake trailer promoting the Grindhouse double-feature by Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Trejo and Rodriguez have made two conflictingstatements regarding its canonicity to the Spy Kids films; Trejo claimed that the films depict \"what Uncle Machete does when he's not taking care of the kids\", while Rodriguez said in a Reddit AMA that they are alternateuniverses. Regardless, Rodriguez claimed that he was prompted by an incident on the set of the first Machete film to start envisioning a fourth film in the main Spy Kids film series, casting Jessica Alba as Machete'ssister Marissa, a different character to the one she portrayed in Machete, with Trejo additionally reprising his role alongside her.NotesPassage 2:Legion of Lost FlyersLegion of Lost Flyers (aka Legion of Lost Fliers) is a1939 American B movie drama film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Richard Arlen, Andy Devine, and Anne Nagel. Legion of Lost Flyers was released by Universal Pictures on November 3, 1939.PlotA group of pilots,because of unsavory or unearned reputations, establish an outpost of their own, running charter-flights and hauling supplies in the frozen wastelands of Alaska. Gene \"Loop\" Gillian (Richard Arlen), Gillian came to Alaskabecause he has been blamed for a crash where four men where killed. Bill Desert (Theodore Von Eltz), the head of the commercial airlines, refuses to hire him as a pilot, but at the request of aircraft mechanic \"Beef\"Brumley (Andy Devine), Desert hires Loop as a \"grease jockey\".Brumley knows Gillian and does not believe the story about the deaths. Regarded as a coward by the other pilots, Ralph Perry (William Lundigan), JakeHalley (Guinn \"Big Boy\" Williams) and Smythe  (Leon Ames), Gillian claims he is innocent of causing the deaths because it was really Perry who had taken the flight that night. Rumours continue to swirl about theincident.Perry decides he has had enough and takes off in an stolen aircraft loaded with gold from a local mine. He ends up crashing in the wilderness in a remote canyon, with Gillian, the only one willing to fly to hisrescue. After loading Perry on board, the take off ends in the aircraft suffering heavy damage.On the return flight, the aircraft is falling to pieces. Perry panics and as Gillian nears the airfield, he forces Perry to confesson the radio about his involvement in the men's death. Gillian is reinstated as a pilot and falls in love with Paula (Anne Nagel) who had been the boss's sweetheart.CastProductionProduction dates for principalphotography for Legion of Lost Flyers began on July 26, 1939.The aircraft used in Legion of Lost Flyers was: Stearman C3BFleet 1 c/n 374, NC792VFokker F.10Travel Air 2000 NC446WReceptionFrank Nugent in his filmreview for The New York Times described the film as \"You've seen all this before in your Class \"C\" dreams: Shacklike hangar, old crates to fly, mountainous terrain, handful of desperate crag-hoppers and so on. But thisone has some new features which we'll wager you had never visualized as possibilities: for one, Richard Arlen wasn't the man who violated the code by bailing out of that big transport, leaving his passengers to perish,though how the guilty pilot was substituted in midair is not explained. For another, Mr. Arlen thrice performs the impossible: (1) lands his plane safely in a snow-clogged canyon, (2) takes off again without landing gearin spite of stumps, boulders and underbrush, and (3) after his plane has lost a wing and he himself has been concussively conked by his enemy, who does another bailout, what do you think becomes of Mr. Arlen? Well,sir, the broken plane crashes in a skidding, sickening heap on a convenient modern landing field, with streamlined ambulance service, and Mr. Arlen emerges from the wreckage with nothing worse than a bandagebound picturesquely around his brow.\"Passage 3:Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost DreamsSpy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams is a 2002 American spy action comedy film written, shot, edited and directed by RobertRodriguez. Rodriguez also produced with Elizabeth Avellán. It stars Antonio Banderas, Carla Gugino, Alexa Vega, Daryl Sabara, Mike Judge, Ricardo Montalbán, Holland Taylor, Christopher McDonald, and SteveBuscemi.The second installment in the Spy Kids film series, which began with 2001's Spy Kids, the film premiered at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on July 28, 2002. Dimension Films theatrically releasedthe film on August 7. Upon release, Spy Kids 2 received mostly positive reviews from critics and grossed over $119 million worldwide.PlotThe OSS now has a full child spy section, of which Carmen Cortez and Juni Cortezare now Level 2 agents. Although they are the first of the new Spy Kids Division, they face fierce competition from Gary and Gerti Giggles, the children of Donnagon Giggles (the agent whom Carmen and Juni rescued ontheir first mission). Carmen defends Gary, even after the two outperform them on a mission to rescue the president's daughter Alexandra from an out of control theme park ride, straining her relationship with Juni.Atthe OSS awards banquet, Donnagon hacks into the president's teleprompter, and is named director of the OSS instead of Gregorio Cortez. In his acceptance speech, Donnagon announces his two children are beingpromoted from Level 3 to Level 1. However, the adults are rendered unconscious by a group of \"Magna Men\", who are seeking the \"Transmooker\", a highly coveted device owned by the president, which can shut off allelectronic devices around the world. The Spy Kids hold them off but the Magna Men manage to steal the Transmooker after Gary causes Juni to drop it in a scuffle. Gary blames Juni for the theft, resulting in him beingfired from the OSS.The next morning Carmen hacks into the database, reinstating Juni as an agent and taking the Ukata assignment, a mission originally meant for Gary and Gerti, to recover the stolen Transmooker.Using some hints from their former arch-nemesis, Alexander Minion, they follow the trail to a mysterious island where no electronics work. Meanwhile, Gary and Gerti are rerouted to the Gobi Desert and while trying topinpoint their position fall into a pit of camel feces, whereupon they swear revenge.Carmen and Juni manage to reach the island, but realize that none of their gadgets work. After falling into a volcano, the two meetRomero, a scientist and sole human inhabitant of the island who has been attempting to create genetically miniaturized animals to sell to kids as \"miniature zoos\". After creating hybrid animals, Romero accidentallypoured a growth concoction over them, greatly increasing their size. He also reveals that he created the Transmooker device, as a mean of hiding his island from the outside world, meaning that the stolen Transmookerwas a prototype and the real one is on the island somewhere. Romero fears being eaten, so is unwilling to leave his lab, but shows Carmen and Juni the way to the real Transmooker. As both Gregorio and Ingrid aretracking where Juni and Carmen are, they are joined by Ingrid's parents who want to help them find their children.Carmen is captured by a Spork, a flying pig, and dropped into its nest with Gerti, who tells her thatGary is genuinely evil. Her feelings for Gary change after he and a Slizard he tamed attack Juni and his Spider Monkey. Carmen manages to incapacitate Gary and she and Juni leave to retrieve the Transmooker.Romero, encouraged by Juni, leaves his lab and discovers his creatures are much friendlier than he thought. Carmen and Juni eventually find and recover the Transmooker, eliminating the cloaking around the island,and are surprised when their family joins them. Donnagon then confronts the group, takes the Transmooker and, after a fight with Gregorio tries to destroy the Cortez family with it, but it malfunctions. Gerti reveals shesabotaged it and threatens Donnagon with telling everything to her mother, which he detests. Romero arrives alongside his creatures and destroys the prototype Transmooker as well.The President and his staff arriveon the island. He and his daughter fire Donnagon; Gary is temporarily disavowed, and Alexandra appoints Gregorio as director of the OSS on her father's behalf. Even though offered a promotion to Level 1, Juni resignsdue to the impersonal treatment he had received by the OSS after being framed. As the Cortez family leaves the island, Romero gives Juni a miniature spider-monkey as a gift, and the island's inhabitants bid farewell tothe Cortez family.During the credits, Isador \"Machete\" Cortez hosts a concert featuring Carmen (with a microphone which helps her sing, and a belt that helps her dance), and Juni (with a guitar that plays itself), butrealizes too late that he never put any batteries in the devices before they went onstage. When he breaks this news to Carmen and Juni, this shocks them, realizing they have musical talent. Meanwhile, Dinky Winks,the owner of Troublemakers theme park where Juni rescued Alexandra, paddles to Romero's island to offer a business deal.CastAntonio Banderas as Gregorio Cortez, the father of Juni and Carmen who is now calledback to the OSSCarla Gugino as Ingrid Cortez, the mother of Juni and CarmenAlexa Vega as Carmen Cortez, daughter of Gregorio and Ingrid who is now an OSS member of their spy kid divisionDaryl Sabara as JuniCortez, son of Gregorio and Ingrid and Carmen's brother, also a member of the OSS's spy kid divisionMike Judge as Donnagon Giggles, an OSS agent turned director who was previously rescued by Carmen and Juni, butis now seeking world dominationRicardo Montalbán as Grandfather Valentin AvellanHolland Taylor as Grandmother Helga AvellanChristopher McDonald as the President of the United StatesDanny Trejo as Isador\"Machete\" Cortez, gadget inventor and Juni and Carmen's uncleAlan Cumming as Fegan Floop, host of Floop's FoogliesTony Shalhoub as Alexander Minion, Floop's assistantMatt O'Leary as Gary Giggles, the son ofDonnagon Giggles and a rival OSS agent of Juni and Carmen's love interestTaylor Momsen as Alexandra, the President's daughterEmily Osment as Gerti Giggles, daughter of Donnagon Giggles and a rival OSS agent ofCarmenCheech Marin as Felix Gumm, an OSS agentSteve Buscemi as RomeroAdditionally, Bill Paxton appears as Dinky Winks, a theme park owner.ProductionSpy Kids 2 was filmed entirely on High Definition digitalvideo. After seeing George Lucas using digital video for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Rodriguez tested the technology during re shoots for the first Spy Kids film. Rodriguez used the camerasunfiltered.Filming sitesArenal Lake, Costa RicaAustin, Texas, USABig Bend National Park, Texas, USAManuel Antonio, Costa RicaSan Antonio, Texas, USASix Flags Over Texas, Arlington, Texas, USASpecial effectsDespiteusing over twice the amount of special effects than the first film, Rodriguez did not ask the producers for a larger budget; he said that he wanted to be more creative instead of asking the studio for more money forspecial effects. Rodriguez picked some visual effects companies who were eager and less established, as well as starting up his own Troublemaker Studios, and reemploying Hybrid, who had worked with him on the firstfilm. Gregor Punchatz, the film's lead animator, employed a certain technique to make the movements of the computer generated creatures resemble the stop-motion work of filmmaker Ray Harryhausen, who has acameo in the film. The scene with the army of live skeletons was shot on a real rock formation, with the two young actors on safety wires, and the computer generated skeletons added later to over three dozenshots.MusicThe film score was co-written by director Robert Rodriguez and composer John Debney, who had also co-written the score for Spy Kids. The sound is a mix of rock, pop, and indie rock, and includes songsperformed by Alan Cumming and Alexa Vega. Unusually, the orchestral score was recorded in the auditorium of a local high school in Austin, Georgetown High School.All tracks composed by Debney and Rodriguez, andperformed by the Texas Philharmonic Orchestra.\"The Juggler\"\"Spy Ballet\"\"Magna Men\"\"Treehouse\"\"R.A.L.P.H.\"\"Floop's Dream\" (performed by Alan Cumming)\"Escape from Dragon-spy\"\"Spy-parents\"\"Island of Lost"}
{"doc_id":"doc_47","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Buffalo Bill, Hero of the Far WestBuffalo Bill, Hero of the Far West  (Buffalo Bill, l'eroe del far west) is a 1964 Italian Spaghetti Western directed by Mario Costa.StoryBuffalo Bill is sent west by PresidentUlysses S. Grant to settle an Indian uprising started by Yellow Hand and supported by gun smugglers.CastGordon Scott as Colonel William \"Buffalo Bill\" CodyMario Brega as DonaldsonJan Hendriks as MonroeCatherineRibeiro as Rayon-de-Lune/MoonbeamPiero Lulli as RedMirko Ellis as Yellow HandHans von Borsody as Captain HunterRoldano Lupi as Colonel PetersonIngeborg Schöner as Mary PetersonFeodor Chaliapin, Jr.  as ChiefWhite FoxUgo Sasso as SnackLuigi Tosi as barmanFranco Fantasia as George, a poker playerAndrea Scotti as poker playerPassage 2:Battling with Buffalo BillBattling with Buffalo Bill is a 1931 American pre-CodeWestern serial film directed by Ray Taylor and starring Tom Tyler, Lucile Browne, William Desmond, Rex Bell, and Francis Ford.Based on the book The Great West That Was by William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, the film isabout a cowboy named Buffalo Bill who goes up against a shady gambler who is attempting to scare off the townspeople so he can gain possession of a gold strike. When a nearby Indian tribe is provoked into attackingthe town, the cavalry rides in to the rescue. Cody's book was also used as the inspiration for the studio's highly successful 1930 serial The Indians Are Coming.Battling with Buffalo Bill was Universal Pictures's 78thserial, the 10th with sound and 4th with full sound, of the studio's total of 137 serials.PlotThe plot is a variation on the standard B-Western \"Land Grab\" plot: Gold has been discovered in the area and gambler JimRodney intends to make sole claim to it by pushing the rightful owners off the land and taking it for himself. To do so he has his henchmen kill an Indian woman, provoking attacks from her tribe. This brings Buffalo Billand the United States Cavalry into the town. Buffalo Bill proceeds to defeat Rodney and his schemes.CastTom Tyler as William \"Buffalo Bill\" CodyLucile Browne as Jane Mills, Buffalo Bill's love interestWilliam Desmond asJohn MillsRex Bell as Dave Archer, Buffalo Bill's sidekick.Francis Ford as Jim Rodney, villainous gambler trying to illicitly claim a local gold strikeGeorge Regas as 'Breed' JohnsYakima Canutt as Scout Jack BradyBudOsborne as Joe Tampas, one of Rodney's henchmenJoe Bonomo as Joe BradyJim Thorpe as Swift ArrowProductionAlong with the more successful The Indians Are Coming (1930) this serial was based on the book \"TheGreat West That Was\" by Buffalo Bill Cody.StuntsJoe BonomoYakima CanuttCliff LyonsChapter titlesCaptured by RedskinsCircling DeathBetween Hostile TribesThe Savage HordeThe Fatal PlungeTrappedThe UnseenKillerSentenced to DeathThe Death TrapA Shot from AmbushThe Flaming DeathCheyenne VengeanceSource:See alsoList of American films of 1931List of film serials by yearList of film serials by studioPassage 3:BuffaloBillWilliam Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917), known as Buffalo Bill, was an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), buthe lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-day Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory.Buffalo Bill started working at the age of 11,after his father's death, and became a rider for the Pony Express at age 15. During the American Civil War, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for the U.S.Army during the Indian Wars, receiving the Medal of Honor in 1872.One of the most famous and well-known figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only 23. Shortlythereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboy themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the UnitedStates and, beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe.Early life and educationCody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outside Le Claire, Iowa. His father, Isaac Cody, was born onSeptember 5, 1811, in Toronto Township, Upper Canada, now part of Mississauga, Ontario, directly west of Toronto. Mary Ann Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 in Trenton, New Jersey. She moved toCincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac. She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, a Quaker who had settled in Pennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker.In 1847 the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region, of which Mississauga is a part), not far from the farm of hisfather's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township. They lived in Ontario for several years.In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in rural Scott County, Iowa,for $2000 (around $68,000 in today's money) and the family moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory. In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over the slaveryquestion. Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. His antislavery speech so angered the crowd that they threatened tokill him if he did not step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with a Bowie knife. Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries.In Kansas, the familywas frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. Bill, despite his youthand being ill at the time, rode thirty miles (48 km) to warn his father. Isaac Cody went to Cleveland, Ohio, to organize a group of thirty families to bring back to Kansas, to add to the antislavery population. During hisreturn trip, he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by the lingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857.After his death, the family sufferedfinancially. At age 11, Bill took a job with a freight carrier as a \"boy extra\". On horseback he would ride up and down the length of a wagon train and deliver messages between the drivers and workmen. Next, he joinedJohnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the United States Army to Utah, to put down a rumored rebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City.According to Cody's account inBuffalo Bill's Own Story, the Utah War was where he began his career as an \"Indian fighter\":Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore thiswar-bonnet of the Sioux, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. Thefigure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. \"What is it?\" called McCarthy, as he hurried back. \"It's over there in the water.\" \"Hi!\" he cried. \"Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!\"So began my career as an Indian fighter.At the age of 14, in 1860, Cody was caught up in the \"gold fever\", with news of gold at Fort Colville and the Holcomb Valley Gold Rush in California. On his way to the goldfields,however, he met an agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until he was called home to his sick mother'sbedside.Cody claimed to have had many jobs, including trapper, bullwhacker, \"Fifty-Niner\" in Colorado, Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and a hotel manager, but historians have haddifficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity. Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, thetransport firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages on horseback from the firm's office inLeavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.Military servicesAfter his mother recovered, Cody wanted to enlist as a soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War but was refused because of hisyoung age. He began working with a freight caravan that delivered supplies to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. In 1863, at age 17, he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of private in Company H, 7th KansasCavalry, and served until discharged in 1865.The next year, Cody married Louisa Frederici. They had four children. Two died young, while the family was living in Rochester, New York. They and a third child are buriedin Mount Hope Cemetery, in Rochester.In 1866, he reunited with his old friend Wild Bill Hickok in Junction City, Kansas, then serving as a scout. Cody enlisted as a scout himself at Fort Ellsworth and scouted betweenthere and Fort Fletcher (later renamed and moved to Fort Hays). He was attached as a scout, variously, to Captain George Augustus Armes (Battle of the Saline River) and Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer(guide and impromptu horse race to Fort Larned). It was during this service at Fort Ellsworth that he met William Rose, with whom he would found the short-lived settlement of Rome.In 1867, with the construction ofthe Kansas Pacific Railway completing through Hays City and Rome, Cody was granted a leave of absence to hunt buffalo to supply railroad construction workers with meat. This endeavor continued into 1868, which sawhis hunting contest with William Comstock.Cody returned to Army service in 1868. From his post in Fort Larned, he performed an exceptional feat of riding as a lone dispatch courier from Fort Larned to Fort Zarah(escaping brief capture), Fort Zarah to Fort Hays, Fort Hays to Fort Dodge, Fort Dodge to Fort Larned, and, finally, Fort Larned to Fort Hays, a total of 350 miles in 58 hours through hostile territory, covering the last 35miles on foot. In response, General Philip Sheridan assigned him Chief of Scouts for the 5th Cavalry Regiment.He was also Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry in later campaigns of the Plains Wars.In January 1872,Cody was a scout for the highly publicized hunting expedition of the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.Medal of HonorCody was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1872 for documented gallantry above and beyondthe call of duty as an Army scout in the Indian Wars. It was revoked in 1917, along with medals of 910 other recipients dating back to the Revolutionary War, when Congress decided to create a hierarchy of medals,designating the \"Medal of Honor\" as the highest military honor it could bestow. Subsequent regulations authorized the War Department to revoke prior Medal of Honor awards it considered not meeting requirementssince the introduction of strict regulations promulgated under the 1917 law. Those regulations required the medal to be awarded for acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty by officers or enlisted soldiers.Ironically, the law was enacted days before Buffalo Bill died, so he never knew a law might rescind the medal awarded to him. All civilian scout medals were rescinded since they did not appear to meet the basic criterionof being officers or enlisted soldiers, which had been expressly listed in every authorizing statute ever enacted for the Medal of Honor. Cody was one of five scouts affected. Their medals were stripped shortly after Codydied in 1917.Cody's relatives objected, and, for over 72 years, they wrote repeatedly to the US Congress seeking reconsideration. All efforts failed, until a 1988 letter to the Senate from Cody's grandson received by theoffice of senator Alan K. Simpson of Wyoming, when a newly minted legislative assistant (K. Yale) took up the cause in 1989. The legal brief he drafted and submitted to the Department of Defense on behalf of therelatives of Buffalo Bill argued that civilian scouts were technically officers, as their native American counterparts were nominally scouts. However, they were given the rank and pay of officers – both for retentionpurposes. Also, scouts were the equivalent of \"reconnaissance\" for the military and thus provided highly valued services. In addition, a practical reason was to avoid mistaking them for opponents in skirmishes.Moreover, although civilian scouts might have normally been officers because of their highly valued skills, the military drawdown and related budget cuts after the Civil War left no billets available for the civilian scoutsto fill, and thus they were relegated to a highly qualified status that treated them as valuable military assets without the designation or retirement benefits of officers. Nevertheless, they were treated as high-rankingmilitary officials and had status of officers alongside their native American brethren. The brief argued for retroactive restoration of the Medal of Honor to Buffalo Bill, and the Department of Defense required the appealto be adjudicated by the Army Board for Correction of Military Records. After months of deliberation, the Board agreed with the persuasive legal brief and made the decision to restore the Medal of Honor, not only toBuffalo Bill but also several other civilian scouts whose medals had also been rescinded.Long after the medal was restored, the decision was thought to be controversial for several reasons. Some people interpretedSimpson's submission as arguing that the law had never required Cody to be a soldier. However, this was never a key element of Simpson's brief. According to these interpretations, Simpson's submission cited a book,Above and Beyond, to illustrate the lack of requirement to be a soldier. However, it was recognized in the legal brief that Medal of Honor recipients had to be an officer or enlisted soldier. Another problem cited by somewas the authority of the Board to contravene several federal statutes because the Medal of Honor revocation had been expressly authorized by Congress, meaning that the restoration went against the law in force in1872, the law requiring the revocation in 1916, and the modern statute enacted in 1918 that remains substantially unmodified today. However, the legal brief clearly did not suggest overturning of the law, but ratherconforming the status of civilian scouts to that of other scouts similarly situated (source: copy of the actual legal brief, by the author).Since the Board of Correction is merely a delegation of the Secretary of the Army'sauthority, some suggest a separation of powers conflict, since even the president cannot contravene a clear statute and, although Cody's case was dealt with below the cabinet level, the legal brief was written inconformance with the statutes. Modern Medal of Honor cases originating from the board, such as the recent case of Garlin Conner, required both executive action as well as a statutory waiver from Congress, whichunderscores the point that some cases might be in conflict with statutes.In the Cody case, the board's governing assistant secretary recognized that it lacked the authority to reinstate the medal directly, and so decidedto return the case to the board for reconsideration. As a result, the board amended Cody's record to make him an enlisted soldier – aligning it with the legal argument that civilian scouts were the equivalent to officersor enlisted soldiers – so that he would fall within the legal requirements and did the same for four other civilian guides who had also had their medals rescinded. In doing so, the board overlooked the fact that Cody wasa civilian guide with far greater employment flexibility than a soldier, including the ability to resign at will. Nevertheless the Board did recognize the value that all scouts provided, whether Native American or otherwise,and how they volunteered to put themselves in harm's way (in the case of Buffalo Bill, saving the lives of several soldiers by rushing onto an active battlefield and pulling them to safety while under fire) instead ofpursuing less demanding civilian jobs.NicknameCody received the nickname \"Buffalo Bill\" after the American Civil War, when he had a contract to supply Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo (American bison)meat. Cody is purported to have killed 4,282 buffalo in eighteen months in 1867 and 1868. Cody and another hunter, Bill Comstock, competed in an eight-hour buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use thename, which Cody won by killing 68 animals to Comstock's 48. Comstock, part Cheyenne and a noted hunter, scout, and interpreter, used a fast-shooting Henry repeating rifle, while Cody competed with a larger-caliberSpringfield Model 1866, which he called Lucretia Borgia, after the notorious Italian noblewoman, the subject of a popular contemporary Gaetano Donizetti opera Lucrezia Borgia, based on Victor Hugo's play of the samename. Cody explained that while his formidable opponent, Comstock, chased after his buffalo, engaging from the rear of the herd and leaving a trail of killed buffalo \"scattered over a distance of three miles\", Cody –likening his strategy to a billiards player \"nursing\" his billiard balls during \"a big run\" – first rode his horse to the front of the herd to target the leaders, forcing the followers to one side, eventually causing them to circleand create an easy target, and dropping them close together.Birth of the legendIn 1869, the 23-year-old Cody met Ned Buntline, who later published a story based on Cody's adventures (largely invented by the writer)in Street and Smith's New York Weekly and then published a highly successful novel, Buffalo Bill, King of the Bordermen, which was first serialized on the front page of the Chicago Tribune, beginning that December 15.Many other sequels followed by Buntline, Prentiss Ingraham and others from the 1870s through the early part of the twentieth century. Cody later became world-famous for Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a touring show whichtraveled around the United States, Great Britain, and Continental Europe. Audiences were enthusiastic about seeing a piece of the American West. Emilio Salgari, a noted Italian writer of adventure stories, met BuffaloBill when he came to Italy and saw his show; Salgari later featured Cody as a hero in some of his novels.Buffalo Bill's Wild WestIn December 1872, Cody traveled to Chicago to make his stage debut with his friend TexasJack Omohundro in The Scouts of the Prairie, one of the original Wild West shows produced by Ned Buntline. The effort was panned by critics – one critic compared Cody's acting to a \"diffident schoolboy\" – but thehandsome performer was a hit with the sold-out crowds.In 1873, Cody invited \"Wild Bill\" Hickok to join the group in a new play called Scouts of the Plains. Hickok did not enjoy acting and often hid behind scenery; inone show, he shot at the spotlight when it focused on him. He was therefore released from the group after a few months. Cody founded the Buffalo Bill Combination in 1874, in which he performed for part of the yearwhile scouting on the prairies the rest of the year. The troupe toured for ten years. Cody's part typically included a reenactment of an 1876 incident at Warbonnet Creek, where he claimed to have scalped a Cheyennewarrior.In 1883, in the area of North Platte, Nebraska, Cody founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West, a circus-like attraction that toured annually. (Contrary to the popular misconception, the word Show was not a part of thetitle.) In 1886, Cody and Nate Salsbury, his theatrical manager, entered into partnership with Evelyn Booth (1860–1901), a big-game hunter and scion of the aristocratic Booth family. It was at this time Buffalo Bill'sCowboy Band was organized. The band was directed by William Sweeney, a cornet player who served as leader of the Cowboy Band from 1883 until 1913. Sweeney handled all of the musical arrangements and wrote amajority of the music performed by the Cowboy Band.In 1893, Cody changed the title to Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, withparticipants from horse-culture groups that included the US and another military, cowboys, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. Turks, gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgiansdisplayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, Sitting Bullappeared with a band of 20 of his braves.Cody's headline performers were well-known in their own right. Annie Oakley and her husband, Frank Butler, were sharpshooters, together with the likes of Gabriel Dumont and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_48","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry II, Count of Reuss-GeraHenry II of Reuss (younger line) (10 June 1572 in Gera – 23 December [O.S. 13 December] 1635 in Gera), nicknamed the Posthumous because his father died two monthsbefore he was born,  was Lord of Gera, Lord of Lobenstein and Lord of Oberkranichfeld.LifeHenry II was born posthumously, as the only son of Henry XVI of Reuss-Gera (1530-1572), the founder of the Younger Line,and his wife, Countess Dorothea of Solms-Sonnewalde (1547-1595), daughter of Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach.Henry successfully promoted education and the economy of his country.  In 1608, hefounded the Rutheneum Gymnasium in Gera (now the Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum).  Against the advice of his theological councillor, he granted asylum to Calvinist refugees from Flanders and housed them in hiscapital city Gera.  This led to an upsurge in wool production and an economic boom.  During his reign, Gera also developed into the cultural centre of the Reuss areas.  He had a particular fondness for \"ring riding\", andwas a frequent guest at the courts in Vienna and Dresden.Henry II died on 23 December 1635 and was buried in the Salvator Church in Gera.  The composer Heinrich Schütz wrote his Musikalische Exequien for thisoccasion.  His elaborately decorated copper outer coffin, with biblical proverbs and evangelical chorals, was transferred from the Salvator Church to the St. John church in 1995.  In 2011, it was displayed in an exhibitionabout funeral practices in the early modern age in the city museum of Gera.  It has also been on display in the Museum for Sepulchral Culture in Kassel.Marriages and issueIn Weikersheim on 7 February 1594, Henry IImarried firstly Magdalena (28 December 1572 – 2 April 1596), daughter of Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim-Langenburg. They had one daughter:Dorothea Magdalena (25 February 1595 – 29 October 1647),married in 1620 to Burgrave George of Kirchberg.In Rudolstadt on 22 May 1597, Henry II married secondly Magdalena (12 Apr 1580 – 22 Apr 1652), daughter of Count Albert VII of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. They hadseventeen children:Juliane Marie (1 February 1598 – 4 January 1650), married in 1614 to Count David of Mansfeld-Schraplau.Henry I (21 February 1599 – 27 July 1599)Agnes (17 April 1600 – 1 February 1642),married in 1627 to Count Ernest Louis of Mansfeld-Heldrungen.Elisabeth Magdalene (8 May 1601 – 4 April 1641).Henry II (14 August 1602 – 28 May 1670), Lord of Gera and Saalburg.Henry III (31 Oct 1603 – 12 July1640), Lord of Schleiz.Henry IV (21 December 1604 – 3 November 1628).Henry V (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November 1606), twin with Henry VI.Henry VI (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November 1606), twin with HenryV.Sophie Hedwig (24 February 1608 – 22 January 1653).Dorothea Sibylle (7 October 1609 – 25 November 1631), married in 1627 to Baron Christian Schenk of Tautenburg.Henry VII (15 October 1610 – 24 July1611).Henry VIII (19 June 1613 – 24 September 1613).Anna Katharina (24 March 1615 – 16 February 1682).Henry IX (22 May 1616 – 9 January 1666), Lord of Schleiz.Ernestine (19 March 1618 – 23 February 1650),married in 1639 to Otto Albert of Schönburg-Hartenstein.Henry X (9 September 1621 – 25 January 1671), Lord of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf.HonorsSince 2008, the motor car of one of the trams in Gera bears hisname.Passage 2:Enguerrand V de CoucyEnguerrand V, Lord of Coucy (-after 1321) inherited the title of Lord of Coucy and castle from his maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV in 1311.  He was also lord of Oisy andMontmirail.BiographyEnguerrand was the second son of Arnould III, Count of Guînes and Alix de Coucy, daughter of Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy. His father, Arnould, sold the county of Guines to King Louis IX ofFrance, forcing Enguerrand to find his fortune abroad. After arriving in Scotland, he married Christiana Lindsay in Scotland. Christiana was the daughter of William Lindsay and Ada Balliol, sister of John Balliol. Theirwedding was arranged by their mutual cousin, King Alexander III of Scotland. Enguerrand was present at the recognition of Margaret as Alexander III's heir and the Treaty of Birgham in 1290.On 28 May 1283,Enguerrand pledged his service to King Edward I of England.When Enguerrand's maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV, died without leaving any heirs, the titles and lands of Coucy were passed to Enguerrand.IssueEnguerrandand Christiana had four sons:Guillaume de Coucy, Lord of Coucy,  Marle, La Fère, Oisy and Montmirel, married Isabeau de Châtillon-Saint-Pol, had issue.Enguerrand de Coucy, Viscount of Meaux, Lord of LaFerté-Ancoul, Tresmes and Belonnes, married firstly Marie de Vianden, Dame de Rumpt and secondly Allemande Flotte de Revel, had issue.Baudouin de CoucyRobert de Coucy, Lord of La Ferté-Gaucher.Passage3:Charles II Henri van de Werve, Lord of SchildeBaron Charles-Henri van de Werve (1672-1721), Lord of Schilde, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk, Lord of Wavre-Notre-Dame and Lord of Wavrans, formed part of a very old,important and noble family of Antwerp, House van de Werve.FamilyHe was the son of Charles I Bruno van de Werve, Lord of Schilde; and of Cornélie van de Werve, daughter of the Lord of Westkercke. Through hisgrandmother side he is one of the descendants of Erasmus II Schetz. He married Eléonore de Varick in 1696. Eléonore was the daughter of Charles-Hyacinthe de Varick, Lord of Court St-Etienne and of Witterzée; and ofEléonore-Louise de Haynin, Lady of Wavrans.They had 4 children's:Eléonore-Marie van de Werve (1698–1726).X1(1716): She married Charles-François Boot, Lord of Veltem, Oppem, Sombeke and La Motte.X2(1724):She married Ferdinand-Joseph, marquess de la Puente y Reiffenberg, baron of Limal, Lord of Bierges.Gertrude-Madeleine van de Werve (1700–1746): She married in 1725 her cousin Philippe-Adrien de Varick, viscountof Brussels, baron of Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and of Libersart, Lord of Boendaal, Ixelles, Huizingen and Eizingen.Baron Charles-Philippe van de Werve (1702–1744), Lord of Schilde, Giessen-Oudkerk andWavre-Notre-Dame.Charles III Philippe van de Werve, 1st Count of Vorsselaer (1706–1776): baron of Lichtaert and of Rielen, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk. He married Marie-Anne de Pret, Lady of Vorsselaer, Lichtaert andRielen.AncestryExternal linkshttps://web.archive.org/web/20070312045421/http://vandewerve.skyblog.com/Passage 4:Eric Longlegs, Lord of LangelandErik Eriksøn, also known as Eric Longlegs (Danish: ErikLangben), (1272–1310), Lord of Langeland, was the second son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig and younger brother of Valdemar IV, Duke of Schleswig.LifeEric was born in 1272 as the second son of Eric I, Duke ofSchleswig, by his wife Margaret of Rugia. He held the island of Langeland in fief and inherited the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen, just as his uncle, Abel, Lord of Langeland, had before him. He ismentioned for the first time as responsible for the killing of the seneschal Skjalm Stigsen on 23 August 1292. The murder was probably a result of the enmity caused when King Eric VI of Denmark, after coming of age,confiscated the fief of Langeland and the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen.Together with his brother, Duke Valdemar, he joined the king's enemies. In 1293, there was a clash between the two parties atSommersted Heath near Haderslev which resulted in a compromise where Eric received Langeland as a fief.Subsequently, he married Sophia of Querfurt, a daughter of Jutta of Saxony, widow of King Eric IV of Denmarkin her second marriage to Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg. Sophia was thus a half-sister of King Eric IV's daughters, among which were the deceased Queen Ingeborg of Norway, mother of King Eric II ofNorway. The marriage thus connected Eric to the king of Norway, who knighted him, and also led to a new conflict with King Eric VI, who retained his wife's inheritance from her half-sisters.On 3 February 1296 acompromise was entered in Vordingborg, in which the king promised to hand over Sophia's inheritance, but where the ducal family's properties in southern Funen, which had formerly belonged to Abel, Lord ofLangeland, were kept by the king as lawfully acquired from Abel's daughter. Only the city of Rudkøbing was transferred to become part of the fief of Langeland, and Eric confirmed the city's rights on the same day.Ericdied in 1310. In 1315, Sophia, in the presence of the king and several noblemen, donated the inheritance of her sisters to Saint Agnes' Priory in Roskilde, keeping only the city of Skælskør for herself.Marriage andissueEric married Sophia of Querfurt, a daughter of Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg and Jutta of Saxony, widow of Eric IV of Denmark. The marriage was childless.AncestryPassage5:Abel, Lord of LangelandAbel Abelsøn (1252 – 2 April 1279), Lord of Langeland, was the third son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, and younger brother of Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig and Eric I, Dukeof Schleswig. As a member of the ducal family, he held several fiefs in Southern Denmark.LifeAbel was born in 1252 as the third and posthumous son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife, Mechtild ofHolstein. In the settlement with his brother Eric after the death of their elder brother Duke Valdemar III, Abel received the cities of Svendborg, Rudkøbing, and possibly also Faaborg on the island of Funen, and as a fiefthe island of Langeland. Abel died on Easter Day 1279 in Svendborg and was buried in Greyfriars’ Abbey.At his death, he left only a daughter Margaret, who entered the convent of Zarrentin in Mecklenburg and donatedher father's properties to her relatives, the counts of Holstein. They later sold it to King Eric VI of Denmark.Marriage and issueAbel appears to have married a daughter of Gunzelin III, Count of Schwerin:Margaret,abbess of Zarrentin. As abbess, she instituted a requiem mass for her father in 1317.AncestryPassage 6:John I, Lord of PolanenJohn I, Lord of Polanen (c. 1285 – 26 September 1342) was Lord of Polanen, Lord of DeLek and Lord of Breda.LifeJohn was a son of Philips III van Duivenvoorde (?-c. 1308) and Elisabeth van Vianen.Lord of PolanenUpon the death of his father, John I became Lord of Polanen Castle. In his early years, Johngot help from his uncle Diederik van der Wale.Lord of HeemskerkIn 1327 John bought Oud Haerlem  Castle and the lordships (ambachtsheerlijkheden) of Heemskerk and Castricum. The price was only 100 pounds.In1328 John took part in the Battle of Cassel, and in 1329 he was knighted. In 1339 he became bailiff of KennemerlandLord of BredaIn 1322 John married Catharina van Van Brederode (died 1372). He was the father ofJohn II, Lord of Polanen.Passage 7:John I, Lord of EgmondJohn I, Lord of Egmond (before 1310 – 28 December 1369) was Lord of Egmond, Lord of IJsselstein, bailiff of Kennemerland (1353-1354) and stadtholder ofHolland.LifeHe was a son of Walter II and his wife, Beatrix of Doortogne.  He is first mentioned in 1328, when he fights in the Battle of Cassel and accompanies Count William III of Holland to Flanders, to assist theCount of Flanders suppressing a rebellion in Bruges and the surrounding area.In 1343, he is a member of a group of bailiffs who administer Holland while the Count is travelling.  In 1344, he is enfeoffed withNieuwendoorn castle.  He participated in the third crusade of Count William IV to Prussia and in the Siege of Utrecht in 1345, but not in the disastrous Battle of Warns later that year.In subsequent years, he played animportant role in the politics of Holland.  In 1350, he was one of the signatories of the Cod Alliance Treaty that set off the Hook and Cod wars.  He fought in the Battle of Naarden in 1350 and in the Battle of Zwartewaalin 1351.  He was then sent to England to mediate in the dispute between Countess Margaret and her son, Count William V, however, he was unsuccessful.After he returned to Holland, he began a campaign against thecitizens of Bunschoten in 1355.  In the winter of 1356, he besieged the castle of Nyevelt, on the orders of the count, and took it after a seven-week siege.  In 1356, William V appointed him governor of the area abovethe Meuse, jointly with his brother Gerry.  In 1358, William V was declared insane by his brother Albert.  John I was a member of the regency council.  In 1359, he is one of the Cod leaders to sign a reconciliation withthe city of Delft.In 1363, his father-in-law, Lord Arnold of IJsselstein died and John I inherited the Lordship of IJsselstein.He died in 1369 and was buried in the church of IJsselstein.Marriage and issueHe married Guidaof IJsselstein and had the following children:Arnold (c. 1337– 1409), his successorGerryAlbert, a canon in UtrechtBeatrix, married Ghisbert of VianenBearteMaria (d. c. 1384), married Philip IV of WassenaerCatherine,married Bartholomew of RaephorstAntonia, abbess in 's-HertogenboschElisabethGretaPassage 8:Eric I, Duke of SchleswigEric I Abelsøn (Danish: Erik 1. Abelsøn af Danmark) (died 27 May 1272) was a Danish nobleman.He was the ruling Duke of Schleswig from 1260 until his death in 1272. He was the second son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig and Mechtild of Holstein.Early lifeAfter the death of his elder brother DukeValdemar III in 1257, Eric inherited the claim to the Duchy of Schleswig. However, his uncle and potential feudal overlord King Christopher I of Denmark refused to install him as duke.Subsequently, Eric participated inthe coalition of Bishop Peder Bang of Roskilde and Prince Jaromar II of Rugia against King Christopher. He took part in the military campaign of 1259 which resulted in the conquest of Copenhagen.Duke ofSchleswigAfter the death of Christopher in 1259, he was created Duke of Schleswig by the new king Eric V in 1260.Already the following year, fighting with the king broke out anew. The Queen Dowager, MargaretSambiria, acting as regent for her under age son, feared aggression from the Duke. However, Duke Eric was able to defeat the royal army at the Battle of Lohede and capture the young King Eric and his mother. As aresult, he was able to obtain huge advantages for his duchy at the subsequent treaty in 1264.In 1268, he acquired Gottorp Castle from Bishop Bonde of Schleswig, who then moved his residence to Schwabstedt.DukeEric died 27 May 1272.Marriage and issueEric married Margaret of Rugia, a daughter of Jaromar II, Prince of Rugia in 1259 or 1260. They had the following children:Margaret (died after 1313), married Helmold III,Count of SchwerinValdemar IV, Duke of Schleswig (app. 1265–1312)Eric (Longbone), from 1295 Lord of Langeland (1272–1310), married Sophia Burghardsdatter (died 1325), daughter of Queen dowager Jutta ofDenmark and Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg== Ancestry ==Passage 9:John II, Lord of PolanenJohn III, Lord of Polanen (c. 1325 – 3 November 1378 in Breda) was Lord of Polanen,Lord of De Lek and Lord of Breda.LifeHe was a son of John I, Lord of Polanen and Catherine of Brederode. Polanen Castle near Monster was the ancestral seat of the family. In 1327 John I had acquired Oud HaerlemCastle. In 1339, John II purchased the Lordship of Breda and built Breda Castle, together with his father.John succeeded his father in 1342 and also took over his father's position as councilor of the Count of Holland andZeeland. In the autumn of 1343, he accompanied Count William IV on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He also participated in a crusade against the Prussians. He was not present in the September 1345 campaign againstthe Frisians, which saw William IV killed during the disastrous Battle of Warns. On 17 November 1345, John II granted Polanen Castle in arrear fief to his younger brother Philip I of Polanen.First phase of the Hook andCod WarsWilliam of Duivenvoorde and his nephew John II were leaders of what would become known as the 'Hook' party during the Hook and Cod wars. In 1350, they travelled to Hainaut to pay homage to CountessMargaret II. Somewhere between 1347 and 1350, John was appointed Burgrave of Geertruidenberg. In 1350, he purchased the Land of Breda for 43000 florins from John III, Duke of Brabant. He also acquired highjustice over Breda.The Hook and Cod wars started in earnest in about March 1351. Polanen Castle was besieged for 2 weeks and then demolished. Oud Haerlem Castle was taken after a siege which lasted more than 6months, even though John van not present. The Siege of Geertuidenberg Castle lasted from October 1351 to August 1352. Here John's brother Philip commanded as his lieutenant. As a result of the war John lost theLordship of De Lek.During the regency of Albert of BavariaIn 1358, Albert of Bavaria became regent of Holland for his brother. This was good for the members of the old Hook faction. In 1358 John was somewhatcompensated for his losses with other fiefs and possessions.In BrabantWhatever the later events in Holland, John seems to have concentrated his efforts on extending his holdings in the Breda area. It made him more ofa Brabant than a Holland lord.John II was captured during the 1371 Battle of Baesweiler. He was released several months later, after his relatives had paid a ransom. In 1375, he was appointed stadtholder of the GreatHolme.John II died in 1378 and was buried in the Church of Our Lady in Breda.Marriages and issueJohn II of Polanen married three times.In 1340, he married Oda of Horne-Altena (1318-1353), daughter of Willem IV ofHorne. They had three children:John III, his heirBeatrice (c. 1344 – 1394); married Henry VIII, the son of Henry VII, Lord of Bautershem, who was also Lord of Bergen op Zoom as Henry I, and his wife, MariaMerxheim, Lady of Wuustwezel and BrechtOda (c. 1351 – 15th century), married Henry III, Burgrave of MontfoortIn 1353, he married Matilda (c. 1324 – 1366), an illegitimate daughter of John III, Duke ofBrabant.  They had two sons:Dirck of the Leck (d. 1416), married Gilisje of Cralingen.  He was outlawed for a while, because he was suspected of having participated in the murder of Aleid van PoelgeestHenry of theLeck (d. 1427), married Jeanne of Ghistelles, and was a councillor of Countess Jacqueline of HollandIn 1370, he married Margaret, a daughter of Otto, Lord of Lippe and Irmgard of the Marck.  They had one son:Otto (d.before 20 October 1428), married before 1396 to Sophia, a daughter of Count Frederick III of Bergh-'s-Heerenberg and Catherine of BurenPassage 10:Anne HolckAnne Holck (7 December 1602, Tryggevælde - 5 June1660, Stensgaard, Langeland) was a Danish noble. She became famous for her defense of the island of Langeland against the Swedish army during the Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660) in 1659.She was the daughter ofnoble Ditlev Holck and married nobleman Vincents Steensen until Stensgaard from Langeland in 1623. In 1659, her spouse died from the wounds he received when he led the defense of Langeland against Swedishinvasion, and after his death, she took over and defended the island against the attack until she was forced to surrender. After having been captured and imprisoned on her estate, she managed to trick a Swedishtroupe down a vine cellar, where they were killed by local peasantry."}
{"doc_id":"doc_49","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Judah Even ShemuelYehuda Even Shemuel (Ukraine, 1886-Jerusalem, 1976) was an Israeli Jewish scholar, translator and lexicographer. He won the Israel Prize in 1973. Yehuda Kaufman (later EvenShemuel) was born in Balta, Ukraine. He studied in three yeshivot. At the age of eighteen, after passing the examination of a six-years’ course in a Russian gymnasium, he studied in London and then Paris, where hewas accepted to the law school of the University of Paris. He immigrated to Montreal, Canada in 1913.His English-Hebrew dictionary was known as The Kaufman Dictionary.Passage 2:Erik KilpatrickErik Kilpatrick (born1952) is an American actor who is best known for playing Curtis Jackson on the CBS television series The White Shadow.  He is the son of Lincoln Kilpatrick.  Erik and his father co-starred in \"Here's Mud in Your Eye\", anepisode from the first season of The White Shadow.  Kilpatrick has a younger brother, Lincoln Kilpatrick Jr., and a sister, DaCarla Kilpatrick, who also are actors.  Kilpatrick is the father of Erika Kurzawa and ToussaintKilpatrick. Married to Chris Anthony. Today, Kilpatrick devotes much of his time directing and is the founder and Artistic Director of KOLA Theatre.Passage 3:Lincoln KilpatrickLincoln Kilpatrick (February 12, 1931 – May18, 2004) was an American film, television, and stage actor.BiographyCareerBorn in St. Louis, Missouri, Kilpatrick attended Lincoln University and earned a degree in drama before he began acting. Encouraged by BillieHoliday, Kilpatrick began his career in 1959 in the Broadway production of A Raisin in the Sun. In the 1960s, he mainly guest-starred in television roles and bit parts in movies. His primary acting talents were showcasedin stage and theater work, which he remained active in until his death. Kilpatrick was co-founder of the Kilpatrick-Cambridge Theatre Arts School in Hollywood, California. He was also the first African-American memberof the Lincoln Center Repertory Company.Personal life and deathKilpatrick was married 47 years to the singer and stage performer Helena Ferguson from 1957 until his death from lung cancer in 2004. Kilpatrick hadfive children: actor and composer Lincoln Kilpatrick Jr.; writer, director and actor DaCarla Kilpatrick; actor and director Erik Kilpatrick; actor Jozella Reed; and producer Marjorie L. Kilpatrick. He was buried at the ForestLawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.FilmographyPassage 4:Jean DaninosJean Daninos (2 December 1906 – 13 October 2001) was a Greek-French constructor of luxury cars Facel Vega, born in Paris.Thebrother of the Pierre Daninos, Jean Daninos had founded the company FACEL (Forges et Ateliers des Constructions d'Eure-et-Loir, forge and construction workshop for the department of Eure-et-Loir) in 1939 with hopesof one day designing and manufacturing his own automobile. An engineer, he had previously collaborated with Citroën on the Traction Avant and had worked in the aviation field.The FACEL company produced the bodiesof custom cars like the Panhard Dyna cabriolet and the Ford Comète.He had also a long time business partnership with Henri Théodore Pigozzi CEO of Simca. All the stylish Aronde sports derivatives (coupes andconvertibles called PLein Ciel and Océane, targeted for well to do women customers ) were manufactured by Facel.However Pigozzi and Simca chose cheaper and more trendy Carrozeria Bertone for the later the Simca1000 derivatives (Simca 1200S) and ended the Simca partnership. The first Facel Vega model, designed by Daninos himself, debuted in 1954, equipped with a Chrysler engine. Daninos counted among his clientscelebrities including (Tony Curtis, Ava Gardner) and racing drivers (Stirling Moss, Maurice Trintignant). Several sports car models followed until the company's demise in the mid-1960s. During ten years of production,FACEL had manufactured 3,000 automobiles.Daninos died in Cannes at age 94 from cancer. He was buried with his relatives in Jouy-en-Josas.Passage 5:Alexander FuksAlexander Fuks (30 May 1917 – 29 November1978) was a German-born, later Israeli historian, archaeologist and papyrologist. He worked with Victor Tcherikover and Menahem Stern on the standard edition of Jewish papyri. He was a specialist in the study ofHellenistic Judaism.Passage 6:Patrick KilpatrickPatrick Kilpatrick (born August 20, 1949), is an American actor, director, screenwriter, producer, journalist, international entertainment speaker and teacher. He hasappeared in over 180 films and television series.Kilpatrick ran for Governor of California in the 2021 recall election as a Democrat.Early lifeKilpatrick was born in Orange, Virginia, the son of Robert Donald Kilpatrick Sr.and Ellie Faye (born Ellwood Fay) Hines Kilpatrick. His ancestors are Scottish, Scots-Irish, a bit of Welsh, and English, having come to the U.S. as early as 1620, and he has relatives who fought in both the AmericanRevolution and for the Confederacy in the Civil War. His father was a World War II \"Beach Jumper\", a predecessor to the modern U.S. Navy Seals, who received a Silver Star and Purple Heart in the Pacific and was awinner of the National Collegiate Baseball Championship for the University of Richmond.When Kilpatrick was six, the family moved to Connecticut from Virginia, where his father (formerly a teacher) began his career ininsurance underwriting. Kilpatrick Sr. was head of Connecticut General, and was a key figure in the merger that created the Cigna Corporation; he died on January 27, 1997, at age 72. His mother was a public schooleducator, coach, councilor and psychologist in private practice. The family bought property in Virginia in 1980. After nearly dying in a car crash at the age of 17 on November 17, 1967, he was rehabilitated to the pointwhere he could later perform his own stunts.Kilpatrick graduated from the University of Richmond in 1972 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, History, and Teaching and attended New York University'sProfessional Film and Television Graduate Program.CareerFilm and televisionKilpatrick's entertainment career has spanned more than 180 films and television shows as lead actor, producer, screenwriter, director andacting coach/entertainment teacher. Most commonly playing the role of a villain, Kilpatrick has joked, \"I’ve been killed, beaten-up or jailed by nearly every leading actor on earth and in outer space.\"His action-filmvillain appearances include Class of 1999 (1990), Showdown (1993), The Replacement Killers  (1998), Eraser (1996), Last Man Standing (1996), Minority Report (2002), Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995), DeathWarrant (film) (1990),The Presidio (1988), and two Westerns opposite Tom Selleck, Last Stand at Saber River (1997)  and Crossfire Trail (2001). Kilpatrick also starred in Free Willy 3: The Rescue (1997).In one18-month period Kilpatrick, reportedly acted in five major-studio films and two independent films while making 27 television guest-star spots on 18 different shows. Other appearances include films such as RemoWilliams: The Adventure Begins (1985); 3 Ninjas Knuckle Up (1995), and the PBS miniseries American Playhouse: Roanoak (1981), which became the largest production in the history of PBS.Television appearancesinclude Dark Angel; Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1994); Walker, Texas Ranger (1994); Babylon 5 (1995); Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman as Sergeant O'Connor for 9 episodes from 1996 to 1997; ER(1997); JAG (1997 & 2000); The X-Files (2001); General Hospital (2003); CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2005); 24 (2005); Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008) and Chuck (\"Chuck Versus theGravitron\"). He guess-starred in the Star Trek: Voyager episodes \"Initiations\" (1995) and \"Drive\" (2000) and in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"The Siege of AR-558\" (1998). In January 2019, he began filmingCatalyst (scheduled for 2021 release).StageKilpatrick had a theatrical run at Los Angeles Theater Center for Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, acted Off-Broadway in Hanoi Hilton at the Harold Clurman Theater(1984), Linda Her and The Fairy Garden (1984) at the Second Stage, and in regional theater, Requiem for a Heavyweight (1985).He has directed Off-Broadway and was a founding member of Divine Theater in New YorkCity. His play, Zone of Bells/Room of Seesaws,  premiered at the 1984 East Village Arts Festival. He was assistant director on Broadway with The Golden Age (1984) and Entertaining Mr. Sloane, (1984, Cherry LaneTheatre), and on Death Trap (1984) in the West End of London.AuthorIn 2018, Kilpatrick released a memoir, Dying for living: Sins & Confessions of a Hollywood Villain & Libertine Patriot Vol. 1 – Upbringing, publishedby Boulevard Books (NYC) on October 1, 2018, launched October 3, 2018 at National Press Club and Kennedy Center for Performing Arts. The book received the \"Best of LA\" Award 2018 with 5-star reviews.Kilpatrick'sfollow-up, Dying for living: Wasted Talent in the Valley of Debacle (Vol. 2 - Showbiz), was set for publication at the end of 2019.2021 California gubernatorial recall electionIn July 2021, Kilpatrick announced that he wasrunning as a candidate in the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election as one of nine Democrats attempting to recall California's governor, Gavin Newsom. The 50% threshold to recall Newsom was not reached, andKilpatrick received 1.2% of the replacement candidate vote.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAwards and nominationsPassage 7:Lincoln HurstLincoln Douglas Hurst (May 6, 1946 – November 11, 2008), also known as \"LincolnHurst\", \"L. D. Hurst\", or \"Lincoln D. Hurst\", was an American scholar of the Bible, religious history and film. He was Emeritus Professor at the University of California, Davis (1983–2006), and adjunct professor at FullerTheological Seminary, Pasadena, California (1987–2008).Life and careerBorn in Chicago and raised in Arlington Heights, Illinois, Hurst graduated from Arlington High School, and later received the Bachelorof Artsdegree in history from Trinity College (now Trinity International University), Deerfield, Illinois (1969). He was then grantedthe Master of Divinity (1973) and Master of Theology (1976) degrees from PrincetonTheological Seminary (where he worked under the late Bruce M. Metzger) andthe Doctor of Philosophy (1982) degree from Oxford University (Mansfield College), England, where he worked under the late G. B.Caird.  Anglican Bishop N.T. Wright also did his doctoral work under Caird, and three years after Caird's death Hurst and Wright co-edited a volume in his memory. Hurst also acted as Caird's family-appointed literaryexecutor, insofar as some of Caird's work was left hanging in mid-air when he died. Before taking up a post at the University of California, Davis in 1983, he was an Instructor at BloomfieldCollege, New Jersey(1973–74), lecturer (1979–80) and junior dean (1980–81) at Mansfield College, Oxford, and visiting fellow at Princeton Theological Seminary (fall, 1982).  He was a lifelong proponent of animal welfare. Committed topreserving the memories of G. B. Caird and Errol Flynn, he spent the final weeks of his life writing about the historic achievements of both men. Hurst died suddenly from a heart attack in November 2008.Areas ofActivityBiblical studiesHaving written extensively on the Epistle to the Hebrews, Hurst's work has also focused on a variety of other topics, including ethics in religion, the Aramaic language of the Gospels and Acts, theDead Sea scrolls, the development of early Christian thought about Jesus, New Testament Theology, and the relationship of religion and film. His work has shown a maverick tendency, with a willingness to take upunpopular positions that go against the mainstream. His discussion of Hebrews (Hurst 1990) accordingly is unconcerned about the identity of the unknown author - a common preoccupation - but is rather directed atuncovering the particular religious milieu out of which he or she came. He is insistent that the author was not a disciple of either Plato or Philo, or that he was a former member of the Qumran community - prevailingviews for much of the twentieth century. The writer instead was a mainstream first century Christian who was heavily influenced by Paul the Apostle and the Jewish Apocalyptic tradition. He also maintains, againstvirtually all scholars and commentators, that the first chapter of Hebrews is designed to illustrate not the deity of Christ, but his perfect humanity. The first-century writer wishes his readers to know that in Jesus Godhas restored the human race to its proper predestined place \"above the angels\" (Psalm 8:4-6; Hurst 1987).  His interest in the question of the Historical Jesus led him to question the linguistic techniques by which themajority of scholars have attempted to reconstruct Jesus's original Aramaic words beneath the later Greek gospels (Hurst 1986). The ethical dimensions of Jesus's teaching is another area into which he has delved; heconsiders Jesus's ethics to be indissolubly linked to Realized eschatology - the idea (associated with C. H. Dodd) that for Jesus the Kingdom of God had already, in substantial form, arrived in the teaching, life, and deathof Jesus (Hurst 1992). A central facet of Christian doctrine since the early centuries of the church has been the Pre-existence of Christ, and this is another area that has attracted his attention.His claim (following G. B.Caird) that Paul the Apostle represents both the earliest and the highest thinking about Jesus in the New Testament (as opposed, for instance, to the Gospel of John) runs counter to the view of the majority of scholars,and in this case he has had a notable disagreement with  University of Durham theology Professor James Dunn (Hurst, 1986); he and Dunn have appeared in the same volume \"discussing\" the question (Martin andDodd, 1998). Hurst's interest in the subject of New Testament Theology, sparked by his posthumous completion of G. B. Caird's work of that title, remains a continuing thrust of his research.The messianism of the DeadSea scrolls has been one of the most widely discussed topics of the past sixty years in western religious circles; here it has been almost a dogma among scholars that the members of the Qumran community wereidiosyncratic in that they expected not one, but two Messiahs. Hurst has stood against this idea, claiming that the members of the desert sect held to a thoroughly orthodox Jewish belief in one Messiah (Hurst 1999)(there is little, if any, evidence that his arguments in this regard have made even a negligible impact on the field). He is also concerned to explore the influence of Christianity in general, and the Bible in particular, onthe films of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries - especially those that use the Bible symbolically in \"modern\" settings (Hurst 2004).Film HistoryIn addition to studies in religion and the Bible, Hurst has maintained along interest in the history of film. For most of his life he studied cinema as an avocation, but in his later years it consumed an increasing amount of his time. For approximately ten years he taught a popular course onfilm at the University of California, Davis, where his work tended to center on the relationship of film and music andof film and religion.  He was an accredited film historian, having appeared in manydocumentaryfeatures (on DVD and television, including Britain (the BBC) and Australia (the ABC)) dealing with various aspects of some of the most significant films in American cinematic history. He displayed a specialfondness for crime films, having publicly commented on three of what he considered (in addition to The Godfather trilogy) to be among the most historically crucial: Angels with Dirty Faces, The Roaring Twenties and(most significantly) White Heat.He is seen notably in features accompanying the Warner Brothers DVD releases of the classic 1941 release of \"The Maltese Falcon\", and in various 'signature collection' DVDs, includingthose of Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn, featuring on the commentaries alongside Martin Scorsese, Eric Lax, Michael Madsen, and Theresa Russell,  among others. In 2005 he recorded the full-length audiocommentary for the Warner Home Video DVD release of the 1939 classic James Cagney crime film, The Roaring Twenties, included in  \"The Warner Gangsters Collection\".Selected worksBooks(with N. T. Wright, ed.),The Glory of Christ in the New Testament: Studies in Christology in Memory of George Bradford Caird.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.The Epistle to the Hebrews: Its Background of Thought. SNTS MonographSeries No. 65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.New Testament Theology, by G. B. Caird, Completed and Edited by L. D. Hurst. Oxford and New York:  Oxford University Press, 1994 (Paperback1995).Swashbuckler at the Front: Errol Flynn, the Spanish Civil War, Religion, and Fascism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (forthcoming).Articles & Essays\"How 'Platonic' are Hebrews viii.5 and ix.23ff.?\", Journal ofTheological Studies n.s. 34 (1983), pp. 156ff.\"Eschatology and 'Platonism' in the Epistle to the Hebrews,\" Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 23, Chico (1984), pp. 41ff.\"Apollos, Hebrews and Corinth: BishopMontefiore's Theory Examined,\" Scottish Journal of Theology 38 (1986), pp. 505ff.\"The Christology of Hebrews 1 and 2,\" in Hurst and Wright (eds.), The Glory of Christ in the New Testament (see above), pp. 151ff.\"TheEthics of Jesus,\" in Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, and I. Howard Marshall (eds.), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels.  Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992, pp. 210ff.\"The Neglected Role of Semantics in the Search forthe Aramaic Words of Jesus,\"  Journal for the Study of the New Testament 28 (1986), pp. 63ff. (reprinted in Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. Porter [eds.], The Historical Jesus: A Sheffield Reader. Sheffield: SheffieldAcademic Press, 1995, pp. 219ff.)\"New Testament Theological Analysis,\" Introducing New Testament Interpretation, ed. Scot McKnight (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1989), pp. 133-161.\"Priest, High Priest,\" in RalphP. Martin and Peter H. Davids (eds.), Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments.  Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1997, pp. 963ff.(with Joel B. Green), \"Priest, Priesthood,\" in Joel B. Green, ScotMcKnight, and I. Howard Marshall (eds.), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels.  Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992, pp. 633ff.\"Qumran,\" in Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids (eds.), Dictionary of the Later NewTestament and Its Developments.  Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1997, pp. 997ff.\"Re-Enter the Pre-Existent Christ in Philippians 2.5-11?\",  New Testament Studies 32 (1986), pp. 449ff. (reprinted, with new material, as\"Christ, Adam, and Pre-Existence Revisited,\" in Ralph P. Martin and Brian Dodd (eds.), Where Christology Began.  Louisville, Ky.:  Westminster/John Knox, 1998), pp. 84ff.\"George Bradford Caird,\" A Historical Handbookof Major Biblical Interpreters, ed. Donald McKim (Downers Grove, Il:  Intervarsity, 1998), 456-462.\"Did Qumran Expect Two Messiahs?\", Bulletin of Biblical Research 9 (1999), pp. 157ff.\"Foreword,\" G. B. Caird,Principalities and Powers. Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock, 2003, pp. 1–9.\"Six-Gun Savior: George Stevens' 'Shane' and Paul's Letter to the Romans,\" in Sheila E. McGinn (ed.),  Celebrating Romans: Template for PaulineTheology. Essays in Honor of Robert Jewett. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004, pp. 240ff.External links\"Popular former UC Davis professor dies at age 62,\" The California Aggie, 4 December 2008.Eulogy in Memory of L. D.Hurst, Fremont Presbyterian Church, Sacramento, CA, 17 January 2009.Lincoln Hurst at IMDbLincoln Hurst UC Davis Wiki profileBruce M. Metzger's review of New Testament Theology, by George B. Caird and Lincoln D.HurstPassage 8:Lincoln Kilpatrick Jr.Lincoln Kilpatrick Jr. (born October 4, 1961) is a former child star and American actor during the 1970s.BiographyEarly lifeKilpatrick was born on October 4, 1961 in North Hollywood,California. He was born the eldest of five children born to actor Lincoln Kilpatrick and former performer Helena Ferguson.CareerKilpatrick appeared in his first film and began his career at the age of 10 in the movie DeadMen Tell No Tales in 1971 as the role of Mike Carter. Kilpatrick also played the minor role of Jeff in the 1977 TV movie Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn.Kilpatrick made his first television appearance on the March 9,1973 episode of the NBC sitcom Sanford and Son. Kilpatrick also made a television appearance on the CBS sitcom Good Times in the episode Michael, the Warlord as Ratbone, the leader of the \"Junior Warlords\" streetgang Michael has been bullied into. The episode aired on October 13, 1976.FamilyKilpatrick is the son of longtime film and television actor Lincoln Kilpatrick and performer Helena Ferguson. He is also the nephew ofactor John Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick is also the brother of actress DaCarla Kilpatrick, actor/director Erik Kilpatrick, actress Jozella Reed, and producer Marjorie L. Reed.FilmographyDead Men Tell No Tales (Mike Carter)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_50","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nayelly HernándezNayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player. She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships. Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour. Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player. She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010.CareerNayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement.Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games. In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event. She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016.Passage 2:Eleni Gabre-MadhinEleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva).Eleni GebremedhnEleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964. She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa. She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French. She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours. She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University. Eleni was selected as \"Ethiopian Person of the Year\" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times.CareerShe was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests. Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly.  Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce.  In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets. Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX.   She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that \"(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises\" .... and that the \"ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level.\"In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta.In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa.In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War. Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition.  On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as \"deliberately misrepresented\". Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play.  The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor. The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her.AwardsIn 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year. Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011.In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact. Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi. That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David.She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016.Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia. However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia.Passage 3:Khalid al-HabibKhalid Habib (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan. His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times).Habib was the operations commander for the region. He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere. This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors. According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership. The FBI described Habib as \"one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world.In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel.  Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008. Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile. On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack.Passage 4:Baglan MailybayevBaglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Ба\u0000лан Асаубай\u0000лы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan. His nationality is Kazakh. He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S.Z. – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998).BiographyIn 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi.In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation.Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan.Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company \"Republican newspaper \"Kazakhstanskaya Pravda\"\".Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company \"Zan\".Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree.Personal lifeMarital status: He is married and has two children.AwardsBaglan Mailybayev was awarded \"Kurmet\", \"Parasat\" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan.PublicationsHe is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions. He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries.Research interestsComparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law.Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently.NoteThe predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev.Passage 5:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries. After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company. He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy.Inter Press Service (IPS)Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of the world, particularly Latin America. Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries for a European audience.That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany.From the outset, it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South.Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North.The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making.IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors.IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC.With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services.Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out.IPS won FAO’s A.H. Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its \"significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children\".On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries. In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order”.Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue.After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media.Other NewsIn 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate”.Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulation media, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation”.Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish.Communication initiativesAn internationally renowned expert in communications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world.Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and the Women’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi.He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U.N. project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries. The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U.N. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA).Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Studyof Communication Problems (MacBride Commission).Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).Achievements and awardsIn 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission”.He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”. The award was established by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo.He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013.In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the \"Salvador Allende\" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture.In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship.He was appointed by President of the Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021. He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021.Advisory activitiesRoberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003. He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000.AffiliationsFrom 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay.After several years as a member of the Governing Council "}
{"doc_id":"doc_51","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jack GoohsenJack Goohsen (born November 7, 1942) is a farmer and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada.Goohsen was born in Gull Lake, Saskatchewan and studied agricultural management atthe University of Saskatchewan. He established a farm in the Gull Lake area. He served on the council for the rural municipality of Carmichael, serving as reeve from 1981 to 1992, and was elected to represent MapleCreek in the 1991 Saskatchewan general election and again in the new Cypress Hills district in the 1995 Saskatchewan general election to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative.In thespring of 1997, Goohsen was criminally charged after he was accused of trying to buy sex from a 14-year-old girl. As a result of this scandal, he was not invited to join the caucus of the newly founded SaskatchewanParty when it was formed by the remaining Progressive Conservative members along with some Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLA's that summer. Goohsen remained in the legislature as an independent member while hiscase made its way through the courts.Gooshen resigned as an MLA after being convicted in 1999 on the child prostitution charge. He lost his appeal to the SK Court of Appeal.Passage 2:Ray DanylukRaymond Bruce\"Ray\" Danyluk  (born 1952 or 1953) is a farmer and former provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a Member of the  Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 2001 to 2012 with the ProgressiveConservative caucus before being defeated by Wildrose Party candidate Shayne Saskiw in the 2012 election. During his time in office Danyluk served as a cabinet minister in the government of Premier Ed Stelmach,serving in various portfolios since 2006.Early lifeDanyluk was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He attended post secondary education at the University of Alberta. He farms near the community of Elk Point,Alberta.Political careerDanyluk ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2001 Alberta general election. He ran in the electoral district of Lac La Biche-St. Paul in a hotlycontested three candidate race. The seat was open due to the departure of incumbent Paul Langevin. Danyluk held the seat for the Progressive Conservatives to win his first term in office. He faced a strong challengefrom Liberal candidate Vital Ouellette but still finished first by a couple thousand votes.Danyluk ran for a second term in office in the 2004 Alberta general election. He faced three opposition candidates including theformer Sergent at Arms of the Legislature Oscar Lacombe who ran under the Alberta Alliance banner. Danyluk held his seat winning just over half the popular vote, despite seeing a decline in his support. The Liberalcandidate saw his party's popular vote almost cut in half but still managed to finish a distant second, while Lacombe finished a close third out of fourth place.Premier Ed Stelmach appointed Danyluk to his first cabinetportfolio in the Executive Council of Alberta as Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing on December 15, 2006.Danyluk ran for a third term in office in the 2008 Alberta general election with ministerial advantage. Hefaced two other candidates significantly increasing his popular vote returning to office with a landslide majority.Premier Stelmach slightly changed Danyluk's cabinet portfolio after the 2008 election. On March 12, 2008he became Minister of Municipal Affairs. He held that portfolio until Stelmach appointed him as Minister of Infrastructure on January 15, 2010.Passage 3:Adam ZolotinAdam Zolotin (born November 29, 1983, in NewYork City, New York) is an American actor, best known for appearing in Leave It to Beaver and Jack.FilmographyFilmJack (1996) as Louis DuranteLeave It to Beaver (1997) as Eddie HaskellDog's Best Friend (1997) asWylie ThompsonZerophilia (2005) as ChadWhat News? (2007) as TommyLonely Boy (2013) as MikeTelevisionLaw & Order (1996) as Lonnie Rickman (1 episode)Love and Marriage (1996) as Christopher NardiniStorm ofthe Century (1996) as Davey HopewellLaw & Order: SVU (2000) as Justin McKenna (1 episode)What I Like About You (2005) as Chris's Friend (1 episode)The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006) as Mark (1episode)Scrubs (2004) as Reuben (1 episode)Mr. Robot (2016) as David (1 episode)TheaterSirensRecognitionAwards and nominations1996, YoungStar Awards nomination for 'Best Young Actor in a Comedy Film' forJack1996, Young Artist Awards nomination for 'Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor' for Jack1998, Young Artist Awards nomination for 'Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting YoungActor' for Leave It to BeaverPassage 4:Alexander McKenzie (footballer)Alexander McKenzie was an Australian rules footballer for Port Adelaide. He was noted to be able to kick a football 75 yards without the assistanceof wind.Port Adelaide (1889)In the lead up to the 1889 SAFA season a football reporter writing under the pseudonym 'Centre' for the Port Adelaide News forecasted that \"A. McKenzie (as I have mentioned before) and P.Begg have indications of making really first class players. When the Association matches start I think the Port club will have a team that will stand a lot of knocking about, and also take a lot to beat\". McKenzie made hisdebut in the first game of the 1889 SAFA season in a win against Medindie (North Adelaide) on Alberton Oval with 'Goalpost' writing for the Evening Journal commenting on Alexander's likeness to his brother Johnstating that \"McKenzie has his brothers style, both marking and kicking well\".During 1889 the North Melbourne Football Club visited South Australia and played a game on the Adelaide Oval against Port Adelaide. Starforward Charlie Fry was a late withdrawal for the game allowing then rookie Alex McKenzie to be named as a late inclusion for the match. McKenzie kicked a goal in Port Adelaide's six goal defeat of NorthMelbourne.Adelaide (1890)During the 1890 season McKenzie's older brother John, who also played as a key position forward, was keeping Alexander out of the Port Adelaide side. As a result, Alexander McKenzie movedto the Adelaide Football Club halfway though the 1890 SAFA season seeking greater opportunities to play as a key forward. Alexander's best game for Adelaide was in a game against Medindie (North Adelaide) where hekicked three goals in a two-goal win on Adelaide Oval. At the time Adelaide were struggling and at the beginning of the 1891 season John prematurely flagged his retirement thus enticing his brother Alex back to PortAdelaide.Port Adelaide (1891–1895)McKenzie's move back to his original club proved a good decision as he would go on to lead that clubs goal-kicking four times in 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1895.In 1892 McKenzie wasselected in the South Australian state side for the first time. During the match against Victoria on the Melbourne Cricket Ground Alexander kicked two goals.In a game against Old Adelaide on Alberton Oval during the1893 SAFA season Alexander McKenzie kicked 13 goals.Western Australia (1896–1900)In 1896 McKenzie moved to the Western Australian Goldfields likely drawn by that states gold rush. During June and July 1896McKenzie appeared for the Imperials Football Club (a club which later disbanded with the majority of players forming the East Fremantle Football Club) in the Western Australian Football Association, kicking four goals inhis first game against the Rovers on the WACA.By August 1896 Alexander McKenzie had moved to the goldfields and began playing football and cricket for Coolgardie. In 1897 McKenzie won a premiership withKalgoorlie City. That year he led the Goldfields Football League goal kicking with 27 majors. In 1898 McKenzie had retired as a player and helped umpire the Goldfields Football League.In 1900 McKenzie won first prizein the W.A. Tattersalls Ballarat Charles Sweep netting £1,098. McKenzie used this windfall to relocate to South Africa.Move to South AfricaIn 1902 Alexander McKenzie had made it to South Africa and was inJohannesburg. By 1913 Alexander McKenzie was running a hotel in Johannesburg.Personal lifeMcKenzie had four brothers – Rod, Duncan, Ken and Jack; the latter two played for Port Adelaide with Alexander. Alexandermarried Edith Jane Lloyd and fathered two girls, Maisie Jessie McKenzie and Lorna Jean McKenzie. McKenzie died on 25 September 1914 in South Africa.Passage 5:David JiDavid Longfen Ji is an American businessmanwho co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer.In 2004, he was arrested in China following a dispute with Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang and the province of Sichuan.Changhong accused him of defrauding them through bad checks. Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, \"I decide whether you live or die.\" He has been held in Chinawithout charges.Ji's case highlighted an \"implicit racism\" in dealings with American businessmen. As a U.S. citizen he was not granted the same treatment by authorities as non-ethnically Chinese businessmen sharingthe same nationality.Passage 6:Ed StelmachEdward Michael Stelmach  (; born May 11, 1951) is a Canadian politician who served as the 13th premier of Alberta, from 2006 to 2011. The grandson of Ukrainianimmigrants, Stelmach was born and raised on a farm near Lamont and fluently speaks the distinctive Canadian dialect of Ukrainian. He spent his entire pre-political adult life as a farmer, except for some time spentstudying at the University of Alberta. His first foray into politics was a 1986 municipal election, when he was elected to Lamont County council. A year into his term, he was appointed reeve.  He continued in this positionuntil his entry into provincial politics.In the 1993 provincial election, Stelmach was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Vegreville-Viking (later Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville). A ProgressiveConservative, he served in the cabinets of Ralph Klein—at various times holding the portfolios of Intergovernmental Relations, Transportation, Infrastructure, and Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development—where hedeveloped a reputation as a low-key politician who avoided the limelight. When Klein resigned the party's leadership in 2006, Stelmach was among the first to present his candidature to replace him. After a third-placefinish on the first ballot of the leadership race, he won an upset second ballot victory over former provincial treasurer Jim Dinning.Stelmach's premiership was heavily focused on management of the province's oilreserves, especially those of the Athabasca Oil Sands. He rejected calls from environmentalists to slow the pace of development in the Fort McMurray area, and similarly opposed calls for carbon taxes. Other policyinitiatives included commencing an overhaul of the province's health governance system, amendments to the Alberta human rights code, a re-introduction of all-party committees to the Legislature, and the conclusionof a major labour agreement with Alberta's teachers. His government also attracted controversy for awarding itself a 30% pay increase shortly after its re-election, and featured strained relations with Calgary, one ofKlein's former strongholds. Despite this, Stelmach increased the Progressive Conservatives' already substantial majority in the 2008 election. With the advent of the late-2000s recession, Stelmach had to cope with adeteriorating economic situation and the Alberta government's first budget deficit in 16 years.Stelmach was succeeded as Premier by Alison Redford on October 7, 2011. He joined the board of Covenant Health a yearlater, and has been its chair since January 2016.BackgroundEdward Michael Stelmach was born on a farm near Lamont, Alberta, the grandson of immigrants from Zavyche, Ukraine. His grandparents settled nearAndrew, Alberta in 1898, after bypassing Saskatchewan because they did not care for the terrain. His parents, Nancy (née Koroluk) and Michael N. Stelmach, had five children, of whom Edward was the youngest, tenyears younger than his closest sibling. Stelmach was raised speaking Ukrainian, and did not learn English until he started attending school. He was raised a Ukrainian Catholic, and continues to attend church regularly,sing in the church choir, and act as a volunteer caretaker for the cemetery. Through high school, he worked as a well-digger and a Fuller Brush salesman, where he said his grasp of Ukrainian helped him make sales.After graduating high school—his grade 12 yearbook called him a future Prime Minister of Canada—he attended the University of Alberta, intending to become a lawyer. He continued there, working as an assistantmanager at Woodward's, until 1973, when his oldest brother, Victor, died.  While his family had intended for Victor to take over the farm that his grandparents had settled 75 years before, Stelmach dropped out ofuniversity, returned home, and bought the land from his parents. He continues to farm the land today.As a teenager, he met Marie Warshawski at the wedding of a mutual friend. They married in 1973, and have threesons and a daughter.Stelmach entered politics in 1986 with his election to the council of Lamont County; one year later, he was appointed county reeve, a position he held until his entry into provincial politics in1993.MLA and ministerStelmach ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as a Progressive Conservative in the 1993 provincial election, defeating incumbent New Democrat Derek Fox in the riding of Vegreville-Viking.Stelmach became a member of the Deep Six, a group of enthusiastically fiscally conservative rookie MLAs; in addition to supporting Premier Ralph Klein's aggressive deficit-cutting, Stelmach practiced fiscal restrainthimself, incurring low office expenses and declining a government vehicle.  During his first term, Stelmach served as Deputy Whip and, later, Chief Government Whip for the P.C. caucus.  As a backbencher, hesponsored the Lloydminster Hospital Act Repeal Act. This was a government bill that dissolved the then-existing Lloydminster hospital board in preparation for an arrangement compliant with both the Albertagovernment's new system of regional health authorities and the Saskatchewan government's system. Lloydminster sits on the border of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and the hospital, although built and operated by theAlberta government, sits on the Saskatchewan side. It passed the legislature with little debate. In 1996, shortly before an April by-election in Redwater, Stelmach was accused of \"pork barrel politics\" for presenting,along with colleague Peter Trynchy and P.C. candidate Ross Quinn, a large cheque to a local seniors centre. Stelmach said that he had only stepped in to help the riding after its MLA, Nicholas Taylor, had been appointedto the Senate.After the 1997 provincial election, Klein appointed Stelmach Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Rural development. While he held this office, his department encouraged the establishment of feedlots. Theopposition parties charged that the government was not regulating these sufficiently, but Stelmach responded that municipalities had the authority necessary to effectively regulate them. On the Canadian Wheat Boardcontroversy, Stelmach sided with farmers who wanted an end to the federal body's monopoly on grain sales in the western provinces. Legislatively, Stelmach sponsored five bills while in the Agriculture, Food, and RuralDevelopment portfolio, all of which passed through the legislature.  1997's Meat Inspection Amendment Act required meat inspectors to acquire a search warrant before entering a private dwelling, but also allowed forfines to be voluntarily paid without requiring a court case. It was called by Liberal agriculture critic Ken Nicol \"a really good bill\". The Livestock and Livestock Products Amendment Act of the same year eliminatedgovernment guarantee of the Livestock Patrons' Assurance Fund, designed to protect cattle producers from payment defaults by livestock dealers, in favour of leaving the Fund entirely in the hands of the industry. It toowas supported by the Liberals, with Nicol calling it \"very easy for us to accept\".  In 1998, Stelmach sponsored the Agriculture Statutes (Penalties) Amendment Act, which overhauled the penalty system for violation ofvarious agricultural statutes, setting maximum fines and leaving the precise amount up to judges on a case-by-case basis. It also passed with Liberal support, as MLA Ed Gibbons said that it \"really makes a lot ofsense\". Another 1998 bill was the Marketing of Agricultural Products Amendment Act, which allowed provincial agricultural marketing boards to revise their marketing plans, and was supported by theopposition.  Finally, Stelmach initiated the Agriculture Statutes (Livestock Identification) Amendment Act, which allowed the government to delegate the inspection of branding to the cattle industry. The bill was thesubject of considerable debate on second reading, but was ultimately supported by the Liberals on the third and final reading.In 1999, Klein shifted Stelmach to the new Infrastructure portfolio, where he made trafficsafety a priority, increasing fines for traffic offenses, sometimes by as much as 700%. He also briefly aroused controversy by proposing reversing the slow and fast lanes on provincial highways, on the grounds that thiswould equalize the rate at which the lanes broke down and therefore save on maintenance costs; nothing came of the proposal.  He established a fund for capital projects, but was criticized for not doing enough toaddress the deterioration of the province's infrastructure. In 2001, Klein separated Transportation out of the Infrastructure portfolio and appointed Stelmach to it, where the new minister advocated the use ofpublic-private partnerships to build ring roads around Edmonton and Calgary. He also introduced a program of graduated driver licensing and initiated a review of traffic safety programs.  Stelmach was re-elected by hislargest majority yet during the 2001 election, and retained the Transportation portfolio until 2004, when he was reassigned to the position of Minister of Intergovernmental Relations. He resigned this position in 2006 inorder to contest the P.C. leadership election (Klein had required that ministers intending to campaign to succeed him resign from cabinet).As minister, Stelmach kept a low profile. Mark Lisac, who was the EdmontonJournal's provincial affairs columnist during much of Stelmach's time in cabinet, later recalled that Stelmach \"never did anything that was flashy or controversial in any way\" and that \"not a thing\" stood out aboutStelmach's ministerial service. This low-key style earned Stelmach the moniker \"Steady Eddie\", which would follow him to the Premier's office.2006 leadership electionStelmach was the first candidate to declare hisintention to run for the P.C. leadership, and picked up endorsements from nineteen members of his caucus (including cabinet ministers Pearl Calahasen and Iris Evans).  However, former provincial Treasurer JimDinning had twice as many caucus endorsements (despite not having held elected office since 1997) and was generally considered the race's front-runner. Stelmach ran a low-profile campaign, touring the province in acustom-painted campaign bus, while most media attention was focussed on the rivalry between Dinning and the socially conservative Ted Morton.According to the race's rules, the three candidates receiving the mostvotes on the first ballot would move on to a second ballot, which would use a preferential voting system to select a winner. Stelmach finished third on the first ballot with 15.3% of the vote, 3,329 votes ahead of fourthplace Lyle Oberg and 10,647 votes behind second place Morton.  However, the fourth, fifth, and sixth place candidates (Oberg, Dave Hancock, and Mark Norris) all endorsed Stelmach for the second ballot. On thisballot, he finished in first place on the first count, fewer than five hundred votes ahead of Dinning. A majority of Morton's votes went to Stelmach on the second count, and he was elected leader.FinancingStelmachraised more than $1.1 million for his leadership campaign. After his victory, he revealed the names of the donors of 85% of this money, but declined to release the names of eighty supporters, citing their requests forprivacy.  These supporters had donated a total of more than $160,000. Party rules did not require any disclosure, and the disclosures by candidates varied—Norris named all of his donors, while Morton did not revealany.  Stelmach's partial disclosure was deemed insufficient by opposition leaders and Democracy Watch, whose head suggested that Albertans should assume that Stelmach's anonymous donors placed him in a conflictof interest until he proved otherwise. Stelmach also acknowledged receiving a $10,000 donation from the Beaver Regional Waste Management Service's Commission, a landfill operator owned by five municipalities in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_52","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:Benjamin StoloffBenjamin Stoloff (October 6, 1895 – September 8, 1960) was an American film director and producer. He began his career as a short film comedy directorand gradually moved into feature film directing and production later in his career.Director filmography1940s–1950sHome Run Derby (1959) – TV SeriesFootlight Varieties (1951)It's a Joke, Son! (1947)Johnny ComesFlying Home (1946)Take It or Leave It (1944)Bermuda Mystery (1944)The Mysterious Doctor (1943)The Hidden Hand (1942)Secret Enemies (1942)Three Sons o' Guns (1941)The Great Mr. Nobody (1941)The MarinesFly High (1940)1930sThe Lady and the Mob (1939)The Affairs of Annabel (1938)Radio City Revels (1938)Fight for Your Lady (1937)Super-Sleuth (1937)Sea Devils (1937)Don't Turn 'Em Loose (1936)Two in the Dark(1936)To Beat the Band (1935)Swellhead (1935)Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934)Palooka (1934)Night of Terror (1933)Obey the Law (1933)The Devil Is Driving (1932)The Night Mayor (1932)By Whose Hand?(1932)Destry Rides Again (1932)Perfect Control (1932)Slide, Babe, Slide (1932)Goldie (1931)Three Rogues (1931)Not Exactly Gentlemen (1931)Soup to Nuts (1930)New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930)1920sThe Girlfrom Havana (1929)Happy Days (1929/I)Protection (1929)Speakeasy (1929)The Bath Between (1928)Plastered in Paris (1928)A Horseman of the Plains (1928)Mind Your Business (1928)Silver Valley (1927)The GayRetreat (1927)The Circus Ace (1927)The Canyon of Light (1926)It's a Pipe (1926)Matrimony Blues (1926)The Mad Racer (1926)The Fighting Tailor (1926)East Side, West Side (1925/II)The Heart Breaker (1925)SweetMarie (1925)Roaring Lions at Home (1924)Stolen Sweeties (1924)In-Bad the Sailor (1924)Stretching the Truth (1924)When Wise Ducks Meet (1924)On the Job (1924)ScreenwriterGas House Kids Go West(1947)ProducerLaw of the Tropics (1941)The Spiritualist (1948) also known as The Amazing Mr. XThe Cobra Strikes (1948)External linksBenjamin Stoloff at IMDbPassage 3:Howard W. KochHoward Winchel Koch (April11, 1916 – February 16, 2001) was an American producer and director of film and television.Life and careerKoch was born in New York City, the son of Beatrice (Winchel) and William Jacob Koch. His family was Jewish.He attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. He began his film career as an employee at Universal Studios office in New York then made his Hollywood filmmaking debut in1947 as an assistant director. He worked as a producer for the first time in 1953 and a year later made his directing debut. In 1964, Paramount Pictures appointed him head of film production, a position he held until1966 when he left to set up his own production company. He had a production pact with Paramount for over 15 years.Among his numerous television productions, Howard W. Koch produced the Academy Awards showon eight occasions. Dedicated to the industry, he served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1977 to 1979. In 1990 the Academy honored him with The Jean Hersholt HumanitarianAward and in 1991 he received the Frank Capra Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.Together with actor Telly Savalas, Howard Koch owned the thoroughbred racehorse Telly's Pop, winner of severalimportant California races for juveniles including the Norfolk Stakes and Del Mar Futurity.Howard W. Koch suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died in at his home in Beverly Hills, California on February 16, 2001. Hehad two children from a marriage of 64 years to Ruth Pincus, who died in March 2009. In 2004, his son Hawk Koch was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts andSciences.FilmographyDirectorFilm (director)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Untamed Youth (1957)Bop Girl Goes Calypso (1957)Jungle Heat (1957)The Girl in Black Stockings (1957)Fort Bowie(1957)Violent Road (1958)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Born Reckless (1958)Andy Hardy Comes Home (1958)The Last Mile (1959)Badge 373 (1973)Television (director)Maverick (1957) (1 episode)Hawaiian Eye (1959) (2episodes)Cheyenne (1958) (1 episode)The Untouchables (1959) (4 episodes)The Gun of Zangara (1960) (TV movie taken from The Untouchables (1959 TV series))Miami Undercover (1961) (38 episodes)TexacoPresents Bob Hope in a Very Special Special: On the Road with Bing (1977)ProducerFilm (producer):War Paint (1953)Beachhead (1954)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Rebel in Town(1956)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Sergeants 3 (1962)The Manchurian Candidate (1962)Come Blow Your Horn (1963)Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)The Odd Couple (1968)On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)ANew Leaf (1971)Plaza Suite (1971)Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975)The Other Side of Midnight (1977)Airplane! (1980)Some Kind of Hero (1982)Airplane II: The Sequel(1982)Ghost (1990)Television (producer)Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973)Passage 4:Barney Platts-MillsBarney Platts-Mills (15 October 1944 – 5 October 2021) was a British film director, best known for hisaward-winning films, Bronco Bullfrog and Private Road.BiographyPlatts-Mills was born in 1944 in Colchester, England, a son of barrister John Platts-Mills (who was briefly a Labour MP), and was educated at UniversityCollege School, London, and at Bryanston School, Blandford, Dorset.He entered the film industry in 1960, as 3rd assistant editor at Shepperton Studios and worked on Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus, Lewis Gilbert's TheGreengage Summer and John Schlesinger's A Kind of Loving among other films, for editors including Peter R. Hunt and Reggie Beck. Platts-Mills worked as editor for Anglia TV's Survival and Granada TV's World inAction.In 1966, he established Maya Films with James Scott, Adam Barker-Mill and Andrew St. John. Platts-Mills produced and edited Love's Presentation, a 30-minute documentary on the work of David Hockney,directed by James Scott, and also produced and directed St Christopher, a 45-minute documentary on children in the care of St Christopher's School, Bristol, and the Camphill Village Trust, Botton, Yorkshire. He wrote,produced and directed The War, a cinema short, starring Colin Welland and Eric Burdon (15 minutes, B&W 35 mm Panavision). He wrote and directed Everybody's an Actor, Shakespeare Said, a documentary on thework of Joan Littlewood, with young people in the East End of London (35 minutes, 16 mm Eastmancolor).In 1969, he wrote and directed Bronco Bullfrog with young people from the East End (83 minutes, 35 mm B&W)Selectione a l'Unanimite pour Semain de la Critique, Festival de Cannes. The film won a Screenwriters' Guild award for Best Original Screenplay.In 1971, he wrote and directed Private Road (86 minutes, 35 mmEastmancolor), starring Bruce Robinson, Susan Penhaligon and Michael Feast. It was awarded the Golden Leopard at the Locarno Festival for Best Film.In 1972, Platts-Mills was made a Governor and Honorary LifeMember of the British Film Institute and Director of the Prodigal Trust, Inner London School's video project. He took piano lessons with Trevor Fisher.Platts-Mills' screenplay Double Trouble was published as a novel byDuckworth in 1976. The following year, he wrote screenplays for The Scotsman and Hero. After two years' preparation he directed Hero (82 minutes, 16 mm Eastmancolor) for Film Four in ancient Gaelic with actorsdrawn from a Glasgow youth gang. Hero was an official entry at the Venice Film Festival.In 1983, Platts-Mills wrote the screenplay for Ebb Tide by Robert Louis Stevenson, to be filmed for Film Four in Sri Lanka starringHarry Dean Stanton and Christopher Lee. The project abandoned when war broke out in that country. Between 1984 and 1988, he was resident in Sussex with his two young children, Roland and Ruby.In 1989,Platts-Mills wrote and directed Blasphemy for Channel Four's Dispatches.In 1990, he worked in The Special Unit at HMP Barlinnie, Glasgow, on various projects, including a musical to be staged by prisoners in the jailand the first-ever performance by a circus (Archaos) in a British jail. He edited John Steele's The Bird That Never Flew, an autobiography of a prison trouble-maker published by Sinclair-Stevenson in 1992.Platts-Millswas advisor to the development of Wornington Green Residents' Association Video Project for disadvantaged youth in 1993, and in 1994 he set up and supervised the first year of the North Kensington Video DramaProject (NKVDP), including work for the Metropolitan Police Scam scheme and the Youth Enterprise Scheme.In 1995, together with students from the NKVDP he established Massive Videos at North KensingtonCommunity Centre and worked on the development of Courttia Newland's The Scholar. Between 1996 and 1999, Massive Videos made many short films by and about disadvantaged young people and founded the Filmand Video Festival. In Liverpool they established the Workhaus project in a five-storey building in the city centre and the North X Northwest Film Festival.In 1999, Platts-Mills met Tunde Olayinka and acted as adviser toThe Alpha Male, Olayinka's first film.Platts-Mills went to Morocco in 2000 and lived for a year on a farm near Larache, writing the screenplay for Lovesways.He built a house in Mejlaou near Assilah in 2004 and wrote thescreenplay for Zohra: A Moroccan Fairytale.Bronco Bullfrog and Private Road were re-released in 2010 by the BFI and the National Film Theater. Platts-Mills' films were screened in retrospectives at the Edinburgh FilmFestival, Gijion Film Festival, BAFICI, Copenhagen Film Festival and the opening night Premiere at the East End Film Festival.Platts-Mills joined the film production company Miraj Films in 2010 as a producer andcompleted the production of Zohra: A Moroccan Fairytale, his love poem to Morocco and his comeback after 30 years, which had its world premiere at the 40th International Rotterdam Film Festival.Platts-Mills iscredited with founding the independent production company, Peabody Productions.He died on 5 October 2021, at the age of 76.Passage 5:Hanro SmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is awriter and director of film and television.Film and Television CreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (aka Contact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment \"Groeten uit Holland\")Engel enBroer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)De ontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw(2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)De Punt (2009)Roes (2 episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel enBroer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival,the first place jury prize for \"Best Live Action under 15 minutes\" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP Ghent Award for European Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best Actor Award.  It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in thesame year.Passage 6:Brian Johnson (special effects artist)Brian Johnson (born 29 June 1939 or 29 June 1940) is a British designer and director of film and television special effects.Life and careerBorn Brian Johncock,he changed his surname to Johnson during the 1960s. Joining the team of special effects artist Les Bowie, Johnson started his career behind the scenes for Bowie Films on productions such as On The Buses, and forHammer Films.  He is known for his special effects work on TV series including Thunderbirds (1965–66) and films including Alien (1979), for which he received the 1980 Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (sharedwith H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Ayling and Nick Allder). Previously, he had built miniature spacecraft models for Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.Johnson's work on Space: 1999 influencedthe effects of the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s. Impressed by his work, George Lucas visited Johnson during the production of the TV series to offer him the role of effects supervisor for the 1977 film. Havingalready been commissioned for the second series of Space: 1999, Johnson was unable to accept at the time. He worked on the sequel, The Empire Strikes Back (1980), whose special effects were recognised in the formof a 1981 Special Achievement Academy Award (which Johnson shared with Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren and Bruce Nicholson).AwardsJohnson has won Academy Awards for both Alien (1979) and The Empire StrikesBack (1980). He was further nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Dragonslayer (1981). In addition, Johnson is the recipient of a Saturn Award for The Empire Strikes Back and a BAFTA Award for JamesCameron's  Aliens.FilmographySpecial effectsDirectorScragg 'n' Bones (2006)Passage 7:Rachel FeldmanRachel Feldman is an American director of film and television and screenwriter of television films.Life andcareerBorn in New York City, New York, Feldman began her career as a child actor performing extensively in commercials and television series.Her credits as a television director include: ((The Rookie)), ((CriminalMinds)), ((Blue Bloods)), and some beloved shows like Doogie Howser, M.D., The Commish, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Picket Fences, Sisters,Lizzie McGuire, at the start of her career. She has written and directedseveral features including: Witchcraft III: The Kiss of Death (1991), Post Modern Romance (1993), She's No Angel (2001) starring Tracey Gold, Recipe for a Perfect Christmas (2005) starring Christine Baranski, LoveNotes (2007) starring Laura Leighton, Lilly (2023) starring Patricia Clarkson.FilmsFeature FilmsLilly (2023) - Director/WriterLove Notes (2007) - WriterRecipe for a Perfect Christmas ((2005) - WriterShe's No Angel(2001) - Writer/DirectorWitchcraft III: The Kiss of Death (1991)  - DirectorShortsHere Now (2017) - Writer/DirectorHappy Sad Happy (2014) - Writer/DirectorPost Modern Romance (1993) - Writer/DirectorWunderkind(1984) - Writer/DirectorGuistina (1981) - Writer/DirectorActivismFeldman is active in the fight for gender equality in the film and television industry. Her activism takes form in speaking out about issues such as equalpay, job stability for women, sexual harassment, sexual discrimination and female representation within the industry. Feldman is also an activist for women behind the camera, who can be seen in the Geena Davisproduced documentary This Changes Everything.Feldman was the former chair of the DGA Women's Steering Committee (WSC). The focus of the WSC is to support and uplift women in the film and televisionindustry.Personal life and educationFeldman grew up in the Bronx and now lives in Los Angeles. She attended New York University where she received a Master of Fine Arts Degree and has taught classes in directingand screenwriting at the USC School of Cinematic Arts.Feldman is married to artisan contractor and colorist Carl Tillmanns; together they have two children, Nora and Leon. They are both alumni of Sarah LawrenceCollege, where they first met.Passage 8:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)WhoseBaby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not QuiteHollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 9:Hero (1982 film)Hero is a 1982 British  independent adventure-fantasy film written and directed byBarney Platts-Mills. Set in the medieval age, it is spoken entirely in Scottish Gaelic.The film was entered into the main competition at the 39th edition of the Venice Film Festival.PlotCastDerek McGuire as DermidO'DuinneCaroline Kenneil as Princess GranniaAlastair Kenneil as Finn MacCumhaillStewart Grant as OsinHarpo Hamilton as OscarPassage 10:Happy Days (1929 film)Happy Days  is a 1929 American pre-Code musicalfilm directed by Benjamin Stoloff, which was the first feature film shown entirely in widescreen anywhere in the world, filmed using the Fox Grandeur 70 mm process. French director Abel Gance's Napoléon (1927) had afinal widescreen segment in what Gance called Polyvision. Paramount released Old Ironsides (1927), with two sequences in a widescreen process called \"Magnascope\", while MGM released Trail of '98 (1928) in awidescreen process called \"Fanthom Screen\".The film features an array of stars who were contracted to William Fox's  Fox Film Corporation at that time, including Marjorie White, Will Rogers, Charles Farrell, JanetGaynor, George Jessel, El Brendel, Ann Pennington, Victor McLaglen, Dixie Lee, Edmund Lowe, and Frank Richardson. It also featured the first appearance of Betty Grable on film, aged 12, as a chorus girl, and Sir HarryLauder's nephew, Harry Lauder II, a conductor for Fox, who was drafted into the chorus.PlotOriginally titled New Orleans Frolic, the story centers around Margie (played by Marjorie White), a singer on a showboat who,when she hears that the showboat is in financial trouble, travels to New York City in an effort to persuade all the boat's former stars to perform in a show to rescue it. She is successful and the stars all fly to New Orleansto surprise the showboat's owner, Colonel Billy Blacher, with a grand show, the proceeds of which will go to rescue the showboat.CastCharles E. Evans as Colonel Billy BatcherMarjorie White as MargieRichard Keene asDickStuart Erwin as JigMartha Lee Sparks as Nancy LeeClifford Dempsey as Sheriff BentonJames J. Corbett as Interlocutor - Minstrel ShowGeorge MacFarlane as Interlocutor - Minstrel ShowJanet Gaynor as JanetGaynorCharles Farrell as Charles FarrellVictor McLaglen as Minstrel Show PerformerEdmund Lowe as Minstrel Show PerformerEl Brendel as Minstrel Show PerformerWilliam Collier Sr. as End Man - Minstrel ShowWalterCatlett as End Man - Minstrel ShowTom Patricola as Minstrel Show PerformerGeorge Jessel as Minstrel Show PerformerWill Rogers as Minstrel Show PerformerWarner Baxter as Minstrel Show PerformerAnn Penningtonas \"Snake Hips\" Speciality DancerReleaseAfter a preview on September 17, 1929, Happy Days premiered at the Roxy Theater in New York City on February 13, 1930 with a Niagara Falls widescreen short on a Grandeurscreen of 42x20 ft, compared to the standard 24x18 ft screen. It was also shown in Grandeur at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles, from February 28, 1930.At a screening at the Roxy Theater, film criticMordaunt Hall praised the cinematography, which was noted to be enhanced by the wider format. However, he regarded the film itself as \"not one that gives as full a conception of the possibilities as future films of thistype will probably do.\"Owing to the Great Depression, few movie theaters invested in equipment for this format and it was soon abandoned. Fox Film Corporation's heavy investment in Grandeur technology led to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_53","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Heather D. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011). She was the spouse of EuclidTsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where shepublished two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.PersonallifeGibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked.The couple maintain two homes inKifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis,\"aristocrat of the left\"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the \"ethicof austerity\" in public. One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financialinstitutions JP Morgan and BlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN0312028261International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integrationinto the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal of Macroeconomics,Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419 (with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)\"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue3, pages 559–586, September 2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance& Economics, 2002, vol. 7, issue 1, pp. 63–78)\"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; OxfordBulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)\"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union\" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)TakeoverRisk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF\"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance:Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)\"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: TheInfluence of Financial Systems\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)\"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in FiveEuropean Countries\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7July 2015Passage 2:Adib KheirAdib Kheir (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s. He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus. His granddaughter is the spouse of ManafTlass.Passage 3:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as thewife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louiseof Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavianrealms. She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Theircoronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level theunion also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did notcare for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between thespouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life asdowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen.She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. Shereceived her own royal household at birth.Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heirpresumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until hermarriage. She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up tobe the Queen of Sweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had along history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise,who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; andwho was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early inher life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had goodrelationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her alifelong phobia.In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick ofSweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regardedthe engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a brokenengagement. However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very lovedfor her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to thehaughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the SwedishQueen\". In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement,and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! Shelooks stupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace inCopenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; whenshe was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, theDanish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words:\"Watch out, Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and herbrothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at SäbyManor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, how beautiful sheis!\", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav inperson in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved naturesoon made her a disappointment in the society life. Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing morehumiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself bypretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous.Sophia Magdalena was known to bepopular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats. The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, andofficially demonstrated their support. Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters fromthe Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queenencouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home. This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship. In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile thecouple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated.After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden. The following year, on 29 May,Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen.Early reign as QueenThe coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772. She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolutemonarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772. At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, whopainted her as pro-Danish. Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark.Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herselfpleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat. The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and thesympathies were on her side. In the contemporary paper Dagligt Allehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan (\"The She Fox and the Turtle Dove\"). The fable was about the innocent turtle dove(Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox (Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility). The fable was believed to have been sentfrom the Caps party.Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shy and reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle. At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena isoccasionally named as participator in the documents. In 1777, for example, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors. Usually it was rather her role to act as thepassive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winner with the award. She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse.As queen, she was expected todo a great deal of representation – more than what had been expected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation. On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifullyaccording to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified and impressive. For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory. During the King'sItalian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinner every two weeks. During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude. Thisattracted attention as during the absence of the King she had been expected to represent the royal couple all the more.Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting andtwo footmen, however, her country side visitations were stopped because it was deemed 'unsuitable'. Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces:Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well as Marianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists.Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example,during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of the Royal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to UlriksdalPalace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honor at the occasion of her name day.In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described asbeautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved and unsociable. When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as \"Forcedto meet people\".Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days in solitude whenever she could. She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarelyparticipated in any social life outside of what was absolutely necessary to perform her representational  duties. She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion. As a result of this, she wassomewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she had no representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according herchamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed a mirror without studying herself in it. She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography,genealogy and history. She educated herself in Swedish, English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines. According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was notperceived as such because she rarely engaged in conversation.In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured. At this time, Gustav III spentmore and more time with male favorites. In 1786, this came to an open conflict. The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded hercompany. When he gave some of her rooms at the Royal Palace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned herladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without her permission.In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed,and the year after, she successfully prevented him from doing so. She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him.Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except forone on one occasion. In August 1788, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoingwar against Russia. He asked her to call upon the Danish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King. He gave her the freedom to write as shewished, but to use the argument that she spoke as a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative.Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech tohim followed by a long conversation and then handed him a letter written as a \"warm appeal\" to her brother. A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly madea good impression. However, her mission was still unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward. At the time, there was a note that she met two Russianprisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace, and gave them 100 kronor each.At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutionalreform. Coming into conflict with the nobility, he had many of its representatives imprisoned. This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example ofJeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King's sister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte. The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any"}
{"doc_id":"doc_54","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Demos ChiangDemos Yu-bou Chiang (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000), born on 10 September 1976 in Taipei, Taiwan, is a Taiwanese and Canadian businessman. He founded DEM Inc. (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), a popular design studio in Taiwan in July 2003 and has served as its chairman since then. He is also known for being the great-grandson of the late Republic of China (ROC) President Chiang Kai-shek and the grandson of late President Chiang Ching-kuo. His grandmother was Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang.BiographyBorn to Chiang Ching-kuo's third son Chiang Hsiao-yung and his wife Chiang Fang Chi-yi, he is the eldest of three sons. Demos Chiang was raised in Taipei until his grandfather's death in 1988. After his grandfather's death, Chiang's parents sent him to live in Canada and later the United States, though he still retained his ROC nationality, it also started the departure from politics for Demo's parents. Chiang received a bachelor's degree in Information Management from New York University in late 1990s. After graduating, Chiang worked in the entertainment and fashion industries in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, until founding DEM Inc. in 2003.In Spring 2001, Chiang began a relationship with local starlet Lin Heng-yi (\u0000\u0000\u0000), the daughter of Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital's then president Lin Hsin-jung (\u0000\u0000\u0000). The couple married in February 2003 and now have a daughter born in 2003 and a son born in 2005.Despite his pedigree and celebrity identity, Demos Chiang has repeatedly announced in recent years that he is not interested in political affairs. He has also accused both the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party for \"poor political tactics\", especially for utilizing Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo as figures of worship or denigration. In contrast to other prominent members of the Chiang family, such as John Chiang and his mother Chiang Fang Chi-yi, Demos Chiang has expressed his belief that the controversies of his ancestors should be faced fairly and left to history. He started a personal blog in January 2008 to further explain his beliefs.Passage 2:Chiang Hsiao-wenChiang Hsiao-wen (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 – 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister,  Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung.  He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.He married Xu Nai Jin (Nancy) (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) in 1960 and had a daughter, Yomei, in 1961. He suffered brain damage in 1970 while being treated for diabetes. He died of throat cancer on April 14, 1989.Passage 3:John Adams (merchant)John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c. 1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council. He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton.BiographyAdams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams. Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710. Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life. There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor. Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did. He also held several other public positions in the province. Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727.Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730. After this, he was less active in community activities and trade. Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed. He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724. In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died. With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government. (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position.) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president. This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life. He died some time after 1745.NotesPassage 4:Barthold A. Butenschøn Sr.Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson.He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen. Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M. Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn. Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp.He took commerce school and agricultural school. He was hired in the family company N. A. Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910. He eventually became chief executive officer. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s. He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk. He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that.He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.He was buried in Enebakk.Passage 5:Chiang Ching-kuoChiang Ching-kuo (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a politician of the Republic of China. The eldest and only biological son of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, he held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China and ended martial law in 1987. He served as premier of the Republic of China between 1972 and 1978, and was president of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.Born in Zhejiang, Ching-kuo was sent as a teenager to study in the Soviet Union during the First United Front in 1925, when his father's Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party were in alliance. He attended university there and spoke Russian fluently, but when the Chinese Nationalists violently broke with the Communists, Stalin sent him to work in a steel factory in the Ural Mountains. There, Chiang met and married Faina Vakhreva. With war between China and Japan imminent in 1937, Stalin sent the couple to China. During the war, Ching-kuo's father gradually came to trust him, and gave him more and more responsibilities, including administration.After the Japanese surrender, Ching-kuo was given the job of ridding Shanghai of corruption, which he attacked with ruthless efficiency. The victory of the Communists in 1949 drove the Chiang family and their ROC government to retreat to Taiwan. Ching-kuo was first given control of the secret police, a position he retained until 1965 and in which he used arbitrary arrests and torture to ensure tight control as part of the White Terror. He then became Minister of Defense (1965–1969), Vice-Premier (1969–1972) and Premier (1972–1978). After his father's death in 1975, he took leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) as chairman, and was elected president in 1978 and again in 1984.Under his tenure as president, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan, while remaining authoritarian, became more open and tolerant of political dissent. Chiang courted Taiwanese voters, and reduced the preference for those who had come from the mainland after the war. Toward the end of his life, Chiang decided to relax government controls on the media and speech, and allowed Han born in Taiwan into positions of power, including his eventual successor Lee Teng-hui. He is the last president of the Republic of China to be born during the rule of the Qing dynasty. Ching-kuo was credited for his Soviet-inspired city planning policies, economic development with Ten Major Construction Projects in Taiwan, efforts to clamp down on corruption, as well as the democratic transition of Taiwan and gradually shifting away from the authoritarian dictatorial rule of his own father Chiang Kai-shek.BiographyEarly lifeThe son of Chiang Kai-shek and his first wife, Mao Fumei, Chiang Ching-kuo was born in Fenghua, Zhejiang, with the courtesy name of Jiànfēng (\u0000\u0000). He had an adopted brother, Chiang Wei-kuo. \"Ching\" literally means \"longitude\", while \"kuo\" means \"nation\"; in his brother's name, \"wei\" literally means \"parallel (of latitude)\". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the Guoyu, in which \"to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world\" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country.While the young Chiang Ching-kuo had a good relationship with his mother and grandmother (who were deeply rooted to their Buddhist faith), his relationship with his father was strict, utilitarian and often rocky. Chiang Kai-shek appeared to his son as an authoritarian figure, sometimes indifferent to his problems. Even in personal letters between the two, Chiang Kai-shek would sternly order his son to improve his Chinese calligraphy. From 1916 until 1919 Chiang Ching-kuo attended the \"Grammar School\" in Wushan in Hsikou. Then, in 1920, his father hired tutors to teach him the Four Books, the central texts of Confucianism. On 4 June 1921, Ching-kuo's grandmother died. What might have been an immense emotional loss was compensated for when Chiang Kai-shek moved the family to Shanghai. Chiang Ching-kuo's stepmother, historically known as the Chiang family's \"Shanghai Mother\", went with them. During this period Chiang Kai-shek concluded that Chiang Ching-kuo was a son to be taught, while Chiang Wei-kuo was a son to be loved.During his time in Shanghai, Chiang Ching-kuo was supervised by his father and made to write a weekly letter of 200–300 Chinese characters. Chiang Kai-shek also underlined the importance of classical books and of learning English, two areas he was hardly proficient in himself. On 20 March 1924, Chiang Ching-kuo was able to present to his now-nationally famous father a proposal concerning the grass-roots organization of the rural population in Hsikou. Chiang Ching-kuo planned to provide free education to allow people to read and to write at least 1000 characters. In his own words:I have a suggestion to make about the Wushan School, although I do not know if you can agree to it. My suggestion is that the school establish a night school for common people who cannot afford to go to the regular school. My school established a night school with great success. I can tell you something about the night school:Name: Wuschua School for the Common PeopleTuition fee: Free of charge with stationery suppliedClass hours: 7 pm to 9 pmAge limit: 14 or olderSchooling protocol: 16 or 20 weeks.At the time of the graduation, the trainees will be able to write simple letters and keep simple accounts. They will be issued a diploma if they pass the examinations. The textbooks they used were published by the Commercial Press and were entitled \"One thousand characters for the common people.\" I do not know whether you will accept my suggestion. If a night school is established at Wushan, it will greatly benefit the local people.In early 1925, Chiang entered Shanghai's Pudong College, but Chiang Kai-shek decided to send him on to Beijing because of warlord action and spontaneous student protests in Shanghai. In Beijing, he attended the school organized by a friend of his father, Wu Zhihui, a renowned scholar and linguist. The school combined classical and modern approaches to education. While there, Ching-kuo started to identify himself as a progressive revolutionary and participated in the flourishing social scene inside the young Communist community. The idea of studying in Moscow now seized his imagination. Within the help program provided by the Soviet Union to the countries of East Asia there was a training school that later became the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. The participants to the university were selected by the CPSU and KMT members, with a participation of CPC Central Committee.Chiang Ching-kuo asked Wu Zhihui to name him as a KMT candidate. Wu did not try to dissuade him, even though Wu was a key figure of the right-leaning and anti-Communist \"Western Hills Group\" of the KMT. In the summer of 1925, Chiang Ching-kuo traveled south to Whampoa Military Academy to discuss his plans for study in Moscow with his father. Chiang Kai-shek was not keen, but after a discussion with Chen Guofu he finally agreed. In a 1996 interview, Ch'en's brother, Chen Li-fu, recalled that Chiang Kai-shek accepted the plan because of the need to have Soviet support at a time when his hold over the KMT was tenuous.MoscowWith or without his father's enthusiastic approval, Chiang Ching-kuo went on to Moscow in late 1925. He stayed in the Soviet Union for nearly twelve years. While there, Chiang was given the Russian name Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov (Николай Владимирович Елизаров) and put under the tutelage of Karl Radek at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. Noted for having an exceptional grasp of international politics, his classmates included other children of influential Chinese families, most notably the future Chinese Communist party leader, Deng Xiaoping. Chiang Ching-kuo joined the Communist Youth League under Deng. Soon Ching-kuo was an enthusiastic student of Communist ideology, particularly Trotskyism; though following the Great Purge, Joseph Stalin privately met with him and ordered him to publicly denounce Trotskyism. Chiang even applied to be a member of the All-Union Communist Party, although his request was denied.In April 1927, however, Chiang Kai-shek purged KMT leftists, had Communists arrested or killed, and expelled his Soviet advisers. Chiang Ching-kuo responded from Moscow with an editorial that harshly criticized his father's actions but was nonetheless detained as a \"guest\" of the Soviet Union, a practical hostage. Debate still continues as to whether he was forced to write the editorial, but he had seen Trotskyist friends arrested and killed by the Soviet secret police. The Soviet government sent him to work in the Ural Heavy Machinery Plant, a steel factory in the Urals, Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk), where he met Faina Ipat'evna Vakhreva, a native Belarusian. They married on 15 March 1935, and she would later take the Chinese name, Chiang Fang-liang. In December of that year, their son, Hsiao-wen was born.Chiang Kai-shek refused to negotiate a prisoner swap for his son in exchange for a Chinese Communist Party leader. He wrote in his diary, \"It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\" In 1937, he maintained that \"I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests\", since he had no intention of stopping the war against the Communists.Return to China and WWIIStalin allowed Chiang Ching-kuo to return to China with his Belarusian wife and son in April 1937 after living in the USSR for 12 years.By then, the NRA under Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong had signed a ceasefire to create the Second United Front and fight the Japanese invasion of China, which began in July 1937. Stalin hoped the Chinese would keep Japan from invading the Soviet Pacific coast, and he hoped to form an anti-Japanese alliance with the senior Chiang.On Ching-kuo's return, his father assigned a tutor, Hsu Dau-lin, to assist with his readjustment to China. Chiang Ching-Kuo was appointed as a specialist in remote districts of Jiangxi where he was credited with training of cadres and fighting corruption, opium consumption, and illiteracy. Chiang Ching-kuo was appointed as commissioner of Gannan Prefecture (\u0000 \u0000) between 1939 and 1945; there he banned smoking, gambling and prostitution, studied governmental management, allowed for economic expansion and a change in social outlook. His efforts were hailed as a miracle in the political war in China, then coined as the \"Gannan New Deal\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000). During his time in Gannan, from 1940 he implemented a \"public information desk\" where ordinary people could visit him if they had problems, and according to records, Chiang Ching-kuo received a total of 1,023 people during such sessions in 1942.In regard to the ban on prostitution and closing of brothels, Chiang implemented a policy where former prostitutes became employed in factories. Due to the large number of refugees in Ganzhou as a result from the ongoing war, thousands of orphans lived on the street; in June 1942, Chiang Ching-kuo formally established the Chinese Children's Village (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) in the outskirts of Ganzhou, with facilities such as a nursery, kindergarten, primary school, hospital and gymnasium. During the last years of the 1930s, he met Wang Sheng, with whom he would remain close for the next 50 years.The paramilitary \"Sanmin Zhuyi Youth Corps\" was under Chiang's control. Chiang used the term \"big bourgeoisie\", in a disparaging manner to call H.H. Kung and T. V. Soong.While in mainland China, Chiang and his wife had a daughter, Hsiao-chang, born in Nanchang (1938), and two more sons, Hsiao-wu, born in Chungking (1945), and Hsiao-yung, born in Shanghai (1948).Relationship with Chang Ya-juo and her deathChiang met Chang Ya-juo when she was working at a training camp for enlistees and he was serving as the head of Gannan Prefecture during the war. The two had a relationship that brought twin sons: Chang Hsiao-tz'u and Chang Hsiao-yen, born in 1942. In August 1942, Chang felt sick at a dinner party, and died the next day in a Guilin hospital. The circumstances of her death raised speculation that it was murder. Over the years, many of her relatives, including her sons and highly ranked ex-security personnel, insisted that KMT's security apparatus orchestrated her murder to keep a lid on CCK's marital affair, and to protect CCK's political career.Hostage claimJung Chang and Jon Halliday claim Chiang Kai-shek allowed the Communists to escape on the 1934–1935 Long March because he wanted Stalin to return Chiang Ching-kuo. This is contradicted by Chiang Kai-shek's diary, \"It is not worth it to sacrifice the interest of the country for the sake of my son.\" He refused to negotiate for a prisoner swap of his son in exchange for the Chinese Communist Party leader. Again in 1937 he stated about his son: \"I would rather have no offspring than sacrifice our nation's interests.\" Chiang had absolutely no intention of stopping the war against the Communists. Chang and Halliday likewise claim that Chiang Ching-kuo was \"kidnapped\" in spite of the evidence that he went to study in the Soviet Union with his father's own approval.Economic policies in ShanghaiAfter the Second Sino-Japanese War and during the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Ching-kuo briefly served as a liaison administrator in Shanghai, trying to eradicate the corruption and hyperinflation that plagued the city. He was determined to do this because of the fears arising from the Nationalists' increasing lack of popularity during the Civil War. Given the task of arresting dishonest businessmen who hoarded supplies for profit during the inflationary spiral, he attempted to assuage the business community by explaining that his team would only go after big war profiteers.Chiang Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods, which he learned during his stay in the Soviet Union, to start a social revolution by attacking middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the Proletariat.As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shopowners, Chiang Ching-kuo began to attack the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster Du Yuesheng was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered KMT agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by H.H. Kung and his family, as the company was accused of hoarding supplies. H.H. Kung's wife was Soong Ai-ling, the sister of Soong Mei-ling who was Chiang Ching-kuo's stepmother. H.H. Kung's son David was arrested, and the Kungs responded by blackmailing the Chiangs, threatening to release information about them. He was eventually freed "}
{"doc_id":"doc_55","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maria Manuela, Princess of PortugalDona Maria Manuela (15 October 1527 – 12 July 1545) was the eldest daughter and second child of King John III of Portugal and his wife Catherine of Austria. She was Princess of Asturias and Duchess of Milan as the first wife of the future Philip II of Spain, and Princess of Portugal as heir presumptive to the Portuguese throne between 1527 and 1535.Early lifeMaria was born in Coimbra on 15 October 1527 and was one of the two children of John III to survive childhood. In her youth, Maria received a humanistic education that was considered typical for a princess of her time.Marriage and later lifeShe married her double first cousin Philip II of Spain on 12 November 1543 at Salamanca. As she was to be married to the Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish crown, and being an Infanta of Portugal, their wedding became one of the most remarkable in the history of Spain due to its opulence. Contemporary writers have left detailed descriptions of the journey from Madrid to Badajoz to Salamanca to receive the princess and of the luxuries she was given by the Duke of Medina Sidonia in Badajoz.She gave birth to their son Carlos on 8 July 1545 in Valladolid, but died four days later due to a haemorrhage. She was initially buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada on 30 March 1549 but was later transferred to Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial.AncestryNotesPassage 2:Philip II of SpainPhilip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II,  Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584.Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish war carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).Philip was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as \"slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious.\" Philip was married four times; all his wives predeceased him.Early life: 1527–1544A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father, Charles V, as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens, the son of his governor Juan de Zúñiga. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541.Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by the Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised \"piety, patience, modesty, and distrust\". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, \"he had a smile that was cut by a sword\".Domestic policyAfter living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Perez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled.Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern province of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the \"Spanish Golden Age\", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist.EconomyCharles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums). Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the three regions of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates-General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition.Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France.King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada – motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion – had serious negative effects on the economy, particularly in that region.Foreign policyPhilip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Turks and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories. These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies.In 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal.The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively.ItalyCharles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially called \"Naples and Sicily\") on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom (officially \"Sicily and Jerusalem\") on 18 November 1554 by Julius. In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church.In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote:I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve!In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (Duke of Alba and Viceroy of Naples) met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal states and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557. The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines in 1558. The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's direct control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under direct Spanish rule. Sicily and Naples were viceroyalties of the Crown of Castile, while Sardinia was part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning "}
{"doc_id":"doc_56","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzMaurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond (d. 1358) (Maurice Óg) was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, and his first wife, Catherine deBurgh. (Some sources list her as Margaret.)The 2nd Earl married Beatrice de Stafford, daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret Audley, but died at Castle Maine without any male issue, and wastherefore succeeded in the Earldom of Desmond by his half-brother Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond. FitzGerald's widow married Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros around a year after FitzGerald's death. He wasburied in Tralee Abbey.Passage 2:William Feilding, 1st Earl of DenbighAdmiral William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh (c. 1587 – 8 April 1643, Cannock) was an English naval officer and courtier.BiographyWilliam Feildingwas the son of Basil Fielding of Newnham Paddox in Warwickshire (High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1612) and of Elizabeth Aston, daughter of Sir Walter Aston (1530–1599).Feilding matriculated at Emmanuel College,Cambridge in 1603. In 1606 Feilding married Susan, daughter of Sir George Villiers and sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was ennobled as the favourite of King James I. With the rise of Villiers,both Feilding and his wife received various offices and dignities.Knighted on 4 March 1607, William Feilding was created Baron and Viscount Feilding in 1620. Two years later he was appointed Master of the GreatWardrobe and Custos Rotulorum of Warwickshire and Earl of Denbigh on 14 September 1622. He attended Prince Charles on the Spanish adventure, served as admiral in the unsuccessful Cadiz Expedition in 1625, andcommanded the disastrous attempt upon Rochelle in 1628, becoming the same year a member of the Council of war, and in 1633 a Member of the Council of Wales and the Marches.In 1631, Lord Denbigh ventured tothe East as erstwhile ambassador to the court of Safi of Persia. He visited the East India Company's fledgling Indian possessions where, in 1632, Lord Denbigh met with the Mogul emperor. He returned to England in late1633.On 6 July 1641 a barge carrying Feilding, his daughter Elizabeth, Lady Kinalmeaky, Lady Cornwallis, and Anne Kirke capsized while shooting the rapids at London Bridge. Kirke was drowned but the otherpassengers were rescued.On the outbreak of the English Civil War he served under Prince Rupert of the Rhine and was present at the Battle of Edgehill. On 3 April 1643 during Rupert's attack on Birmingham he waswounded and died from the effects on the 8th, being buried at Monks Kirby in Warwickshire. His courage, unselfishness and devotion to duty are much praised by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon.FamilySir William andhis wife, Susan Villiers, had six children:Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh (c. 1608–1675)George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614–1665)Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), married James Hamilton, 1st Duke ofHamilton.Lady Anne Feilding (died 1636), married Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount CampdenElizabeth Feilding, Countess of Guildford (died 1667), married Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle.Lady Henrietta Marie Feilding (diedyoung)His daughter, Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), also known as Margaret, was married to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, one of the heirs to the throne of Scotland after the descendants of James VI(James I of England). Her portrait was painted by Anthony van Dyck and Henry Pierce Bone. His eldest son, Basil, inherited the title of Earl of Denbigh. His second son, George Feilding, was awarded the right to the titleof Earl of Desmond at the same time as his father was made Earl of Denbigh in 1622. George Feilding was around eight years old at the time. Earl of Desmond was a lesser title than Earl of Denbigh, being a title in theIrish, rather than English, peerage.AncestryNotesPassage 3:George Feilding, 1st Earl of DesmondGeorge Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614 – 31 January 1665) was an English aristocrat, awarded the title of Earl ofDesmond in the Peerage of Ireland by Charles I  of England under the terms of a letter patent issued by James I of England.George Feilding was the second son of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh, and his wife, theformer Susan Villiers. Susan was the sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, confidant and lover of James I, and her family were showered with titles and preferment as a result of George Villiers' immenseinfluence.In 1622, when George Feilding was around 8 years old, James I created him Baron Fielding, of Lecaghe in the County of Tipperary, and Viscount Callan, of Callan in the County of Kilkenny. At the same time,George was given the right to the title Earl of Desmond as and when the previous holder of that title, Richard Preston, died without a male heir. Preston had also been a favourite and probably a lover of James I; he hada daughter who, the plan was, George Feilding would marry, but this did not happen. In 1628 Preston died and George inherited the title.All three titles were in the Peerage of Ireland. Earl of Desmond is an ancient Irishtitle, the 1622 creation was its 4th, and current, creation.George married Bridget Stanhope, who was the daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope and  Elizabeth Read and a sister-in-law of George Berkeley, 8th BaronBerkeley.The couple had several children:Lady Frances Feilding (died 1680), who married Sir Edward Gage, 1st Baronet, as his third wifeLady Mary Feilding (died 1691), who married Sir Charles Gawdy, 1st BaronetLadyBridget Feilding (died 1669), who married Arthur ParsonsWilliam Feilding, 2nd Earl of Desmond, later 3rd Earl of DenbighHon. George Feilding, who married a daughter of Sir John LeeColonel Hon. Sir Charles Feilding(1641–1722), who married Ursula Stockton, daughter of Sir Thomas Stockton and Ursula Bellot, and widow of Sir William Aston, (both Stockton and Aston were High Court judges in Ireland) and had two daughtersRev.Hon. John Feilding (1641–1697), who married Bridget Cokayne and had children, including John, secretary to the Governor of JamaicaHon. Basil Feilding (died May 1667), killed in a quarrel by his brotherChristopherHon. Christopher Feilding, sentenced to death in July 1667 for killing his brother Basil in a drunken quarrel.\"No one pitied him\" was the terse verdict of Samuel Pepys.Passage 4:Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl ofDesmondGerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald (1335–1398), also known by the Irish Gaelic Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald), was the 3rd Earl of Desmond, in southwestern Ireland, under the first creation of that title, and a memberof the Hiberno-Norman dynasty of the FitzGerald, or Geraldines. He was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, by his third wife Aveline (Eleanor), daughter of Nicholas FitzMaurice, 3rd Lord of Kerry.  Hewas half-brother to Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond.Maurice Fitzgerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond, would have been followed by Gerald's older brother, Nicholas, but Nicholas was described as \"an idiot\", and so waspassed over for the earldom. Because of this, some older histories list Gerald as the 4th Earl.LifeIn 1356 he was brought to England as a hostage for his father's good behaviour, but as his father died that same year, hewas soon released. Three years later, he succeeded his brother Maurice, who had died without male heirs, and became the 3rd Earl of Desmond.King Edward III confirmed Gerald in his large estates in Munster, providedthat he marry Eleanor Butler, daughter of the Justiciar, James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. Gerald did so, but did not make peace with Ormond, nor adopt English ways and customs as expected.Career andpoetryAccording to Alfred Webb:\"[He was] surnamed 'Gerald the Poet', [and] succeeded to the estates and honours of the family. He married, by the King's command, Eleanor, daughter of James, 2nd Earl of Ormond,who brought with her as her portion the barony of Inchiquin in Imokelly. Gerald was Lord Justice of Ireland, 1367. In 1398 he disappeared, and is fabled to live beneath the waters of Lough Gur, near Kilmallock, onwhose banks he appears once every seven years. O'Donovan quotes the following concerning his character: 'A nobleman of wonderful bountie, mirth, cheerfulness in conversation, charitable in his deeds, easy of access,a witty and ingenious composer of Irish poetry, and a learned and profound chronicler; and, in fine, one of the English nobility that had Irish learning and professors thereof in greatest reverence of all the English inIreland, died penitently after receipt of the sacraments of the holy church in proper form.' Fragments of Anglo-Norman verse attributed to him, known as Proverbs of the Earl of Desmond, survive.\"Duanaire GhearóidIarla (‘'The Poem-Book of Earl Gerald’') is preserved in a fifteenth-century manuscript, the Book of Fermoy. In addition, nine of his poems are preserved in the Book of the Dean of Lismore. Duanaire Ghearóid Iarla waspublished by Gearóid Mac Niocaill in Studia Hibernica 3 (1963): 7-59.In 1367 Desmond was made Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, but was soon replaced by Sir William de Windsor. In 1370 Brian O'Brien of Thomondexpelled his cousin Turlough. Desmond attempted to reinstate him. Brian marched on Limerick, and defeated Desmond, burning the city and Desmond's lands and imprisoning him.While in prison, Gerald wrote poetry inIrish, most famously the poem Mairg adeir olc ris na mnáibh (Speak not ill of womankind). Also an accomplished poet in Norman French, Gerald was instrumental in the move by the Desmond Geraldines towardsgreater use of the Irish language.In legendIn legend, Gerald's conception was the result of his father's romantic relationship with, or rape of, the goddess Áine, a legend that draws upon a pre-existing Celtic legendabout the King of Munster Ailill Aulom raping this deity, updating it with themes drawn from the Francophone courtly love poetry of Continental Europe, in particular the motif of the man who falls in love with a swanmaiden. The Geraldine claim to an association with Áine is typical of the family's Gaelicisation.After his disappearance in 1398, another legend grew up that Gerald sleeps in a cave beside (or under) Lough Gur, and willsomeday awaken and ride forth on a silver-shod steed to rule again in Desmond, – one of the many worldwide versions of the King asleep in mountain mythologisation of heroes.Marriage and issueIn 1359 Geraldmarried Eleanor (or Ellen) Butler, daughter of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. She died in 1404. They had four sons:John FitzGerald, 4th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGeraldJames FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond,'the Usurper'Robert FitzGerald de Adairand two daughters:Joan, who married Maurice FitzJohn, Lord of KerryCatherine, who married John FitzThomasSee alsoList of people who disappearedAncestryPassage 5:MauriceFitzGerald, 9th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond (died 1520) was the brother of James FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond.LifeUpon the murder of James FitzThomas FitzGerald, the 8th Earl ofDesmond, in 1487, his brother Maurice became the 9th Earl of Desmond. The murderer, John Murtagh was apprehended and put to death.In 1489 a plague ravaged the country, followed by a famine in 1497, and manydied.According to Alfred Webb: \"Being lame, and usually carried in a horse-litter, he was styled 'Vehiculus,' and by some, on account of his bravery, 'Bellicosus.'\"In 1495, Maurice FitzThomas FitzGerald supported thepretender, Perkin Warbeck, in the Siege of Waterford and other expeditions. Nevertheless, making a humble submission, King Henry VII not only forgave, but took him into favour, 26 August 1497, and granted him allthe 'customs, pockets, poundage, and prize-wines of Limerick, Cork, Kingsale, Baltimore, and Youghall, with other privileges and advantages.'About the year 1500, Maurice FitzGerald rebuilt Desmond Castle, athree-story tower house in the town of Kinsale, to serve as a Customs House for wine and gunpowder.\"The condition of the inhabitants within the Pale at this period is thus described by a contemporary writer: 'Whatwith the extortion of coyne and lyverye dayly, and wyth the wrongful exaction of osteing money, and of carryage and cartage dayly, and what with the Kinge's great subsydye yerely, and with the said trybute, andblak-rent to the Kinge's Iryshe enymyes, and other infynyt extortions, and dayly exactions, all the Englyshe folke of the countys of Dublyn, Kyldare, Meathe, and Uryell ben more oppressyd with than any other folke ofthis land, Englyshe or Iryshe, and of worsse condition be they athysside than in the marcheis.' O'Daly thus writes of Earl Maurice: 'This man was subsequently far famed for his martial exploits. He augmented his powerand possessions — for all his sympathies were English — and a furious scourge was he to the Irish, who never ceased to rebel against the crown of England. The bitterest enemy of the Geraldines he made his prisoner,to wit, MacCarthy Mor, Lord of Muskerry; and now having passed thirty years opulent, powerful, and dreaded, he died [1520] to the sorrow of his friends and the exultation of his enemies.' He was buried at Tralee. Hisfirst wife was daughter of Lord Fermoy; his second, daughter of the White Knight.\"Marriage and issue Maurice first married Ellen, daughter of Maurice Roche, 2nd Lord of Fermoy (distantly related to the Barons Fermoy),and his wife Lady Joan FitzGerald, daughter of James FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond, and had issue:Thomas FitzMaurice, who predeceased his father, leaving behind one daughterJames FitzGerald, 10th Earl ofDesmondJoan, who married Cormac Óg MacCarthyEllis, who married Connor O'Brien, King of ThomondMaurice's second wife was Honora, daughter of the White Knight.Passage 6:John FitzGerald, de facto 12th Earl ofDesmondJohn FitzGerald, de facto 12th Earl of Desmond (died December 1536) was the brother of Thomas FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Desmond. Upon his brother's death in 1534, John disputed the title to the earldom ofhis brother's grandson, James FitzGerald, de jure 12th Earl of Desmond.According to the Annals of the Four Masters, John FitzThomas FitzGerald was believed to have instigated the murder of his older brother, JamesFitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond in 1487, and had been expelled by his brother Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond.John died in 1536. His grandnephew, the de jure earl, died in 1540, and was succeeded by John'sson, James FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Desmond.Alfred Webb tells us of this earl that he, \"being supported by a large faction, was de facto [12th] Earl. This Sir John died about Christmas 1536.\"Passage 7:James FitzGerald,6th Earl of DesmondJames FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond (d. 1462), called 'the Usurper', was a younger son of Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond, and Lady Eleanor, daughter of James Butler, 2nd Earl ofOrmond.LifeThe younger brother of John FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Desmond, James was uncle to the 4th Earl's only son Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond, whom he was able to deprive of his earldom anddispossess in 1418 for marrying far below his station. The marriage between a man of Norman ancestry and a woman of Gaelic blood was in violation of the Statutes of Kilkenny. James FitzGerald took a leading role inforcing his nephew into exile in France where he died at Rouen two years later.Although not acknowledged until 1422, he was in 1420 made Seneschal of Imokilly, Inchiquin, and the town of Youghal, by James Butler,4th Earl of Ormond. Also in 1420, he founded the Franciscan friary at Askeaton Abbey.In 1423 he was made Constable of Limerick for life. In 1445 he was excused attendance at Parliament. Along with his son-in-lawThomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare, James was a prominent Irish supporter of the House of York.He was also godfather to George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence.Dying in 1462 or 1463, Desmond was buried atthe Franciscan friary in Youghal.Marriage and issueJames married Mary, daughter of William de Burgh, and they had issue two sons:Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of DesmondSir Gerald Mor FitzGerald, ancestor of theFitzGerald Lords of Decies of County Waterfordand two daughters:Honor, married Thomas Fitzmaurice., Lord of KerryJoan/Jane, married Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of KildareAncestryNotesPassage 8:John FitzGerald,4th Earl of DesmondJohn FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Desmond (died 1399) was the son of Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond.  He married and had one son, Thomas, who succeeded him as Earl of Desmond.According toBurke, John FitzGerald married Joan Roche, the daughter of Lord Fermoy. On 4 March 1399, FitzGerald drowned at Ardfinnan on the River Suir, returning from an incursion into the territory of the Earl of Ormond..Hewas buried at Youghal, and succeeded by his son Thomas FitzJohn FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond.Passage 9:William Feilding, 3rd Earl of DenbighWilliam Feilding, 3rd Earl of Denbigh, 2nd Earl of Desmond (29December 1640 – 23 August 1685) was an aristocrat in the Peerage of England. He was the son of George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond, and his wife, the former Bridget Stanhope, daughter of Sir MichaelStanhope.Feilding inherited the title of Earl of Denbigh from his paternal uncle Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, who died without heirs in 1675.He married, firstly, Mary King (died 1669), daughter of Sir Robert Kingand Frances Folliott, daughter of Henry Folliott, 1st Baron Folliott and Anne Strode, and widow of Sir William Meredyth. Secondly, he married Lady Mary Carey, daughter of Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth. He diedon 23 August 1685 at age 44.By his first wife, Mary King, Feilding had the following children:Lady Mary Feilding (c. 1668 – c. December 1697), who married Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and hadchildren.Basil Feilding, 4th Earl of Denbigh (1668 – 18 March 1717), who married Hester Firebrace, and had childrenThere were no children from the earl's second marriage.Passage 10:James FitzGerald, 1st Earl ofDesmondJames FitzGerald (c. 1570 – November 1601), an Irish nobleman, was the successor of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond. He assumed the title of Earl of Desmond, which had been suppressed in 1582after the Desmond Rebellions. He spent much of his life in captivity, and was temporarily, but unsuccessfully, restored to the earldom in 1600–01 by the English in an attempt to pacify Munster during the Nine YearsWar. He thus became the 1st Earl of Desmond, but soon returned to England, where he died in obscurity.Early lifeJames FitzGerald, the son of the 14th Earl and Eleanor Butler, was born during the earlier of theDesmond Rebellions; Queen Elizabeth of England was his godmother. He was resident in Ireland in 1579, when his father joined the later rebellion against the crown, and at that time his mother chose to deliver him toSir William Drury, lord deputy of Ireland, who placed him in custody in Dublin Castle. In August 1582, his mother complained bitterly to Lord Burghley that her son's education was being neglected and sought bettercare for him. After the death of his fugitive father, FitzGerald's gaolers made a petition to the English government for his removal to the Tower of London. The petition was granted in 1584, and before the end of theyear, he was removed to the Tower, where he remained for the next 16 years.CaptivityFitzGerald was the heir to the earldom of Desmond, but in 1585 his late father's estate was attainted by the Irish parliament and allits property confiscated by the crown. Most of the hereditary lands in the province of Munster then underwent a radical plantation by English settlers (see Plantation of Munster), but such was the loyalty attached to theFitzGerald name there that the government had good cause to fear a future rebellion. These events occurred during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and English fear was increased with the prospect of anintervention by the Spanish, who had a historical affinity with the west coast of Ireland.It was in this context that the young heir found himself nurtured in London, where he was to lead a miserable existence. Heappears to have been sickly, as shown by the accounts kept between 1588 and 1598 of payments for medicines, ointments, pills and syrups administered to him. In 1593, he wrote in pathetic terms to the queen'ssecretary, Sir Robert Cecil, but the government really only had one use for him.Irish campaignIn 1600, during the Nine Years War (Ireland) and following hostile intrusions into Munster at the direction of Hugh O'Neill,3rd Earl of Tyrone, it was suggested by Sir George Carew that FitzGerald be paraded through the province as the true Earl of Desmond, to counter the popularity of the pretender to the earldom, James FitzThomasFitzGerald, (known as the Súgán – i.e. Hayrope – Earl). The queen hesitated at this suggestion, but was convinced by Cecil that the risk was worth taking.A patent for the title of Earl of Desmond (the second creation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_57","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pooja BhattPooja Bhatt (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian film director, actress, voice over artist and film maker. Born into the Bhatt family, she is the daughter of Indian filmmaker, Mahesh Bhatt and the half-sister of Alia Bhatt and cousin of Emraan Hashmi. Bhatt played her first leading role in Mahesh Bhatt's television film Daddy in 1989. For the film, she won the Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year for Best Female Debut. She is also seen in the Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)Early lifePooja Bhatt was born on 24 February 1972 to Mahesh Bhatt and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright). On her father's side, Bhatt is of Gujarati descent and on her mother's side, she is of English, Scottish, Armenian, and Burmese ancestry. She is the step-daughter of Soni Razdan. She has a brother, Rahul Bhatt and half-sisters Shaheen and Alia Bhatt. Her cousins are Hitarth Bhat and Emraan Hashmi.CareerBhatt made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with Daddy, a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher.Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic It Happened One Night. Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust.Her most well-known films in the 1990s included Sadak opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), Junoon, Jaanam, and Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee opposite Rahul Roy, Sir (1993) and Guneghar (1995) opposite Atul Agnihotri, Tadipaar (1993) and Naaraaz (1994) opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Hum Dono opposite Rishi Kapoor, Angrakshak opposite Sunny Deol (1995), Chaahat opposite Shah Rukh Khan (1996), Tamanna (1997), the super-hit and multi-starrer Border (1997) and Zakhm (1998), opposite Ajay Devgan. Her last film appearance was in the English language film Everybody Says I'm Fine! in 2001.From 2003 to 2012, she focused on producing and directing. She made her directorial debut with Paap in 2004, starring John Abraham and Udita Goswami. Since then, she has made four more directorial ventures: Holiday (2006), Dhokha (2007), Kajraare (2010) and Jism 2 (2012).In 2020, Bhatt returned to acting with Sadak 2, a sequel to the hit 1991 film. Her father returned to directing with this film after 20 years. It was released on 28 August 2020 on the streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar.In 2021, Bhatt made her web series debut in the Netflix series Bombay Begums. It also featured Rahul Bose, Amruta Subhash, Shahana Goswami, Plabita Borthakur and Aadhya Anand.In 2022, she appeared in the film Chup: Revenge of the Artist.Currently , She is a Participant of Bigg Boss OTT 2FilmographyActing rolesTelevisionAwards and recognitionsPassage 2:Peter HamelPeter Hamel (1911–1979) was a German screenwriter and a director of film and television. He appeared as himself in the 1948 comedy Film Without a Title. He is the father of the composer Peter Michael Hamel.Selected filmographyFilm Without a Title (1948)Artists' Blood (1949)Oh, You Dear Fridolin (1952)The Daring Swimmer (1957)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Yasuichi OshimaYasuichi Oshima (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Ōshima Yasuichi, born 24 March 1954 in Kyoto) is a Japanese manga artist. In 1984, he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Bats & Terry.He is the father of manga artist Towa Oshima.Selected worksKenkaku Shōbai (2008–2021)Passage 5:Paul BrookePaul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004), and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.CareerBrooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch \"The Library\". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the Classic and New series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.FilmographyFilmTelevisionExternal linksPaul Brooke at IMDbPassage 6:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 7:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 8:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 9:KajraareKajraare (transl. Collyrium) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pooja Bhatt, starring Himesh Reshammiya and Sara Loren in the lead roles. Reshammiya plays a singer who falls in love with a bar dancer and the film is centred on how they find true love. It is the first Hindi film to be shot in Petra, often called \"the eighth wonder of the world.\"PlotRajiv Bhel (Himesh Reshammiya) is haunted by his very own past which torments him. He moves to Jordan where he has a job as a bartender, however Avtaar Singh forbids him to stay and immediately wants him to return to India. Rajiv then contemplates suicide but the eyes of a ravishing beauty strikes his own eyes. A chase ensues, until another man appears and takes the \"beauty\" in his own hands. The guy tells Rajiv if he wants to see what she does, he must come to the bar to \"watch her dance\".Rajiv visits the aquarium and he sees the lady again and develops immense love for her. The woman is Nargis who is revealed as a prostitute. He then falls in love. One night, Rajiv visits the \"bar\", and watches her (Nargis) dance. Embarrassed and feeling unworthy, Rajiv runs away, however, after the end of the night, its time to head home. Nargis and her colleagues get in a taxi which Rajiv follows. At the end of the trip, Rajiv gets closer to Nargis only for Rajiv to return the scarf that Nargis dropped at the bar. Mockingly, Nargis refuses it but Rajiv says if she keeps disappearing like this, he will hang himself with the scarf. Nargis offers for a longer one in a jokingly way.Regardless, Rajiv wants to marry Nargis. Rajiv wants Nargis to be free from prostitution. Rajiv must now get past Zohra Baano. She owns a prostitution business and hires other women to do their dirty work, the only source of income. Zohra Baano wants a price in exchange and Rajiv is willing to do that. Slowly, Nargis begins to develop feelings for Rajiv. One night, Nargis escapes the brothel, Rajiv finds her and takes her to a hotel. Nargis realises this was a mistake so she must return to the brothel. As soon as the \"couple\" leave the hotel, 3 drunkards approach them and one of them recognizes Rajiv as \"Rocky\". In fact, this is his real name, although \"Rajiv\" denies it. Rajiv fights off the drunkards and realises that Nargis knows the truth. So he decides to come clean about his life story.Rocky Desai (also Himesh Reshammiya), a singer, is on the aeroplane. An ardent boy, who's a fan of Rocky, and his granny wants an autograph so Rocky writes one for them. On the plane, an uneasy passenger heads for the restroom but he is a terrorist. He threatens the entire crew, until Rocky sees this. He gets into a fight but suddenly the gun goes off killing the terrorist. Avtaar tells Rocky, he just killed Babbar's brother. Babbar is a most-wanted terrorist. He vows revenge on Rocky. Avtaar recommends Rocky to change his identity and start afresh. And this is how Rocky becomes Rajiv.Rajiv breaks Avtaar's oath by going back to UK. He's playing with his sister in the park until he receives a call. It is Avtaar who wants him to return to London (as a cover up) Babbar is targeting his sister. After the call, his sister is gone. The white woman who witnessed the event says a man just took her. Babbar then tells Rocky he's sister is dead. This shatters him completely.What follows is the underlying quest for true love. At the climax, Babbar captures Zohra Baano and Nargis. Rajiv / Rocky rescues them and kills Babbar. At the end, they are married.CastHimesh Reshammiya as Rajiv Behl / Rocky DesaiSara Loren as Nargis (Mona Lizza)Amrita Singh as Zohra BaanoNatasha Sinha as Nargis (Mona Lizza)'s motherGaurav Chanana as Sadiq - DeadJaved Sheikh as Tariq AnwarGulshan Grover as Avtaar SinghAnupam Shyam as  NawazAdnan Shah as Babur Altaf KhanVeeru KrishnanReleaseThe film was supposed to be released on 6 August 2010, along with Aisha, but due to clashes between director Pooja Bhatt and the producer, Bhushan Kumar, the release was delayed. According to sources, Kumar later sold the satellite rights to a television channel, which wanted it to have an official theatrical release before they could air it. On 15 October 2010, the film was released in only two theatres in Mumbai.Bhushan Kumar stated in an interview that the film will release worldwide on the TV channel Colors in December 2010.The film was previewed on UTV Movies on 28 May 2011. The Film was also previewed on Star Gold Channel.Home mediaThe DVDs and VCDs of Kajraare were released by Eros in the first week of December 2010.SoundtrackThe soundtrack of Kajraare was released on 30 May 2010. The album has 7 tracks and 4 remixes. All songs are composed and sung by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics by Sameer.Track listingPassage 10:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the \"Chōshū Five\":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue Masaru"}
{"doc_id":"doc_58","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Köpekler AdasıKöpekler Adası is a 1997 Turkish film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Mursit Bag, Ekrem Dümer, and Tanju Gürsu.Passage 2:Borsalino & Co.Borsalino & Co. is a 1974 French crime filmdirected by Jacques Deray and starring Alain Delon, Riccardo Cucciolla and Daniel Ivernel. It is the sequel to the 1970 film Borsalino, opening with the criminal Siffredi as he searches Marseille for the gang thatmurdered his friend Capella.PlotSiffredi, a prominent gangster in 1930s Marseille, learns that the murder of his associate and closest friend Capella was ordered by a new arrival in the city, Volpone. In revenge, he killsVolpone's brother by throwing him from a moving train. A gang war ensues. Volpone's men win, capturing Siffredi and putting his mistress Lola in a brothel. Siffredi is humiliated by the gang by turning him into analcoholic wreck who is shut up in a psychiatric hospital. Rescued by the only other survivor of the gang, he escapes by boat to Italy. Left supreme in Marseille, Volpone is backed by the government of Nazi Germany andhas the police in his pocket.Three years later, Siffredi has recovered his health, made some money and assembled a new gang. Returning to Marseille, they free Lola from the brothel and in a new war eliminate most ofVolpone's men. Capturing his right-hand man together with the police commissioner who kowtows to him, Siffredi makes the two roaring drunk and calls in journalists to publicise the shameful spectacle. A new policecommissioner decides to let Siffredi finish the job. When Volpone tries to flee to Germany, Siffredi captures him on the train and stuffs him into the firebox of the locomotive. Not wanting to start again in Marseille, withLola and his gang he then takes a ship for the United States.Partial castAlain Delon - Roch SiffrediRiccardo Cucciolla - VolponeDaniel Ivernel - Inspector FantiReinhard Kolldehoff - SamAndré Falcon - InspectorCazenaveLionel Vitrant - FernandAdolfo Lastretti - LucianoGreg Germain - Le 'Nègre'Pierre Koulak - SpadaMarius Laurey - TeissereSerge Davri - CharlieGünter Meisner - Le médecinJacques Debary - Le préfetDjéloulBeghoura - LucienBruno Balp - Un spectateur de l'AlcazarCatherine Rouvel - LolaAnton Diffring - GermanMireille Darc - CameoProductionFilming took place from 29 March to 25 June 1974.ReceptionThe film was a boxoffice disappointment, especially considering the success of the first movie.Passage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grewup in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden fromwatching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas andmusical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of MedicalSciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provideoffspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues ofwomen’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from JinnahPublic School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"theconflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landedthemselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film Houseof Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where heconfronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starringFelissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets amysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 4:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of theABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed byPhiladelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor'sdegree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of theABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on hispodium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at anursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 5:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова,tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727)was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary asthat of Peter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska.Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he marriedDorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likelythat two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculatethat he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent toMarienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered avery beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or JohannRabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, andField Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented inher undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was hismistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great ofRussia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikovand Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, whilevisiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new nameCatherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter aredescribed as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peterhad moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as thoughthey were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was veryenergetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was saidto have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of theother women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. Inany case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712.  She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married anddivorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom toEmpire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.IssueCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Annaand Elizabeth:Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancyPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancyCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15May 1728)Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June1715)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)Grand Duke PeterPetrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)SiblingsUpon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titlesof Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: СимонГейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the CountsEfimovsky.Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, aRussian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.Fryderyk Skowroński,renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without havingchildren by either of them.Reign as empress regnantCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's formermistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine's secretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great dealof influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this hadbeen overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Monshad had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the \"new men\", commoners who had been brought topositions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup wasarranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia. Supporting evidence was \"produced\" from Peter's secretary Makarov and theBishop of Pskov, both \"new men\" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council.Catherine viewed the deposedempress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner.DeathCatherine I died two years after Peter I, on17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise.Before her death she recognized Peter II,the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor.Assessment and legacyCatherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, includingher daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia.  At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 menand supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe.  However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annualrevenue.  Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure.  For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers.  However, on this single issue, the reduction ofmilitary expenses, Catherine was able to have her way.  The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler.The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands ofone party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against GreatBritain.Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bearsher name.The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name.She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning \"Catherine's Valley\"), itsadjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution ofthe President.In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious.  The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.See alsoBibliography of Russian history(1613–1917)Rulers of Russia family treeNotesPassage 6:Jacques DerayJacques Deray (born Jacques Desrayaud; 19 February 1929 – 9 August 2003) was a French film director and screenwriter. Deray is prominentlyknown for directing many crime and thriller films.BiographyBorn Jacques Desrayaud in Lyon, France, in 1929 to a family of Lyon industrialists. At the age of 19 he went to Paris to study drama under René Simon. Derayplayed minor roles on the stage and in films from the age of 19. From 1952, Deray worked as assistant to a number of directors, including Luis Buñuel, Gilles Grangier, Jules Dassin, and Jean Boyer.Deray's first film wasthe drama Le Gigolo released in 1960. Deray was fascinated by  American film noir and began to focus on crime stories. Deray's early work includes Du rififi à Tokyo, an homage to Jules Dassin's Rififi. Deray's reputationwas established with the 1969 film La Piscine which starred Romy Schneider and Alain Delon. La Piscine was not distributed widely outside France, but the follow-up gave Deray his biggest international hit withBorsalino, a film starring Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo about two small-time gangsters who murder their way to the top in bustling 1930s Marseilles.Deray became dedicated to the genre that won him favor withaudiences and continued to make thrillers, action films, and spy films throughout the rest of his career adapting works of both French and English authors including Georges Simenon, Jean-Patrick Manchette, and DerekRaymond. In 1981, Deray served as president of the jury of the 34th Cannes Film Festival. Deray's last theatrical release was L'Ours en peluche in 1994. Deray worked professionally in television until his death in 2003.On his death, French President Jacques Chirac praised Deray, noting his \"innate sense of storytelling and action\" and adding that \"France has lost one of its most talented filmmakers.\"Jacques Deray PrizeCreated by in2005 to honor Deray, who served as vice-president of the Institut Lumière until his death, the Jacques Deray Prize rewards the best French crime-thriller film of the year. Among the first laureates are 36 Quai desOrfèvres by Olivier Marchal, The Beat That My Heart Skipped by Jacques Audiard, Tell No One by Guillaume Canet, The Second Wind by Alain Corneau, and later Polisse by Maïwenn (2012).FilmographyPassage 7:Halit"}
{"doc_id":"doc_59","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 2:Carlo I Cybo-MalaspinaCarlo I Cybo-Malaspina (18 November 1581 - 13 February 1662) was an Italian nobleman, who was prince of Massa and marquis of Carrara from 1623 until his death.Born in Ferrara, he was the son of Alderano Cybo-Malaspina and Marfisa d'Este. He was also Duke of Ferentillo and held other patrician positions in several of the numerous Italian states of the time. In 1605, he married the Genoese noblewoman Brigida Spinola, from whom he had numerous children.The eldest of them, Alberico, succeeded him after his death in 1662.Passage 3:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 4:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 5:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 6:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 7:Camillo CyboCamillo Cybo Malaspina (April 25, 1681 in Massa Carrara – January 12, 1743 in Rome) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church.Early lifeBorn into the aristocratic Cybo Malaspina family, he was the son of Carlo II Cybo, duke of Massa, who was a descendant of Pope Innocent VIII and Teresa Pamfili. Cybo was great grand nephew of Pope Innocent X, and nephew of Cardinal Benedetto Pamphili.Ecclesiastical career1705 — Ordained as Priest1718 — Appointed as Titular Patriarch of Constantinople. He was ordained Bishop that same year, and named Auditor general of the Apostolic Chamber.1729 — Elevated to Cardinal Santo Stefano al Monte Celio in the Consistory of March 23, under Benedict XIII.1731 — Appointed Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria del Popolo1741 — Appointed Protector of Santa Maria degli AngeliPatronage of the artsAs many important figures of the time, Cybo was a patron of the arts. One of his proteges was Pietro Locatelli, who dedicated his Concerti Grossi Op 1 to him in 1721.Passage 8:Zhao ShoushanZhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician. He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji.CareerZhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi.External links(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006.Passage 9:Marfisa d'EsteMarfisa d'Este (c.1554 in Ferrara – 16 October 1608 in Ferrara) was a Ferrarese noblewoman. She was the illegitimate daughter of Francesco d'Este and Maria Folch de Cardona. She and her sister Bradamante (born 1559) were legitimised by both pope Gregory XIII and Alfonso II d'Este. She was also notable as a patron of the arts and the protector of Torquato Tasso.On 5 May 1578 she married her cousin Alfonsino di Montecchio, son of Alfonso di Montecchio, who died just under four months after the wedding. She was also left a palace that year by her father, who began building it in 1559; it was called after her Palazzina Marfisa d'Este and was slowly abandoned after her death. She also inherited the San Silvestro building and Palazzo Schifanoia from him.On 30 January 1580, she married Alderano Cybo-Malaspina, heir apparent of the Principality of Massa and Carrara. After the Duchy of Ferrara's devolution to the Papal States in 1598, due to the absence of legitimate male heirs of the House of Este, Marfisa refused to join her family in Modena, and remained in Ferrara with her husband in the palace she inherited from her father.IssueAlderano and Marfisa had eight children:Carlo (1581-1662), his father's heir. Married Brigida Spinola, with issue;Francesco (1584-1616);Odoardo (1585-1612), colonel in the Spanish army;Cesare (1587-1588), died in infancy;Vittoria (1588-1635), married Ercole Pepoli, count of Castiglione;Ferdinando (1590-1623), canon of San Lorenzo in Genoa;Alessandro (1594-1639), knight of the Order of Malta;Alfonso (1596).== Note ==Passage 10:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_60","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Brave ArcherThe Brave Archer, also known as Kungfu Warlord, is a 1977 Hong Kong film adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes. The film was produced by the Shaw BrothersStudio and directed by Chang Cheh, starring Alexander Fu Sheng and Tien Niu in the lead roles. The film is the first part of a trilogy and was followed by The Brave Archer 2 (1978) and The Brave Archer 3 (1981). Thetrilogy has two unofficial sequels, The Brave Archer and His Mate (1982) and Little Dragon Maiden (1983).PlotGuo Jing and Yang Kang are the sons of two rebels. The rebels are killed by imperial soldiers, and then, theboys are rescued by six skilled pugilists. The pugilists agree to separate the two boys, tutor them separately in martial arts, and let them meet again when they have grown up, to determine whose abilities are better.Guo becomes the student of the \"Seven Freaks of Jiangnan\" while Yang Kang becomes the foster son of a Jurchen prince inadvertently.When he reaches adulthood, Guo Jing travels to a local town, where he meets andbefriends a beggar named Huang Rong, who is actually the daughter of Huang Yaoshi, master of Peach Blossom Island. He also meets Yang Kang, without knowing Yang's true identity, during a contest to win thehand-in-marriage of Mu Nianci, the adopted daughter of Yang's father. Yang's father is actually still alive. Yang Kang is tempted by the wealth and fame of being a noble, and he refuses to acknowledge and betrays hisfather, while his mother commits suicide.Huang Rong reveals to Guo Jing later that she is actually a woman and they go on adventure together. Guo Jing learns the \"Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms\" from the\"Nine-fingered Beggar\" Hong Qigong, while Huang Rong is groomed by Hong to become his successor as chief of the Beggars' Sect. Guo and Huang travel to Peach Blossom Island later to meet Huang's father. HuangYaoshi is does not approve of his daughter's marriage to Guo Jing. While exploring the island, Guo Jing meets a strange man called Zhou Botong who teaches him special martial arts techniques and forces him to read amanual, which is later revealed to be written by Huang Rong's late mother.Ouyang Feng visits Peach Blossom Island with his nephew Ouyang Ke, and he proposes a marriage between his nephew and Huang Rong. Justthen, Hong Qigong also arrives and he strongly supports Guo Jing to marry Huang Rong. Eventually, Huang Yaoshi arranges for a contest between Guo Jing and Ouyang Ke to determine who is worthy of his daughter'shand-in-marriage. The last part of the contest involves both of them having to read a manual and recite it from memory later. As Guo had already read the manual earlier, he recites it easily and wins the contest. HuangYaoshi agrees to his daughter's marriage to Guo Jing. However, Ouyang Feng realizes that the manual is actually the fabled Nine Yin Manual and he wants it for himself.CastExternal linksThe Brave Archer at IMDbTheBrave Archer at the Hong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 2:Little Dragon MaidenLittle Dragon Maiden, also known as The Brave Archer 5, is a 1983 Hong Kong film adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Return of theCondor Heroes. Little Dragon Maiden is seen as an unofficial sequel to the The Brave Archer, The Brave Archer 2, The Brave Archer 3, and The Brave Archer and His Mate.CastExternal linksLittle Dragon Maiden atIMDbLittle Dragon Maiden at the Hong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 3:Robert RossenRobert Rossen (March 16, 1908 – February 18, 1966) was an American screenwriter, film director, and producer whose film careerspanned almost three decades.His 1949 film All the King's Men won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress, while Rossen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director. He won theGolden Globe for Best Director and the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture. In 1961, he directed The Hustler, which was nominated for nine Oscars and won two.After directing and writing for the stage inNew York, Rossen moved to Hollywood in 1937. From there, he worked as a screenwriter for Warner Bros. until 1941, and then interrupted his career to serve until 1944 as the chairman of the Hollywood WritersMobilization, a body to organize writers for the effort in World War II. In 1945, he joined a picket line against Warner Bros. After making one film for Hal B. Wallis's newly formed production company, Rossen made onefor Columbia Pictures, another for Wallis and most of his later films for his own companies, usually in collaboration with Columbia.Rossen was a member of the American Communist Party from 1937 to about 1947, andbelieved the Party was \"dedicated to social causes of the sort that we as poor Jews from New York were interested in.\"He ended all relations with the Party in 1949. Rossen was twice called before the HouseUn-American Activities Committee (HUAC), in 1951 and in 1953. He exercised his Fifth Amendment rights at his first appearance, refusing to state whether he had ever been a Communist. As a result, he found himselfblacklisted by Hollywood studios as well as unable to renew his passport. At his second appearance he named 57 people as current or former Communists and his blacklisting ended. In order to repair finances heproduced his next film, Mambo, in Italy in 1954. While The Hustler in 1961 was a great success, conflicts on the set of  Lilith in 1964 so disillusioned him that it was his last film before his death two yearslater.BiographyEarly life and careerRobert Rosen was born on March 16, 1908, and raised on the Lower East Side of New York City. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants and his father, Philip Rosen, was a housepainter. As a youth, he attended New York University, hustled pool and fought some prizefights - the latter two providing crucial background for his two greatest films, The Hustler and Body and Soul, respectively. Hechanged his name from \"Rosen\" to \"Rossen\" in 1931.He started his theatrical career as a stage manager and director in stock and off-Broadway productions, mainly in the social and radical theaters that flourished inNew York in the early and mid-1930s, as did John Huston, Elia Kazan and Joseph Losey. In 1932 Rossen directed John Wexley's Steel, about labor agitation, and Richard Maibaum's The Tree, about a lynching. A yearlater Rossen directed Birthright, in which Maibaum attacked Nazism, which had just triumphed in Germany with the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in 1933.In 1935, Rossen wrote and directed his first play, The BodyBeautiful, a comedy about a naive burlesque dancer. Although the play closed after four performances, Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy was so impressed that he signed Rossen to a personal screenwritingcontract.MarriageIn 1936, Rossen married Susan Siegal; the couple had three children: Carol, Stephen and Ellen.Work in HollywoodFor his first credit in Hollywood, in 1937 Rossen co-wrote with Abem Finkel a scriptbased on the prosecution of crime lord Lucky Luciano and eventually titled Marked Woman. Although some of Warner Bros. management saw Rossen as an unknown quantity, the result won praise from both Jack L.Warner and the Daily Worker. Rossen's first solo script was for They Won't Forget (1937), a fictionalized account of the lynching of Leo Frank, featuring Lana Turner in her debut performance.Dust Be My Destiny,co-written in 1939 by Rossen, is the story of a fugitive from justice who is eventually acquitted with help from an attorney and a journalist, the latter arguing that \"a million boys all over the country\" were in a similarplight. Warner Bros. then ordered producer Lou Edelman to cut the script, adding that \"This is the story of two people – not a group. It is an individual problem – not a national one.\" Rossen was one of three writers onthe gangster melodrama The Roaring Twenties, released in 1939. A remake of the 1932 play and film Life Begins was written in 1939 by Rossen and released in 1940 as A Child Is Born. The plot recounted theexperiences of six expectant mothers, and there was little scope to modify the original.The Sea Wolf, released in 1941, was based on Jack London's novel. Although the film had a strong cast and production, Rossen'sre-draft of the script may be the greatest influence on the film. While the character of Captain Larsen remained both victim and oppressed in a capitalist hierarchy, he became a symbol of fascism. He split the novel'sidealist hero into an intellectual bosun and a rebellious seaman. Warner Bros. cut many political points during production.Blues in the Night, written by Rossen and two colleagues and released in 1941, shows a group ofjazz musicians traveling in the Depression. Their informal methods represent working-class culture rather than the commercialized music of the big bands. However, The New York Times' reviewer thought thesoundtrack was \"about all the film has to offer\", and Warner was disappointed with the sales.After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Screen Writers Guild set up on December 8, 1941, the HollywoodWriters Mobilization, a body to organize writers for the war effort. Rossen served as the body's chairman until 1944 and advocated the opening of a Second Front to support West European resistance against the Nazis.His earnings were much greater than in 1937. However, his work for Hollywood Writers Mobilization and for the Communist Party forced him to abandon some partly developed film projects, including The Treasure ofthe Sierra Madre, which John Huston eventually directed in 1948.In 1945 Rossen joined a picket line against Warner Bros, making an enemy of Jack Warner. Rossen signed a contract with an independent productioncompany formed by Hal Wallis, who had previously been Warner Bros.' head of production. However Rossen wrote only two full scripts for this company, The Strange Love of Martha Ivers in 1946 and Desert Fury in1947. In The Strange Love of Martha Ivers Rossen used a short story by John Patrick to introduce the main plot, which was set 15 years later and which Rossen wrote. The relationship between Rossen and Wallis brokedown when Rossen received offers from other production companies.Dick Powell had been a crooner but was making a new career as a dramatic actor. When Columbia Pictures agreed to make Johnny O'Clock for him in1947, Powell successfully campaigned for Rossen to direct, and this became Rossen's debut in directing. As this crime melodrama proved a modest success, Roberts Productions signed Rossen to direct AbrahamPolonsky's script of Body and Soul, described by Bob Thomas as \"possibly the best prizefight film ever made.\" Rossen preferred an ending in which the hero wins a boxing match and then is killed by a gangster, butPolonsky insisted on his own ending, in which the hero escapes into obscurity before the fight. Following the success of Body and Soul, Rossen formed his own production company and signed with Columbia Pictures acontract that gave him wide autonomy over every second film that he made at the studio.All the King's Men (1949) was based on the novel of the same name by Robert Penn Warren, which in turn was based on thecareer of politician Huey Long. Rossen introduced a new concept, that the defenders of the ordinary people can in turn become the new exploiters. As a requirement for his participation in the film, Rossen had to write toColumbia's Harry Cohn saying that he was no longer a Communist Party member. Cohn's critiques of the draft of Rossen's script included scrapping a framing structure that was difficult for audiences to follow andseveral improvements in the relationships and motivations of characters. A meeting of the Communist Party in Los Angeles severely criticized the film, and Rossen severed all relations with the Party. All the King's Menwon the Academy Award for Best Picture, Broderick Crawford won the award for Best Actor and Mercedes McCambridge was honored as Best Supporting Actress. Rossen was nominated for the Academy Award for BestDirector but lost to Joseph L. Mankiewicz for A Letter to Three Wives. Rossen won the Golden Globe for Best Director and the film won the Golden Globe for Best Picture. His next film, The Brave Bulls, was directed in1950 and released in 1951. This was Rossen's last work before the studios blacklisted him. New York Times critic Bosley Crowther called this \"the best film on bull-fighting yet.\"Examinations by HUACAfter the end ofWorld War II in 1945, the spread of Coummunism became the major concern in the United States. In 1946, the Republicans gained an overwhelming majority in the Congressional elections. and used this power toinvestigate Communist elements in the media. The Communist victory of China in 1949 and the start of the Korean War in 1950 reinforced the anti-communist concerns present at the time.During hearings in 1947, JackWarner included Rossen among the many openly leftist writers whom his studio Warner Bros. had hired as the earliest and most openly anti-Nazi studio in Hollywood. (Warner Bros. had made Confessions of a Nazi Spy[1939] and was criticized by the Republicans for their leftist writers at the time.) Warner reportedly accused Rossen of incorporating communist propaganda in scripts and fired him as a result, though some believe hewas also unhappy with the writers’ union activities.Rossen was one of 19 \"unfriendly witnesses\" subpoenaed in October 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during the second Red Scare butwas one of eight not called to testify. In 1951, Rossen was named as a Communist by several HUAC witnesses and he appeared before HUAC for the first time in June 1951. He exercised his rights under the FifthAmendment against self-incrimination, taking what came to be known as the \"augmented Fifth\".  He testified that he was not a member of the Communist Party and that he disagreed with the aims of the party, butwhen asked to state whether he had ever been a member of the party, Rossen refused to answer. He was placed on the unofficial blacklist by the Hollywood studios, and Columbia broke its production contract withhim.In a widespread practice during HUAC investigations, the U.S. State Department refused to renew Rossen's passport. This, and his inability to find work, brought Rossen, like his friend, ex-Communist Elia Kazan,back to the committee in May 1953, where he identified 57 people as Communists.  He explained to the committee why he chose to testify: \"I don't think, after two years of thinking, that any one individual can indulgehimself in the luxury of personal morality or pit it against what I feel today very strongly is the security and safety of this nation.\" Stephen Rossen later shed light on his father's decision:It killed him not to work. He wastorn between his desire to work and his desire not to talk, and he didn't know what to do. What I think he wanted to know was, what would I think of him if he talked? He didn't say it in that way, though. Then heexplained to me the politics of it—how the studios were in on it, and there was never any chance of his working. He was under pressure, he was sick, his diabetes was bad, and he was drinking. By this time I understoodthat he had refused to talk before and had done his time, from my point of view. What could any kid say at that point? You say, 'I love you and I'm behind you.' Like Elia Kazan's testimony, Rossen's HUAC admissionsdestroyed many lifelong friendships, along with impacting the careers of many of Rossen's colleagues. Kazan's career flourished and Rossen's career also quickly regained the productivity he had enjoyed prior to theblacklist.  He produced, directed and co-wrote The Hustler, in 1961, and he was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Academy Awards,sharing the nomination with his co-writer Sidney Carroll.Return to filmmakingFrom 1952 to 1953, Rossen wrote Mambo, trying to repair his finances after almost two years without work following the 1951 HUAChearing. He had to produce the film in Italy, and it was premiered in Italy in 1954 and the USA in 1955. Rossen later said \"Mambo was to be for fun only,\" but he \"took it seriously, and it didn't come off.\" Criticsdismissed the film. However, in 2001, Dorothea Fischer-Hornung concluded that the film achieved more than Rossen and contemporary critics realized. The female lead resolves her own conflicts by devoting herself todance. Katherine Dunham's choreography highlights this process; and innovative cinematography intensifies the dance scenes.Rossen hoped Alexander the Great (1956) would be a blockbuster, but the majority of thereviews criticized the film for failing to keep the audience's interest. However, the review from The New York Times wrote that \"its moments of boredom are rare...an overlong but thoughtful and spectacularentertainment.\"In 1961, Rossen co-wrote, produced and directed The Hustler. Drawing upon his own experiences as a pool hustler, he teamed with Sidney Carroll to adapt the novel of the same name for the screen.The Hustler was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won two. Rossen was nominated as Best Director, and with Carroll for Best Adapted Screenplay, but did not win either award. He was named Best Director bythe New York Film Critics Circle and shared with Carroll the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Drama. The Hustler was an enormous popular success and is credited with sparking a resurgence in thepopularity of pool in the United States, which had been on the decline for decades.Rossen was already ill when he started on his final film, Lilith (1964), and it was poorly received in the United States. After it Rossenlost interest in directing, reportedly because of conflicts with the film's star, Warren Beatty. The filmmaker said, \"It isn't worth that kind of grief. I won't take it any more. I have nothing to say on the screen right now.Even if I never make another picture, I've got The Hustler on my record. I'm content to let that one stand for me.\" However, at the time of his death Rossen was planning Cocoa Beach, a script he conceived in 1962,showing the hopes and struggles of transients in a local community and contrasting this with nearby Cape Canaveral, which Leftist writer Brian Neve described as a \"symbol of America's imperial [sic]reach\".DeathRossen died in New York City at age 57 on February 18, 1966, following a series of illnesses and is interred at Westchester Hills Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. His grandchild, Daniel Rossen, isthe guitarist/vocalist of alternative bands Grizzly Bear and Department of Eagles.ReceptionRossen was one of the directors who developed film gris (French for \"grey film\"). In his films for Warner Brothers between 1937and 1944, consistent themes were the conditions of working people, the portrayal of gangsters and racketeers, and opposition to fascism. After Dust Be My Destiny, written by Rossen and released in 1939, FrankNugent, who regularly reviewed for The New York Times, complained about Warner Brothers' long line of melodramas about boys from poor neighborhoods. Unlike filmmakers such as John Ford and Howard Hawks,Rossen was willing to explain his aims as a director: \"The element common to many of my films is the desire for success, ambition, which is an important element in American life. It is an important element, and hasbecome increasingly more important in what is known as Western Civilization.\" Polonsky commented that \"Rossen's talent is force applied everywhere without let-up.\" Neve acknowledged that social concerns werecentral in most of Rossen's works, but commented that Lilith was different from Rossen's earlier films as it emphasized mood rather than narrative and examined through pictures and silences the nature ofmaladjustment and madness.Farber noted the strong female characters of the 1930s and 1940s, and laments the replacement of them by all-male relationships from the 1950s onward. For the earlier pattern Farbercited Rossen's 1946 script The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, which was over melodramatic but portrayed a woman consumed by power, money and success. Lilith created one of the few strong women in the 1960s.Rossen generally destroyed the main character.All of Rossen's playscripts were adaptations except Marked Woman, Racket Buster and Alexander the Great, based on real events. Before he was blacklisted in 1951, onlytwo of Rossen's adaptions were of serious novels, and Rossen's early drafts of the script for All the King's Men received serious criticisms within Columbia.While head of production at Warner, Hal Wallis considered thatsome of his best films – including The Roaring Twenties, Marked Woman and The Sea Wolf – were written by Rossen. Wallis was very pleased with Rossen's script in 1946 for The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, which"}
{"doc_id":"doc_61","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was a Serbian student and soldier. She was notable for being the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously makingher the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was Davorjanka Paunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage2:Beatrice of ProvenceBeatrice of Provence (c. 1229 – 23 September 1267), was ruling Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from 1245 until her death, as well as Countess of Anjou and Maine, Queen of Sicily andNaples by marriage to Charles I of Naples.She was the fourth and youngest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Forcalquier by his wife Beatrice, in turn daughter of Count Thomas I of Savoy andMargaret of Geneva.LifeInheritance of Provence and ForcalquierBeatrice, like her sisters, mother and grandmother was known for her beauty. A description of Beatrice said she\"set men's hearts thumping and the fingersof troubadours to fevered twanging of lyres. Two of the balladists at the Provencal court were temporarily deprived of reason for love of the entrancing Beatrice\"All Ramon Berenguer IV's three older daughters marriedto titles of status: The eldest, Margaret, was Queen of France by marriage to Louis IX; the second, Eleanor, was Queen of England by marriage to Henry III, and the third, Sanchia, was titular Queen of Germany bymarriage to Henry's brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall. King Louis IX's marriage to Margaret had been arranged by his mother, Blanche of Castile, with the hopes that he would inherit Provence and Forcalquier when herfather died.In his will signed on 20 June 1238 at Sisteron, Ramon Berenguer IV unexpectedly left the Counties of Provence and Forcalquier to his youngest and still unmarried daughter, Beatrice.Countess of Provenceand ForcalquierRamon Berenguer IV died on 19 August 1245 at Aix-en-Provence, and according to his will, Beatrice became Countess of Provence and Forcalquier in her own right, with the provision that the DowagerCountess could retain the usufruct of the County of Provence for her lifetime.Now, Beatrice became one of the most attractive heiresses in medieval Europe, and soon several suitors appeared for her hand. Firstly, theneighboring rulers of her domains began their claims: the twice-divorced Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse and King James I of Aragon, who, despite being married to Violant of Hungary, invaded Provence and seized theresidence of the countess. In addition, the thrice-widowed Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dispatched the imperial navy to Provence to ensure Beatrice could marry one of his sons or even himself.In such a difficultsituation, the Dowager Countess decided to act quickly, placing herself and Beatrice in a safe fortress in Aix, secured the trust of its people and then asked Pope Innocent IV for his protection. In Cluny during December1245, a secret meeting between Pope Innocent IV, Louis IX of France, his mother Blanche of Castile, and his youngest brother Charles took place. It was decided that in return for Louis IX supporting the Pope militarilyagainst Frederick II, the Pope would allow that Charles marry Beatrice. Mother and daughter were satisfied with this selection,  but under the terms of the treaty, Provence was to never go to France outright throughCharles. It was agreed that if Charles and Beatrice had children, the Counties would go to them; if there was no issue, then the Provence and Forcalquier would go to Sanchia of Provence, and if she died without heirs,the Counties would go to the King of Aragon. Henry III of England protested these terms, arguing that he had not yet received the full dowry for his wife Eleanor nor his brother for Sanchia. He also still had the castlesin Provence against the loan he had made to the late Count.Charles, along with Philip of Savoy and five hundred knights, rode from Lyon to Provence. On their way, they ran into Raymond VII of Toulouse, who also hadan army on the way to Provence. Raymond VII had been deceived by knights in favour of Charles and for that reason he had brought fewer men, and Charles and his army were quicker. When Charles got toAix-en-Provence, James I of Aragon, who had been there all along but was not allowed to see Beatrice, had his soldiers surrounding the castle in which the young Beatrice and her mother were. There was a briefstruggle, but the King of Aragon retreated with dignity.To the young Beatrice, Charles (who was described as \"an admirable young man\") was a satisfactory resolution to her problems. Their marriage took place on 31January 1246 at Aix-en-Provence. They had soldiers on guard and the bride was escorted down the aisle by her uncle, Thomas, Count of Flanders.The inheritance of Beatrice also caused conflicts with her older sisters,who hoped that once their father had died, his domains would be divided between the four; Charles refused to share the Counties with his sisters-in-law. In consequence, the relationship of Charles and Beatrice with thethree sisters, who felt cheated by their father's will, remained always tense.As soon as Charles became Count of Provence, he brought in his own team of French lawyers and accountants. He excluded his mother-in-lawfrom the running of the county and began taking castles, power and fees away from the nobles who had previously enjoyed a certain degree of independence in the running of their cities. Charles made himself veryunpopular. The Dowager Countess moved herself to Forcalquier in protest, and in Marseille, Charles's officials were thrown out of the city. In the family conflict, Beatrice sided with her husband.Seventh CrusadeIn May1247, Charles and Beatrice were recorded as being in Melun, where Charles was knighted by his brother Louis. Beatrice accompanied Charles on the Seventh Crusade in 1248. Led by Louis IX, the crusaders made anextended procession through France. Before they left, Charles and Beatrice met with the Dowager Countess in Beaucaire to try to come to some terms of agreement concerning Provence. Whilst the more importantmatters were left until Charles and Beatrice returned, it was decided that Beatrice of Savoy would give up the rights to \"the castle at Aix in exchange for a percentage of the county's revenue.\"In Nicosia, Beatrice gavebirth to her first child, \"a very elegant and wellformed son\", as her brother-in-law Robert of Artois wrote home to his mother the Queen; the child lived only a few days. Beatrice stayed with her sister Margaret inDamietta, when they lost contact with the King and his army; here Beatrice gave birth to her second child, while her sister Margaret too gave birth. Later in 1250, they were reunited with the rest of the crusade at Acre,where the King's ransom was paid. Charles and Beatrice, along with several other nobles, left soon after and journeyed to the court of Emperor Frederick II, to ask him to send the King of France more men for hiscrusade. The Emperor, who had been excommunicated, needed his army to fight the Pope, and refused.Beatrice and Charles returned to Provence in 1251, where some riots erupted at Arles and Avignon, instigated byBeatrice's mother, who felt Charles had failed to respect her claims in Provence. By July 1252 Charles had managed to defeat the revolt and was in the process of exercising his power as Count of Provence. In Novemberof the same year, Blanche of Castile, regent of France while her son Louis IX was on crusade, died. Charles and Beatrice had to go to Paris, where Charles became co-regent of France with his brother, Alphonse. ThePope offered Charles the Kingdom of Sicily in 1252, but Charles had to turn the offer down, as he was preoccupied with other affairs and he also did not have sufficient funds.The crusaders returned in 1254. Charles andBeatrice spent Christmas in Paris that year, where all of Beatrice's sisters and their mother were present; it was noted that the other four women treated the younger Beatrice coldly, due to Raymond Berenguer'swill.Queen of SicilyBeatrice's sister Margaret, the new Queen of France, publicly offended her in 1259, by not seating her at the family table; she claimed because Beatrice was not a queen like her sisters, she could notsit with them. Margaret had hoped to provoke her sister in treacherous behaviour so she would have a valid reason to invade Provence. Beatrice \"with great grief\", went to Charles and he reportedly told her:\"Be atpeace, for I will shortly make thee a greater Queen than them\".When the newly elected Pope Clement IV granted Charles the Kingdom of Sicily, he had to defeat King Manfred, who had fallen out of papal favour.Another contender to win the throne of Sicily was Beatrice's nephew, Edmund Crouchback, but it soon became clear that Charles was the more promising candidate. In order to achieve his goal, Charles needed an armyand Beatrice helped her husband raise one. She called on all her knights as well as the young men of France, and according to the later historian Angelo di Costanzo she pledged all her jewels, to make sure they joinedher husband's army:Beatrice, to aid [Charles] in the gratification of her ambition, sold all her jewels and personal ornaments, and expended her private treasure in collecting round her standard, not only her ownvassals, but the chivalric youth of France, who were attracted to her service not less by her personal solicitations than by her rich gifts.In 1265 Charles of Anjou, with a small contingent, embarked and by sea arrived inRome, where, on 28 June, he was invested as King of Sicily by the Pope. According to the storia di Manfredi, re di Sicilia e di Puglia of Giuseppe di Cesare who followed the narrative of the storia di Saba Malaspina,Beatrice followed her husband with the remaining army by sea, arriving to Italy only four months later. In November of that year, the army of Charles, composed by 5,000 soldiers and 25,000 infantrymen entered Italyand arrived in Rome in January 1266, where on 6 January both Charles and Beatrice were crowned King and Queen of Sicily by five cardinals sent by the Pope (who was sheltering in Perugia). As soon as the coronationfestivities had ended, Beatrice stayed in Rome with a small force to hold the city, whilst Charles rode out to the battle of Benevento. After her husband's victory, she chose the castle of Melfi as theirresidence.DeathBeatrice died on 23 September 1267, a little over a year after becoming queen in either the Castello del Parco at Nocera Inferiore or in Naples (according to the storia di Saba Malaspina). The cause ofher death was not recorded, although it is believed that complications following a pregnancy could be the reason. She was initially buried at Cathedral of San Gennaro in Naples, but in 1277 her husband transferred herremains to Aix-en-Provence at the Church of Saint-Jean-de-Malta.Beatrice was the last ruling Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from the House of Barcelona; on her death, she left her Counties to her husbandCharles.IssueCharles and Beatrice had the following children:Blanche (1250 – bef. 10 January 1270), married in 1265 Robert of Flanders, Lord of Béthune and Dendermonde (he became Count Robert III in 1305, longafter Blanche's death), by whom she had one son, Charles, who died young.Beatrice (1252 – 17 November/12 December 1275), married in 1273 Philip of Courtenay, titular emperor of Constantinople, by whom she hadone daughter, Catherine I of Courtenay, titular Empress of Constantinople.Charles II (1254 – 6 May 1309), Count of Anjou and Provence, King of Naples, married Maria of Hungary, by whom he had issue.Philippe (1256– 1 January 1277), titular King of Thessalonica from 1274 and Prince of Achaïea, married in 1271 Isabella of Villehardouin, Princess of Achaïea and Morea.Robert (1258 – bef. 9 May 1265).Isabelle (1261 – October1303), married to Ladislaus IV of Hungary. Their marriage was childless.AncestryNotesPassage 3:Priscilla PointerPriscilla Marie Pointer (born May 18, 1924) is an American retired actress. She began her career in thetheater in the late 1940s, including productions on Broadway. Later, Pointer moved to Hollywood and making appearances on television in the early 1950s. She didn't however become a regular screen actress until the1970s.She is the mother of actress and singer Amy Irving, (whom she often appeared alongside as her mother or mother-in-law) therefore making her the former mother-in-law of filmmakers Steven Spielberg andBruno Barreto and the mother-in-law of documentary filmmaker Kenneth Bowser, Jr.Personal lifePointer was born on May 18, 1924, in New York City. Her mother Augusta Leonora (née Davis) was an artist and anillustrator, and her father Kenneth Keith Pointer was an artist. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Jacob Barrett Cohen, was from a Jewish family that had lived in the United States since the 1700s.Marriages andfamilyPointer was previously married to film and stage director Jules Irving, former artistic director of Lincoln Center, from 1947 until his death in 1979; they are the parents of Katie Irving, director David Irving, andactress Amy Irving. In 1980, she married actor/director/producer Robert Symonds, who had been Jules Irving's producing partner at Lincoln Center. She appeared several times in stage productions with Symonds, andthey remained married until the latter's death in 2007. Her granddaughter is artist and photographer Austin IrvingCareerEarly careerPointer has been a performer since thee late 1940s starting her career in theatre andappearing on Broadway, and she featured in the TV series China Smith  (The New Adventures of China Smith) in 1954. After a long hiatus, she seemed to have caught the acting bug again, in the early 1970s and hasbeen a regular performer ever since.Pointer' first major starring role was on the TV soap opera Where the Heart Is as Adrienne Harris Rainey from 1972 and 1973FilmsPointer has appeared in many films, includingCarrie (1976), in which she played the onscreen mother of Amy Irving's character; The Onion Field (1979); Mommie Dearest (1981); Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983); A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors(1987); David Lynch's Blue Velvet; and Coyote Moon (1999). In addition to Carrie, she has played the onscreen mother to Amy Irving in Honeysuckle Rose (1980) and Carried Away (1996). They were both in the filmsThe Competition in 1980 and Micki & Maude in 1984.Pointer appeared in three films that her son David Irving directed: Rumpelstiltskin (a 1987 musical version, which starred her daughter), Good-bye, Cruel World, andC.H.U.D. II: Bud the C.H.U.D.TelevisionShe has made many guest appearances on television, including Adam-12, L.A. Law, The A-Team, Judging Amy, The Rockford Files, and Cold Case.From 1981 to 1983, Pointer hada recurring role on the soap opera Dallas as Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, the mother of Cliff Barnes (Ken Kercheval), Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal), and Katherine Wentworth (MorganBrittany).FilmographyFilmPartial Television CreditsPassage 4:Eldon HowardEldon Howard was a British screenwriter. She was the mother-in-law of Edward J. Danziger and wrote a number of the screenplays for films byhis company Danziger Productions.Selected filmographyA Woman of Mystery (1958)Three Crooked Men (1958)Moment of Indiscretion (1958) (with Brian Clemens)Innocent Meeting (1959)An Honourable Murder(1960)The Spider's Web (1960)The Tell-Tale Heart (1960)Highway to Battle (1961)Three Spare Wives (1962)Passage 5:Charles I of AnjouCharles I (early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called Charles ofAnjou or Charles d'Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou. He was Count of Provence (1246–1285) and Forcalquier (1246–1248, 1256–1285) in the HolyRoman Empire, Count of Anjou and Maine (1246–1285) in France; he was also King of Sicily (1266–1285) and Prince of Achaea (1278–1285). In 1272, he was proclaimed King of Albania, and in 1277 he purchased aclaim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.The youngest son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile, Charles was destined for a Church career until the early 1240s. He acquired Provence and Forcalquier through hismarriage to their heiress, Beatrice. His attempts to restore central authority brought him into conflict with his mother-in-law, Beatrice of Savoy, and the nobility. Charles received Anjou and Maine from his brother, LouisIX of France, in appanage. He accompanied Louis during the Seventh Crusade to Egypt. Shortly after he returned to Provence in 1250, Charles forced three wealthy autonomous cities—Marseilles, Arles and Avignon—toacknowledge his suzerainty.Charles supported Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut, against her eldest son, John, in exchange for Hainaut in 1253. Two years later Louis IX persuaded him to renounce thecounty, but compensated him by instructing Margaret to pay him 160,000 marks. Charles forced the rebellious Provençal nobles and towns into submission and expanded his suzerainty over a dozen towns and lordshipsin the Kingdom of Arles. In 1263, after years of negotiations, he accepted the offer of the Holy See to seize the Kingdom of Sicily from the Hohenstaufens. This kingdom included, in addition to the island of Sicily,southern Italy to well north of Naples and was known as the Regno. Pope Urban IV declared a crusade against the incumbent Manfred of Sicily and assisted Charles in raising funds for the military campaign.Charles wascrowned king in Rome on 5 January 1266. He annihilated Manfred's army and occupied the Regno almost without resistance. His victory over Manfred's young nephew, Conradin, at the Battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268strengthened his rule. In 1270 he took part in the Eighth Crusade organised by Louis IX, and forced the Hafsid Caliph of Tunis to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured his undisputed leadership amongthe Papacy's Italian partisans (known as Guelphs), but his influence on papal elections and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. They tried to channel his ambitions towards other territories andassisted him in acquiring claims to Achaea, Jerusalem and Arles through treaties. In 1281 Pope Martin IV authorised Charles to launch a crusade against the Byzantine Empire. Charles's ships were gathering at Messina,ready to begin the campaign when the Sicilian Vespers rebellion broke out on 30 March 1282 which put an end to Charles's rule on the island of Sicily. He was able to defend the mainland territories (or the Kingdom ofNaples) with the support of France and the Holy See. Charles died while making preparations for an invasion of Sicily.Early lifeChildhoodCharles was the youngest child of King Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile.The date of his birth has not survived, but he was probably born posthumously in early 1227. Charles was Louis' only surviving son to be \"born in the purple\" (after his father's coronation), a fact he often emphasised inhis youth, as the contemporaneous chronicler Matthew Paris noted in his Chronica Majora. He was the first Capetian to be named for Charlemagne.Louis VIII died in November 1226 and his eldest son, Louis IX,succeeded him. The late King willed that his youngest sons were to be prepared for a career in the Roman Catholic Church. The details of Charles's tuition are unknown, but he received a good education. He understoodthe principal Catholic doctrines and could identify errors in Latin texts. His passion for poetry, medical sciences, and law is well documented.Charles later said that his mother had a strong impact on her children'seducation; in reality, Blanche was fully engaged in state administration, and could likely spare little time for her youngest children. Charles lived at the court of a brother, Robert I, Count of Artois, from 1237. About fouryears later he was put into the care of his youngest brother, Alphonse, Count of Poitiers. His participation in his brothers' military campaign against Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, in 1242 showed that he wasno longer destined for a Church career.Provence and AnjouRaymond Berengar V of Provence died in August 1245, bequeathing Provence and Forcalquier to his youngest daughter, Beatrice, allegedly because he hadgiven generous dowries to her three sisters. The dowries were actually not fully discharged, causing two of her sisters, Margaret (Louis IX's wife) and Eleanor (the wife of Henry III of England), to believe that they hadbeen unlawfully disinherited. Their mother, Beatrice of Savoy, claimed that Raymond Berengar had willed the usufruct of Provence to her.The Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II (whom Pope Innocent IV had recentlyexcommunicated for his alleged \"crimes against the Church\"), Count Raymond VII of Toulouse and other neighbouring rulers proposed themselves or their sons as husbands for the young Countess. Her mother put her"}
{"doc_id":"doc_62","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pablo AlboránPablo Moreno de Alborán Ferrándiz (born 31 May 1989), popularly known as Pablo Alborán, is a Spanish musician and singer-songwriter. Throughout his career, Alborán has released five studioalbums, two live albums, and various musical collaborations. His records are distributed by Warner Music Spain which he was signed to in 2013. That year he released \"Solamente Tú\", the lead single from his 2011self-titled debut album. The track topped the charts in his home country for two consecutive weeks. The album peaked at number one in its first week of sales, making Alborán the first solo artist to sign a completedebut album to rank to the top since 1998 in Spain. Alborán was nominated for Best New Artist at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards.Alborán's sophomore record Tanto (2012) spawned the number one singles \"Quién\" and\"El Beso\". It received a Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. His third studio album Terral (2014) spawned the chart-topping singles \"Por Fin\" and \"Pasos de Cero\" and received a Grammy Award nomination forBest Latin Pop Album. Alborán embarked on a huge concert tour Tour Terral, which visited Europe, North, and South America. Its respective live album Tres Noches en Las Ventas marked Alborán's second Album of theYear nomination. In 2017, Alborán released his fourth studio album Prometo to critical and commercial success. It spawned the singles \"Saturno\" and \"No Vaya a Ser\", among others. He released his fifth album Vértigoin 2020, followed by his sixth album La Cuarta Hoja in 2022.Throughout his career, Alborán has won a Goya Award for Best Original Song, nine LOS40 Music Awards, two Gaviota de Oro and two Premios Dial, amongothers. Throughout the years, Alborán has been nominated for three Grammy Awards as well as twenty-three Latin Grammy Awards.Music careerFrom a very young age, he was interested in learning to play variousmusical instruments such as piano, classical guitar, flamenco guitar, and acoustic guitar, and attended singing lessons with professional artists in Málaga and Madrid. In 2002, at the age of 12, he composed his firstsongs, \"Amor de Barrio\" (Neighbourhood Love) and \"Desencuentro\" (Disagreement) which would be featured 10 years later on his debut album. In Málaga he performed for the first time with a Flamenco band in arestaurant, and he was nicknamed El Blanco Moreno (The White Moreno), because he \"was very pale-skinned and Moreno was my family name\", as he stated in an interview in early 2011. Later, Pablo met producerManuel Illán and recorded a demo, which included a cover of \"Deja de Volverme Loca\" (Stop Driving Me Crazy) by Diana Navarro. Upon hearing this recording, Navarro expressed great interest in Alborán and becamehis musical mentor.In preparation for his first album, Alborán composed a total of 40 songs from which the playlist would be selected. During the recording of this studio album, Pablo Alborán, he uploaded a few songson YouTube, which gained the attention of many, including singer Kelly Rowland who was amazed by his voice, as far as saying \"I'm in love with Pablo Alboran!\". His videos have since received millions ofviews.\"Solamente Tú\" (Only You) was digitally released in Spain in October 2010 as the first single of his debut album, which was released in February 2011. Both the single and the album were a huge success,managing to top the Spanish music charts for several consecutive weeks. The album won multiple awards, including RTVE's Album of the Year for 2011, and became Spain's best-selling album of that year.Alborán beganhis first world tour on 27 May 2011 in Madrid at the Palacio Vistalegre, and has since performed in many Latin American countries, among which are Argentina, Chile and Mexico. Following his success, he released hisfirst live album, En Acústico, in November of the same year. It included acoustic versions of most of the tracks in his debut album, as well as two new songs and four bonus tracks. The song \"Perdóname\" (Forgive Me)was re-recorded featuring Portuguese singer Carminho, and was released as the first single of the album, peaking at number one on the Spanish singles chart on 13 November 2011, thus helping En Acústico to debutalso at number one on the albums chart one week later, on 20 November 2011, and to top the Portuguese Albums Chart in January 2012.On 19 December 2011, Alborán received the 2011 Best New Act award in LosPremios 40 Principales. Both his albums Pablo Alborán and En Acústico were featured in Spain's official list of top-selling albums of 2011, at number 1 and number 6, respectively, and singles \"Solamente Tú\" and\"Perdóname\" were the respective third and nineteenth best-selling songs in Spain in 2011.In January 2012, Alborán collaborated on the charity single, \"Cuestión de Prioridades por el Cuerno de África\" (A matter ofpriorities for the horn of Africa).In September 2012, Alborán released the lead single \"Tanto\" from his forthcoming album Tanto which was released in November 2012. The album was certified 10× Platinum in Spain andwas the highest selling album in Spain in 2012 and 2013. The album included two number one singles in Spain, \"El Beso\" (The Kiss) and \"Quién\" (Who). The album received Latin Grammy Awards.Alborán released histhird studio album Terral in November 2014. The album became his fourth straight number 1 album in Spain and has been certified 8× Platinum. It was the highest selling album in Spain in 2014.In April 2016, \"SePuede Amar\" was released, which is the first single of the forthcoming fourth studio album. Throughout 2016, Alborán toured Central America. In August, Alboran re-released \"Dónde está el Amor\" with Brazilian singerTiê. It was included in the telenovela soundtrack Haja Coração.On 8 September 2017, after a two-year break, Alborán announced on his social networks that he was finishing preparing what would be his fourth studioalbum, Prometo. He released two singles (\"Saturno\" and \"No Vaya a Ser\") on the same day. \"Saturno\" is a ballad, reminiscent of his beginnings as a singer, while \"No Vaya a Ser\" is a different style flirting withelectronics and African rhythms. Prometo was released on 17 November 2017 and debuted at number 1 in Spain.Personal lifeAlborán is the son of Spanish architect Salvador Moreno de Alborán Peralta and ElenaFerrándiz Martínez. From a father from Malaga and a French mother, the daughter of Spaniards born in Casablanca during the French protectorate of Morocco.In June 2020, Alborán came out as gay. As of December2020, Alborán resides in Málaga.DiscographyStudio albumsLive albumsSinglesAs main artistAs featured artistOther charting songsAwardsGrammy AwardsThe Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the NationalAcademy of Recording Arts and Sciences in the United States. Alborán has received three nominations.Latin Grammy AwardsThe Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts &Sciences in the United States. Alborán has received twenty-four nominations.TVyNovelas AwardsThe TVyNovelas Awards are presented annually by Televisa and the magazine TVyNovelas to honor the best Mexicantelevision productions, including telenovelas.Goya AwardsThe Goya Awards, known in Spanish as los Premios Goya, are awarded annually by the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España(Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science) in Spain. Alborán has received one award.NotesPassage 2:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a solo artist, he is thelead singer of indie rock band One eskimO.Early lifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and aroundLondon whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor. At the time, Leontiou was dubbed \"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Storyof My Life\" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart. His second single \"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies.Leontioutoured the album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 hedecided to take his music in a new direction.  Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song \"Hope & Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that sawhim unleash the One eskimO moniker.  It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimO project. Being more thanimpressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album.It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, adrummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album. They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recordedlive then headed back to Rollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA. Thefunds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchfordand Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started anew management venture with ATC Music. By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London.  Now with allanimation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's \"Fast Car\", which was originally released as asingle in 2005. Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, thesong entered the singles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as a single inApril 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\" did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Also featured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate LoveCollection (Shining)Summerland OST (The Crying)Passage 3:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist ofcrossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of futureAgnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whomhe also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction(M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 4:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by TheDecemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defendthe singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as theB-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans tocomplete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen,brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar soloshowdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows acharacter named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member ChrisFunk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is aneon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of thehotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to takedown one member from each team, before they gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrickto watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previousassassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could getaway, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introducecharacters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"SixteenMilitary Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, withthe TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 5:Astrid NorthAstrid North (Astrid Karina North Radmann; 24 August 1973, West Berlin – 25 June 2019, Berlin) was a German soul singer andsongwriter. She was the singer of the German band Cultured Pearls, with whom she released five Albums. As guest singer of the band Soulounge she published three albums.CareerNorth had her first experiences as asinger with her student band Colorful Dimension in Berlin. In March 1992 she met B. La (Bela Braukmann) and Tex Super (Peter Hinderthür) who then studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg and whowere looking for a singer for their band Cultured Pearls. The trio entered the German charts with four singles and four albums.In 1994 North sang for the dance-pop band Big Light on their hit single Trouble Is. In 1996she was a guest on the side project Little Red Riding Hood by Fury in the Slaughterhouse brothers Kai and Thorsten Wingenfelder which resulted in the release of the single Life's Too Short from the eponymousalbum.The song Sleepy Eyes, texted and sung by North, appears in the soundtrack of the movie Tor zum Himmel (2003) by director Veit Helmer. In 2003 she appeared at the festival Das Fest in Karlsruhe and sangalongside her own songs a cover version of the Aerosmith hit Walk This Way together with the German singer Sasha. North also toured with the American singer Gabriel Gordon.After the end of her band Cultured Pearlsin 2003 North moved 2004 to New York City to write new songs, work with a number of different musicians and to experiment with her music.In 2005 she joined the charity project Home, which produced an album forthe benefit of the orphans from the Beluga School for Life in Thailand which have been affected by the Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 and the subsequent tsunami. Beside the orphans themselves also the followingartists have been involved, guitarist Henning Rümenapp (Guano Apes), Kai Wingenfelder (Fury in the Slaughterhouse), Maya Saban and others. With Bobby Hebb Astrid North recorded a new version of his classic hitSunny. It was the first time Hebb sung this song as duett and it appeared on his last album That's All I Wanna Know.North sang in 2006 My Ride, Spring Is Near and No One Can Tell on the album The Ride by Basic JazzLounge, a project by jazz trumpeter Joo Kraus. In addition, she worked as a workshop lecturer of the Popkurs at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.In spring 2010 North performed as the opening act of theFakebling-Tour of Miss Platnum. The magazine Der Spiegel described her as one of the \"leading ladies of the local soul scene\". On 20 July 2012 her solo debut album North was released.On 16 September 2016 AstridNorth released her second solo album, Precious Ruby, dedicated to her grandmother Precious Ruby North. North used crowdfunding to finance the album. The first single published from this album was the song MissLucy. In 2016 she also started her concert series North-Lichter in Berlin's Bar jeder Vernunft to which she invited singers such as Katharina Franck, Elke Brauweiler, Lizzy Scharnofske, Mia Diekow, Lisa Bassenge or IrisRomen.LifeAstrid North was born in West Berlin, West Germany to Sondria North and Wolf-Dieter Radmann. She commuted between her birth city and her family in Houston, Texas until she was nine years old. In theUSA she lived mainly with her grandparents and her time there significantly shaped her musical development.Besides her music career Astrid North worked also as lecturer in Hamburg at the Hochschule für Musik undTheater and as yoga teacher. North was the mother of two children, her daughter was born in 2001 and her son in 2006. Her sister Ondria North works as make-up artist and hair stylist in the German film industry.Shedied in June 2019 at the age of 45 years from pancreatic cancer.Discographywith Cultured PearlsAlbums1996: Sing Dela Sing (German chart position 92, 3 weeks)1997: Space Age Honeymoon (German chart position54, 6 weeks)1999: Liquefied Days (German chart position 19, 9 weeks)2002: Life on a Tuesday (German chart position 74, 1 week)Singles1996: Tic Toc (1996) (German chart position 65, 10 weeks)1997: Sugar SugarHoney (German chart position 72, 9 weeks)1998: Silverball (German chart position 99, 2 weeks)1999: Kissing the Sheets (German chart position 87, 9 weeks)with Soulounge2003: The Essence of the Live Event –Volume One2004: Home2006: Say It AllSolo2005: Sunny (Single, Bobby Hebb feat. Astrid North)2012: North (Album, 20. Juli 2012)2013: North Live (Album, live recordings from different venues in Germany)2016:Sunny (Compilation, Bobby Hebb feat. Astrid North)2016: Precious Ruby (Album, 16. September 2016)as guest singer1994: Trouble Is – Big Light (Single)1996: Life's Too Short – Little Red Riding Hood (Single)2006:Basic Jazz Lounge: The Ride – Joo Kraus (Album)Passage 6:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of theUnited States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled\"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to consider making music that"}
{"doc_id":"doc_63","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Troy AndesTroy Andes (born April 16, 1981, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American politician and a Republican member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 58 since January 12, 2013. Andes served consecutively from January 2007 until January 2013 in a District 14 seat.EducationAndes earned his BS from Virginia Tech and his MBA from Marshall University.Elections2012 Redistricted to District 15, and with its incumbents redistricted to District 16, Andes was challenged in the May 8, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 1,792 votes (82.0%), and was unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 7,004 votes.2006 When District 14 Republican Representative Mike Hall ran for West Virginia Senate and left a district seat open, Andes placed in the five-way 2006 Republican Primary and was elected in the three-way two-position November 7, 2006 General election against Democratic nominee Gene Estel.2008 Andes and fellow Republican incumbent Representative Patti Schoen were unopposed for the May 13, 2008 Republican Primary, where Andes placed first with 2,337 votes (52.2%), and placed first in the four-way two-position November 4, 2008 General election with 9,323 votes (31.4%) ahead of Representative Schoen and Democratic nominees Jeffrey Martin and Karen Corea.2010 When Representative Schoen retired and left a district seat open, Andes placed first in the five-way May 11, 2010 Republican Primary, winning with 2,034 votes (42.8%), and placed first in the three-way two-position November 2, 2010 General election with 8,159 votes (40.3%) ahead of fellow Republican nominee Brian Savilla and Democratic nominee Catherine Larck.Passage 2:LeRoy D. BrownLeRoy D. Brown was the first president of University of Nevada.HistoryNevada became a state in 1864. Its constitution mandated the establishment of a state university with departments in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and mining, along with a state normal school for teacher training. The constitution specified that the state university would be controlled by an elected Board of Regents. The Nevada Legislature established the first State University campus in Elko, Nevada. Its Preparatory Department opened for enrollment in October 1874 with the goal of enhancing Nevada's young people to be ready for college-level study. D. R. Sessions served as Principal of the preparatory department. The Elko campus closed on July 15, 1885, when it was determined that Reno would provide a larger population for higher education students.The Board of Regents selected Dr. Leroy D. Brown to be the first president of the University of Nevada at the new Reno campus. A veteran of the American Civil War, he had taught in Ohio for twenty years and had been elected to the office of Commissioner of Education in Ohio. He was working for a bank in Ohio when he was recruited to Nevada. His administration began in September, 1887, before the first campus building, Morrill Hall, was completely constructed.By October, 50 students were enrolled. The Board of Regents selected Hannah Keziah Clapp of Carson City to be his assistant and a faculty member of the university. President Brown established the departments of mining and metallurgy, natural science and the Nevada State Normal School. The Secretary of War detailed a U. S. Army officer to provide drill and military tactics instruction to all male students. The first group of cadets was organized in the fall of 1888. Lieutenant Arthur C. Ducat was also employed as Professor of Modern Languages, later providing drawing instruction and calisthenics training for female students the first physical education curriculum at the university. President Brown and the other faculty developed organized a curriculum involving three areas of study: the School of Liberal Arts, the School of Agriculture, and the School of Mechanic Arts and Mining. The Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in response to the Congressional Hatch Act of March 2, 1887. Hatch Hall was completed in 1889, becoming the second building on the Reno campus. By the end of Brown's administration, the School of Mechanic Arts was separate from the School of Mining, and a Business (Commercial)  Department had been created. The Commercial Department was for non-college students. Its first diplomas were issued in 1889. He resigned on January 1, 1890, later sending his son to attend the university.Timeline1848 - Born in Center Township, Noble County, Ohio on November 3. Developed a reading habit, early in his life and visited the old township library in his neighborhood.1864 - Ran away from home and enlisted as a member of Company H, 116 O. V. I. in which he served until the end of the war.1866-1867 – Taught school1867 – Brown prepared for college at an academy in Athens, Ohio1869 – Became a student and was later awarded graduation at Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, Ohio.  (A.B. ’79, A.M ’82)1871 – Appointed Noble County Examiner1873 – Principal of graded school in Newport, Ohio1874 – Called to superintendency of the Belpre Ohio schools1875 – Superintendent at Eaton, Ohio1878 – Married Miss Esther Emma Gable of Eaton, Ohio1879 – Brown was elected to position of Superintendent of Public schools at Hamilton, Ohio and was reelected and held the office until he became State Commissioner.1883 – Earned Ph.D. at Baker University, San Luis Obispo.1884-1887 – Entered into a three-year office as Ohio State Commissioner of Common Schools.1887 – Brown moved his family to Alliance, Ohio to pursue the banking business.1887 – 1890 - At age 38, LeRoy Brown received an offer and moved his family of seven (wife, Esther, plus five small children) to Reno, Nevada to become Nevada State University President (September 1887 - January 1, 1890).1890-1892 – Became supervising Principal of Santa Monica Schools from 1890 to 18921893 to 1894 – moved to Los Angeles and became superintendent of city schools.  He was reelected for another year and his salary was raised from $2,700 to $3,000 per year.  Two weeks later he resigned, as he preferred the principal position of a High School and there was a vacant position.1898 – Died January 13. San Luis Obispo, CaliforniaPassage 3:Tsuruichi HayashiTsuruichi Hayashi (\u0000 \u0000\u0000, Hayashi Tsuruichi, June 13, 1873 – October 4, 1935) was a Japanese mathematician and historian of Japanese mathematics. He was born in Tokushima, Japan.He was the founder of the Tohoku Mathematical Journal.Passage 4:Keith AndesKeith Andes (born John Charles Andes, July 12, 1920 – November 11, 2005) was an American film, radio, musical theater, stage and television actor.Early life and educationAndes was born to Mr. and Mrs. William G. Andes in Ocean City, New Jersey. By the age of 12, he was featured on the radio.The family moved to Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. Andes attended Upper Darby High School and found work on radio singing and acting throughout his high school years.He attended St Edward's School in Oxford, England, and graduated from Temple University in Philadelphia, where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity, in 1943 with a bachelor's degree in education. While at Temple, he did not participate in the university's theater program, but spent his time working as a disc jockey for several Philadelphia-area radio stations, including KYW, WFIL, and WIP. After graduating from Temple, he studied voice at the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music in Center City Philadelphia. He was known for his baritone voice.CareerEarly performancesHe began his acting career while serving in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He served three years and sang and acted in United Service Organization shows. He was cast in the play Winged Victory and then cast by 20th Century Fox in the film Winged Victory (1944).In 1947, Andes received a Theater World Award for his Broadway debut performance in a revival of the operetta The Chocolate Soldier.In 1947, he had a role in the movie The Farmer's Daughter, the film that won Loretta Young her Best Actress Oscar. Andes, Lex Barker and James Arness played the title character's powerfully built and highly protective brothers.Andes' first leading role in a feature film came with Project X (1949), a low-budget, independent movie.In June 1950, he joined the cast of Kiss Me, Kate on Broadway, taking over the lead from Alfred Drake, starring in the show for over a year, in New York and on tour. This re-ignited Hollywood's interest in him.RKO and UniversalAndes appeared as Marilyn Monroe's sweetheart and Barbara Stanwyck's brother in the cult film Clash by Night (1952), directed by Fritz Lang and co-written by Clifford Odets, for RKO.Also for that studio, he played the heroic Lt. Maynard in Blackbeard, the Pirate (1952) and a supporting role in Split Second (1953).In 1953 he starred in a short-lived Broadway musical, Maggie.In 1954, he signed a new contract with RKO even though that studio had kept him idle for a year, causing him to miss a part in The High and the Mighty. He was under contract to RKO for three years.He co-starred with Angela Lansbury in the film noir A Life at Stake (1954) and was one of several male leads in The Second Greatest Sex (1955) at Universal, where he signed a long-term contract.Andes begin guest starring on TV shows like Celebrity Playhouse, The Ford Television Theatre, Matinee Theatre, The Loretta Young Show, Conflict and Playhouse 90. He also starred in TV adaptations of The Great Waltz (playing Johann Strauss, Jr.), Bloomer Girl (1956) and Holiday (based on The Grand Tour) (1956).He made two films with Jeff Chandler at Universal, Away All Boats (1956) and Pillars of the Sky (1956), and did Back from Eternity (1956) at RKO. In 1956, he starred in a pilot for the series Doctor Mike, that was not picked up.At Universal, he had a role in Interlude (1957), then he appeared in The Girl Most Likely (1958), the last film made by RKO.Andes guest starred on Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre, Goodyear Theatre, Alcoa Theatre and The Gale Storm Show: Oh! Susanna.In 1958, Andes starred as crusading former Louisiana State Police Superintendent Francis Grevemberg in the film Damn Citizen at Universal. His co-stars were Margaret Hayes as Dorothy Maguire Grevemberg and Gene Evans as Police Major Al Arthur.He starred in two low-budget features: Model for Murder (1959) in England and Surrender - Hell! (1960) in the Philippines.TelevisionAndes was cast in a regular series, playing Frank Dawson in the police drama This Man Dawson (1959–60), the story of a former United States Marine Corps colonel who is hired to stop police corruption in a large, unnamed city. William Conrad did the series narration.On Broadway, Andes starred opposite Lucille Ball in the musical Wildcat (1960–61) which ran for 175 performances.When Wildcat ended Andes resumed his television career, guest starring on Sea Hunt, Have Gun - Will Travel, Follow the Sun, Vacation Playhouse and The Rifleman.In 1963, Andes was cast with Victor Buono and Arch Johnson in the episode \" Firebug\" of the anthology series GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the story line, Buono portrays Charles Colvin, a barber in Los Angeles, who is by night a pyromaniac. The United States Forest Service works to find Colvin before he can set more fires.Later in 1963, Andes was cast in a regular role as the lawyer-husband on the 1963 sitcom Glynis, starring Glynis Johns as his wife, a mystery writer and amateur sleuth.He guest-starred on 77 Sunset Strip, Perry Mason (in the episode \"Illicit Illusion\"), The Outer Limits (in the episode \"Expanding Human\"), Mickey Rooney's short-lived sitcom Mickey, The Littlest Hobo, Death Valley Days, Valentine's Day, Branded, The Lucy Show, and Run for Your Life.Andes starred as the manager of a radio station in the serial Paradise Bay, which debuted September 27, 1965.He returned to guest-star roles in Daniel Boone, The Andy Griffith Show, Star Trek (in the episode \"The Apple\"), and I Spy.His work included voice acting in the animated Birdman and the Galaxy Trio (1967) as Birdman. In 1967, he toured in a production of Man of La Mancha.Later careerHe appeared as General George C. Marshall in the film Tora! Tora! Tora! and in the biker movie Hell's Bloody Devils (1970).He guest-starred on Petticoat Junction, The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Dan August, The Streets of San Francisco, Search, Gunsmoke, Cannon, Caribe, and The Magical World of Disney (\"Twister, Bull from the Sky\").His later appearances included the films ...And Justice for All (1979) and The Ultimate Impostor (1979) as well as playing Minister Darius in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode \"Buck's Duel to the Death\".His last appearance was in the TV movie Blinded by the Light (1980). He then retired. He later said \"I was divorced, my kids were grown, and that is when I bought a boat and lived on it and ran charters on it over to Catalina and down to Mexico and back. I just had a ball.\"Personal lifeOn November 30, 1946, Andes married Jean A. Cotton, a nurse, in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. The couple divorced in 1961. They had two sons: musicians Mark Andes (in bands Spirit, Jo Jo Gunne, Firefall and Heart) and Matt Andes (also a member of Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne).In 1961, he married Sheila Hackett during a break in Wildcat.DeathOn November 11, 2005, Andes was found dead at the age of 85 at his home in Santa Clarita, California.He had been suffering from bladder cancer and other ailments (he had been a smoker). His death was ruled as suicide by asphyxiation, according to a report from the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office. His remains were donated to medical science.FilmographyPassage 5:Mario Laserna PinzónMario Laserna Pinzón (August 21, 1923 – July 16, 2013) was a Colombian educator and politician born in Paris of Colombian parents. Laserna Pinzón is credited for being the founder of the Los Andes University in Bogotá, which was incorporated in 1948 and is a private institution modeled on the United States liberal arts educational system. He also served as Senator of Colombia, and Ambassador to France and Austria and is an author of several books.CareerEducationHe was born in Paris, France, on August 21, 1923, to Colombian parents, Francisco Laserna Bravo and Elena Pinzón Castillo, and was raised first in Colombia where he attended the Instituto La Salle and then from 1931 to 1932 in Queens in NYC. He graduated from the Gimnasio Moderno in 1940 and went on to study Law for three years at Our Lady of the Rosary University to later change his career and move to the United States to attend Columbia University where he completed his undergraduate studies in Mathematics, Physics, and Humanities in 1948. He would go on to obtain a master's degree at Princeton University and to study German and philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in Germany, and he later obtained a Doctorate at the Free University of Berlin. For his life's work he was awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa by Brandeis University.Mario Laserna Pinzón is widely admired in his country as an educator, a politician, and a passionate seeker of knowledge, with numerous books and studies to his credit.  During the late 1940s and 1950s he became acquainted with many important scientific figures of the day, including Albert Einstein, whom he met while studying at Princeton, and Nicolás Gómez Dávila, his mentor.In 1948, upon graduating from Columbia, he returned to Colombia and dedicated himself to the creation of a private secular institution of higher learning in Bogotá. His dream became a reality on November 16, 1948, when Los Andes University was founded, institution of which he became rector between 1953 and 1954. He also served as rector of the National University of Colombia (1958–1960).PoliticsGiven his high-profile Laserna was absorbed into politics by those who wanted to present the world with one of the best examples of Colombian intellect, and so he served as the Colombian Ambassador to his native France (1976–1979) and to Austria (1987–1990), served in the Senate of Colombia and served as councillor of Bogotá.He worked in politics as a philosopher interested in learning the workings of government and people which led him to run as Senator representing the radical liberal party of the M-19 Democratic Alliance, even though he himself belonged to the Colombian Conservative Party, he said he joined the M-19 in spite of being a conservative because he \"wanted to know how the people who had been [hiding] in the mountain and had returned to civil life thought. Also because they had Bolivarian roots\", as he himself was a believer of Bolivarianism.As a Senator he had to answer to accusations of working with the fugitive Roberto Soto Prieto who had allegedly stolen US$13.5 million and with whom Laserna had connections in Austria through his work as Ambassador, at which time Soto Prieto was an alleged refugee in that country, and through alleged business deals in which Soto was found to be indirectly involved. At the request of the Colombian Minister of Foreign Affairs Noemí Sanín the last five ambassadors to Austria and all employees of the embassy were investigated by the Inspector General of Colombia and the Attorney General of Colombia, among those was Mario Laserna Pinzón. Laserna was later cleared of all charges in respect to the case.Because of his life's work and contribution to the country, President Álvaro Uribe Vélez honored him with the Order of Boyacá in the Rank of the Grand Cross, the highest civilian honour bestowed by the Republic of Colombia.WorksMario Laserna was a very prolific reader and writer, which led him to write for various newspapers and to become the director of Revista Semana and the newspaper La República. He also authored various books and essays on Colombian history and government, development in the Third World, and philosophy.Mario Laserna Pinzón; Alberto Lleras Camargo (1955), Misión y problema de la universidad [Mission and Problem of the University], Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, OCLC 24004078Mario Laserna Pinzón (1961), Estado fuerte o caudillo: el dilema colombiano [Strong State or Leader: The Colombian Dilemma], Bogotá: Ediciones Mito, OCLC 1969093Mario Laserna Pinzón (1963), \" Klassenlogik und formale Einteilung der Wissenschaft\" [Class logic and Formal Classification in Science], (Dissertation) (in German), Berlin: E. Reuter-Gesellschaft, OCLC 22468251Mario Laserna Pinzón (1965), Rousseau y la antinomia de la libertad de Loewenthal [Rousseau and the Antinomy of the Liberty of Loewenthal], Bogotá, OCLC 54993021Mario Laserna Pinzón (1966), Estado, consenso, democracia y desarrollo [State, Consensus, Democracy and Development], Bogotá: Ediciones Tercer Mundo, OCLC 3201311Mario Laserna Pinzón (1966), La revolución, ¿para qué? : y otros ensayos [The Revolution, For What?: And Other Essays], Bogotá: Ed. Revista Colombiana, LCCN 66077255Mario Laserna Pinzón (1969), Individuo y sociedad [Individual and Society], Bogotá: Editorial Revista Colombiana, LCCN 78473074Mario Laserna Pinzón (c. 1970), Sociedad post-industrial y países sub-desarrollados [Post-Industrial Society and Underdeveloped Countries], Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Programa Alta GerenciaMario Laserna Pinzón (1974), Informe sobre las UPAC y sus incidencias sociales y económicas, Bogotá: Tall. Ed. de la Impr. Nacional de Colombia, ISBN 958-601-074-0Mario Laserna Pinzón (1986), Bolívar, un euro-americano frente a la Ilustración : y otros ensayos de interpretación de la historia indo-iberoamericana [Bolivar, a Euro-American in Front of the Enlightenment: and Other Interpretive Essays about Latin-American History], Bogotá: Ediciones Tercer Mundo, ISBN 958-601-074-0Mario Laserna Pinzón (1999), Dos ensayos sobre la posibilidad de la historia: Carta de Heidelberg [Two Essays about the Possibility of History: Letter of Heidelberg], Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes, ISBN 958-695-030-1Mario Laserna Pinzón (2003), Reflexiones sobre la Revolución Científica del siglo XVII. [Reflections on the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century], Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, ISBN 958-695-102-2Mario Laserna Pinzón (2004), La Crítica de la Razón Pura, Metalenguaje de la Ciencia. [The Critique of Pure Reason, Metalanguage of Science], Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, ISBN 958-695-136-7Passage 6:John De MargheritiJohn De Margheriti (born July 1962) is an Italian-born Australian electrical engineer, software developer and entrepreneur. De Margheriti is widely seen as a founding 'father' of Australia's video games industry and Australia's most experienced interactive entertainment business executive.He is the founder and former CEO of BigWorld Pty Limited and the founder of parent company Micro Forté Pty Limited. De Margheriti is also the Executive Chairman of the Academy of Interactive Entertainment, the Chairman of Canberra Technology Park, the founder of the Game Developers' Association of Australia, the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_64","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Wonny SongWonny Song (born 1978) is a Canadian pianist.BiographySong was born in South Korea and grew up in Montreal. He began piano studies at the age of eight and received a full scholarship to Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music in 1994. He earned a bachelor's degree from Montreal University in 1998 and continued his studies with Anton Kuerti at the University of Toronto and at The Glenn Gould School with Marc Durand. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Minnesota in 2004, studying with Lydia Artymiw. He has also studied with Leon Fleisher, Jorge Chaminé and Marie-Francoise Bucquet. He has performed as a soloist with the Cincinnati Symphony, the Peoria Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the National Arts Centre Orchestra and the EuroAsian Philharmonic Orchestra in Korea and Thailand.Song was director and director of artists-in-residence project of Lambda School of Music and Fine Arts in Montreal from 2008 to 2020. Wonny Song has been appointed Artistic Director of Orford Music (formerly the Orford Arts Centre) in May 2015. Mr. Song officially assumed his position at the beginning of summer 2015, at which time he began to prepare the 2016 program.Awards and recognitions1994 – Gold Medal at the World Piano Competition, Cincinnati.1995 – First Prize and Best Artistic Interpretation Prize at the Montreal Symphony Piano Competition.1997 – Ludmila Knezkova Piano Competition, Nova Scotia.2000 – First Elinor Bell Fellowship, University of Minnesota.2001 – First and Grand Prize winner of the Minnesota Orchestra's WAMSO Competition.2002 – Galaxy Rising Stars Award, Ottawa.2003 – Prix d'Europe, Canada.2010 – Young Canadian Musicians Award.Claire Tow Prize.Miriam Brody Aronson Prize.Fergus Orchestra Soloist Prize.Washington Performing Arts Society Prize.Saint Vincent College Concert Series Prize.DiscographySee alsoPianistsCanadian classical musicYoung Concert ArtistsLambda School of Music and Fine ArtsPassage 2:Hwang Te-songHwang Te-Song (born December 20, 1989) is a South Korean football player.Club statisticsPassage 3:CiaraCiara Princess Wilson ( see-AIR-\u0000; née Harris; born October 25, 1985) is an American singer, songwriter, businesswoman, dancer, model and actress. She rose to prominence with her debut studio album Goodies (2004), which spawned the top five singles \"1, 2 Step\" (featuring Missy Elliott), \"Oh\" (featuring Ludacris), and \"Goodies\" (featuring Petey Pablo), the latter of which topping the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and garnered two nominations at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards. Ciara was also featured on Missy Elliott's \"Lose Control\" and Bow Wow's \"Like You\", both of which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100.Her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution (2006), topped the Billboard 200 and spawned the hit singles \"Get Up\" (featuring Chamillionaire), \"Promise\", \"Like a Boy\" and \"Can't Leave 'em Alone\" (featuring 50 Cent). Ciara's third studio album Fantasy Ride (2009), produced the international top-ten single \"Love Sex Magic\" (featuring Justin Timberlake), which received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Her fourth studio album Basic Instinct (2010), included the R&B top-five single \"Ride\" (featuring Ludacris). After Basic Instinct was met with low sales, Ciara signed a new record deal with Epic Records in 2011. Ciara's fifth studio album, Ciara (2013), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hit single \"Body Party\".Her sixth album, Jackie (2015), included the singles \"I Bet\" and \"Dance like We're Making Love\". The next year, Ciara would sign a modeling contract with IMG, become a Global Brand Ambassador for the cosmetics giant Revlon, and marry quarterback Russell Wilson. Her seventh album, Beauty Marks (2019), included the hit single \"Level Up\". Ciara signed a new record deal with Republic Records and Uptown Records, in partnership with her label Beauty Marks Entertainment. She released her single \"Jump\" as the lead for her upcoming eighth studio album on July 8, 2022.Ciara is also an actress, having appeared in All You've Got (2006), Mama, I Want to Sing! (2012), That's My Boy (2012), and The Game (2013). In March 2022, it was announced that Ciara had joined the cast of the 2023 remake of The Color Purple as Nettie. Ciara has received multiple accolades, including a Grammy Award, two BET Awards, the Woman of the Year award from Billboard Women in Music, two MTV Video Music Awards, seven Soul Train Awards, and thirteen Ascap Music Awards. As of 2019, Ciara's worldwide sales total over 45 million.Early lifeCiara Princess Harris was born in Fort Hood, Texas, on October 25, 1985, the only child of Jackie and Carlton Clay Harris. An army brat, she grew up in Georgia, New York, Utah, California, Arizona, and Nevada. She was named after the Revlon fragrance Ciara which was introduced in 1973. During her teens, Ciara and her family settled in College Park, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, where she attended North Clayton High School before graduating from Riverdale.In her mid-teens, Ciara formed the all-girl group Hearsay with two of her friends. The group recorded demos, but as time went on, they began to have differences and eventually parted ways. Despite this setback, Ciara signed a publishing deal as a songwriter.Her first writing credit was on Blu Cantrell's debut album, So Blu, for the song \"10,000 Times\". She also wrote the song \"Got Me Waiting\" for R&B singer Fantasia Barrino's debut album, Free Yourself. It was when she was writing songs that she met music producer Jazze Pha, whom she called her \"music soulmate\". In 2002, the two recorded four demos: \"1, 2 Step\", \"Thug Style\", \"Pick Up the Phone\", and \"Lookin' at You\", which all appeared on her debut album that was released two years later. \"1, 2 Step\" was the second single released from the album and it was a hit.Career2003–2005: GoodiesAfter graduating from Riverdale High School in Riverdale, Georgia, in 2003, she was signed by LaFace Records executive, L.A. Reid, whom she was introduced to by Jazze Pha. She began production on her debut album later that year. In early 2004, she wrote a demo with record producer, Sean Garrett, which came to the attention of Lil Jon and became her debut single \"Goodies\". Lil Jon stated later that he knew it would be big seeing how it sounded similar to Usher's international hit, \"Yeah!\".Ciara released her debut album Goodies on September 28, 2004. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200, selling 125,000 copies in its initial week and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Following the release of the album, Ciara was called the \"First Lady of Crunk&B\". Goodies had a 71-week run on the Billboard 200, and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on October 10, 2006. Charting at twenty-two on the Canadian Albums Chart, it was certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. The album charted at 26 on the UK Albums Chart, and spent 20 weeks on the chart. It was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry.Goodies' lead single, the title track, featuring Petey Pablo, was released on June 8, 2004. Conceived as a crunk female counterpart to Usher's \"Yeah!\", the lyrical content goes against the grain, speaking of abstinence, rejecting advances because \"the goodies will stay in the jar.\" Critics hailed it as an \"anthem of the summer\" and one of the best singles of the year, complementing its dance-feel and beat, and the irony of the \"clever\" lyrics. The single performed well worldwide, topping the charts in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, and charting in the top 10 of other charts, receiving Platinum certification in the United States. \"1, 2 Step\" featuring Missy Elliott was released as the album's second single. The song peaked in the top 10 of many countries, topping the charts in Canada, and went on to become Platinum or Gold in many countries. \"Oh\" featuring Ludacris was released as the third single on March 5, 2005. The song performed well worldwide, appearing in the top 10 of seven charts, and certified either Platinum or Gold in multiple regions.Following the success of the album, Ciara released a CD/DVD entitled Goodies: The Videos & More in the United States on July 12, 2005, which featured remixes to \"1, 2 Step\" and \"Oh\", as well as two new songs. The release was certified platinum in the United States. She made guest appearances on Missy Elliott's single \"Lose Control\" and on Bow Wow's single \"Like You\", which both peaked at number three in the United States and obtained worldwide success. She was an opening act for Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005 and went on tour with Chris Brown and Bow Wow on the Holiday Jam Tour in December 2005. At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards, Ciara received four nominations for Best New Artist, Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"1, 2 Step\", Best Rap Song for Missy Elliott's single \"Lose Control\", and won her last nomination, Best Short Form Music Video for \"Lose Control\".2006–2007: Ciara: The Evolution and acting debutOn December 5, 2006, Ciara released her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution. According to the singer, the title of the album is \"about so much more than just my personal growth – it's about the evolution of music, the evolution of dance, the evolution of fashion.\" The source of the album's creativity such as the sound and edge comes from Ciara in general. Ciara: The Evolution became Ciara's first and only number one album on the U.S. Billboard 200, and her second number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts with sales of 338,000 in the first week. The album went on to be certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States, and has sold 1.3 million copies according to Nielsen SoundScan.The album's international lead single, \"Get Up\", which features Chamillionaire, reached number seven in the United States and gained a platinum accreditation. It reached number five in New Zealand. The song was used for the film Step Up (2006) and featured on the film's soundtrack. The album's US lead single, \"Promise\", reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her third number one single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \"Like a Boy\" was released as the second international single which reached within the top 20 in the UK, Finland, France, Ireland, Sweden Switzerland, and also in the United States. The fourth and final single from the album, \"Can't Leave 'em Alone\", reached number 10 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song became Ciara's fifth single to peak in the top in New Zealand, peaking at number 4. The song achieved moderate success in other international markets.In support of the album, Ciara went on her first headlining tour in October 2006. The tour went to seventeen different clubs in cities throughout the United States. The tour was met with mixed to positive reviews; critics were divided regarding the pre-recorded backing tracks and remarked that Ciara was slightly under-prepared to host her headlining tour, but ultimately praised her energetic choreography. In August 2007, she headlined the Screamfest '07 tour with fellow rapper, T.I. Critics praised her performance for her gracious dancing and being able to command a sold-out arena. Ciara, along with Chris Brown and Akon, was a support act for Rihanna's Good Girl Gone Bad Tour in the United Kingdom. She made a guest appearance on \"So What\" by Field Mob. The single went on to become a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. She also appeared on Tiffany Evans' single \"Promise Ring\". The song achieved little success on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.In addition to her music, Ciara made her acting debut in the MTV Films production All You've Got in May 2006. In the movie she played Becca Whiley, a teenager who is competing in a volleyball tournament. The movie received mixed to positive reviews; critics said the movie was predictable but still enjoyable.2008–2011: Fantasy Ride, Basic Instinct and label changeIn October 2008, Ciara was honored as Billboard's \"Woman of the Year\", because of her success as a recording artist and leadership in embracing the changing music business.Although her third album was originally scheduled for a September 2008 release, Fantasy Ride was released after several delays in May 2009. The album combines her R&B and hip hop sound from her previous albums along with a new pop and dance sound. While talking to MTV News, Ciara said, \"I'm having a bit more fun with my lyrics. I'm not afraid. In the beginning, I was conscious and really protective and somewhat scared about doing some things. With this album I'm not holding back, there's freedom. It's just the space I'm in right now.\" It became Ciara's first top ten album in the UK.\"Go Girl\" was the first single released from the album. It was originally the lead single from the album, but the single achieved minimum success and was later deemed a promo single. However, the single managed to reach the top of the charts in Japan. The album's official lead single, \"Never Ever\", which features Young Jeezy, was released in the United States in January 2009 and reached a peak of number nine on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The second single, \"Love Sex Magic\", featuring Justin Timberlake, became a worldwide hit, peaking within the top 10 in 20 countries including the U.S., where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. It went on to be certified platinum in Australia and received a gold accreditation in New Zealand. It received a nomination for \"Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals\" at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards and also for Best Choreography in a Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. \"Work\", the final single, achieved moderate success in international markets.In July 2009, Ciara headlined the Jay-Z & Ciara Live tour with Jay-Z. Her performance received mixed reviews; critics said although her dancing was top-notch, she seemed disconnected from the crowd. She was also the support act for Britney Spears's Circus tour, where she performed eight nights at London's prestigious O2 Arena during June 2009. Her performance received rave reviews from critics and fans alike, who noted her dancing skills as being spectacular and arguably better than Britney Spears'. Ciara made a guest appearance on Nelly's single \"Stepped On My J'z\" from his album Brass Knuckles. The song achieved minimal success in the U.S.. Ciara was also featured on Enrique Iglesias' single, \" Takin' Back My Love\", from his Greatest Hits album. The song became an international hit, peaking in the top 10 of over 15 countries, and being certified Gold in Russia, with sales of over 100,000. In February 2010, Ciara along with Pitbull was featured on the remix to Ludacris' hit single \"How Low\". The following month, Ciara made a cameo appearance in the music video of Usher's single, \"Lil' Freak\".Ciara released her fourth studio album, Basic Instinct, on December 14, 2010. She told Pete Lewis of Blues & Soul magazine that the album is about her trusting her instinct and going back to the R&B/urban basics, in the days of \"Goodies\" and \"1, 2 Step\". It was executive-produced by the singer alongside her A&R agent Mark Pitts and writing/production duo Tricky Stewart and The-Dream who also produced records for her previous album, Fantasy Ride. Basic Instinct debuted at number forty-four on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 37,000 copies, becoming her first album to not peak within the top three. On the U.S. R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, the album opened at number 11, her only album to not peak within the top two of the chart.The lead single, \"Ride\", which features Ludacris, was released on April 26, 2010. It peaked at number 42 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number three on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming her twelfth top ten hit on the chart, and number seventy-five on the UK Singles Chart. The accompanying music video won the award for \"Best Dance Performance\" at the 2010 Soul Train Music Awards. \"Speechless\" was released as the second single from the album and achieved minimal success, peaking at only number 74 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \" Gimmie Dat\", the third single from the album was praised by critics but failed to become a hit, peaking at only 63 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 27 on the urban charts in the UK. In November 2010, Ciara performed at the Summerbeatz tour alongside Flo Rida, Jay Sean, Akon, Travie McCoy and Ja Rule. In the summer of 2011, Ciara was a part of the Malibu Rum Tour. She performed in seven shows across the US.In February 2011, following rumors that Ciara had been dropped by Jive Records, she released an official statement to her Facebook page complaining of inadequate promotion and funding from the label. She stated that she received a lack of support from the label, and even paid for the promotion of some singles, such as \"Gimmie Dat\", herself. The frustration she felt while working with her third and fourth albums led her to request that she be released from her contract. In May 2011, Ciara was removed from the Jive Records website roster. On July 12, 2011, it was reported that she had reunited with L.A. Reid by signing with his record label Epic Records, and was confirmed in September 2011.2012–2013: Ciara and further actingDuring an interview with Sway in the Morning in February 2012, Ciara revealed that she would be taking her time recording her fifth studio album, stating: \"It's just really about the vibe, and I'll just tell you that it's a good vibe going. It's really important for me to take my time with this record and it's important for the whole team. It's really, really good energy.\" She has been working on the album with a number of producers and songwriters, including Hit-Boy, Soundz, Diane Warren, Tricky Stewart, and The Underdogs. In an interview, Ciara said \"I worked with some people that are very fresh, which I'm excited about... When it comes to artists, when it comes to writers, when it comes to producers, I really wanted to push. We pretty much reached out and worked with a lot of people that I've never worked with before, which is really fun.\"During a press conference with MTV in May 2012, Ciara announced her fifth studio album would be titled One Woman Army and said the lead single, \" Sweat\", would be out very soon. The single, which features rapper 2 Chainz, premiered online on June 4, 2012, and was to be released via iTunes on June 19, 2012. However, the release of the single was scrapped at the last minute for unknown reasons. On August 13, 2012, Ciara revealed that the official lead single for the album would be titled \"Sorry\". On September 13, 2012, the official music video for \"Sorry\" was premiered on BET's 106 & Park as well as VEVO. \"Sorry\" was made available for purchase as a digital download on September 25, 2012, and impacted U.S. Urban contemporary and Rhythmic radio stations on October 9, 2012. In the United States, \"Sorry\" reached a peak at 40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart while charting at number 22 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart listing of the top 25 songs that have yet to enter the Billboard Hot 100.On October 21, 2012, Rap-Up magazine posted a behind-the-scenes sneak peek of \"Got Me Good\", the second single from the album. The song and video, which was directed by Joseph Kahn, premiered on the Sony JumboTron in Times Square in New York City on October 25, 2012. The single was released via digital download on November 6, 2012. \"Got Me Good\" impacted rhythmic radio on November 13, and mainstream radio on December 4.On April 15, 2013, the same day the album's track listing was revealed, it was also announced that the album is not titled One Woman Army anymore and that the new title is Ciara. Due to their low performance on the charts, the label decided not to include \"Sweat\", \"Sorry\", and \"Got Me Good\" on the tracklist. Instead, it was later announced that a new song titled \"Body Party\" would serve as the lead single. It was released in March 2013 and reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the U.S. Billboard \"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\" chart. The second single was \"I'm Out\" featuring Nicki Minaj. The album was released on July 9, 2013. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 59,000 copies in the U.S. The album became Ciara's fourth album to chart within the top three of the Billboard chart. The album charted at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop AlbumsAside from music in 2012, Ciara also starred in two movies during this time. She starred in the straight-to-DVD film, Mama, I Want to Sing!. She played Amara Winter, a preacher's daughter who was discovered by a well-established musician. She appeared as Brie in the 2012 comedy film, That's My Boy. Ciara made an appearance as "}
{"doc_id":"doc_65","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Earlylife and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, wherehe met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. fromWilliams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens,who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminatedin the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.DiaArt FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon inNew York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural andeconomic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22ndStreet building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land artprojects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not onlybecause of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. SinceGovan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designedby Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSincehis arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about theBelgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has alsocommissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urbanlounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lampsfrom different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these publicartworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three yearsbefore he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and AndrewGordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitiousbuilding project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million incommitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolvingall existing curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang JeffKoons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as thecreation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall spaceavailable for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrewits support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way,and characterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan ismarried and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to mostrecent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park inMalibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 2:The Seventh CompanyOutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a 1977 French comedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Getto?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenri Guybet - TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Le commandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, lepasseurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodictelevision and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order andJudging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among otherfilms. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in severalBroadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventuallybecoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wifeAudrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Colin Low (filmmaker)Colin Archibald Low  (July 24, 1926 – February 24, 2016) was a Canadian animation anddocumentary filmmaker with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). He was known as a pioneer, one of Canada's most important filmmakers, and was regularly referred to as \"the gentleman genius\". His numeroushonors include five BAFTA awards, eight Cannes Film Festival awards, and six Academy Award nominations.Early lifeLow was born and raised in Cardston, Alberta, to Gerald and Marion Low, ranchers who weremembers of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The town borders the Kainai Nation (Blood Tribe), which later became the subject of two of his films; his 1960 film Circle of the Sun marked the first time theKainai Nation's sacred Sun Dance was filmed.CareerLow studied graphic design and animation at the Banff School of Fine Arts and then the Calgary Institute of Technology. In 1946, while he was at the latter, theNational Film Board of Canada was hiring and put out a call for student submissions; one of Low's teachers suggested that he send in his portfolio and, a week later, he was hired by the prominent NFB filmmakerNorman McLaren. McLaren placed Low under the tutelage of George Dunning, who would act as his mentor for five years. To hone his animation skills, he was also put to work with NFB animator Evelyn Lambart.Lowwas recognized as a filmmaker in 1949. In 1950, he was appointed Head of the Animation Unit. From 1972 to 1976, he was an executive producer for the NFB's Studio C; in 1976, he became Director of RegionalProduction. He would stay with the NFB for the rest of his life, making 203 films and acting as a researcher and advisor on many others. He officially retired in 1997, but continued to write about animation andlarge-format film, and to work on film projects.Influence on Stanley Kubrick and Ken BurnsLow's 1957 documentary City of Gold made use of slow pans and zooms across archival photos and has been cited by KenBurns as a key inspiration for the so-called 'Ken Burns effect'.In 1960, Low and Roman Kroitor co-directed Universe, capturing the attention of Stanley Kubrick, who was preparing to make 2001: A Space Odyssey. Lowwas invited to work on 2001: A Space Odyssey but had to decline because he was making In the Labyrinth, a multi-screen production for Expo 67. Some of his ideas and techniques were incorporated into Kubrick's filmand Kubrick used the narrator from Universe (Douglas Rain) as the voice of his HAL 9000 computer.Challenge for ChangeFrom 1966 to 1968, Low worked with the people of Fogo Island, Newfoundland to shoot 27 filmsfor the NFB's Challenge for Change program, using media as a tool to bring about social change and combat poverty.IMAXLow was involved in a series of firsts in the wide-screen genre. The experimental multi-screenproduction In the Labyrinth helped lead to the creation of the IMAX format. Low co-directed the first IMAX 3D production Transitions for Expo 86 in Vancouver, and co-directed Momentum, the first film in 48 framesper-second IMAX HD for Expo 92 in Seville, Spain.Lifetime achievement recognitionIn 1972, at the 24th Canadian Film Awards, Low received the inaugural Grierson Award for \"an outstanding contribution to Canadiancinema.\"In 2002, the Large Format Cinema Association presented Low and the NFB with its Abel Gance Award for outstanding work in large format filmmaking.In 1997, Low was awarded the Prix Albert-Tessier, given toindividuals for an outstanding career in Québec cinema. In 2013, the DOXA Documentary Film Festival created the annual Colin Low Award, presented to the best Canadian documentary film in the festival program.Lowwas a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and, in 1996, in recognition of his extraordinary contributions to cinema in Canada and around the world, was invested as a Member of the Order ofCanada.Personal life and deathShortly after joining the NFB, Low met Eugénie (Jean) St. Germain in Montreal. They married in 1947 and had three sons. He was survived by his wife and sons when he died in Montrealon February 24, 2016.FilmographyAll for the National Film Board of CanadaCadet Rousselle - animated short, George Dunning 1946 - co-animator with George DunningChristmas Carols - animated short, Jim MacKay1947 - co-animator with Grant Munro, Helen MacKay, Robert Verrall, George Dunning and Lyle EnrightTime and Terrain - documentary short 1948 - director, animator, co-editor with Robert VerrallTeamwork - Past andPresent - animated short, Michael Spencer 1950 - editor, animatorChallenge: Science Against Cancer - documentary short, Morten Parker 1950 - co-animator with Evelyn LambartThe Fight: Science Against Cancer -documentary short, Morten Parker 1950 - co-animator with Evelyn LambartThe Outlaw Within - documentary short, Morten Parker 1951 - co-animator with Evelyn LambartAge of the Beaver - documentary short 1952 -directorThe Romance of Transportation in Canada, Part 1 - animated short 1952 - directorThe Romance of Transportation in Canada, Part 2 - animated short 1953 - directorA Thousand Million Years - documentary short1954 - directorOne Little Indian - puppet film, Grant Munro 1954 - co-producer with Tom DalyCorral - documentary short 1954 - writer, directorRiches of the Earth - documentary short 1954 - directorGold -documentary short 1955 - directorThe Jolifou Inn - documentary short 1955 - editor, directorIt's a Crime - animated short Wolf Koenig 1957 - production designerCity of Gold - documentary short 1957 - with WolfKoenig, co- cinematographer and co-directorThe Living Stone - documentary short, John Feeney 1958 - co-cinematographer with Patrick Carey and Wally GentlemanCity Out of Time - documentary short 1959 -directorA is for Architecture - documentary short, Gerald Budner and Robert Verrall 1960 - co-producer with Tom DalyHors-d'oeuvre - animated short, Gerald Potterton, Robert Verrall, Arthur Lipsett, Derek Lamb, JeffHale and Kaj Pindal 1960 - co-producer with Victor JobinUniverse - documentary short 1960 - co-director with Roman KroitorCircle of the Sun - documentary short 1960 - writer, directorThe Days of Whiskey Gap -documentary short 1961 - directorVery Nice, Very Nice - documentary short, Arthur Lipsett 1961 - co-producer with Tom DalyDo You Know the Milky Way? - documentary short 1961 - directorMy Financial Career -cartoon, Gerald Potterton 1962 - co-producer with Tom DalyThe Peep Show - cartoon, Kaj Pindal 1962 - producerThe World of David Milne - documentary short, Gerald Budner 1962 - co-producer with TomDalyPot-pourri - montage, Jeff Hale, Derek Lamb, Austin Campbell, Kaj Pindal, Grant Munro, Cameron Guess, Rhoda Leyer 1962 - co-producer with Victor Jobin21-87 - documentary short, Arthur Lipsett 1963 -co-producer with Tom DalyThe Ride - short film, Gerald Potterton 1963 - producerI Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly - animated short, Derek Lamb 1963 - producerThe Hutterites - documentary short 1964 -directorFree Fall - experimental short, Arthur Lipsett 1964 - co-producer with Tom DalyAn Essay on Science - documentary short, Guy L. Coté 1964 - co-animator with Pierre L'AmareRiches of the Earth, Revised -documentary short 1966 - directorMcGraths At Home and Fishing - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Mercer Family - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Merchant and the Teacher - documentary short 1967 -directorThe Songs of Chris Cobb - documentary short 1967 - directorTom Best on Co-Operatives - documentary short 1967 - directorA Wedding and a Party - documentary short 1967 - directorCitizen Discussions -documentary short 1967 - directorDan Roberts on Fishing - documentary short 1967 - directorDiscussion on Welfare - documentary short 1967 - directorFishermen's Meeting - documentary short 1967 - directorSomeProblems of Fogo - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Story of the Up Top - documentary short 1967 - directorTwo Cabinet Ministers - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Fogo Island Improvement Committee -documentary short 1967 - directorFogo's Expatriates - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Founding of the Co-operatives - documentary short 1967 - directorJim Decker Builds a Longliner - documentary short 1967 -directorJim Decker's Party - documentary short 1967 - directorJoe Kinsella on Education - documentary short 1967 - directorThoughts on Fogo and Norway - documentary short 1967 - directorAndrew Britt at Shoal Bay- documentary short 1967 - directorBilly Crane Moves Away - documentary short 1967 - directorBrian Earle on Merchants and Welfare - documentary short 1967 - directorThe Children of Fogo Island - documentaryshort 1967 - directorWilliam Wells Talks About the Island - documentary short 1967 - directorA Woman's Place - documentary short 1967 - directorIn the Labyrinth - documentary short 1967 - co-director with RomanKroitor and Hugh O'ConnorIntroduction to Fogo Island - documentary short 1968 - directorThe Winds of Fogo - documentary short 1969 - directorOf Many People - documentary short, Stanley Jackson 1970 - co-editorwith Malca Gillson and John SpottonCell 16 - documentary short, Martin Duckworth 1971 - producerThe Sea - documentary short, Bané Jovanovic 1971 - co-producer with Tom Daly and William BrindTime Piece -documentary short, Albert Kish 1971 - producerGod Help the Man Who Would Part with His Land - documentary, George C. Stoney 1971 - co-producer with Tom DalyI Don't Think It's Meant For Us... - documentaryshort, Kathleen Shannon 1971 - co-producer with George C. StoneyHere is Canada - documentary short, Tony Ianzelo 1972 - producerThe Question of TV Violence - documentary, Graeme Ferguson 1972 - producerThatGang of Hoodlums? - documentary short, Robert Nichol 1972 - co-executive producer with Len ChatwinA Memo from Fogo - documentary, Roger Hart 1972 - producerWhen I Go...That's It! - documentary short 1972 -co-producer and co-director with George C. Stoney, Ron Alexander and Dennis SawyerChild, Part 1: Jamie, Ethan and Marlon: The First Two Months - documentary short, Robert Humble 1973 - executive producerChild,Part 2: Jamie, Ethan and Keir: 2-14 Months - documentary short, Robert Humble 1973 - executive producerChild, Part 3: Debbie and Robert: 12-24 Months - documentary short, Robert Humble 1973 - executiveproducerThe Greenlanders - documentary short, Hubert Schuurman 1973 - co-executive producer with Len ChatwinRock-A-Bye - documentary short, Jacques Bensimon 1973 - executive producerKainai - documentaryshort, Raoul Fox 1973 - producerDo Your Thing - documentary short, Len Chatwin 1973 - production teamThe Man Who Can't Stop - documentary, Michael Rubbo 1973 - executive producerComing Home -documentary, Bill Reid 1973 - co-producer with Tom DalySub-Igloo - documentary short, James de Beaujeu Domville and Joseph B. MacInnis 1973 - executive producerFreshwater World - documentary short, GilesWalker 1974 - executive producerKing of the Hill - documentary, William Canning and Donald Brittain 1974 - executive producerAnother Side of the Forest - documentary short, Raoul Fox and Strowan Robertson 1974 -executive producerRunning Time - feature, Mort Ransen 1974 - executive producerSananguagat: Inuit Masterworks - documentary short, Derek May 1974 - executive producerThoughts on the Future with George"}
{"doc_id":"doc_66","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Practical JokersPractical Jokers is a 1938 Our Gang short comedy film directed by George Sidney.  It was the 174th Our Gang short (175th episode, 86th talking short, 87th talking episode, and sixth MGMproduced episode) that was released.PlotHoping to get even for all the practical jokes perpetrated by neighborhood troublemaker Butch, the Gang plans to sabotage Butch's birthday party. The weapon of choice is afirecracker, which is substituted for one of the birthday candles. Unfortunately, the kids in general and Alfalfa in particular are unable to escape from the party before the big (and tasty) explosion.CastThe GangDarlaHood as DarlaEugene Lee as PorkyGeorge McFarland as SpankyCarl Switzer as AlfalfaBillie Thomas as BuckwheatAdditional castTommy Bond as ButchGary Jasgur as GarySidney Kibrick as WoimLeonard Landy asLeonardMarie Blake as Butch's motherGrace Bohanon as Party extraJoe Levine as Party extraSee alsoOur Gang filmographyPassage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was anEnglish-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet SarahMontagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879,and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They movedto England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in theshort New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the thirdwicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh,going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78,he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touringQueensland cricket team.Passage 3:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surreyand Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in clubcricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first fullseason, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six ofthem coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last awaymatch of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, hemanaged just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-classmatches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the firstfinger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to joinSomerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinnerJohnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since theretirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantlybecame a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, afterwhich he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton,did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finishwith match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahonthis time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eightKent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in whichhe exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutiveChampionship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only asingle end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon'ssacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on:\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in secondeleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and thenpresenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case therehad been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahonto be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articlesto cricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 4:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in theearly 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where heworked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he hadfigures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and thenheld on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets againstWarwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953,but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eightwickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managedonly the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshirecompleted an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union forKidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 5:Sepideh FarsiSepideh Farsi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 1965) is an Iranian director.Early yearsFarsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics.  However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photographybefore making her first short films. A main theme of her works is identity. She still visits Tehran each year.Awards/RecognitionFarsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best FirstFeature in 2009. She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for \"Homi D. Sethna, filmmaker\" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for \"HARAT\".RecentNewsOne of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission).  The 83-minute documentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclearambitions and experiencing civil unrest.  It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of the government restrictions over shooting a film.  The film shows various aspects of city life including following womenat the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and other societal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”.  The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles. InDecember 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International Film Festival.FilmographyRed Rose (2014)Cloudy Greece (2013)Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)Tehran bedoune mojavez /Tehran without permission (2009)If it were Icarus (2008)Harat (2007)Negah / The Gaze (2006)Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire(2001)Homi D. Sethna, filmmaker (2000)Donya khaneye man ast / The world is my home (1999)Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)Passage 6:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a French filmdirector born in Paris.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto,etc.Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, PhilippeClévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinémafrançaisCompetition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries \"LaurelWreath\"Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, CairoPaula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 -Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ?(1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huître boudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLequinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes1988)Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films \"militants\"TelevisionSeries of seven dramas in GermanNumerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)Initiation à la vie économique (TV series -RTS promotion)Contemplatives... et femmes (TF1 - 1976)Suzel Sabatier (FR3)Un autre Or Noir (FR3)Vivre en GéorgiePortrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3- 2003)Television documentariesLa porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)Une histoire balbynienne (2002)Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)Hana et Khaman (unfinished)En compagnie d'Albert Memmi(unfinished)Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtreLes quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autreHistoire du peuple kurde (in development)Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)Réalisation de films institutionnels etindustrielsPassage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and theDirector of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania.Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatialpolitics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University ofIbadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazinesbefore he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of theUniversity of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary AfricanStudies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowoand Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor andco-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan,2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodesProfessorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 8:The Ugly OnesThe Ugly Ones (es: El precio de un hombre, lit. \"The Price of a Man\", it: TheBounty Killer, later La morte ti segue... ma non ha fretta, lit. \"Death follows you... but not in a hurry\") is a 1966 Spanish-Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Eugenio Martín.The film marked the debut of TomásMilián in the western genre and was the first film score of composer Stelvio Cipriani. It was also the first Spanish western to receive a state funding for the \"artistic interest of the work\". The film was based on the 1958novel The Bounty Killer by Marvin H. Albert.It was shown as part of a retrospective on Spaghetti Western at the 64th Venice International Film Festival. On October 11, 2017 Eugenio Martín was honored for the fiftiethanniversary of this at the 7º Almería Western Film Festival.PlotThe notorious bounty hunter, Luke Chilson, pursues Mexican fugitive Jose Gomez. He follows him through the desert and arrives in a Mexican village whereGomez manages to turn the peasants against his pursuer. Unaware of the danger, Chilson finds himself trapped.CastPassage 9:Eugenio MartínEugenio Martín Márquez (15 May 1925 – 23 January 2023) was a Spanishfilm director and screenwriter. He was known for the low-budget genre films he made in the 1960s and 1970s, including Bad Man's River, The Bounty Killer, and Horror Express, the latter being particularly notable for its"}
{"doc_id":"doc_67","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Slaughter RuleThe Slaughter Rule is a 2002 independent film directed by Alex Smith and Andrew J. Smith and starring Ryan Gosling and David Morse.  The film, set in contemporary Montana, exploresthe relationship between a small-town high school football player (Gosling), and his troubled coach (Morse). The film was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.PlotRoy Chutney is a highschool senior in the fictional Montana town of Blue Springs. Roy does not have an especially close relationship with his mother Evangeline and has not seen his father in years. That does not prevent Roy from feelingemotionally devastated when he learns that his father has killed himself, and Roy's self-esteem takes a beating when he is cut from the high school football team shortly afterward. Roy whiles away his time by swillingbeer with his best friend, Tracy Two Dogs, and falling into a romance with Skyla, a barmaid at a local tavern, but Roy's short time on the high school gridiron seems to have impressed Gideon Ferguson, a local characterwho coaches an unsanctioned high school six-man football team when he is not delivering newspapers or trying to score a gig singing country songs at nearby honky-tonks.Gideon thinks that Roy has potential and askshim to join his team; encouraged by Gideon's belief in him, Roy agrees, and he persuades Tracy and his friend Russ to tag along. While playing hardscrabble six-man football helps restore Roy's self-confidence, he findsit does not answer his questions about his future or his relationship with Skyla. When Gideon's overwhelming interest in Roy begins to lend credence to town rumors that Gideon is gay, Roy starts to wonder just why hewas asked to join the team.CastRyan Gosling as Roy ChutneyDavid Morse as Gideon FergusonClea DuVall as Skyla SiscoKelly Lynch as Evangeline ChutneyDavid Cale as StudebakerEddie Spears as Tracy Two DogsAmyAdams as DoreenKen White as Russ ColfaxProductionJay Farrar, founder of the alternative country bands Uncle Tupelo and Son Volt, composed the film's musical score. New songs were written and performed by VicChesnutt and Freakwater, and existing songs by Ryan Adams, Uncle Tupelo, and the Pernice Brothers were also included.Filming for the movie largely took place in Great Falls, Montana, and a series of small towns inthe Great Falls vicinity.The title of the film comes from the term \"slaughter rule.\" The unofficial rule provides for an athletic competition's premature conclusion if one team is ahead of the other by a certain number ofpoints prior to game's end. The rule helps to avoid humiliating the losing team further.ReleaseThe film premiered in January 2002 during the Sundance Film Festival. Later that year, the film entered the South bySouthwest Film Festival and the AFI Film Festival. It went into limited release nationwide beginning January 2003.Critical receptionOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74%based on 31 reviews, and an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"A bleak but original indie, The Slaughter Rule benefits from outstanding performances by Ryan Gosling and David Morse.\"On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".While the performances by Morse and Gosling were generally received positively, somereviews of the film criticized the script. Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Stephen Holden praised the performances of Gosling and Morse, but opined that the film is \"confused\" and \"doesn't have muchdramatic momentum\". In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Manohla Dargis praised the film's cinematography but wrote that although the film has the virtue of sincerity, the story is \"over-explained\".Joe Leydon ofVariety claimed the script \"plays like a first draft\". However, Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle thought that the \"writing and directing team of twin brothers Alex and Andrew Smith have made anastonishingly good first feature\". J. R. Jones, writing in Chicago Reader, described the film as \"powerful\" and especially praised David Morse's performance.AccoladesThe film received the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2002Stockholm Film Festival and the Milagro Award at the 2002 Santa Fe Film Festival. The film was also nominated for the John Cassavetes Award at the 2003 Film Independent Spirit Awards and the Grand Jury Prize at the2002 Sundance Film Festival.See alsoList of American football filmsPassage 2:It's Never Too Late (1956 film)It's Never Too Late is a 1956 British comedy film directed by Michael McCarthy and starring Phyllis Calvert,Patrick Barr, Susan Stephen and Guy Rolfe. It was based on a 1952 play of the same name by Felicity Douglas.PlotFeeling her combative family has long taken her for granted, genteel British housewife Laura Hammondsomehow finds time to write a film script amidst the chaos of her home life. Her work catches the attention of a Hollywood producer, and Laura unexpectedly finds herself the author of a hit film. She also finds she canonly write when she's surrounded by her dysfunctional family. Eventually, Laura must choose between being a highly paid writer and celebrity or a housewife.CastPhyllis Calvert as Laura HammondPatrick Barr asCharles HammondSusan Stephen as Tessa HammondGuy Rolfe as Stephen HodgsonJean Taylor Smith as GrannieSarah Lawson as Anne HammondDelphi Lawrence as Mrs Madge DixonPeter Hammond as TonyRichardLeech as John HammondRobert Ayres as Leroy CranePeter Illing as GuggenheimerIrene Handl as NeighbourSam Kydd UncreditedFred Griffiths as Removal Man (uncredited)Critical receptionTV Guide noted, \"someclever moments, but the film suffers from a staginess that makes it a mildly amusing comedy at best\" ; while the Radio Times found it \"an amiable comedy...This is very much of its time, with its West End originsmasked by skilful art direction, but the period cast is a British film fan's delight: Guy Rolfe, Patrick Barr, Susan Stephen, Irene Handl, and even a young Shirley Anne Field. Director Michael McCarthy whips up a fair oldstorm in this particular teacup, and, although nothing really happens, there's a great deal of pleasure to be had from watching Calvert attempt to rule over her unruly household.\"Passage 3:Never Too Late (1997film)Never Too Late is a 1996 Canadian comedy-drama film starring Olympia Dukakis, Jean Lapointe, Cloris Leachman and Corey Haim. It was filmed in Montreal, Quebec.Plot summaryJoseph, Rose, and Olive suspectCarl, the owner of a retirement home, of misusing the funds of the home's residents. Together they set out to see that no one takes advantage of their unhealthy friend Woody.CastOlympia Dukakis as RoseClorisLeachman as OliveJan Rubeš as JosephMatt Craven as CarlJean Lapointe as WoodyCorey Haim as MaxAwardsAt the 17th Genie Awards in 1996, Paola Ridolfi received a nomination for Best Art Direction/ProductionDesign, and Donald Martin was nominated for Best Original Screenplay.Passage 4:Never Too Late (1935 film)Never Too Late is a 1935 American crime film directed by Bernard B. Ray and stars Richard Talmadge,Thelma White and Robert Frazer.PlotCastRichard Talmadge as Det. Dick ManningThelma White as Helen LloydRobert Frazer as Commissioner George HartleyMildred Harris as Marie Lloyd HartleyVera Lewis as MotherHartleyRobert Walker as Matt Dunning - Henchman bidding at auctionGeorge Chesebro as Dude Hannigan - Second Henchman At AuctionBull Montana as Monte, an escaped convictPaul Ellis as Lavelle, the jewelthiefLloyd Ingraham as Chief of Detectives WinterPassage 5:It's Never Too Late to MendIt's Never Too Late to Mend (alternatively just Never Too Late to Mend; US release title Never Too Late) is a 1937 Britishmelodrama film directed by David MacDonald and starring Tod Slaughter, Jack Livesey and Marjorie Taylor. In the film, a villainous squire and Justice of the Peace conspires to have his rival in love arrested on falsecharges.It is based on the 1856 novel It Is Never Too Late to Mend by Charles Reade. The film was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie for release by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was popular enough to bere-released in 1942.The novel was adapted once before, as a British silent film in 1922, starring Russell Thorndike as Squire Meadows.Plot summaryCastTod Slaughter as Squire John MeadowsJack Livesey as TomRobinsonMarjorie Taylor as Susan MertonIan Colin as George FieldingLaurence Hanray as Lawyer CrawleyD.J. Williams as Farmer MertonRoy Russell as Reverend Mr. EdenJohn Singer as Matthew JosephsLeonard Sharpas BradshawMavis Villiers as BettyCecil Bevan as Prison InspectorDouglas Stewart as Prison InspectorJack Vyvian as InnkeeperCritical receptionTV Guide wrote, \"Great fun in the old cloak-and-dagger melodramastyle...Played in an exaggerated, bigger-than-life manner, this melodrama is a good enough outing, particularly for fans of camp.\" and Sky Movies wrote, \"As usual, Tod Slaughter ignores the intimacy of the filmmedium and roars through this movie at full throttle, giving the kind of marvellously storming performance that would easily have reached the back row of the upper circle...David MacDonald is more a referee than aconventional director, coming up with a highly entertaining slice of ripe and fruity hokum.\"Passage 6:Alex Smith (golfer)Alexander Smith (28 January 1874 – 21 April 1930) was a Scottish-American professional golferwho played in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a member of a famous Scottish golfing family. His brother Willie won the U.S. Open in 1899, and Alex won it in both 1906 and 1910. Like many Britishprofessionals of his era he spent much of his adult life working as a club professional in the United States.Early lifeSmith was born in Carnoustie, Scotland, on 28 January 1874, the son of John D. Smith and Joann Smithnée Robinson. On 18 January 1895 he was married to Jessie Maiden—sister of James Maiden—and they had two daughters, Fannie and Margaret, born in 1896 and 1899, respectively. Smith was sometimes referred toas \"Alec\" Smith, especially early in his career.Golf careerHe was the head professional at Nassau Country Club in Glen Cove, New York, from 1901 through 1909. James Maiden, who would forge a successful golf careerof his own, served as assistant professional under Smith at Nassau.In 1901, Smith lost to Willie Anderson in a playoff for the U.S. Open title. Smith's 1906 U.S. Open victory came at the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest,Illinois. His 72-hole score of 295 was the lowest at either the U.S. Open or the British Open up to that time, and he won $300. The 1910 U.S. Open was played over the St. Martin's course at the Philadelphia CricketClub. Smith won a three-man playoff against American John McDermott and another of his own brothers, Macdonald Smith. Alex Smith played in eighteen U.S. Opens in total and accumulated eleven top tenplacings.Smith, who partnered with C. A. Dunning in the 1905 Metropolitan Open four-ball tournament held on 16 September 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, tied for first place with George Low and FredHerreshoff with a score of 71. A playoff wasn't held due to the fact that Smith was also competing in the medal competition which he won from Willie Anderson.Smith also won the Western Open twice and theMetropolitan Open four times.Later lifeIn 1910, Smith was a widower and lived with his two young daughters and sister-in-law, Allison Barry, in New Rochelle, New York. He was the head professional at the WestchesterCountry Club in Rye, New York. After the death of his brother, Willie Smith, he took over responsibility for the design of Club de Golf Chapultepec, which has hosted the Mexican Open multiple times, and theWGC-Mexico Championship since 2017.Death and legacySmith died on 21 April 1930 at a sanatorium in Baltimore, Maryland.Tournament winsNote: This list may be incomplete1903 Western Open1905 MetropolitanOpen1906 U.S. Open, Western Open1909 Metropolitan Open1910 U.S. Open, Metropolitan Open1913 Metropolitan OpenMajor championshipsWins (2)1Defeated John McDermott and MacDonald Smith in an 18-holeplayoff – A. Smith 71 (−2), McDermott 75 (+2) & M. Smith 77 (+4).Results timelineSmith died before the Masters Tournament was founded.NYF = Tournament not yet foundedNT = No tournamentDNP = Did notplayWD = Withdrew\"T\" indicates a tie for a placeGreen background for wins. Yellow background for top-10Team appearancesFrance–United States Professional Match (representing the United States): 1913Passage 7:ItIs Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)It Is Never Too Late to Mend is an Australian feature-length silent film written and directed by W. J. Lincoln. It was based on a stage adaptation of the popular 1865 novel It IsNever Too Late to Mend: A Matter-of-Fact Romance by Charles Reade about the corrupt penal system in Australia. It was called \"certainly one of the best pictures ever taken in Australia.\"The novel has been creditedwith exposing cruelties in the Australian prison system and having helped end the convict system.It is considered a lost film. It was filmed again in 1913 and in 1937 (the latter film being the definitive version starringTod Slaughter as the evil squire).The film was made by the Tait family, who also made the first Australian feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang. The Taits went on to make several more films with Lincoln, includingThe Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1911), The Luck of Roaring Camp (1911), Called Back (1911), The Lost Chord (May 1911), The Bells (1911) and The Double Event (1911). This was Lincoln's first film in a rather shortcareer, as he died soon after in 1917 in Sydney, Australia at age 47.PlotThe film begins at Grance Farm in England, rented by Georgie and William Fileing. The farm is struggling and the brothers have to sell their newhay to stave off the landlord. The Honorable Frank Winchester contemplates going abroad and asks George to accompany him. However, George is in love with his cousin, Susan Merton, and does not want to make thetrip.Susan is also loved by the villainous John Meadows. He refuses to lend money to Georgie and there is an eviction sale on the farm.George Fielding travels to Australia to make enough money to marry Susan. Georgediscovers gold and a bushranger gang tries to rob him but the other miners come to George's rescue.There is a subplot about a thief acquaintance of George, Tom Robinson, who is sent to gaol and suffers brutaltreatment at the hands of the guards. Susan is about to marry the evil Meadows but he is unmasked at the wedding by Isaac Levy. The wedding goes ahead with Susan marrying George instead.The film consisted of 60scenes. It was issued with a summary of the story and featured chapter titles which prepared the audiences for incidents before they happened. It was also often accompanied by a lecturer.According to The Age\"Interesting phases of early Australian life are revealed, including the fascinating stories of the gold discoveries... in the construction of the story for picture purposes, the salient features of the novel have been retainedand a descriptive address accompanies the production.\"CastStanley WalpoleProductionStage adaptations of the novel had been popular since 1865.In February 1911 The Bulletin reported that:The Taits are going toproduce It’s Never Too Late To Mend in biograph drama form at Melbourne Glaeiarium.   \"Willie\" Lincoln, who was an Australian playwright in his youth, and is nowadays running the \"Paradise\" Pictures at St. Kilda, isunderstood to be responsible for this biograph version of Charles Reade’s drama.   Picture show condensations of familiar stories, also original film dramas of the sort now imported from America and Europe, might aswell be locally fixed up.  There’s no better country than Australia for open-air photography, and few that are nearly as good.The film was shot in Melbourne and \"enacted by a specially-selected company of Victorianartists\" who were \"a selected metropolitan company of 60 performers.\" The estimated budget was £300-£400.ReceptionBox officeThe movie debuted at the Olympia Theatre in Haymarket, Sydney in January 1911. Alecturer accompanied screenings and would explain the action that took place.The movie broke box office records at the Olympia. It later drew strong crowds in Melbourne as well.CriticalThe Bulletin called it:Aninteresting piece... adapted by W.J. Lincoln for dumb show purposes, and Johnson and Gibson had prepared three or four thousand feet of photographs for reproduction on the screen. The picture promised well for thefuture of the Australian \"art film\" industry. Theadapter has \"potted\" the novel, rather than the drama of the same name, and done it very well. The actors look their parts and play them dramatically, and the heroine,who is a first consideration and the only girl in the piece, fills the bill quite charmingly. For about an hour   \"It’s Never Too Late To Mend \" kept a packed house interested. A man with a ripe, sonorous voice supplied briefdescriptive details, and kept the story in a state of coherency, the only noticeable shortcoming being the absence of a moral tag, to the effect that the conversion of the English thief, Tom Robinson, had been fullycompleted in The Sunny South.The Sydney Sunday Times said there \"was special performances by a company of Australian actors.\"Melbourne's Table Talk called it \"a most gratifying success in all ways. The pictures areclear and the acting is adequate, while to our ideas it is more natural, for it has not the Gallic mannerisms and excessive gesture noticeable in some of the imported pictorial dramas, which are usually interpreted byFrench artists.\"The Riverine Herald stated \"the cast was well chosen and well balanced, and the dramatic action of the play was finely brought out.\"The Launceston Examiner said \"in its construction the adapter hasendeavoured to retain all the main and most salient features of the novel, allowing for the bridging over of many incidents, to make a natural sequence and clear-cut story.\"The Launceston Daily Telegraph said the novelhad been \"exceedingly well adapted by W. J. Lincoln... [a] magnificent pictorial representation, so full of strong human interest\".USA ReleaseThe film was released in the US in August 1914.LegacyThe box office successof the film encouraged the Tait brothers and Millard and Johnson to appoint Lincoln as the main director for their new company, Amalgamated Pictures, which operated for over a year.Passage 8:It's Never Too Late(1953 film)It's Never Too Late (Italian: Non è mai troppo tardi) is a 1953 Italian comedy film directed by Filippo Walter Ratti. The film is based on the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.PlotAntonioTrabbi is a greedy old man with a very rough personality and obsessed by money. He deprecates charity and love and has no friends or love interest, being lonely and avoided by people. On Christmas Eve he is visitedby the ghost of his former business partner, who warns him about his life-style and announces the visit of three spirits, who will show Antonio past, present and future Christmas days. During the night, the three spiritsactually appear to Trabbi, showing him his sad past, the bad reputation he has with everyone and the bad outcome of his actions, which will lead him to a lonely death and to terrible punishments in Hell. When Trabbiwakes up he is greatly distressed by the visions and eager to change his life, starting with that very same Christmas Day.CastPaolo Stoppa as Antonio TrabbiGuglielmo BarnabòIsa Barzizza as Rosanna GennariLuigiBatzella (as Gigi Batzella)Sergio BergonzelliLola Braccini as Antonio's motherArturo Bragaglia as L'ominoEnzo Cerusico as Antonio as childOlinto Cristina as FranciGiorgio De Lullo as The Strange Man in the PubGiulioDonnini as Orazio ColussiAttilio Dottesio as The man who poses the riddle at the partyLeda Gloria as Anna ColussiSusanne Lévesy as Giulia - Daniele's wifeEllida Lorini as Rosanna as childMarcello Mastroianni asRiccardoLeonilde MontesiValeria Moriconi as MartaLuisa RivelliDaniela SpallottaLuigi Tosi as Daniele TrabbiSee alsoList of Christmas filmsList of ghost filmsAdaptations of A Christmas CarolPassage 9:Alberto ManziAlbertoManzi (Italian pronunciation: [al\u0000b\u0000rto \u0000mandzi]; Rome, 3 November 1924 – Pitigliano, 4 December 1997) was an Italian school teacher, writer and television host, best known for being the art director of Non è maitroppo tardi (Italian for It's never too late), an educational TV programme broadcast between 1959 and 1968.BiographyHe attended navy studies before ending his primary training high school degree and followed apeculiar path of studies, achieving three academic degrees: in biology, pedagogy and philosophy.He worked as an educator in a teen-age prison in Rome before a full-time job as a primary school teacher.He was chosen"}
{"doc_id":"doc_68","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Roy Rowland (film director)Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed a number of films in the 1950s and 1960s including OurVines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The Girl Hunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGMproducer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland, born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK.BiographyEarly lifeRoy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. Thefamily moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He thenbegan working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at the Santa Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Herfamily disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped. This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer.He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films, starringJohnny Weissmuller in the 1930s.Short filmsRowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the \"How to\" series of shorts starring Robert Benchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an AcademyAward. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in the Pete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Payseries.FeaturesRowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town (1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel(1948). He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and The Seven Hills of Rome (1957). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. Hedirected Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's son Steve.Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son.Partial filmographyHollywood Party (1934) –co-directorSunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) – shortCinema Circus (1937) – shortHollywood Party (1937) – shortSong of Revolt (1937) – shortHow to Start the Day (1937) – shortA Night at the Movies (1937) –short film with Robert BenchleyMusic Made Simple (1938) – shortAn Evening Alone (1938) – shortHow to Raise a Baby (1938) – shortThe Courtship of the Newt (1938) – shortHow to Read (1938) – shortHow to WatchFootball (1938) – shortOpening Day (1938) – shortMental Poise (1938) – shortHow to Sub-Let (1939) – shortAn Hour for Lunch (1939) – shortDark Magic (1939) – shortHome Early (1939) – shortHow to Eat (1939) –shortThink First (1939) – shortJack Pot (1940) – shortPlease Answer (1940) – short (documentary)You, the People (1940) – shortSucker List (1941) – shortChanged Identity (1941) – shortA Stranger in Town(1943)Lost Angel (1943)Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945)Boys' Ranch (1946)The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947)Killer McCoy (1947)Tenth Avenue Angel (1948)Scene of the Crime (1949)The Outriders (1950)TwoWeeks with Love (1950)Excuse My Dust (1951)Bugles in the Afternoon (1952)The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953)Affair with a Stranger (1953)The Moonlighter (1953)Rogue Cop (1954)Witness to Murder (1954)Light'sDiamond Jubilee (1954, TV special, with six other directors)Many Rivers to Cross (1955)Hit the Deck (1955)Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956)These Wilder Years (1956)Slander (1956)Gun Glory (1957)Seven Hills of Rome(1957)The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1959–60, TV series) – also producerThe Girl Hunters (1963) – also writerGunfighters of Casa Grande (1964)Man Called Gringo (1965)The Sea Pirate (1966) – also producerIlgrande colpo di Surcouf (1966)Land Raiders (1970) – associate producer onlyPassage 2:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder andstarring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgiansailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle'sbrother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the barand also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders hisaccomplice Vic by slitting his throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playinga game of chance with all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that\"That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" to Robert, who won his dice game,the brothers end up in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexuallyassaulting him.  Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love withGil, who closely resembles his brother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior,Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to adrunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl asRobert / GilGünther Kaufmann as NonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert vanAckeren as Drunken legionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by WernerSchroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including JohnSchlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took the linear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotes Schidor as saying\"Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was asort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots,but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, \"Everything is bathed in an artificial light and thearchitectural elements are all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each Man Kills the Things He Loves\" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\"(Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its releasein Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57%calculated based on 14 critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted thatQuerelle was \"a mess...a detour that leads to a dead end.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibilityto come from a major filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it \"visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose.\" Genet, in discussion with Schidor, saidthat he had not seen the film, commenting \"You can't smoke at the movies.\"Passage 3:Angna EntersAnita \"Angna\" Enters (April 18, 1897 – February 25, 1989) was an American dancer, mime, painter, writer, novelistand playwright. She studied at the Art Students League of New York and was a 1934 Guggenheim fellow. She wrote a novel and three autobiographies as well as the films Lost Angel (1943) and Tenth Avenue Angel(1948).Early lifeEnters was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from North Division High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She saw the first Denishawn concert tour in 1925, and the following year, an Americantour of Sergei Diaghilev's Les Ballets Russes.Emergence as a dancerEnters moved to New York to study at the Art Students League of New York in 1920, and began to study dance with Michio Itō the following year,eventually performing as Michio's partner in 1933. That year she created her first piece, an evocation of a statue of a Gothic Virgin, entitled Ecclesiastique. The piece later became Moyen Age. In 1934, she borrowed $25with which to present her first solo program at the Greenwich Village Theater. Her solo program, The Theatre of Angna Enters, toured the United States and Europe until 1939 and was performed, though less often, until1960. In 1934, Enters was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to study Hellenistic art forms in Athens, Greece.Visual artistEnters created a large body of visual art, including sketches, landscape drawings, archaeologicalstudies, costume plates, water colors and oil portraits. Many of her sketches and paintings were exhibited in the United States and Europe. Her sketches were often costume designs for characters of her mimeperformances or set designs for plays. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York holds selected works by Enters, as do other museums.Personal lifeEnters met journalist Louis Kantor in 1921. The two began datingsecretly in 1924, wed quietly in Spain in 1936 but maintained separate households. In 1924, Enters changed her first name to Angna and began using 1907 as her birth year. Kantor also changed his name to LouisKalonyme in 1924 and began writing art criticism for Arts and Decoration magazine. Kalonyme was friends with many notable thinkers of the day: Eugene O'Neill, George Bernard Shaw, and Georgia O'Keeffe amongthem. The couple did not have any children and Kalonyme died in 1961 after a long illness.In 1924 the realist painter and printmaker John Sloan, along with his fellow artists Robert Henri and George Bellows, attendedone of Enters’s shows. They were enchanted. The following year Sloan asked Enters to pose for him in one of her dance routines, “Contre Danse.” Sloan’s etching of this subject was the first of seven etchings that heproduced, from 1925 to 1930, showing Enters performing various of her compositions. Although Enters posed for Sloan’s etching of Contre Danse, his six subsequent etchings were done from drawings executed by himwhile he was attending her shows. These etchings convincingly portray the attitudes of the characters that Enters created, and they convey a vivid sense of what must have made “The Theatre of Angna Enters” socompelling.WritingEnters wrote three volumes of autobiography – First Person Plural (1937), Silly Girl (1944) and Artist's Life (1958). She also wrote a novel, Among the Daughters (1956), and a book on her work, OnMime (1966). Her plays, Love Possessed Juana: A Play of the Inquisition in Spain, co-written with Louis Kalonyme, and The Unknown Lover, were presented by the Houston Little Theater in 1946 and 1947. Enters is alsocredited with having co-written two Hollywood films, Lost Angel (1943) and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948).TeachingEnters' first teaching work came at the Stella Adler Studio, where she taught from 1957 to 1960. She wasartist-in-residence at the Dallas Theatre Center in 1961 and 1962, and taught mime at Baylor University during that year. She spent the following school year at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. In 1970and 1971 she was artist-in-residence at Pennsylvania State University, during which time she gave her last known public performance.Enters' booksFirst Person Plural. New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937.Love PossessedJuana (queen of Castile) a play in four acts. New York: Twice a Year Press, 1939.Silly Girl, a Portrait of Personal Remembrance. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin company, 1944.Among the Daughters, a Novel. NewYork: Coward-McCann, 1955.Artist's Life. New York: Coward-McCann, 1958.On Mime, second edition. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968 (first edition 1965).Passage 4:Tenth Avenue AngelTenth AvenueAngel is a 1948 American drama film directed by Roy Rowland and starring Margaret O'Brien, Angela Lansbury, and George Murphy. It chronicles the life and family of Flavia Mills (Margaret O'Brien) in the late 1930s.Filming took place 11 March–15 May 1946, with retakes in April 1947. However, the film was not released until February 20, 1948.PlotEight-year-old Flavia (Margaret O'Brien) lives in a New York tenement during theGreat Depression with mother Helen (Phyllis Thaxter) and father Joe (Warner Anderson), who's nearly broke and needs a job. Her aunt Susan (Angela Lansbury) lives with them, too. Flavia's thrilled because her aunt'ssweetheart, Steve (George Murphy), is returning from a one-year absence. The little girl is unaware that Steve has been in jail for associating with a gangster.Flavia sees a mouse and is afraid. Her mother tells Flavia afable that if you catch a mouse and make a wish, it will turn into money. This leads her to hide a mouse in a cigar box in the alley near Mac (the blind newspaper man)'s stand. Two neighborhood youths rob Mac(RhysWilliams) and, by coincidence, hide the money right by the girl's box with the mouse. Flavia finds it and is overjoyed until the adults accuse her of stealing it from Blind Mac. Her mother has to tell her the truth about thefable and Flavia realizes that so many stories she has heard are \"lies\".Everybody's desperate for money. Helen's pregnant and faces physical complications. Steve's unable to get his old job, driving a taxi. The gangsteroffers him a payday for stealing a truck, but Steve's conscience gets the better of him at the last minute. Flavia tries to find the kneeling cow near a railroad before it's too late.  Helen is all right, Joe finds a job, andFlavia's thrilled because Susan's going to marry Steve.CastMargaret O'Brien as Flavia MillsAngela Lansbury as Susan BrattenGeorge Murphy as Steve AbbottPhyllis Thaxter as Helen MillsWarner Anderson as JosephMillsRhys Williams as Blind MacBarry Nelson as Al ParkerConnie Gilchrist as Mrs. MurphyCharles Cane as Parole OfficerRichard Lane as Street VendorReceptionThe film was an expensive failure at the box office, earningonly $725,000 in the US and Canada and $75,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $1,227,000.It has received mixed to negative reviews.Passage 5:Thulasi (1987 film)Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romanticdrama film directed by Ameerjan. The film stars Murali and Seetha. It was released on 27 November 1987.PlotThirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheistand he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully.Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva.Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference. Sammadham then challenges him tomarry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water. In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva andThulasi.CastMurali as Sivalingam \"Siva\"Seetha as ThulasiChandrasekhar as SammadhamMajor Sundarrajan as ThirunavukarasuSenthilCharle as KhanThara as PonniMohanapriya as SarasuVathiyar RamanA. K.Veerasamy as KaliyappanSoundtrackThe music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu.ReceptionThe Indian Express gave a negative review calling it \"thwarted love\".Passage 6:IngmarBergmanErnst Ingmar Bergman (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007) was a Swedish screenwriter and film and theatre director. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors of all time, Bergman's filmsare known as \"profoundly personal meditations into the myriad struggles facing the psyche and the soul.\" Some of his most acclaimed works include The Seventh Seal (1957), Wild Strawberries (1957), Persona (1966),and Fanny and Alexander (1982); these four films were included in the Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012 critics poll. Bergman was ranked 8th in Sight & Sound's 2002 poll of The Greatest Directors of AllTime.Bergman directed more than 60 films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings, most of which he also wrote. Most of his films were set in Sweden, and many films from 1961 onwardwere filmed on the island of Fårö. He also had a theatrical career that ran in parallel with his film career. It included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater inMunich. He directed more than 170 plays. He forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson, Bibi Andersson, LivUllmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, Gunnel Lindblom and Max von Sydow.BiographyEarly lifeErnst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, aLutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin (née Åkerblom), a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors. The Bergman family was originally from Järvsö in Gävleborg county. Bergman's paternalgrandfather worked as a pharmacist in Stockholm, and his paternal great-grandfather Henrik Bergman worked as an assistant vicar and was married to Erika Augusta Agrell, daughter of vicar Erik Agrell and ElsaMargareta Hermanni, a daughter of chief accountant Hieronymus Emanuel Hermanni and Anna Katarina Neostadia. The Hermannis were merchants in Stockholm, Hieronymus' father, Simon Daniel, was wholesaler likehis grandfather. Via Elsa Margareta Hermanni, Bergman descended from the noble families Bröms, Stockenström, Ehrenskiöld, clergy families of Swedish, Swedish-Finnish origin and burghers of Swedish and Germanorigin. Via his paternal grandmother Alma Katarina Eneroth, Bergman descended from the German noble families Flach and de Frese introduced at the Swedish Riddarhuset. Alma Katarina Eneroth was a cousin ofBergman's maternal grandfather traffic manager Johan Åkerblom. Thus Bergman's parents were second cousins. Bergman's maternal grandmother, Anna Calwagen, was the daughter of Ernst Gottfrid Calwagen, a lectorof German and English, and his wife Charlotta Margareta Carsberg. The progenitor of the Calwagen family, the merchant Paul Calwagen, had emigrated from Holland to Karlshamn, Sweden in the 17th century. Paul'swife, the Dutch-Swedish Maria van der Hagen, was descendant of the Dutch-Swedish court painter Laurens van der Plas. Via Ernst Gottfried, Bergman was descendant of the noble families Tigerschiöld and Weinholz as"}
{"doc_id":"doc_69","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of GuimarãesInfanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães (10 November 1858 – 15 April 1946) was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaideof Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. A member of the House of Braganza by birth, Adelgundes became a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma through her marriage to Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count ofBardi. She was also the Regent of the Monarchic Representation of Portugal and for that reason assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães, usually reserved for the Head of the House.Early lifeAdelgundes de JesusMaria Francisca de Assis e de Paula Adelaide Eulália Leopoldina Carlota Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Inês Isabel Avelina Ana Estanislau Sofia Bernardina, Infanta de Portugal, Duquesa de Guimarães, was born inBronnbach, Wertheim, Germany. Her father died on November 14, 1866, a few days after her eighth birthday, and Adelgundes and her siblings were educated in a Catholic and conservative environment by theirmother. Her maternal uncle, Prince Carl zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, was like a second father to the children.MarriageAdelgundes married Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, fourth child andyoungest son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, on 15 October 1876 in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary. Henry, who was 25 years old, had been previously married to PrincessLuisa Immacolata of the Two Sicilies, who had died three months after their marriage at the age of 19 in 1874. Henry had taken part in the Carlist war and fought in the Battle of Lacar. War wounds turned him into aninvalid.Their union produced no issue, as her nine pregnancies all ended in miscarriages. The failed pregnancies, the last of which she suffered in 1890, were a source of great grief to the couple. They divided their timebetween the Castle of Seebenstein in Austria and the Ca' Vendramin Calergi in Venice. After almost 30 years of marriage, Adelgundes became a widow in 1905.She was close to her many nephews and nieces,particularly Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg, from the time of her abdication to her early death.. The composer, Richard Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca'Vendramin Calergi, a 16th-century palazzo on the Grand Canal as a guest of Prince Henry, Count of Bardi and Infanta Adelgundes.Regent-in-absentiaBetween 1920 and 1928, Adelgundes acted as the regent-in-absentiaon behalf of her nephew and Miguelist claimant to the Portuguese throne, Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, who was only twelve years old when his father Miguel renounced his claim to the throne in his favor. At thebeginning of her regency in 1920, Adelgundes assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães. In 1921 she authored a manifesto outlining the House of Braganza's goals for the restoration of the Portuguese monarchy.During her regency, the ex-King Manuel II of Portugal agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession could pass to Duarte Nuno (although Duarte Nuno's grandfather Miguel I of Portugal was excluded from thethrone and the Miguelist line deprived of its dynastic rights of succession). But Infanta Adelgundes failing to get an agreement mentioning the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, the Integralists withheld theirsupport to an accord, and on September 1925,  Adelgundes, in a letter to King Manuel, repudiated the incomplete agreement. Since any pact resolved the issue of succession (former Dover Pact and Paris Pact havingbeen both repudiated) and without known documents, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne, but at the death of King Manuel, however, the monarchist Integralismo Lusitano movement acclaimed Duarte Nuno,Duke of Braganza as King of Portugal. Duarte Nuno lived with Adelgundes at Seebenstein until the German occupation of Austria when the whole family relocated to Bern, Switzerland, where she died in Gunten on 15April 1946 at age 87.AncestryPassage 2:Carlota Joaquina of SpainDoña Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) was Queen of Portugal and Brazil as the wife of King Dom John VI.She was the daughter of King Don Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.Detested by the Portuguese court — where she was called \"the Shrew of Queluz\" (Portuguese: a Megera de Queluz) — Carlota Joaquinagradually won the antipathy of the people, who accused her of promiscuity and influencing her husband in favor of the interests of the Spanish crown. After the escape of the Portuguese court to Brazil, she beganconspiring against her husband, claiming that he had no mental capacity to govern Portugal and its possessions, thus wanting to establish a regency. She also planned to usurp the Spanish crown that was in the handsof Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.After the marriage in 1817 of her son Pedro with the Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria and the later return of the royal family to Portugal in 1821, Carlota Joaquina wasconfined in the Royal Palace of Queluz, where she died alone and abandoned by her children on 7 January, 1830.LifeChildhoodBorn in the Royal Palace of Aranjuez on 25 April 1775 as the second (but eldest surviving)child of Charles, Prince of Asturias, and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma, she was baptized with the names of Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana, but she was called only by her first name, Carlota, a name that honoredboth her father and paternal grandfather, King Charles III of Spain—Carlota was his favorite granddaughter. Despite the rigidity of her education and court etiquette, the Infanta was described as mischievous andplayful.She received a rigid and deeply Catholic education, with bases in the fields of study of religion, geography, painting, and riding (Carlota's favorite sport). The closed and austere temperament of the Spanishmonarchy imposed on the family and on the whole court rigid norms of behavior and etiquette. King Charles III, a man of reserved behavior, devoted more time to his family than to the animations of the courtesan life,where his daughter-in-law Maria Luisa took an active part. Carlota's mother soon assumed the organization of entertainments at court, with luxurious parties, where morals were easily forgotten. Soon the Princess ofAsturias' image would be linked to that of a promiscuous woman who betrayed her husband to other men. Among them, possibly, was the Prime Minister Manuel Godoy, whose alleged love affair was widely explored bythe press at the time. Not even the successive pregnancies and long-hoped birth of a living male heir to the throne in 1784 saved Maria Luísa from the contempt of the population. She would go down in history as one ofthe most unpopular queens in Spain and her bad reputation deeply affected her children, especially Carlota, the firstborn daughter.MarriageThe subject of Carlota Joaquina's marriage was arranged by both King CharlesIII and his sister Mariana Victoria, Dowager Queen of Portugal, in the late 1770s when Mariana went to Spain to encourage diplomatic relations between the estranged countries. Carlota Joaquina was to marry InfanteJohn, Duke of Beja (youngest grandson of Mariana Victoria), and Infante Gabriel of Spain (Carlota Joaquina's paternal uncle) was to marry Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal (only surviving granddaughter andnamesake of the Dowager Queen of Portugal).Carlota's apprenticeship would be tested when she underwent a series of public examinations in front of the Spanish court and Portuguese ambassadors sent on behalf ofQueen Maria I of Portugal to evaluate the qualities of the princess destined to marry her second son. In October 1785, the Gazeta of Lisbon published an account of the tests:\"Everything has satisfied so completely thatone can not express the admiration which such a vast instruction ought to cause at such a tender age: but...the decided talent with which God has endowed this most serene Lady, her prodigious memory,understanding and that everything is possible, especially with the awakening and capacity with which the above-mentioned master promotes such useful and glorious applications.\"Having proven the talent of the bride,there was therefore no impediment to the union with the Portuguese prince, so on 8 May 1785 was celebrated the proxy marriage; three days later, on 11 May, the 10-year-old Carlota Joaquina and her retinue leftSpain for Lisbon. On the day she left the Spanish court, Carlota Joaquina asked her mother to make a painting of her in a red dress to place on the wall, instead of the painting of Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain(which Carlota Joaquina claimed to be more beautiful). As a part of the infanta cortege were Father Felipe Scio, famous Spanish theologian and scholar, Emília O'Dempsy, as lady-in-waiting, and Anna Miquelina,personal maid of Carlota Joaquina. The official wedding ceremony between Infante John of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina took place on 9 June 1785; she was only 10 years old while her husband was 18. Due to thebride's young age, the consummation of the union was delayed until 9 January 1790, when Carlota Joaquina was then able to conceive and bear children.Life in the Portuguese courtNevertheless, the climate in theBraganza court differed in many respects from that of the cheerful Spanish court. While in other parts of the Europe they represented the mark of a new society based on the Age of Enlightenment principles, in Portugalthe Catholic Church still imposed norms prohibiting all types of amusement. The dramatization of comedies was banned, including the performance of dances and parties. The reign of Queen Maria I was marked by therise of a conservative group of the nobility and clergy of Portugal; an extremely \"boredom\" environment, as defined by Dowager Queen Mariana Victoria (Carlota Joaquina's great-aunt). In this way, Carlota Joaquinafound herself in the midst of a very religious and austere environment, in contrast to the extravagance and the faust to which she was accustomed. Despite this, her relationship with her mother-in-law was very tender,as the letters exchanged between them proved. The joy and vivacity of Carlota were responsible for the rare hours of relaxation of the Queen.Her more liberal habits and customs differed in many ways from that ofother women at court. Quite traditional in relation to female behavior, Portuguese men disapproved of the ease with which Carlota Joaquina transited in public space, her performance in the political field and herdistemper in the family routine. Since most Portuguese women were deprived of social life, Carlota Joaquina's offending behavior allowed some malicious rumors about her in the court. Some of them were prejudiced,like the Duchess of Abrantès, wife of the French General Junot, who later invaded Portugal. During her time in Lisbon, Madame Junot had ridiculed Carlota Joaquina both for her manner of acting and for her dressing,and she had slain her as an extremely ugly woman.Princess of BrazilIn 1788, when his eldest brother Joseph, Prince of Brazil died, Infante John became the first in line to his mother's throne. Soon he received the titlesPrince of Brazil and 15th Duke of Braganza. Between 1788 and 1816, Carlota Joaquina was known as Princess of Brazil as the wife of the heir-apparent of the Portuguese throne. Some scholars believe that she has hada rough and superficial behavior, attributing to her the fact that she hated Brazil.His religious observances bored her, and they were quite incompatible. Nevertheless, she gave birth to nine children during theirmarriage and, because they were all handsome, it was rumoured that especially the younger ones had a different father.After Queen Maria I became insane in 1792, Prince John took over the government in her name,even though he only took the title of Prince Regent in 1799. This change in events suited Carlota Joaquina's ambitious and sometimes violent nature. In the Portuguese court she would interfere frequently in matters ofstate, trying to influence the decisions of her husband; this attempts to meddling in politics displeased the Portuguese nobility and even the population.Because she was excluded from the government decisions manytimes, Carlota Joaquina organized a plot with the intention to take the reins of power from the Prince Regent, arresting him and declaring that he was incapable of rule like his mother.However, in 1805 this plot wasdiscovered; the Count of Vila Verde proposed the opening of an investigation and the arrest of all those involved, but Carlota Joaquina was saved because her husband, wishing to avoid a public scandal, opposed to herarrest, preferring to confine his wife to Queluz Palace and Ramalhão Palace, while he himself moved to Mafra Palace, effectively separating from her. At that time Carlota Joaquina's enemies claimed that she had boughta retreat where she indulged in sexual orgies.In BrazilIn 1807, the Portuguese royal family left Portugal for Brazil because of the Napoleonic invasion.While in Brazil, Carlota Joaquina made attempts to obtain theadministration of the Spanish dominions in Hispanic America, a project known as Carlotism. Spain itself was controlled by Napoleon and its kings, her father and brother Ferdinand, were held by Napoleon in France.Carlota Joaquina regarded herself as the heiress of her captured family. Allegedly among her plans was to send armies to occupy Buenos Aires and northern Argentina to style herself \"Queen of La Plata\". ThePortuguese-Brazilian forces, however, only managed to temporarily annex the eastern banks of the Rio de la Plata as Cisplatina, which were kept in the Empire of Brazil after 1822 and seceded in 1828 as the Republic ofUruguay.QueenWhen the Portuguese royal family returned to Portugal in 1821 after an absence of 14 years, Carlota Joaquina met a country that had changed much since their departure. In 1807, Portugal had livedstably under absolutism. Napoleonic troops and political attitudes fostered by Spain's Cortes of Cádiz had brought revolutionary ideas to Portugal. In 1820, a liberal revolution commenced in Porto. A constitutionalCortes Gerais had been promulgated, and in 1821 it gave Portugal its first constitution. The queen had arch-conservative positions and wanted a reactionary response in Portugal. Her husband, however, did not want torenege on his vows to uphold the constitution. Carlota Joaquina made an alliance with her youngest son Miguel, who shared his mother's conservative views. In 1824, using Miguel's position as army commander, theytook power and held the king a virtual prisoner in the palace, where the queen tried to make him abdicate in favor of Miguel. The king received British help against his wife and son and regained power, finally compellinghis son to leave the country. The queen had also to go briefly into exile.King John VI lived in Bemposta Palace and Queen Carlota Joaquina in Queluz. Though she lived there quietly, she became decidedly eccentric indress and behaviour. However, their eldest son Pedro, left behind as regent in Brazil, was proclaimed and crowned on 1 December 1822 as its independent Emperor. John VI refused to accept this until he was persuadedby the British to do so, signing in August 1825 the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro by which he and Carlota Joaquina were granted the honorific title of Emperors of Brasil. He died in March 1826. Claiming ill-health, CarlotaJoaquina refused to visit his deathbed and started the rumour that her husband had been poisoned (which was true) by the Freemasons (which likely was not).Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, now became King of Portugal aswell, but knowing that carrying out the duties of both positions would be impossible, Pedro abdicated in Portugal and made his eldest daughter Maria the Queen of Portugal as well as betrothing her to Miguel, hisyounger brother. In the meantime, Carlota Joaquina's daughter, the Infanta Isabel Maria was to be Regent in Portugal instead of Carlota Joaquina, who ordinarily would have held such a post as Queen Dowager. Abouttwo years later the little queen set out for Portugal, only to find upon arrival at Gibraltar that her uncle and fiancé had not only removed the regent, but declared himself King of Portugal.Queen Carlota Joaquina died atthe Queluz Royal Palace, outside of Sintra. It is speculated whether she died because of natural causes or whether she, in fact, killed herself.IssueCarlota Joaquina married King João VI of Portugal in 1785 and had ninechildren.Carlota in film and televisionAfter her death, Carlota Joaquina (mainly in Brazil) became part of popular culture and an important historical figure, being the subject of several books, films and othermedia.Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil (1994) – Feature film directed by Carla Camurati, tells a summarized tale, mixing history with legend, of the Princess's life, from her childhood until her (mythical) suicide.Marieta Severo plays adult Carlota, while Ludmila Dayer portrays her as a child.O Quinto dos Infernos (2003) – Betty Lago portrays Carlota in this television miniseries produced by Rede Globo, telling the story of howthe Portuguese Royal Family escaped to Brazil.Liberdade, Liberdade (2016) - Susana Ribeiro portrays Carlota in this Globo telenovela that eventually features the Portuguese Royal family going to Brazil.Novo Mundo(2017) - Débora Olivieri portrays Carlota in this Globo telenovela set in 1817 Brazil.AncestorsPassage 3:Isabel of Portugal, Lady of ViseuIsabella of Portugal (1364–1395) was the natural daughter of King Ferdinand I ofPortugal, from an unknown mother.BiographyBefore 1386 she was betrothed to João Afonso Telo de Menezes, 1st Count of Viana (do Alentejo), son of the powerful João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos. However,this project was abandoned or dissolved.She married Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña, natural son of King Henry II of Castile. Her marriage was one of the clauses of the Treaty of Santarém, signed in 1373,between Portugal and Castile.Through a royal letter issued on 1 October 1377, her father granted her the Lordship of Viseu, Celorico, Linhares and Algodres.She left to the Royal Court of King Henry II of Castile whereshe lived while waiting for an appropriate age to get married. They finally married in 1377 in the city of Burgos. This marriage gave rise to the Noronha family, still represented in several aristocratic houses, both inPortugal and in Spain.The couple had six children:Pedro de Noronha (1379 – 20 August 1452), Archbishop of Lisbon (1424 – 1452), father of João, Pedro and Fernando de Noronha;Fernando de Noronha, second countof Vila Real by his marriage to Beatrice de Meneses, second countess of Vila Real, daughter and heiress of Pedro de Menezes;Sancho de Noronha, first Count of Odemira, comendador mayor of the Order of Santiago,alcalde-mor of Estremoz and Elvas, Lord of Vimieiro, Mortágua, Aveiro and other territories, married to Mécia de Sousa;Henrique de Noronha, captain in Ceuta, without legitimate male issue;João de Noronha,participated in the siege of Balaguer and was knighted by Infante Duarte in the siege of Ceuta where he was injured. He died from his wounds shortly afterwards without having left any offspring.Constance of Noronha,the second wife of Afonso, Duke of Braganza, without issue.Isabella eventually returned to her native Portugal where her uncle, King John I of Portugal, gave her a warm welcome and protection, both to her and to herchildren.See alsoNoronhaNoreñaPassage 4:Manuel, Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)Manuel (11 November 1531 – 14 April 1537), was the Hereditary Prince of Portugal from 1535 to his death in 1537. He was the fifthchild and second son of king John III of Portugal and Catherine of Austria.In 1535, his father officially designated him as Prince of Portugal, taking the place of his eldest sister Infanta Maria Manuela. However, after hispremature death at five years old, his younger brother Infante Filipe became the next Prince of Portugal.AncestryPassage 5:Infanta Maria Antonia of PortugalInfanta Maria Antónia of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria AntóniaAdelaide Camila Carolina Eulália Leopoldina Sofia Inês Francisca de Assis e de Paula Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Gregória Bernardina Benedita Andrea; 28 November 1862 – 14 May 1959) was the seventh and lastchild of Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein.Early lifeShe was born in exile as the youngest child of her parents in the Grand Duchy of Baden as her father, Infante Miguel, had been banished from Portugal byhis brother, Pedro I of Brazil, after usurping and losing the Portuguese throne in the Liberal Wars.MarriageOn 15 October 1884 at Schloss Fischorn, Maria Antonia married Robert I, Duke of Parma as his second wife.They had twelve children. Maria Antonia was widowed when Robert died at Villa Pianore on 16 November 1907.  Later on she resided with her daughter Zita while in exile. By 1940, Zita and her family, Maria Antonia"}
{"doc_id":"doc_70","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Melis AbzalovMelis Abzalov (Uzbek: Melis Abzalov, Мелис Абзалов; Russian: Мелис Абзалов; November 18, 1938  – October 26, 2016) was an Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Hismost famous films include Suyunchi (1982), Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni (1984), Armon (1986), and O\u0000tgan kunlar (1997).Abzalov is celebrated as one of the founders and prominent members of the Uzbek film makingindustry. During his lifetime, he received many honorary titles and awards, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987).Life and workMelis Oripovich Abzalov was born on November 18, 1938, in Yangiyul,then the Uzbek SSR. He graduated from the Ostrovsky Tashkent Theatre Arts Institute in 1961. A year later, in 1962, he started working at Uzbekfilm. He died on October 26, 2016, in Stockholm.FilmographyAsdirectorChinor tagidagi duel (Russian: Дуэль под чинарой) (The Duel under a Plane Tree)  (1979)Suyunchi (Russian: Бабушка-генерал) (1982)Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni (Russian: Бунт невесток) (The Rebellion of theBrides) (1985)Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)O\u0000tgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (Days Gone By)(1997)Chimildiq (1999)Meshpolvon (2000)Baribir hayot go\u0000zal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)Sirli sirtmoq (The Secret Trap) (2008)Ta\u0000ziyadagi to\u0000y (Russian:Свадьба на поминках) (The Wedding at a Funeral) (2010)As actorLaylak keldi, yoz bo\u0000ldi (Russian: Белые, белые аисты) (White Storks) (1966) (not credited)Влюбленные (The Lovers) (1969)Седьмая пуля (TheSeventh Bullet) (1972)Встречи и расставания (Meetings and Partings) (1973)Поклонник (The Worshiper) (1973)Ты, песня моя (You, My Song) (1975)Inson qushlar ortidan boradi (Russian: Человек уходит заптицами) (Man is after the Birds) (1975)Далекие близкие годы (Far, Near Years) (1976)Птицы наших надежд (The Birds of Our Hopes) (1976)Седьмой джинн (The Seventh Genie) (1976)Буйный «Лебедь» (The Wild\"Swan\") (1977)Qo\u0000qon voqeasi (Russian: Это было в Коканде) (This Happened in Kokand) (1977)Olovli yo\u0000llar (Russian: Огненные дороги) (The Fiery Roads) (1978) (series)Любовь моя — революция (My Love —Revolution) (1981)Встреча у высоких снегов (The Meeting at High Snow Mountains) (1982)Новые приключения Акмаля (The New Adventures of Akmal) (1983) (not credited)Уроки на завтра (Lessons for Tomorrow)(1983)Прощай, зелень лета... (Good-Bye, Summer) (1985) (not credited)Я тебя помню (I Remember You) (1985)Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Kлиника (The Clinic) (1987)ПриключенияАрслана (The Adventures of Arslan) (1988)Чудовище или кто-то другой (A Monster or Somebody Else) (1988)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)Кодекс молчания (TheCode of Silence) (1989)Шок (Shock) (1989)La Batalla de los Tres Reyes (Russian: Битва трех королей) (Battle of the Three Kings) (1990)Tangalik bolalar (Russian: Мальчики из Танги) (1990) (not credited)Ангел вогне (The Angel on Fire) (1992)Маклер (The Broker) (1992)Shaytanat (Russian: Шайтанат — царство бесов) (1998)Alpomish (Russian: Алпомыш) (2000)Дронго (The Drongo) (2002)Синедиктум (Cinedictum)(2002)Devona (Russian: Влюбленный) (2004)Baribir hayot go\u0000zal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)Vatan (Fatherland) (2006)Ходжа Насреддин: Игра начинается(Hodja Nasreddin: The Game Starts) (2006)Застава (The Outpost) (2007) (TV series)Tilla buva (Russian: Золотой дедушка) (Golden Grandpa) (2011)As screenwriterO\u0000tgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (DaysGone By) (1997)AwardsAbzalov is celebrated as one of the founders of the Uzbek film making industry. He received many honorary titles and awards throughout his career, including the title Meritorious Artist ofUzbekistan (1987). In 2008, he received a Shuhrat Order.Passage 2:Pham Viet Anh KhoaPhạm Việt Anh Khoa (born May 11, 1981) is a Vietnamese movie producer, entrepreneur and founder of Saiga Films, notable bysome of Victor Vu films  including  Inferno (2010), Battle of the Brides (2011), Blood letter (2012), Scandal (2012) và Battle of the Brides 2FilmographyInferno – Giao Lo Dinh Menh (2010)Battle of the Brides(2011)Blood letter (2012)Scandal (2012)Battle of the Brides 2 (2013)The Mask (2016)Passage 3:Gaius Suetonius PaulinusGaius Suetonius Paulinus (fl. AD 40–69) was a Roman general best known as the commanderwho defeated the rebellion of Boudica.Early lifeLittle is known of Suetonius' family, but it likely came from Pisaurum (modern Pesaro), a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy. He is not known to be related to the biographerSuetonius.Mauretanian campaignHaving served as praetor in 40 AD, Suetonius was appointed governor of Mauretania the following year. In collaboration with Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, he suppressed the revolt led byAedemon in the mountainous province that arose from the execution of the local ruler by Caligula. In 41 AD Suetonius was the first Roman commander to lead troops across the Atlas Mountains, and Pliny the Elderquotes his description of the area in his Natural History.Governor of BritainIn 58, before being consul, he was appointed governor of Britain, replacing Quintus Veranius, who had died in office. He continued Veranius'spolicy of aggressively subduing the tribes of modern Wales, and was successful for his first two years in the post. His reputation as a general came to rival that of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Two future governors servedunder him: Quintus Petillius Cerialis as legate of Legio IX Hispana, and Gnaeus Julius Agricola as a military tribune attached to II Augusta, but seconded to Suetonius's staff.In 60 or 61 Suetonius made an assault on theisland of Mona (Anglesey), a refuge for British fugitives and a stronghold of the druids. The tribes of the south-east took advantage of his absence and staged a revolt, led by queen Boudica of the Iceni. The colonia ofCamulodunum (Colchester) was destroyed, its inhabitants tortured, raped, and slaughtered, and Petillius Cerialis's legion routed. Suetonius brought Mona to terms and marched along the Roman road of Watling Streetto Londinium (London), the rebels' next target, but judged he did not have the numbers to defend the city and ordered it evacuated. The Britons duly destroyed it, the citizens of Londinium suffering the same fate asthose of Camulodunum, and then did the same to Verulamium (St Albans).Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some detachments of the XX Valeria Victrix, and all available auxiliaries. The II Augusta, based atExeter, was available, but its prefect, Poenius Postumus, declined to heed the call. Nonetheless, Suetonius was able to assemble a force of about ten thousand men. Heavily outnumbered (the Britons numbered 230,000according to Cassius Dio), the Romans stood their ground. The resulting battle took place at an unidentified location in a defile with a wood behind him, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along Watling Street –at Cuttle Mill, 2 miles southeast of Towcester in Northamptonshire, in front of a narrow defile which answers the topographical description of Tacitus, human bones have been found over a large area; High Cross inLeicestershire and Manduessedum near the modern day town of Atherstone in Warwickshire have also been suggested - where Roman tactics and discipline triumphed over British numbers. The Britons' flight wasimpeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and defeat turned into slaughter. Tacitus heard reports that almost eighty thousand Britonswere killed, compared to only four hundred Romans. Boudica poisoned herself, and Postumus, having denied his men a share in the victory, fell on his sword.Suetonius reinforced his army with legionaries and auxiliariesfrom Germania and conducted punitive operations against any remaining pockets of resistance, but this proved counterproductive. The new procurator, Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, expressed concern to theEmperor Nero that Suetonius's activities would only lead to continued hostilities. An inquiry was set up under Nero's freedman, Polyclitus, and an excuse, that Suetonius had lost some ships, was found to relieve him ofhis command. He was replaced by the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. But Suetonius was not disgraced: a lead tessera found in Rome features both his and Nero's names and symbols of victory, and aman named Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was consul in 66, either a son of the same name  or the general himself appointed for a second time.Year of Four EmperorsIn 69, during the year of civil wars that followed thedeath of Nero (see Year of Four Emperors), he was one of Otho's senior generals and military advisors. He and Aulus Marius Celsus defeated Aulus Caecina Alienus, one of Vitellius's generals, near Cremona, butSuetonius would not allow his men to follow up their advantage and was accused of treachery as a result. When Caecina joined his forces with those of Fabius Valens, Suetonius advised Otho not to risk a battle but wasoverruled, leading to Otho's decisive defeat at Bedriacum. Suetonius was captured by Vitellius and obtained a pardon by claiming that he had deliberately lost the battle for Otho, although this was almost certainlyuntrue. His eventual fate remains unknown.NotesPassage 4:The Rebellion of the BridesThe Rebellion of the Brides (Uzbek: Келинлар \u0000ўз\u0000олони, romanized: Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni; Russian: Бунт невесток) is a 1984Uzbek comedy film based on an eponymous play by the Uzbek writer Said Ahmad and directed by Melis Abzalov. Kelinlar qo\u0000zgvoloni is one of the most critically acclaimed Uzbek films of the Soviet period. Like MelisAbzalov's previous film Suyunchi, Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni tells the story of an authoritative grandmother.PlotFarmon bibi (played by Tursunoy Ja\u0000farova) is a wise and loving, but strict mother who lives with the familiesof her seven sons in one house. Nigora, the wife of her youngest son, rebels against Farmon Bibi and the other wives sympathize with her. In one scene, the mother and her daughters-in-law go to the bazaar. Towardthe end of the film, Farmon bibi changes her attitude and gives in to the demands of her daughters-in-law.Passage 5:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasyhorror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classicClash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlène Delcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban asCorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre latêteThomas Smith as ThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Lemasque de la Méduse. Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and thencut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire.  The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre duGrande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.ReleaseThe film was not releasedtheatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse. As part of \"An Evening with Jean Rollin\", it was shown as a doublefeature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges.Home mediaNo official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book JeanRollin: Écrits complets Volume 1.Passage 6:Charles Canning, 1st Earl CanningCharles  Canning, 1st Earl Canning,  (14 December 1812 – 17 June 1862), also known as The Viscount Canning and  Clemency Canning, wasa British statesman and Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown of Queen Victoria in 1858 afterthe rebellion was crushed.Canning is credited for ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the  rebellion and took major administrative decisions even duringthe peak of the Rebellion in 1857, including establishing the first three modern Universities in India, the University of Calcutta, University of Madras and University of Bombay based on Wood's despatch. Canning passedthe Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 which was drafted by his predecessor  Lord Dalhousie before the rebellion. He also passed the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856.After the rebellion he presided over asmooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown,  the Indian Penal Code was drafted in 1860 based on the code drafted by Macaulay and came into force in 1862. Canningmet the rebellion '\"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm\" as per his biographer. Canning was very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather thanretribution and issued a clemency proclamation.BackgroundBorn at Gloucester Lodge, Brompton, near London, Canning was the youngest child of George Canning and Joan, Viscountess Canning, daughter ofMajor-General John Scott, his father was Prime Minister for a few months in 1827. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1833, as first class in classics and second class inmathematics.Political careerIn 1836 he entered Parliament, being returned as member for the town of Warwick in the Conservative interest. He did not, however, sit long in the House of Commons; for, on the death ofhis mother in 1837, he succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords. His first official appointment was that of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the administration formed by SirRobert Peel in 1841, his chief being the Earl of Aberdeen. This post he held till January 1846; and from January to July of that year, when the Peel administration was broken up, Lord Canning filled the post of FirstCommissioner of Woods and Forests.He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–49). He declined to accept office under the Earl of Derby; but on the formation of the coalition ministry under theEarl of Aberdeen in January 1853, he received the appointment of Postmaster General. In this office, he showed not only a large capacity for hard work but also general administrative ability and much zeal for theimprovement of the service. He retained his post under Lord Palmerston's ministry until July 1855, when, in consequence of the departure of Lord Dalhousie and a vacancy in the governor-generalship of India, he wasselected by Lord Palmerston to succeed to that great position. This appointment appears to have been made rather on the ground of his father's great services than from any proof as yet given of special personal fitnesson the part of Lord Canning. The new governor sailed from England in December 1855 and entered upon the duties of his office in India at the close of February 1856.According to the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911,\"In the year following his accession to office, the deep-seated discontent of the people broke out in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fears were entertained, and even the friends of the Governor-General to some extentshared them, that he was not equal to the crisis. But the fears proved groundless. He had a clear eye for the gravity of the situation, a calm judgment, and a prompt, swift hand to do what was really necessary. ... Hecarried the Indian empire safely through the stress of the storm, and, what was perhaps a harder task still, he dealt wisely with the enormous difficulties arising at the close of such a war. ... The name of ClemencyCanning, which was applied to him during the heated animosities of the moment, has since become a title of honour.\" He was derisively called \"Clemency\" on account of a Resolution dated 31 July 1857, whichdistinguished between sepoys from regiments which had mutinied and killed their officers and European civilians, and those Indian soldiers who had disbanded and dispersed to their villages, without being involved inviolence. While subsequently regarded as a humane and sensible measure, the Resolution made Canning unpopular at a time when British popular opinion favoured collective and indiscriminate reprisals.TheEncyclopædia Britannica of 1911 continues, \"While rebellion was raging in Oudh he issued a proclamation declaring the lands of the province forfeited, and this step gave rise to much angry controversy. A secretdespatch, couched in arrogant and offensive terms, was addressed to Canning by Lord Ellenborough, then a member of the Derby administration, which would have justified the Governor-General in immediatelyresigning. But from a strong sense of duty, he continued at his post, and ere long the general condemnation of the despatch was so strong that the writer felt it necessary to retire from office. Lord Canning replied to thedespatch, calmly and in a statesman-like manner explaining and vindicating his censured policy\" and in 1858 he was rewarded by being made the first Viceroy of India.The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 adds, \"InApril 1859 he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his great services during the rebellion. He was also made an extra civil grand cross of the Order of the Bath, and in May of the same year he was raisedto the dignity of an Earl, as Earl Canning. ...By the strain of anxiety and hard work his health and strength were seriously impaired, while the death of his wife was also a great shock to him; in the hope that rest in hisnative land might restore him, he left India, reaching England in April 1862. But it was too late. He died in London on 17 June. About a month before his death he was created a Knight of the Garter. As he died withoutissue the titles became extinct.\"Prior to the rebellion, Canning and his wife, Charlotte, had desired to produce a photographic survey of Indian people, primarily for their own edification. This project was transformed intoan official government study as a consequence of the rebellion, after which it was seen as useful documentation in the effort to learn more about native communities and thereby better understand them. It waseventually published as an eight-volume work, The People of India, between 1868 and 1875.Places named after CanningCanning Town in LondonFort Canning Hill, a hill in Singapore, is named after Viscount CharlesCanning, although many people mistakenly believe that it is named after his father, George CanningCanning Street in Kemptown, Brighton is named after Viscount CanningCannington, a neighbourhood in Prayagraj(Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India, now known as Civil LinesCanning, South 24 Parganas in West Bengal, IndiaUniversity of Lucknow, India, was formerly named Canning CollegeSee alsoCharlotte Canning, CountessCanningCanning in West BengalPassage 7:Sam NewfieldSam Newfield, born Samuel Neufeld (December 6, 1899 – November 10, 1964), also known as Sherman Scott or Peter Stewart, was an American B-moviedirector, one of the most prolific in American film history—he is credited with directing over 250 feature films in a career which began during the silent era and ended in 1958. In addition to his staggering feature output,he also directed one -and two-reel comedy shorts, training films, industrial films, TV episodes and pretty much anything anyone would pay him for. Because of this massive output—he would sometimes direct more than20 films in a single year—he has been called the most prolific director of the sound era.Many of Newfield's films were made for PRC Pictures. This was a film production company headed by his brother Sigmund Neufeld.The films PRC produced were low-budget productions, the majority being westerns, with an occasional horror film or crime drama.Family and educationNewfield completed one year of high school, according to the 1940"}
{"doc_id":"doc_71","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nancy BaronNancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles \"Where Did My Jimmy Go?\" and \"I've Got A Feeling\".Early lifeBorn into a familyof singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age. Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in NewYork City. The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her own female singing groups at school. At the age of 11, she heard her first \"Rock and Roll\" song. This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate thestyle; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female lead singer. This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer.Recording careerAt the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocalcoaching in Manhattan, N.Y. After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway. Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of asmall record company in N.Y.C.; he was impressed by her voice and immediately signed her to a contract. The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time.Baronbecame one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s. Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire \"pay for hire\" backup groups for her recordings. This \"sound\" as it is referred tohad much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spector produced recordings of this genre prolifically. The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number ofback up singers.At the time, the troubled label (a small N.Y.C. record company owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's \"I've Got A Feeling\"/\"Oh Yeah\" 45 vinyl and so she eventually signed a contract withJerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan. \"Where Did My Jimmy Go\"/\"Tra la la, I Love You\" was the result (Diamond).Later lifeBaron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing toenter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days; she eventually received an advanced degree.Baron's \"I've Got a Feeling\" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album aswell as being released as a single. AllMusic describes Baron's song as \"an early-'60s pop/rock obscurity\".Passage 2:Elizabeth Brooke (1503–1560)Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Wyatt (1503–1560) was the wife of Sir ThomasWyatt, the poet, and the mother of Thomas Wyatt the younger who led Wyatt's Rebellion against Mary I. Her parents were Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham and Dorothy Heydon, the daughter of Sir HenryHeydon.  She was the sister of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham and was considered a possible candidate for the sixth wife of Henry VIII of England.Marriage and issueElizabeth married twice.First MarriageIn 1520,Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 6 October 1542) and a year later, bore him a son:Sir Thomas (1521–1554), who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Mary I in 1554. The aim of the rebellion was to replacethe Catholic Queen Mary with her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth.Early in the marriage, marital difficulties arose, with Wyatt claiming they were  'chiefly'  her fault. He repudiated her as an adulteress, although there isno record linking her with any specific man. Elizabeth separated from Thomas Wyatt in 1526 and he supported her until around 1537, when he refused to do so any longer and sent her to live with her brother, LordCobham. In that same year, Lord Cobham attempted to force Wyatt to continue his financial support. He refused. It wasn't until 1541, when Wyatt, accused of treason, was arrested and his properties confiscated, thatthe Brooke family was able to force a reconciliation as a condition for Wyatt’s pardon.In a letter to Charles V, the imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys wrote that Wyatt had been released from the Tower at therequest of Catherine Howard. Chapuys noted that the king had imposed two conditions; that Wyatt  'confess his guilt'  and that  'he should take back his wife from whom he had been separated upwards of 15 years, onpain of death if he be untrue to her henceforth.'  There is no evidence that this provision was ever enforced or existed. After pursuing Anne Boleyn, before her relationship with the King, Wyatt had begun a long-termaffair with Elizabeth Darrell and he continued his association with his mistress.On 14 February 1542, the night after Catherine Howard had been condemned to death for adultery, Henry VIII held a dinner for many menand women. The king was said to have paid great attention to Elizabeth and to Anne Basset and both were thought to be possible choices for his sixth wife. In early 1542, more than a year before Wyatt’s death,Elizabeth Brooke's name appeared in Spanish dispatches as one of three ladies in whom Henry VIII was said to be interested as a possible sixth wife.The imperial ambassador, Chapuys, wrote that the lady for whom theking \"showed the greatest regard was a sister of Lord Cobham, whom Wyatt, some time ago, divorced for adultery. She is a pretty young creature, with wit enough to do as badly as the others if she were to try.\" Itwould appear that the ambassador was mistaken, as at the time, Elizabeth Brooke was nearly forty years old. Perhaps Elizabeth Brooke had been confused with her beautiful young niece, Elisabeth Brooke, the eldestdaughter of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham, who married William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton. Elisabeth Brooke, Lord Cobham’s daughter, may have been at court on this occasion, since she was definitelythere the following year. She would have been nearly sixteen in January 1542 and in later years was accounted one of the most beautiful women of her time. More important to a king who had just rid himself of a wife(Catherine Howard) who had committed adultery, this second  Elisabeth had a spotless reputation.Second marriageFollowing Wyatt’s death, Elizabeth Brooke married Sir Edward Warner (1511–1565), of Polstead Halland Plumstead, Norfolk,  Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. The couple had three sons:Edward, who died in infancyThomasHenryWarner was removed from his position on July 28, 1553, at the start of the reign of Mary I,and was arrested on suspicion of treason the following January at his house in Carter Lane when Thomas Wyatt the younger rebelled against the Crown. Warner was held for nearly a year. Elizabeth’s son was executed.Edward, the son she had with Warner, died young. Two other sons died in infancy. The family fortunes were restored under Elizabeth I and Warner reclaimed his post at the Tower of London. His wife died there inAugust 1560 and was buried within its precincts.AncestryPassage 3:Elizabeth JocelinElizabeth Brooke Jocelin (sometimes spelled \"Joceline\" or \"Joscelin\") was an English writer believed to have lived from 1595–1622.She is best known for her work The Mother's Legacy to her Vnborn Child. The book was first published two years after Jocelin's death in childbirth.Early lifeShe was the daughter of Sir Richard Brooke of Norton,Cheshire, and his wife Joan, daughter of William Chaderton, bishop of Lincoln. Her parents separated, and her mother returned home. Jocelin's grandfather, Bishop Chaderton, was mainly responsible for her upbringing.Elizabeth's childhood was therefore passed in the house of Bishop Chaderton, who educated her. She was extremely well versed in art, religion and language. According to her editor Thomas Goad, she had anexceptional memory.Later lifeIn 1616 she married Tourell Jocelin of Cambridgeshire. Foreboding her death in childbirth, she wrote a letter which gently but earnestly exhorted her son or daughter to piety and goodconduct; and a letter to her husband, giving him advice as to the bringing up of the child. These works are thought to have been written at Crowlands, Oakington. She bore a daughter on 12 October 1622, and died ninedays afterwards. The child, named Theodora, became the wife of Samuel Fortrey.The Jocelins appeared to lead a rather happy marriage, one that appeared to be mainly based on genuine love. In The Mother's Legacyto her Vnborn Child Jocelin writes of how excited she is to be carrying her husband's child and that they have been working together to plan the best possible life for their childJocelin is noted for being \"one of the mostnotable young women of the times of James I”The LegacieThe Legacie was first published in 1624 with a long Approbation by Thomas Goad giving some account of Elizabeth Jocelin's life. The second edition is dated1624 and the third 1625. An exact reprint of the third edition, with an introduction by an anonymous Edinburgh editor, appeared in 1852. The edition printed at Oxford, 'for the satisfaction of the person of quality hereinconcerned,' in 1684, and reprinted at the end of C. H. Cranford's Sermons in 1840, is an altered one, the editor having made changes in religious matters. The manuscript of the Legacie is in the British Museum (Addit.MS. 27467). It is still somewhat contentious whether the manuscript is by Jocelin, and whether Goad's editorial work brought in substantive change in the content.Jocelin wrote The Mother’s Legacy to her Vnborn Childduring the Early Modern period when women were typically defined by their existence in the domestic sphere. Jocelin's work kept in line with the expectations of women during the period because of her clear dedicationto her position as a mother.One of the idiosyncratic things about the mother's advice text is Jocelin's choice of tone and word use to insure that whether her child is a boy or a girl he or she will be able to follow theadvice she leaves behind. There are clearly different expectations and techniques to raising a son or daughter and Jocelin makes sure to acknowledge these differences while leaving advice for both. For example, sheaddresses her daughter to respect, obey and be a good mother. Jocelin writes about her desire to protect her daughter “from a potentially difficult and uncomfortable way of life.” Jocelin has been criticised for herdifferent approaches to raising her child based on its gender. Much like women of her time Jocelin desired for her daughter to be acceptable to society even if it meant limiting her intelligence or unhappiness.One of thelargest parts of The Mother’s Legacy to her Vnborn Child is the religious advice that Jocelin offers to her unborn child. She urges the child to pray regularly, avoid temptations, acknowledge holy days and becharitable.The tone of the book is one filled with optimism and pride over becoming a new mother. Jocelin is clearly excited about meeting her child even though she seems to understand that birthing the child will be agreat risk to herself.Much of the books instruction is directed toward Jocelin's husband including how to properly select a wet nurse for their child if Elizabeth should die.Excerpts from The Mother's Legacy to her VnbornChild:“I desire her bringing up may bee learning the Bible, as my sisters doe, good housewifery, writing, and good works: other learning a woman needs not; though I admire it in those whom God hath blest withdescretion, yet I desired not much in my owne, having seene that sometimes women have greater portions of learning than wisdome, which is of no better use to them than a main saile to a flye-boat, which runs itunder water. But where learning and wisdom meet in a vertuous disposed woman she is the fittest closet for all goodnesse. She is like a well-balanced ship that may beare all her saile. She is, Indeed, I should butshame my selfe, if I should goe about to praise her more...Yet I leave it to thy will...If thou desirest a learned daughter, I pray God give her a wise and religious heart, that she may use it to his glory, thy comfort, andher own salvation.”“And if thou beest a daughter, thou maist perhaps thinke I have lost my labour; but reade on, and thou shalt see my love and care of thee and thy salvation is as great, as if thou wert a sonne, andmy feare greater”.Posthumous legacyElizabeth Jocelin is remembered as a dedicated mother and an iconic woman of her time because of her dedication to making sure her child was raised properly even after her death.The Mother's Legacy to her Vnborn Child is regarded as one of the most significant works of the time because of the intimate view it gives of the mindset, beliefs and ideals of women of the time.NotesPassage 4:ThomasWyatt (poet)Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 11 October 1542) was a 16th-century English politician, ambassador, and lyric poet credited with introducing the sonnet to English literature. He was born at Allington Castle nearMaidstone in Kent, though the family was originally from Yorkshire. His family adopted the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses. His mother was Anne Skinner, and his father Henry, who had earlier been imprisonedand tortured by Richard III, had been a Privy Councillor of Henry VII and remained a trusted adviser when Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509. Thomas followed his father to court after his education at St John'sCollege, Cambridge. Entering the King's service, he was entrusted with many important diplomatic missions. In public life, his principal patron was Thomas Cromwell, after whose death he was recalled from abroad andimprisoned (1541). Though subsequently acquitted and released, shortly thereafter he died.  His poems were circulated at court and may have been published anonymously in the anthology The Court of Venus (earliestedition c. 1537) during his lifetime, but were not published under his name until after his death; the first major book to feature and attribute his verse was Tottel's Miscellany (1557), printed 15 years after hisdeath.Early lifeThomas Wyatt was born at Allington, Kent, in 1503, the son of Sir Henry Wyatt by Anne Skinner, the daughter of John Skinner of Reigate, Surrey. He had a brother Henry, assumed to have died an infant,and a sister, Margaret who married Sir Anthony Lee(died 1549) and was the mother of Queen Elizabeth's champion, Sir Henry Lee.Education and diplomatic careerWyatt was over six feet tall, reportedly both handsomeand physically strong. He was an ambassador in the service of Henry VIII, but he entered Henry's service in 1515 as \"Sewer Extraordinary\", and the same year he began studying at St John's College, Cambridge. Hisfather had been associated with Sir Thomas Boleyn as constable of Norwich Castle, and Wyatt was thus acquainted with Anne Boleyn.Following a diplomatic mission to Spain, in 1526, he accompanied Sir John Russell,1st Earl of Bedford, to Rome to help petition Pope Clement VII to annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, freeing him to marry Anne Boleyn. Russell being incapacitated, Wyatt was also sent to negotiatewith the Republic of Venice.  According to some, Wyatt was captured by the armies of Emperor Charles V when they captured Rome and imprisoned the Pope in 1527, but he managed to escape and make it back toEngland.Between 1528 and 1530 Wyatt acted as high marshal at Calais. In the years following he continued in Henry's service; he was, however, imprisoned in the Tower of London for a month in 1536, perhapsbecause Henry hoped he would incriminate the queen. He was knighted in 1535 and appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1536. At this time he was sent to Spain as ambassador to Charles V, who was offended by thedeclaration of Princess Mary's illegitimacy; he was her cousin and they had once been briefly betrothed. Although Wyatt was unsuccessful in his endeavours, and was accused of disloyalty by some of his colleagues, hewas protected by his relationship with Cromwell, at least during the latter's lifetime.Wyatt was elected knight of the shire (MP) for Kent in December 1541.Marriage and issueIn 1520 Wyatt married Elizabeth Brooke(1503–1560). A year later, they had a son Thomas (1521–1554) who led Wyatt's rebellion some twelve years after his father's death. In 1524, Henry VIII assigned Wyatt to be an ambassador at home and abroad, andhe separated from his wife soon after on grounds of adultery.Wyatt's poetry and influenceWyatt's professed object was to experiment with the English language, to civilise it, to raise its powers to equal those of otherEuropean languages. His poetry may be considered as a part of the Petrarchism movement within Renaissance literature. A significant amount of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets byItalian poet Petrarch; he also wrote sonnets of his own. He took subject matter from Petrarch's sonnets, but his rhyme schemes are significantly different. Petrarch's sonnets consist of an \"octave\" rhyming abba abba,followed by a \"sestet\" with various rhyme schemes. Wyatt employs the Petrarchan octave, but his most common sestet scheme is cddc ee. Wyatt experimented in stanza forms including the rondeau, epigrams, terzarima, ottava rima songs, and satires, as well as with monorime, triplets with refrains, quatrains with different length of line and rhyme schemes, quatrains with codas, and the French forms of douzaine and treizaine. Heintroduced the poulter's measure form, rhyming couplets composed of a 12-syllable iambic line (Alexandrine) followed by a 14-syllable iambic line (fourteener), and he is considered a master of the iambictetrameter.Wyatt's poetry reflects classical and Italian models, but he also admired the work of Geoffrey Chaucer, and his vocabulary reflects that of Chaucer; for example, he uses Chaucer's word newfangleness,meaning fickleness, in They Flee from Me. Many of his poems deal with the trials of romantic love and the devotion of the suitor to an unavailable or cruel mistress. Other poems are scathing, satirical indictments of thehypocrisies and pandering required of courtiers who are ambitious to advance at the Tudor court.Wyatt's poems are short but fairly numerous. His 96 love poems appeared posthumously (1557) in a compendium calledTottel's Miscellany. The most noteworthy are thirty-one sonnets, the first in English. Ten of them were translations from Petrarch, while all were written in the Petrarchan form, apart from the couplet ending which Wyattintroduced. Serious and reflective in tone, the sonnets show some stiffness of construction and a metrical uncertainty indicative of the difficulty Wyatt found in the new form. Yet their conciseness represents a greatadvance on the prolixity and uncouthness of much earlier poetry. Wyatt was also responsible for the important introduction of the personal note into English poetry, for although he followed his models closely, he wroteof his own experiences. His epigrams, songs, and rondeaux are lighter than the sonnets, and they reveal the care and the elegance typical of the new romanticism. His satires are composed in the Italian terza rima,again showing the direction of the innovating tendencies.AttributionThe Egerton Manuscript is an album containing Wyatt's personal selection of his poems and translations which preserves 123 texts, partly in hishandwriting. Tottel's Miscellany (1557) is the Elizabethan anthology which created Wyatt's posthumous reputation; it ascribes 96 poems to him, 33 not in the Egerton Manuscript. These 156 poems can be ascribed toWyatt with certainty on the basis of objective evidence. Another 129 poems have been ascribed to him purely on the basis of subjective editorial judgment. They are mostly derived from the Devonshire ManuscriptCollection and the Blage manuscript. Rebholz comments in his preface to Sir Thomas Wyatt, The Complete Poems, \"The problem of determining which poems Wyatt wrote is as yet unsolved\".AssessmentCritical opinionshave varied widely regarding Wyatt's work. Eighteenth-century critic Thomas Warton considered Wyatt \"confessedly an inferior\" to his contemporary Henry Howard, and felt that Wyatt's \"genius was of the moral anddidactic species\" but deemed him \"the first polished English satirist\". The 20th century saw an awakening in his popularity and a surge in critical attention. His poems were found praiseworthy by numerous poets,including Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, John Berryman, Yvor Winters, Basil Bunting, Louis Zukofsky and George Oppen. C. S. Lewis called him \"the father of the Drab Age\" (i.e. the unornate), from what he calls the\"golden\" age of the 16th century. Patricia Thomson describes Wyatt as \"the Father of English Poetry\".Rumoured affair with Anne BoleynMany have conjectured that Wyatt fell in love with Anne Boleyn in the early- tomid-1520s. Their acquaintance is certain, but it is not certain whether the two shared a romantic relationship. George Gilfillan implies that Wyatt and Boleyn were romantically involved. In his verse, Wyatt calls hismistress Anna and might allude to events in her life:Gilfillan argues that these lines could refer to Anne's trip to France in 1532 prior to her marriage to Henry VIII and could imply that Wyatt was present, although his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_72","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a1977 French comedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenri Guybet - TassinPatricia Karim - SuzanneChaudardGérard Hérold - Le commandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, le passeurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 3:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où est donc passée la septième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lostsomewhere on the front in May 1940 during the Battle of France.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near theMachecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. Captain Dumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, thesquad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill, and takes position within a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. TheGermans cut the cable, surround the woods, and order a puzzled 7th Company to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff SergeantChaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slow down and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. WhenChaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the camp without their weapons to look for Pithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard ordersthem to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake. While Chaudard teaches his men how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the Germanplanes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapes before his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin issent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm, but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-lawand Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard. Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door, comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp,Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard has been lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armoredtow truck after killing its two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and the two dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7thCompany. They put on the Germans' uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company, who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, theyencounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures the newest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tankusing the tow truck's cannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by their own colonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guardsrun in front of the truck, allowing the company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins his Chaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre :PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobert Lamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobertDalban : The peasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A French soldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has BeenFound) by Robert Lamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune (The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny andLa Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. The famous grocery scene was filmed in Bazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences in June1940 during the war.The final scene with the parachute is based on a true story. The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups of three, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the railnetwork of Normandy Landings in Brittany, two days before.Box officeThe movie received a great success in France reaching the third best selling movie in 1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septièmecompagnie? at IMDbPassage 4:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directedthe mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage5:The Eagle's EyeThe Eagle's Eye is a 1918 American serial film consisting of 20 episodes that dramatizes German espionage in the United States during World War I. The stories are based on the experiences of WilliamJ. Flynn during his career as chief of the United States Secret Service from 1912–1917.It features King Baggot as the president of the Criminology Club and Marguerite Snow as a Secret Service agent who investigatespies. Among the events depicted are the sending of the Zimmermann Telegram, Franz von Rintelen's attempts to sabotage cargo loading in San Francisco Harbor, and the capture of the German espionage plans. It wasdirected by George Lessey, Wellington A. Playter, Leopold Wharton, and Theodore Wharton, and produced by the Whartons Studio. The serial is now considered lost. Because this serial was a commercial failure, it wasthe last one made by Whartons due to the studio being forced to declare bankruptcy.BackgroundAfter Flynn's retirement from the Secret Service his work investigating sabotage during the war were interwoven withfictitious characters and events by Courtney Ryley Cooper into a 20-part spy thriller. These were also published as weekly installments in The Atlanta Constitution's magazine section during 1918 under the title TheEagle's Eye: A True Story of the Imperial German Government's Spies and Intrigues in America. Fifteen of the episodes were republished as chapters in a book the following year.CastKing Baggot as HarrisonGrantMarguerite Snow as Dixie MasonWilliam Bailey as Heinrich von LertzFlorence Short as Madame Augusta StephanBertram Marburgh as Count Johann von BernstorffPaul Everton as Captain Franz von PapenJohn P.Wade as Captain Karl Boy-EdFred C. Jones as Dr. Heinrich AlbertWellington A. Playter as Franz von RintelenLouise HotalingLouis C. Bement as Uncle SamAllan MurnaneF.W. StewartRobin H. TownleyBessie Wharton asMrs. BlankChapter titlesHidden DeathThe Naval Ball ConspiracyThe Plot Against the FleetVon Rintelen, the DestroyerThe Strike BreedersThe Plot Against Organized LaborBrown Port FolioThe Kaiser's DeathMessengerThe Munitions CampaignThe Invasion of CanadaThe Burning of HopewellThe Canal ConspiratorsThe Reign of TerrorThe Infantile Paralysis EpidemicThe Campaign Against CottonThe Raid of the U-53Germany'sU-Base in AmericaThe Great Hindu ConspiracyThe Menace of the I.W.W.The Great DecisionPassage 6:George LesseyGeorge Lessey (June 8, 1879 – June 3, 1947) was an American actor and director of the silent era. Heappeared in more than 120 films between 1910 and 1946. He also directed more than 70 films between 1913 and 1922. Lessey was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, and as a boy he acted in theatrical productionsthere. He graduated from Amherst College.For a year, Lessey was a leading man for Edison Studios, after which he directed films for the company for two years. In 1914, he joined Universal Studios as a director. Heportrayed Romeo in the initial film version of Romeo and Juliet, directed the first serial, What Happened to Mary, and played the first dual role in film as twins in The Corsican Brothers.On stage, Lessey appeared in theoriginal Broadway production of Porgy and Bess (1935) in one of the few white roles, that of the lawyer Mr. Archdale.In the 1930s, Lessey worked as a model for men's clothes.Lessey was married to the former MayAbbey. On June 3, 1947, Lessey died on vacation in Westbrook, Connecticut, aged 67.Selected filmographyPassage 7:Arrington HighArrington High (1910 - 1988) was an American journalist and newspaper publisher.He published the Eagle Eye newspaper in Jackson, Mississippi and was an advocate for African American civil rights.BiographyArrington High was born in 1910 to an African American mother and a Euro-American father.He published the Eagle Eye newspaper in Jackson, Mississippi. High wrote and published the Eagle Eye from his own home, located on Maple Street in Jackson. Copies of the newspaper were sold for ten cents and wereavailable for purchase directly from High or from the Farish Street Newsstand. High was known for being a strong, outspoken advocated for social equality and civil rights. The banner of Eagle Eye read, \"America'sgreatest newspaper, bombarding segregation and discrimination.\"High was fined for publishing criticism of school segregation. He was surveilled by the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission. He was arrested for sellingliterature without a permit. After publishing criticism of segregationists, he was held in the Mississippi State Asylum in Whitfield until he escaped to Chicago. He reported escaping in a casket. He made allegations againsta brothel he said employed African Americans to serve white clients. He continued publishing his newssheet from Chicago. He promoted conspiracy theories in his later publishing career. He died while living with hisdaughter in Chicago.Further readingJackson Eagle Eye (September 1954–May 1967) in Jet magazine May 16, 1988Passage 8:Eye of the Eagle 2: Inside the EnemyEye of the Eagle 2: Inside the Enemy (released in thePhilippines as Killed in Action) is a 1989 film directed by Carl Franklin. It is the sequel to the 1987 film Eye of the Eagle.It was shot in the Philippines.CastWilliam Todd FieldShirley TesoroReleaseEye of the Eagle 2 wasreleased in the United States in 1989. In the Philippines, the film was released as Killed in Action on August 11, 1989.Critical receptionEric Reifschneider of bloodbrothersfilms.com gave the film a rating of 2.5/5, writing,\"It surprisingly is an 'emotionally' driven low-budget war film that's main focus is on characters, not low budget action antics.\"Nils Bothmann of actionfreunde.de wrote that director Carl Franklin, \"illustrates theAmerican disappointment in this unheroic war.\"Reviewer Vern of outlawvern.com wrote, \"this is an example of the kind of thing I like where a director is able to put their stamp on lowbrow genre movies and later evolveinto whatever it is they want to do\".Timothy Young of mondo-esoterica.com called the film \"A complete change of pace for the series, Inside the Enemy is well written, covering some very interesting ideas but somepoor editing and generic music leaves the action scenes feeling flat - fortunately this is not an action picture and the rest of the film looks good with some strong acting. Of interest to fans of the more serious warmovies.\"Passage 9:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some ofhis television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his televisionfilm credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\",written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred withSusan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directedproductions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also anassociate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 10:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was thedirector of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the RoyalNorwegian Order of St. Olav."}
{"doc_id":"doc_73","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Slave of VanityA Slave of Vanity is a 1920 American silent drama film starring Pauline Frederick, and directed and written by Henry Otto. The film, which was adapted from Arthur Wing Pinero's 1901 playIris, was produced and distributed by the Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation that eventually became part of Film Booking Office of America. The film is now considered lost.PlotIris (Frederick), a British aristocrat, mustchoose between the poor Laurence (Barrie) and the rich Frederick (Louis). She decides to marry the wealthier Frederick, but at the last minute she changes her mind and runs off to Italy with Laurence. However, thingsdo not work out quite the way she planned.CastPauline Frederick as Iris BellamyArthur Hoyt as Croker HarringtonNigel Barrie as Laurence TrenwithWillard Louis as Frederick MaldonadoMaude Louis as FannySullivanDaisy Jefferson as Aurea VyseRuth Handforth as Miss PinsentHoward Gaye as Arthur KaneSee alsoList of lost filmsPassage 2:Shape of My HeartShape of My Heart may refer to:\"Shape of My Heart\" (Sting song),a 1993 song by Sting from the album Ten Summoner's Tales\"Shape of My Heart\" (Backstreet Boys song), a 2000 song by the Backstreet Boys\"Shape of My Heart\" (Noah and the Whale song), 2008 song by Noah andthe Whale, charting 94 in the UKShape of My Heart, a 2009 album by Katia Labèque\"Shape of My Heart\", a 2012 single by Rick Price from The Water's EdgeThe Shape of My Heart, the UK title of God-Shaped Hole, a2003 novel by Tiffanie DeBartoloPassage 3:Half of My Heart (disambiguation)\"Half of My Heart\" is a 2009 song by John Mayer from his album Battle Studies featuring Taylor Swift.Half of My Heart may also refer to:\"Halfof My Heart\", the love theme from the 1957 film Jeanne Eagels\"Half of My Heart\", a 1961 song by Emile Ford\"Half of My Heart\", a 2000 song by The Mooney Suzuki from People Get Ready\"Half of My Heart\", a 2019song by Megan McKennaPassage 4:Grace of My HeartGrace of My Heart is a 1996 American musical comedy-drama film written and directed by Allison Anders, and starring Illeana Douglas, Matt Dillon, Eric Stoltz, PatsyKensit and John Turturro. The film charts the fictional music career of Denise Waverly, an aspiring singer who writes for other artists in the pop music world of the mid-1960s. It premiered at the 1996 TorontoInternational Film Festival and went into limited release on September 13, 1996. The soundtrack features artists Burt Bacharach, Elvis Costello, Joni Mitchell, Gerry Goffin and Jill Sobule, replicating the musical style thatemerged from the Brill Building, New York City's  music factory in the heyday of girl groups and \"pre-fab\" acts like The Monkees.PlotIn 1958, Philadelphia steel heiress Edna Buxton enters and wins a talent contest.When she attempts to record a demo, a studio producer tells her that girl singers are not currently getting signed and record companies are even trying to get rid of the ones on their rosters. However, when Edna tellshim that she wrote the song she wants to record, he is impressed enough to direct her to producer Joel Milner, who takes her under his wing, renames her \"Denise Waverly\" and invents a blue-collar persona for her.Milner reworks her song for a male doo-wop group, the Stylettes, as male groups are far more marketable, and the song becomes a hit.Denise moves to New York City and becomes a songwriter in the Brill Building. Ata party, she meets the arrogant songwriter Howard Caszatt, and despite an awkward initial meeting, they begin a relationship. Denise offers to write a song specifically for her three girlfriends, which culminates in Joelauditioning the girls and creating the girl group the Luminaries. Howard and Denise also begin writing together and eventually get married and have a child. They pen a song called “Unwanted Number,” based on ayoung girl's unwanted pregnancy. Although it is banned from radio, it attracts the attention of prominent and influential disc jockey John Murray, who, despite the negative attention around the song, credits Denise withsparking the girl group craze.Joel recruits the beautiful English songwriter Cheryl Steed, who immediately catches Howard's eye, and initially, Denise's disdain. Cheryl diffuses Denise’s suspicion by informing her thatshe already has a songwriting partner – her husband Matthew. Joel tasks Denise and Cheryl with writing a song for the ingénue singer Kelly Porter. The two women bond over the realization that the young songstress isin a closeted lesbian relationship with her roommate Marion. They write the coded song \"My Secret Love\" for Kelly, which becomes a hit.Denise’s relationship with Howard becomes strained due to his philandering withother women. When she learns she is pregnant with Howard's second baby, Cheryl convinces her to see an obstetrician, who safely performs an illegal abortion. Denise and Cheryl then become close friends and Deniseeventually breaks up with Howard.In 1966, Milner offers to send Denise to the studio to sing for herself. As an added incentive, he offers the production assistance of Jay Phillips, the frontman of California rock groupthe Riptides, to produce her single. Although initially hesitant as she says she finds the whole \"surf and turf\" sound laughable, she writes and sings the song \"God Give Me Strength\" and is delighted by Jay's skillfulorchestral arrangement. The record she puts out with him, however, is a commercial failure. Between the loss suffered by her foundering single and the advent of the British Invasion, Milner's fortunes are depleted.Denise blames herself for making the song too personal and bankrupting Joel. He tells her she did more for him than she realized and that it was time for them both to move on.Denise and Jay become a couple andresettle in California. Jay treats Denise’s daughter Luna as his own, but he is reclusive and a user of recreational drugs like marijuana and peyote. Denise has since joined forces with the newly-divorced Cheryl to writesongs for a bubblegum pop TV show, Where the Action Is, though Jay insists to Denise that writing music for TV is beneath her.Jay's behavior becomes more erratic and he becomes increasingly paranoid, causing hisbandmates to distance themselves from him. He falls into a period of deep depression that seemingly abates after a visit from his friend \"Jonesy\", who reminds him of the things that are important in his life, includinghis \"groovy new old lady\", Denise.Thinking that the worst is over, Denise invites Jay to join her and Cheryl at the Whisky a Go Go to see Doris, a former Luminary member who embarked on a solo career after the girlgroup broke up, perform. Jay declines, saying he has a song idea he wants to explore, so Denise ends up going with Cheryl. While the women celebrate, Jay is revealed to be still in the throes of his depression; havingput on a brave face for Denise's benefit. He walks into the ocean, taking his own life. Denise is further distraught to discover that Jay's fans blame her for not intervening in his death.Numbed by the loss, Denise retireswith her family to a hippie commune in northern California and tries to make sense of everything that has happened. Some time later, Joel visits Denise at the commune and takes her and the children to dinner. Thatnight, he criticizes how far down she's allowed her grieving to take her and says that it's destroying her and her talent. Denise angrily lashes out, telling Milner that he'd be nothing without her success. He agrees;however, the more he agrees with her, the angrier she becomes. She strikes him then collapses in tears, grieving for Jay. Milner consoles her and the two are reconciled.With Joel's help, Denise creates theplatinum-selling work \"Grace of My Heart\". As she lays down the piano track for the song, her life is recounted in pictures, leading to the moment when her own mother receives a copy of her album in the mail with ahandwritten note. Seemingly proud of her daughter's success, she smiles.CastProductionThe story is loosely based on the career arc of singer-songwriter Carole King, who, like Denise, started out writing songs in theBrill Building for artists like Aretha Franklin, The Drifters, and Little Eva. The character Jay Phillips is loosely modeled on Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys.Allison Anders said she was inspired to make the film as a fan ofthe girl group The Shangri-Las. She was also inspired by the Alan Betrock book Girl Groups: The Story of A Sound, which contained photos of \"Carole King and Gerry Goffin then others like Cynthia Weil and BarryMann...it was interesting to read what Alan had to say about what that time was like back then and how they were all really just kids when they had been a part of that.\"Martin Scorsese is credited as Grace of MyHeart's executive producer, and the film is co-edited by Scorsese’s longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker.ReceptionReleaseGrace of My Heart debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 1996. Itwas theatrically released a few days later on September 13, 1996, just weeks ahead of Oscar-winning actor Tom Hanks' directorial debut That Thing You Do!, which also covered the early to mid-1960s pop music sceneand featured original, retro-styled songs on the soundtrack. Grace of My Heart grossed $660,313 worldwide.Critical responseOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 28 critics' reviews are positive,with an average rating of 6.9/10.David Ansen of Newsweek praised the film and wrote while it \"is not the smoothest trip\" story-wise, \"Anders's rough edges are more than offset by the story's contagiousvitality...Denise's funky journey to self-discovery is a fresh feminist take on an era that has always been seen through men's eyes. It may not be precision-tooled, but it's triumphantly alive.\"Time Out wrote, \"There's alovely sequence about a third of the way into Anders' delightful movie which follows a song from conception - the street scene that inspires it - through the writing, to the recording session. This seamlessly editedpassage swings like the snappy '60s girl pop it emulates. Like the film as a whole, it works as a musical in its own right, and as history and critique of the pop process.\"Critics roundly praised the film's music, particularlythe Brill Building scenes, and lauded the film's approach of pairing popular songwriters of the 1960s with contemporary artists. Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune wrote:What Anders captures is the feel of the time: thenervous thrill of singing a song you love; the sanctified atmosphere of a recording studio, with red padded walls that match the singer's lipstick and a slit of a window that reveals a live bassist; the songwriter'sexcitement in realizing that songs can be about people's actual lives and still be commercial; the breathlessness of keeping up with an industry that may love a cappella vocal groups one day and rock bands thenext.Criticism centered on the film's shift of the action from New York City to California to center on Denise's relationship with Jay, with many arguing it is where the story loses focus. Roger Ebert praised the music andDouglas' performance, but said Anders tries to cover too much ground and would have liked a less condensed story.In a 2020 episode of his podcast Kermode on Film, film critic Mark Kermode named Grace of My Heartnumber one on his countdown of the top five most underrated films of all time. Jim Hemphill of Filmmaker wrote the film \"feels both completely of the period in which it takes place and like something that could onlyhave been made in the mid-1990s, an age when the American independent film movement and the studio system intersected in a way that allowed auteurs like Anders to broaden their ambitions and expand theircanvasses.\"MusicActress Douglas’ singing voice is dubbed by singer Kristen Vigard, while the fictional Luminaries are dubbed by girl group For Real.In the beginning, Edna/Denise performs a version of \"Hey There\", fromthe musical The Pajama Game, and popularized by singers such as Rosemary Clooney. Another of Denise's big musical moments occurs in the studio to sing tracks for \"God Give Me Strength\", an expensively producedsingle that fails to generate excitement on the charts, alluding to Phil Spector's recording of \"River Deep – Mountain High\" for Tina Turner (written by Spector, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry). Singer Elvis Costello, whoco-wrote \"God Give Me Strength\" with Burt Bacharach for the film, also wrote \"Unwanted Number\", which is crafted by Denise and Cazsatt for the Luminaries and causes a scandal due to its story of a young, unmarriedmother.Singer-composer Lesley Gore co-wrote the song \"My Secret Love\", performed by the character of young singer Kelly Porter. Gore chose not to be credited as a co-writer because she felt she'd \"been brought intoo late for a real collaboration\" and was not invited to the film's New York City premiere, a logistical oversight Anders regretted.SoundtrackThe soundtrack was released in September 1996 by MCA Records. It wasproduced by Larry Klein, Joni Mitchell's former husband and producer. Klein contributed to the writing of several songs on the soundtrack and appears briefly in the movie as a recording engineer. Joni Mitchellcontributed the song \"Man from Mars\", which is performed by Vigard as heard in the fillm. The soundtrack's initial pressing of 40,000 CD copies contained a version featuring Mitchell's vocals instead of Vigard's. This CDwas recalled and re-released a week later with Vigard's vocal restored. Mitchell later re-recorded the song with different-styled music for her 1998 album Taming the Tiger.Other songsSeveral songs did not make thealbum soundtrack, such as both of Vigard's renditions of \"Hey There\"—the contest version and the polished demo. Her version of \"In Another World\" is swapped out for the fictional Stylettes' rendition (via Portrait).Vigard's \"God Give Me Strength\" is also swapped for the Costello/Bacharach version. \"A Wave Dies\", written and performed by Andrew Allen-King and produced by Klein, was also not included in the final cut. TheWilliams Brothers perform two songs, \"Heartbreak Kid\" and \"Love Doesn't Ever Fail Us\", but only the latter is on the album.Home mediaGrace of My Heart was released as a Blu-ray Collector’s Edition by ScorpionReleasing on November 17, 2020. The Blu-ray includes an audio commentary by Anders and a making-of featurette.Passage 5:Piece of My Heart (disambiguation)\"Piece of My Heart\" is a song written by Jerry Ragovoyand Bert Berns, best known through performances by Janis Joplin.Piece of My Heart may also refer to:Film and televisionPiece of My Heart (film), a 2009 New Zealand filmA Piece of My Heart (film), a 2019 Swedishfilm\"Piece of My Heart\" (Grey's Anatomy), a television episodeLiteraturePiece of My Heart (novel), a 2006 Inspector Banks novel by Peter RobinsonPiece of My Heart, a 2020 Under Suspicion novel by Mary Higgins Clarkand Alafair BurkeA Piece of My Heart, a 1976 novel by Richard FordMusic\"Piece of My Heart\" (Intermission song), 1993\"Piece of My Heart\" (Tara Kemp song), 1991Piece of My Heart, a 1996 album by Faith Hill\"A Piece ofMy Heart\", a song by Gang of Four from HardPiece of My Heart: The Bert Berns Story, a 2014 jukebox musicalPassage 6:King of My HeartKing of My Heart may refer to:\"King of My Heart\", a song by Taylor Swift fromReputation (2017)\"King of My Heart\", a song by Tara Dettman from Sea to Sea: I See the Cross (2005)\"King of My Heart\", a song by Bethel Music from Starlight (2017)\"King of My Heart\", a song by Leeland fromInvisible (2016)\"King of My Heart\", a song from the 2007 London revival of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\"King of My Heart\", a song by Melba Moore from Read My Lips (1985)Passage 7:Burden of MyHeartBurden of My Heart (Sydämeni taakka) is a 2011 Finnish documentary film about the surviving victims of the genocide in Rwanda. It was directed by Yves Montand Niyongabo. The documentary was chosen forpremiere at the 2011 DOK Leipzig film festival. The documentary also received the Jury Youth Prize and Best Domestic Documentary Award at the Tempo film festival in Finland.Passage 8:From the Bottom of MyHeartFrom the Bottom of My Heart may refer to:\"From the Bottom of My Heart\" (Chuck Willis song), recorded by both The Clovers and The Diamonds\"From the Bottom of My Heart\" (Stevie Wonder song), 2006Passage9:Allison AndersAllison Anders (born November 16, 1954) is an American independent film director whose films include Gas Food Lodging, Mi Vida Loca and Grace of My Heart. Anders has collaborated with fellow UCLASchool of Theater, Film and Television graduate Kurt Voss and has also worked as a television director. Anders' films have been shown at the Cannes International Film Festival and at the Sundance Film Festival. Shehas been awarded a MacArthur Genius Grant as well as a Peabody Award.Early lifeAnders was born in Ashland, Kentucky, to mother Alberta \"Rachel\" Anders (née Steed) and father Robert \"Bob\" Anders. She has foursisters, one of whom, Luanna Anders, starred in her first film, Border Radio. Her paternal side has ancestry that traces back to the Southern Hatfield family and, more distantly, to George Washington's spy, CalebBrewster, while her maternal side includes another Washington spy, Abraham Woodhull.When Anders was 4 years old, her father abandoned the family. Anders' mother and father were divorced when she was 5.  At age12, she was gang raped by three boys at a party in Cape Canaveral, Florida, an event that influenced several of her films. After her mother moved her and her sisters to Los Angeles, Anders suffered a mentalbreakdown at the age of 15 and was hospitalized. When she came out of the psychiatric ward, she was placed into foster care but ran away. She hitchhiked across the country, at one point ending up in jail. After turning17, Anders dropped out of her Los Angeles high school and moved back to Kentucky. She later moved to London with the man who fathered her first child.In her early 20s, Anders moved back to Los Angeles with herdaughter and attended junior college, Los Angeles Valley College, while working odd jobs. Due to constant relocation as a child, Anders had not had a steady education. She said that growing up, most of her time wasspent watching TV and going to movie theaters. Inspired by the films of Wim Wenders and other filmmakers, Anders applied to UCLA Film School. During her time at UCLA, Anders produced her first sound film. Wendersattended the screening. She has called Wenders' 1974 film Alice in the Cities \"one of my very favorite films, and a guiding light, since I first saw it at the Nuart in Santa Monica in the 1970s.\" In 1986, Anders got herB.A. in Motion Picture-Television from the University of California Los Angeles.CareerFilmIn 1986, Anders won a Samuel Goldwyn Writing Award for a script called Lost Highway that she wrote about her father. She saidthat after writing the script she shared it with her father, and was able to have a relationship with him again.Anders' first film, the punk music-heavy Border Radio, was co-written and co-directed with Kurt Voss andDean Lent and was made while they were at UCLA. It was nominated for Best Feature of 1988 by the Independent Feature Project for Best First Feature. The film told the story of three musicians who stole money owedto them from a job and then fled to Mexico. The story is set amid the Los Angeles punk-rock scene of the 1980s. With a $2,000 contribution from actor Vic Tayback and loans from Voss's parents to fund the film, thefilmmakers made up for the small budget by using local locations and casting performers they knew. For the starring role, they cast Anders' sister, Luanna Anders, and musician Chris D., as the leading man, as well asAnders' daughter, Devon Anders, who played Luanna's daughter in the film. Violating UCLA policy, the filmmakers cut the film at night in the school's editing bays, while Anders' two young daughters slept on the floor.In 2007, Border Radio was given a special release on DVD as part of the Criterion Collection and was lauded as groundbreaking independent cinema.Anders' second feature, the 1992 film Gas Food Lodging, earned her aNew York Film Critics Circle Award and National Society of Film Critics honors for Best New Director; and nominations from the Independent Spirit Awards for Best Screenplay and Best Director. Actress Fairuza Balk wona Spirit Award for her role in the film. The film also won the Deauville Film Festival Critics Award and was also nominated for the Golden Bear at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival. Gas Food Lodging is acoming-of-age story about a truck stop waitress and her two daughters, three vibrant, restless women in an isolated Western town. The screenplay was loosely adapted by Anders from the novel Don't Look and It Won'tHurt by Richard Peck.Her next film, Mi Vida Loca (My Crazy Life), was about girl gangs in the poor Hispanic Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, where Anders lived. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 1993,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_74","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La voix (song)\"La voix\" (French pronunciation: [la vwa]; \"The voice\") is a song by Swedish singer Malena Ernman, which served as the Swedish entry at the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Moscow,Russia. It was composed by Fredrik Kempe, with lyrics by both Kempe and Ernman. It is the first Swedish entry to contain lyrics in French, as well as being the last Swedish entry to have contained lyrics in a languageother than English. Despite the fact that France's Patricia Kaas would get a relatively good placing in the final, Ernman drew further attention to Francophone culture in the semi-final, as well in the grand final (byclassing 3rd in the OGAE Second Chance round), despite her ultimate placing (21st).The song was the winner of Melodifestivalen 2009 on 14 March 2009, earning the right to compete for Sweden in the first semi-finalof Eurovision 2009 on 12 May 2009. The song qualified for the final round where it finished 21st place with 33 points, making it Sweden's second lowest placing in the contest since 1992's \"I morgon är en annan dag\"(22nd), and also the second time the country failed to place within the Top 20.In 2010, the song was covered by Russian pop singer Philipp Kirkorov and opera singer Anna Netrebko with Kirkorov singing verses andNetrebko singing chorus. They recorded two versions of the song, one with original French and English lyrics and other sang exclusively in Russian.The song has also been used as the backing track for the musicaldocumentary Spaceplane Sailing. The short film covers the 33-mission career of the Space Shuttle Atlantis and was premiered on YouTube in February 2013.Melodifestivalen and Eurovision\"La voix\" participated in thefourth heat of the 2009 Melodifestivalen which was held on 28 February 2009 at the Malmö Arena in Malmö. The song was the last of the eight competing entries to perform and directly qualified to the contest final asone of the two songs song which received the most telephone votes. On 14 March, during the final held at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, Ernman were the last of the eleven competing acts to perform, and \"La voix\"won the contest with 182 points, receiving the highest number of votes from the viewing public via telephone voting despite placing only eighth with the regional and international juries.Sweden participated in the firstsemi-final of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow, Russia on 12 May 2009. Ernman was the fifth competing artist to perform and Sweden were subsequently announced at the end of the broadcast as one of theten countries to have qualified for the final. Ernman performed again in the final on 16 May, with Sweden drawn to perform as the fourth country on stage, and subsequently finished in twenty-first place with a total of33 points. The full breakdown of results published after the final revealed that in the first semi-final Sweden had finished in fourth place with 105 points.Chart performanceThe song debuted on the Swedish Singles Charton the week of 13 March 2009 at number 31, before climbing to number 10 the following week and then number four in its third.On 26 April 2009, \"La voix\" went straight to number one on the Svensktoppen radiochart.In May 2009, the single entered at 29 in the Belgium Ultratip, moved up to 27 in its second week and then fell off the chart.Track listingCD: (Sweden)\"La voix\" (radio edit)\"La voix\" (karaoke)ChartsPassage2:Malena ErnmanSara Magdalena Ernman (born 4 November 1970) is a Swedish mezzo-soprano opera singer. Besides operas and operettas, she has also performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, and appeared in musicals.She is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Ernman represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song \"La Voix\", finishing in 21st place.Life and careerEarly lifeErnman was born inUppsala, Sweden, spent her childhood and school years in Sandviken, and was educated at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, the Music Conservatory in Orléans, France, and the school of the Royal SwedishOpera. She is married to actor Svante Thunberg, with whom she had appeared in a 2000 Swedish television musical documentary about the composer Joseph Martin Kraus, played by Thunberg. Together they have twodaughters: singer Beata Ernman, and climate activist Greta Thunberg.OperasIn 1997, Ernman sang in the premiere of Ivar Hallström's 1897 opera Liten Karin in Vadstena; Opera magazine noted that \"the mezzoMalena Ernman was very expressive as Princess Cecilia, King Erik XIV's sister\". In 1998, her Rosina in The Barber of Seville at the Royal Opera in Stockholm was described as \"displaying impressive technique\" and\"shaping the character with mocking good humour\". The same year, she sang Kaja in the premiere of Sven-David Sandström's Staden under Leif Segerstam also at the Royal Opera in Stockholm, where one reviewercommented that \"in vocal focus and expression, her full, rich voice is not that far behind Bartoli\". In July 1999, Ernman sang the trouser role of Ziöberg in the premiere of Jonas Forssell's Trädgården (The Garden) at theDrottningholm Palace Theatre in Stockholm, conducted by Roy Goodman, the first new opera to be premiered at the theatre in modern times.In Brussels in 2000, her Nerone in Handel's Agrippina, alongside RosemaryJoshua's Poppea and Anna Caterina Antonacci's Aggripina was described as \"the most convincingly brattish young man imaginable\".In 2001, Ernman sang Sesto in Handel's Giulio Cesare at the Drottningholm Festival.She sang at the Glyndebourne Festival, in the Summer of 2002 as Nancy in Albert Herring and the next summer as Prince Orlovsky in Johann Strauss's Die Fledermaus, which was also performed at the BBC Proms thatyear.In 2002/2003 Ernman appeared in Vienna as Diana in La Calisto. In 2003/2004 she sang the part of Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni at La Monnaie in Brussels and appeared at the Aix-en-Provence Festival as Lichasin Hercules by George Frideric Handel, with Les Arts Florissants under conductor William Christie, revived at the Paris Opera and at the Vienna Festival.In the spring and summer of 2005, Ernman created the title role inPhilippe Boesmans's Julie, appearing at la Monnaie, at the Vienna Festival, and in Aix-en-Provence. In 2006 she sang as Nerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea in Brussels and Berlin, then as Dido in Dido and Aeneas withWilliam Christie at the Vienna Festival. She also sang in Agrippina at Oper Frankfurt.In August 2006, Ernman made her debut at the Salzburg Festival as Annio in La clemenza di Tito under conductor NikolausHarnoncourt. In 2007, her roles included Sesto in Giulio Cesare with René Jacobs in Vienna, Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro with Daniel Harding in Aix-en-Provence, and Nerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea inAmsterdam. In 2008 she sang Angelina in La Cenerentola with the Royal Swedish Opera and Dido and Aeneas with Christie and the Opéra-Comique in Paris. In 2009 she reprised Angelina in La Cenerentola with OperFrankfurt and the Swedish Royal Opera, and Dido in Dido and Aeneas with Christie in Vienna and Amsterdam. In 2010, she sang the castrato role of Idamante in Idomeneo under Jérémie Rhorer at the Theatre de laMonnaie in Brussels, where her \"feisty\" portrayal of the prince was \"as if to the gender born, her efforts rewarded by the inclusion of the usually cut aria 'No, la morte'. Vienna saw her in the title role of Serse by Handelin October 2011 at the Theater an der Wien, and the following season she sang Eduige in the Nicolas Harnoncourt-led production of Handel's Rodelinda at the same house, later released on DVD. Back in the city asElena in La donna del lago in August 2012, she was \"impressive... dealing with the vocal difficulties with aplomb and managing the extra dramatic demands made on her with genuine expressivity\". She added Béatriceto her repertoire in 2013 in performances at Theater an der Wien of Berlioz's late opéra-comique. Also in 2013 she returned to the part of Aggripina at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, in a production by DavidMcVicar conducted by Harry Bicket.Ernman has sung several major roles with the Staatsoper Berlin, including Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro and Zerlina in Don Giovanni, both under conductor Daniel Barenboim. Shealso performed Rosina in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia with Staatsoper Berlin and the Finnish National Opera. With the Royal Opera Stockholm she has also sung the title role in Carmen.Ernman worked with conductorRené Jacobs in the roles of Nerone in Agrippina, Roberto in Scarlatti's Griselda and Diana in Cavalli's La Calisto.In 2018, she sang Gabriella in the Swedish musical Så som i himmelen (As It Is in Heaven), based on a2004 film of the same name, with words by Kay Pollak and Carin Pollak and the score by Fredrik Kempe, which premiered at the Oscarsteatern in September 2018.ConcertsEarly recitals on Swedish Radio includedRachmaninov in 1994, The airconditioned nightmare by Olov Olofsson, songs by Gunnar de Frumerie, and an eclectic mix of Fauré, Debussy, Jolivet, Ravel, Bizet, Barber, Ives and Lehrer in 1996, Brahms lieder, andworks by Carlid, Mahler and Berio in 1998.Ernman has performed several concert pieces as well. At the Salzburg Festival she sang Mozart's \"Waisenhausmesse\" with conductor Frans Brüggen. She performed Berio's\"Folksongs\" with the Stockholm Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Carlo Rizzi, and at the Verbier Festival with Gustavo Dudamel. She sang the world premiere of \"Nachtgesänge\" by Fabian Müller with the ZurichTonhalle Orchestra. In Minneapolis she sang Mozart's \"Requiem\" with Arnold Östman.2009 Melodifestivalen and EurovisionOn 28 November 2008, it was announced that Ernman would enter Melodifestivalen 2009 forthe Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song \"La voix,\" written by Fredrik Kempe. On 28 February 2009, Ernman competed in the 4th semi-final of Melodifestivalen in Malmö and became a finalist. She went on to winthe final on 14 March at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, and to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. She qualified as a finalist on 12 May and performed in the finals on 16 May, where she finished21st with 33 points. \"La voix\" was the first Swedish entry to contain a substantial amount of French lyrics; it was written by Ernman herself, who speaks French fluently. Prior to the competition a documentary about thelife and career of Ernman was broadcast on Swedish television entitled 'Rösternas Malena' ('The voice of Malena').Ernman revealed that the dress for her Eurovision performance cost 400,000 kronor (€37,471) and wasmade by designer Camilla Thulin. Singer Dea Norberg joined Ernman as one of the choirgirls. Ernman later participated in the Second Chance round of Melodifestivalen 2015 as a guest singer for Behrang Mirisentry.Personal lifeErnman is married to Swedish actor Svante Thunberg. Their first daughter Greta Thunberg rose to worldwide prominence when she initiated the School Strike for Climate. She also has a youngerdaughter, who is three years younger. Ernman’s career was taking off when Greta was born, and Svante stayed at home to look after their children.In August 2014, 11-year-old Greta suddenly stopped eating, talking,reading, or wanting to do anything. This condition lasted for several months, until she was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. The acute period of her daughter's condition affected Ernman and her family to such anextent that she had three breakdowns during her professional activity and five performances had to be cancelled. After the crisis was overcome, she turned to the nationwide daily newspaper Expressen, which reportedit in detail, because she wanted to help other families in a similar situation.Ernman has been politically active in support of the Paris Agreement; in June 2017 she wrote a collaborative debate piece in Dagens Nyheter.With her husband, she co-wrote the book Scenes from the Heart about her family, the environment, and sustainability. It was published in August 2018.Awards2010: appointed Hovsångerska (lit. \"[royal] court singer\")by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden2017: WWF-Sweden \"Environmental Hero of the Year\"DiscographyAlbums2000: Naïve (KMH) – songs by Olov Olofsson, Bo Linde, Bror Samuelson, Sandström, among others, withensemble directed by Chrichan Larson2001: Cabaret Songs – songs by William Bolcom, Kurt Weill, Friedrich Hollander and Benjamin Britten; with Bengt-Åke Lundin, piano (BIS)2003: Songs in Season (Nytorp Musik) –songs related to nature and the seasons by Mendelssohn, Grieg, Respighi, Storm, Copland, Koechlin, Mahler, Gefors, Schreker, Fauré, Liszt, Finzi, Sibelius, Tchaikovsky, and Jennefelt. With Francisca Skoogh (piano),recorded in January 2002 at Swedish Radio in Stockholm.2003: My Love – opera arias (by Rossini, Bizet, Mozart) and songs (by Ravel, Legrand, Mozart, Schubert, Ellington, Lindberg, Nilsson) arranged with guitaraccompaniment from Mats Bergström (BIS)2009: La Voix du Nord – 'pop works', 'One Step From Paradise', 'La voix', 'Min plats på jorden', 'Sempre libera', 'What Becomes of Love', 'Un bel dì', 'Breathless Days', 'Perdus','Tragedy', 'All the Lost Tomorrows'; and arias 'Quando me n'vò' (Puccini), 'Voi che sapete' (Mozart), Solveig's song from Peer Gynt (Grieg), 'O mio babbino caro' (Puccini), 'Vedrai, carino' (Mozart), 'Una voce poco fa'(Rossini), 'Lascia ch'io pianga' (Händel), 'Caro mio ben' (Giordani), 'Non più mesta' (Rossini), 'Ombra mai fu' (Händel) and 'When I am laid in earth' (Purcell), conducted by Alberto Hold-Garrido. The record is dedicatedto \"my daughters Greta and Beata and to my husband Svante\".2010: Santa Lucia – En klassisk jul (Christmas album)2011: Opera di Fiori (Roxy Recordings/Universal)2013: I decembertid2014: SDS (Fyra sånger förMalena and Missa brevis by Sven-David Sandström, with the Musica Vitae, Gustaf Sjökvist Kammarkör conducted by Gustaf Sjökvist)2015: Advent2016: SverigeOthersAlfred Schnittke: Symphony No. 2 'St. Florian';Mikaeli Chamber Choir, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic conducted by Leif Segerstam, with Göran Eliasson, Mikael Bellini, Torkel Borelius (BIS, 1995)Nachtgesänge – song-cycle by Fabian Müller, with the PhilharmoniaOrchestra, conducted by David Zinman (Col legno)Maurice Duruflé: Requiem, Op. 9 with the Swedish Radio Choir. Recorded 2004, Stockholm.Sven-David Sandström: The High Mass, with the Gewandhaus OrchesterLeipzig & MDR Chor Leipzig, Herbert Blomstedt. DG, 2005Romantic Swedish Vocal Works Vol. 2, with Olle Persson, Bengt-Åke Lundin. Includes Gustav Nordqvist: Tre Bo Bergman-dikter; Ingemar Liljefors: Tre Sånger\"Den utvalda\", Jag vantar manen, and Lagg din hand i min om du har lust; Åke Uddén: Tre Sånger ur Chansons de Bilitis; Hilding Hallnäs: Fem Dikter \"I skogen om natten\", Op. 17. (Phono Suecia, 2005)Berio: FolkSongs – part of 'Verbier Festival: 25 Years of Excellence', with the Verbier Festival Orchestra conducted by Gustavo Dudamel (recorded July 2005) (Deutsche Grammophon)Arias by Johann Christoph Bach \"Ach, daß ichWassers genug hätte\", Bacri \"Lamento\", and JS Bach \"Wie jammern mich doch die verkehrten Herzen\" from Cantata BWV 170, with Ensemble Matheus, directed by Jean-Christophe Spinosi, part of 'Miroirs' (2013,Deutsche Grammophon)Mozart: Così fan tutte, K588; with Christopher Maltman, Simone Kermes, Kenneth Tarver, Konstantin Wolff, Anna Kasyan; MusicAeterna, Teodor Currentzis (Sony, 2014) – asDorabellaSingles2009: \"La voix\" - sung at the Eurovision Song Contest 20092010: \"Min plats på jorden\"DVDStrauss: Die Fledermaus with Pamela Armstrong, Thomas Allen, Lyubov Petrova, Håkan Hagegård, LondonPhilharmonic Orchestra, Vladimir Jurowski. Filmed at Glyndebourne 2003 (Opus Arte) – Prince Orlovsky.Handel: Hercules with William Shimell, Joyce DiDonato, Toby Spence, Les Arts Florissants, William Christie. Filmedat the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence 2004 (Bel Air Classiques) – Lichas.Boesmans: Julie with Gary Magee, Kerstin Avemo, the Chamber Orchestra of la Monnaie, Kazushi Ono. Aix-en Provence 2005 (Bel Air Classiques) –title role.Purcell: Dido and Aeneas with Christopher Maltman, Les Arts Florissants, William Christie (conductor). Filmed at the Paris Opéra Comique 2008 (FRA) – Dido.Handel: Rodelinda with Danielle de Niese, BejunMehta, Kurt Streit, Concentus Musicus Wien, Nikolaus Harnoncourt. Filmed at the Theater an der Wien, 2011 (Belvedere) – Eduige.Mozart: Don Giovanni with Erwin Schrott, Anna Netrebko, Luca Pisaroni, CharlesCastronovo, Katija Dragojevic, Balthasar-Neumann-Orchestra, Thomas Hengelbrock (Sony) 2013 – Donna Elvira.See alsoFlight shame (aka 'Flygskam')Passage 3:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (Frenchpronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is bestknown for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott.ExternallinksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 4:Paule DesjardinsPaule Desjardins (29 April 1929 — 31 December 2007), also known as Paule Canat, was a French singer and fashion designer. She represented France in theEurovision Song Contest 1957 with the song \"La belle amour\" which finished second with 17 points.In the early 1960s, she ended her musical career to marry the French industrialist Charles Canat. She started a newcareer as a lingerie designer in Millau. From 1960 to 1992, Paule was responsible for the creation of collections, developing new clothing lines that played an important role in the development of the company.Paule andCharles had a son, Joël. He ran his father’s company from 1991-1996, before selling it to Saaly Holding. Charles passed away on 1 December 2007, at the age of 86. Paule passed away exactly 30 days after hisdeath.Passage 5:Another Girl\"Another Girl\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1965 album Help! and included in the film of the same title. The song was written by Paul McCartney and credited tothe Lennon–McCartney partnership. The song is addressed to the singer's girlfriend, who is informed that the singer has found \"another girl.\"Composition and recordingMcCartney wrote the song while holidaying inHammamet, a resort in Tunisia. With an up-tempo swing-beat that McCartney favoured (\"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"She's a Woman\") it opens with a short refrain, powered by block vocal harmonies, that segues straight intothe verse, which is constructed on the blues-mode chord changes the group currently favoured. The bridge theme makes a sudden key change up a minor third from A to C (a harmonic strategy also used on the record'snext track \"You're Going to Lose That Girl\") and features more close three-part harmonies as the aggressively sung verse's apparent threat to a jealous girl turns into a sweet tribute to the \"other\" girl who \"will alwaysbe my friend\".The Beatles recorded the song on 15 February 1965, having also worked that day on \"Ticket to Ride\" and \"I Need You\". The backing track was quickly recorded in a single take. George Harrison added aguitar \"flourish\" at the end which was omitted from the final mix: McCartney added lead guitar the next day. This is one of several Beatles songs recorded at the time on which McCartney played lead guitar in addition tohis usual bass. Four-track recording allowed the group to refine songs' arrangements in the studio and McCartney often had clear ideas about the guitar lines he wanted. He also contributed lead guitar to \"Ticket to Ride\"and played an electric guitar duet with Harrison on \"The Night Before\". The song was mixed down on 18 February and again on 23 February.This song features the often-utilized three-part harmonies between Lennon,McCartney and Harrison, but it is one of the only instances in which Lennon sings the highest harmony.McCartney said of this song and other album tracks, \"It's a bit much to call them fillers because I think they were abit more than that, and each one of them made it past the Beatles test. We all had to like it.\"Live performancesThe song was performed live for the first time by a Beatle when Paul McCartney returned to the NipponBudokan, Tokyo, on 28 April 2015; this was 49 years after the Beatles had first played at the venue, in June and July 1966. In a released statement, McCartney said, \"It was sensational and quite emotionalremembering the first time and then experiencing this fantastic audience tonight.\"In the film Help!In the film Help!, McCartney lip-syncs \"Another Girl\" while standing on a coral reef on Balmoral Island in the Bahamas,and plays a girl in a bikini as if she is a guitar. Since McCartney's hands are occupied (with either bass or girl), George Harrison mimes McCartney's guitar fills as if playing them himself. The four of them each change"}
{"doc_id":"doc_75","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lethal Weapon 3Lethal Weapon 3 is a 1992 American buddy cop action film directed by Richard Donner and written by Jeffrey Boam and Robert Mark Kamen. The sequel to Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), it is thethird installment in the Lethal Weapon film series and stars Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Rene Russo, and Stuart Wilson.In Lethal Weapon 3, LAPD Sergeants Martin Riggs (Gibson) and Roger Murtaugh (Glover)pursue Jack Travis (Wilson), a former LAPD lieutenant turned ruthless arms dealer, during the six days prior to Murtaugh's retirement. Riggs and Murtaugh are joined by Leo Getz (Pesci) as well as internal affairsSergeant Lorna Cole (Russo).The film was a box office success, grossing over $320 million worldwide. It was the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1992 and the highest-grossing installment in the series overall. The film wasfollowed by Lethal Weapon 4 in 1998.PlotA week before his retirement, L.A.P.D. Sergeant Roger Murtaugh and his partner Martin Riggs are demoted to uniform duties after failing to defuse an office building bomb. Whileon street patrol they witness the theft of an armored car, and help to thwart the crime assisted by armored car driver Delores. One of the two thieves gets away, but the other is taken into police custody. The suspect isfound to be a known associate of Jack Travis, a former LAPD lieutenant who is running an arms smuggling ring in Los Angeles. The department is further concerned that the thieves were using armor-piercing bullets.Riggs and Murtaugh are re-promoted and assigned to work with Sergeant Lorna Cole from internal affairs to track down Travis.Travis is currently negotiating with mobster Tyrone regarding his arms deal. The armoredcar thief that escaped is brought to Travis, who subsequently kills him in front of Tyrone for putting the police on his trail. Travis then uses his old police credentials to enter the interrogation room and kill the suspect incustody before he can be interviewed. Travis is unaware that closed-circuit cameras have been installed in the station, and Cole is able to confirm Travis' identity. While the three are reviewing the footage, their goodfriend Leo Getz, who has been helping Murtaugh sell his house, arrives and immediately recognizes Travis from several prior business deals and his love of ice hockey. Murtaugh, Riggs, and Getz narrowly miss capturingTravis at a hockey match, and Getz is wounded. However, Getz manages to provide them with information of a warehouse Travis owns, which they suspect is where he has stored his arms shipments.Riggs andMurtaugh contact Cole for backup before they raid the warehouse, and stop at a food truck to wait for her. As they wait for their food, they witness a drug deal and attempt to stop it. Murtaugh kills a gunman who firedat them, while the rest escape. Murtaugh recognizes the gunman, Darryl, a close friend of his son Nick. With Murtaugh emotionally distraught, Riggs and Cole head to the warehouse, where they successfully secure hisnext arms shipment delivery. That night, Riggs and Cole find they have feelings for each other and sleep together. Riggs later finds a guilt-ridden Murtaugh drunk in his boat and consoles him in time for Darryl's funeral.There, Darryl's father passionately insists that Murtaugh find the person responsible for giving Darryl the gun.Cole finds that Darryl's gun, the armor-piercing bullets, and the arms they recovered were originally in policecustody, meant to be destroyed, and were stolen by Travis; they revoke his credentials from the system. They further tie the guns to Tyrone and interrogate him. Tyrone directs them to an auto garage where many ofhis henchmen work from. Riggs, Murtaugh, and Cole are able to arrest several of the men. Meanwhile, Travis has one of his men hack into the computer system to find another arms storage area. He then forces CaptainMurphy under gunpoint to take him to this new facility so he can steal the guns using Murphy's credentials. Cole finds the evidence of hacking and Murphy's absence, and the three, along with a rookie cop, Edwards,who looks up to Riggs and Murtaugh, intercept Travis. They are able to rescue Murphy and stop Travis and his men before he can take the weapons, but Edwards is killed during their pursuit.Getz provides informationon a housing development owned by Travis's shell company. Riggs, Murtaugh, and Cole infiltrate the site at night and enter a large-scale gunfight. Riggs sets the construction site on fire and most of Travis' men arekilled, while Travis wounds Cole. When Travis uses a bulldozer to chase down Riggs, using its blade as a bullet shield, Murtaugh tosses Daryl's gun, now loaded with the armor-piercing bullets, to Riggs, who then shootsand kills Travis through the blade. After finding out Cole wore two layers of kevlar vests, Riggs admits his love for her as she is taken away in a chopper.The next day, Murtaugh's family is celebrating his retirement,when Murtaugh reveals to Getz that he has decided to not sell the house and stay with the force, preserving his partnership with Riggs. As the film ends, Riggs announces his relationship with Cole toMurtaugh.CastProductionThe movie was filmed from October 1991 to January 1992.Richard Donner, an animal-rights and pro-choice activist, placed many posters and stickers for these causes in the film. Of note arethe T-shirt worn by one of Murtaugh's daughters (the actress's idea), an 18-wheeler with an anti-fur slogan on the side, and a sticker on a locker in the police station.Demolition scenesIn the film's first scene, Riggsaccidentally sets off a bomb that destroys the ICSI Building. The ICSI Building was actually the former City Hall building of Orlando, Florida, located at the intersection of Orange Avenue and South Street in DowntownOrlando. Warner Bros. decided to use the destruction of the building in the film, and as a result paid $500,000 for the demolition. From August to October 1991, the production crew fitted the old Orlando City Hallbuilding featured in the opening scene with carefully placed explosives to create the visual effect of a bomb explosion. Bill Frederick, then mayor of Orlando, Florida, was the policeman who sarcastically claps and said\"Bravo!\" to Murtaugh and Riggs after the explosion.The building was demolished so that it would collapse slightly forward (toward Orange Avenue), minimizing the chances of it damaging the new City Hall building, builtdirectly behind it. The space was cleared out and became a plaza for the new City Hall, with a fountain and a monument.The film's climax scene, where an under-construction housing development is set ablaze, wasfilmed at an unfinished housing development in Lancaster, California. The unfinished houses, which had been sitting abandoned and slated to be torn down, were coated in flame retardant and propane gas lines toensure that the houses could withstand re-shoots. The original homes were eventually demolished and was eventually redeveloped into another housing development.During the closing credits, Riggs and Murtaughdrive up to an old hotel where another bomb has been placed. Before they (their doubles) can exit the car, the bomb explodes and destroys the building. The hotel was actually the former Soreno Hotel in downtown St.Petersburg, Florida. The film's producers agreed to help with the cost of the 68-year-old building's implosion for the purposes of their film.Hockey gameA November 26, 1991 NHL game between the Los Angeles Kingsand the Toronto Maple Leafs at the Great Western Forum served as the basis for the hockey scene featured in the movie.The league allowed production to capture the real-life action, although goaltender Kelly Hrudeyeventually became annoyed with the additional lights used by the crew and asked filming to stop.The NHL also let Donner stage part of the scene, where Riggs commandeers the arena's PA system to lure out JackTravis, during the game's second intermission. It was completed in two takes. However, the director was not allowed to film the segment where Riggs chases down Travis onto the ice that evening. It was completedafter a Kings practice. In closer shots, these sequences used extras dressed in unlicensed jerseys that only roughly resemble those worn by the actual teams. A contemporary AP report cites Lethal Weapon's excessiveviolence as the reason why the NHL limited its collaboration. However, the organization took a relaxed stance towards the more intense Sudden Death a few years later. The Los Angeles Kings later featured in a seasonthree episode of the Lethal Weapon TV series, entitled \"What The Puck?\".WritingJeffrey Boam's first two drafts of the script were different from the final film. The character of Lorna for example was not a woman inoriginal drafts, but the original character still had the same personality and was just as lethal and crazy as Riggs, making him his match. Riggs also had an affair with Roger's daughter Rianne, and a few parts in the finalfilm where Roger suspects that Riggs and Rianne are interested in each other are only parts left from the original drafts.Director Richard Donner demanded some big changes on the script which included changing theoriginal character of Lorna (who had a different name in earlier drafts) into a woman and turning her into Riggs's girlfriend. He also re-worked the script to be less story-oriented and not focus on the main villains butinstead on the relationship between Riggs and Murtaugh. He also toned down action scenes from the script and brought back Leo Getz into the story. All of his scenes were written in afterwards. In the original script Leohad left L.A. for New York. Boam had some disagreements with changes that Donner made, but he was not against them. Boam was fired after he wrote his first two drafts of the script. One of the reasons for this wasbecause Donner wasn't interested in the script and he disagreed with some parts of Boam's original draft. After another writer, Robert Mark Kamen, was hired to re-write the script, Boam was called to return to work onit again. The filmmakers realized that Kamen's re-writes were not working. Boam asked to work alone on the script and ended up constantly changing it from October 1991 until January 1992 while filming was takingplace. These types of changes also occurred during the filming of Lethal Weapon 2.According to Kamen in a 2012 interview, many of his writing contributions ended up in the final film. Kamen also wrote many parts ofthe previous film in the series, with the most significant portions being the South African villains.Screenwriter Jeffrey Boam is credited twice in the 'screenplay by' credits. This is because he did one draft by himself(granting him the first credit) and a second draft collaborating with Robert Mark Kamen (granting him the second credit). In this rare scenario, Boam was hired to rewrite his own script with a second writer. Afterreceiving the unusual writing credits, the advertising department assumed it was a misprint and produced posters with the credits \"Story by Jeffrey Boam, Screenplay by Jeffrey Boam and Robert Mark Kamen\". After afew of the posters had been sent out, the WGA contacted the department, telling them that the initial credits were the correct ones, and ordering the posters to be recalled and destroyed.Carrie Fisher was an uncreditedscript doctor on the film.Martial artsRusso received martial arts training for a month before shooting from Cheryl Wheeler-Dixon, who had a karate background and was a former kickboxing champion, andWheeler-Dixon was also her stunt double. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu instructor Rorion Gracie, who had taught Gibson and Gary Busey in the first movie of the series in 1987, also provided training to Russo and acted asstuntman for a fight scene.PromotionTo promote the film, theater lobbies featured a 3-D cutout of the film poster of Riggs and Murtaugh posing with their guns and Leo Getz peeking from the background. On thedisplay, there was a motor which helped Leo's head bob up and down from behind them.ReleaseBox officeLethal Weapon 3 made $33.2 million during its opening weekend. The $35 million film was a big box-officesuccess, earning $145 million. Although slightly less than the $150 million domestic gross of the first sequel, it was nevertheless the second-most successful summer film of 1992 (after Batman Returns) and the fifthmost profitable film of the year, as well as the highest-grossing in the film series worldwide with $320 million worldwide.After the film's success, Warner Bros. head Robert A. Daly bought Land Rovers for Gibson, Glover,Pesci, Russo, Donner, Boam, and producer Joel Silver. Daly later said \"It cost us $320,000 to buy those Land Rovers, and we were criticized left and right for the expense. Do you know what it got us? Lethal Weapon 4,which made $285 million\".Critical receptionRotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 58%, with an average rating of 5.6/10, based on 48 reviews from critics. The website's \"Critics Consensus\" for the film reads,\"Murtaugh and Riggs remain an appealing partnership, but Lethal Weapon 3 struggles to give them a worthy new adventure as it cranks up the camp along with the mean-spiritedness\". Metacritic gives a weightedaverage rating of 40/100 from 26 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gavethe film a positive review, awarding it 3 out of 4 stars.Home mediaLethal Weapon 3 has been released on VHS and DVD numerous times. The first DVD was released in 1997 and featured the film's theatrical version.The 1997 DVD contains both the widescreen and the pan and scan editions. The Director's Cut was released in 2000. Since then, numerous sets have been released that contain all four films in the series (featuring thesame DVDs). The film was released on Blu-ray Disc in 2011.SoundtrackLethal Weapon 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on June 9, 1992, on audio cassette and CD. The soundtrack was performedand composed by Michael Kamen, Eric Clapton, and David Sanborn. Its title songs, \"It's Probably Me\", and \"Runaway Train\" were written and performed by Eric Clapton with the assistance of Sting and Elton Johnrespectively.In 2013 La-La Land Records issued the complete score on a two-disc set as part of Lethal Weapon Soundtrack Collection.Track listingOriginal album\"It's Probably Me\" by Sting and Eric Clapton\"RunawayTrain\" by Elton John and Eric Clapton\"Grab the Cat\"\"Leo Getz Goes to the Hockey Game\"\"Darryl Dies\"\"Riggs and Rog\"\"Roger's Boat\"\"Armour Piercing Bullets\"\"God Judges Us by Our Scars\"\"Lorna – A Quiet Evening bythe Fire\"La-La Land albumTracks with one asterisk are previously unreleased, tracks with two asterisks contain previously unreleased material.Disc one\"Trust Me\" – 3:34 *\"Afterglow\" – 0:57\"Jaywalker\" – 2:01*\"Armoured Car Chase\" – 4:33 *\"Leo Getz\" – 3:20 **\"Concrete Death\" – 1:59 **\"Rianne's Big Break\" – 2:16 *\"Locker Room\" – 0:43 *\"Firing Range\" – 0:59 *\"Jack Kills Billy\" – 3:15 *\"Hockey Game\" – 0:58*\"Dum-Dum Wound\" – 1:07 *\"Shooting Darryl, Part 1\" – 3:12 **\"Shooting Darryl, Part 2/Step into My Office\" – 2:17 **\"Man's Best Friend/Lorna's First Fight\" – 6:41 **, *\"Scars/Love Scene\" – 3:45 *\"Roger's Boat\" –5:28 **\"Shaving\" – 1:17 *\"Gun Montage/Lorna's Second Fight\" – 3:33 *\"Captain Abducted/Captain and Travis\" – 1:34 *\"Unauthorized Access\" – 1:57 *\"Gun Battle\" – 3:47 **\"Riggs Falls\" – 2:11 *\"Drive to HousingDevelopment/On Three\" – 3:34 *\"Fire/Fire Battle/A Quiet Evening by the Fire\" – 7:01 *Disc twoOriginal album as above, followed by:Additional tracks\"Leo Getz\" (alternate) – 2:38 *\"Armoured Car Chase\" (no overlay) –4:33 *\"Gun Battle\" (alternate) – 5:26 *\"I Can't Retire\" – 1:30 **Video gamesSeveral versions of a Lethal Weapon video game were released in conjunction with this sequel's release, appearing on the NES, SNES, GameBoy, Amiga, Atari ST, and Commodore 64 platforms.Also released was a Lethal Weapon 3 pinball game.Passage 2:Lethal Weapon 2Lethal Weapon 2 is a 1989 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by RichardDonner, and starring Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Joss Ackland, Derrick O'Connor and Patsy Kensit. It is a sequel to the 1987 film Lethal Weapon and the second installment in the Lethal Weapon filmseries.Gibson and Glover respectively reprise their roles as LAPD officers Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh, who protect an irritating federal witness (Pesci), while taking on a gang of South African drug dealers hidingbehind diplomatic immunity. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing (for Robert G. Henderson). The film received mostly positive reviews and earned more than $227 millionworldwide.PlotTwo years after the events of the first film, LAPD sergeants Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh are pursuing unidentified suspects suspected of drug trafficking, only to find they have been transporting anillegal shipment of gold in the form of krugerrand coins from the Afrikaner apartheid government of South Africa.  Later, consul-general Arjen Rudd and security agent Pieter Vorstedt kill Hans, their man who lost theshipment of krugerrands, and debate how to stir the police away from their activities. Pieter suggests warning Murtaugh off the investigation and commits a home invasion on his residence, causing Captain Murphy toreassign Riggs and Murtaugh to protecting an obnoxious federal witness, Leo Getz.It soon becomes clear that both cases are related: after an attempt on Leo's life, Riggs and Murtaugh learn of the former's murky pastlaundering funds for vengeful drug smugglers. Leo provides them with information about how laundering works and leads them to the gang, but upon dispatching his would-be assassin and returning with backup theyare confronted by Rudd, who invokes diplomatic immunity on behalf of his unscrupulous \"associates\", leaving the LAPD powerless to take action against them.Though instructed to leave the case alone, Riggs begins toopenly harass the South African consulate, defying Rudd and romancing his secretary, Rika van den Haas, a liberal-minded Afrikaner who despises her boss and his racial philosophy. Murtaugh enlists Leo's help increating a scene at the consulate that wins the support of anti-apartheid protesters outside. Vorstedt is dispatched to murder all of the officers investigating them while Murtaugh deduces that Rudd is attempting to shipfunds from his smuggling ring in the United States to Cape Town via Los Angeles Harbor. Two assassins attack Murtaugh at his home, but he kills them both with his contractor's nail gun, though Leo is abducted in theprocess.After killing many of the investigating officers, Vorstedt seizes Riggs at van den Haas' apartment and discloses that he was responsible for the death of Riggs's wife years earlier during a botched assassinationattempt on him. He has his men kill Rika by drowning her and orders them to do the same to Riggs, who escapes and brutally kills both of the men. He phones Murtaugh, declaring an intention to pursue Rudd andavenge his wife, Rika, and their fallen friends; Murtaugh willingly forsakes his badge to aid his partner. After rescuing Leo and destroying Rudd's house, they head for the Alba Varden, Rudd's freighter docked in the Portof Los Angeles, as the South Africans prepare their getaway with hundreds of millions in drug money.While investigating a guarded 40-foot cargo container at the docks, Riggs and Murtaugh discover Rudd's laundereddrug money, but are locked inside by Rudd's men. They break out of the box, scattering two pallets of the money into the harbor in the process. Riggs and Murtaugh engage in a firefight with some of Rudd's menaboard the Alba Varden before separating to hunt down Rudd.  Riggs confronts and fights Vorstedt hand-to-hand, culminating when Riggs stabs Vorstedt with his own knife and crushes him to death by dropping acontainer on him. Rudd retaliates by shooting Riggs in the back multiple times. Rudd again invokes diplomatic immunity upon seeing Murtaugh aim his gun at him; Murtaugh fatally shoots him and declares that hisimmunity has \"just been revoked\". Murtaugh then tends to Riggs, whom he believes may be dying and encourages him to hang on and that he is not dead until he says he is.  Discovering Riggs survived the shooting,they share a laugh as more LAPD personnel respond to the scene.CastProductionShane Black and Warren Murphy's original Play Dirty scriptFollowing the success of the first film, Warner Bros. and producers decided tomake the sequel. Producer Joel Silver asked writer of the first film Shane Black to write the script for the sequel in the spring of 1987 and Black agreed. Although he was struggling with personal issues, Black stillmanaged to write the first draft along with his friend, novelist Warren Murphy, co-creator of Remo Williams (the lead character of The Destroyer novels). Their original title for the script was Play Dirty. Although many"}
{"doc_id":"doc_76","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ladies in DistressLadies in Distress is a 1938 American drama film directed by Gus Meins and written by Dorrell McGowan and Stuart E. McGowan. The film stars Alison Skipworth, Polly Moran, Robert Livingston, Virginia Grey, Max Terhune and Berton Churchill. The film was released on June 13, 1938, by Republic Pictures.PlotCastAlison Skipworth as Josephine BonneyPolly Moran as Lydia BonneyRobert Livingston as Pete BraddockVirginia Grey as SallyMax Terhune as Dave EvansBerton Churchill as Fred MorganLeonard Penn as Daniel J. RomanHorace McMahon as 2nd ThugAllen Vincent as SpadeEddie Acuff as HoraceCharles Anthony Hughes as LieutenantJack Carr as PolicemanWalter Sande as DuncanBilly Wayne as BrownPassage 2:Kyōen KobanzameKyōen Kobanzame (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kyōen Kobanzame) is a 1958 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Nobuo Nakagawa.There are two parts of the film: the first part Kyōen Kobanzame zenpen (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000) and the second part Kyōen Kobanzame kōhen (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000). Both parts have the same staff and the same actors.CastKanjūrō Arashi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Misako Uji (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000)Ryūzaburō Nakamura (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) - dual roleUreo Egawa (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000)Tomohiko Ōtani (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Saburō Sawai (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Tetsurō Tamba (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Masao Takamatsu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Kōtarō Bandō (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Fumiko Miyata (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Namiji Matsuura (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Passage 3:A Damsel in Distress (1919 film)A Damsel in Distress is a silent romantic comedy film released in 1919, starring June Caprice and Creighton Hale. The film is based on the 1919 novel A Damsel in Distress by English humorist P. G. Wodehouse. The director was George Archainbaud. The same novel later inspired a 1937 film.Plot summaryCastJune Caprice as Maud MarshCreighton Hale as George BevanWilliam H. Thompson as John W. MarshCharlotte Granville as Mrs. Caroline ByngArthur Albro as Reggie ByngGeorge Trimble as KeggsKatherine Johnson as Alice FarradayMark Smith as Percy MarshProductionThe film was directed by George Archainbaud, with Philip Masi as assistant director. The art director was Henri Menessier.Passage 4:Sidney OlcottSidney Olcott (born John Sidney Allcott, September 20, 1872 – December 16, 1949) was a Canadian-born film producer, director, actor and screenwriter.BiographyBorn John Sidney Allcott in Toronto, he became one of the first great directors of the motion picture business. With a desire to be an actor, a young Sidney Olcott went to New York City where he worked in the theatre until 1904 when he performed as a film actor with the Biograph Studios.In 1907, Frank J. Marion and Samuel Long, with financial backing from George Kleine, formed a new motion picture company called the Kalem Company and were able to lure the increasingly successful Olcott away from Biograph. Olcott was offered the sum of ten dollars per picture and under the terms of his contract, Olcott was required to direct a minimum of one, one-reel picture of about a thousand feet every week. After making a number of very successful films for the Kalem studio, including Ben Hur (1907) with its dramatic chariot race scene, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908), Olcott became the company's president and was rewarded with one share of its stock.In 1910 Sidney Olcott demonstrated his creative thinking when he made Kalem Studios the first ever to travel outside the United States to film on location.Of Irish ancestry, and knowing that in America there was a huge built-in Irish audience, Olcott went to Ireland where he made a film called A Lad from Old Ireland. He would go on to make more than a dozen films there and later on only the outbreak of World War I prevented him from following through with his plans to build a permanent studio in Beaufort, County Kerry, Ireland. The Irish films led to him taking a crew to Palestine in 1912 to make the first five-reel film ever, titled From the Manger to the Cross, the life story of Jesus.The film concept was at first the subject of much scepticism but when it appeared on screen, it was lauded by the public and the critics. Costing $35,000 to produce, From the Manger to the Cross earned the Kalem Company profits of almost $1 million, a staggering amount in 1912. The motion picture industry acclaimed him as its greatest director and the film influenced the direction many great filmmakers would take such as D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille. From the Manger to the Cross is still shown today to film societies and students studying early film making techniques. In 1998 the film was selected for the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress.Despite making the studio owners very rich men, they refused to increase his salary beyond the $150 a week he was then earning. From the enormous profits made for his employers, Olcott's dividend on the one share they had given him amounted to $350. As a result, Sidney Olcott resigned and took some time off, making only an occasional film until 1915 when he was encouraged by his Canadian friend Mary Pickford to join her at Famous Players–Lasky, later Paramount Pictures. The Kalem Company never recovered from the mistake of losing Olcott and a few years after his departure, the operation was acquired by Vitagraph Studios in 1916.Olcott was a founding member of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America and would later serve as its president. Like the rest of the film industry, Sidney Olcott moved to Hollywood, California, where he directed many more successful and acclaimed motion pictures with the leading stars of the day.Olcott married actress Valentine Grant, the star of his 1916 film, The Innocent Lie.During World War II, Olcott opened his home to visiting British Commonwealth soldiers in Los Angeles. In his book titled Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood, writer Charles Foster tells of this period in Olcott's life, and of how he was introduced to many members of Hollywood's Canadian community through Olcott. Olcott died in Hollywood, California, in the house of his friend Robert Vignola where he lived after the death of Valentine Grant. Wanting to be buried in Canada, he is buried in Park Lawn cemetery in Toronto, Ontario.Partial filmography190719081909191019111912191319141915191619181919Marriage for Convenience (1919)1920Scratch My Back (1920)1921The Right Way (1921)God's Country and the Law (1921)Pardon My French (1921)1922Timothy's Quest (1922)1923The Green Goddess (1923)Little Old New York (1923)1924The Humming Bird (1924)Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)The Only Woman (1924)1925Salome of the Tenements (1925)The Charmer (1925)Not So Long Ago (1925)The Best People (1925)1926The White Black Sheep (1926)Ranson's Folly (1926)The Amateur Gentleman (1926)1927The Claw (1927)See alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodPassage 5:When Lovers PartWhen Lovers Part is an American silent film produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier, Jack J. Clark, Robert Vignola and JP McGowan in the leading roles.A copy is kept in the Desmet collection at Eye Film Institute (Amsterdam).PlotIn the Antebellum South, Nell is banned from seeing her lover by her father. They decide to elope, but their plans are thwarted by the father. When the American Civil War begins both Nell's father and former lover enlist the Confederate Army. Nell's father returns and her lover is traumatized and matured by the war, and at her father's funeral Nell finally accepts his hand in marriage.CastGene Gauntier - NellJack J. Clark -Robert Vignola - Back servantJP McGowan - Nell's fatherProduction notesThe film was shot in Jacksonville, Florida.Passage 6:Damsels in Distress (film)Damsels in Distress is a 2011 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Whit Stillman and starring Greta Gerwig, Adam Brody, and Lio Tipton. It is set at a United States East Coast university. First screened at the 68th Venice International Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, it opened in New York and Los Angeles on April 6, 2012.PlotNewly transferred college student Lily becomes friends with Violet, Heather and Rose, a clique who run the campus' suicide prevention center. They date less attractive men to help the men's confidence; they try to clean up the \"unhygenic\" Doar Dorm; they clash with the editor of the campus newspaper, The Daily Complainer, who wants to close down the \"elitist\" fraternities; and they try to start a new dance craze, The Sambola!CastDevelopmentDamsels in Distress was Stillman's first produced feature since The Last Days of Disco (1998). In August 1998, he had moved from New York to Paris with his wife and two daughters. In that time, he wrote a novelization of The Last Days of Disco, in addition to several original film scripts which were not made, including one set in Jamaica in the 1960s. He resolved to make a lower-budgeted film in the style of his debut, Metropolitan (1990). In 2006, he met with Liz Glotzer and Mart Shafer at Castle Rock Entertainment, who had financed his second and third films. According to Shafer:Whit said, 'I want to write a movie about four girls in a dorm who are trying to keep things civil in an uncivil world.' It took him a year to write 23 pages. Six months later, a few more dribbled in. He just doesn't work very fast. Finally we had a draft. When we started production he said, 'I think 12 years is the right amount of time between movies.'Castle Rock provided most of the $3 million budget.ProductionThe movie was filmed on location in New York City on Staten Island at the Sailors' Snug Harbor Cultural Center. Filming finished on November 5, 2010.Stillman has said that the film was cut between its festival and theatrical runs:I felt the MPAA helped us out there. I'd hoped to get a PG-13 even with the Venice cut, but in the first viewing they thought it was R. So we looked at it, the editor [Andrew Hafitz] and I, and we saw immediately some things that would make it pretty clearly PG-13, and we felt would help the movie. There could've been a little heaviness of talking a little too much about what was going on, and it would delay the laugh until later – which I think is always good. We were really happy with the small changes we made. We made tiny changes in two scenes: we took out the text for what the ALA stood for... I think it gave it a Lubitschean vagueness and delayed the laugh.MusicThe film features an original score by Mark Suozzo. The song \"Sambola!\" is written by Suozzo, Michael A. Levine, and Lou Christie.ReceptionOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on reviews from 143 critics. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Damsels in Distress can sometimes feel mannered and outlandish, but it's redeemed by director Whit Stillman's oddball cleverness and Greta Gerwig's dryly funny performance.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 67% based on reviews from 33 critics.In Variety, Leslie Felperin wrote, \"a film that raises laughs even with its end credits, Whit Stillman's whimsical campus comedy Damsels in Distress is an utter delight.\" In Time, critic Richard Corliss wrote, \"Innocence deserted teen movies ages ago, but it makes a comeback, revived and romanticized, in this joyous anachronism.\" Andrew O'Hehir of Salon praised Gerwig's \"powerful and complicated performance\" and said that \"it's both a relief and a delight to discover that Stillman remains one of the funniest writers in captivity.\" He concluded, \"I laughed until I cried, and you may too (if you don't find it pointless and teeth-grindingly irritating). Either way, Whit Stillman is back at last, bringing his peculiar brand of counterprogramming refreshment to our jaded age.\" Jordan Hoffman of About.com gave the film four stars out of five, calling Gerwig \"a massive, multi-faceted talent\" and the film a \"love it or hate it movie. Personally, I think the ones who aren't charmed to pieces by its endless banter and preposterous characters very much need our help to expand their tastes and accept a more enlightened purview of what, indeed, is refined and acceptable motion picture entertainment.\"NotesPassage 7:Nigel HessNigel John Hess (born 22 July 1953) is a British composer, best known for his television, theatre and film soundtracks, including the theme tunes to Campion, Maigret, Wycliffe, Dangerfield, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates, Badger and Ladies in Lavender.BiographyHess was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. He was educated at Weston-super-Mare Grammar School for Boys, and went on to study music at Cambridge University, where he was Music Director of the famous Footlights Revue Company. He has since worked extensively as a composer and conductor in television, theatre and film.Hess has composed numerous scores for both American and British television productions, including A Woman of Substance, Vanity Fair, Campion, Testament (Ivor Novello Award for Best TV Theme), Summer's Lease (Television & Radio Industries Club Award for Best TV Theme), Chimera, Titmuss Regained, Maigret, Classic Adventure, Dangerfield, Just William, Wycliffe (Royal Television Society Nomination for Best TV Theme), The One Game, Every Woman Knows a Secret, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates (Ivor Novello Award for Best TV Theme and Royal Television Society Nomination for Best TV Theme), Badger, Ballykissangel, New Tricks  and Stick With Me Kid for Disney. His best-known film score is Ladies in Lavender (Classical Brits Nomination for Best Soundtrack Composer) starring Dame Judi Dench and Dame Maggie Smith. The music has become popular worldwide, and was performed in the film by violinist Joshua Bell with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.While Hess was House Composer for the Royal Shakespeare Company he contributed twenty scores for RSC productions, and highlights from his Shakespeare scores have been recorded and performed by the RPO in concert as The Food of Love, hosted by Dame Judi Dench and Sir Patrick Stewart. His most recent RSC scores were for Christopher Luscombe's productions of Love's Labour's Lost and Love's Labour's Won. Hess was awarded the New York Drama Desk Award for ‘Outstanding Music in a Play’ for the productions of Much Ado About Nothing and Cyrano de Bergerac on Broadway. His most recent theatre scores have been written for Shakespeare's Globe in London and include The Merry Wives of Windsor, Romeo and Juliet, Henry VIII, The Knight of the Burning Pestle and Nell Gwynn.The debut album of Hess’s vocal group Chameleon (recently reissued as Saylon Dola) won the Music Retailers Association Award for Best MOR Vocal Album, with tracks from the album subsequently covered by several artists, including tenor Russell Watson.Hess has also composed much concert music, particularly for symphonic wind band, including commissions from Royal Air Force Music Services and the Band of the Coldstream Guards. July 2007 saw the première of Hess’s Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (Classical Brits Nomination for Composer of the Year), commissioned by the Prince of Wales in memory of his grandmother. The soloist was internationally renowned pianist Lang Lang. Other commissions include a new ballet based on The Old Man of Lochnagar, a children’s story written by the Prince of Wales in 1980, commissioned and premiered by the National Youth Ballet of Great Britain; A Christmas Overture, commissioned by John Rutter and premiered by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall, and A Celebration Overture, commissioned by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra for its 175th anniversary and also premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in 2015.Hess is the great nephew of British pianist Dame Myra Hess. He named his music publishing company Myra Music in her honour.In 2023, Hess was announced as one of the composers who would each create a brand new piece for the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla.Notable TV compositionsHess's notable television compositions includeTestament  — awarded the Ivor Novello Award for best television themeSummer's Lease  — awarded the Television and Radio Industries Club award for best television themeWycliffe  — nominated for the Royal Television Society best television themeHetty Wainthropp Investigates  — awarded the Ivor Novello Award for best television theme and nominated for the Royal Television Society best television theme awardPassage 8:I Want Your Love (film)I Want Your Love is the title of both a 2010 short film and a 2012 feature-length film. Both films were directed and written by Travis Mathews. The drama films both revolve around the friends and ex-lovers of Jesse Metzger, a gay man in his mid-30s who is forced to move back to his hometown from San Francisco due to financial reasons.The actors' own names, along with much of their real-life stories, were used for their characters in both films, which features graphic sexual scenes. The production of both films was aided by the gay pornographic studio NakedSword. This led to the full-length film being refused exemption from classification, which would have allowed it to screen at the Melbourne Queer Film Festival, a decision to which actor James Franco (who invited Mathews to collaborate on Franco's film Interior. Leather Bar.) reacted negatively.2010 short filmCastJesse Metzger as JesseBrenden Gregory as BrendenPlotJesse and Brenden playfully negotiate their way toward having sex together for the first time on Metzger's last night in San Francisco before he returns to the Midwest.2012 filmCastJesse Metzger as Jesse a performance-arts director and the main character, who's forced to move back to his hometownBrontez Purnell as Brontez, a friend of Jesse, who works at a clothing shopBen Jasper as Ben, Jesse's ex-boyfriend, who works in advertising and stops by to say goodbyeKeith McDonald as Keith, Jesse's friend and roommateWayne Bumb as WayneFerrin Solano as Ferrin, Wayne's boyfriend, who moves in with WayneJorge Rodolfo as Jorge, Wayne's friend, of whom Ferrin is initially jealous, but who eventually joins Wayne and Ferrin for a threesomePeter Knegt as Peter, Jesse's one-night standOthers; Shannon O'Malley as ShannonCourtney Trouble as CourtneyBob Mathews as Jesse's Dad (voice)Justin Time as Boy Outside of Aunt Charlie'sMike Ojeda as Boy Outside of Aunt Charlie'sGinno Castro as Party PersonRyan Crowder as Party PersonPlotJesse Metzger, a gay man in his mid-30s who works in the domain of performance arts, finds himself forced to move back to his hometown because he can no longer afford living in San Francisco. As he plans his move, his best friend Wayne is having his boyfriend Ferrin move in. The two have trouble acclimating through the movie, and Ferrin is worried about Wayne's increasing interest in Jorge, a friend of Wayne.Jesse discusses his fears about moving with his other roommate, Keith, who seems to always help Jesse by saying the right things. Meanwhile, Jesse is having trouble with his job, which involves creativity, a quality he is losing under all the pressure. He contacts his ex-boyfriend Ben to say goodbye. Ben is excited, and goes shopping to impress Jesse, where he meets with friend Brontez. The two chat and agree to meet in a goodbye party for Jesse, which Wayne had planned for later that night. Jesse, despite having reminisced his love-making with Ben, and Ben feel good about meeting each other, but upon meeting, they both realize their feelings are gone. Later that day, Ben calls Brontez to confirm seeing him later at night in Jesse's party.At the party, Jesse does not show up and stays downstairs with Keith, who is leaving for the weekend. The guests arrive. Ferrin suggests a threesome with Wayne and Jorge, to which they both agree. During the sex, Jorge leaves the two lovers. Meanwhile, Ben and Brontez flirt and eventually have sex. Downstairs, Jesse wears Keith's clothes and lays down listening to music. Keith shows up, surprising Jesse. The two chat until their sexual tension reaches the point where they have sex, which is interrupted by Jesse, who tells Keith that this \"isn't what he wants.\"In the morning, Ben picks up Jesse. On their way to the airport, Jesse laughs loudly, claiming he is, despite his fears, strangely excited.ProductionI Want Your Love is about gay relationships among a group of San Francisco friends. The short film was released in April 2010, with the cooperation of NakedSword, a gay porn studio, and proceeded to be shown at a number of LGBT film festivals around the world. The full-length film was shown at a number of LGBT film festivals in 2012.Restriction in AustraliaThe Australian Classification Board denied I Want Your Love festival exemption for the Sydney Mardi Gras Film Festival. The move has been controversial, with critics highlighting the fact that Donkey Love, a documentary about zoophilia in Colombia, was permitted to screen at the Sydney Underground Film Festival. In 2013, actor James Franco spoke out in defense of the film, stating that the refusal to grant a festival exemption to the film was \" "}
{"doc_id":"doc_77","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ole Arntzen LützowOle Arntzen Lützow (14 November 1801 – 2 November 1871) was a Norwegian politician.He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1839, 1842 and 1845, representing the ruralconstituency of Hedemarkens Amt. He worked as a farmer.Passage 2:Harry A. McMackinHarry Albert McMackin (February 10, 1880 – October 13, 1946) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assemblyof New Brunswick as member of the Progressive Conservative party from 1939 to 1944.Passage 3:Harry A. KeeganHarry Albert Keegan (November 18, 1882 – August 25, 1968) was a member of the Wisconsin StateAssembly.BiographyKeegan was born on November 18, 1882 in what is now Madison, South Dakota. He later moved to Monroe, Wisconsin. Keegan died in August 1968.CareerKeegan was a member of the Assemblytwice. First, from 1939 to 1946 and second, from 1949 to 1956. He was a Republican. He was a dairy farmer and also worked in the grocery business. Keegan served on the Monroe Common Council.Passage 4:HarrySieben Sr.Harry Albert Sieben II (August 23, 1914 - April 25, 1979) was an American public servant, active in government and politics in Minnesota throughout his life.Family, early life, and educationSieben was born onAugust 23, 1914, in Hastings, Minnesota into a family active in government and politics. Sieben's father, also named Harry Albert Sieben (1890-1945), a 1911 graduate of the University of Illinois, served as mayor ofHastings from 1922 to 1926. Sieben's grandfather, J. George Sieben, served three terms as mayor of Hastings, while also serving on the city council for twelve years.Sieben's mother, Irene H. Buckley Sieben(1891-1982), was a 1911 graduate of the University of Minnesota and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1948.The Sieben family originally arrived in the United States from Firmenich, nearCologne, Germany, in the then-Kingdom of Prussia, in 1847.Sieben graduated from the University of Minnesota and, later, from William Mitchell College of Law.Early careerBefore his career in law and government,Sieben managed his family's drug store, which was founded by his grandfather in 1885. During World War II, Sieben joined the Army and served at the bomber modification center at Holman Field in St. Paul.Siebenmarried his wife, the former Mary Luger, in April 1940, in Minneapolis, where they later made their home before moving to Hastings.Political careerSieben was a long-time member of the MinnesotaDemocratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and active in local and state politics for over thirty years. After assisting with the political activity of his father in Hastings, an early political experience of Sieben's came duringHubert Humphrey's successful 1948 bid for US Senate.In 1950, Sieben ran for Minnesota's 2nd Congressional District of the US Congress, against incumbent-since-1941, Joseph O'Hara. Sieben supported the MarshallPlan and providing military assistance to Europe and Asia, including Korea, where his brother James G. Sieben served. Sieben ultimately lost 69,304 to 46,452.In February 1951, he was also appointed acting director ofthe Office of Price Stabilization in Minnesota after being recommended for it by then-Senator Hubert Humphrey.In 1954, Sieben again ran for US Congress in the 2nd District. A highlight of Sieben's campaign was afundraising dinner for 700 people in Mankato with sitting Senator Hubert Humphrey at $5 per plate.In January 1955, Minnesota Governor Orville Freeman appointed Sieben as liquor control commissioner. In 1957,Governor Freeman appointed Sieben as the Minnesota highway safety director, a role in which he served for four years.Sieben was appointed as US Marshal for Minnesota by President John F. Kennedy on May 1,1961.Sieben stepped down from US Marshal position in the summer of 1962 to become the regional director of the Small Business Administration for Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and northern Wisconsin. Duringthis time, Sieben was also a confidante of Governor Karl Rolvaag.In 1966, at the age of 52, he graduated from William Mitchell College of Law and worked as a lawyer. In 1968, Sieben was elected president of the TwinCities chapter of the Federal Bar Association.From 1971 until his death, Sieben served as chief clerk of the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota.Death & legacyOn April 22, 1979, Sieben he suffered astroke or a heart attack and was hospitalized. He died shortly afterwards on April 25, 1979, in Hastings.Two of Sieben's sons, Harry A. Sieben, Jr. and Mike Sieben, served in the Minnesota House of Representatives:Harry, Jr. served 14 years, including as Speaker of the House, while Mike served 10 years. Harry, Jr. also served as a Major General and Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard. Another of Sieben's sons,William, served on Walter Mondale's senate staff in Minnesota, and later, on his White House staff during his vice presidency. Sieben's granddaughter, Katie Sieben, served in the Minnesota Senate. Sieben was also thebrother of Major General James G. Sieben, who served as Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard.Passage 5:Harry Atkinson (socialist)Harry Albert Atkinson (15 October 1867 – 21 January 1956) was a NewZealand engineer, socialist and insurance agent. He was born in Urenui, Taranaki, New Zealand on 15 October 1867, and was educated at Nelson College.Passage 6:Ole ArntzenOle Arntzen (4 February 1910 – 7 August1973) was a Norwegian businessman and resistance member during World War II. He was a brother of Sven Arntzen. He was a member of the Central Committee of Milorg, where he served as General Inspector (\"StorI\") from April 1944 to May 1945. His cover name was \"Ørnulf\". In his World War II memoirs, Gunnar Sønsteby devotes one chapter to the arrest of Milorg leaders Jens Christian Hauge and Arntzen by the State police on10 April 1945, but their central role was not discovered.Passage 7:Harry Albert WillisHarry Albert Willis (July 11, 1904 – March 23, 1972) was a Canadian Senator and long-time fundraiser and organizer for theProgressive Conservative Party of Canada in Ontario.Born in Belfountain, Ontario, Wilson was Ontario chairman of the federal party's Ontario wing from 1943 until 1963.A lawyer by training, Willis was a graduate ofMcMaster University and Osgoode Hall Law School. He was appointed to his party position by then federal leader John Bracken.Under John Diefenbaker, Willis was one of the \"three musketeers\" who ran the Ontario wingalong with Edwin A. Goodman and Senator William Brunt.Diefenbaker appointed Willis to the Senate in June 1962. He stepped down as Ontario chairman following the 1963 federal election in which the Tories weredefeated by Lester Pearson's Liberals with only 26 Progressive Conservative MPs being elected in Ontario.In the business world, Willis sat on several boards of directors, including those of Denison Mines and StandardTrust. He was president of Caledon Holdings Limited, which developed residential subdivisions. The company owned 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) near which Wilson wished to develop despite the province's plans to createpark Forks of the Credit Provincial Park. Wilson continued buying property in the area despite the province's plans. The provincial Progressive Conservative government purchased the land from Wilson in 1971, givinghim an 81% profit, which resulted in complaints by the parliamentary opposition and a formal inquiry which found no wrongdoing on the part of Willis but which criticized the government for not bargaining for a lowerprice.Willis died in flight from Ottawa to Toronto.Passage 8:Charalampos MavriasCharalampos Mavrias (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Μαυρίας; born 21 February 1994), known as \"Charis\" (Greek: Χάρης) or \"Harry\", is a Greekprofessional footballer who plays as a right back and right midfielder for Greece national team.Club careerPanathinaikosMavrias joined Panathinaikos' youth academy in 2007, aged 13, and was promoted to thefirst-team squad in 2010, after signing a professional contract in the previous year. On 20 October 2010 he made his first-team – and UEFA Champions League – debut, playing the last 12 minutes of a 0–0 home drawagainst Rubin Kazan, thus becoming the youngest Greek ever to appear in the competition, and the second youngest overall (only behind Celestine Babayaro, being surpassed later by Alen Halilović, Youri Tielemans andRayan Cherki). Four days later he made his league debut, again as a substitute in a 0–1 loss at AEK.Mavrias scored his first professional goal on 18 February 2012, netting his side's last of a 2–0 success at Ergotellis; hescored his first European goal on 31 July 2012, again netted the last of a 2–0 win at Motherwell in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the Champions League, one minute after coming onto the pitch as asubstitute.SunderlandOn 22 August 2013, Mavrias joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a four-year contract, for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be £2-3 million. However, he was left out of the squad toplay Southampton due to lack of match fitness.Mavrias made his debut five days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–2 home success over Milton Keynes Dons, for the campaign's Football League Cup. Hescored his first goal on 25 January of the following year, netting the winner against Kidderminster Harriers in the fourth round of the FA Cup.On 2 February 2015, it was confirmed Mavrias had joined his former clubPanathinaikos on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season.Mavrias returned to Sunderland where he has been training and playing for the Black Cats Under-21s – and is understood to have impressed the club'scoaching staff with his attitude and contribution. But Mavrias has not come close to being included in the first-team squad, however is not bitter over seeing his career stall on Wearside. “I took the decision to leavePanathinaikos and go to Sunderland, and I think anyone in my position would take this decision,” he told the Greek press. On 9 January 2016, almost two years after his last match with the first team, Mavrias enteredthe game in second half as a substitute in a 3–1 away loss against Arsenal for FA Cup.Fortuna DüsseldorfHe was loaned to Fortuna Düsseldorf on 27 January 2016.Mavrias - who has 18 months remaining on hisSunderland contract - now has a chance to play regular first-team football after joining Düsseldorf until the end of the campaign, with a view to a permanent switch next summer. On 6 February 2016, he made his debutwith a club, in a 0–1 home loss against Heidenheim.Mavrias performance in Düsseldorf was satisfying, leading the club to set an offer for the Greek international winger. Unfortunately on 24 June 2016, Sunderlandreject Fortuna Düsseldorf's lower bid than the £400,000 clause to convert the loan into a permanent switch.Karlsruher SCOn 6 September 2016, after three seasons spent playing for Sunderland, only 7 official capsoverall collected as a Black Cats man, plus 2 experiences as a loanee (at Fortuna Düsseldorf and Panathinaikos), he joined 2. Bundesliga side Karlsruher SC for a three-years contract. On 10 September 2016, he madehis debut with the club in a 4–0 away loss against Union Berlin. Unfortunately, KSC harboured hopes of promotion back to the Bundesliga this summer, after finishing seventh last term had erupted during the year asthe club relegated to Germany's third tier.RijekaOn 24 August 2017, Mavrias joined Rijeka in the Croatian First Football League on a one-year contract with a three-year extension option.HibernianMavrias signed withScottish Premiership club Hibernian in October 2018 on a short-term contract, following a trial period. He made two first-team appearances for Hibernian, but then suffered a hamstring injury and was released at theend of his contract.OmoniaOn 29 December 2018, Omonia officially announced the signing of Mavrias on a 2,5 year contract. He made his debut for the team on 13 January 2019, on a match against Apollon Limassolfor the Cypriot First Division, replacing Saša Živec on the 41st minute. On February 10, he scored his first goal on a match against Doxa Katokopias.Apollon LimassolOn 11 June 2021, Apollon Limassol announced him,with a contract lasting until 2023.International careerOn 19 March 2019, Greece head coach Angelos Anastasiadis announced the call up of Mavrias for the match against Liechtenstein and Bosnia and Herzegovina forUEFA Euro 2020. Mavrias's talent is undoubted and has added versatility to his game, demonstrating he is able to operate as a right back if need be. His form in Cyprus has been patchy which again makes his selectionfascinating. Anastasiadis may see him as a ‘wildcard’ option to throw on off the bench as his speed could add another dimension to a team severely lacking such a trait. He has already featured for the Greece nationalteam on five occasions, but his last appearance came in 2014 as the Greece lost to Serbia in a friendly.Career statisticsAs of 22:01, 08 May 2022 (UTC).HonoursClubRijekaAtlantic Cup: 2017OmoniaCypriot FirstDivision: 2020–21Apollon LimassolCypriot First Division: 2021–22InternationalGreece U19UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2012Passage 9:John J. CasbarianJohn J. Casbarian is an Americanarchitect, currently the Harry K. & Albert K. Smith Professor at Rice University. He is a Fellow at American Academy in Rome.He received a B.A. ('69) and B.Arch. ('72) from Rice University and a MFA in Design from theCalifornia Institute of the Arts. In 2002, he founded the Rice School of Architecture in Paris (RSAP), an advanced program of study for Rice graduate architecture students, located in 12th arrondissement in Paris. Theprogram places students in the top architecture firms in Paris to be involved in year-long practicums, while they expand their cultural, political, artistic, and social horizons.Passage 10:Harry Lorraine (English actor)HarryLorraine (26 March 1885 – 27 March 1970), born Harry Albert Heard in Brighton, Sussex, England, was an actor in English silent films.Early lifeHarry Heard was the oldest of three children born to Thomas Heard andHarriett (née Ashdown). At age 16 he was working as a painter for his father, but then established himself as a magician, daredevil, and escapologist, sometimes with the spelling Harry Herd, as \"The world’s youngestHandcuff King,\" an English version of Harry Houdini, although it's uncertain whether he met Houdini or saw him perform.Acting careerHeard began his film career in 1912 and used the name Harry Lorraine throughouthis acting career. It appears to have been strictly a stage name, as he used the surname Heard on his marriage certificate in 1932, and there is no known documentation of a legal name change.Lorraine's first actingrole was Little John in Robin Hood Outlawed. The next month, he took the lead role of Lieutenant Rose in Lieutenant Rose and the Train Wreckers. In this movie, typical for the time period, Lorraine's character istraveling on a train which has been directed to a siding by the enemy, and – all while the smallest slip means certain death – as the train is hurtling along, he climbs out of the carriage, swings himself between twocoaches, and disconnects the couplings, thereby saving the day by sending on the bulk of the train to destruction while his own carriage remains safely on the track.Lorraine did his own stunts in movies, drawing on hisnatural strength and the physical skills he had developed prior to acting. During a time when it seemed audiences wanted more and every action movie had to outdo previous movies – and with only visual effects andmusic – some were quite challenging and even dangerous. Examples of some of the daredevil stunts Lorraine performed include diving into a pool of sharks (filming on location in Jamaica), being thrown bound hand andfoot from Walton Bridge into the river thirty feet below, fighting six men single-handedly and getting thrown down onto a table with such force that it splintered (this was an unrehearsed and unexpected thrill), jumpingfrom an airplane, dangling from the jib of a very tall crane while bound, being dragged by a taxicab, and sundry chase scenes.Lorraine's acting career spanned three decades, and its end probably had as much to dowith the near-standstill of the British film industry during World War II as with his advancing age for the types of characters he usually played.Personal lifeIn 1932, Lorraine married Gladys Seals in Kingston. His namewas recorded as Harry Heard on the marriage certificate. He was forty-five years old and his occupation was listed as film director; she was twenty-four. Gladys used the name Tonie throughout her life. They had twoboys, both born in Staines, whose surnames were registered as both Heard and Lorraine, and adopted to use the surname Lorraine.The British film industry was decimated by the effects of World War II, and after thewar Lorraine left acting to manage his father’s building business. Known as Lorraine Estates, it was initially involved in repairing bomb damage to property in Battersea and other sites in and around London. Lorrainecontinued working in the building business almost until his death at age 85 on 27 March 1970, and was recorded as \"film director (retired)\" on his death certificate. Tonie died in 2002, at age 94.SelectedfilmographyNotesCopies of some of Lorraine's movies are no longer extant, and there are only brief synopses for some. For others, even story lines and listing of credits are not available.During Lorraine's career, therewas another actor name Harry Lorraine, an American silent film actor who was noted for comedy and romance films, not action films. Their careers largely overlapped, and due to incomplete records and because theEnglish Harry Lorraine spent time and is thought to filmed movies in the United States, their filmographies have not yet been disambiguated with certainty."}
{"doc_id":"doc_78","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:We Dive at DawnWe Dive at Dawn is a 1943 war film directed by Anthony Asquith and starring John Mills and Eric Portman as Royal Navy submariners in the Second World War. It was written by Val Valentine and J. B. Williams with uncredited assistance from Frank Launder. It was produced by Edward Black. The film's sets were designed by Walter Murton.PlotIt is April, 1942. Lieutenant Freddie Taylor and some crew of the submarine Sea Tiger are given a week's leave after an unsuccessful patrol. Leading Seaman Hobson goes home to save his marriage, while a reluctant Torpedo Gunner's Mate Corrigan departs for his wedding in London. When the crew are recalled early Corrigan is relieved, though later regrets not completing his marriage. Sea Tiger has been assigned the top secret mission to sink Nazi Germany's new battleship, the Brandenburg, before she transits the Kiel Canal for sea trials in the Baltic Sea. Sea Tiger must put to sea immediately.Crossing the North Sea, the submarine picks up three shot-down Luftwaffe pilots from a rescue buoy, and prevents their radio alert to German forces. When the submarine enters a minefield, an airman panics and reveals the Brandenburg is further ahead than thought. The airman is attacked by a countryman and subsequently dies. Taylor decides on a desperate gamble to pursue the Brandenburg into the German-controlled Baltic Sea.When the Brandenburg is spotted, Sea Tiger fires all its torpedoes, but dives before assessing their impact due to German destroyers dropping depth charges. By expelling oil and other debris including the body of the German airman, Taylor deceives the Germans into believing that the submarine has sunk. Although successfully escaped, Sea Tiger no longer has enough oil to reach Britain. The Germans, convinced that the Sea Tiger has been sunk, have Lord Haw Haw broadcast to Britain announcing the destruction of the Sea Tiger.Taylor decides to have his crew abandon ship on the Danish island of Hågø (which is in fact the island of Bågø). Hobson, a former merchant seaman who speaks German and knows the port on the island, persuades Taylor to let him go ashore and search for oil. He succeeds, and Sea Tiger enters the harbour under cover of darkness, using Hobson's intelligence about the harbour depth. Aided by friendly Danish sailors, they refuel while Hobson and other crewmen hold off the German garrison. Although Pincher (the cook) is killed and Oxford and Lieutenant Johnson are wounded, they get back to the re-fuelled submarine and start to leave the port. While they leave though, the tanker they were able to refuel from is hit by German shells and catches fire. Taylor, not wanting to risk the Sea Tiger any longer, continues to leave the port and makes it out to the open sea.While returning to Britain, the crew are met by an escorting trawler and learn from them that they sank the Brandenburg. The Sea Tiger returns to base, flying the Jolly Roger for the first time.CastJohn Mills as Lieutenant Freddie Taylor, CaptainLouis Bradfield as Lieutenant Brace, First OfficerRonald Millar as Lieutenant Ronnie Johnson, Third OfficerJack Watling as Lieutenant Gordon, Navigating OfficerReginald Purdell as C/P.O. (Chief Petty Officer) \"Dicky\" Dabbs, CoxswainCaven Watson as C/P.O. Jock Duncan, Chief Engine Room ArtificerNiall MacGinnis as C/P.O. Mike Corrigan, Torpedo Gunner's MateEric Portman as L/S (Leading Seaman) James Hobson, on hydrophonesLeslie Weston as L/S Tug Wilson, Leading Torpedo OperatorNorman Williams as \"Canada\", Periscope OperatorLionel Grose as \"Spud\", Torpedo OperatorDavid Peel as \"Oxford\", HelmsmanPhilip Godfrey as \"Flunkey\", StewardRobb Wilton as \"Pincher\", CookJoan Hopkins as Ethel DabbsWalter Gotell as the ardent Nazi pilot, uncreditedJohn Slater as CharliePhilip Friend as Captain HumphriesProductionWe Dive at Dawn was filmed at Gaumont-British Studios in London, with the co-operation of the British Admiralty. John Mills prepared for his role as the captain of Sea Tiger by sailing in a submarine on a training mission down the Clyde. He recalled a crash dive: The ship then seemed to stand on her nose and I felt her speeding like an arrow towards the sea bed; charts and crockery went flying in all directions; I hung on to a rail near the periscope trying to look heroic and totally unconcerned; the only thing that concerned me was the fact that I was sure that my face had turned a pale shade of pea-green.Exterior shots of the submarines P614 and P615 were used for Sea Tiger (with the final number painted over to make \"P61\"). The vessels were a Turkish S-class submarine that had been part of a consignment ordered by the Turkish Navy from the British company Vickers in 1939. But with the outbreak of World War II, the four boats were requisitioned by the Royal Navy and designated the P611 class in the British Fleet. They were similar in design but slightly smaller than the British S class, although with a higher conning tower. The S-class boat HMS Safari also appears in the film.Home mediaThe film has been issued on VHS by Madacy Records and Timeless Multimedia among others, and on DVD by ITV DVD and Carlton.Passage 3:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 4:Murder at DawnMurder at Dawn is a 1932 American Pre-Code film directed by Richard Thorpe. The film is also known as The Death Ray in the United Kingdom.CastJack Mulhall as DannyJosephine Dunn as Doris FarringtonEddie Boland as FreddieMarjorie Beebe as GertrudeMartha Mattox as The HousekeeperMischa Auer as HenryPhillips Smalley as Judge FolgerCrauford Kent as ArnsteinFrank Ball as Dr. FarringtonAlfred Cross as GoddardExternal linksMurder at Dawn at IMDbMurder at Dawn at the TCM Movie DatabaseMurder at Dawn is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 5:HMS Al Rawdah (1911)HMS Al Rawdah was a ship of the Royal Navy. She was built in 1911 and originally christened Chenab for the Nourse Line of London.In 1930 the ship was sold to Khedivial Mail Steamship & Graving Dock and renamed Ville De Beyrouth. In 1939 the ship was sold again and renamed Al Rawdah.In 1940 the British Ministry of Shipping requisitioned the vessel and she was managed by the British-India Steam Navigation Company Ltd. In 1946 Al Rawdah was returned to her owners, and scrapped in 1953.InternmentBetween 1940 and 1946 the vessel (described as a \"hulk\") was used as a military base and prison ship for Irish Republican internees and prisoners. Internment on the Al Rawdah began in 1939 as it was moored just off Killyleagh in Strangford Lough. Conditions on board the ageing ship were not good - food was described as \"abominable\" by survivors. Internees were packed in \"bronchitic squalor\" for months or years. On 18 November 1940 Irish Republican internee Jack Gaffney from Belfast died onboard the Al Rawdah. Some of the Irish detainees placed in the hold of Al Rawdah had also been interned on the British prison ship HMS Argenta.See alsoHMS ArgentaHMS MaidstonePassage 6:Tomorrow at DawnTomorrow at Dawn (French: Demain dès l'aube) is a 2009 French drama film directed by Denis Dercourt. It competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.CastVincent Perez as MathieuJérémie Renier as PaulAurélien Recoing as Capitaine DépréesAnne Marivin as JeanneFrançoise Lebrun as Claire GuibertGérald Laroche as Major RogartBarbara Probst as ChristelleBéatrice Agenin as The DuchessPassage 7:Invasion of the Neptune MenInvasion of the Neptune Men (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd. The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U.S. version).The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States. In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.PlotAstronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero \"Iron Sharp\" and has many children as friends. When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens (\"Neptune Men\" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away. The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth.  After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic. The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters. After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it.CastSonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron SharpKappei Matsumoto as Dr. TanigawaRyuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)Shinjirō Ehara as scientist YanagidaMitsue Komiya as scientist SaitōStyleInvasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects.ProductionInvasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba. Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960. Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star.ReleaseUchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961. The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released directly to American television by Walter Manley on March 20, 1964, dubbed in English and retitled Invasion of the Neptune Men.The film was also released as Space Chief, Space Greyhound and Invasion from a Planet.Reception and legacyIn later reviews of the film, Bruce Eder gave the film a one-star rating out of five, stating that the film was \"the kind of movie that gave Japanese science fiction films a bad name. The low-quality special effects, the non-existent acting, the bad dubbing, and the chaotic plotting and pacing were all of a piece with what critics had been saying, erroneously, about the Godzilla movies for years.\" The review referred to the film's \"cheesy special effects and ridiculous dialogue taking on a sort of so-bad-they're-good charm\", and described the film as a \"thoroughly memorable (if not necessarily enjoyable, outside of the MST3K continuum) specimen of bad cinema.\"On October 11, 1997 the film was shown on the movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000. In his review of the film, Bruce Eder of AllMovie described the episode as a memorable one, specifically the cast watching the repetitive aerial dogfights between spaceships, and one of the hosts remarking that \"Independence Day seems a richly nuanced movie\". Criticism of the film included excessive use of WWII stock footage in the action scenes (especially the obviously noticeable shot featuring a picture of Adolf Hitler in one building).In his book Japanese Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, Stuart Galbraith IV stated that the film \"had a few surprises\" despite a \"woefully familiar script\". Galbraith noted that the film was not as over-the-top as Prince of Space and that the opticals in the film were as strong as anything Toho had produced at the time. Galbraith suggested the effects may have been lifted from Toei's The Final War (aka World War III Breaks Out) from 1961.See alsoList of Japanese films of 1961List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodesList of science fiction films of the 1960sNotesPassage 8:Pistols at DawnPistols at Dawn may refer to:Pistols at Dawn, a 2000 album by Cauda PavonisPistols at Dawn (EP), a 2004 EP by AqueductPistols at Dawn (Consumed album)See alsoDuelPassage 9:Promise at DawnPromise at Dawn may refer to:Promise at Dawn (novel), 1960 autobiographical novel by Romain GaryPromise at Dawn (1970 film), American film directed by Jules Dassin based on the novelPromise at Dawn (2017 film), Franco-Belgian film directed by Éric Barbier based on the novelPassage 10:Eager BodiesEager Bodies (French: Les Corps impatients) is a 2003 French drama film directed by Xavier Giannoli.CastLaura Smet - CharlotteNicolas Duvauchelle - PaulMarie Denarnaud - NinonCatherine Salviat - La Mère"}
{"doc_id":"doc_79","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is aFrench hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which wasone of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Margery CuylerMargery Cuyler is an American children's book author. She has written many picture books, including That's Good!That's Bad! and the rest of its series.Cuyler grew up in Princeton, NJ. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1970. Besides writing her own books, she has worked as a children's book editor and in executivepositions at Amazon.com, Marshall Cavendish, Golden Books Family Entertainment, Henry Holt and Company, and Holiday House. In 2011, she appeared on The Celebrity Apprentice television show, judging thecontestants on their work creating a children's book.Cuyler lives in Lawrenceville, New Jersey.BibliographyPicture booksSir William and the Pumpkin Monster, Henry Holt, 1984Freckles and Willie: A Valentine's DayStory, Henry Holt, 1986Fat Santa, Henry Holt, 1987Freckles and Jane, Henry Holt, 1989Shadow's Baby, Clarion Books, 1989Daisy's Crazy Thanksgiving, Henry Holt, 1990Baby Dot: A Dinosaur Story, Clarion Books,1990Buddy Bear and the Bad Guys, Clarion Books, 1990That's Good! That's Bad!, Henry Holt, 1991The Christmas Snowman, Arcade Books, 1992The Biggest, Best Snowman, Scholastic, 1998From Here to There, HenryHolt, 1999100th Day Worries, Simon & Schuster, 2000Road Signs, Winslow Press, 2000Stop, Drop and Roll, Simon & Schuster, 2001Ah-choo!, Scholastic, 2002That's Good! That's Bad! In the Grand Canyon, Henry Holt,2002Skeleton Hiccups, Margaret K. McElderry, 2002Big Friends, Walker and Company, 2004Please Say Please! Penguin's Guide to Manners, Scholastic, 2004Groundhog Stays Up Late, Walker/Bloomsbury, 2005TheBumpy Little Pumpkin, Scholastic, 2005Please Play Safe! Penguin's Guide to Playground Safety, Scholastic, 2006Kindness Is Cooler, Mrs. Ruler, Simon & Schuster, 2007That's Good! That's Bad! In Washington, D.C.,Henry Holt, 2007Hooray for Reading Day!, Simon & Schuster, 2008Monster Mess, Margaret McElderry Books/Simon & Schuster, 2008We’re Going on a Lion Hunt, Marshall Cavendish, 2008The Little Dump Truck, HenryHolt, 2009That's Good! That's Bad! On Santa's Journey, Henry Holt, 2009Bullies Never Win, Simon & Schuster, 2009Princess Bess Gets Dressed, Simon & Schuster, 2009I Repeat, Don't Cheat!, Simon & Schuster,2010Guinea Pigs Add Up, Walker and Company, 2010Tick Tock Clock, HarperCollins, 2012Skeleton for Dinner, Albert Whiteman, 2013The Little School Bus, Henry Holt, 2014The Little Dump Truck, Henry Holt,2014NovelsThe Trouble with Soap, E.P. Dutton, 1982Weird Wolf, Henry Holt, 1989Invisible in the Third Grade, Henry Holt, 1995The Battlefield Ghost, Scholastic, 1999NonfictionJewish Holidays, Henry Holt, 1978TheAll-Around Pumpkin Book, Henry Holt, 1980The All-Around Christmas Book, Henry Holt, 1982Passage 3:That's Good, That's Bad (Frankie Laine song)\"That's Good, That's Bad\" is a 1951 hit song sung by Jo Stafford andFrankie Laine. It was written by Ervin Drake and Jimmy Shirl.Passage 4:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a solo artist, he is the lead singer of indie rock band OneeskimO.Early lifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and around London whilst concentrating on musicwhen he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor. At the time, Leontiou was dubbed \"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Story of My Life\" was released in June 2004and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart. His second single \"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies.Leontiou toured the album in November 2004taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a newdirection.  Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song \"Hope & Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that saw him unleash the One eskimOmoniker.  It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimO project. Being more than impressed by what he heard, Rolloopened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album.It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a liveacoustic sound to the album. They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back to Rollo's studioto add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA. The funds from the advert were then used todevelop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began todevelop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started a new management venture with ATC Music.By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London.  Now with all animation complete and a debut album, OneeskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's \"Fast Car\", which was originally released as a single in 2005. Leontiou's version was unableto chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, the song entered the singles chart at number 88due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as a single in April 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\"did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Also featured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection (Shining)Summerland OST (TheCrying)Passage 5:Frankie LaineFrankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was an American singer and songwriter whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concertsin 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performance of \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and\"Mr. Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\", \"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me aMountain\".He sang well-known theme songs for many Western film soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country &western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles and genres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon,which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became a bigger hit. He also did not sing the theme to another showhe is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but released his own, subsequently more popular, version.Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when aTV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and four yearsafter his death.Early lifeFrankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His Cook County, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was alreadyAmericanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"Anna Salerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\"section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" written in. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber for gangsterAl Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latter was killed by rival gangsters.The eldest of eight children, Lainegrew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W. Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception'selementary school across the street from the North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the track and field andbasketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool. Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949,and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singers out of business.Early career and stylistic influencesEven in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by aslightly older \"in crowd\" at his school, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at The Merry Garden Ballroom tosuch applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the Merry Garden when he was called to the bandstand to sing:Soon I found myself on themain bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was really nervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up.When I got done, the tears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't like me.Some of his other earlyinfluences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in his parents' collection:I can still close my eyes and visualize its blue and purplelabel. It was a Bessie Smith recording of 'The Bleeding Hearted Blues,' with 'Midnight Blues' on the other side. The first time I laid the needle down on that record I felt cold chills and an indescribable excitement. It wasmy first exposure to jazz and the blues, although I had no idea at the time what to call those magical sounds. I just knew I had to hear more of them! — Frankie Laine: 15 Another singer who influenced him at this timewas the singer-songwriter Gene Austin, who is generally considered the first “crooner.” Laine worked after school at a drugstore that was situated across the street from a record store that continually played hit recordsby Gene Austin over their loudspeakers. He would swab down the windows in time to Austin's songs. Many years later, Laine related the story to Austin when both were guests on the popular television variety showShower of Stars. He would also co-star in a film, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder, with Austin's daughter, Charlotte.Shortly after graduating from high school, Laine signed on as a member of The Merry Garden's marathondance company and toured with them, working dance marathons during the Great Depression (setting the world record of 3,501 hours with partner Ruthie Smith at Atlantic City's Million Dollar Pier in 1932). Still billedas Frank LoVecchio, he would entertain the spectators during the fifteen-minute breaks the dancers were given each hour. During his marathon days, he worked with several up-and-coming entertainers, including RoseMarie, Red Skelton, and a 14-year-old Anita O'Day, for whom he served as a mentor (as noted by Laine in a 1998 interview by David Miller).Other artists whose styles began to influence Laine at this time were BingCrosby, Louis Armstrong (as a trumpet player), Billie Holiday, Mildred Bailey, and, later, Nat \"King\" Cole. Laine befriended Cole in Los Angeles, when the latter's career was just beginning to gain momentum. Colerecorded a song, \"It Only Happens Once\", that fledgling songwriter Laine had composed. They remained close friends throughout the remainder of Cole's life, and Laine was one of the pall bearers at Cole's funeral.Hisnext big break came when he replaced Perry Como in the Freddy Carlone band in Cleveland in 1937; Como made a call to Carlone about Laine. Como was another lifelong friend of Laine's, who once lent Laine themoney to travel to a possible gig.Laine's rhythmic style was ill-suited to the sweet sounds of the Carlone band, and the two soon parted company. Success continued to elude Laine, and he spent the next 10 years\"scuffling\"; alternating between singing at small jazz clubs on both coasts and a series of jobs, including those of a bouncer, dance instructor, used car salesman, agent, synthetic leather factory worker, and machinist ata defense plant. It was while working at the defense plant during the Second World War that he first began writing songs (\"It Only Happens Once\" was written at the plant). Often homeless during his \"scuffling\" phases,he hit the lowest point of his career, when he was sleeping on a bench in Central Park.I would sneak into hotel rooms and sleep on the floor. In fact, I was bodily thrown out of 11 different New York hotels. I stayed inYMCAs and with anyone who would let me flop. Eventually I was down to my last four cents, and my bed became a roughened wooden bench in Central Park. I used my four pennies to buy four tiny Baby Ruth candybars and rationed myself to one a day. — Frankie Laine: 41 He changed his professional name to Frankie Laine in 1938, upon receiving a job singing for the New York City radio station WINS. The program director, JackCoombs, thought that \"LoVecchio\" was \"too foreign sounding, and too much of a mouthful for the studio announcers,\" so he Americanized it to \"Lane\", an homage to his high school. Frankie added the \"i\" to avoidconfusion with a girl singer at the station who went by the name of Frances Lane. It was at this time that Laine got unknown songbird Helen O'Connell her job with the Jimmy Dorsey band. WINS, deciding that they nolonger needed a jazz singer, dropped him. With the help of bandleader Jean Goldkette, he got a job with a sustainer (non-sponsored) radio show at NBC. As he was about to start, Germany attacked Poland, and allsustainer broadcasts were pulled off the air in deference to the needs of the military.Laine next found employment in a munitions plant, at a salary of $150.00 a week. He quit singing for what was perhaps the fifth orsixth time of his already long career. While working at the plant, he met a trio of girl singers, and became engaged to the lead singer. The group had been noticed by Johnny Mercer's Capitol Records, and convincedLaine to head out to Hollywood with them as their agent.In 1943, he moved to California, where he sang in the background of several films, including The Harvey Girls, and dubbed the singing voice for an actor in theDanny Kaye comedy The Kid from Brooklyn. It was in Los Angeles in 1944 that he met and befriended disc jockey Al Jarvis and composer/pianist Carl T. Fischer, the latter of whom was to be his songwriting partner,musical director, and piano accompanist until his death in 1954. Their songwriting collaborations included \"I'd Give My Life,\" \"Baby, Just For Me,\" \"What Could Be Sweeter?,\" \"Forever More,\" and the jazz standard \"We'llBe Together Again.\"When the war ended, Laine soon found himself \"scuffling\" again, and was eventually given a place to stay by Jarvis. Jarvis also did his best to help promote the struggling singer's career, and Lainesoon had a small, regional following. In the meantime, Laine would make the rounds of the bigger jazz clubs, hoping that the featured band would call him up to perform a number with them. In late 1946, HoagyCarmichael heard him singing at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles, and this was when success finally arrived. Not knowing that Carmichael was in the audience, Laine sang the Carmichael-penned standard \"Rockin' Chair\"when Slim Gaillard called him up to the stage to sing. This eventually led to a contract with the newly established Mercury records. Laine and Carmichael would later collaborate on a song, \"Put Yourself in My Place,Baby\".First recordingsLaine cut his first record in 1944, for a fledgling company called \"Bel-Tone Records.\" The sides were called \"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning\", (an uptempo number not to be confused withthe Frank Sinatra recording of the same name) and a wartime propaganda tune entitled \"Brother, That's Liberty\", though the records failed to make much of an impression. The label soon folded, and Laine was pickedup by Atlas Records, a \"race label\" that initially hired him to imitate his friend Nat \"King\" Cole. Cole would occasionally \"moonlight\" for other labels, under pseudonyms, while under contract to Capitol, and as he hadpreviously recorded some sides for Atlas, they reasoned that fans would assume that \"Frankie Laine\" was yet another pseudonym for \"Cole\".Laine cut his first two numbers for Atlas in the King mode, backed by R&Bartist Johnny Moore's group, The Three Blazers which featured Charles Brown and Cole's guitarist (from \"The King Cole Trio\"), Oscar Moore. The ruse worked and the record sold moderately well, although limited to the\"race\" market. Laine cut the remainder of his songs for Atlas in his own style, including standards such as \"Roses of Picardy\" and \"Moonlight in Vermont\".It was also at this time that he recorded a single for MercuryRecords: \"Pickle in the Middle with the Mustard on Top\" and \"I May Be Wrong (But I Think You're Wonderful).\" He appears only as a character actor on the first side, which features the comedic singing of Artie Auerbach(a.k.a., \"Mr. Kitzel\") who was a featured player on the Jack Benny radio show. In it, Laine plays a peanut vendor at a ball game and can be heard shouting out lines like \"It's a munchy, crunchy bag of lunchy!\" The flipside features Laine, and is a jazzy version of an old standard done as a rhythm number. It was played by Laine's friend, disc jockey Al Jarvis, and gained the singer a small West Coast following.First successesEven afterhis discovery by Carmichael, Laine still was considered only an intermission act at Billy Berg's. His next big break came when he dusted off a fifteen-year-old song that few people remembered in 1946, \"That's MyDesire\". Laine had picked up the song from singer June Hart a half a dozen years earlier, when he sang at the College Inn in Cleveland. He introduced \"Desire\" as a \"new\" song—meaning new to his repertoire atBerg's—but the audience mistook it for a new song that had just been written. He ended up singing it five times that night. After that, Laine quickly became the star attraction at Berg's, and record company executivestook note.Laine soon had patrons lining up to hear him sing \"Desire\"; among them was R&B artist Hadda Brooks, known for her boogie woogie piano playing. She listened to him every night, and eventually cut her ownversion of the song, which became a hit on the \"harlem\" charts. \"I liked the way he did it\" Brooks recalled; \"he sings with soul, he sings the way he feels.\"He was soon recording for the fledgling Mercury label, and\"That's My Desire\" was one of the songs cut in his first recording session there. It quickly took the No. 3 spot on the R&B charts, and listeners initially thought Laine was black.The record also made it to the No. 4 spoton the Mainstream charts. Although it was quickly covered by many other artists, including Sammy Kaye who took it to the No. 2 spot, it was Laine's version that became the standard.\"Desire\" became Laine's first Gold"}
{"doc_id":"doc_80","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pete TownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (; born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of themost influential rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and in other projects have earned him criticalacclaim.Townshend has written more than 100 songs for 12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums, the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such asWho's Next (1971); as well as dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100songs that have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.While known primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards, banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin,violin, synthesiser, bass guitar, and drums; he is self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings.Townshend has also contributed to and authored many newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In1983, Townshend received the Brit Award for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who. Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list ofBest Guitarists in The New Book of Rock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He was ranked No. 10 inGibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50 guitarists, and No. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He and Roger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award for LifetimeMusical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend was born in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital, Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father,Cliff Townshend, was a professional alto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance band the Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras. TheTownshends had a volatile marriage, as both drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairs with other men. The two splitwhen Townshend was a toddler and he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as \"clinically insane\". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased ahouse together on Woodgrange Avenue in middle-class Acton, and the young Pete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devout Jewish family upstairs shared theirhousing with them and cooking with them—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhood reading adventure novels likeGulliver's Travels and Treasure Island. He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film RockAround the Clock, sparking his fascination with American rock and roll. Not long thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a careeras a professional musician; instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At Acton County, he was frequently bullied becausehe had a large nose, an experience that profoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar for Christmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him a couple of chords,Townshend was largely self-taught on the instrument and never learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjoand Entwistle on horns. The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both becameinfluenced by the increasing popularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard's debut single, \"Move It\". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer,Chris Sherwin, and purchased a \"reasonably good Czechoslovakian guitar\" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisite grades toattend university, Pete was faced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at Ealing Art College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studiedalongside future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures at the college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on musicfull-time.Musical career1961–1964: the DetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as an additionalguitarist. In the early days of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and trad jazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on leadguitar, Townshend on rhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and Colin Dawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, \"ran things the way hewanted them.\" Dawson quit in 1962 after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the sole guitarist. ThroughTownshend's mother, the group obtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a support act for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the RebelRousers, Shane Fenton and the Fentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963, Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of \"It Was You\", the first song his son ever wrote. The Detours became aware ofa group of the same name in February 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with \"The Who\", and Daltrey decided it was the best choice.1964–1982: The WhoNotlong after the name change, drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionally with the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicistnamed Peter Meaden who convinced them to change their name to the High Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single (\"I'm the Face/Zoot Suit\"), they dropped Meaden and weresigned on by two new managers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The band anguished over a name that all feltrepresented the band best, and dropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performance at the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceilingand proceeded to destroy the entire instrument. The on-stage destruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American recordproducer Shel Talmy, who had the band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, \"I Can't Explain\", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, another group Talmy produced. Released as a single in January1965, \"I Can't Explain\" was the Who's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-up single (\"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere\"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in theUK. However, it was the release of the Who's third single, \"My Generation\", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, \"cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected the feelingsof thousands of pissed-off adolescents at the time.\" The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggest hit. The song and its famous line \"I hope I die before I get old\" was\"very much about trying to find a place in society\", Townshend stated in an interview with David Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generationin the US) was released in late 1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successful singles for the band,including \"Pictures of Lily\", \"Substitute\", \"I'm a Boy\", and \"Happy Jack\". Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music for the next album, which became \"A Quick One, While He's Away\". The albumwas subsequently titled A Quick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its release in December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against theguitar strings in a style reminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commenced their first US tour on 22 March1967. Townshend took to trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimenting with LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the MontereyPop Festival on 18 June. Released in December, their next album was The Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included severalhumorous jingles and mock commercials between songs, and the Who's biggest US single, \"I Can See for Miles\". Despite the success of \"I Can See for Miles\", which reached No. 9 on the American charts, Townshendwas surprised it was not an even bigger hit, as he considered it the best song he had written up to that point.By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba. He began to develop a musical pieceabout a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The result was the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical andcommercial success. In support of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped thestage to complain about the arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting, \"Fuck off my fucking stage!\"In 1970, the Who released Live at Leeds, which several music criticscite as the best live album of all time. Townshend began writing material for another rock opera. Dubbed Lifehouse, it was designed to be a multi-media project that symbolised the relationship between a musician andhis audience. The rest of the band were confused by its convoluted plot and simply wanted another album. Townshend began to feel alienated, and the project was abandoned after he suffered a nervous breakdown.Much of the material intended for Lifehouse was released as a traditional studio album, Who's Next. It became a commercial smash, reaching number one in the UK, and spawned two successful hit singles, \"BabaO'Riley\" and \"Won't Get Fooled Again\", that featured pioneering use of the synthesizer. \"Baba O'Riley\" in particular was written as Townshend's ode to his two heroes at the time, Meher Baba and composer TerryRiley.Townshend began writing songs for another rock opera in 1973. He decided it would explore the mod subculture and its clashes with Rockers in the early 1960s in the UK. Entitled Quadrophenia, it was the onlyWho album written entirely by Townshend, and he produced the album as well due to the souring of relations with Lambert. It was released in November, and became their highest charting cross-Atlantic success,reaching No. 2 in the UK and US. NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray called it \"prime cut Who\" and \"the most rewarding musical experience of the year.\" On tour, the band played the album along to pre-recordedbacking tapes, causing much friction. The tapes malfunctioned during a performance in Newcastle, prompting Townshend to drag soundman Bob Pridden onstage, scream at him and kick over all the amplifiers, partiallydestroying the malfunctioning tapes. On 14 April 1974, Townshend played his first solo concert, a benefit to raise funds for a London community centre.A film version of Tommy was directed by Ken Russell, and starredRoger Daltrey in the title role, Ann-Margret as his mother, and Oliver Reed as his step-father, with cameos by Tina Turner, Elton John, Eric Clapton, and other rock notables; the film premiered on 18 March 1975.Townshend was nominated for an Academy Award for scoring and adapting the music in the film. The Who by Numbers came out in November of that year and peaked at No. 7 in the UK and 8 in the US. It featuredintrospective songs, often with a negative slant. The album spawned one hit single, \"Squeeze Box\", that was written after Townshend learned how to play the accordion. After a 1976 tour, Townshend took a year-longbreak from the band to focus on spending time with his family.The Who continues despite the deaths of two of the original members (Keith Moon in 1978 and John Entwistle in 2002). The band is regarded by many rockcritics as one of the best live bands from the 1960s to the 2000s. The Who continues to perform critically acclaimed sets into the 21st century, including highly regarded performances at The Concert For New York Cityin 2001, the 2004 Isle of Wight Festival, Live 8 in 2005, and the 2007 Glastonbury Festival.Townshend remained the primary songwriter and leader of the group, writing over 100 songs which appeared on the band'seleven studio albums. Among his creations is the rock opera Quadrophenia. Townshend revisited album-length storytelling throughout his career and remains associated with the rock opera form. Many studio recordingsalso feature Townshend on piano or keyboards, though keyboard-heavy tracks increasingly featured guest artists in the studio, such as Nicky Hopkins, John Bundrick, or Chris Stainton.Townshend is one of the keyfigures in the development of feedback in rock guitar. When asked who first used feedback, Deep Purple guitarist Ritchie Blackmore said:Pete Townshend was definitely the first. But not being that good a guitarist, heused to just sort of crash chords and let the guitar feedback. He didn't get into twiddling with the dials on the amplifier until much later. He's overrated in England, but at the same time you find a lot of people like JeffBeck and Hendrix getting credit for things he started. Townshend was the first to break his guitar, and he was the first to do a lot of things. He's very good at his chord scene, too.Similarly, when Jimmy Page was askedabout the development of guitar feedback, he said:I don't know who really did feedback first; it just sort of happened. I don't think anybody consciously nicked it from anybody else. It was just going on. But PeteTownshend obviously was the one, through the music of his group, who made the use of feedback more his style, and so it's related to him. Whereas the other players like Jeff Beck and myself were playing more singlenote things than chords.Many rock guitarists have cited Townshend as an influence, among them Slash, Alex Lifeson, and Steve Jones.1972–present: solo careerIn addition to his work with the Who, Townshend hasbeen sporadically active as a solo recording artist. Between 1969 and 1971 Townshend, along with other devotees to Meher Baba, recorded a trio of albums devoted to his teachings: Happy Birthday, I Am, and WithLove. In response to bootlegging of these, he compiled his personal highlights (and \"Evolution\", a collaboration with Ronnie Lane), and released his first major-label solo title, 1972's Who Came First. It was a moderatesuccess and featured demos of Who songs as well as a showcase of his acoustic guitar talents. He collaborated with the Faces' bassist and fellow Meher Baba devotee Ronnie Lane on a duet album (1977's Rough Mix). In1979 Townshend produced and performed guitar on the novelty single \"Peppermint Lump\" by Angie on Stiff Records, featuring 11-year-old Angela Porter on lead vocals.Townshend made several solo appearances duringthe 1970s, two of which were captured on record: Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert in January 1973 (which Townshend organized to revive Clapton's career after the latter's heroin addiction), and the PaulMcCartney-sponsored Concerts for the People of Kampuchea in December 1979. The commercially available video of the Kampuchea concert shows the two rock icons duelling and clowning through Rockestramega-band versions of \"Lucille\", \"Let It Be\", and \"Rockestra Theme\"; Townshend closes the proceedings with a characteristic split-legged leap.Townshend's solo breakthrough, following the death of Who drummer KeithMoon, was the 1980 release Empty Glass, which included the top-10 single \"Let My Love Open the Door\", and lesser singles \"A Little Is Enough\" and \"Rough Boys\". This release was followed in 1982 by All the BestCowboys Have Chinese Eyes, which included the popular radio track \"Slit Skirts\". While not a huge commercial success, noted music critic Timothy Duggan listed it as \"Townshend's most honest and introspective worksince Quadrophenia.\" Through the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s Townshend would again experiment with the rock opera and related formats, releasing several story-based albums including White City: A Novel(1985), The Iron Man: A Musical (1989), and Psychoderelict (1993).Townshend also got the chance to play with his hero Hank Marvin for Paul McCartney's \"Rockestra\" sessions, along with other rock musicians such asDavid Gilmour, John Bonham, and Ronnie Lane.Townshend has also recorded several concert albums, including one featuring a supergroup he assembled called Deep End, with David Gilmour on guitar, who performedjust three concerts and a television show session for The Tube, to raise money for his Double-O charity, supporting drug addicts. In 1993 he and Des McAnuff wrote and directed the Broadway adaptation of the Whoalbum Tommy, as well as a less successful stage musical based on his solo album The Iron Man, based upon the book by Ted Hughes. McAnuff and Townshend later co-produced the animated film The Iron Giant, alsobased on the Hughes story.A production described as a Townshend rock opera and titled The Boy Who Heard Music debuted as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater program in July 2007.On 2September 2017 in Lenox, Massachusetts, Townshend embarked with fellow singer and musician Billy Idol, tenor Alfie Boe, and an orchestra on a short (5-date) \"Classic Quadrophenia\" US tour which ended on 16September 2017 in Los Angeles, California.1996–present: latest Who workFrom the mid-1990s through the present, Townshend has participated in a series of tours with the surviving members of the Who, including a2002 tour that continued despite Entwistle's death.In February 2006, a major world tour by the Who was announced to promote their first new album since 1982. Townshend published a semi-autobiographical story TheBoy Who Heard Music as a serial on a blog beginning in September 2005. The blog closed in October 2006, as noted on Townshend's website. It is now owned by a different user and does not relate to Townshend's workin any way. On 25 February 2006, he announced the issue of a mini-opera inspired by the novella for June 2006. In October 2006 the Who released their first album in 24 years, Endless Wire.The Who performed at theSuper Bowl XLIV half-time show on 7 February 2010, playing a medley of songs that included \"Pinball Wizard\", \"Who Are You\", \"Baba O'Riley\", \"See Me, Feel Me\", and \"Won't Get Fooled Again\". In 2012, the Whoannounced they would tour the rock opera Quadrophenia.The Who were the final performers at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, performing a medley of \"Baba O'Riley\", \"See Me, Feel Me\", and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_81","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Man with the Glass EyeThe Man with the Glass Eye (German: Der Mann mit dem Glasauge) is a 1969 West German crime film directed by Alfred Vohrer and starring Horst Tappert, Karin Hübner andHubert von Meyerinck. It is part of Rialto Film's long-running series of Edgar Wallace adaptations.The film's sets were designed by the art directors Walter Kutz and Wilhelm Vorwerg. It was shot at the SpandauStudios and on location in West Berlin, Hamburg and London.CastPassage 2:The Return of Pom PomThe Return of Pom Pom (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1984 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Philip Chan and starringRichard Ng and John Shum. It is the second film in the Pom Pom film series which is a spin-off the Lucky Stars series.PlotHaving been together for years, police officer Beethoven (John Shum) must find a new place tolive as his friend and fellow officer Ng Ah Chow (Richard Ng) is marrying his fiancée Anna (Deanie Yip). Furthermore, the two officers are transferred to a new department run by fearsome Inspector Tien (James TinChuen). While here their former boss inspector Chan (Philip Chan) is set up after evidence is stolen by \"The Flying Spider\" (Lam Ching-ying), the two officers must track down the thief to prove Chan'sinnocence.CastRichard Ng as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum as officer BeethovenDeannie Yip as Anna, Ng's love interestLam Ching-Ying as The Flying SpiderPhilip Chan as Inspector ChanJames Tin Chuen as InspectorTienPassage 3:Mr. Boo Meets Pom PomMr. Boo Meets Pom Pom (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1985 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Wu Ma and starring Richard Ng and John Shum. It is the third film in the Pom Pom filmseries which is a spin-off the Lucky Stars series.PlotWorking at the police forensic department Mr Boo (Michael Hui) although absent-minded and scruffy is successful at his job. His beautiful wife (Terry Hu) begin to becourted by handsome billionaire Yang (Stuart Ong) and now Mr Boo must try to win back her love. While on a job involving a bank robbery he befriend detectives Chow (Richard Ng) and Beethoven (John Shum) whopromise to help him with his love life.CastMichael Hui as Mr. BooTerry Hu as Mr. Boo's wifeRichard Ng Yiu-Hon as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum Kin-Fun as officer BeethovenDeannie Yip Tak-Han as Anna, Ng'sloverStuart Ong as YangPassage 4:The Man with the Fake BanknoteThe Man with the Fake Banknote or The Man with the Counterfeit Money (German: Der Mann mit der falschen Banknote) is a 1927 German silentcrime film directed by Romano Mengon and starring Nils Asther, Vivian Gibson and Margarete Lanner.The film's art direction was by Robert A. Dietrich.CastNils AstherVivian GibsonMargarete LannerSig ArnoPhilippManningKarl PlatenPassage 5:Pom Pom Strikes BackPom Pom Strikes Back is a 1986 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Wu Ma and starring Richard Ng and John Shum. It is the fourth and final film in the Pom Pomfilm series which is a spin-off the Lucky Stars series.PlotPolice officers Chow (Richard Ng) and Beethoven (John Shum) are close friend who must protect a witness May (May Lo Mei Mei) after she witnesses a ganglandmurder. Meanwhile Beethoven mistakenly discovers that Chow is dying of cancer and sets out to make his last few months memorable.CastRichard Ng as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum as officer BeethovenDeannie Yipas Mrs Anna Ng, Ng's wifeMay Lo Mei-Mei as MayPassage 6:The Man with Two Faces (1975 film)The Man with Two Faces (Korean: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; RR: Gongpoui ijongingan) is a 1975 South Korean horror film.CastLeeYe-chunKim Ok-jinJin Bong-jinPassage 7:The Pom Pom GirlsThe Pom Pom Girls (also known as Palisades High) is a 1976 American film directed by Joseph Ruben. The screenplay was written by Ruben and based on astory by him and Robert J. Rosenthal. The movie was shot on location at Chaminade High School in Los Angeles. The Pom Pom Girls is a teensploitation film, female relationships and cheerleaders in locations that are \"any town\" American, and includes disobedient teens in a date movie with romance and sex, plenty of outdoor activities, stunts that are coordinated for actors and actresses, and indoor activities for a newaudience.PlotA football player falls for a girl who is dating another guy, while another cannot figure out which girl he likes.The big game against rival Hardin High School is looming while a full scale prank war isunderway.ProductionThe modest profits of the prior exploitation/teensploitation film The Cheerleaders (1975) inspired The Pom Pom Girls writers with cheerleader themes and scenes. Easy Rider had an influence onthe film, the huge success of that film had film makers like the scriptwriters Robert Rosenthal and Joseph Ruben, who is the director, include the theme of the value of freedom. Many shots and automobiles wereincluded, drive-in restaurant, \"suicide chicken\" race, many scenes of nostalgia that was incorporated from the present day. Even a tagline was borrowed from a \"50s picture\", the exploitation film Rebel Without aCause (1955). The tagline \"How can anyone ever forget the girls who really turned us on?\", is a promotional line and used in the film's cover art, and is to express nostalgia.CastRobert Carradine as JohnnieJenniferAshley as LaurieMichael Mullins as JesseLisa Reeves as SallyBill Adler as DuaneJames Gammon as CoachSusan Player as Su AnnCheryl Smith (Credited as Rainbeaux Smith) as RoxanneDiane Lee Hart as JudySondraLowell as Miss PritchettReceptionThe film earned $4.3 million in rentals during its initial release.DVDThis film has been issued on Too Cool For School: 12 Movie Collection from Mill Creek Entertainment September 29,2009 and on The Starlite Drive-In Theater: (The Pom Pom Girls / The Van ) from BCI / Eclipse September 26, 2006Passage 8:Alfred VohrerAlfred Vohrer (29 December 1914 – 3 February 1986) was a German filmdirector and actor. He directed 48 films between 1958 and 1984. His 1969 film Seven Days Grace was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1972 film Tears of Blood was entered into the 8thMoscow International Film Festival. His 1974 film Only the Wind Knows the Answer was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival.Selected filmographyPassage 9:Joseph RubenJoseph Porter Ruben (bornMay 10, 1950) is an American retired filmmaker.Movie careerHis earlier films, such as The Stepfather, have become cult classics. In the 1990s, he went to direct high-grossing mainstream films such as Sleeping withthe Enemy starring Julia Roberts (which grossed over $150,000,000 at the box office), the controversial thriller The Good Son starring Macaulay Culkin and Elijah Wood, Money Train starring Woody Harrelson andWesley Snipes, and Return to Paradise starring Vince Vaughn and Joaquin Phoenix. He frequently collaborates with film editor George Bowers.He has won awards at various film festivals for his films The Stepfather,True Believer, starring Robert Downey Jr. and James Woods, and Dreamscape, starring Dennis Quaid. His 2013 feature, Penthouse North, stars Michael Keaton and Michelle Monaghan. He will return to direct the serialkiller thriller Jack after not working for six years. Ruben is also attached to direct the film The Politician's Wife written by Nicholas Meyer.The Ottoman Lieutenant was released around the period of the film ThePromise, a film depicting the Armenian genocide. The perceived similarities between the films resulted in accusations that The Ottoman Lieutenant existed to deny the Armenian genocide.FilmographyPassage 10:TheMan with the GunThe Man with the Gun (Russian: Человек с ружьём, romanized: Chelovek s ruzhyom, lit. 'Person with a rifle') is a 1938 Soviet history drama film directed by Sergei Yutkevich.PlotThe film takes placeduring the October Revolution, when the army is approaching the army of General Krasnov. Ivan Shadrin, a peasant who became a soldier, goes to Petrograd in order to convey a letter to Vladimir Lenin with questionsthat concern his comrades.CastMaksim Shtraukh as Vladimir LeninMikheil Gelovani as Joseph Stalin (removed from cut version)Boris Tenin as Ivan ShadrinVladimir Lukin as Nikolai ChibisovZoya Fyodorova asKatyaFaina Ranevskaya as mansion owner, séance psychic (uncredited)Boris Chirkov as YevtushenkoNikolay Cherkasov as generalNikolai Sosnin as Zakhar Zakharovich Sibirtsev, millionaireSerafima Birman as VarvaraIvanovna, his wifeMark Bernes as Kostya ZhigilyovStepan Kayukov as Andrei Dymov, sailorPavel Sukhanov as Matushkin, captiveKonstantin Sorokin as honor guardNikolai Kryuchkov as SidorovPavel Kadochnikov assoldier with seedsMikhail Yanshin as officer, séance guestYuri Tolubeyev as revolutionary sailorPyotr Aleynikov as soldierVladimir Volchik as soldierYelizaveta Uvarova as freeloaderVasili Vanin as general's batman"}
{"doc_id":"doc_82","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Bloom of YesterdayThe Bloom of Yesterday (German: Die Blumen von gestern) is a 2016 German-Austrian comedy film directed by Chris Kraus.CastReceptionThe film won the Grand Prize and theAudience Award at the 2016 Tokyo International Film Festival and subsequently won several awards and nominations.  Martin Schwickert, of Zeit Online, said the dialogue had \"almost Woody Allen's brilliance andspeed.\"Passage 2:Shima (film)Shima is a 2007 film from Uzbekistan.PlotAt the end of the Second World War, imperial Japanese fanaticism seals the fate of an island's inhabitants and its garrison, through a massacre,interrupting the love between a soldier and a fisherman's daughter. The daughter survives, but the other survivor Taro- a soldier cut off from all communication- continues to serve the emperor for another thirty years.Tormented in his dreams by memories and his secret aspiration for eternal peace.Taro is regularly 'inspected' by his former military inspector Yamada, who exploits the situation to entertain former Japanese officers,nostalgic of Imperial Japan, by luring visitors to the island through his War Veterans Association. The visitors are held captive and enrolled by Taro to serve in the army of the Great Emperor. For the sadistic pleasure ofthe former Japanese officers, Yamada organises \"inspections\" during which the new recruits must prove their devotion to the emperor by sacrificing their lives.Many years later Shintaro, the son of the fisherman'sdaughter, finds himself on the island after searching for his father. He learns his father disappeared on the island just before the massacre. He contacts Yamada through the War Veterans Association, who agrees to takehim and others to the island. But once they arrive he abandons them and puts Taro in charge. For Shintaro and his comrades this means forced enrolment, military drills and suffering. After months of torture Shintaroand the other captives start to accept Taro's twisted sense of reality. The training intensifies as Taro prepares the recruits to fight a mysterious enemy.CastSeidula Moldakhanov as TaroMikhail Vodzumi as ShintaroAnvarKenjaev as YamadaInfluencesBased on the true story of Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda, a Japanese holdout who did not surrender until 1974. During his service, it has been estimated that he killed about thirty people,including American soldiers and local police militia.Passage 3:Circus of LoveCircus of Love (German: Rummelplatz der Liebe) is a 1954 drama film directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Eva Bartok, Curd Jürgens andBernhard Wicki. It was made as a co-production between West Germany and the United States. It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival.The film was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich and on location inthe city. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Kuhnert and Theo Zwierski. It was produced by King Brothers and released in West Germany by RKO Pictures. A separate English-language versionCarnival Story was shot simultaneously.CastEva Bartok as LilliCurd Jürgens as ToniBernhard Wicki as FranzRobert Freitag as RichardWilli Rose as KarlAdy Berber as Groppo the WildmanHelene Stanley as LoreJacobMöslacher as The DwarfJosef Schneider as The Sword-swallowerAmalie Lindinger as The Fat LadyLy Maria as The Snake LadyAnni Trautner as The Bearded LadyJadin Wong as The Chinese DancerPassage 4:Dragon'sGoldDragon's Gold is a 1954 American crime film directed by Aubrey Wisberg and Jack Pollexfen and starring John Archer, Hillary Brooke and Philip Van Zandt.PlotCastJohn Archer as Mack RossiterHillary Brooke asVivian CrosbyNoel Cravat as General Wong Kai HaiPhilip Van Zandt as SenMarvin Press as ChengDayton Lumis as Donald McCutcheonWilliam Kerwin as GenePassage 5:Kal: Yesterday and TomorrowKal: Yesterday andTomorrow is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language thriller drama film written and directed by Ruchi Narain. Produced by Sudhir Mishra under Sudhir Mishra Productions, the film features an ensemble cast of Chitrangda Singh,Shiney Ahuja, Smriti Mishra, Ram Kapoor, Malaika Shenoy, Sarika and Boman Irani. Shantanu Moitra composed the soundtrack and Sneha Khanwalkar composed the title track and the background score. While PrakashKutty and Ranjeet Bahadur handled cinematography and editing respectively. The film was premiered at 7th Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema in July 2005 won Indian Critics’ Award and released on 16September 2005.PlotBhavna Dayal and Maya Jalan had been fellow collegians and close friends, both come from very wealthy families. Bhavna is in love with another ex-fellow collegian, Tarun Haksar, who also comesfrom a wealthy family, and is also in love with Bhavna. Their respective families' expect both to marry each other. However, Tarun and Maya suddenly announce their engagement, and get married, leaving a shockedand heart-broken Bhavna to deal with this situation on her own. She eventually breaks off all contact with her former lover and friend respectively. One night, several months later, a disturbed Tarun returns to her lifeand apartment, and stays there overnight. The next day she is shocked to find out that Maya has been shot dead, and the police suspect Tarun of killing her. The question remains if Tarun had spent the entire night withBhavna, then who killed Maya, and further why did Tarun decide to return to Bhavna's life all of a sudden?CastReceptionTaran Adarsh writing for Bollywood Hungama gave 1 out of 5 stars stating, \"Ruchi has a differentstyle of narrating a story, but cinema such as KAL - YESTERDAY & TOMORROW is not everybody's cup of tea. It gets too complicated as it unfolds!\".Passage 6:Cry VengeanceCry Vengeance is a 1954 American film noircrime film directed by and starring Mark Stevens. The cast also includes Joan Vohs and Martha Hyer. It was produced by Lindsley Parsons and distributed by Allied Artists.PlotSan Francisco ex-cop Vic Barron's family hasdied in a car bombing and he has been disfigured, framed and imprisoned when he crossed the wrong mobsters. After his release, he wants revenge on gangster Tino Morelli, whom he considers responsible.Morelli ishiding out in Ketchikan, Alaska. After his arrival there, Vic finds Morelli and Morelli's charming little daughter. With the help of tavern owner Peggy Harding, Barron discovers that Morelli did not order the bombing andthat the true murderer was a hitman named Roxey. Harding also takes Barron on scenic tours of Alaska, hoping to calm his rage and make him realize that life is still worth living.Barron intends to kidnap Morelli's youngdaughter Marie as \"leverage\", but the little girl is so friendly toward him and blind to his disfigurement that he cannot go through with it. Morelli's death also cools his initial anger.Roxey, who has followed Barron,murders Morelli, but is wounded by Barron in a shootout, then falls from atop a dam. After saying farewell to Peggy and to Morelli's orphaned daughter, Barron travels back to San Francisco, but with a hint that he mightreturn.CastMark Stevens as Vic BarronMartha Hyer as Peggy HardingSkip Homeier as RoxeyJoan Vohs as Lily ArnoldDouglas Kennedy as Tino MorelliCheryl Callaway as Marie MorelliMort Mills as Johnny Blue-eyesWarrenDouglas as Mike WaltersLewis Martin as Nick BudaDon Haggerty as Lt. Pat RyanJohn Doucette as Red MillerDorothy Kennedy as Emily MillerRichard Deacon as San Francisco bartender (uncredited)Edward Clark asPawnbroker (uncredited)Passage 7:The Dark Angel (1925 film)The Dark Angel is a 1925 American silent drama film, based on the play The Dark Angel, a Play of Yesterday and To-day by H. B. Trevelyan, released byFirst National Pictures, and starring Ronald Colman, Vilma Bánky (in her first American film), and Wyndham Standing.PlotDuring the First World War, Captain Alan Trent, while on leave in England with his fiancée KittyVane, is suddenly recalled to the front before being able to get a marriage license. Alan and Kitty spend a night of love at a country inn \"without benefit of clergy\" and he sets off.At the front things go badly for Alan,who is blinded and becomes a Prisoner of War after being captured by the Germans. He is reported dead, and his friend, Captain Gerald Shannon, discreetly woos Kitty, seeking to soothe her grief with his gentlelove.After the war, however, Gerald discovers that Alan is still alive, in a remote corner of England, writing children's stories for a living. Loyal to his former comrade in arms, Gerald informs Kitty of Alan's reappearance.She goes to him, and Alan conceals his blindness and tells Kitty that he no longer cares for her. She sees through his deception, however, and they are reunited.CastReceptionThe film has a 100% fresh rating on RottenTomatoes, based on 9 positive contemporary reviews.Mordaunt Hall's October 12, 1925, review for The New York Times conveys what made this film a compelling success 7 years after the end of the First WorldWar.PreservationA print of The Dark Angel has been recently located in a film archive, so it is currently not considered a lost film.See alsoList of lost filmsPassage 8:A Kind of AmericaA Kind of America (Hungarian:Valami Amerika) is a Hungarian comedy film from 2002.PlotThe film is situated in Budapest, where the brothers Ákos, András, and Tamás live. Tamás is a director of video clips and commercials, but dreams of directinga feature film. He has written a script with the title 'The Guilty City', but has trouble financing the project. At his surprise, he receives an email from an American film producer named Alex Brubeck, who writes that helikes the script. Offering to pay half the budget, he wants to meet Tamás personally in Budapest to talk things through. With the help of his brothers Ákos, a successful manager and sex addict, and András, a failed poet,he does everything to impress the American producer.External linksA Kind of America at IMDbPassage 9:Fireworks (1954 film)Fireworks (German: Feuerwerk) is a 1954 West German period musical comedy filmdirected by Kurt Hoffmann and starring Lilli Palmer, Karl Schönböck, and Romy Schneider. Palmer's rendition of the song \"O mein Papa\" became a major hit. It was Palmer's debut film in her native Germany, havingspent many years in exile in Britain, and launched her career as a major star in the country.The film is based on the 1950 stage musical Das Feuerwerk partly written by Erik Charell. It was made at the Bavaria Studiosin Munich and on location in Switzerland. The film's sets were designed by the art director Werner Schlichting.It is a circus film set at the beginning of the twentieth century.CastPassage 10:Morena ClaraMorena Clara isa 1954 film directed by Luis Lucia starring Lola Flores and Fernando Fernán Gómez.PlotThe film begins by depicting the fabled tale of how the gypsies came to be. According to folklore gypsies are descendants of anEgyptian pharaoh. In the film, actors are dressed in ancient Egyptian costumes as they dance to flamenco music. As the story continues, the gypsies are run out of their lands and are forced to live nomadic lives,stealing and thieving as a means to survive. The Monty Pythonesque history lesson then continues to present the protagonists’ ancestors and the scene that drives the rest of the film: Trinidad’s (Lola Flores) ancestorplaces a spell on Enrique’s (Fernando Fernán Gómez) ancestor that will cause his descendant to fall in madly in love with her descendant.The story continues to the present day, that is to say the 1950s, where Trinidadand her uncle Regalito (Miguel Ligero) are charged with stealing six hams from a shop window. This scene presents some of the most entertaining banter in the entire film as Trinidad and Regalito argue their innocencewith very matter-of-fact language and mannerisms common to Andalusian gypsies. Their witty mockery, while creating uproars of laughter from the courtroom audience, causes the judges to grow more infuriated withthe pair. It is then that Enrique, a lawyer, steps in to defend Trinidad and Regalito. After much deliberation, the two gypsies, after having to pay a fee, are set free.The fee they are required to pay forces Trinidad to findemployment. Coincidentally, she finds a job as a maid in Seville at the home of Enrique, the lawyer. Instead of dismissing Trinidad, Enrique decides to make her part of an experiment he plans to conduct. Hisexperiment is to see if he can turn Trinidad from a thieving gypsy into a functioning member of Spanish society. He plans to track change in his Pygmalion-like experiment by playing a song and seeing how she reacts toit. The more refined she becomes, the less she should react to the folkloric music. Trinidad’s reaction to Enrique’s statement, while humorous, presents the moral of the story: she tells him that the spirit of a gypsy issomething that no one can tame and that, even though she will try because he has asked her to do this for him, it is an impossible task. Fitted with new, modern clothing, Trinidad’s reaction to the music is a rompingperformance full of beautiful arm movements and earth-shaking stomps. Trinidad’s performance is so spell binding that, not only is Enrique entranced, but her impromptu tune is so catchy that he hums along to it thevery next morning.As the months go by, Enrique’s experiment grows more futile as Trinidad’s charisma wins him over. As Enrique’s coworker sees how entranced he has become by her, he plots to convince Trinidad toleave with the pretense that Enrique’s career might be jeopardized by her presence in his household. Trinidad instantly decides to leave as the last thing she wants to do is hurt Enrique. She makes the decision to saygoodbye to him by performing a song dedicated to him. In an emotionally driven performance, Trinidad performs a powerful rendition of “Te Lo Juro Yo,” quickly leaving as soon as the song is done.In the end, Enriquetracks down Trinidad and declares his love for her.CastLola FloresFernando Fernán GómezMiguel LigeroManuel LunaJulia LajosAna MariscalJulia Caba AlbaFrancisco PierráThemesMorena Clara, while primarily a comedicmovie, deals with issues such as poverty, sexism, socioeconomic discrimination against gypsies, dispelling of the gypsy stereotype, and of course, love."}
{"doc_id":"doc_83","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hiding PlaceThe Hiding Place or Hiding Place may refer to:FilmThe Hiding Place (Playhouse 90), March 22, 1960 episode of American TV series; based on Robert Shaw's 1959 novelThe Hiding Place (film), 1975 American drama based on the 1971 book by Corrie ten BoomThe Hiding Place, 2000 American drama starring Kim Hunter and Timothy Bottoms, from the play by Mitch GiannunzioThe Hiding Place, 2008 American drama by Jeff WhittyLiteratureThe Hiding Place, 1959 British novel by Robert ShawThe Hiding Place (biography), 1971 memoir by Corrie ten Boom, who hid Dutch Jews during WWIIHiding Place (Wideman novel), 1981 middle volume of \"Homewood Trilogy\" by American John Edgar WidemanThe Hiding Place (Azzopardi novel), 2000 Welsh Booker Prize shortlistThe Hiding Place (Bell novel), 2012 American mysteryMusicHiding Place (band), Scottish rock band, active from 2004 to 2007Hiding Place (Selah album), 2004Hiding Place (Don Moen album), 2006Hiding Place (Tori Kelly album), 2018See alsoNo Hiding Place, 1959–1967 British police detective TV seriesHiding Places, 2019 American album by Brooklyn rapper Billy WoodsPassage 2:Hotel ReserveHotel Reserve is a 1944 British spy film starring James Mason as an innocent man caught up in pre-Second World War espionage. Other cast members include Lucie Mannheim, Raymond Lovell and Herbert Lom. It was based on Eric Ambler's 1938 novel Epitaph for a Spy. Unusually, it was both directed and produced by a trio: Lance Comfort, Mutz Greenbaum and Victor Hanbury. It was shot at Denham Studios with sets designed by the art director William C. Andrews. The film was produced and distributed by the British branch of RKO Pictures.PlotIn 1938, refugee Peter Vadassy decides to take a holiday at the Hotel Reserve to celebrate both his completion of medical school and his impending French citizenship. When he goes to pick up some photographs at the local pharmacy, he is taken away and questioned by Michel Beghin of French naval intelligence. When his negatives had been developed, some of them turned out to be of French military installations. It is discovered that while the camera is the same make as Peter's, the serial number is different. Peter is released on condition that he find out which other hotel guests have cameras like his.Peter does some snooping and eavesdrops on a suspicious conversation between Paul Heimberger and the hotel's proprietor, Madame Suzanne Koch. He searches Heimberger's room and finds several passports, all with different names and nationalities. Heimberger catches him in the act, but eventually matters are straightened out. Heimberger explains that he was originally a Social Democratic newspaper publisher who was anti-Nazi and been sent to a concentration camp for two years. After he was released, he joined an underground movement against the German regime.Peter spots his camera in the pocket of a dressing-gown belonging to Odette and Andre Roux, a couple on their honeymoon. Andre first tries to bribe Peter into giving him the negative and, when that fails, threatens him with a pistol. The police arrive at that moment and arrest Peter for espionage.The Rouxs leave the hotel, but find Heimberger trying to disable the hotel's car. Andre shoots him dead and the couple speed off to Toulon, unaware that they are being tracked by the police. Beghin had known the identity of the spies all along and merely used Peter to further his true goal; to find out who the Rouxs are reporting to. The spy ring is captured. Andre gets away, but is caught on a roof by Peter. Andre slips and falls to his death.CastJames Mason as Peter VadassyLucie Mannheim as Madame Suzanne KochRaymond Lovell as Robert Duclos, a hotel guest given to exaggerationJulien Mitchell as Michel BeghinHerbert Lom as Andre RouxMartin Miller as Walter VogelClare Hamilton as Mary Skelton, a hotel guest who is attracted to Peter. A sister of Maureen O'Hara, her real name was Florrie Fitzsimons. This was her only film appearance.Frederick Valk as Emil Schimler, alias Paul HeimbergerPatricia Medina as Odette RouxAnthony Shaw as Major Anthony Chandon-Hartley, a guestLaurence Hanray as Police Commissioner (as Lawrence Hanray)David Ward as Henri Asticot, a guestValentine Dyall as Warren SkeltonJoseph Almas as Albert, the waiter (as Josef Almas)Patricia Hayes as Servant (waitress)Hella Kürty as Hilda VogelIvor Barnard as P. Molon, the pharmacistErnst Ulman as Detective in Black SuitCritical receptionThe Radio Times noted, \"this subdued thriller, set just before the Second World War, is lifted by James Mason's performance as a 'wronged man',\" and concluded, \"The plot has enough suspense and intrigue built in, but this movie only fitfully comes to life as Mason sets out discover who the real villain is\"; Dennis Schwartz found it \"a visually attractive film, though hampered because it's so slow moving\"; whereas Leonard Maltin thought more highly of the piece, finding it a \"Suspenseful, moody film.\"Passage 3:The Hiding Place (film)The Hiding Place is a 1975 film based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Corrie ten Boom that recounts her and her family's experiences before and during their imprisonment in a Nazi concentration camp during the Holocaust during World War II.The film was directed by James F. Collier. Jeanette Clift George received a Golden Globe nomination for Most Promising Newcomer - Female. The film was given limited release in its day and featured the last appearance from Arthur O'Connell.CastJeannette Clift as Corrie ten BoomJulie Harris as Betsie ten BoomArthur O'Connell as Casper ten Boom, 'Papa'Robert Rietti as Willem ten BoomPamela Sholto as TinePaul Henley as Peter ten BoomRichard Wren as Kik ten BoomBroes Hartman as Dutch PolicemanLex van Delden as Young German OfficerTom van Beek as Dr. HeemstraNigel Hawthorne as Pastor De RuiterJohn Gabriel as Professor ZeinerEdward Burnham as Underground LeaderCyril Shaps as Building Inspector SmitForbes Collins as Mason SmitEileen Heckart as KatjeReviewsOne review noted that the performers’ “Dutch accents sound quite Swedish on occasion.”See alsoList of American films of 1975List of Holocaust filmsPassage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 6:C.J. TudorC.J. Tudor is a British author whose books include The Chalk Man and The Hiding Place (The Taking of Annie Thorne). She was born in Salisbury, England but grew up in Nottingham, where she still lives.The Chalk ManThe Chalk Man was published in January 2018 by Crown Publishing. Reviews were mixed. The Sun said \"[Tudor] weaves a complex and captivating story in her first novel.\". The Irish Independent said the book \"has an intriguing and creepy premise - but ultimately falls apart after a series of improbable, shading to outlandish, plot twists.\" The book received the 2019 Barry Award for Best First Novel.The SixthA book which to be called \"The Sixth\" was planned in 2022. But with a difficult 12 months between 2020 and 2021, a manuscript was written (approximately 86,000 words) and submitted to the publisher. Unhappy with the result, Tudor got a return from her editor that the book didn't work and needed a complete re-write. Not willing to do the job, Tudor preferred to offer a new book to be published in January 2023 and her publisher will instead publish her first short story collection in Autumn 2022.BibliographyBooksThe Chalk ManThe Taking of Annie Thorne (The Hiding Place)The Other PeopleThe Burning Girls“A Sliver of Darkness”“The Drift”Short storiesThe Man in the Box-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookThe Lion at the Gate-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookThe February House-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookButterfly Island in After Sundown anthologyPassage 7:Return to the Hiding PlaceReturn to the Hiding Place is a 2013 film based upon the factual accounting of Hans Poley's World War II encounter with Corrie ten Boom, her involvement in the Dutch resistance and the wartime harboring of Jewish refugees. A non-Jewish fugitive after he refused to pledge his allegiance to the Nazis, Poley was the first person hidden from the Nazis in the Ten Boom House, which is today a museum in Haarlem, Netherlands.   The film is adapted, in part, from Poley's book, Return to the Hiding Place (1993),  personal recollections, relayed to screenwriter Dr. Peter C. Spencer, and research from the Dutch National Archives. The film is neither a prequel nor is it a sequel to the 1975 film The Hiding Place, instead, it is a congruent accounting of the Dutch underground's resistance efforts from Poley's perspective.  It was directed by Peter C. Spencer and starred John Rhys-Davies, Mimi Sagadin and Craig Robert Young.BackgroundOn May 15, 1940, German occupation of the Netherlands begins with the nation's surrender, food and materials are rationed and evening curfews are imposed, gradually tightening from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Persecution of the Jewish population also is gradually implemented, starting with the requirement of wearing a yellow star bearing the word \"Jew\" and attacks against Jewish businesses and places of worship and culminating in the mass transport of Jewish citizens to unknown locations. Conspiracy theories begin to emerge on the fate of those being transported to the concentration camps.Corrie ten Boom (15 April 1892 – 15 April 1983) and her family are actively involved in the Dutch underground, invite the persecuted to live in their home and create a hidden room to conceal them during searches. Hans Poley, a young Christian, is the first guest and benefactor of the ten Boom family's extraordinary hospitality in May 1943.Poley's persecution begins with his refusal to sign the Nazi Manifesto, which reads in part:23. We demand legal opposition to known lies and their promulgation through the press. In order to enable the provision of a German press, we demand, that:a. All writers and employees of the newspapers appearing in the German language be members of the race;b. Non-German newspapers be required to have the express permission of the State to be published. They may not be printed in the German language;c. Non-Germans are forbidden by law any financial interest in German publications, or any influence on them, and as punishment for violations the closing of such a publication as well as the immediate expulsion from the Reich of the non-German concerned. Publications that are counter to the general good are to be forbidden. We demand legal prosecution of artistic and literary forms which exert a destructive influence on our national life, and the closure of organizations opposing the above-made demands.24. We demand freedom of religion for all religious denominations within the state so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race. The Party as such advocates the standpoint of a positive Christianity without binding itself confessionally to any one denomination. It combats the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and around us, and is convinced that a lasting recovery of our nation can only succeed from within the framework: The good of the state before the good of the individual.25. For the execution of all of this we demand the formation of a strong central power in the Reich. Unlimited authority of the central parliament over the whole Reich and its organizations in general. The forming of state and profession chambers for the execution of the laws made by the Reich within the various states of the confederation. The leaders of the Party promise, if necessary by sacrificing their own lives, to support the execution of the points set forth above without consideration.CastCast overview, first billed only:Filming locationsHaarlem, North Holland, NetherlandsHolland, Michigan, USAManistee, Michigan, USAAwardsSee alsoReturn to the Hiding Place, by Hans Poley, Lifejourney Books (1993) ISBN 0781409322The Hiding Place, a 1971 autobiography by Corrie ten BoomThe Hiding Place, a 1975 film based on the book by Corrie ten BoomPassage 8:ReserveReserve or reserves may refer to:PlacesReserve, Kansas, a US cityReserve, Louisiana,  a census-designated place in St. John the Baptist ParishReserve, Montana, a census-designated place in Sheridan CountyReserve, New Mexico, a US villageReserve, Wisconsin, a census-designated place in the town of CouderayReserve Mines, a community in Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, CanadaAuctionsAuction reserve, a minimum amount of money bid required for a sale, e.g., in an English auctionNo-reserve auction (NR), also known as an absolute auction, an auction in which the item for sale will be sold regardless of priceEconomics and financeReserve (accounting), any part of shareholders' equity, except for basic share capitalActuarial reserves, a liability equal to the present value of the future expected cash flows of a contingent eventBank reserves, holdings of deposits in central banks plus currency that is physically held in bank vaultsForeign-exchange reserves, the foreign currency deposits held by central banks and monetary authoritiesReserve currency, a currency which is held in significant quantities as part of foreign exchange reservesMineral reserve, natural resources that are economically recoverableOfficial gold reserves, gold held by central banks as a store of valueReserve study, a long-term capital budget planning toolLand managementGame reserve, land set aside for maintenance of wildlife, for tourism or huntingIndian reserve, a tract of land reserved for the use and benefit of a bandIndian colony, the concept in the United StatesIndian reservation, equivalent concept in the United StatesIndian reserve, equivalent concept in CanadaUrban Indian reserve, equivalent concept in CanadaNature reserve, a protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interestOpen space reserve, an area of protected or conserved land or water on which development is indefinitely set asideMilitaryMilitary reserve, military units not initially committed to battleMilitary reserve force, a military organization composed of citizens who combine a military role with a civilian careerReserve fleet, a collection of partially or fully decommissioned naval vessels not currently needed.SportsReserve (sport), a player not in the starting lineupInjured reserve list, a list of injured players temporarily unable to playReserve clause, part of a player contract in North American professional sportsReserve team, the second team fielded by a sports clubOther usesAboriginal reserve, historical government-run settlement in AustraliaCourse reserve, library materials reserved for particular usersDynamic reserve, the set of metabolites that an organism can use for metabolic purposesFuel reserve, an extra fuel tank, or extra fuel in the main fuel tankInjury Reserve, an Arizona hip hop trio formed in 2013Reserve Police Officers, auxiliary police officersReserve power, a power that may be exercised by the head of state without the approval of another branch of the governmentReserve wine, a wine that is specially designatedReserved, a Polish clothing store chainStockpile, a reserve of bulk materials for future useSee alsoHoldLayawayNative Reserve (disambiguation)Preserve (disambiguation)Reserva (disambiguation)Reservation (disambiguation)Reservoir (disambiguation)Western Reserve (disambiguation)All pages with titles beginning with Reserve All pages with titles containing ReservePassage 9:Situation Hopeless... But Not SeriousSituation Hopeless... But Not Serious is a 1965 oddball comedy film shot in black and white directed by Gottfried Reinhardt and starring Alec Guinness, Mike Connors and Robert Redford. It is based on the 1960 novel The Hiding Place by Robert Shaw.The title is a derived from Viennese Alfred Polgar's quip, \"The situation is desperate but not serious.\"PlotOn 27 November 1944, during World War II, two American fliers, Captain Hank Wilson and Sergeant Lucky Finder, have to bail out over Germany. They land in the small town of Altheim, where Wilhelm Frick reads his horoscope and it says an exciting change will happen that day.In town, the fliers hide in Frick's cellar. He initially locks them in and is going to inform the authorities when one claims German descent and he softens. They sing German songs together. Frick decides to hide them from the authorities. He leaves them locked there and goes to his job as the pharmacist's assistant at Drogerie Neusel. His boss listens to the radio regarding the Allied advance: the Germans have lost Aachen ... the end of the war is close. American troops march through Altheim outside Frick's work.The two Americans (Finder and Wilson) share the cellar with Frick's cats. They get hobbies: one sketching cartoons while the other does metalwork, which enables him to make a lockpick and they unlock themselves just as Frick returns. Finder has Frick's gun and turns it on him. They debate what will happen if they leave. He convinces them to stay. To ensure they stay, he puts them in shackles while they sleep. He tells them they must stay until the end of the war. He gives them the key to unlock themselves.He brings them a very pretty little Christmas tree. The story then jumps to VE Day (May 1945) with Frick listening to the radio announcement regarding the end of the war.The two have to reshackle themselves when Frick brings them food. On VE Day, he brings a large bottle of 10 year old Swiss kirsch and is about to tell them the news. By the third tumbler of kirsch, Frick is spilling as he pours and all are singing. Frick offers to give them cushions, books... and sunshine.Frick's boss is arrested as a Nazi sympathiser. Finder grows a long beard. Outside, this part of Germany comes under American occupation. Frick tries to barter for extra supplies from the local American quartermaster.In his struggle to keep them entertained, Frick lets slip some Americanisms and Finder queries how he knows them. Frick gives them a false history of the war and simply says that the Americans have captured Strasbourg. He gives them an orange stamped with the word California and they become suspicious. Struggling to explain, he distracts them by saying Paris is totally destroyed.Finder demands a woman and Frick starts to search. He peers in the window of the Daffodil Club and gets invited inside. Inside, he meets Lissie, a madam, who offers him a choice of girls at the bar. He prefers to use her and starts to explain things to her. His conversation in her back office worries her so much that she presses her silent alarm and he gets thrown out.Frick seems to go a bit crazy and is put in a hospital, but security is lax and he steals a bike and goes home. His house is dilapidated... it is unclear how long he has been gone. He unlocks the men. Two police appear outside (for the stolen bike). They ask if "}
{"doc_id":"doc_84","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Yan Yan (Three Kingdoms)Yan Yan (fl. 211–214 A.D.) was a Chinese military general and politician who served under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Although there is very little information about Yan Yan in historical records, he is given a much prominent role in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a general who initially serves under Liu Zhang before switching allegiance to Liu Bei later.LifeYan Yan was from Linjiang County (\u0000\u0000\u0000), Ba Commandery (\u0000\u0000), which is around present-day Zhong County, Chongqing. He served as a military officer in Ba Commandery under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing); Ba Commandery was one of the commanderies in Yi Province.In 211, Liu Zhang invited the warlord Liu Bei to lead his troops into Yi Province to help him counter the threat posed by his rival, Zhang Lu, in Hanzhong Commandery. When Yan Yan heard about it, he remarked: \"This is equivalent to sitting on an isolated hill and setting a tiger free to protect oneself!\"Around 212, conflict broke out between Liu Zhang and Liu Bei when the latter turned against his host and tried to seize control of Yi Province. In 214, Liu Bei summoned reinforcements from his base in Jing Province to enter Yi Province and assist him in attacking Liu Zhang. Zhang Fei, a general under Liu Bei, led troops to attack Jiangzhou (\u0000\u0000; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), which was defended by Yan Yan. Zhang Fei defeated Yan Yan, captured him alive, and asked him: \"When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?\" Yan Yan replied: \"You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender.\" Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. Yan Yan remained expressionless and said: \"If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?\" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest. Nothing was recorded in history about Yan Yan from this point onwards.In Romance of the Three KingdomsYan Yan has a greater role as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In Chapter 63 of the novel, as in history, he is defeated and captured by Zhang Fei, who initially wants to execute him but changes his mind and spares him after feeling impressed with Yan Yan's strong sense of loyalty. Zhang Fei also manages to convince Yan Yan to switch his allegiance to Liu Bei. Yan Yan appears again later in Chapters 70 and 71, when he joins Huang Zhong to attack Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Mount Dingjun.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsNotesPassage 2:Marco BortolamiMarco Bortolami ([\u0000marko b\u0000rto\u0000lami]; born 12 June 1980) is a rugby union coach and retired Italian international player, whose career includes experience playing in the national top-level Italian (Petrarca Padova), French (RC Narbonne), and English (Gloucester Rugby) championships, before joining the then recently-born Pro14 (with Aironi Rugby and then Zebre). Praised for his leadership skills, he captained all the teams he played for at professional level. At international level, he also captained the Italian side since 2002 till the 2007 Rugby World Cup, before being replaced in the permanent role by Sergio Parisse. He currently serves as head coach for Benetton Rugby in the United Rugby Championship.Club careerBortolami began his playing career with the team of his native Padua, making his debut as a second row aged only 18.After a two-year spell with RC Narbonne in the French Top14, in the summer of 2006 he joined English Premiership side Gloucester Rugby when he was considered by many to be one of the best players in the world around the time, being selected into the starting team for their first game of the season and immediately taking the role of captain. At Gloucester he made up a formidable partnership with Alex Brown and shared captaincy with Peter Buxton. Due to injuries and his World Cup commitments, the 2007–08 season ended up not being as consistent in performance and he lost the Italian captaincy to Italian No. 8 Sergio Parisse, but continued to put in powerful performances for Gloucester. His outstanding leadership qualities meant he retained captaincy. He made 23 appearances for Gloucester in 2008–09.In 2010 he returned to Italy signing for the new Aironi team which started to compete in the Celtic League from the 2010–11 season. After Aironi folded due to financial problems, Bortolami signed for the new franchise Zebre in the Pro12 for the 2012/13 season.On 7 May 2016, Bortolami announced his retirement from professional rugby with immediate effect.International careerBortolami was made captain of Italy's Under-21 side, before making his international debut at elite level against Namibia in June, 2001, when he was just 20. At the age of 22, Bortolami was made Italy's youngest ever captain by then coach John Kirwan.In his first-ever World Cup start, against Tonga, he suffered an injury and missed the decisive group-stage match against Wales, which saw the Azzurri eliminated from the competition.After impressing in the 2004 Six Nations Championship, he was once awarded the full captaincy for the 2005 Summer tour of Japan by coach Pierre Berbizier. After this tour he joined French club Narbonne.In the 2007 Six Nations Championship, Bortolami led Italy to their first away win in the competition against Scotland at Murrayfield, which was also the first time Italy have won more than one game in a single Six Nations Championship. At the 2007 Rugby World Cup, he led the Italian team to a decisive final group-stage match against Scotland, again missing access to the knock-out stage.With the 2007 Six Nations Championship, under new coach Nick Mallett, Bortolami was replaced as Italian skipper by Sergio Parisse.Bortolami suffered an injury against Australia in June 2012, but in May 2013 it was announced that he would be returning to the international stage.Coaching careerBortolami left Zebre at the end of the Celtic League 2015/16 season, and became Assistant Coach at Benetton Treviso from the start of the 2016/17 season.Other informationIn an interview in 2006, Bortolami stated that he wishes to become a mechanic for Ferrari after he retires from professional rugby, using the mechanical skills that he picked up in college. Shortly after the interview had taken place, he received a letter from Ferrari offering him a position as soon as he completed his rugby career. Something must be changed since then because now Bortolami moved into coaching the forwards for Benetton Treviso in Italy, after his last match on 7 May 2016.Although he has never been considered a violent player, his rough and direct playing style and his sometimes conflictual approach with the referees have led Bortolami to collect seven yellow cards in his long international career, surpassed in this unenviable ranking only by the Australian Michael Hooper and the Georgian Viktor Kolelishvili, both with eight.Passage 3:XiaxueCheng Yan Yan Wendy (born Cheng Yan Yan; 28 April 1984), better known by her pseudonym Xiaxue, is a Singaporean blogger and online television personality who writes about her life, fashion and local issues in a provocative style. Her main blog, which attracts about 50,000 readers daily, has won prestigious blog awards and earned her sponsorship deals, as well as stints as a columnist and TV show host, but some of her posts have sparked national controversies. She is married to American engineer Mike Sayre and they have one child.Personal lifeBorn in Singapore on 28 April 1984, Wendy Cheng studied at River Valley High School and graduated from Singapore Polytechnic with a diploma in mass media, then briefly worked as a project coordinator. Her father, an antique dealer, and her mother, a property agent, are divorced; she also has a younger brother. For a year, she maintained a paper diary, which her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend threw away during a Chinese New Year spring cleaning. Wanting to air her thoughts in a space that nobody could throw away, she started blogging in April 2003. She underwent plastic surgery, sponsored by MediaCorp TV, to \"correct her bulbous nose\" in 2006.In 2010, she married American engineer Mike Sayre, whom she met online and had dated for three years, and in March 2013, she gave birth to a boy named Dashiel.In 2023, she announced that she and Mike Sayre had split up.BloggingWendy Cheng has several blogs, including her untitled main blog (usually known as xiaxue.blogspot.com), and several private blogs. Although she writes in the English language, she selected her pseudonym Xiaxue (\u0000\u0000, pronounced something like sh'ya-shweh), which means \"snowing\" in Mandarin Chinese, because it \"had that tinge of mysterious, beautiful girl thing about it\". On her main blog, which attracts about 50,000 readers daily, she provides updates about her personal life, posts photographs, writes about topics such as fashion, discusses local issues such as \"nasty taxi drivers\", and posts paid advertorials. She often uses profanity in her posts and her success has been attributed to her provocative writing style. According to a survey she conducted, which attracted 6000 responses, her readers are mainly Singaporean, female, young adults interested in fashion and \"looking for an alternative voice\". Awards that her main blog has won include the 2004 and 2005 Wizbang Weblog Awards Best Asian Blog and the 2005 Bloggies Best Asian Weblog. In July 2005, a hacker defaced the blog, but she managed to restore its contents. Her main blog, the first from Singapore to enter the Technorati Global Top 100 Blogs List, was selected for the National Library Board archive in 2008.Other mediaDue to the popularity of her main blog, Xiaxue has earned jobs in mainstream media, notably as a columnist for national newspapers TODAY and The New Paper, Maxim magazine and Snag magazine. In addition, she has served as an editor for blog aggregator Tomorrow.sg, a Star Blogger for the STOMP portal and a presenter at the 2005 Singapore Writer's Festival. She has struck sponsorship deals with many companies, including online eyewear store HoneyColor, childcare merchandise retailer Mothercare, T-shirt maker LocalBrand, hair salon Kimage and nail studio Voxy. In 2006, she and DJ Rosalyn Lee co-hosted Girls Out Loud, a reality TV series on MediaCorp Channel 5, where they engage in \"outrageous antics and no-holds-barred banter\". She has a fortnightly series, called Xiaxue's Guide to Life, on the web television channel clicknetwork.tv; its highest-rated episode had more than a million views. The Health Promotion Board selected her as an ambassador for their Get Fresh campaign to discourage women from smoking and help female smokers quit.ControversyIn October 2005, Xiaxue wrote an entry condemning a disabled man, who scolded a non-disabled man for using the toilet for the disabled, leading to an online backlash that prompted two sponsors to cancel their deals. Two months later, she suggested that foreign workers be banned from Orchard Road, as they were molesting Singaporean girls; many netizens condemned her posts as \"racist rants\" and signed an online petition to ban her from Orchard Road. She was accused of impersonating another blogger and abusing her position as a Tomorrow.sg editor to remove comments critical of her in January 2006. In July 2007, she made a post about the \"seven most disgusting bloggers\" in Singapore, sparking flame wars that were extensively covered by local media. In April 2008, she made a video about the iPhone, which she insists \"was meant to be funny\", but was dubbed \"the worst iPhone review\" by American technology writer Daniel Lyons and ridiculed on other technology websites, including Gizmodo. Xiaxue also has a heated rivalry with blogger Dawn Yang, who threatened to sue her for an allegedly defamatory post in June 2008.In February 2020, Xiaxue was accused of “fatphobia” on social media after she called morbidly obese people “disgusting” and that they “don’t live past” the age of 40. Xiaxue claimed in an Instagram story that “they gorge themselves with 30 burgers a day and when they inevitably get a clogged artery or diabetes, taxpayers have to help foot their medical bills when their health conditions are entirely caused by their irresponsible behaviour”. Xiaxue's posts were deleted by Instagram after users reported her for harassment.In July 2020, Xiaxue lost brand sponsorships following police reports over racist tweets, including  tweets that were targeted at foreign workers, alleging “they molest people and f*** our maids and leer at girls and flood Little India” and the attempt to use the N-word in certain context. Beauty brand Fresh and Swedish timepiece company Daniel Wellington have publicly confirmed that they have ended their partnerships with Xiaxue following this incident. Reality and lifestyle channel Clicknetwork, with whom Xiaxue has worked with since 2011, dropped Xiaxue as a host.Passage 4:Nieng YanYan Ning (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; born 21 November 1977) is a Chinese structural biologist and the founding dean of the Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation. She previously served as the Shirley M. Tilghman Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University where her laboratory studied the structural and chemical basis for membrane transport and lipid metabolism.Early life and educationYan was born in Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong province in 1977. She received her B.S. degree from the Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, in 2000. She then studied molecular biology at Princeton University, under the supervision of Shi Yigong, and received her Ph.D. degree in 2004. Her doctoral dissertation was titled \"Biochemical and structural dissection of the regulation of apoptotic pathways in Drosophila and C. elegans.\" She was the regional winner of the Young Scientist Award in North America, which is co-sponsored by Science/AAAS and GE Healthcare, for her thesis on the structural and mechanistic study of programmed cell death. She continued her postdoctoral training at Princeton, focusing on the structural characterization of intramembrane proteases, until 2007.CareerIn 2007, she returned to Tsinghua University with an invitation by Zhao Nanming, director of the Department of Biology at the time. At the age of 30, she became the youngest professor and Ph.D. advisor in Tsinghua. Her research focused on the structure and mechanism of membrane transport proteins, exemplified by the glucose transporter GLUT1 and voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels.In 2017, Yan decided to leave Tsinghua and join Princeton University. The move gained widespread attention in China and led to a national discussion both within the science community and the general public. The cause was widely speculated to be the difficulty to do what she wanted to do under China's academic system, as she had criticized the China National Natural Science Foundation's reluctance to support high risk research in a series of blogs. However, Yan dismissed this claim later, and stated \"changing one's environment can bring new pressure and inspiration for academic breakthroughs\".For her research achievements, Dr. Yan has won a number of prizes. She was an HHMI international early career scientist in 2012–2017, the recipient of the 2015 Protein Society Young Investigator Award, the 2015 Beverley & Raymond Sackler International Prize in Biophysics, the Alexander M. Cruickshank Award at the GRC on membrane transport proteins in 2016, the 2018 FAOBMB Award for Research Excellence, and the 2019 Weizmann Women & Science Award. Yan was elected a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in April 2019. Yan was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021.On November 1, 2022, while speaking at the Shenzhen Global Innovation Forum of Talents, Yan announced that she will be resigning from her position at Princeton and will return to China to become a founding dean of the Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation. In December 2022, she resigned from Princeton and returned to China, where she accepted her new position.On March 22, 2023, Yan was appointed as director of the Shenzhen Bay Laboratory.Honors and awards2019National Academy of Sciences Foreign Associate, National Academy of SciencesWeizmann Women & Science Award, Weizmann Institute of Science2018FAOBMB Award for Excellence, Federation of National Societies of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Asian and Oceanian Region2017Wu-Janssen Award in Biomedical Basic Research, ChinaTeaching award, Tsinghua University2016Alexander M. Cruickshank Award for the Gordon Research Conference on Membrane Transport Proteins: Molecules to Medicine2015The Protein Science Young Investigator Award, Protein SocietyThe Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize in Biophysics, Tel Aviv University2014Cell \"40under40\", CellPromega Awards for Biochemistry, PromegaCheung Kong Scholar, Ministry of Education, ChinaThe Ho Leung Ho Lee Award for Advancement in Science and Technology, China2012Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Early Career Scientist, HHMIAward for “Women in Science” of ChinaCC Tan Award for Innovation in Life Sciences, China2011National Outstanding Young Scientist Award, China2006Young Scientist Award (North America Regional Winner), AAAS/Science and GEPassage 5:Yan Xing (Han dynasty)Yan Xing (pronunciation ) (fl. 190s–210s), courtesy name Yanming, later renamed Yan Yan, was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Han Sui during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.LifeYan Xing was from Jincheng Commandery (\u0000\u0000\u0000), which is around present-day Yuzhong County, Gansu. He started his career as a military officer under the warlord Han Sui. When conflict broke out between Han Sui and another warlord Ma Teng, during the melee Yan Xing nearly killed Ma Teng's eldest son Ma Chao by piercing him with a spear; the shaft broke so the tip only grazed Ma Chao's head.In 209, Han Sui sent him as an emissary to meet the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. Cao Cao treated Yan Xing well and appointed him as the Administrator (\u0000\u0000) of Jianwei Commandery (\u0000\u0000\u0000; around present-day Meishan, Sichuan). Yan Xing received permission to bring his family to the imperial capital, Xu (\u0000; present-day Xuchang, Henan), after which he returned to Han Sui. He advised Han Sui to become a vassal under Cao Cao and send one of his sons to Xu as a \"hostage\", so as to express his loyalty to the central government. Although Han Sui was initially reluctant to do so, he eventually agreed and sent his family to Xu as hostages.In 211, when Ma Chao and other warlords in the Guanzhong region were planning to start a rebellion, they approached Han Sui and invited him to join them. Ma Chao even told Han Sui, \"Previously, Zhong Yao ordered me to harm you. Now, I know that the people from Guandong (east of Tong Pass) cannot be trusted. Now, I abandon my father, and I'm willing to acknowledge you as my father. You should also abandon your son, and treat me like your son.\" Yan Xing advised Han Sui not to cooperate with Ma Chao but Han Sui still agreed to the alliance. Ma Chao, Han Sui and the warlords then engaged Cao Cao at the Battle of Tong Pass. During the battle, when Cao Cao requested to meet Han Sui, an old acquaintance of his, for a chat, Yan Xing accompanied Han Sui to the meeting. Cao Cao pointed at Yan Xing and told Han Sui, \"Take good care of this filial son.\"After Cao Cao defeated the warlords at the Battle of Tong Pass, Han Sui and his remaining followers retreated to Jincheng Commandery. As Cao Cao had heard that Yan Xing was reluctant to participate in the rebellion, he spared Yan Xing's family members who were in Xu at the time but executed the families of the other rebels. He then wrote a letter to Yan Xing to inform him that even though his family members were alive and well, the central government could not permanently provide for them. When Han Sui found out that Cao Cao had spared Yan Xing's family members, he plotted to harm them so as to force Yan Xing to remain loyal to him. He then forced Yan Xing to marry his daughter. As Han Sui expected, Cao Cao became suspicious of Yan Xing. At the time, as Han Sui had ordered Yan Xing to take charge of Xiping Commandery (\u0000\u0000\u0000; around present-day Xining, Qinghai), Yan Xing seized the opportunity to gather his followers and turn against Han Sui. However, he never managed to defeat Han Sui so he gave up and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_85","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is aFrench hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which wasone of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionallyguitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which alsolaunched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands,including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of DeathvideosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 3:Just Playing (Dreams)Just Playing (Dreams) is a promotional single by American hip hop artist The Notorious B.I.G. for his 1994 debut album Ready to Die. It wasproduced by Rashad Smith, and contains a sample of James Brown's \"Blues and Pants\" from Hot Pants. Complex magazine ranked the song number two on its list of \"The 50 Funniest Rap Songs\".Although the song doesnot appear on the original version of Ready to Die, it appears on the 2004 remastered version.BackgroundSome of the lyrics initially appeared on Mary J. Blige's \"What's the 411?\" remix. The song was released as apromotional single for Biggie's debut album Ready to Die.Composition\"Just Playing (Dreams)\" was written by The Notorious B.I.G. and Rashad \"Ringo\" Smith. The song is built on a sample of \"Blues and Pants\" writtenby James Brown, and its production was done by Ringo.In the song, Biggie takes aim at 20 of his favorite R&B singers and lists what he'd like to do to them. The list includes female R&B singers Mary J. Blige, PattiLaBelle, Mariah Carey, Chaka Khan, and Rupaul, who didn't take offense to the song. However, Raven-Symoné was 8 years old when Biggie rapped the line, “make Raven-Symoné call date rape.”The R&B quartetXscape didn't appreciate the song, which contained the line \"those ugly-ass Xscape bitches.\" In a 2009 interview, group member Kandi Burruss said that her bandmate Tameka \"Tiny\" Cottle ran into Biggie on theevening of his death, and he apologized for the lyric.Cover versions and remixesIn 1996, Lil Kim's song \"Dreams Freestyle\" sampled the lyrics of \"Just Playing\" on her debut studio album Hard Core.In 1996, Mad Skillz,sampled the line “Everybody, move ya body” as the chorus of his song \"Move Ya Body\" on his debut album From Where???In 2015, rapper Young M.A dropped her \"Dreams Freestyle\" from her debut 13-track mixtapeSleep Walkin.In 2018, rapper Nicki Minaj sampled the song for her studio album Queen in the song \"Barbie Dreams\". The single reached number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 36 on the UK SinglesChart.Passage 4:The Notorious B.I.G.Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names the Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or simply Biggie, was an Americanrapper. Rooted in East Coast hip hop and particularly gangsta rap, he is cited in various media lists as one of the greatest rappers of all time. Wallace became known for his distinctive laid-back lyrical delivery, offsettingthe lyrics' often grim content. His music was often semi-autobiographical, telling of hardship and criminality, but also of debauchery and celebration.Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, Wallace signed to Sean\"Puffy\" Combs' label Bad Boy Records as it launched in 1993, and gained exposure through features on several other artists' singles that year. His debut album Ready to Die (1994) was met with widespread criticalacclaim, and included his signature songs \"Juicy\" and \"Big Poppa\". The album made him the central figure in East Coast hip hop, and restored New York's visibility at a time when the West Coast hip hop scene wasdominating hip hop music. Wallace was awarded the 1995 Billboard Music Awards' Rapper of the Year. The following year, he led his protégé group Junior M.A.F.I.A., a team of himself and longtime friends, including Lil'Kim, to chart success.During 1996, while recording his second album, Wallace became ensnarled in the escalating East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. Following Tupac Shakur's murder in a drive-by shooting in LasVegas in September 1996, speculations of involvement in Shakur's murder by criminal elements orbiting the Bad Boy circle circulated as a result of Wallace's public feud with Shakur. On March 9, 1997, six months afterShakur's murder, Wallace was murdered by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting while visiting Los Angeles. Wallace's second album Life After Death, a double album, was released two weeks later. It reachednumber one on the Billboard 200, and eventually achieved a diamond certification in the United States.With two more posthumous albums released, Wallace has certified sales of over 28 million copies in the UnitedStates, including 21 million albums. Rolling Stone has called him the \"greatest rapper that ever lived\", and Billboard named him the greatest rapper of all time. The Source magazine named him the greatest rapper of alltime in its 150th issue. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly \"the most skillful ever on the mic\". In 2020, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall ofFame.Life and career1972–1991: Early lifeChristopher George Latore Wallace was born at St. Mary's Hospital in the New York City borough of Brooklyn on May 21, 1972, the only child of Jamaican immigrant parents.His mother, Voletta Wallace, was a preschool teacher, while his father, Selwyn George Latore, was a welder and politician. His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, and his mother worked two jobswhile raising him. Wallace grew up at 226 St. James Place in Brooklyn's Clinton Hill, near the border with Bedford-Stuyvesant. Raised Catholic, Wallace excelled at Queen of All Saints Middle School, winning severalawards as an English student. He attended St Peter Claver Church in the borough. He was nicknamed \"Big\" because he was overweight by the age of 10. Wallace claimed to have begun dealing drugs at about age 12.His mother, often at work, first learned of this during his adulthood.He began rapping as a teenager, entertaining people on the streets, and performed with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers as well as the Techniques.His earliest stage name was MC CWest. At his request, Wallace transferred from Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School in Fort Greene to George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School in DowntownBrooklyn, which future rappers Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also attending. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student but developed a \"smart-ass\" attitude at the new school. At age 17 in 1989,Wallace dropped out of high school and became more involved in crime. That same year in 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on aviolation of his probation. A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail.1991–1994: Early career and first childAfter release from jail,Wallace made a demo tape, Microphone Murderer, while calling himself Biggie Smalls, alluding both to Calvin Lockhart's character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again and to his own stature and obesity, 6 feet 3 inches(1.91 m) and 300 to 380 pounds (140 to 170 kg). Although Wallace reportedly lacked real ambition for the tape, local DJ Mister Cee, of Big Daddy Kane and Juice Crew association, discovered and promoted it, thus itwas heard by The Source rap magazine's editor in 1992.In March, The Source column \"Unsigned Hype\", dedicated to airing promising rappers, featured Wallace. He then spun the attention into a recording. Uponhearing the demo tape, Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, still with the A&R department of Uptown Records, arranged to meet Wallace. Promptly signed to Uptown, Wallace appeared on labelmates Heavy D & the Boyz's 1993 song\"A Buncha Niggas\". Mid-year, or a year after Wallace's signing, Uptown fired Combs, who, a week later, launched Bad Boy Records, instantly Wallace's new label.On August 8, 1993, Jan Jackson, Wallace's long-timegirlfriend, gave birth to his first child, T'yanna, although the couple had parted by then. Himself a high-school dropout, Wallace promised his daughter \"everything she wanted\", reasoning that if only he had that inchildhood, he would have graduated at the top of his class. Wallace continued dealing drugs, but Combs discovered this, and obliged him to stop. Later that year, Wallace gained exposure on a remix of Mary J. Blige'ssingle \"Real Love\". Having found his moniker Biggie Smalls already claimed, he took a new one, holding for good, The Notorious B.I.G.Around this time, Wallace became friends with fellow rapper Tupac Shakur. Lil'Cease recalled the pair as close, often traveling together whenever they were not working. According to him, Wallace was a frequent guest at Shakur's home and they spent time together when Shakur was in Californiaor Washington, D.C. Yukmouth, an Oakland emcee, claimed that Wallace's style was inspired by Shakur.The \"Real Love\" remix single was followed by another remix of a Mary J. Blige song, \"What's the 411?\" Wallace'ssuccesses continued, if to a lesser extent, on remixes of Neneh Cherry's song \"Buddy X\" and of reggae artist Super Cat's song \"Dolly My Baby\", also featuring Combs, all in 1993. In April, Wallace's solo track \"Party andBullshit\" was released on the Who's the Man? soundtrack. In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix of his own labelmate Craig Mack's \"Flava in Ya Ear\", the remix reaching No. 9 onthe Billboard Hot 100.1994: Ready to Die and marriage to Faith EvansOn August 4, 1994, Wallace married R&B singer Faith Evans, whom he had met eight days prior at a Bad Boy photoshoot. Five days later, Wallacehad his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, \"Juicy / Unbelievable\", which reached No. 27 as the lead single to his debut album.Ready to Die was released on September 13, 1994. It reached No. 13on the Billboard 200 chart and was eventually certified four times platinum. The album shifted attention back to East Coast hip hop at a time when West Coast hip hop dominated US charts. It gained strong reviews andhas received much praise in retrospect. In addition to \"Juicy\", the record produced two hit singles: the platinum-selling \"Big Poppa\", which reached No. 1 on the U.S. rap chart, and \"One More Chance\", which sold 1.1million copies in 1995. Busta Rhymes claimed to have seen Wallace giving out free copies of Ready to Die from his home, which Rhymes reasoned as \"his way of marketing himself\".Wallace also befriended basketballplayer Shaquille O'Neal. O'Neal said they were introduced during a listening session for \"Gimme the Loot\"; Wallace mentioned him in the lyrics and thereby attracted O'Neal to his music. O'Neal requested a collaborationwith Wallace, which resulted in the song \"You Can't Stop the Reign\". According to Combs, Wallace would not collaborate with \"anybody he didn't really respect\" and that Wallace paid O'Neal his respect by \"shouting himout\". Wallace later met with O'Neal on Sunset Boulevard in 1997. In 2015, Daz Dillinger, a frequent Shakur collaborator, said that he and Wallace were \"cool\", with Wallace traveling to meet him to smoke cannabis andrecord two songs.1995: Collaboration with Michael Jackson, Junior M.A.F.I.A., success and coastal feudWallace worked with pop singer Michael Jackson on the song \"This Time Around\", featured on Jackson's 1995album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. Lil' Cease later claimed that while Wallace met Jackson, he was forced to stay behind, with Wallace citing that he did not \"trust Michael with kids\" following the 1993child sexual abuse allegations against Jackson. Engineer John Van Nest and producer Dallas Austin recalled the sessions differently, saying that Wallace was eager to meet Jackson and nearly burst into tears upon doingso.In the summer, Wallace met Charli Baltimore and they became involved in a romantic relationship. Several months into their relationship, she left him a voicemail of a rap verse that she had written and he beganencouraging her to pursue a career in rap music.Wallace was booked to perform in Sacramento. When his group arrived at the venue there weren't many people there, and when they started performing they weregetting coins tossed at them. When they left they were held at gunpoint in the venue's parking lot, allegedly set up by E-40's goons, who were angry about an interview Wallace did with a Canadian magazine. Whenasked to rank a handful of artists on a scale from one to 10, Wallace gave E-40 a zero. One of Wallace's entourage said to get E-40 on the phone, Wallace explained how they had \"got him drunk\" and had got him \"tosay anything\", E-40 told his men to stand down and safely escorted them to the airport.In August 1995, Wallace's protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. (\"Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes\"), released their debutalbum Conspiracy. The group consisted of his friends from childhood and included rappers such as Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers. The record went gold and its singles, \"Player's Anthem\" and\"Get Money\", both featuring Wallace, went gold and platinum. Wallace continued to work with R&B artists, collaborating with R&B groups 112 (on \"Only You\") and Total (on \"Can't You See\"), with both reaching the top20 of the Hot 100. By the end of the year, Wallace was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B charts. In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of The Source with the caption \"The King ofNew York Takes Over\", a reference to his alias Frank White, based on a character from the 1990 film King of New York. At the Source Awards in August 1995, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year,Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year. At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.In his year of success, Wallace became involved in a rivalry between the East and West Coast hip hopscenes with Shakur, now his former friend. In an interview with Vibe in April 1995, while serving time in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur accused Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell, Sean Combs, and Wallace ofhaving prior knowledge of a robbery that resulted in him being shot five times and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry on the night of November 30, 1994. Though Wallace and his entourage were in the sameManhattan-based recording studio at the time of the shooting, they denied the accusation.Wallace said: \"It just happened to be a coincidence that he [Shakur] was in the studio. He just, he couldn't really say who reallyhad something to do with it at the time. So he just kinda' leaned the blame on me.\" In 2012, a man named Dexter Isaac, serving a life sentence for unrelated crimes, claimed that he attacked Shakur that night and thatthe robbery was orchestrated by entertainment industry executive and former drug trafficker, Jimmy Henchman.Following his release from prison, Shakur signed to Death Row Records on October 15, 1995. This madeBad Boy Records and Death Row business rivals, and thus intensified the quarrel.1996: More arrests, accusations regarding Shakur's death, car accident and second childOn March 23, 1996, Wallace was arrestedoutside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two fans seeking autographs, smashing the windows of their taxicab, and punching one of them. He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment andwas sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In mid-1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey, for drug and weapons possession charges.During the recording for his second album, Wallace wasconfronted by Shakur for the first time since \"the rumors started\" at the Soul Train Awards and a gun was pulled.In June 1996, Shakur released \"Hit 'Em Up\", a diss track in which he claimed to have had sex with FaithEvans, who was estranged from Wallace at the time, and that Wallace had copied his style and image. Wallace referenced the first claim on Jay-Z's \"Brooklyn's Finest\", in which he raps: \"If Faye have twins, she'dprobably have two 'Pacs. Get it? 2Pac's?\" However, he did not directly respond to the track, stating in a 1997 radio interview that it was \"not [his] style\" to respond.On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot multipletimes in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas and died six days later. Rumors of Wallace's involvement with Shakur's murder spread. In a 2002 Los Angeles Times series titled \"Who Killed Tupac Shakur?\", based on policereports and multiple sources, Chuck Philips reported that the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang, the Southside Crips, to avenge a beating by Shakur hours earlier, and that Wallace had paid for the gun.LosAngeles Times editor Mark Duvoisin wrote that \"Philips' story has withstood all challenges to its accuracy, ... [and] remains the definitive account of the Shakur slaying.\" Wallace's family denied the report, producingdocuments purporting to show that he was in New York and New Jersey at the time. However, The New York Times called the documents inconclusive, stating: The pages purport to be three computer printouts fromDaddy's House, indicating that Wallace was in the studio recording a song called Nasty Boy on the night Shakur was shot. They indicate that Wallace wrote half the session, was in and out/sat around and laid down aref, shorthand for a reference vocal, the equivalent of a first take. But nothing indicates when the documents were created. And Louis Alfred, the recording engineer listed on the sheets, said in an interview that heremembered recording the song with Wallace in a late-night session, not during the day. He could not recall the date of the session but said it was likely not the night Shakur was shot. We would have heard about it, Mr.Alfred said.\" Evans remembered her husband calling her on the night of Shakur's death and crying from shock. She said: \"I think it's fair to say he was probably afraid, given everything that was going on at that timeand all the hype that was put on this so-called beef that he didn't really have in his heart against anyone.\" Wayne Barrow, Wallace's co-manager at the time, said Wallace was recording the track \"Nasty Boy\" the nightShakur was shot. Shortly after Shakur's death, he met with Snoop Dogg, who claimed that Wallace declared he never hated Shakur.Two days after the death of Shakur, Wallace and Lil' Cease were arrested for smokingmarijuana in public and had their car repossessed. The next day, the dealership chose them a Chevrolet Lumina rental SUV as a substitute, despite Lil' Cease's objections. The vehicle had brake problems but Wallacedismissed them. The car collided with a rail in New Jersey, shattering Wallace's left leg, Lil' Cease's jaw and leaving Charli Baltimore with numerous injuries.Wallace spent months in a hospital following the accident. Hewas temporarily confined to a wheelchair, forced to use a cane, and had to complete physiotherapy. Despite his hospitalization, he continued to work on the album. The accident was referred to in the lyrics of \"Long KissGoodnight\": \"Ya still tickle me, I used to be as strong as Ripple be / Til Lil' Cease crippled me.\"On October 29, 1996, Evans gave birth to Wallace's son, Christopher \"C.J.\" Wallace Jr. The following month, JuniorM.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, Hard Core, under Wallace's direction while the two were having a \"love affair\". Lil' Kim recalled being Wallace's \"biggest fan\" and \"his pride and joy\". In a 2012interview, Lil' Kim said Wallace had prevented her from making a remix of the Jodeci single \"Love U 4 Life\" by locking her in a room. According to her, Wallace said that she was not \"gonna go do no song with them\",likely because of the group's affiliation with Tupac and Death Row Records.1997: Life After DeathOn January 27, 1997, Wallace was ordered to pay US$41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of aconcert promoter who claimed Wallace and his entourage beat him following a dispute in May 1995. He faced criminal assault charges for the incident, which remains unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped."}
{"doc_id":"doc_86","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:World and Time EnoughWorld and Time Enough is a 1994 independent gay-themed romantic comedy-drama written and directed by Eric Mueller and starring Gregory Giles, Matt Guidry, and KraigSwartz.CastPlotNarrated by their friend David (Swartz), World and Time Enough is the story of Mark (Guidry) and Joey (Giles). Mark is an HIV-positive art student who creates temporary \"sculptures\" on topics includingAIDS, abortion and the Bush economy. Joey works as a garbage collector, picking up trash along the roadways. He sometimes brings home interesting items that he finds on the job.Mark's mother was killed when hewas a child, in a freak accident in a church when she was crushed by a large falling cross. Since that day, his father has been obsessed with building model cathedrals. Mark and his father are somewhat distant and outof touch and Mark reaches out to him through a series of phone calls, leaving messages on his father's answering machine. Unknown to Mark, his father has died alone in his home but hasn't yet been discovered.Joey'srelationship with his adoptive parents is also strained because of his father's issues with Joey's homosexuality. Although he remains close with his sister, Joey feels the need to seek out his birth parents through theadoption social service agency.Mark discovers his father's body and in his grief he assumes his father's obsession with cathedral building. Rather than a model, however, Mark begins work on a full-size cathedral in alocal open field.Joey learns the identity of his birth parents, but also learns that they have died. He visits their gravesite and says the things there that he would have told them while they were alive.Mark experiences avision of his father, who tells him that he's making a mistake, to go home. Mark feverishly climbs the scaffolding and falls off it to the ground. Joey discovers him there.Later, together, out of the scaffolds, surviving bitsof Mark's sculptures and the things Joey's gathered, they build their own \"cathedral.\"ProductionIt was filmed on location in Edina and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The film was made with grants from the NationalEndowment for the Arts, the American Film Institute, and a local film organization. The final budget was about $60,000.ReceptionThe film was generally well-received by critics, although having 2 heterosexual actorsplay romantic leads in an LGBTQ+ film was noted in reviews.AwardsPassage 2:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govanworked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell FriendsSchool.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, servingas acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student,Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation ofthe museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded theconversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, thecritically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he alsocame under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardentsupporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in centralNevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth,having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regardedfor transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery spacehas almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance hasgrown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world.Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a\"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These includeChris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin'sPrimal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration onWilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013,Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for thecombined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architectPeter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Linemetro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. JosephGiovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into anequivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33%less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, andanticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, ChristopherKnight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as\"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion inHancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 andkeeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)TheChain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002)(TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television andtheatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, ThePaper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985),Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day TimeSpecial in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He alsoco-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 5:M. VenkatarajuM Venkataraju(1916-1969) was a music director/composer of Kannada cinema.FilmographyList of filmsBhakta Kanakadasa (1960)Raja Satyavrata (1961)Swarna Gowri (1962)Thejaswini (1962)Sri Dharmasthala Mahathme(1962)Nanda Deepa (1963)Jeevana Tharanga (1963)Chandra Kumara (In association with T.Chalapathi Rao) (1963)Passage 6:John DonatichJohn Donatich is the Director of Yale University Press.Early lifeHe received aBA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at PutnamPublishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director ofnational accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of Basic Books. While there, he started the Art ofMentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees andRichard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T.J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris. He also launched the digital archiveplatform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons fromthe Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story:Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhy Books Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342,E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) isa Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has beenthe director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director,and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in TelAviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival,2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city ofKfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel;director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 9:Eric MuellerEric C. Mueller (born November 6, 1970) is a former Olympic and National team rower,representing the United States at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics.He was born in Kansas City, Missouri.Mueller, one of the most successful men's rowers in Wisconsin history, begins his third season as the Badgers'freshmen coach.Mueller returns to Madison for the second time as an assistant coach. He spent 1998–99 as the assistant varsity coach, before leaving to train for the 2000 Olympic Summer Games in Sydney, Australia.During his previous stint, he was responsible for the Badgers' small boats and led them to four gold medals and one silver medal at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association national championships. The result helpedWisconsin begin a four-year run as winners of the Ten Eyck Trophy as national team points champion.Since his return, the UW freshmen have improved from a bottom six national finish in the year before his joining theprogram to a return to the national grand finals.As a rower, Mueller secured three letters at Wisconsin while a member of the varsity eight from 1991–93. At national championships during his career, the boat placedsixth, once, and ninth, twice. A Cedarburg, native, Mueller earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Wisconsin in 1994.Following his Badger career, Mueller went on to win an Olympic silver medal inthe men's quadruple sculls in 1996 in Atlanta. He also placed fifth at the 2000 Olympics with the men's four. U.S. national team member in 1995, ‘96, ‘00, ‘01 and ‘02, he was part of the men's eight champion at the2002 World Cup in Lucerne, Switzerland, and finished third at the 2002 World Championships in Seville, Spain. His men's four took fourth at the 2001 World Championships, while his men's eight was a bronze medalistat the 2000 World Cup, again in Lucerne. He also won a bronze medal with the men's quadruple sculls in Lucerne at the 1996 World Cup.Passage 10:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube inLatin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, andlater at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements.Heco-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order tocreate the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There heestablished a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’scontent and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for GoogleMexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’sLatin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association)Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO."}
{"doc_id":"doc_87","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Salang RiverThe Salang is a 438 kilometre long river of Afghanistan, flowing through Parwan Province. It is a tributary of the Indus River and the Ghorband River and the Panjshir River and the KabulRiver.GeographyThe Salang River originates on the south side of the central mountains of the Hindu Kush in the north-east of Salang Pass, which links the region to Kabul with the northern part of the country.Its valleyand the Salang Pass form an important international waterway. It is north–south oriented. The Salang flows into the Ghorband River at the locality of Jabal Saraj in Parwan. In Jabal Saraj, the average annual flowmodule between 1961 and 1964 was about 763 millimeters per year, which is considered a high rate.Passage 2:Pigna Barney RiverPigna Barney River, a partly perennial river of the Manning River catchment, is locatedin the Upper Hunter district of New South Wales, Australia.Course and featuresPigna Barney River rises on the eastern slopes of Mount Royal Range, south of the locale of Glenrock, and flows generally east by southbefore reaching its confluence with the Manning River, south of Mount Myra. The river descends 818 metres (2,684 ft) over its 40 kilometres (25 mi) course.See alsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers of New SouthWales (L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 3:Trubizh RiverThe Trubizh (Ukrainian: Трубі́ж, Russian: Трубе́ж) is a river entirely located in Ukraine, a left tributary of Dnieper. It falls into the Dnieper's Kaniv Reservoir(named after Kaniv). It is 113 kilometres (70 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 4,700 square kilometres (1,800 sq mi).Major cities: Pereiaslav.Passage 4:Tesechoacan RiverThe Tesechoacan River is a river of Mexicoin Veracruz state.It is formed where the Cajones River joins the Manso River, both flowing eastward from the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca and is a tributary of the Papaloapan River.See alsoList of rivers of MexicoPassage5:Lunga River (Zambia)The Lunga River is the name of two rivers in Zambia. One is a tributary of the Kafue River and the other a tributary of the Kabompo River, both of which are tributaries of the Zambezi.Passage6:Yadboro RiverYadboro River, a perennial river of the Clyde River catchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and the upper ranges of the South Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia.Course andfeaturesYadboro River rises below Currockbilly Mountain on the eastern slopes of the Budawang Range within Budawang National Park, east northeast of Braidwood, and flows generally northerly parallel to the range,then east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Clyde River at Campus Head, near Yadboro Flat. The river descends 965 metres (3,166 ft) over its 26 kilometres (16 mi) course.SeealsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers of New South Wales (L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 7:Peters Creek (Pennsylvania)Peters Creek is a 16.8-mile-long (27.0 km) tributary of the Monongahela River andpart of the Ohio River and Mississippi River watersheds, flowing through southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States.Variant namesAccording to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been knownhistorically as:Peter's CreekCoursePeters Creek starts in Nottingham Township in Washington County and runs generally northerly until it joins the Monongahela River at Clairton in Allegheny County.WatershedThePeters Creek watershed is a diverse fifty square miles in southwestern Allegheny County and northeastern Washington County. From the heavy industry in the east where Peters Creek enters the Monongahela River, tothe commercial northeast, the suburban northern communities, and the still rural and farming south, the watershed is a veritable patchwork of land use types. There is also a county park, a turnpike, a landfill, and acoal mining legacy to add to the mix. Some communities are relatively stable while others are undergoing rapid development. Peters Creek and its tributaries provide utility to them all in a myriad ofways.TributariesLewis Run, in Jefferson HillsBeam's Run, in Jefferson HillsLick Run, in South Park TownshipPiney Fork Run, in South Park TownshipPeters Creek also collects numerous unnamed tributaries along itscourse.Water quality and recreationBecause of past water quality issues, Peters Creek was not considered to have any recreational purpose, but since the 1990s the water quality has improved dramatically. Onceplagued with garbage and acid mine drainage, the water quality is now high enough to support its own fish population, which includes trout, bass, catfish, carp, and bluegill.  It is now again possible to enjoy the streamthrough such activities as fishing, swimming, and during high water, kayaking. There is also a new bike trail that runs along its bank, formerly part of the Montour Railroad.See alsoList of rivers of PennsylvaniaPassage8:Crocodile River (Limpopo)The Crocodile River (Tswana: Oodi, Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) is a river in South Africa. At its confluence with the Marico River, the Limpopo River is formed.CourseThe Crocodile River has itssource in the Witwatersrand mountain range, originating in Constantia Kloof, Roodepoort, Gauteng province. The first dam on the river is the Lake Heritage Dam just west of Lanseria International Airport. Just north ofthis airport is its confluence  with the Jukskei River. Further downstream into the North West province are the Hartbeespoort Dam and the Roodekoppies Dam. Beyond the Hartbeespoort Dam, the stream passes thetown of Brits. The Elands River joins downstream from the Vaalkop Dam, about 20 km further the Pienaars River joins its right bank, shortly after exiting the Klipvoor Dam.In Limpopo province, about 35 km further, theriver passes the town of Thabazimbi and meanders for many miles through a sparsely inhabited area before joining the Marico River just west of Rooibokkraal at the limit of North West province to form the start of theLimpopo River.TributariesThe tributaries of the Crocodile River include the Bloubankspruit, Hennops River, Jukskei River, Magalies River, Sterkstroom River, Rosespruit, Skeerpoort River, Kareespruit, Elands River,Bierspruit River and Sundays River.PollutionThe Crocodile River is one of the most polluted river systems in South Africa. The effects of pollution from two of South Africa's metropolitan areas, Johannesburg andTshwane, has been detrimental to the ecology of the system. Untreated industrial, mining, agricultural and household waste has deteriorated the water quality throughout most of its course and led to massive algalblooms in the Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodekoppies Dam. Invasive plant species have negatively affected the integrity of the system. Unsustainable farming practices have led to sediment overloads and erosion furtherharming the river.DamsThe Crocodile River is part of the Crocodile (West) and Marico Water Management Area. Dams in the river basin are:Hartbeespoort DamRoodekoppies DamRietvlei Dam, in the Rietvlei RiverBonAccord Dam and Leeukraal Dam, in the Apies RiverKlipvoor Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, in the Pienaars/Moretele RiverVaalkop Dam, in the Elands RiverBospoort Dam, in the Hex River (Matshukubjana)See alsoDrainagebasin AList of rivers of South AfricaList of reservoirs and dams in South AfricaPassage 9:São Sebastião RiverThere are two rivers named São Sebastião River in Brazil:São Sebastião River (Espírito Santo)São SebastiãoRiver (Paraná)See alsoSão Sebastião (disambiguation)Passage 10:Etheostoma obamaEtheostoma obama, the spangled darter,  is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae,part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States where it is only known to occur in the Duck River and the Buffalo River, both inTennessee.Discovery and namingSteven Layman of Geosyntec Consultants and Rick Mayden of Saint Louis University studied the freshwater darters, most of which are native to Alabama and Tennessee in the UnitedStates. While they were studying color variation of Etheostoma stigmaeum, the speckled darter, Layman and Mayden discovered that there were populations with enough variation that they should be described asunique species.This species was one of five distinct species of fish that were named after former U.S. presidents and a vice-president, based on their leadership in conservation. E. obama was named after BarackObama, for his work \"particularly in the areas of clean energy and environmental protection, and because he is one of our first leaders to approach conservation and environmental protection from a more global vision,\"according to Layman.DescriptionEtheostoma obama males have bright orange and iridescent blue speckles, stripes, and checked patterns, with a bright fan-shaped fin that has orange stripes. The males can reach up to48 mm (1.9 in) long, while the females reach 43 mm (1.7 in) long. 29% of the studied fish had palatine teeth.See alsoList of organisms named after famous people (born 1950–present)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_88","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George Gordon, 2nd Earl of HuntlyGeorge Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly (died 8 June 1501) was a Scottish nobleman and Chancellor of Scotland from 1498 to 1501.LifeGeorge was the son of Alexander (Seton)Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly and his second wife Elizabeth Crichton, daughter of William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton. George is first mentioned by name in 1441 when the lands which later became part of the Earldom weresettled on him and his heirs. George was almost certainly born shortly before this time, c. 1441 as his parents married before 18 March 1439–40.In his contract with Elizabeth Dunbar, Countess of Moray, dated 20 May1455 he is styled the Master of Huntley. He is addressed as \"Sir George Seton, knight\", in a royal precept dated 7 March 1456–7, and in a crown charter dated a year later he uses the name of Gordon for the first time,indicating he had assumed that surname. As George, Lord Gordon, he was keeper of the castles of Kildrummy, Kindrochat and Inverness. He succeeded his father as Earl of Huntly c. 15 July 1470.Shortly after becomingEarl of Huntly he was involved with the Earl of Ross in a private war in which the king, James III of Scotland, interceded. Ross was charged with treason, but after refusing a summons from the king, was outlawed. Oneof the expeditions sent against the errant Earl of Ross was led by Alexander. After he captured Dingwall Castle and pressed his army into Lochaber, Ross relented and sought pardon for his actions from the king. In 1479he was justiciary north of the River Forth, one of his primary duties was the suppression of feuds between Highland clans. In 1497 George Gordon was appointed High Chancellor of Scotland, the honour probablybestowed at the same time as his daughter Catherine married Perkin Warbeck, an adventurer in favour with King James IV of Scotland. George was Chancellor until 1500. George, the second earl, died at Stirling Castleon 8 June 1501.FamilyOn 20 May 1455, George Gordon was married by contract to Lady Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of James Dunbar, 7th Earl of Moray. The marriage was annulled due to affinity, before March1459–60; the couple had no children.George secondly married, before March 1459–60, Princess Annabella of Scotland, youngest daughter of King James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort (the granddaughter of John ofGaunt). After several years of marriage, the Earl of Gordon instituted proceedings to have this marriage annulled as well, on the grounds that Princess Annabella was related in the third and fourth degrees ofconsanguinity to his first wife, Elizabeth Dunbar, and the marriage was dissolved on 24 July 1471.George Gordon had a number of children, but with few exceptions, there remains no clear consensus as to which childwas of the second marriage and which was of the third:Lady Isabella Gordon (d. 1485), wife of William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll (d. 1507).Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly (died 21 January 1523/24)Adam Gordon,who married Lady Elizabeth de Moravia, daughter and heir of John de Moravia, 8th Earl of Sutherland, and in her right became Countess of Sutherland after her brother's death. Their son was Alexander Gordon, Masterof Sutherland.William Gordon, who married Janet Ogilvy and was the ancestor of the Gordons of Gight, from whom Lord Byron was a descendant.James Gordon, mentioned in an entail in 1498.Lady Janet Gordon, whomarried firstly, Alexander Lindsay, Master of Crawfurd; secondly, Patrick, Master of Gray (annulled); thirdly, Patrick Buttar of Gormark; and fourthly, James Halkerston of Southwood. She died before February1559.Lady Elizabeth Gordon, mother was Annabella, who was contracted to marry William Keith, 3rd Earl Marischal, in 1481.George obtained an annulment from his second marriage on 24 July 1471. He then married,thirdly, his mistress, Lady Elizabeth Hay, daughter of William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll, and swore a solemn oath to have no 'actual delen' with the lady until after they were married. He married Elizabeth Hay on 12 May1476, and they had the following children:Lady Catherine Gordon (died October 1537), probably a daughter of Elizabeth Hay, she married firstly, Perkin Warbeck (d. 1499), notorious for claiming to be Richard ofShrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, one of the young princes who disappeared from history in the Tower of London; she married secondly, James Strangeways of Fyfield (d. 1515); she married thirdly, Matthew Cradock ofSwansea (d. 1531); and she married fourthly, Christopher Assheton of Fyfield. She was well received at the court of King Henry VII of England, who styled her \"the White Rose.\" She had no issue by any of her fourhusbands.Lady Eleanor GordonLady Agnes GordonNotesPassage 2:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian ofthe Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaabaafter him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that theopportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic:\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess(Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib andAbdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamilytree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 3:James Gordon, 2nd Viscount AboyneJames Gordon, 2nd Viscount Aboyne (c. 1620 – February 1649) was the second son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly, aScottish royalist commander in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.Early lifeAboyne was a member of the powerful Gordon family, who were notable for their Roman Catholic sympathies in a kingdom where supporters ofthe Protestant Reformation controlled the central government. Although there is little direct evidence for Aboyne's personal religious views, he was clearly opposed to extreme Protestantism, and he played a significantrole in recruiting Catholics for the royalist cause.He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and earned youthful military experience in France, where his father commanded of the Garde Écossaise. Unusually for ayounger son, James Gordon also inherited a peerage, becoming 2nd Viscount Aboyne in 1636.The Bishops' WarsIn 1639, the First Bishops' War broke out, in which the Protestant faction known as the Covenantersattempted to seize control of church and state. The Covenanter army dispatched the dashing young James Graham, Earl of Montrose to deal with the Gordons.Viscount Aboyne was just nineteen, but he seems to havebeen regarded throughout the campaign as the effective leader of the anti-Covenanter forces, even before his father and elder brother surrendered. Later, he continued the war in spite of a lack of effective support fromKing Charles's royal government.The teenage general suffered two reverses in June 1639 at Megray Hill and Brig o' Dee, attributed to unsteady infantry and dissent between his officers, but his losses were light, and hiscavalry performed credibly, remaining in the field until they learned that the king had made peace with the Covenanters. It is also worth noting that Aboyne's defence of Aberdeen at Brig o'Dee was so determined thatthe battle lasted two days (18 and 19 June) before Montrose finally dislodged him.In this short campaign, the Gordon cavalry anticipated the tactics of the English Civil War: they often moved as a mounted columnwithout infantry support, and they usually charged with the sword, discovering how ineffective a pistol caracole could be at Megray. Unusually, it seems that Aboyne's elite troop of one hundred \"gentleman volunteercuirassiers\" were clad in full armour, in contrast to the buff coats and breastplate now favored by most cavalry regiments. This was still sought-after equipment, as it gave protection against bullet and sword-thrusts,and in the English Civil War it was worn by generals' bodyguards and the famous London lobsters.Scottish Civil WarFor the next few years, a tenuous peace held in Scotland. Viscount Aboyne seems to have kept a lowprofile, living partially in England, but in 1642, the First English Civil War broke out, setting King Charles against his Parliament.Aboyne now worked hard to arrange a military alliance with Clan Donald and the IrishConfederates, and came to be associated politically with the Scottish earls of Nithsdale, Crawford and Airlie - all open or suspected Catholics. Not unreasonably, their enemies saw this as a war plan to restore the oldreligion.But Aboyne also found common cause with his former opponent Montrose, a loyal royalist as well as  a committed Presbyterian; both of them believed the Scottish Covenanters were now likely to enter the waron Parliament's side.Aboyne spent 1644 with royalist forces around Carlisle, while his brothers raised the family's forces in the north. The next spring, he returned to Scotland, fighting in Montrose's victories atAuldearn, Alford, and at Kilsyth; in each battle, he led a flanking charge on the left wing that broke the Covenanters' right. After Alford, there is some evidence that he was promoted in the peerage, under the title ofEarl of Aboyne.Yet while the army was victorious on the field, Aboyne's personal position was increasingly difficult. His father, the Marquess of Huntly, believed the family's troops should be used to eliminate theCovenanters in the north - in contrast with Montrose, who intended to march south into England. At the same time, the relationship between Montrose and Aboyne was becoming strained, not least when the Earl ofCrawford was appointed to command the army's cavalry, an awkward role when Aboyne commanded the only large mounted force.In September 1645, Aboyne and the Gordon cavalry withdrew to the north, shortlybefore the Battle of Philiphaugh. With hindsight, Aboyne's action is sometimes said to have cost the royalists the battle and the war.In reality, the war was far from over at Philiphaugh. Montrose moved north, and inspite of Huntly's increasingly pathological inability to cooperate with him, the royalist armies proved largely successful in the field. Aboyne, caught between his father and his general, busied himself raising troops in thecentral Highlands.The cause was undermined not by the Scottish war, but by the weakening position of the king in England. At the end of April 1646, King Charles decided that the best course was joining theCovenanters, and ordered his Scottish troops to lay down their arms.Outlaw and exileHuntly and Aboyne doubted the Covenanters' mercy, and with their cavalry, they withdrew into the Highlands to wage a guerilla war.They remained under arms until December 1647, when the Marquess was captured in a Covenanter raid.Aboyne escaped, but he had only a few troops left. Excluded from the general pardons issued to Scots royalists,he is said to have fled to France and died in exile in Paris around February 1649 - of a fever according to some, while others say he died of grief at the news of King Charles's beheading.Viscount Aboyne had nevermarried, and his title thus became extinct, although the title of Earl of Aboyne was later revived for his younger brother. Since his elder brother's death at Alford, he had also been heir to the Marquessate (with thecourtesy title Earl of Enzie, although this was rarely used); these dignities now passed to his younger brother, Lord Lewis Gordon.== Bibliography ==Passage 4:John Gordon, 3rd Earl of AboyneJohn Gordon, 3rd Earl ofAboyne (April 1700 – 7 April 1732) was the son of Charles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne and Elizabeth Lyon. He succeeded his father as 3rd Earl of Aboyne in April 1702. On the date of his death 7 April 1732, he wassucceeded in his titles by his eldest son. He was just 32 years old.FamilyHe married Grace Lockhart, daughter of George Lockhart and Lady Euphemia Montgomerie, on 20 June 1724, and had issue:1. Charles Gordon,4th Earl of Aboyne (c1726-1794):by his first wife, Lady Margaret Stewart, daughter of Alexander Stewart, 6th Earl of Galloway and Lady Catherine CochraneLady Margaret Gordon b. 1760, d. 23 May 1786, marriedWilliam Thomas Beckford, son of William Beckford and Maria Hamilton, daughter of the Hon. George HamiltonGeorge Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly b. 28 Jun 1761, d. 17 Jun 1853, married Catherine Cope, daughterof Sir Charles Cope, 2nd Bt. and Catherine Bishoppby his second wife, Lady Mary Douglas, daughter of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton and Agatha HalyburtonLord Douglas Halyburton b. 10 Oct 1777, d. 25 Dec1841, married Louisa Leslie, daughter of Sir Edward Leslie, 1st Baronet2. Lt.-Col. Hon. John Gordon (1728–1778)Major-General John Gordon b. 8 Jul 1765, d. 26 Dec 1832, married Eliza Morris, daughter of RobertMorrisGrace Margaret Gordon b. 27 Sep 1766, married William Graham3. Lt.-Col. Hon. Lockhart Gordon (1732–1788), married Catherine (1746–1813), daughter of John Wallop, Viscount LymingtonCaroline Gordon b.1772 d. 13 December 1801, married Lt.-Col. William James, son of Lt.-Col. Sir Charles James and Catherine Napier, daughter of Sir Gerrard Napier, 5th BaronetReverend Lockhart GordonLoudon HarcourtGordonNotesPassage 5:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother ofAkhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancientEgypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the godMin of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya andThuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremoniesand rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay,an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, althoughcertainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preservedtomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M.Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's largegilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledgerunners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on theother side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb;the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers havingsome difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resinand opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered herwrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly womanof small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision isstitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination ofTutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils werestuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placedinto her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosiswith a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 6:Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of AboyneCharlesGordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne (c1638 - March 1681). The fourth son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly and Lady Anne Campbell, he was created 1st Earl of Aboyne and 1st Lord Gordon of Strathaven and Glenlivetby Letters Patent on 10 September 1660. At the time of his death in March 1681, he was succeeded in the earldom and lordship by his son.FamilyHe married firstly, Margaret Irvine, daughter of Alexander Irvine, c1662,and had issue:Lady Ann Gordon (d. c1665)His first wife died in 1662.He married secondly, Elizabeth Lyon, daughter of John Lyon, 2nd Earl of Kinghorne and Lady Elizabeth Maule, on 28 August 1665, and hadissue:Charles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne (c1670-1702)Hon. George GordonHon. John Gordon (d.1762)Lady Elizabeth Gordon, married John Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Cromartie (1685)Passage 7:Hannah ArnoldHannahArnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 8:CharlesGordon, 2nd Earl of AboyneCharles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne (c. 1670 – April 1702). The eldest son of Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne and Elizabeth Lyon, he succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Aboyne in March1681. At the time of his death in April 1702, he was succeeded in his titles by his son.FamilyHe married Elizabeth Lyon, daughter of Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Helen Middleton, c1662, and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_89","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at NorthwesternUniversity. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directedthe musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où est donc passée laseptième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 during the Battle ofFrance.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near the Machecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. CaptainDumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill, and takes positionwithin a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, and order a puzzled 7thCompany to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff Sergeant Chaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slowdown and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the camp without their weapons to look forPithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake. While Chaudard teaches hismen how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapesbefore his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm,but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard. Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door,comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard hasbeen lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killing its two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and thetwo dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans' uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company,who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures thenewest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck's cannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by their owncolonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowing the company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins hisChaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobertLamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : The peasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A FrenchsoldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by Robert Lamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune(The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. Thefamous grocery scene was filmed in Bazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences in June 1940 during the war.The final scene with the parachute is based on a true story.The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups of three, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the rail network of Normandy Landings in Brittany, two days before.Box officeThe moviereceived a great success in France reaching the third best selling movie in 1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septième compagnie? at IMDbPassage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is aNorwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been thedirector of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 5:Andrzej FidykAndrzej Fidyk (born in 1953, Warsaw) is a  Polish documentaryfilmmaker, producer, and professor of the Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School in Katowice. He is best known for work his 1989 documentary Defilada (The Parade), which depicts the mass parades choreographed tocelebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1988.Initially, Fidyk planned to be an economist.  During 1972 and 1977 he studied foreign trade atthe Central School ofPlanning and Statistics at the Warsaw School of Economics. After graduation, he worked at the ForeignTrade Bureau for two years, work which he hated He first started working for television in 1980, since when he hasmade over 40 documentary films shown primarily on Polish and British television. From 1991 to 1996 he worked for the BBC in the Music and Arts Department.  Between 1996 and 2004 he was Head of Documentariesat Polish Television.Filmography1982Idzie Grześ przez wieś, production, script,1983Optymistyczny film o niewidomych, director,1984Ich teatr,  director, script,1985Prezydent,  director,1986Noc w pałacu,  director,script,Praga,  director, script,1987Królewna Śnieżka, telefon i krowa,  director, script,1988Paryż, miasto kontrastów,  director, script,1989Defilada,  production, script,1990Ostatki, script, production1993Sen Staszka wTeheranie,  director, script,1994Niebo oplutych,  production,Pocztówka z Japonii,  production, script,The Russian Striptease,  director, production,1995Carnaval. The Biggest Party In The World,  production,production,Ostatki,  production, script,1997Ciężar nieważkości,  editing,Cross,  art consultation,Dziewczyny z Szymanowa,  production,East Of Eastenders,  director,Historia Jednej Butelki,  art consultation,Jeden dzieńz życia Tomka Karata,  art consultation,Kanar,  production,El Porvenir de Una Ilusion,  production,1998Dotknięci,  art consultation,Ganek,  production,Kiniarze z Kalkuty,  director, script, production,Marzenia iśmierć,  art consultation,199924 dni,  production,Oni,  editing,Takiego pięknego syna urodziłam,  art consultation,Twarzą w twarz z Papieżem,  editing,1989-1999 w dziesiątkę,  editing,2000Jan Paweł II w ZiemiŚwiętej,  editing,Ziemia podwójnie obiecana. Jan Paweł II w Ziemi ŚwiętejŚlub w Domu Samotności,  editing,Taniec trzcin,  production, script,2001Prawdziwe psy (TV documentary/novel),  editing,Serce ZWęgla,  editing,2002Bobrek Dance,  editing,Mój syn Romek,  editing,Przedszkolandia (TV documentary/novel), editing,2003Imieniny,  art consultation,2008Yodok Stories,  director i script,2009Balcerowicz. Gra owszystko, director, script.2016Lech Walesa, A Portrait, director.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Irelandand Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Artin Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in theUnited States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded DanMonroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989)degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the ChesterBeatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublinfrom 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increasedthe number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued theemphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporatesponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during DrKennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud'sAfter Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiplesand unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship.He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there wereother exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted largeattendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York,Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated thatthe events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on hismanagement of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his twopredecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass,antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents,volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequentspeaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples.Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 7:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed"}
{"doc_id":"doc_90","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ludwig II (2012 film)Ludwig II is a 2012 German-Austrian historical film directed by Peter Sehr and Marie Noëlle, starring Sabin Tambrea as the younger Bavarian King Ludwig II and Sebastian Schipper asthe king in his later years.PlotCrown Prince Ludwig suffers under the authoritarian education of his father King Maximilian II and has no interest in his militaristic attitude. In addition, because of his love for music andthe fine arts, Ludwig repeatedly incurs the displeasure of his father. For Ludwig, art is more important than daily bread.Maximilian II dies unexpectedly of erysipelas, so Ludwig, full of idealism, ascends the Bavarianthrone at the age of 18. At a time when war and poverty are omnipresent, he believes in a better world and wants to use his power to ensure that his people can live in peace and happiness. He wants his kingdom tobecome a place where beauty, art and culture will flourish; instead of weapons, Ludwig wants to invest public money in theatre, music and education.He spends his free time with his young cousin, Sophie, the sister ofthe Austrian Empress Sissi. With her he can philosophise about music and the beauty of the world. Moreover, he has all of his rooms in the castle remodelled and designed according to his ideas.He loves RichardWagner's operas, and his passion and admiration for the controversial composer's works and their legends are so great that he wants to bring Wagner to his court. To achieve this, he instructs the well-known musiclover Johann von Lutz to track down Wagner and bring him to his court. He awaits the arrival of his idol impatiently and receives him with great respect. He settles Wagner's debts and obtains a pardon for therevolutionary and politically persecuted composer. However, his ministers rebel against his expensive sponsorship of the composer.At first, Ludwig throws himself into political business with enthusiasm. He initiates aschool reform and distributesmusical instruments instead of weapons to his young cadets. He is of the opinion that if Bavaria should ever be attacked, the sound of Wagner's music will immediately disarm them. Even aconversation with his cousin, Elisabeth of Austria, who wants to ask for help in preventing Prussia from waging war against Austria, fails because of his naive belief that music alone is capable of keeping people's heartsin a peaceful .Ludwig's ministers are not satisfied with the power that Wagner's ideas seem to have over the young king. Ludwig increasingly neglects the affairs of government. The news of an impending war reacheshim while he is on the road with Wagner in the Bavarian mountains. The composer suggests that he replace the ministers who now want to go to war. They in turn threaten to resign from their positions if Ludwig doesnot part with Wagner and his influence. Since the king fears for his friend's life, he urges him to leave Bavaria. He realises that circumstances are against him, and his beloved kingdom gets involved in the war withPrussia against his will. Disheartened, and showing first signs of delusional illnesses, Ludwig withdraws from public life.The news of the defeat of his army hits him hard, since he has spent the money that was intendedfor modern rifles on musical instruments. His stable master, Richard Hornig, is at his side and is willing to support him, but Ludwig does not want to admit his affection for men. In order to deal with the war defeat, hetravels his country and shows himself to his people. Moreover, he plans his wedding with Sophie because he is convinced that the people expect this from him. As part of the wedding preparations, Wagner arrives atcourt again to take over the musical design. As a result, Ludwig meets a young singer, Heinrich Vogel, whom he wants to hear singing as Lohengrin, which incurs Wagner's displeasure.Sophie demands proof of love inthe form of a kiss from her future husband. This leads to a scandal, and Ludwig cancels his already planned and longed-for wedding because he realises that, due to his homosexuality, which he does not confess to heror to others, he cannot have more than friendship with his fiancée. In a letter, he asks Sophie's forgiveness and understanding. In his opinion, she has the right to be happy, which would not be possible at his side in thelong run.In addition to those private problems, political events are catching up with him again. Bavaria's defeat by Prussia forces the country to enter the 1870-71 war against France as a compulsory ally of Otto vonBismarck. Bismarck's efforts to create an all-German empire, headed by an emperor, destroys the dream of a sovereign Bavarian kingdom continuing to exist. Ludwig's brother Otto suffers a nervous breakdown and hasto be taken to a sanatorium. The attending physician assumes that Otto will not recover from his mental derangement. Ludwig promises to build his brother a castle where he can be who he is, just as he also longshimself to have a place where he can be who he is. With this in mind, he has Neuschwanstein Castle built.Nevertheless, Ludwig does not achieve peace: the abysses of his soul are too deep, tormenting him and makinghim despair. Disillusioned, he retires again from public life and takes refuge in the world of opera melodies. He does not want to admit the financial problems that the state budget has to suffer due to hisexcessive  construction activities. But reality catches up with him, and Ludwig's opponents team up to depose him and the castles in his dream realm of fantasy. Even his long-standing devotee Johann von Lutz, whomhe had made minister, comes to doubt Ludwig's common sense. After a fire breaks out in the castle, Richard Hornig is seriously injured. The sadness of never being allowed to stand by his love for the stable masterdrives him even further into madness, which his opponents are now increasingly aware of. One of his ministers has a medical report drawn up in order to justify deposing the king.Ludwig senses the plan and intends toblow himself up with his castles before he can be chased away from them, but the project fails due to the inappropriate explosives. Following that, the minister succeeds in taking the king into medical care against hiswill in Castle Berg.Desperate about the disregard for his royal privileges, and his treatment as a \"poor lunatic\", he decided to escape his treatment. While taking a walk with his doctor, he escapes him and runs into LakeStarnberg, where he drowns.Historical inaccuraciesThe death of King Maximilian II, Ludwig's father, in the film is shown as if it were extremely sudden. Actually, the sickness which led to his death lasted for manyweeks, during which Ludwig was criticized for the audiences he granted to the tenor Albert Niemann, a behaviour considered disrespectful towards his sick father.The meeting between Ludwig and Richard Hornig whereHornig himself finds Wagner, which in the film takes place in March 1864, happened instead in May 1867In the film the famous official portrait of Ludwig is painted in 1867 while in reality it was already painted in1865.In the film Richard Wagner is found by Hornig while in reality he was found by the king's minister Pfistermeister. Indeed, it was to him that Ludwig gave the photograph with the ruby to give to the composer, andnot to Lutz as seen in the film.Ludwig decides to curl his hair for the arrival of Wagner, but this decision was actually made when he was still crown prince to hide his protruding ears, a physical defect that he could notbear.In the film Ludwig signs the famous Kaiserbrief in the Residenz, while it happened in Hohenschwangau, which is neither shown nor mentioned, although it was a castle very dear to Ludwig.CastSabin Tambrea asKing Ludwig II (young)Sebastian Schipper as King Ludwig IIHannah Herzsprung as Empress Elisabeth of AustriaEdgar Selge as Richard WagnerTom Schilling as Prince OttoJustus von Dohnányi as Johann vonLutzFriedrich Mücke as Richard HornigSamuel Finzi as Lorenz MayrChristophe Malavoy as Napoleon IIIAxel Milberg as King Maximilian IIKatharina Thalbach as Queen MarieUwe Ochsenknecht as Prince LuitpoldPaulaBeer as Duchess Sophie in BavariaAugust Wittgenstein as Alfred Eckbrecht von Dürckheim-MontmartinPassage 2:Marie of PrussiaMarie of Prussia (German: Marie Friederike Franziska Auguste Hedwig von Preußen;October 15, 1825 – May 17, 1889) was Queen of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian II of Bavaria, and the mother of Kings Ludwig II and Otto of Bavaria.LifeBorn and raised in Berlin, she was the daughter of PrinceWilhelm of Prussia, a younger brother of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, and his wife, Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg. The family spent half of the year at Fischbach (today Karpniki) Castle in Silesia,where they loved to hike in the Giant Mountains. In her youth, Marie was seriously considered as a wife for Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until her engagement to Maximilian was announced.QueenOn 12October 1842, she married the Crown Prince, and later King of Bavaria, Maximilian II.Marie was loved equally by both the Catholic and Protestant populations. (At that time, Bavaria was mostly Catholic, whilst Prussiawas mostly Evangelical.) A specific emphasis of her \"great social engagement\" was a reactivation of the Bavarian Women's Association, which took place on 18 December 1869 with the aid of her son, Ludwig II. Its aimwas \"Pflege und Unterstützung der im Felde verwundeten und erkrankten Krieger\" (Care and support of soldiers wounded and injured in the field). The Bavarian Red Cross was officially founded as a result of theBavarian Women's Association. The Red Cross eventually took over for the Queen.Queen dowagerWith the sudden death of Maximilian II on 10 March 1864, Marie became a widow. On 12 October 1874, she convertedto Catholicism.As a widow she lived at Nymphenburg Palace. She spent her summer holidays at Schloss Hohenschwangau near Füssen, a castle her husband had redecorated in Gothic Revival style, and at her countryestate in Elbigenalp in the Lechtal Alps. She enjoyed hiking the mountains, which she had often done with her sons when they were young. Marie looked after her second son Otto, who was declared insane. She outlivedher elder son, Ludwig II, by nearly three years; his unusual death occurring on 13 June 1886. He had not liked her very much (just as he disliked most of his other relatives) and had tried to avoid contact as far aspossible. Marie died in 1889 in Hohenschwangau.She is interred in the Theatine Church in Munich in a side chapel opposite her husband.IssueLudwig II of Bavaria (25 August 1845 - 13 June 1886); succeeded as King ofBavaria as Ludwig II. Declared mentally incompetent without examination and deposed in a coup in favour of his uncle, Prince Luitpold, on 10 June 1886; died under disputed circumstances.Otto I of Bavaria (27 April1848 - 11 October 1916); succeeded as King of Bavaria as Otto I, but reigned only in name due to the regency of his uncle, Prince Luitpold. Declared mentally incompetent and deposed on 5 November 1913 by hiscousin Prince Ludwig, later King Ludwig III of Bavaria.HonoursKingdom of Bavaria: Grand Mistress of the Order of Theresa Kingdom of Prussia:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st DivisionCross of Merit for Women andGirls Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 17 June 1856 Kingdom of Saxony: Dame of the Order of Sidonia, 1871AncestryPassage 3:Ernst LubitschErnst Lubitsch (; January 29, 1892 – November 30, 1947)was a German-born film director, producer, writer, and actor. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films werepromoted as having \"the Lubitsch touch\". Among his best known works are Trouble in Paradise (1932), Design for Living (1933), Ninotchka (1939), The Shop Around the Corner (1940), To Be or Not to Be (1942) andHeaven Can Wait (1943). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times for The Patriot (1928), The Love Parade (1929), and Heaven Can Wait (1943). In 1946, he received an HonoraryAcademy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture.Early lifeLubitsch was born in 1892 in Berlin, the son of Simon Lubitsch, a tailor, and Anna (née) Lindenstaedt. His family was AshkenaziJewish; his father was born in Grodno in the Russian Empire (now Belarus), and his mother was from Wriezen outside Berlin. He turned his back on his father's tailoring business to enter the theater, and by 1911 was amember of Max Reinhardt's Deutsches Theater.CareerEarly work, 1913–1921In 1913, Lubitsch made his film debut as an actor in The Ideal Wife. He gradually abandoned acting to concentrate on directing. He appearedin approximately 30 films as an actor between 1912 and 1920. His last film appearance as an actor was in the 1920 drama Sumurun, opposite Pola Negri and Paul Wegener, which he also directed.In 1918, he made hismark as a serious director with Die Augen der Mumie Ma (The Eyes of the Mummy), starring Pola Negri. Lubitsch alternated between escapist comedies and large-scale historical dramas, enjoying great internationalsuccess with both. His reputation as a grand master of world cinema reached a new peak after the release of his spectacles Madame Du Barry (retitled Passion, 1919) and Anna Boleyn (Deception, 1920). Both of thesefilms found American distributorship by early 1921. They, along with Lubitsch's Carmen (released as Gypsy Blood in the U.S. in 1921) were selected by The New York Times on its list of the 15 most important movies of1921.With glowing reviews under his belt and American money flowing his way, Lubitsch formed his own production company and set to work on the high-budget spectacular The Loves of Pharaoh (1921). Lubitschsailed to the United States for the first time in December 1921 for what was intended as a lengthy publicity and professional factfinding tour, scheduled to culminate in the February premiere of Pharaoh. However, withWorld War I still fresh, and with a slew of German \"New Wave\" releases encroaching on American movie workers' livelihoods, Lubitsch was not gladly received. He cut his trip short after little more than three weeks andreturned to Germany. But he had already seen enough of the American film industry to know that its resources far outstripped the spartan German companies.Hollywood silent films, 1922–1927Lubitsch finally leftGermany for Hollywood in 1922, contracted as a director by Mary Pickford. He directed Pickford in the film Rosita; the result was a critical and commercial success, but director and star clashed during its filming, and itended up as the only project that they made together. A free agent after just one American film, Lubitsch was signed to a remarkable three-year, six-picture contract by Warner Brothers that guaranteed the director hischoice of both cast and crew, and full editing control over the final cut.Settling in America, Lubitsch established his reputation for sophisticated comedy with such stylish films as The Marriage Circle (1924), LadyWindermere's Fan (1925), and So This Is Paris (1926). But his films were only marginally profitable for Warner Brothers, and Lubitsch's contract was eventually dissolved by mutual consent, with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayerand Paramount buying out the remainder. His first film for MGM, The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927), was well regarded, but lost money. The Patriot (1928), produced by Paramount, earned him his firstAcademy Award nomination for Best Directing.Sound films, 1928–1940Lubitsch seized upon the advent of sound films to direct musicals. With his first sound film, The Love Parade (1929), starring Maurice Chevalier andJeanette MacDonald, Lubitsch hit his stride as a maker of worldly musical comedies (and earned himself another Oscar nomination). The Love Parade (1929), Monte Carlo (1930), and The Smiling Lieutenant (1931)were hailed by critics as masterpieces of the newly emerging musical genre. Lubitsch served on the faculty of the University of Southern California for a time.His next film was a romantic comedy, written with SamsonRaphaelson, Trouble in Paradise (1932). Later described (approvingly) as \"truly amoral\" by critic David Thomson, the cynical comedy was popular both with critics and with audiences. But it was a project that could onlyhave been made before the enforcement of the Production Code, and after 1935, Trouble in Paradise was withdrawn from circulation. It was not seen again until 1968. The film was never available on videocassette andonly became available on DVD in 2003.Writing about Lubitsch's work, critic Michael Wilmington observed:At once elegant and ribald, sophisticated and earthy, urbane and bemused, frivolous yet profound. They weredirected by a man who was amused by sex rather than frightened of it – and who taught a whole culture to be amused by it as well.Whether with music, as in MGM's opulent The Merry Widow (1934) and Paramount'sOne Hour with You (1932), or without, as in Design for Living (1933), Lubitsch continued to specialize in comedy. He made only one other dramatic film, the antiwar Broken Lullaby (also known as The Man I Killed,1932).In 1935, he was appointed Paramount's production manager, thus becoming the only major Hollywood director to run a large studio. Lubitsch subsequently produced his own films and supervised the productionof films of other directors. But Lubitsch had trouble delegating authority, which was a problem when he was overseeing sixty different films. He was fired after a year on the job, and returned to full-time moviemaking.In 1936, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.On July 27, 1935, he married British actress Vivian Gaye. They had one daughter, Nicola Anne Patricia Lubitsch, on October 27, 1938. When war wasdeclared in Europe, Vivian Lubitsch and her daughter were staying in London. Vivian sent her baby daughter, accompanied by her nursemaid, Consuela Strohmeier, to Montreal aboard the Donaldson Atlantic Line's SSAthenia, which was sunk by a German submarine on September 3, 1939 with a loss of 118 passengers. The child and the nurse survived.In 1939, Lubitsch moved to MGM, and directed Greta Garbo in Ninotchka. Garboand Lubitsch were friendly and had hoped to work together on a movie for years, but this would be their only project. The film, co-written by Billy Wilder, is a satirical comedy in which the famously serious actress'laughing scene was promoted by studio publicists with the tagline \"Garbo Laughs!\"In 1940, he directed The Shop Around the Corner, an artful comedy of cross purposes. The film reunited Lubitsch with his Merry Widowscreenwriter Raphaelson, and starred James Stewart and Margaret Sullavan as a pair of bickering co-workers in Budapest, each unaware that the other is their secret romantic correspondent. David Thomson wrote:TheShop Around the Corner...is among the greatest of films...This is a love story about a couple too much in love with love to fall tidily into each other's arms. Though it all works out finally, a mystery is left, plus the fear ofhow easily good people can miss their chances. Beautifully written (by Lubitsch's favorite writer, Samson Raphaelson), Shop Around the Corner is a treasury of hopes and anxieties based in the desperate faces ofStewart and Sullavan. It is a comedy so good it frightens us for them. The café conversation may be the best meeting in American film. The shot of Sullavan's gloved hand, and then her ruined face, searching an emptymail box for a letter is one of the most fragile moments in film. For an instant, the ravishing Sullavan looks old and ill, touched by loss.Later films, 1941–1947Lubitsch next directed That Uncertain Feeling (1941), aremake of his 1925 film Kiss Me Again; an independent production by Lubitsch with Sol Lesser, it was not a commercial success. Lubitsch followed with a film that has become one of his best regarded comedies, To Beor Not to Be, a witty, dark and insightful film about a troupe of actors in Nazi-occupied Poland. He spent the balance of his career at 20th Century Fox, but a heart condition curtailed his activity, and he spent much ofhis time in supervisory capacities. His next picture was Heaven Can Wait (1943), his first color film and another Raphaelson collaboration. The film is about Henry Van Cleve (played by Don Ameche), who presentshimself at the gates of Hell to recount his life and the women he has known from his mother onward, concentrating on his happy but sometimes difficult 25 years of marriage to Martha (Gene Tierney).After Heaven CanWait, Lubitsch began work on A Royal Scandal (1945), a remake of his silent film Forbidden Paradise.  Edwin Justus Mayer wrote the screenplay for A Royal Scandal and had worked with Lubitsch on To Be or Not to Be(1942). A Royal Scandal's pre-production and rehearsals were completed under Lubitsch, the original director of this film. He became ill during shooting, so Lubitsch hired Otto Preminger to finish the film. After A Royal"}
{"doc_id":"doc_91","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Bobby ColemanRobert Moorhouse \"Bobby\" Coleman III (born May 5, 1997) is an American actor.  He is best known for his roles as a child actor in the films Martian Child (2007), as thetitle character, and The Last Song (2010).Life and careerRobert Coleman was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Doris Berg and Robert Moorhouse Coleman Jr. He is the younger brother of actress HollistonColeman, and lives with his family in the Los Angeles area.Coleman began acting at the age of five in commercials, and has since appeared in several film and television productions. He had brief appearances in anumber of series such as Medium and JAG, before moving into film roles. He appeared in the feature films Must Love Dogs and Friends with Money, and also had a recurring role in the television series Surface, beforetaking leading roles in the films Glass House: The Good Mother and Take. He played the title lead role in the film Martian Child, his second role alongside John Cusack and is set to appear with his sister in ProvingGround: From the Adventures of Captain Redlocks, in which he will play the younger brother of his real-life sister. They are both set to star together again in the science-fiction adventure film, Robosapien: Rebooted. Heappeared in the 2010 film The Last Song as Jonah Miller, the younger brother of Miley Cyrus's character.FilmographyAwards2008 Young Artist AwardBest Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Youngerfor Martian Child — NominatedPassage 3:Martian ChildMartian Child is a 2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Menno Meyjes and based on David Gerrold's 1994 novelette (not the expanded 2002 novel) of thesame name. The film stars John Cusack as a writer who adopts a strange young boy (Bobby Coleman) who believes himself to be from Mars. The film was theatrically released on November 2, 2007, by New LineCinema.PlotDavid Gordon, a popular science fiction author, widowed two years prior as they were trying to adopt a child, is finally matched with a young boy, Dennis. Initially hesitant to adopt alone, he is drawn to him,seeing aspects of himself in him.Believing he is from Mars, Dennis protects himself from the sun's harmful rays, wears weights to counter Earth's weak gravity, eats only Lucky Charms, and hangs upside down tofacilitate circulation. He refers often to his mission to study Earth and its people, taking pictures, taking things to catalog, and spending time consulting an ambiguous toy-like device with flashing lights that producesseemingly unintelligible words.Once David decides to adopt Dennis, he spends time getting to know him, patiently coaxing him out of the large cardboard box he hides in. Soon, David is cleared to take Dennis home andmeet David's dog, \"Somewhere.\" In Dennis's bedroom is a projector of the solar system that he pronounces inaccurate. With the help of his friend Harlee and sister Liz, David tries to help Dennis overcome his delusionby both indulging it and encouraging him to act like everyone else. Dennis attends school but is quickly expelled for repeatedly 'stealing' items for his collection. Frustrated, David tells Liz that perhaps Dennis is fromMars.Meanwhile, David's literary agent, Jeff, pushes him to finish writing his commissioned sequel, which is due soon. He struggles to make time for writing, regularly pulled away from it to deal with Dennis. Whilesitting down to write, the flash from Dennis's Polaroid camera catches him off-guard and he accidentally breaks some glass. David picks Dennis up and carries him across the room. Upset by David's abrupt action, theboy fears he is going to be sent away. David explains that he was just worried he'd get cut by the glass and that he loves him more than his material possessions. Assuring him that he will never send him away, heencourages Dennis to break more things. They move to the kitchen and break dishes and then spray ketchup and dish detergent at each other. Lefkowitz, from Social Services, appears in the window and sees themayhem. He rebukes David, setting up a case review.David encourages Dennis to be from Mars only at home; though he must be from Earth everywhere else. Passing his interview by saying he was pretending, hestays with David. Now his adoptive father, he insists Dennis acknowledge being from Earth, making him hurt and angry. David leaves him with Liz to attend the reveal of his new book, supposedly a sequel. He confessesto Tina, the publisher, that rather than being a sequel, it is a new book titled Martian Child, about Dennis. In her fury, Tina makes a scene, but takes the manuscript as David leaves to be with Dennis.Meanwhile, Dennishas left the house with his suitcase of earthly artifacts. When David arrives home, he finds the police and learns the boy is gone, he remembers the place he'd said he was found. David asks Harlee to drive him to thelocation, where they spot Dennis high up on the outside ledge of the museum's domed roof. David climbs up to him as the police and Liz arrive. Dennis points out a bright searchlight in a nearby cloud as someonecoming to take him home, but David assures him it's just a helicopter. David professes his love for Dennis and asserts he will never ever leave him. Eventually Dennis trusts David and they hug.David's voiceover tellsabout the parallel of children who come into our world, struggling to understand it, being like little aliens. As Tina reads the manuscript aboard an airplane, she begins to cry.CastIn addition, Anjelica Huston plays Tina,David's publisher.ProductionDespite persistent misperceptions, this film is not based on David Gerrold's 2002 semi-autobiographical novel The Martian Child, (although it shares some of the same incidents) but rather isbased on his 1994 fictional Hugo and Nebula Award-winning novella of the same name, which has caused much confusion about the source material, especially for Gerrold's fans in segments of the gay community.  Theshort story does not specify the protagonist's sexual orientation.  Only when, years later, Gerrold rewrote and expanded his story to novella length did he choose to include his sexuality. While Gerrold had, in real life,adopted a son as an openly gay man, in the film the protagonist is straight and has a female love interest. Because of the confusion surrounding the different publication dates of the original short story and the latternovella, some members of the gay community have criticized the lead role in the film being portrayed as straight, even though the main character in the short story was never identified as gay. Gerrold has expresseddisappointment that the producers forced the protagonist to be changed from a gay man to a straight widower but felt it was a worthwhile trade-off to get published a story about a child in a group home needing aparent.The film began shooting in Vancouver on May 2, 2005, and completed filming in July 2005, with the studio repeatedly pushing back the release date. Jerry Zucker was hired to direct uncredited reshoots shortlybefore the film's release.ReleaseBox officeMartian Child opened in 2,020 venues on November 2, 2007 and earned $3,376,669 in its first weekend, ranking seventh in the domestic box office and third among theweekend's new releases. The film closed six weeks later on December 13, having grossed $7,500,310 domestically and $1,851,434 overseas, totaling $9,351,744 worldwide.Critical receptionThe film received mixedreviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 33% score, based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus states: \"Despite some charms, overt emotional manipulation and aninconsistent tone prevents Martian Child from being the heartfelt dramedy it aspires to be.\" Metacritic reports a 48 out of 100 rating, based on 26 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".Home mediaMartian Childwas released on DVD on February 12, 2008. It opened at #20 the DVD sales chart, selling 69,000 units for revenue of $1.3 million. As per the latest figures, 400,000 DVD units have been sold, acquiring revenue of$7,613,945. This does not include DVD rentals/Blu-ray sales.  The film is available on Netflix streaming.AwardsPassage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-bornart museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020.He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of theToledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), theEuropean Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughoutAustralia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversawseveral years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained governmentsupport for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection ofIndonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new\"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institutioncannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephantdung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack onreligion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision ofmy professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contractbeyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections ofEuropean and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of arteducation.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included babyand toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA)conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has mademajor acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects werestolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large andsmall-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea andthe Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body,toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generousendowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded theAustralian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently,Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film andTV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries(2013)Passage 6:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some ofhis television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his televisionfilm credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\",written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred withSusan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directedproductions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also anassociate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 7:Marcus Child (field hockey)Marcus \"Marky\" Andrew Law Child (born 2 March 1991) is a retired New Zealand field hockey player, who played as a midfielder orforward for the New Zealand national team.Personal lifeMarcus Child was born and raised in Auckland, New Zealand. He has an older brother, Simon, who also plays representative hockey for New Zealand.CareerChildstarted playing hockey when he was four years old. He plays for Auckland in the New Zealand Hockey League. In the 2018–19 season he played for Pinoké in the Dutch Hoofdklasse.Child made his senior internationaldebut for the Black Sticks in 2010. Since his debut, he has been a regular inclusion in the side. In 2018, he was a silver medallist at the Commonwealth Games held in Gold Coast, Australia. In December 2020 heannounced his retirement from the national team.Passage 8:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General ofPolice in Punjab.Passage 9:Menno MeyjesMenno Meyjes (born 1954, Eindhoven) is a Dutch-born American screenwriter, film director, and film producer.Meyjes moved to the United States in 1972 and studied at San"}
{"doc_id":"doc_92","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre directorDedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. Duringher studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lostand Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage2:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor. He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s. His television roles include Ally McBeal(1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since 2018, he has played Police SergeantWade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999),Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones was born in Kobe,Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California. He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the NankaiHawks in Osaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as a high school basketball coach. They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season. His parents laterdivorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions.His firsttelevision role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams. That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBSlegal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010),Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017).His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa'scoming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla(2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police proceduraldrama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion.Personal lifeJoshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to itsefforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now livesand works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019.He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leavingAustralia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive directorand CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from UniversityCollege-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85),Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He wasChair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery ofAustralia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number ofexhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of hispredecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship.However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, witha significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001.Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to thebuilding project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decisionwas due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn.Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against theexhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning wasfinally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizenin 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 4:Love on the GroundLove on the Ground (French: L'Amour par terre) is a 1984 French film directed by Jacques Rivette. The film stars Jane Birkin, Geraldine Chaplin, André Dussollier and Jean-Pierre Kalfon.It was released in France on 17 October 1984.PlotOn the streets of Paris, a man mysteriously collects a group of people, finally leading them into a small apartment to witness a theatre performance. The audience, inclose proximity to the actors, become voyeurs. As they walk from room to room, they watch as bumbling Silvano (Bo) attempts to hide his two girlfriends, Charlotte (Chaplin) and Emily (Birkin), from each other in thissame crowded apartment. While the actors feel frustrated at the shambles of a set they must work with, the play's author, Clément Roquemaure (Kalfon), is silently auditioning them for his new play, to be held at hisstrangely empty mansion. After arriving at the unusual mansion, which has many wildly painted rooms, Charlotte and Emily start to experience disturbing visions, in part due to the presence of a magician, Paul, whoalso lives at the mansion. As the rehearsal progresses, the two actresses' visions start to unearth a romantic calamity that took place at the mansion. The final performance of the play places the two actresses into apossible tragic re-enactment of the very horror they are only now beginning to understand.CastGeraldine Chaplin as CharlotteJane Birkin as EmilyAndré Dussollier as PaulJean-Pierre Kalfon as ClémentRoquemaureIsabelle Linnartz as BéatriceSandra Montaigu as EléonoreLászló Szabó as VirgilFacundo Bo as SilvanoReceptionJanet Maslin of The New York Times noted that the screenplay \"wittily affords the director agreat many opportunities for a brand of gamesmanship that enlivens the film without trivializing it. Mr. Rivette is able to sustain a complex, shifting relationship between the real and the theatrical without losing thefilm's overriding sense of fun.\" Maslin continued her analysis; \"The process by which Clement's theatrical work is molded to fit reality, and vice versa, is rendered in a clever, entertaining style that fits perfectly with thebehavior of the participants, since Mr. Rivette displays a cool ingenuity that matches that of the performers. Even when it becomes entangled in the romances that take shape during the course of the week, the filmsustains its trickiness and sophistication.\" Maslin also praised the casting; \"Miss Birkin and Miss Chaplin make an invigorating team, and the combination of their offbeat styles is full of surprises.\"Colin Greenlandreviewed L'amour par terre for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"A teasing mystery, with wry, sensitive performances from Geraldine Chapman and Jane Birkin.\"Passage 5:Lamman RuckerLamman Rucker  (bornOctober 6, 1971) is an American actor. Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why DidI Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation. In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, agraduate of Hampton University. As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons.Early lifeRucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker. He has partial ancestryfrom Barbados. Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area. He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants.  His first acting role was as Martin LutherKing in the 4th grade. He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C. Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and DuquesneUniversity.On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team.CareerHis major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T.Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie. He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005. He also hadthe recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half.Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films. He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010). Heplayed Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns. He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011. The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast inthe male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode. He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies. Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvariin the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell.In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and KeithDavid's characters.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAward nominationsPassage 6:Jacques RivetteJacques Rivette (French: [\u0000ak \u0000iv\u0000t]; 1 March 1928 – 29 January 2016) was a French film director and film critic mostcommonly associated with the French New Wave and the film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma. He made twenty-nine films, including L'Amour fou (1969), Out 1 (1971), Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974), and La BelleNoiseuse (1991). His work is noted for its improvisation, loose narratives, and lengthy running times.Inspired by Jean Cocteau to become a filmmaker, Rivette shot his first short film at age twenty. He moved to Paris topursue his career, frequenting Henri Langlois' Cinémathèque Française and other ciné-clubs; there, he met François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol and other future members of the New Wave.Rivette began writing film criticism, and was hired by André Bazin for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1953. In his criticism, he expressed an admiration for American films – especially those of genre directors such as John Ford,Alfred Hitchcock and Nicholas Ray – and was deeply critical of mainstream French cinema. Rivette's articles, admired by his peers, were considered the magazine's best and most aggressive writings, particularly his1961 article \"On Abjection\" and his influential series of interviews with film directors co-written with Truffaut. He continued making short films, including Le Coup de Berger, which is often cited as the first New Wavefilm. Truffaut later credited Rivette with developing the movement.Although he was the first New Wave director to begin work on a feature film, Paris Belongs to Us was not released until 1961, by which time Chabrol,Truffaut and Godard released their own first features and popularised the movement worldwide. Rivette became editor of Cahiers du Cinéma during the early 1960s and publicly fought French censorship of his secondfeature film, The Nun (1966). He then re-evaluated his career, developing a unique cinematic style with L'amour fou. Influenced by the political turmoil of May 68, improvisational theatre and an in-depth interview with"}
{"doc_id":"doc_93","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught atthe  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău(1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\"high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation isconsidered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:Karl Wilhelm(conductor)Karl Wilhelm, also Carl Wilhelm (5 September 1815, Schmalkalden – 26 August 1873, Schmalkalden) was a German choral director. He is best known as the composer of the music of the song “Die Wacht amRhein.”BiographyWilhelm was born in Schmalkalden. He studied at Cassel under Louis Spohr, and then in Frankfurt am Main with Aloys Schmitt and A. André. From 1841 to 1864 he was the director of the KrefeldLiedertafel for which he composed numerous male choruses. In Krefeld in 1854 he set to words “Die Wacht am Rhein,” the poem Max Schneckenburger wrote in 1840. In recognition of the success and the nationalimportance of this song, he received the title of “Royal Prussian Musical Director” in 1860, and four years later received a gold medal from Queen (later Empress) Augusta.On 24 June 1871, he received a personalacknowledgement from Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck. In the same year, he received an annual gift from the government of 3,000 marks, which was then more than four times a typicalsalary.From 1865 on, Wilhelm worked as the director of the music society in Schmalkalden, where he died eight years later.NotesPassage 3:Pydimarri Venkata Subba RaoPydimarri Venkata Subba Rao (10 June 1916 –1988) was a Telugu author who is best remembered as the composer of the National Pledge of India.Writer and polyglotSubba Rao was a native of Anneparthy village in the Nalgonda District of Telangana. He was apolyglot, having mastered Sanskrit, Telugu, English and Arabic. He was also a naturopathy doctor and a bureaucrat who wrote several books in Telugu, the most famous of which is the novel Kalabhairavudu.Composerof the National PledgeSubba Rao composed the National Pledge in Telugu in 1962 while he was serving as the District Treasury Officer of Vishakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. He was a close associate of thenationalist leader Tenneti Viswanadham, who forwarded the pledge to the then Education Minister of Andhra Pradesh, P.V.G. Raju who was also known as the Raja Saheb of Vizianagaram. Raju directed all the schools inthe district to have the students take the pledge and it was subsequently taken up at the national level. The Advisory Committee of the Department of Education, Government of India at its meeting in Bangalore in 1964decided to introduce the pledge in all schools nationally from 26 January 1965. The Government of India had it translated into seven languages and directed that it be taken in schools every day.  Curiously, Subba Raohimself remained unaware of the status of this pledge as the National Pledge. It was only when, after his retirement, he happened to hear his granddaughter read the pledge from a textbook that he and his familyrealised this. The records with the Union Human Resources Development Ministry also record him as the author of the Pledge although his family's letters to the central and state governments remained unanswereduntil his death in 1988.Golden Jubilee Celebrations2012 marks the golden jubilee year of the National Pledge and there are plans afoot to commemorate it and the author as part of the celebrations.Passage 4:AlexanderCourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He isbest known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester,New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits inthis medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, whichincluded work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon the Wicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance ofpatrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You'reGonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the AcademyAward-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle(1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of theOutlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), whichincorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by theFilm Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Couragealso worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and TheBrothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons inwhich Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound ofChristmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Couragefrequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was thedaughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife(Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile'smarriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareilehe accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Asidefrom his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport andphotography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Thougha dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's firstmusical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander andMareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme musicfor the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down thejob.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberryclaimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royaltiesfrom the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Courage was replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editorshad difficulty finding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic \"whoosh\" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score two more episodes for the show's third and finalseason, episodes \"The Enterprise Incident\" and \"Plato's Stepchildren,\" allegedly as a courtesy to Producer Robert Justman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the musicfor Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestrated Goldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme becameone of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films basedupon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith.DeathCourage had been in declining health for several years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades,California. He had suffered a series of strokes prior to his death. His mausoleum is in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Passage 5:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c. 1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemishcomposer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to be written in continental Europe.LifeDomarto'slife is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was in Tournai in 1451.  He had a highreputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No other documentation on his life has yet come tolight.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two may have been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed onthe continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with themelody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was still beingcopied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired othercomposers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus (four voices)Missa sine nomine (threevoices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 6:Inescapable (song)\"Inescapable\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy. Itwas written by Diane Warren and produced by Youngboyz, Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci. \"Inescapable\" was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio on 4 July 2011, and was released for digital download on 15July 2011 as the first single from the deluxe edition of Mauboy's second studio album Get 'Em Girls. The song's lyrics revolve around \"a relationship all gone wrong but also a celebration.\"\"Inescapable\" peaked atnumber four on the ARIA Singles Chart and became Mauboy's highest-charting single since 2008's \"Burn\". It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The accompanyingmusic video was directed by Mark Alston and features scenes of Mauboy on different coloured backdrops and a dedication to Jay Dee Springbett.Background and composition\"Inescapable\" was written by Diane Warrenand produced by Youngboyz, Anthony Egizii and David Musumeci. It was one of the songs Warren and Mauboy worked on in Los Angeles for her second studio album Get 'Em Girls (2010). However, the song did notmake the final track list on the standard edition of Get 'Em Girls and was later included on the deluxe edition. \"Inescapable\" is a pop song written in the key of E minor. Mauboy told The Daily Telegraph that it \"is justabout a relationship all gone wrong but also a celebration.\" Her manager David Champion said \"Inescapable\" was a dedication to Sony Music record-label executive Jay Dee Springbett, who was found dead at hisSydney apartment on 30 June 2011. Champion said, \"Jess and JD worked very closely together on making 'Inescapable' and she is devastated by his passing... His spirit lives on in the recording.\"ReceptionJonathonMoran of The Daily Telegraph praised \"Inescapable\" for being \"catchy, sexy, [and] radio-friendly\", while a writer for 97.3 FM called it \"an absolute smash.\" For the week commencing 1 August 2011, \"Inescapable\"debuted at number 20 on the ARIA Singles Chart and number eight on the ARIA Urban Singles Chart. The song peaked at number four on the ARIA Singles Chart on 15 August 2011, and became Mauboy's fifth top-tensingle. On the ARIA Urban Singles Chart, \"Inescapable\" peaked at number one. It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling over 140,000 copies.MusicvideoBackgroundThe music video was directed by Mark Alston and filmed in Sydney. A behind-the-scenes video of the shoot was posted on The Daily Telegraph website on 3 July 2011. The completed video premieredon Mauboy's Vevo account on 15 July 2011.SynopsisThe video opens showing Mauboy on a blue backdrop singing with a gold microphone inside a gold cube without walls. The next scene shows her in front of a goldbackdrop wearing a leopard-print dress with black boots; she is standing beside a man who is tied up and sings to him with a megaphone. Another scene shows Mauboy wearing a navy blue jumpsuit in a room full ofmirrors. Throughout the video, Mauboy is seen with two male dancers performing choreography on a dark grey backdrop. The video ends with a dedication to Jay Dee Springbett saying, \"To Jay, We did it! This is oursong. Your forever in my heart. Love Jess.\"ReceptionA writer for 97.3 FM called the video \"vibrant, fun, [and] colourful fantastic\" and wrote that it \"showcases Jess at her best & is exactly what the Australian public loveabout our girl.\" A biographer of Mauboy's for The Celebrity Bureau commented, \"Her single 'Inescapable' was written by renowned US songwriter Diane Warren and went on to achieve DOUBLE PLATINUM sales and over1 million views on YouTube/Vevo.\"Live performancesMauboy performed \"Inescapable\" live for the first time at the 2011 ASTRA Awards on 21 July 2011. On 2 August 2011, she performed the song on the Australia's GotTalent grand finale, wearing a leopard-print jacket, black dress and black heels. She also performed \"Inescapable\" on Sunrise on 9 August 2011, wearing a black and white dress with black heels. A live version of\"Inescapable\" was included on Mauboy's extended play iTunes Session (2014).Track listingDigital download\"Inescapable\" (Youngboyz Mix) – 3:35\"Inescapable\" (OFM Mix) – 3:33ChartsWeekly chartsYear-endchartsCertificationsRelease historyPassage 7:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of anew genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.Passage 8:Diane WarrenDiane Eve Warren (born September 7, 1956) is an American songwriter. She has won an AcademyHonorary Award, Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and, three consecutive Billboard Music Awards for Songwriter of the Year.Warren's career was jump-started in 1985 with \"Rhythm of theNight\" by DeBarge. In the late 1980s, she joined forces with the UK music company EMI, where she became the first songwriter in the history of Billboard magazine to have seven hits, all by different artists, on thesingles chart at the same time, prompting EMI's UK Chairman Peter Reichardt to call her \"the most important songwriter in the world\". She has been rated the third most successful female artist in the UK.Warren haswritten nine number-one songs and 32 top-10 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 including \"If I Could Turn Back Time\" (Cher, 1989), \"Because You Loved Me\" (Celine Dion, 1996), \"How Do I Live\" (LeAnn Rimes, 1997), and\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" (Aerosmith, 1998).  Two of the top 13 hits in the Hot 100's 57-year history were composed by Warren.  She has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. Her UK success saw her win an Ivor Novello Award when she received the Special International Award in 2008. Warren has been nominated for 14 competitive Academy Award nominationswithout a win; she received an honorary Oscar at the Governors Awards in November 2022.She controls the rights over her music through her publishing company, Realsongs. Her debut album was released on August27, 2021.Early lifeWarren, the youngest of three daughters, was born to David, an insurance salesman, and Flora Warren, in the Los Angeles community of Van Nuys, where she said she felt misunderstood and\"alienated\" as a child growing up. Her family's surname \"Warren\" was originally \"Wolfberg\", but her father changed the name because he wanted it to sound less Jewish. Warren says she was rebellious as a child andtold NPR's Scott Simon that she got into trouble and ran away as a teen but returned because she missed her cat.As a child, Warren loved listening and dreamed of performing on the radio herself. She was alsoinfluenced by music by her parents and her sisters, who would play music. She began writing music when she was 11 but took a more serious approach at 14, commenting \"music saved me.\" Warren has said that hermother asked her to give up her dream of a songwriting career and take a secretarial job. However, her father continued to believe in her and encouraged her. In addition, he bought her a 12-string guitar and a metal"}
{"doc_id":"doc_94","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Don River (North Queensland)The Don River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe Don River rises in the Clarke Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Roundhill and west of Proserpine. The river flows generally north by northeast through the Eungella National Park and is joined by thirteen minor tributaries, towards its mouth and empties into the Coral Sea north of Bowen. With a catchment area of 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), the river descends 253 metres (830 ft) over its 60-kilometre (37 mi) course.High salinity levels have been recorded at the mouth of the river. Land use in the upper catchment is mostly beef cattle production with crops grown in the richer soils downstream.The river is crossed by the Bruce Highway via the Don River Bridge at Bowen.FloodingThe highest recorded flood was in 1970 when the river reached 7.25 metres (23.8 ft) at the Bowen Pumping Station. The river delta is particularly vulnerable to flooding during cyclones.Floods in 2008 left deposits of sand which raised the riverbed considerably. Approval to dredge sand was granted by the Queensland Government, however only about half of that has been removed in recent years. A flood in 2008 lead the Whitsunday Regional Council to create a channel so that similar flooding could be avoided.A management plan for the river was established late in 2008.  It included measures to encourage further sand extraction.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 2:Bowen River (Queensland)The Bowen River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresFormed by the confluence of the Broken River and the Little Bowen River near Tent Hill in the Normanby Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, the Bowen River flows in a north-westerly direction along the base of the range then flows west across Emu Plains and is crossed by the Bowen Developmental Road just north of Havilah. The river then flows north-west again between the Herbert Range and Leichhardt Range then discharges into the Burdekin River, south southeast of Ravenswood. The river descends 98 metres (322 ft) over its 129-kilometre (80 mi) course.The catchment area of the river occupies 9,452 square kilometres (3,649 sq mi) of which an area of 236 square kilometres (91 sq mi) is composed of riverine wetlands. The catchment is in poor condition with much of the riparian habitat having been cleared and prone to erosion. The area is mostly used for cattle grazing with the towns of Collinsville and Glendon both drawing their town water supply from the Bowen River Weir. The river has a mean annual discharge of 1,618 gigalitres (3.56×1011 imp gal; 4.27×1011 US gal).The Bowen River Weir supplies water to a coal mine, power station and the township of Collinsville.HistoryThe river was named in 1861 by the Queensland Government, derived from the name of the town Bowen which was named in honour of Sir George Bowen, a  Governor of Queensland.In the 1860s, Richard Daintree made mineral discoveries along the river. Daintree made the first systematic examination of the Bowen River coal seams near Collinsville.Circa 1865, the Bowen River Hotel was built at the top of a steep bank of the river (20.534°S 147.5562°E\u0000 / -20.534; 147.5562\u0000 (Bowen River Hotel)). The hotel is now listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.Construction of the Bowen River Weir commenced in April 1982 and was completed in August 1983. The A$6.5 million project is situated approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Collinsville and delivers water to the Newlands Coal Mine.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 3:Alder Creek (Siskiyou County, California)Alder Creek is a  river located in Siskiyou County, California.Passage 4:Bighead RiverThe Bighead River is a river in Grey County in southern Ontario, Canada, that flows from the Niagara Escarpment between the communities along Ontario Highway 10 of Arnott and Holland Centre in the township of Chatsworth to empty into Nottawasaga Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay on Lake Huron, at Meaford.The river crosses the Bruce Trail in the valley between the Spey River Forest Area and the Walters Falls Conservation Area.TributariesEast Minniehill Creek (right)Minniehill Creek (right)Rocklyn Creek (right)Walters Creek (right)See alsoList of rivers of OntarioPassage 5:Aibiki RiverThe Aibiki River (\u0000\u0000\u0000, Aibiki-gawa) is a river located in Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.NameThe river is named \"Aibiki\" (roughly translating as \"mutual pulling\") because both its source and its mouth are in the Seto Inland Sea. During low tide, the river flows towards both the mouth and the origin, making it seem like it is being pulled both ways.It is also said that the name came about during the Battle of Yashima, which was fought between the Minamoto and Taira clans.Passage 6:Haughton RiverThe Haughton River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe headwaters of the river rise in the Haughton Valley of the Leichhardt Range near Mingela and flow in a north easterly direction almost immediately crossing the Flinders Highway. The river then passes between Mount Prince Charles and Mount Norman then past Glendale. Major Creek discharges into the Haughton under Major Creek Mountain and the river continues crossing the Bruce Highway just south of Giru. The Haughton enters Bowling Green Bay National Park and finally discharges into Bowling Green Bay south of Townsville near Cungulla and then into the Coral Sea.The assessed catchment area of the river varies, with one estimate of the area at 8,690 square kilometres (3,360 sq mi) and another assessed at 4,051 square kilometres (1,564 sq mi). Of this latter area, 316 square kilometres (122 sq mi) is composed of estuarine wetlands.The floodplain area of the catchment also holds valuable wetlands, parts of the Bowling Green Bay National Park and Ramsar site (QDEH 1991) are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands. The upper part of the catchment has few permanent waterholes. An estimated 77% of the catchment is cleared, cattle grazing is the dominant land use in the area, with the production of sugarcane and other forms of horticulture taking up most of the catchment area. An area of 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi) is protected.A total of 27 species of fish have been found in the river, including the glassfish, Pacific Short-finned Eel, blue catfish, milkfish, Fly-specked hardyhead, mouth almighty, Empire gudgeon, barred grunter, barramundi, oxeye herring, mangrove jack, eastern rainbowfish, Bony bream, Freshwater Longtom and Seven-spot Archerfish.EtymologyThe river was named in 1861 after Richard Houghton, a stockman, by his friend the pastoralist and explorer James Cassady. Originally named Houghton River it was renamed to the current spelling by the Surveyor General in 1950 at the request of local residents and the electoral office.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 7:Stuart River (Minnesota)The Stuart River is a river located in Minnesota, in the United States.See alsoList of rivers of MinnesotaPassage 8:Kakwa RiverThe Kakwa River is a tributary of the Smoky River in western Alberta, Canada.The river is named for Kakwa, the Cree word for porcupine. Porcupines are abundant in Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area.Tourism along the river revolves around bull trout fishing and white water rafting. Kakwa Falls (54.10913°N 119.92350°W\u0000 / 54.10913; -119.92350\u0000 (Kakwa Falls)) are developed in the course of the river, over a 30-metre (98 ft) high ledge formed by an outcrop of the Cadomin Formation. The area was designated a protected wildland (Kakwa Wildland Park). It can be accessed through the forestry road network south of Highway 666, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Two Lakes Provincial Park.CourseThe Kakwa River originates in Kakwa Lake, north of McBride, in British Columbia, at an elevation of 1,495 metres (4,905 ft). The surrounding area is protected by Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area. The river flows north-east into the province of Alberta in Kakwa Wildlands Park, then flows east and north-east through the foothills. It is crossed by the Bighorn Highway before it converges into the Smoky River, at an elevation of 670 metres (2,200 ft).TributariesFrom its origins to its mouth, Kakwa River receives waters from:Kakwa LakeCecilia CreekMouse Cache CreekMusreau CreekFrancis Peak CreekSouth Kakwa RiverLynx CreekRavine CreekChicken CreekDaniel CreekCopton CreekRedrock CreekRoute CreekPrairie CreekSee alsoList of rivers of AlbertaPassage 9:Dawson River (Queensland)The Dawson River is a river in Central Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe Dawson River rises in the Carnarvon Range, draining through the Carnarvon National Park, northwest of the settlement of Upper Dawson. The flows generally south by east, crossed by the Carnarvon Highway and then flows generally east through the settlement of Taroom where the river is crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river then flows in a northerly direction through the settlement of Theodore where the river is again crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river flows north through the settlement of Baralaba and towards Duaringa, crossed by the Capricorn Highway. A little further north, the Dawson River forms confluence with the Mackenzie River to form the Fitzroy River. From source to mouth, the river is joined by sixty-four tributaries, including the Don River, and descends 587 metres (1,926 ft) over its 735-kilometre (457 mi) course. Several weirs have been constructed along the river to provide water for cotton and dairy farming in the region. The river catchment covers an area of 50,800 square kilometres (19,600 sq mi).Expedition National Park and the Precipice National Park are protected areas along the Dawson River.The Dawson River was one of a number of Queensland rivers affected by the 2010–11 Queensland floods. As the river inundated the town of Theodore it was completely evacuated, a first in Queensland's history.HistoryGungabula (also known as Kongabula and Khungabula) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the headwaters of the Dawson River in Central Queensland. The language region includes areas within the local government area of Maranoa Region, particularly the towns of Charleville, Augathella and Blackall and as well as the Carnarvon Range.Ludwig Leichhardt explored the area in 1844 and named the river in honour of Robert Dawson, one of Leichhardt's financial backers.In the 1920s, shortly after the First World War, Australian Labor Party politician Ted Theodore (1884-1950) launched an irrigation program on the Dawson River for returning soldiers. His intentions was to provide them with arable land along the river for them to take up farming, thus eschewing a post-war recession. After the 1922 Irrigation Act was passed, he started irrigation schemes on the Dawson River, for an initial 8,000 new farmers. However, the scheme was abandoned after he realized the soil was unsuitable for farming and the returning soldiers had no agrarian skills.See alsoBoggomossList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 10:Dee River (Queensland)The Dee River is a river in Central Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresPart of the Fitzroy River system, the Dee River rises in the Razorback Range south of Bouldercombe Gorge Resources Reserve near Mount Gavial, south of Bouldercombe. The river flows generally south by west through the mining settlement of Mount Morgan, Waluml and Dululu, where the river is crossed by the Burnett Highway. The river is joined by seven minor tributaries including Limestone Creek, Horse Creek, Hamilton Creek, Nine Mile Creek, Boulder Creek, Oaky Creek and Pruce Creek.  The Dee River forms its confluence with the Don River near Rannes.The largest dam on the river is Number 7 Dam, built for the Mount Morgan Mine, which has a history of acid mine discharge from gold and copper mining entering the Dee River.Mine pitIn January 2013, the mine pit overflowed. Approximately 700 millimetres (28 in) of rain fell after ex-tropical Cyclone Oswald resulted in the 2013 Eastern Australia floods.  Towards the end of February the dam was spilling acid and heavy metals into the river.  Concerns regarding the discolouration of the river's water and fears of contamination causing irreversible damage to the river were raised in mid-2011.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § Queensland"}
{"doc_id":"doc_95","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946 film)The Time, the Place and the Girl is a 1946 American musical film directed in Technicolor by David Butler. It is unrelated to the 1929 film TheTime, the Place and the Girl.PlotSteve and Jeff are about to open a nightclub when a man named Martin Drew who represents conductor Ladislaus Cassel claims that Cassel, who is living next door, objects to the club'smusic and that it disturbs his granddaughter, Victoria, an aspiring opera singer.It turns out that Cassel himself is fine with the club but Vicki's grandmother Lucia is against it. Cassel also urges Vicki not to marryAndrew, her fiance, without being certain. After she meets Steve, she is attracted to him. Steve has a girlfriend, Elaine Winters, who is trying to persuade John Braden, a rich Texan, to finance the club. Elaine is upsetabout Vicki's presence and threatens to marry Braden.Jeff and his girlfriend, singer Sue Jackson, hope to get a new show off the ground, but both Vicky's grandmother and Steve's girl Elaine keep interfering. Casseloffers to finance the show provided Vicky can be in it. Lucia is livid until she reluctantly attends the show, at which she is charmed and gives her approval.CastSoundtrack\"A Rainy Night in Rio\"'Music by ArthurSchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carson, Dennis Morgan, Janis Page and Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland)\"Oh, But I Do\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinSung by Dennis Morgan\"AGal in Calico\" (Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1948)Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Dennis Morgan, Jack Carson, Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland) andchorus\"Through a Thousand Dreams\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo Robin\"A Solid Citizen of the Solid South\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carson and the Condos Brothers\"IHappened to Walk Down First Street\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinBox officeAccording to Warner Bros. records, it was the studio's most financially successful film of 1946–47, earning $3,461,000domestically and $1,370,000 in foreign territories.Passage 3:The Divine NymphThe Divine Nymph (Italian: Divina creatura) is a 1975 Italian drama film directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi and starring Laura Antonelli,Marcello Mastroianni, Michele Placido and Terence Stamp. It was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival. It was distributed in the U.S. by Analysis Film Releasing Corp.PlotDuring the Roaring Twenties, abeautiful woman (Laura Antonelli) is engaged to one man, but has an affair with both a young nobleman (Terence Stamp) and later his cousin (Marcello Mastroianni), playing them against each other.CastLaura Antonelli- Manoela RoderighiTerence Stamp - Dany di BagnascoMichele Placido - Martino GhiondelliDuilio Del Prete - ArmelliniEttore Manni - Marco PisaniCarlo Tamberlani - Majordomo PasqualinoCecilia Polizzi - Dany's MaidPieroDi Iorio - Cameriere di StefanoMarina Berti - Manoela's AuntDoris Duranti - Signora FonesMarcello Mastroianni - Michele BarraTina AumontRita SilvaCorrado AnnicelliGino CassaniSee alsoList of Italian films of1975Passage 4:Giuseppe Patroni GriffiGiuseppe Patroni Griffi (26 February 1921 – 15 December 2005) was an Italian playwright, screenwriter, director and author.He was born in Naples in an aristocratic family andmoved to Rome immediately after the end of World War II and spent his professional life there. Patroni Griffi is considered one of the most prominent contributors to Italian theater and film in post-war Italy.RobertoRossellini made a film from his play Anima nera.His first listed film writing credit was on the 1952 musical Canzoni di mezzo secolo. Patroni Griffi would later direct Charlotte Rampling, Elizabeth Taylor, MarcelloMastroianni, Laura Antonelli, Florinda Bolkan, Terence Stamp, Fabio Testi.Patroni Griffi was also involved with numerous television productions of lyric opera, including Verdi's La Traviata. His many theatrical productionsinclude works by Pirandello, Eduardo De Filippo, Jean Cocteau and Tennessee Williams. As a writer, he published a first collection of stories in 1955, Ragazzo di Trastevere. Later, he contributed significantly to the bodyof Italian gay literature with Scende giù per Toledo and La morte della bellezza, both set in Naples.He died in Rome.Selected filmographyAs a director, he is most noted for:Il Mare (1962)Metti una sera a cena(1969)Addio, fratello crudele (1971, film adaptation of 'Tis Pity She's a Whore with Charlotte Rampling and Oliver Tobias)Identikit (1974) with Elizabeth TaylorThe Divine Nymph (1975)La gabbia (1985)La romana(1988)Tosca (1992)La traviata (2000)Passage 5:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police inPunjab.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the UnitedStates.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of theHood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to directthe Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the PeabodyEssex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studiedboth art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 7:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 8:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 9:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby?(1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: TheWild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 10:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born inFredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav."}
{"doc_id":"doc_96","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shaadi Ka LaddooShaadi Ka Laddoo is a 2004 Indian Hindi comedy film directed by Raj Kaushal. The film was released on 23 April 2004.Plot SummaryShomu and his wife Meenu are a happily married couplewith two children. Shomu decides to travel to Britain for business purposes, as well as to meet his childhood friend, Ravi Kapoor. Once in Britain, Shomu finds himself getting close to single women, and realises that heis now ready for an extra-marital affair. His friend, Ravi Kapoor, on the contrary believes that Shomu is the luckiest man on earth, as he is in love with his wife, and their marriage is rock steady. Not trusting herhusband, Meenu asks a U.K. based friend to check up on him. The friend reports back that Shomu is involved with a woman named Tara. Meenu decides to go to Britain as well and catch Shomu red-handed. In themeantime, Ravi meets with a waitress named Menaka Choudhary and decides to propose marriage to her, apprehensive that she too will turn him down. The stage is all set for sparks to fly, and emotions torise.CastSanjay Suri as Som DuttaMandira Bedi as TaraAashish Chaudhary as Ravi KapoorDivya Dutta as GeetuSamita Bangargi as Meneka ChoudharySameer Malhotra as Geetu's UncleNegar Khan as SheenaJohnClubbSoundtrackPassage 2:Gertrude of BavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse ofKing Canute VI.Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167.In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen. She did not have any children. Duringher second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband. Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: \"The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse\" ineternal chastity.Passage 3:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was borninto a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotelthat he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, she and her children livedunderground until 1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and herown court. She took her position seriously, and stated that the title \"given to her by the nation\" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performedat the Sans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor.  However, as her son became of age beforethe death of his father, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers togetherwith his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offeredher his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but herdaughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir HomePopham, and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economicdifficulties. The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy,where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimerswho wanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino. A historical marker wasinstalled in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 4:Raj KaushalRaj Kaushal (15 August 1970 –30  June 2021) was an Indian director, producer who was active during the 1990s and mid 2000s. He was married to actress and TV presenter Mandira Bedi. He died on 30 June 2021 due to a heartattack.FilmographyPassage 5:Samita BangargiSamita Bangargi is an Indian actress who is most known for her roles in Ramji Londonwaley (2005), Shaadi Ka Laddoo (2004) and Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? (2002).PersonallifeSamita Bangargi married Ashish Chaudhary on 27 January 2006. The couple has 3 children, a son born in 2008 and twin daughters in 2014. Ashish lost his sister and brother in law in the 26 November attacks in2008, since then Ashish's nephew and niece also live with them.FilmographyPassage 6:Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria.Birth and familyAuguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child ofPrince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria. She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad ofBavaria.Marriage and issueShe married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich. The couple had six children;Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, bornon 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)AncestryWorld War IOn the outbreak ofwar with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corpscommander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war.Passage 7:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 bornin 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrationsin Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly afterIranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 8:Heather D.GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former GreekMinister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes oninternational exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.Personal lifeGibson first came to Greecein 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked.The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office inAthens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, \"aristocrat of the left\"), whilenewspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the \"ethic of austerity\" in public. Oneopposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan andBlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261International Finance:Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London:Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419(with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)\"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7,issue 1, pp. 63–78)\"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics andStatistics, 2000)\"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union\" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)Takeover Risk and the Market forCorporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF\"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel ofUK Firms\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)\"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems\" (withAndrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)\"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries\" (with EuclidTsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7 July 2015Passage 9:SophiaMagdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III.Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain.Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She wassubsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation wason 29 May 1772.The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union alsoproved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care forsocial life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spousesimproved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queenuntil her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was thesecond child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received herown royal household at birth.Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heir presumptive to thethrone of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She wastherefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen ofSweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history ofwar and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared thather daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was knownin Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early in her life, SophiaMagdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships withher siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was neverconsidered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement tobe void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement.However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for herkindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughtyLouisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looksstupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagenwith her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she washalfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoyin Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: \"Watch out,Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and herbrothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at SäbyManor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, how beautiful sheis!\", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav inperson in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved naturesoon made her a disappointment in the society life. Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing morehumiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself bypretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous.Sophia Magdalena was known to be"}
{"doc_id":"doc_97","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shaheen KhanShaheen Khan may refer to:Shaheen Khan (Indian actress), Indian actressShaheen Khan (Pakistani actress) (born 1960), Pakistani actressShaheen Khan (British actress) (born 1960), BritishactressShaheen Khan (cricketer) (born 1987), South African cricketerPassage 2:Brooks, Meadows and Lovely FacesBrooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, translit.Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces) is a 2016 Egyptian comedy film directed by Yousry Nasrallah. It was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2016 Toronto International FilmFestival.CastLaila ElouiBassem SamraMenna ShalabiPassage 3:Thou Wast Mild and LovelyThou Wast Mild and Lovely is a 2014 experimental thriller film written and directed by Josephine Decker and starring JoeSwanberg, Sophie Traub, and Robert Longstreet.CastJoe Swanberg as AkinSophie Traub as SarahRobert Longstreet as JeremiahKristin Slaysman as DrewMatt Orme as CarenGeoff Marslett as RichardPlotAkin is hired towork a summer job on a farm owned by Jeremiah and his daughter Sarah. As he arrives at the property, he removes his wedding ring before getting out of the car, and tells the other two he is single and has nochildren. He is given a room to live at the farm for the summer. Jeremiah drinks a lot, and gives Akin the nickname \"shoulders\" because he thinks the man's shoulders are always tense from keeping a secret. Akin triesto talk to his wife Drew on the phone, but the poor cell service makes it difficult. Sarah and Akin become interested in each other from afar, and spy on each other multiple times. While the two of them are trackingdown a lost cow at the edge of the property, Sarah finds a frog and bites its head off, which causes Akin to finally kiss her and ultimately rape her. She smiles afterwards.When Akin tells the other two at dinner that hehas a roommate, Jeremiah reveals that he knows Akin's secret: the tan line on his finger makes it obvious that he's married. Jeremiah jokes that he too has a roommate that he has kept alive for a long time bycontinuing to clean his wounds. Sarah finds a family photo in Akin's room the next day, which shows he also has a son. Sarah and Akin continue to spend time together, and she teaches him how to improve hishorseback skills.The landline phone rings, and Drew is on the other end explaining that she's been trying to contact them because she hasn't heard from Akin in a while. She tells him that she and their son are going tocome visit the farm. The visit goes well at first, but during dinner when Drew comments about Akin being \"quiet\", Sarah responds that he has been very talkative to her. Jeremiah explains that Akin had been lying abouthis marriage to get closer to Sarah, causing an awkward silence. That night, Drew is lying on the couch drunk, barely conscious. Jeremiah starts saying vulgar, sexual things about her, so Akin carries her to his room.He awakes later to an empty bed, and finds Drew back in the house chatting with Sarah. They mention that Drew and Akin had a daughter who had passed away. Sarah blindfolds Akin and the three of them begin tohave sex together. In the middle of the act, Akin removes the blindfold and sees that Jeremiah and a neighbor have been watching them. Jeremiah attacks the neighbor and tries to force himself on Drew. Akin tries tocarry Drew away, but Jeremiah knocks him out.Akin awakes tied up inside the barn, where he sees a man's face that is covered in wounds and blood. Sarah appears and cuts Akin loose. They return to the house to findJeremiah with a knife. He stabs Akin, but Sarah reacts by shooting him. As Sarah is crying over Jeremiah's dying body, Drew storms in with an axe and swings it on both Sarah and Jeremiah. Akin and Drew grab theirson who is wandering the yard crying, and drive away.ProductionTo raise money for the film's post-production, Decker ran a crowdfunding campaign on the website Kickstarter with a goal of $15,500.  The campaignclosed on August 22, 2013, having successfully raised $18,517.  Decker has cited John Steinbeck's novel East of Eden as inspiration for elements of the film, though David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter hascompared the visuals of the film to the works of Terrence Malick. The visual style continues some of the experimental camera techniques Decker and cinematographer Ashley Connor had used in their previouscollaboration, Butter on the Latch, including some shots that were recorded without a lens on the camera.ReleaseMediaIn September 2014, Thou Wast Mild and Lovely was picked up for theatrical and VOD distributionby Cinelicious Pics along with Decker's 2013 film Butter on the Latch with a release set for November 2014.ReceptionCritical responseThou Wast Mild and Lovely received a positive response from critics. Richard Brodyof The New Yorker highly praised the film, saying \"Like most classic stories, this one is simple, but its realization is so surprising in its details, so original in its visual invention, as to make most other movies seem shotby the numbers.\" and \"Normally it would be an insult to say that a movie that runs a mere hour and a quarter feels as if it were much longer, but here it’s both accurate and high praise: vast realms of emotionalexperience are condensed into the movie’s brief span.\" In a subsequent piece for The New Yorker, Brody named Thou Wast Mild and Lovely the second best film of 2014, just behind Wes Anderson's The Grand BudapestHotel.  Brody also listed Robert Longstreet as \"Best Supporting Actor\"; Ashley Connor in \"Best Cinematography\". Decker's other 2014 film, Butter on the Latch, also made the Brody's top ten, clocking in at tenth place.Subsequent to its Berlinale 2014 premiere, Peter Knegt of Indiewire called Thou Wast Mild and Lovely \"The talk of the Berlin International Film Festival… with tense eroticism and experimental, largely free-formfilmmaking\". Josh Slater-Williams of Sound on Sight called it \"one of the strongest, most striking American Gothic works of recent memory.\"  In his review of the film, Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating andcommented, \"Its labyrinthine characteristics suggest the unholy marriage of Ingmar Bergman and David Lynch\" and \"Decker concocts a wholly enveloping vision of isolation told with a grimly poetic style that wandersall over the place but never stops playing by its own eerie rulebook.\"  Jenni Miller of The A.V. Club moderately praised the film and described Sophie Traub's Sarah as \"fascinating\", despite noting \"There are a few toomany experimental flourishes to effectively build the sort of tension that’s necessary to really make the ending pay off.\"  Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times gave the film a more mixed review, noting \"The setup'sclichés grow harder to ignore, despite a welcome mischievous streak and some bucolic imagery.\"  David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter stated, \"It's not uninteresting but too self-consciously arty to rank Decker as amature filmmaking voice.\"AccoladesThou Wast Mild and Lovely premiered in the U.S. at the Sarasota Film Festival, and internationally at the 2014 Berlin International Film Festival in the Forum section.  It has alsoplayed at the AFI Fest, the BFI London Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Hong Kong International Film Festival, the Gothenburg Film Festival, the Athens International Film Festival, the Denver Film Festival, theDallas VideoFest, the Flyway Film Festival, the Sidewalk Film Festival, the Fantasia International Film Festival, the Galway Film Fleadh, the BAMcinemFest and the Imagine Film Festival in the Netherlands.The film wasnominated for the FIPRESCI prize at the Hong Kong International Film Festival, and has won awards on the festival circuit, including the Dallas VideoFest Winner 2014: Best Narrative Feature, Sarasota Film Festival2014 Winner: Independent Visions Grand Prize & Tangerine Entertainment's Juice Award, Flyway Film Festival 2014: Breakout Filmmaker, Indie Memphis Film Festival 2014: Craig Brewer Emerging Filmmaker Award. Itwas acquired by Cinelicious Pics in fall of 2014.Passage 4:Mark Lewis (filmmaker)Mark Lewis is an Australian documentary film and television producer, director and writer. He is famous for his film Cane Toads: AnUnnatural History and for his body of work on animals. Unlike many other producers of nature films, his films do not attempt to document the animals in question or their behaviors but rather the complex relationshipsbetween people and society and the animals they interact with.His films have earned him many awards, including a British Academy Award nomination, a nomination from the Directors Guild of America, two Emmy's forOutstanding Direction in documentary film, and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Science Program on American Television.As a student Lewis helped planning Philippe Petit's famous 1974 high-wire walk between theTwin Towers of the World Trade Center. He talks about his involvement in the acclaimed documentary Man on Wire (2008).Filmography(2010) Cane Toads: The Conquest(2007) The Pursuit of Excellence(2006) TheFloating Brothel(2006) The Standard of Perfection: Show Cats(2006) The Standard of Perfection - Show Cattle(2000) The Natural History of the Chicken(1999) Animalicious(1998) Rat(1994) Gordy.(1990) TheWonderful World of Dogs(1989) Round the Twist(1988) Cane Toads: An Unnatural HistoryPassage 5:Mike JudgeMichael Craig Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American actor, animator, filmmaker, and musician. Heis the creator of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997, 2011, 2022–present), and the co-creator of the television series King of the Hill (1997–2010, 2023–present), The Goode Family(2009), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), and Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (2017–2018). He wrote and directed the films Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996), Office Space (1999), Idiocracy (2006),and Extract (2009), and co-wrote the screenplay to Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe (2022).Judge was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and raised in the U.S. state of New Mexico. He graduated from the University ofCalifornia, San Diego, where he studied physics. After losing interest in a career in science, Judge focused on animation and short films. His animated short Frog Baseball was developed into the successful MTV seriesBeavis and Butt-Head, and the spin-off series Daria (with which Judge had no involvement).In 1995, Judge and the former Simpsons writer Greg Daniels developed King of the Hill, which debuted on Fox in 1997 andquickly became popular with both critics and audiences. Running for 13 seasons, it became one of the longest-running American animated series. During the run of the show, Judge took time off to write and direct OfficeSpace, Idiocracy and Extract. As King of the Hill was coming to an end, Judge created his third show, ABC's The Goode Family, which received mixed reviews and was cancelled after 13 episodes. After a four-yearhiatus, he created his fourth show, the live-action Silicon Valley for HBO, which has received critical acclaim. In 2017, Judge's fourth animated series, the music-themed Tales from the Tour Bus, premiered on Cinemax,to acclaim.Judge has won a Primetime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for King of the Hill and two Critics' Choice Television Awards and Satellite Awards for Silicon Valley.Early lifeMichael Craig Judge was born onOctober 17, 1962, in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He is the middle of three children born to Margaret Yvonne (née Blue), a librarian, and William James Judge, an archaeologist. At the time of his birth, his father was working fora nonprofit organization in Guayaquil and other parts of Ecuador, promoting agricultural development. Judge was raised from age three in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he spent a small portion of his life working ona chicken farm. He attended St. Pius X High School and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of California, San Diego, (UCSD) in 1985.Career1985–1997: Early science career; musician;animation and Beavis and Butt-HeadAfter graduating from the University of California, San Diego, in 1985, he held several brief jobs in physics and mechanical engineering, but found himself growing bored with science.In 1987, he moved to Silicon Valley to join Parallax Graphics, a startup video card company with about 40 employees based in Santa Clara, California. Disliking the company's culture and his colleagues, Judge quit afterless than three months, describing it as, \"The people I met were like Stepford Wives. They were true believers in something, and I don't know what it was\". Shortly after quitting his job, he became a bass player with atouring blues band.He was a part of Anson Funderburgh's band for two years, playing on their 1990 Black Top Records release Rack 'Em Up, while taking graduate math classes at the University of Texas at Dallas. Hewas planning to earn a master's degree as \"a back-up plan\" to become a community college math teacher after relocating to the north Dallas area for his ex-wife's new job. In 1989, after seeing animation cels ondisplay in a movie theater, Judge purchased a Bolex 16 mm film camera and began creating his own animated shorts in his home in Richardson, Texas. In 1991, his short film Office Space (also known as the Miltonseries of shorts) was acquired by Comedy Central, following an animation festival in Dallas. Shortly thereafter, he dropped out of school to focus on his career. In the early 1990s, he was playing blues bass with DoyleBramhall.In 1992, he developed Frog Baseball, a short film featuring the characters Beavis and Butt-Head, which was to be featured on Liquid Television, a 1990s animation showcase that appeared on MTV. The shortled to the creation of the Beavis and Butt-Head series on MTV, in which Judge voiced both title characters as well as the majority of supporting characters and wrote and directed the majority of the episodes. The showcenters on two socially incompetent, heavy metal-loving teenage wannabe delinquents, Beavis and Butt-Head, who live in the fictional town of Highland, Texas. The two have no adult supervision, are dim-witted,sex-obsessed, uneducated, barely literate, and lack any empathy or moral scruples, even regarding each other. Over its run, Beavis and Butt-Head drew a notable amount of both positive and negative reaction from thepublic with its combination of lewd humor and implied criticism of society.Judge himself is highly critical of the animation and quality of earlier episodes, in particular the first two – Blood Drive/Give Blood and Door toDoor – which he described as \"awful, I don't know why anybody liked it ... I was burying my head in the sand.\" The series spawned the feature-length film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America and the spin-off showDaria.After two decades, the series aired its new season on October 27, 2011. The premiere was a ratings hit, with an audience of 3.3 million total viewers. On January 10, 2014, Judge announced that there is still achance to pitch Beavis and Butt-Head to another network and that he wouldn't mind making more episodes.1997–2009: King of the Hill, Office Space, and IdiocracyIn early 1995, after the successful first run of Beavisand Butt-Head, Judge decided to create another animated series, King of the Hill. Judge conceived the idea for the show, drew the main characters, and wrote a pilot script. Fox was uncertain of the viability of Judge'sconcept for an animated comedy based in reality and set in the American South, so the network teamed him up with The Simpsons writer Greg Daniels. Judge was a former resident of Garland, Texas, upon which thefictional community of Arlen was loosely based, but as Judge stated in a later interview, the show was based more specifically on the Dallas suburb of Richardson. Judge voiced characters Hank Hill and Jeff Boomhauer.The show is about a middle-class Methodist family named the Hills living in a small town called Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects ofeveryday life while dealing with issues comically. After its debut in 1997, the series became a large success for Fox and was named one of the best television series of the year by various publications, includingEntertainment Weekly, Time, and TV Guide.For the 1997–1998 season, the series became one of Fox's highest-rated programs and even briefly outperformed The Simpsons in ratings. Although ratings remainedconsistent throughout the 10th, 11th and 12th seasons and had begun to rise in the overall Nielsen ratings (up to the 105th most watched series on television, from 118 in season 8), Fox abruptly announced in 2008that King of the Hill had been cancelled. The cancellation coincided with the announcement that Seth MacFarlane, creator of Family Guy and American Dad!, would be creating a Family Guy spin-off called The ClevelandShow, which would take over King of the Hill's time slot. Hopes to keep the show afloat surfaced as sources indicated that ABC (which was already airing Judge's new animated comedy, The Goode Family) wasinterested in securing the rights to the show, but in January 2009, ABC president Steve McPherson said he had \"no plans to pick up the animated comedy.\" On April 30, 2009, it was announced that Fox ordered at leasttwo more episodes to give the show a proper finale. The show's 14th season was supposed to air sometime in the 2009–10 season, but Fox later announced that it would not air the episodes, opting instead forsyndication. On August 10, 2009, however, Fox released a statement that the network would air a one-hour series finale (which consisted of a regular 30-minute episode followed by a 30-minute finale) on September13, 2009. The four remaining episodes of the series aired in syndication the week of May 3, 2010, and again on Adult Swim during the week of May 17, 2010. During the panel discussion for the return of Beavis andButt-Head at Comic-Con 2011, Mike Judge said that no current plans exist to revive King of the Hill, although he would not rule out the possibility of it returning.Judge began to develop one of his four animated shortfilms titled Milton, about an office drone named Milton that Judge created, which first aired on Liquid Television and Night After Night with Allan Havey and later aired on Saturday Night Live. The inspiration came from atemp job he once had that involved alphabetizing purchase orders and a job he had as an engineer for three months in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1980s, \"just in the heart of Silicon Valley and in the middleof that overachiever yuppie thing, it was just awful\". Judge sold the completed film Office Space to 20th Century Fox based on his script and a cast that included Jennifer Aniston, Ron Livingston, and David Herman.Originally, the studio wanted to make a film out of the Milton character but Judge was not interested, opting instead to make more of an ensemble cast–based film. The studio suggested that he should make a film likeCar Wash but \"just set in an office\". Judge made the relatively painless transition from animation to live-action with the help of the film's director of photography who taught him about lenses and where to put thecamera. Judge says, \"I had a great crew, and it's good going into it not pretending you're an expert.\" Studio executives were not happy with the footage Judge was getting. He remembers them telling him, \"Moreenergy! More energy! We gotta reshoot it! You're failing! You're failing!\" In addition, Fox did not like the gangsta rap music used in the film until a focus group approved of it. Judge hated the ending and felt that acomplete rewrite of the third act was necessary. In the film, he made a cameo appearance as Stan (complete with hairpiece and fake mustache), the manager of Chotchkie's, a fictionalized parody of chain restaurantslike Chili's, Applebee's and TGI Friday's, and the boss of Jennifer Aniston's character, whom he continually undermines and interrogates over her lack of sufficient enthusiasm for the job and the insufficient quantity of\"flair\" (buttons, ribbons, etc.) she wears on her uniform. The film was released on February 19, 1999, and it was well received by critics. Although not particularly successful at the box office, it sold well on VHS andDVD, and it has come to be recognized as a cult classic.Beginning in fall 2003, Judge and fellow animator Don Hertzfeldt created an animation festival called \"The Animation Show\". \"The Animation Show\" toured thecountry annually for several years, screening animated shorts. In 2005, Judge was presented with the Austin Film Festival's Outstanding Television Writer Award by Johnny Hardwick.Judge has made supporting andcameo appearances in numerous films. Judge had a voice cameo as Kenny in South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999), the feature-length film adaptation of the popular Comedy Central series; he voiced Kenny"}
{"doc_id":"doc_98","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Valley of DeathValley of Death may refer to:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge ofthe Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum RunValley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the DuklaPass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in RussiaThe Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano inIndonesiaValley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film\"Valley of Death\",the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of coveringnegative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital\"The Valley of Death\", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pageswith titles containing Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)Passage 2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literallyBeaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of theLoiret departmentPassage 3:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes wherea Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may beidentical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipalcitizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in saidmunicipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, alsorequires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal backgroundcheck.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality wherecitizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality heldthe responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken whentranslating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipalcitizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizenscan often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swissfrancs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose lastname they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swissparent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identitycard, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead toadministrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have aplace of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a largerset of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place ofresidence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes toabolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of theplace of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported totheir place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed torenounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an AncientEgyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes.Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. WhenSennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on theexcavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This placeis often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in differentcountries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to bethe country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the babyis born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countriesplace less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile ofbirth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland usesthe concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A childborn to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, theregistered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli.Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if thebirth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality ofthe plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's\"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquireUS citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage6:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance ofDeath (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death(1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starringBoris KarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by IronMaiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead(disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage7:RainiharoField Marshal Rainiharo (died on 18 October 1852 in Rabodomiarana) was from 1833 to 1852 prime minister of the Kingdom of Imerina in the central highlands of Madagascar.BiographyRainiharo was born asRavoninahitriniarivo into the Hova (freeman) class of the Merina people in the central highlands of Madagascar. His father, Andriantsilavonandriana, served as an adviser to the king Andrianampoinimerina. Afterdistinguishing himself as a military officer in a series of campaigns of pacification in the southeastern part of the island, he was chosen as a spouse by Queen Ranavalona I following the death of her first husband in1833, and was thereupon promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the military and Prime Minister of Madagascar. He retained these roles until his death in 1853, when he was interred in a distinctive tomb constructed incentral Antananarivo by Frenchman Jean Laborde. This tomb would later hold the bodies of Rainiharo's two sons, Rainivoninahitriniony and Rainilaiarivony, who would each succeed him as Commander-in-Chief, PrimeMinister and consort.He was buried in Fasan-dRainiharo, Isoraka.LiteraryRainiharo is mentioned in The Fugitives by R. M. Ballantyne.Passage 8:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, theplace of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called\"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland(1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the SecondNagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of severalpolitical groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 9:RainilaiarivonyRainilaiarivony (30January 1828 – 17 July 1896) was a Malagasy politician who served as the prime minister of Madagascar from 1864 to 1895, succeeding his older brother Rainivoninahitriniony, who had held the post for thirteen years.His career mirrored that of his father Rainiharo, a renowned military man who became prime minister during the reign of Queen Ranavalona I. Despite a childhood marked by ostracism from his family, as a young manRainilaiarivony was elevated to a position of high authority and confidence in the royal court, serving alongside his father and brother. He co-led a critical military expedition with Rainivoninahitriniony at the age of 24and was promoted to commander-in-chief of the army following the death of the queen in 1861. In that position he oversaw continuing efforts to maintain royal authority in the outlying regions of Madagascar and actedas adviser to his brother, who had been promoted to prime minister in 1852. He also influenced the transformation of the kingdom's government from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, in which power wasshared between the sovereign and the prime minister. Rainilaiarivony and Queen Rasoherina worked together to depose Rainivoninahitriniony for his abuses of office in 1864. Taking his brother's place as prime minister,Rainilaiarivony remained in power as Madagascar's longest-serving prime minister for the next 31 years by marrying three queens in succession: Rasoherina, Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III.As prime minister,Rainilaiarivony actively sought to modernize the administration of the state, in order to strengthen and ensure Madagascar remained independent from foreign colonial empires who wished to absorb it. The army wasreorganized and professionalized, public schooling was made mandatory, a series of legal codes patterned on English law were enacted and three courts were established in Antananarivo. The statesman exercised carenot to offend traditional norms, while gradually limiting traditional practices, such as slavery, polygamy, and unilateral repudiation of wives. He legislated the Christianization of the monarchy under Ranavalona II. Hisdiplomatic skills and military acumen assured the defense of Madagascar during the Franco-Hova Wars, successfully preserving his country's sovereignty until a French column captured the royal palace in September1895. Although holding him in high esteem, the French colonial authority deposed the prime minister and exiled him to French Algeria, where he died less than a year later in August 1896.Early lifeRainilaiarivony wasborn on 30 January 1828 in the Merina village of Ilafy, one of the twelve sacred hills of Imerina, into a family of statesmen. His father, Rainiharo, was a high-ranking military officer and a deeply influential conservativepolitical adviser to the reigning monarch, Queen Ranavalona I, at the time that his wife, Rabodomiarana (daughter of Ramamonjy), gave birth to Rainilaiarivony. Five years later Rainiharo was promoted to the positionof prime minister, a role he retained from 1833 until his death in 1852. During his tenure as prime minister, Rainiharo was chosen by the queen to become her consort, but he retained Rabodomiarana as his wifeaccording to local customs that allowed polygamy. Rainilaiarivony's paternal grandfather, Andriatsilavo, had likewise been a privileged adviser to the great King Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810). Rainilaiarivony andhis relatives issued from the Andafiavaratra family clan of Ilafy who, alongside the Andrefandrova clan of Ambohimanga, constituted the two most influential hova (commoner) families in the 19th-century Kingdom ofImerina. The majority of political positions not assigned to andriana (nobles) were held by members of these two families.According to oral history, Rainilaiarivony was born on a day of the week traditionally viewed asinauspicious for births. Custom in much of Madagascar dictated that such unlucky children had to be subjected to a trial by ordeal, such as prolonged exposure to the elements, since it was believed the misfortune oftheir day of birth would ensure a short and cursed life for the child and its family. But rather than leave the child to die, Rainilaiarivony's father reportedly followed the advice of an ombiasy (astrologer) and insteadamputated a joint from two fingers on his infant son's left hand to dispel the ill omen. The infant was nonetheless kept outside the house to avert the possibility that evil might still befall the family if the child remainedunder their roof. Relatives took pity and adopted Rainilaiarivony to raise him within their own home. Meanwhile, Rainilaiarivony's older brother Rainivoninahitriniony enjoyed the double privilege of his status as elder sonand freedom from a predestined evil fate. Rainiharo selected and groomed his elder son to follow in his footsteps as commander-in-chief and prime minister, while Rainilaiarivony was left to make his way in the world byhis own merits.At age six, Rainilaiarivony began two years of study at one of the new schools opened by the London Missionary Society (LMS) for the children of the noble class at the royal palace in Antananarivo.Ranavalona shut down the mission schools in 1836, but the boy continued to study privately with an older missionary student. When Rainilaiarivony reached age 11 or 12, the relatives who had raised him decided hewas old enough to make his own way in the world. Beginning with the purchase and resale of a few bars of soap, the boy gradually grew his business and expanded into the more profitable resale of fabric. The youngRainilaiarivony's reputation for tenacity and industriousness, as he fought against his predestined misfortunes, eventually reached the palace, where at the age of 14 the boy was invited to meet Queen Ranavalona I.She was favorably impressed, awarding him the official ranking of Sixth Honor title of Officer of the Palace. At 16 he was promoted to Seventh Honor, then promoted twice again to Eighth and Ninth Honor at age 19, anunprecedented ascent through the ranks.As a regular among the foreigners at the palace, young Rainilaiarivony was tasked by an English merchant as a courier for his confidential business correspondence. Themerchant was impressed by the young man's punctuality and integrity and would regularly refer to him as the boy who \"deals fair.\" With the addition of the Malagasy honorific \"ra\", the expression was transformed into"}
{"doc_id":"doc_99","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life and songsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 inKilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students'Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his owncompositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on SydneyGrundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902BBC Promenade Concerts, \"The Proms\", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, wasperformed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms.AmericaIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employmentwith shows on Broadway, including the following roles:on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;musical director of The Little Michus (1907), alsofeaturing songs by Barratt;co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musicalromance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);co-composer and musical director of MyBest Girl (1912);musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy(1916–1917);composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;composer and musical director of LittleSimplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue1921 inLondonThough domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namelyLeague ofNotions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrotethe lyricsBack to BroadwayBack in the US he returned to Broadway, working ascomposer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romanceRadioplaysIn later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)Men ofAction: a series of radio sketches (1933)Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)PersonalIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner.They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalizedAmerican citizen. He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City.Note on his first nameThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to \"his son William Augustus Barratt\"with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a \"William\" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as \"W. AugustusBarratt\", and thereafter mostly as simply \"Augustus Barratt\".Passage 2:AlludugaruAlludugaru or Alludu Garu  is a 1990 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and produced by Mohan Babuunder Lakshmi Prasanna Films. This film stars Mohan Babu and Shobhana in lead roles, while Ramya Krishna also appeared in an important supporting role. It was commercially and critically successful running for morethan 100 days. The music of the movie was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.This film is a remake of Malayalam blockbuster Chithram.CastMohan Babu as VishnuShobana as KalyaniRamya Krishna as RevathiJaggayya asRamachandra PrasadChandramohan as AnandKaikala Satyanarayana as JailerGollapudi Maruthi RaoSudhakarNizhalgal RaviSoundtrackSoundtrack composed by K. V. Mahadevan is owned by Aditya Music.AwardsK. J.Yesudas won Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song \"Muddabanthi Navvulo\".Passage 3:The Laughing Policeman (film)The Laughing Policeman (released in the UK as An Investigation of Murder) is a1973 American neo-noir thriller film loosely based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö. The setting of the story is transplanted from Stockholm to San Francisco. It was directed by StuartRosenberg and features Walter Matthau as Detective Jake Martin.PlotA busload of passengers, including off-duty police detective Dave Evans, are gunned down and killed. Evans, on his own time, has been following aman named Gus Niles in search of information linking businessman Henry Camarero to the murder of his wife, Teresa, two years earlier.Evans was the partner of Detective Sergeant Jake Martin, a veteran but cynicalmember of the Homicide Detail working the bus massacre investigation. Jake originally investigated the Teresa Camarero case and has been obsessed with his failure to \"make\" Camarero for the murder. Jake returns toit after many dead-end leads (including a disastrous confrontation with a deranged amputee who takes hostages at gunpoint) in the bus investigation. Niles was killed on the bus as well, and it was Niles who providedthe alibi that enabled Camarero to cover up his wife's murder.The sullen Jake and enthusiastic but impulsive Inspector Leo Larsen are paired to interview suspects. Jake shuts out Larsen from his deductions, whileLarsen, despite a loose-on-the-rules and brutal side, tries to understand and gain the confidence of his new partner. Defying the orders of their police superior Lt. Steiner, they seek, find and then smoke out Camarero,leading to a chase through the streets of San Francisco and a confrontation aboard another bus.CastWalter Matthau as Sgt. Jake Martin (Martin Beck in the novel)Bruce Dern as Insp. Leo Larsen (Gunvald Larsson in thenovel)Louis Gossett Jr. as Insp. James LarrimoreAnthony Zerbe as Lt. Nat SteinerAlbert Paulsen as Henry CamereroVal Avery as Insp. John PappasPaul Koslo as Duane HaygoodCathy Lee Crosby as Kay ButlerJoannaCassidy as MonicaClifton James as MaloneyGregory Sierra as Ken VickeryMatt Clark as CoronerReceptionOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 57% based on reviews from 14 critics,with an average rating of 5.5/10.Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, The Laughing Policeman is an awfully good police movie: taut, off-key, filled with laconic performances. It provides the special delight we getfrom gradually unraveling a complicated case... The direction is by Stuart Rosenberg, and marks a comeback of sorts... With The Laughing Policeman, he takes a labyrinthine plot and leads us through it at a gallop; herespects our intelligence and doesn't bother to throw in a lot of scenes where everything is explained. All the pieces in the puzzle do fit together, you realize after the movie is over, and part of the fun is assemblingthem yourself. And there are a couple of scenes that are really stunning, like the bus shooting, and an emergency room operation, and scenes where the partners try to shake up street people to get a lead out of them.Police movies so often depend on sheer escapist action that it's fun to find a good one.Variety praised the film saying that \"After an extremely overdone prolog of violent mass murder on a bus, The Laughing Policemanbecomes a handsomely made manhunt actioner, starring Walter Matthau and Bruce Dern in excellent performances as two San Francisco detectives\".According to Chris Petit of Time Out, \"By the end, complete with carchase and split-second shooting, the film has become indistinguishable from all those movies it's trying so hard to disown\".The Laughing Policeman was released on Blu-ray on November 15, 2016. Matthew Hartman ofHigh-Def Digest, who reviewed it, wrote \"[the film] could have been a great and gritty 70s thriller, unfortunately, it's primary story doesn't live up to the potential of the opening scene\".See alsoList of American films of1973Passage 4:Piero SchivazappaPiero Schivazappa (born  14 April 1935) is an Italian film and television director and screenwriter.Life and careerBorn in Colorno, Schivazappa entered the film industry in 1959 as anassistant director, collaborating with Valerio Zurlini, Mario Monicelli and  Carlo Lizzani, among others. In 1963, he started collaborating with RAI for news reports and documentaries.Schivazappa made his feature filmdebut in 1969, with the controversial BDSM-themed The Laughing Woman, which at the time had many problems with censorship. Following the success of his 1973 miniseries Vino e pane, in the following years hefocused on television films and TV-series.In 1986 Schivazappa directed Serena Grandi in the erotic drama La signora della notte , produced by Giovanni Bertolucci.Personal lifeSchivazappa is married to actress ScillaGabel.Selected filmographyL'Odissea (TV, 1968)The Laughing Woman (1969)Una sera c'incontrammo (1975)Dov'è Anna? (TV, 1976)Lady of the Night (1986)An American Love (TV, 1994)Passage 5:The LaughingCavalier (film)The Laughing Cavalier  is a 1917 British silent adventure film directed by A. V. Bramble and Eliot Stannard and starring Mercy Hatton, Edward O'Neill and George Bellamy. It is an adaptation of the 1913novel The Laughing Cavalier by Baroness Emmuska Orczy.CastMercy Hatton - Gilda BeresteynGeorge Bellamy - Lord StoutenbergEdward O'Neill - Governor BeresteynA.V. Bramble - DiogenesFrederick Sargent -Nicholas BeresteynEva Westlake - Lady StoutenbergPassage 6:The Laughing WomanThe Laughing Woman (Latin: Femina ridens), also known as The Frightened Woman, is a 1969 Italian erotic thriller film directed byPiero Schivazappa.PlotDr. Sayer, the director of a philanthropic foundation, spends his weekends at his luxurious villa outside of Rome toying with sadistic fantasies. His games are usually acted out with the help of aprostitute conversant with his desires. When his regular prostitute becomes unavailable at the last minute, Sayer substitutes Maria, a young journalist on his staff. After the drugged Maria regains consciousness at hisvilla, Sayer realizes that he now has a real victim on his hands. She is subjected to his unpleasant games but soon begins subverting him.CastPhilippe Leroy: Doctor SayerDagmar Lassander: MaryLorenza Guerrieri:GidaVaro Soleri: AdministratorMaria Cumani Quasimodo: Sayer's SecretaryMirella Pamphili: StreetwalkerSoundtrackThe soundtrack to the film was composed by Stelvio Cipriani and released in 1969.Track listingSideAWeek-End With MaryLove SymbolHot SkinChorus And Brass \"Fugato\"Rendez-Vous In The CastleSophisticated ShakeSide B\"Femina Ridens\" SongMary's ThemeThe ShowerThe Run In The AlleyFight Of LovePassage7:Rumbi KatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedzagraduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA inFilmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000,She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of theZimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under thebanner namelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped(2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor atthe National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to activelysupport the film industry.Passage 8:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan.as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believedmovies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that herealized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who werevictims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how hiscountry’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and genderinequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got hismedical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrantcustoms and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came tomarrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of abeautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and KyleLowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Franciscowho promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 9:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boommicrophone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 fromthe University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted withBob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to LosAngeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last twomonths of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 10:K. Raghavendra RaoKovelamudi Raghavendra Rao (born 23 May 1942) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer known for his workspredominantly in Telugu cinema besides having directed a few Hindi films. He has garnered four state Nandi Awards and five Filmfare Awards South. In a film career spanning more than four decades, Rao has directedmore than a hundred feature films across multiple genres such as romantic comedy, fantasy, melodrama, action thriller, biographical and romance films.Rao received the state Nandi Award for Best Director for hisworks such as Bobbili Brahmanna (1984), and Pelli Sandadi (1996). He garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu for the drama film Prema Lekhalu (1977), the fantasy film Jagadeka Veerudu AthilokaSundari (1990), and the romance film Allari Priyudu (1993). Rao is known for his works in hagiographical films such as Annamayya (1997), which won two National Film Awards, and was also showcased at the 1998International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section. Rao also received the Nandi Award for Best Direction, the Filmfare Award for Best Direction for his work in the film. His other hagiographic works such as SriManjunatha (2001), Sri Ramadasu (2006), Shirdi Sai (2012) and Om Namo Venkatesaya (2017), received several state honours.His mainstream works such as the 1987 social problem film Agni Putrudu, and the 1988action thriller Aakhari Poratam, were screened at the 11th and 12th International Film Festival of India respectively in the mainstream section. In 1992, he directed the melodrama Gharana Mogudu which premiered atthe 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section. It became the first Telugu film to gross over \u000010 crore (US$1.3 million) at the box office. Next, he directed the instant hit Allari Priyudu (1993),which also premiered at the 1994 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section.He is also credited with introducing many actors, actresses, and technicians to the Telugu film industry, like Sridevi, Tabu,Tapsee Pannu, Manchu Lakshmi, Sreeleela, Venkatesh, Mahesh Babu, Allu Arjun, S. S. Rajamouli, and Marthand K. Venkatesh.Personal lifeRaghavendra Rao was born on 23 May 1942 to veteran director K. S. PrakashRao and Koteswaramma. He is also the father of actor turned filmmaker Prakash Kovelamudi. Raghavendra Rao was an executive member in the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Board from 2015 to 2019.Awards andhonorsNandi AwardsNTR National Award - 2015B. N. Reddy National Award for lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema (2009)Best Director – Annamayya (1997)Best Choreographer – Pelli Sandadi (1996)Best Director –Pelli Sandadi (1996)Best Director – Allari Priyudu (1993)Best Director – Bobbili Brahmanna (1984)Filmfare Awards SouthBest Director – Prema Lekhalu (1977)Best Director – Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari"}
{"doc_id":"doc_100","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Esdras HartleyEsdras Hartley (1892–1946) was the art director for the 1935 film Don't Bet on Blondes. He worked on over a hundred films during his career, many of them at the Hollywood studio Warner Brothers.Selected filmographyMiss Pacific Fleet (1935)A Night at the Ritz (1935)Bengal Tiger (1936)Times Square Playboy (1936)Talent Scout (1937)South of Suez (1940)River's End (1940)Ladies Must Live (1940)An Angel from Texas (1940)King of the Lumberjacks (1940)Three Cheers for the Irish ( 1940)The Case of the Black Parrot (1941)Flight from Destiny (1941)Highway West (1941)The Body Disappears (1941)Passage 2:The Only GirlThe Only Girl may refer to:The Only Girl (book), a 2018 memoir by Robin GreenThe Only Girl (film), 1933 filmThe Only Girl (musical), 1914 Broadway musical by Victor Herbert and Henry BlossomPassage 3:The Empress and IThe Empress and I (German: Ich und die Kaiserin) is a 1933 German musical comedy film directed by Friedrich Hollaender and starring Lilian Harvey, Mady Christians and Conrad Veidt. It is also known by the alternative title of The Only Girl. The film was produced as a multi-language version. Moi et l'impératrice a separate French-language version was released as well as The Only Girl in English. The multilingual Harvey played the same role in all three films.It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was made by Erich Pommer's production unit at UFA, several of whom left the country after the film's release due to the Nazi Party's assumption of power.SynopsisAfter a fall from a horse, a wealthy Marquis is believed to be dying. While he lies there, he is comforted by the singing of a beautiful woman. When he unexpectedly recovers, he tries to seek out this young woman. Due to a series of confusions, he believes her to be Empress Eugenie, the wife of Napoleon III of France. In fact, the woman was a Eugenie's hairdresser, a vivacious young woman engaged to be married to an aspiring composer and conductor currently working for the celebrated Jacques Offenbach.CastLilian Harvey as JulietteMady Christians as EmpressConrad Veidt as Marquis de PontignacHeinz Rühmann as DidierFriedel Schuster as AnnabelHubert von Meyerinck as FlügeladjutantJulius Falkenstein as Jacques OffenbachPaul Morgan as Erfinder des FahrradesHans Hermann Schaufuß as DoctorKate Kühl as MarianneHeinrich Gretler as SanitäterEugen Rex as Etienne, Diener des MarquisHans DeppeHans Nowack as Erfinder des TelefonsMargot HöpfnerPassage 4:Don't Bet on LoveDon't Bet on Love is a 1933 American comedy film directed by Murray Roth and written by Howard Emmett Rogers, Murray Roth and Ben Ryan. The film stars Lew Ayres, Ginger Rogers, Charley Grapewin, Shirley Grey, Tom Dugan and Merna Kennedy. The film was released on July 1, 1933, by Universal Pictures.PlotMolly Gilbert won't accept a marriage proposal from Bill McCaffery unless he promises to quit betting money on horse races. He gives her his word, but Molly is miffed when she realizes he wants to honeymoon in Saratoga, New York, due to its proximity to the racetrack.Behind her back, Bill unethically uses money from his dad Pop McCaffery's plumbing business to continue gambling. He gets on a hot streak, winning $50,000, then buys a horse of his own, cheats by disguising a faster horse as his, then loses all his money. Bill agrees to become a plumber, pleasing Molly.CastLew Ayres as Bill McCafferyGinger Rogers as Molly GilbertCharley Grapewin as Pop McCafferyShirley Grey as Goldie WilliamsTom Dugan as ScottyMerna Kennedy as Ruby 'Babe' NortonLucile Gleason as Mrs. GilbertRobert Emmett O'Connor as Edward SheltonPassage 5:Onmyōji (film)Onmyōji (\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2001 Japanese film directed by Yōjirō Takita. It tells of the exploits of famed onmyōji Abe no Seimei, who meets and befriends bungling court noble, Minamoto no Hiromasa. Together they protect the capital of Heian-kyō against an opposing onmyōji, Dōson, who is secretly plotting the downfall of the emperor.A sequel, Onmyōji 2, appeared in 2003.  Both movies are based on the Onmyōji series of novels by author Baku Yumemakura, which also inspired a manga series by Reiko Okano.PlotThe Heian period (9th–12th centuries) was a time when human beings and various supernatural beings still coexisted with each other, the latter occasionally causing trouble to humans. Practitioners of the art of onmyōdō, the onmyōji, were held to be able to control and subdue these malevolent entities and other paranormal phenomena, and were thus held in high regard, being employed by the imperial court.In Heian-kyō, nobleman Minamoto no Hiromasa meets court onmyōji Abe no Seimei, a mysterious man about whom many rumors have been told. On a dare by some courtiers, Seimei demonstrates his exceptional skills in onmyōdō by killing a butterfly without touching it (i.e. casting a spell on a leaf which then flies and cuts through it).Hiromasa later visits Seimei at his home, where he sees Seimei's shikigami in human form, one of whom was Mitsumushi, the butterfly he had killed (and subsequently revived) earlier. Seimei joins Hiromasa in inspecting a mysterious gourd growing from a pine tree in Lord Kaneie's house; Seimei reveals the gourd to have been caused by a curse cast by a former lover of Kaneie who committed suicide.One night, Hiromasa impresses an unseen lady on an oxcart with his flute playing. Unbeknownst to him, this woman is Sukehime, Minister of the Right Fujiwara no Motokata's daughter and one of the current emperor's wives, who is worried that she is losing the emperor's favor as another wife, Lady Tōko, the daughter of Minister of the Left Fujiwara no Morosuke, had just given birth to a baby boy, who is to be the heir to the throne.Meanwhile, the head onmyōji of the imperial Bureau of Onmyō, Dōson, is secretly plotting to overthrow the emperor by trying to awaken the vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara, who had died 150 years ago. Wrongfully accused of treason by his brother, the Emperor Kanmu, Sawara committed suicide, but not before swearing eternal vengeance on the Son of Heaven (i.e. the emperor). When Dōson curses the emperor's newborn son, Prince Atsuhira, to be possessed by an evil spirit, Seimei combats his spells and drives the demon away with the help of Hiromasa and the immortal Lady Aone, who was ordered by Kanmu to guard the burial mound where Prince Sawara's spirit is sealed away.Hiromasa once again meets Sukehime (again unseen by Hiromasa) on the oxcart. He confesses his feelings for Sukehime, who he calls 'Lady of the Full Moon' (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Mochizuki no kimi), but Sukehime, who still loves the emperor, rejects his advances.Both Seimei and Aone are put under arrest by Motokata and accused of cursing the infant prince. They are saved in the nick of time by Morosuke, who points out it is unlawful to kill a court onmyōji without imperial permission. Dōson, who is implied to be behind the allegation, enchants one of the imperial police to attack the two; Aone is severely wounded, but proves to be unharmed due to her immortality.Taking advantage of Sukehime's jealousy against Tōko, Dōson uses his powers to turn her into a namanari (a woman halfway to becoming an oni) that harasses both Tōko and the newborn Atsuhira. Seimei uses onmyōdō to transform straw effigies into the likenesses of the Emperor and the infant prince. Sukehime arrives and assaults the effigies, thinking them to be the real emperor and Atsuhira. The emperor, moved by a waka poem she recites (the same poem Hiromasa hears the lady on the oxcart recite earlier), speaks out loudly, breaking Seimei's spell. Hiromasa, recognizing Sukehime to be his 'Lady of the Full Moon', steps in to accost her.Sukehime briefly comes back to her senses when Seimei removes a paper talisman attached to her back, but Dōson doubles his efforts, and she completely transforms into an oni. When Hiromasa sacrifices himself by allowing her to bite on his arm, Sukehime comes back to her senses once more and kills herself with Hiromasa's tachi. In her final moments, Sukehime - now a human once more - begs to hear Hiromasa's flute one last time.Seimei shoots an arrow with the paper talisman towards the sky, ordering the curse to go back to its sender. The arrow, now on fire, lands in Dōson's secret lair, burning it to the ground. Dōson, swearing vengeance on Seimei, finally releases the spirit of Prince Sawara from its confinement in the burial mound. Sawara's ghost enters Dōson's body and summons a horde of vengeful spirits to attack Heian-kyō. Aone reveals to Seimei that he and Hiromasa are foretold by the stars to become the two protectors of the city: one cannot survive without the other. She, Seimei and Mitsumushi then go off in search of Hiromasa.Dōson makes his way to the imperial palace. Hiromasa tries to stop him in his tracks, but he is no match for his superhuman abilities; he is mortally wounded when Dōson throws back an arrow Hiromasa shot towards him. Seimei and Aone find him, but it is too late. Aone suggests that Seimei resurrect Hiromasa by performing the rite of Taizan-fukun, the Chinese god of the dead (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Taizan-fukun no matsuri), offering to sacrifice her immortality and life to do so.Hiromasa, brought back to life by the ritual, and Seimei go to face Dōson. Aone's spirit, speaking through Hiromasa's body, convinces Sawara to give up his hatred. While Sawara at first refuses to do so, he is finally moved by the prospect of being with Aone - who was the prince's lover during his lifetime - forever; he then passes peacefully with Aone into the afterlife. Although now without Sawara's spirit to empower him, Dōson resumes the fight. Seimei, using his wits, traps Dōson within a magical barrier. Finally admitting defeat, Dōson slashes his throat with the sword from Sawara's burial mound.At the end of the movie, Seimei and Hiromasa drink sake together in Seimei's house. Hiromasa teases Seimei for crying when he died and reflects on what Seimei said to him earlier: that the human heart can turn one into a demon or a buddha. Seimei tells Hiromasa that he is a 'very good man'; Hiromasa answers, \"So are you.\" The two share a laugh together.CastMansai Nomura as Abe no Seimei (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000): An exceptionally talented onmyōji whose very origins are shrouded in mystery. Although an onmyōji of the imperial court, he initially shows little regard for it or Heian-kyō itself, preferring instead to stay home with his shikigami and drink sake, yet eventually finds himself fulfilling his destined role as the capital's protector along with Hiromasa.Hideaki Itō as Minamoto no Hiromasa (\u0000\u0000\u0000): A nobleman in the court with a bumbling personality skilled in playing the flute. Although wary of onmyōji at first, he eventually becomes close friends with Seimei, being destined to become the guardian of Heian-kyō along with him.Eriko Imai as Mitsumushi (\u0000\u0000): A butterfly apparently killed by Seimei as a display of his power and subsequently brought back to life. She serves him as one of his shikigami.Hiroyuki Sanada as Dōson (\u0000\u0000): The head of the Bureau of Onmyō (\u0000\u0000\u0000 Onmyō-ryō), he secretly plots the downfall of the imperial line and attempts to use the vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara to further his goals.Ittoku Kishibe as the Emperor (\u0000 Mikado): Loosely based on the historical Emperor Murakami (reigned 946–967), who was the reigning emperor in the year the story takes place (944 CE). The emperor's newborn son and heir is named 'Atsuhira' (\u0000\u0000) in the film, which is actually the name of a later emperor (Go-Ichijō, reigned 1016-1036). The historical son and successor of Murakami, Emperor Reizei, was named 'Norihira' (\u0000\u0000) .Ken'ichi Yajima as Fujiwara no Morosuke (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000): The Emperor's Minister of the Left. The historical Morosuke was in reality Emperor Murakami's Minister of the Right.Akira Emoto as Fujiwara no Motokata (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000): The Emperor's Minister of the Right, who, at Dōson's instigation  falsely accuses Seimei of cursing the newborn Prince Atsuhira (which was actually Dōson's doing). The historical Motokata had been a Dainagon under Murakami.Sachiko Kokubu as Tōko (\u0000\u0000): The Emperor's consort and Morosuke's daughter who bears him Prince Atsuhira. Based on the historical Fujiwara no Anshi (aka Yasuko).Yui Natsukawa as Sukehime (\u0000\u0000): Motokata's daughter and one of the Emperor's wives. Her son, Prince Hirohira, was originally supposed to be the heir to the throne; the birth of Atsuhira, however, caused her to be sidelined. She is enamored by Hiromasa's flute playing; Hiromasa, in turn, falls in love with her, unaware of her true identity. Dōson later takes advantage of her jealousy against Tōko and Atsuhira to turn her into an oni.Masato Hagiwara as Prince Sawara (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Sawara-shinnō): An imperial prince who died swearing vengeance on the imperial throne 150 years before the story takes place. Dōson seeks to awaken and harness his spirit in order to depose the current emperor.Hōka Kinoshita as Emperor Kanmu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Kanmu-tennō): Prince Sawara's elder brother who charged him with treason, driving Sawara to suicide. Fear of Sawara's restless spirit led Kanmu to move the capital from Nagaoka-kyō to Heian-kyō and to pacify Sawara's ghost by sealing it inside a burial mound.Kyōko Koizumi as Aone (\u0000\u0000): A woman who was Prince Sawara's lover in life. Rendered immortal by consuming the flesh of a mermaid 150 years ago, she was appointed by Kanmu to ensure that Sawara's spirit will never reawaken.Ken'ichi Ishii as Fujiwara no Kaneie (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000): A nobleman who finds a gourd growing out of a pine tree in his house, which was actually the manifestation of a curse laid by a jilted lover of his who had killed herself.Kenji Yamaki as Tachibana no Ukon (\u0000\u0000\u0000): Captain of the imperial police force, the Kebiishi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), who arrests Seimei. He is later seen fighting his men who have been possessed by spirits summoned by Dōson.Hitomi Tachihara as Ayako (\u0000\u0000): Another one of the Emperor's wives worried that he is spending more time with Tōko.Ni'ichi Shinhashi as Nagamasa (\u0000\u0000)Kenjirō Ishimaru as Kanmu's head onmyōjiMasane Tsukayama as NarratorDub castTerrence Stone: Abe no SeimeiLex Lang: Minamoto no HiromasaSteve Kramer: DōsonSimon Prescott: EmperorRichard Cansino: Fujiwara no MorosukeTom Wyner: Fujiwara no MotokataEllyn Stern: TōkoMona Marshall: SukehimeTony Oliver: Prince SawaraKari Wahlgren: AoneBob Papenbrook: Tachibana no UkonJim Taggert: NagamasaReleaseOnmyōji was released theatrically in Japan on October 6, 2001 where it was distributed by Toho. The film was a commercial success, grossing ¥3,010,000,000 ($36,567,313) and becoming the fourth-highest earning Japanese production of 2001. The film was also giving a limited theater release in North America where it grossed $16,234 in three theaters.It was released in the United States on April 18, 2003, under the title Onmyoji: The Yin Yang Master. It was followed by the sequel Onmyōji 2 in 2003.ReceptionThe film won the awards for Best Sound Recording and the Mainichi Film Concours and Best Sound at the Japanese Academy Awards.See alsoTokyo: The Last Megalopolis: A blockbuster fantasy film which, along with its source novel Teito Monogatari, are widely credited with starting the \"onmyōji boom\" in Japanese popular culture.FootnotesPassage 6:Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Movie 2: Attack of the Mecha-VulcanZatch Bell: Attack of Mechavulcan  (Japanese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hepburn: Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Mechavulcan no Raishuu) is a 2005 Japanese animated film directed by Takuya Igarashi. It is the second animated film adaptation of the manga and anime series, Zatch Bell!. The first was Zatch Bell: 101st Devil, released in 2004.Discotek Media released both movies on Blu-ray and DVD for the first time in North America on March 27, 2018.PlotThe movie begins with a mysterious figure, Dr. M2, rallying a group of robots that he calls Death Mechanics (which all look like gigantic robotic blue versions of Vulcan, a plastic box with wooden sticks for arms that Kiyomaro Takamine \"gifted\" to Gash). He orders one of the units, Death 18, to kidnap Kiyomaro.Meanwhile, Kiyomaro is rushing to get to the bus for Coast School, since he slept in late. He leaves Gash behind, who chases after Kiyomaro. During the chase, Vulcan, who Gash brought along with him, is partially broken. Stuck in a tree and unable to stop Kiyomaro, Gash asks him if he'll at least fix Vulcan, but Kiyomaro says that he'll \"make him a new one\". As Kiyomaro tries to chase the already-moving bus down, his friends spot him and try to tell the others to stop the bus. However, while they're not paying attention, Death 18 swoops down from the sky and abducts Kiyomaro, carrying him away and leaving his friends baffled. Once Kiyomaro arrives at Dr. M2's lab, he is contained inside an orange bubble. Dr. M2 then orders Death 18 to go down and distract Gash to keep him away from Kiyomaro by making Gash think that he's his friend.As Gash walks home, he thinks about the previous versions, or \"generations\", of Vulcan that had been ruined in the past (leading up to the third that he currently had), and how they are all important friends of his. Screaming out that Kiyomaro's an idiot, Naomi, the local bully, believes that Gash was talking about her, so she starts pummeling him. However, Death 18 comes down from the sky and interrupts her. As he's about to harm Naomi, Gash realizes that he looks just like Vulcan, and tells him not to hurt Naomi. Naomi runs off and Death 18 fixes Gash's Vulcan. Gash thinks that Death 18 is another Vulcan that Kiyomaro built, and calls him \"Yondaime\", or \"Fourth Generation\". Gash and Vulcan then ride in Yondaime's giant mouth into town.In Dr. M2's lab, the demon explains that Kiyomaro kun is to be his new partner, and that he can take Kiyomaro to the future demon world. Dr. M2 shows Kiyomaro the Death Mechanics, but Kiyomaro tells him that they're just rip-offs of Vulcan. To prove him wrong, Dr. M2 shows Kiyomaro a robotic model of Vulcan from the future that Kiyomaro will someday build; however, as a prototype, it's loaded up with bugs. Dr. M2 had realized that the best way to fix the Death Mechanics was to have Kiyomaro repair them. Kiyomaro asks Dr. M2 whether the battle to decide the next ruler of the Demon World is still going on, but Dr. M2 simply states that he isn't interested in that battle, leaving it vague. Dr. M2 offers again to bring Kiyomaro to the future, but he refuses. Dr. M2 tells him that the idiots of his time can't understand him, but Kiyomaro says that Gash changed his view of people around him.Meanwhile, after venturing into town, Gash and Yondaime go under a bridge and find graffiti. As the two start painting the walls themselves, Gash paints \"Yondaime\" in Kanji onto the robot's body. Gash's demon friends, Tio, Kanchome, and Umagon, then arrive under the bridge. While Kanchome is terrified by Yondaime, Gash explains that he is a present from Kiyomaro, so the five of them then play together in the park. As Dr. M2 opens the portal to the future to return with Kiyomaro, a dark cloud is created over the city. Citizens of Mochinoki Town are advised to leave, and there is mass panic. Gash says that they should all go to investigate, but Yondaime's programming makes him try to keep them all away. After much prodding from Gash, though, Yondaime realizes that he and Gash have become friends, and he changes his mind. The four demons get into Yondaime's mouth and, revealing that he can fly, Yondaime soars towards the cloud.Upon entering the dark cloud, they discover Dr. M2's giant floating castle. Infuriated that Death 18 disobeyed his orders, Dr. M2 tries to reprimand him, but the robot doesn't respond. Kiyomaro manages to break free from his prison and communicates with Gash using a giant monitor on the side of the castle. Dr. M2 summons all of the Death Mechanics to fight off Gash and the others, but Kiyomaro manages to get Gash to fire his Zakeru spell, blasting away the Death Mechanics' missiles. The attack also tears a hole in a part of the castle, though, leaving Kiyomaro to fall from the sky; however, Yondaime manages to catch him.Kiyomaro gets ready to attack the army of Vulcans, but Gash, believing them all to be Vulcans and, therefore, all his friends, runs towards them to try to talk to them, while Yondaime keeps Kiyomaro restrained. The Vulcans don't respond to Gash's words, though, and all begin to pummel him. Tio, Kanchome, Umagon, and Yondaime all try to hold back the Vulcans from attacking him, but to no avail. As all of the Vulcans try to take Kiyomaro, Gash yells at them to stop. They all stop momentarily, but are immediately called back to the castle by Dr. M2. One of Dr. M2's lightning bolts hits Yondaime, reverting him to his original programming. Despite Gash's efforts, Yondaime flies off to join the others, who all fuse together with the castle to become one giant Vulcan.As the giant Vulcan attacks the group, Megumi, Folgore, and Sunbeam "}
{"doc_id":"doc_101","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the UnitedStates.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of theHood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to directthe Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the PeabodyEssex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studiedboth art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineeringfrom Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26,1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 4:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967,Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family,Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle(1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted intothe Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded theoff-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 5:The Little Door Into the WorldThe Little Door Intothe World is a 1923 British silent drama film directed by George Dewhurst and starring Lawford Davidson, Nancy Beard and Olaf Hytten.CastLawford Davidson as LefargeNancy Beard as Maria Jose / CelestineOlaf Hyttenas MountebankPeggy Patterson as DancerVictor Tandy as AgentArthur Mayhew as TroubadorBob Williamson as ManagerPassage 6:Jung-Ho PakJung-Ho Pak (born February 4, 1962 in Burlingame, California) is anAmerican symphony conductor. He was Artistic Director of the San Diego Symphony and of the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, of which he is now Conductor Emeritus. He was Music Director of the Diablo Ballet andthe NEXT Generation Chamber Orchestra.  He was the artistic director of the now-defunct Orchestra Nova San Diego. Pak has guest conducted internationally. He is the Director of the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra,and is a former musical director of the World Youth Symphony Orchestra and the director of orchestras at the Interlochen Center for the Arts. In May 2023, he announced that he was stepping down as the ArtisticDirector and Conductor of the Cape Symphony at the end of the summer.EducationPak began studying the piano at age 6. Three years later, he was awarded a scholarship to the San Francisco Conservatory andenrolled in a college music theory class.  He began studying clarinet at age 11, and played in multiple bands and orchestras into college. Graduated Lynbrook High School, San Jose, (1980)B. A., Music, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, (1980-2)Assoc. of California Symphony Orch. Conducting Seminar, Franz Allers (1982)San Francisco Conservatory of Music, Michael Senturia, Jahja Ling (1982-4)Tanglewood ConductingSeminar, (1983)M.M. University of Southern California, Daniel Lewis (1984-6)Herbert Blomstedt Conducting Institute, Master Class (1985)Redlands Symphony Conducting Institute (1986-7)American Conductors GuildSeminar, Harold Farberman, Dan Lewis (1987)Music Academy of the West, (1989)CareerEarly in his career, Pak was a conductor and professor at several schools including the University of California, Berkeley andUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Idyllwild Arts Academy, and Lehigh University. In 1988, he won a national conducting competition with the Young Musicians Foundation's Debut Orchestra.In 1997, Pak wasappointed music director the San Diego Symphony to lead it out of bankruptcy, which eventually became an artistic and financial success, receiving one of the largest endowment pledges in American orchestral history(over $110 million). In 1998, Pak succeeded Daniel Lewis as music director of the University of Southern California Symphony and was also named music director at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music Orchestra.In 1999, he additionally became music director of the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, with which he was named Music Director Emeritus in 2007.Since 2003, Pak has been director of orchestras and music director ofthe World Youth Symphony Orchestra at the Interlochen Center for the Arts, one of the largest and oldest arts camps in the country. In 2006, the San Diego Chamber Orchestra appointed Pak as artistic director andconductor; in 2009 the ensemble changed their name to Orchestra Nova San Diego to reflect their aspirations under Pak's leadership. The ensemble filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2012 due to an impasse betweenPak and the Musician's Union, with Pak stating that he would prefer to choose members in his ensembles. In 2007, Pak began his tenure as artistic director and conductor of the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra, one ofthe largest orchestras in Massachusetts. In 2008, Pak was a guest conductor for the 2008 ASTA National High School Honors Orchestra. In 2015, Pak was the conductor for the 2015 NAfME All-National HonorsSymphony Orchestra. In May 2023, he announced that he was stepping down as the Artistic Director and Conductor of the Cape Symphony at the end of the summer.Passage 7:The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946film)The Time, the Place and the Girl is a 1946 American musical film directed in Technicolor by David Butler. It is unrelated to the 1929 film The Time, the Place and the Girl.PlotSteve and Jeff are about to open anightclub when a man named Martin Drew who represents conductor Ladislaus Cassel claims that Cassel, who is living next door, objects to the club's music and that it disturbs his granddaughter, Victoria, an aspiringopera singer.It turns out that Cassel himself is fine with the club but Vicki's grandmother Lucia is against it. Cassel also urges Vicki not to marry Andrew, her fiance, without being certain. After she meets Steve, she isattracted to him. Steve has a girlfriend, Elaine Winters, who is trying to persuade John Braden, a rich Texan, to finance the club. Elaine is upset about Vicki's presence and threatens to marry Braden.Jeff and hisgirlfriend, singer Sue Jackson, hope to get a new show off the ground, but both Vicky's grandmother and Steve's girl Elaine keep interfering. Cassel offers to finance the show provided Vicky can be in it. Lucia is lividuntil she reluctantly attends the show, at which she is charmed and gives her approval.CastSoundtrack\"A Rainy Night in Rio\"'Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carson, Dennis Morgan, JanisPage and Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland)\"Oh, But I Do\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinSung by Dennis Morgan\"A Gal in Calico\" (Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song of1948)Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Dennis Morgan, Jack Carson, Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland) and chorus\"Through a Thousand Dreams\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics byLeo Robin\"A Solid Citizen of the Solid South\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carson and the Condos Brothers\"I Happened to Walk Down First Street\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by LeoRobinBox officeAccording to Warner Bros. records, it was the studio's most financially successful film of 1946–47, earning $3,461,000 domestically and $1,370,000 in foreign territories.Passage 8:Olav AaraasOlavAaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugenand from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 9:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of theIndian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 10:George Dewhurst (director)George Dewhurst (1889 in Preston, Lancashire,England - 8 November 1968 in Tooting, London, England) was a British actor, screenwriter and film director. He directed several film versions of the play A Sister to Assist 'Er.Partial filmographyScreenwriterThe Lunaticat Large (1921)The Narrow Valley (1921)Dollars in Surrey (1921)No Lady (1931)The Price of Wisdom (1935)Adventure Ltd. (1935)King of the Castle (1936)DirectorThe Live Wire (1917)A Great Coup (1919)TheHomemaker (1919)The Uninvited Guest (1923)The Little Door Into the World (1923)What the Butler Saw (1924)Sweeney Todd (1926)Irish Destiny (1926)The Rising Generation (1928)ActorThe Woman Wins (1918)TheToilers (1919)The Tinted Venus (1921)Never Trouble Trouble (1931)Men Without Honour (1939)Deadlock (1943)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_102","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Frederick I, Count Palatine of SimmernFrederick I, the Hunsrücker (German: Friedrich I.; 19 November 1417 – 29 November 1480) was the Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480.Frederick wasborn in 1417 to Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken and his wife, Anna of Veldenz. In 1444 his father partitioned his territories between Frederick and his younger brother Louis. Frederick marriedMargaret of Guelders, daughter of Duke Arnold, on 16 August 1454. Frederick died in Simmern in 1480 and was buried in the Augustinian Abbey of Ravengiersburg.ChildrenWith Margaret (1436 – 15 August 1486),daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders:Katherine of Palatinate-Simmern (1455 – 28 December 1522), Abbess in the St Klara monastery in TrierStephen (25 February 1457 – 1488/9) Canon in Strasbourg , Mainz andCologneWilliam (2 January 1458 – 1458)John I (15 May 1459 – 27 January 1509)Frederick (10 April 1460 – 22 November 1518) Canon in Cologne, Speyer , Trier , Mainz, Magdeburg and StrasbourgRupert (16 October1461 – 19 April 1507), bishop of Regensburg.Anne (30 July 1465 – 15 July 1517)  Nun in TrierMargaret (2 December 1466 – August 1506) Nun in TrierHelene (1467 – 21 February 1555) Prioress in the St. Agnesmonastery in TrierWilliam (20 April 1468 – 1481) Canon in TrierPassage 2:Reichard, Count Palatine of Simmern-SponheimReichard (25 July 1521 – 13 January 1598) was the Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim from1569 until 1598.Reichard was born in Simmern in 1521 to Johann II, Count Palatine of Simmern. In 1569 he succeeded his brother Georg as Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim. Reichard died in Simmern in 1598.Without any surviving children, Simmern-Sponheim was inherited by his great-nephew Frederick IV.MarriageReichard married Juliane of Wied (c. 1545 - 30 April 1575, daughter of Count Johann IV of Wied, on 30 July1569 and had several children:Juliana (21 November 1571 – 4 February 1592)Katherine (10 May 1573 – 12 October 1576)unnamed son (1574)unnamed son (30 April 1575)Reichard married Emilie of Württemberg (19August 1550 - 4 June 1589), daughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, on 26 March 1578.Reichard married Anne Margaret of Palatinate-Veldenz (17 January 1571 - 1 November 1621), daughter of Count PalatineGeorg Johann I, on 14 December 1589.Passage 3:Louis Henry, Count Palatine of Simmern-KaiserslauternLouis Henry (German: Ludwig Heinrich) (11 October 1640 - 3 January 1674) was the Count Palatine ofSimmern-Kaiserslautern from 1653 until 1673.LifeLouis Henry was born in 1640 as the only surviving son of Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern. He succeeded his father in 1655, and was under theregency of his mother, Marie Eleonore von Brandenburg, till 1658. He retired from ruling in 1673. He died less than a year later, and was buried in the St-Stephan's Church in Simmern.MarriageLouis Henry marriedMaria of Orange-Nassau (5 September 1642 - 20 March 1688) in 1666, daughter of the Dutch prince Frederick Henry. The marriage remained childless.Passage 4:John I, Count Palatine of SimmernJohn I (15 May 1459– 27 January 1509) was the Count Palatine of Simmern from 1480 until 1509.John was born in 1459 to Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern. He married Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1464 - 1521) the daughter ofJohann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken on 29 September 1481. John died in Starkenburg in 1509 and was buried in Simmern.ChildrenWith Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1464 - 1521) (14 April 1464 – 7 May 1521)Frederick(1490)John II (21 March 1492 – 18 May 1557)Frederick (1494–?)Passage 5:Sabina, Duchess of BavariaSabina, Duchess of Bavaria (1528–1578) was the daughter of John II, Count Palatine of Simmern and Beatrix ofBaden.MarriageIn 1544 she married Lamoral, Count of Egmont with whom she had twelve children. When her husband was arrested and accused of treason in 1567, she wrote king Philip II, the king of Spain, a letter toplead for his release. It was to no avail and he was decapitated in the following year. Sabina was buried in Egmont's crypt in Zottegem.ChildrenCharles, 7th Count of Egmont, Prince de Gavre: married to Marie deLens,  Lady of Aubigny.WidowhoodAfter her death in 1578, she was buried next to her husband in Zottegem.Passage 6:Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-SponheimGeorg (20 February 1518 – 17 May 1569) was theCount Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim from 1559 until 1569.George was born in 1518 to Johann II, Count Palatine of Simmern. In 1559 his elder brother Frederick inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and gaveGeorge his old territories inherited from his father in 1557. George married Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of Landgrave Wilhelm I, on 9 January 1541. George died in 1569 and was succeeded in Simmern by his youngerbrother Reichard.ChildrenWith Elisabeth of Hesse (4 March 1503 - 4 January 1563)John (c. 7 October 1541 – 28 January 1562)George also had a mistress in Elisabeth of Rosenfeld and fathered two illegitimate childrenwith herAdam (c.1565–1598)George (c.1566–1598)See alsoList of Counts Palatine of the RhinePassage 7:Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-ZweibrückenStephen of Simmern-Zweibrücken (German: Stefan Pfalzgrafvon Simmern-Zweibrücken) (23 June 1385 – 14 February 1459, Simmern) was Count Palatine of Simmern and Zweibrücken from 1410 until his death in 1459.LifeHe was the son of King Rupert of Germany and his wifeElisabeth of Nuremberg. After the death of Rupert the Palatinate was divided between four of his surviving sons. Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen receivedPalatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.In 1410, Stephen married Anna of Veldenz, who died in 1439. After the death of Anna's father in 1444, Stephen also gained control of Veldenz and of theVeldenz share of Sponheim. In the same year, he also divided the country between his sons Frederick I, who became Count Palatine of Simmern, and Louis I, who became Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. In 1448 hesucceeded to one part of Palatinate-Neumarkt and sold the other to his younger brother Otto.He was buried in the Schlosskirche (German: palace church), formerly the church of the Knights Hospitallers inMeisenheim.FamilyStefan of Simmern-Zweibrücken and Anna of Veldenz had issue:Anne (1413 – 12 March 1455)Margaret (1416 – 23 November 1426)Frederick I (24 April 1417 – 29 November 1480)Rupert (1420 – 17October 1478)Stephen (1421 – 4 September 1485) Canon in Strasbourg, Mainz, Cologne, Speyer and LiègeLouis I (1424 – 19 July 1489)John (1429–1475), Archbishop of MagdeburgAncestryPassage 8:John Christian,Count Palatine of SulzbachJohn Christian (23 January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33. He was the second and youngest surviving son ofduke Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1659–1732) with his consort Eleonore Maria Amalia of Hesse-Rotenburg (1675–1720). His elder brother was Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.LifeAfter thedeath of his elder brother Joseph Charles, John Christian Joseph became the eventual designated heir of the Electoral Palatine. In 1732 he succeeded his father as Count Palatine of Sulzbach, but died in Sulzbach in1733 before inheriting the Palatinate.Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, a member of the Palatine Neuburg line of Wittelsbach failed to produce a legitimate male heir, and his brothers also. By 1716 it was evident thatthe Neuburg line would become extinct and that the Sulzbach branch would succeed them.MarriageHe married twice:Marie Anne Henriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne (24 October 1708 – 28 July 1728), daughterof Francois Egon de la Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Auvergne, and had the following children:Charles Theodore (11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799); became Elector Palatine in 1742, and Elector of Bavaria in1777Maria Anne (30 May 1728 – 25 June 1728)Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia of Hesse-Rotenburg  (1712-1759); married on 1731 but had no issue.== Ancestry ==Passage 9:Elisabeth of NurembergElisabeth ofNuremberg (1358 – 26 July 1411) was Queen of Germany and Electress Palatine as the wife of Rupert, King of the Romans.LifeElisabeth was born in 1358, the daughter of Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg and hiswife Elisabeth of Meissen, daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen.In Amberg, on 27 June 1374, Elisabeth married Rupert, the son and heir of Rupert II, Elector Palatine. Upon Rupert's succession to the Palatinatein 1398, she became Electress consort of the Palatinate. When Rupert was elected King of the Romans in 1400, Elisabeth became Queen of the Romans. She survived her husband, who died on 18 May 1410, by a year,dying on 26 July 1411. Elisabeth was buried alongside her husband in the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg.IssueRupert Pipan (20 February 1375, Amberg – 25 January 1397, Amberg)Margaret (1376 – 27 August1434, Nancy), married on 6 February 1393 to Duke Charles II of LorraineFrederick (c. 1377, Amberg – 7 March 1401, Amberg)Louis III, Elector Palatine (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436, Heidelberg)Agnes (1379– 1401, Heidelberg), married in Heidelberg shortly before March 1400 to Duke Adolph I of ClevesElisabeth (27 October 1381 – 31 December 1408, Innsbruck), married in Innsbruck 24 December 1407 to Duke FrederickIV of AustriaCount Palatine John of Neumarkt (1383, Neunburg vorm Wald – 13–14 March 1443)Count Palatine Stephen of Simmern-Zweibrücken (23 June 1385 – 14 February 1459, Simmern)Count Palatine Otto I ofMosbach (24 August 1390, Mosbach – 5 July 1461)Passage 10:Rudolph II, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt ofSindelfingen.  He was the younger son of Rudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.LifeRudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingen when his elder brother Hugo III died in 1216.  From 1224onwards, he is described as Count Palatine in many imperial documents, while his younger brother William is merely styled as Count.  Rudolph II supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded. Next tohis father, Rudolph II is the second most mentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen in imperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry (VII) of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who had been elected Kingof Germany in 1220, at the age of 8.  Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son.  Later, in 1232, Henry revolted against his father, and did everything in his powerto win the Swabian nobility over to his side.  Rudolph II appears to have been among the noblemen who sided with Henry VII, at least, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by FrederickII.  Considering Rudolph's energetic character, one can assume that he intended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independent position.Swabian noblemen,including Rudolph II and his brother William, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Worms on 8 January 1224.  They met Margrave Herman V of Baden was also present, aswas Eberhard, Sénéchal of Waldburg and councillor and former guardian of Henry VII in Oppenheim on 5 April 1227 and in Hagenau on 1 May.  In the same year, Rudolph met Duke Louis I of Bavaria, who was animperial vicar and Conrad of Winterstetten, who was imperial cup-bearer and also a councilor of Henry VII.  He met the Lords of Neuffen and the imperial marshal Anselm of Justingen in Ulm on 23 February 1228.  On31 August 1228, Rudolph II appears, together with Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Henry of Wirtemberg, a Count of Dillingen, Conrad of Weinsperg and the councillors mentioned above, as witnesses of a deed inwhich King henry VII confirms the privileges of Adelber Abbey in Esslingen.  Later that year, Rudolph II appeared as a witness in four deed by Duke Louis I of Bavaria and Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, together with,among others, Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Ulrich and Eberhard of Helfenstein, Counts Eberhard and Otto of Eberstein, Count Gottfried of Hohenlohe, and two councilors.Rudolph II stood at the head of adelegation of eight Swabian counts, among them Albert IV of Habsburg, Frederick IV of Zollern and a Count of Eberstein, at the Imperial Diet in Worms on 29 April 1231.  On 22 November 1231, Rudolph II and hisbrother William met Counts Albert of Rottenburg, Ulrich of Hefenstein and Eberhard of Walpurg at Henry VII's castle in Ulm.  On 31 December 1231, Rudolph witnessed a deed benefiting Neresheim Abbey in Wimpfen,together with Duke Conrad I of Teck and Margrave Hermann V of Baden.  The last time Rudolph II witnessed a deed of Henry VII was on 4 June 1233 in Esslingen, again with his brother William.In 1235, Pope GregoryIX called on the princes of the empire to organize a new crusade into the Holy Land, to render assistance to the beleaguered church there.  Rudolph II is the only Swabian nobleman named in this call to arms; whetherhe actually went to the Holy Land is unknown.  The fact that he is not mentioned in any deed between 1235 and 1243 suggests that he may have been absent for an extended period.  In particular, no mention is madeof his position in the struggle between King Conrad IV of Germany and anti-King Henry Raspe IV, which is remarkable, since this struggle took place mainly in Swabia.  However, a deed in favour of Bebenhausen Abbeywhich the papal legate made at Rudolph II's request in the army camp outside Ulm on 28 January 1247, suggests that he supported Henry Raspe.FamilyThe name of Rudolph II's wife has not been preserved.  She wasa daughter of a Margrave Henry from the House of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. They had the following children:Hugo IV, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolf III of Scheer (d. 12 May 1277), Count ofTübingen-HerrenbergUlrichMathilda, married Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg (d. 14 July 1253, struck by lightning).  Their daughter Gertrude Anna (c. 1225 – 16 February 1281) married Emperor Rudolf I, the firstEmperor from the House of Habsburg.== Footnotes =="}
{"doc_id":"doc_103","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louise Elisabeth of CourlandLouise Elisabeth of Courland (12 August 1646 in Jelgava – 16 December 1690 in Weferlingen) was Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg by marriage to Frederick II, Landgrave ofHesse-Homburg.LifeLouise Elisabeth was a daughter of Duke Jacob of Courland (1610-1662) from his marriage to Charlotte Louise (1617-1676), eldest daughter of Elector George William of Brandenburg.On 23 October1670 in Cölln, she married the later Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Homburg, the famous Prince of Homburg.  Frederick had converted to the Calvinist faith for the sake of their marriage.  This conversion brought himinto closer relations with the princely houses in Brandenburg and Hesse-Kassel, who were also Calvinist.  Louise Elisabeth's sister Maria Amalia married Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel in 1673.  Louise Elizabeth wasa niece of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg.  This relationship allowed Frederick to join the Prussian army and become commander of all the troops of the Electorate only two years later, in 1672.The CalvinistLouise Elisabeth played a significant role in the settlement of displaced Huguenots and Waldenses in Friedrichsdorf and Dornholzhausen in as well as in the formation of Calvinist congregations in Weferlingen and BadHomburg.IssueCharlotte Dorothea Sophia (1672–1738)married 1694 Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1664–1707)Frederick III Jacob (1673–1746), Landgrave of Hesse-Homburgmarried 1. 1700 PrincessElisabeth Dorothea of Hesse-Darmstadt (1676–1721)married 2. 1728 Princess Christiane Charlotte of Nassau-Ottweiler (1685–1761)Karl Christian (1674–1695), fell at the Siege of NamurHedwig Luise(1675–1760)married 1718 Count Adam Friedrich von Schlieben (1677–1752)Philipp (1676–1706), fell at the Battle of Speyerbach in the War of the Spanish SuccessionWilhelmine Maria (1678–1770)married 1711 CountAnton II of Aldenburg (1681–1738)Eleonore Margarete (1679–1763)Elisabeth Juliana Francisca (1681–1707)married 1702 Prince Frederick William Adolf, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1680–1722)Johanna Ernestine(1682–1698)Ferdinand (born and died 1683)Karl Ferdinand (1684–1688)Casimir William (1690–1726)Passage 2:Adelaide of HesseAdelaide of Hesse (Polish: Adelajda heska) (after 1323 – after May 26, 1371) wasqueen consort of Poland by marriage to Casimir III of Poland. She was daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia, daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen. Adelaide was amember of the House of Hesse.BiographyShe was named after her paternal grandmother.Unhappy marriageOn September 29, 1341, in Poznań, Adelaide married Casimir III the Great, King of Poland. The marriage wasa result of an agreement between Casimir III and Luxemburgs.The marriage was Casimir's second marriage, after the death of his first wife, Aldona of Lithuania. Casimir had no male heir, though he had two daughters,Elizabeth and Kunigunde. On September 29, 1341, Adelaide was crowned in Poznań Cathedral. The marriage was an unhappy one, Casimir started living separately from Adelaide soon after theirmarriage.AnnulmentTheir loveless marriage lasted until 1356. Casimir separated from Adelaide and married his mistress Christina. Christina was the widow of Miklusz Rokiczani, a wealthy merchant. The bigamy and hiswomanizing got Casimir into severe trouble with the clergy.Casimir continued living with Christina despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Adelaide. The marriage lasted until 1363/1364 when Casimir againdeclared himself divorced. They had no children. The marriage to Adelaide was annulled in 1368. Then Casimir married his fourth wife, Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Żagań.This marriage produced another three daughters.WithAdelaide still alive and Christina possibly as well, the marriage to Jadwiga was also considered bigamous. The legitimacy of the three last daughters was disputed. Casimir managed to have two of his daughters, Annaand Kunigunde, legitimatized by Pope Urban V on December 5, 1369. Jadwiga the younger, was legitimatized by Pope Gregory XI on October 1, 1371.Later lifeAfter the annulment of her marriage, Adelaide went backhome to Hesse. She spent the rest of her life in Hesse.After her ex-husband's death, she fought for her property rights. She intervened in this case to Pope Gregory XI. On May 26, 1371, the Pope urged King Louis togive back her property.In popular cultureFilmQueen Adelaide is one of the main characters in the second season of Polish historical TV drama series \"Korona Królów\" (\"The Crown of the Kings\"). She is played byAleksandra Przesław.Further readingBalzer Oswald: Genealogia Piastów. Kraków 1895, p. 386-387.Paszkiewicz H.: Adelajda. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Vol. 1. 1935, p. 28.Semkowicz Aleksander: Adelajda,Krystyna, Jadwiga, żony Kazimierza Wielkiego. Kwartalnik Historyczny 12. 1898, p. 561-566.Passage 3:Philip, Landgrave of Hesse-PhilippsthalPhilip of Hesse-Philippsthal (14 December 1655 – 18 June 1721) was theson of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Hedwig Sophia of Brandenburg. He was the first landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal from 1663 to 1721 and the founder of the fifth branch of the house of Hesse.Marriageand issueIn 1680, Philip of Hesse-Philipsthal married Catherine of Solms-Laubach (1654–1736) (daughter of Count Charles Otto of Solms-Laubach).  They had 8 children:Wilhelmine of Hesse-Philipstahl(1681–1699)Charles I of Hesse-Philippsthal, landgrave of Hesse-PhilippsthalAmélie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1684–1754)Amoene of Hesse-Philippsthal (1685–1686)Philip of Hesse-Philipsthal (1686–1717) who, in 1714,married Marie von Limburg (1689–1759, (daughter of comte Albert von Limburg) and had children with herHenriette of Hesse-Philippsthal (1688–1761)William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, landgrave ofHesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, founder of the sixth branch of the House of HesseSophie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1695–1728) who in 1723 married Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (who died in1775).BranchPhilip of Hesse-Philippsthal belonged to the Hesse-Philipsthal branch - this fifth branch was issued from the first branch of the House of Hesse, itself issuing from the first branch of the House ofBrabant.After the abdication of landgrave Ernest of Hesse-Philippsthal (1846-1925) in 1868, the Hesse-Philippsthal branch perpetuated itself through the sixth branch of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, currentlyrepresented by William of Hesse-Philippsthal (1933-).AncestrySourcesgenroy.free.frPassage 4:Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-KasselCharles of Hesse-Kassel (German: Karl von Hessen-Kassel; 3 August 1654 – 23 March1730), of the House of Hesse, was the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1670 to 1730.ChildhoodCharles was the second son of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and Hedwig Sophia of Brandenburg(1623–1683).  Until 1675 his mother ruled as his guardian and regent before Charles was old enough to take over the administration for the next 5 years.  His older brother, William VII, had died in 1670 shortly afterreaching adulthood, even before he had had the chance to make any changes with the administration.PoliciesUnder the reign of Charles, the consequences of the Thirty Years' War in the agricultural county could beovercome more quickly than they were in the more industrialized regions of the Holy Roman Empire.  He pushed for the recreation of a large army and put it in the service of other countries in the War of SpanishSuccession.   His soldiers, he gave, as well as other princes of his time, to foreign service for the Subsidiengelder [ subsidies ].  This policy remained controversial for its dealings with the mercenaries, according to the1908 Brockhaus (Volume 9, page 96) :\"Dieses System verbesserte die Finanzen, aber nicht den Wohlstand des Landes,und brachte den glänzenden Hof selbst in ausländische Familienverbindungen.\"[ This systemimproved the finances but not the prosperity of the country,and brought to the brilliant court itself foreign familial connections. ]Charles left in 1685 to his younger brother Philipp as the latter's Paragium a small part ofthe Landgraviate of Hesse, the so-called Landgraviate of Hesse–Philippsthal, named after Philippsthal [ \"Philipp's Valley\" ] (formerly Kreuzberg, a place near Vacha on the Werra River).EconomyEven before the Edict ofFontainebleau (October 1685), Charles adopted on 18 April 1685 the Freiheits-Concession [ \"Freedom Concession\" ], promising the exiles from France, the Huguenots and Waldensians, free settlement and their ownchurches and schools.  In the following years, about 4000 the Protestants fled persecution in their homelands for Northern Hesse and, for example, about 1700 of them settled in Oberneustadt, the newly createdborough of Kassel.Following the ideas of mercantilism, Charles founded in 1679 the Messinghof, one of the first metal-processing plants in Hesse, in Bettenhausen, east of Kassel.In 1699 Charles founded Sieburg (since1717 Karlshafen) and also moved some of the Huguenots and Waldensians there.  With the construction of the Landgrave-Carl-Canal from the Diemel River to Kassel (and beyond), he tried to circumvent the existingcustoms borders but, after only a few kilometers, the construction was discontinued.CultureLandgrave Charles continued the design of the hillside park, Wilhelmshöhe (\"William's Peak\") in the Habichtswald (\"HawkForest\"), now a nature preserve west of Kassel. In particular, it was the construction of the Hercules monument that brought the Italian-inspired cascades and other water features to the park. Under his rule, theMoritzaue (\"Maurice's Meadow\") park near the town was extended over a large area to another park, the Karlsaue (\"Charles's Meadow\"), which still exists today, and the Schloss Orangerie was built.With theparticipation of the Landgrave, who was interested in history, the first archaeological excavations began in 1709 on the Mader Heide.FamilyCharles married his first cousin, Maria Amalia of Courland (1653–1711), thedaughter of Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland, and had with her 24 children, fourteen of which lived long enough to have names:William (29 March 1674 – 25 July 1676)Charles (24 February 1675 – 7 December1677)Friedrich (28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751), who succeeded his father as Frederick, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and became, in 1720, the King of Sweden∞ 1 1700 Princess Louisa Dorothea of Brandenburg(1680–1705)∞ 2 1715 Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden (1688–1741)Christian (2 July 1677 – 18 September 1677)Sophie Charlotte (16 July 1678 – 30 May 1749)∞ 1704 Frederick William, Duke ofMecklenburg-Schwerin (1675–1713)Son (12 June 1679)Charles (12 June 1680 – 13 November 1702)Daughter (12 April 1681)William (10 March 1682 – 1 February 1760), who succeeded his brother Frederick asWilliam VIII, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel∞ 1717 Dorothea Wilhelmina of Saxe-Zeitz (1691–1743)Daughter (12 June 1683)Leopold (30 December 1684 – 10 September 1704)Son (12 November 1685)Louis (5September 1686 – 23 May 1706)Marie Louise (7 February 1688 – 9 April 1765)∞ 1709 Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange (1687–1711)Maximilian (28 May 1689 – 8 May 1753)∞ 1720 Friederike Landgravine ofHesse-Darmstadt (1698–1777)Daughter (5 July 1690)George Charles (8 January 1691 – 5 March 1755)Son (1692)Eleonore Antoine (11 January 1694 – 17 December 1694)Wilhelmine Charlotte (8 July 1695 – 27November 1722)Son (1696)Daughter (1697)Son (1699)Daughter (1701)Other RelationshipsAfter the death of his wife in 1713, Charles had a relationship with Jeanne Marguerite de Frere, Marquise de Langallerie, withwhom he had a son, Charles Frederic Philippe de Gentil, Marquis de Langallerie, who died early.  Charles secured in the same way the financial security of children who had come with his mistress.After the Marquise deLangallerie, the next mistress and confidante was Barbara Christine von Bernhold (1690–1756), who rose to Großhofmeisterin (\"Senior Mistress of the Court\") under Charles's son William VIII and was raised to the rankof Reichsgräfin (\"Imperial Countess\") in 1742 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII. She was housed in the Bellevue Palace.AncestryPassage 5:Christine of SaxonyChristine of Saxony (25 December 1505 – 15 April1549) was a German noble, landgravine consort of Hesse by marriage to Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. She was the regent of Hesse during the absence of her spouse in 1547–1549.She was the daughter of George theBearded, Duke of Saxony and Barbara Jagiellon. On 11 December 1523 in Kassel, she married Landgrave Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. The marriage was arranged to forge an alliance between Hesse and Saxony andwas unhappy; Philip claimed to be disgusted by her and only shared her bed by duty. They had ten children.Whilst married to Christine, Philip practised bigamy and had another nine children with his other (morganatic)wife, Margarethe von der Saale; in 1540, Christine gave her consent to her husband's bigamy with his lover because of her view upon him as her sovereign. Margarethe von der Saale, however, was never seen atcourt.During Philip's absence and captivity during 1547–1549, Christine was regent jointly with her oldest son. She died before Philip's release in 1552.Children with Philip of HesseAgnes (31 May 1527 – 4 November1555), married:in Marburg on 9 January 1541 to Maurice, Elector of Saxony;in Weimar on 26 May 1555 to John Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.Anna (26 October 1529 – 10 July 1591), married on 24 February 1544to Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken.William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (24 June 1532 – 25 August 1592).Philipp Ludwig (29 June 1534 – 31 August 1535).Barbara (8 April 1536 – 8 June 1597),married:in Reichenweier on 10 September 1555 to Duke George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard;in Kassel on 11 November 1568 to Count Daniel of Waldeck.Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg (27 May 1537 – 9 October1604).Elisabeth (13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582), married on 8 July 1560 to Louis VI, Elector Palatine.Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels (22 April 1541 – 20 November 1583).Christine (29 June 1543 – 13 May 1604),married in Gottorp on 17 December 1564 to Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt (10 September 1547 – 7 February 1596).AncestryPassage 6:Prince Wilhelm ofHesse-Philippsthal-BarchfeldChlodwig, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (Chlodwig Alexis Ernst; 30 July 1876 – 17 November 1954) was an officer in the Prussian Army and head of the Hesse-Philippsthal line ofthe House of Hesse.As head of the house he was styled His Highness the Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld.Early lifeLandgrave Chlodwig, the seventh of ten children of Prince William ofHesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, was born at Burgsteinfurt. He was the only surviving son from his father's second marriage with Princess Juliane of Bentheim and Steinfurt; his only surviving full sibling, Princess Bertha,was married to Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe.Although the third son Landgrave Chlodwig became heir to the headship of the House of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld upon the death of his uncle in 1905 due to his elder halfbrothers Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and Prince Carl Wilhelm von Ardeck's exclusion from the succession on account of their parents morganatic marriage.Landgrave Chlodwig served in the Prussian Army reaching the rankof lieutenant colonel. On 26 May 1904 he married Princess Caroline of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, the daughter of Prince Hermann, in her home town of Lich. The couple had five children: Wilhelm Ernst Alexis Hermann(1905-1942) who married Princess Marianne of Prussia, Ernst Ludwig (1906-1934), Irene (1907-1980), Alexander Friedrich (1911-1939) and Viktoria Cäcilie (1914-1998).LandgraveOn 16 August 1905, Chlodwigsucceeded his uncle Landgrave Alexis as head of the House of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, giving him a seat in the House of Lords of Prussia. On 22 December 1925 he inherited the assets and headship of the House ofHesse-Philippsthal following the death of Landgrave Ernst.In the early 1930s three of Landgrave Chlodwig's children (Wilhelm, Alexander Friedrich and Viktoria Cäcilie) joined the Nazi party. His third son PrinceAlexander Friedrich, who suffered from epilepsy, was sterilised by the Nazis on 27 September 1938, he died a year later. The landgrave's eldest son Prince Wilhelm, an SS-Hauptsturmführer, was killed in action duringWorld War II.Landgrave Chlodwig died aged 78 in Bad Hersfeld, he was survived by his wife and daughters, his three sons having predeceased him. His grandson Wilhelm succeeded him as head of the House ofHesse-Philippsthal.HonoursKnight of the House Order of the Golden Lion of Hesse, 21 December 1898Grand Cross of the Order of Ludwig of Hesse, 14 May 1910Grand Cross of the Princely House Order of LippeGrandCross of the Order of the Red Eagle of PrussiaKnight of the Order of St. John of PrussiaGrand Cross of the Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House OrderGrand Cross of the Princely House Order of Schaumburg-LippeCross of Meritof Waldeck and PyrmontAncestryPassage 7:Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress PalatineElisabeth of Hesse (13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582) was a German noblewoman.She was a daughter of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesseand Christine of Saxony, daughter of George, Duke of Saxony.On 8 July 1560 she married Louis VI, Elector Palatine. They had the following children:Anna Marie (1561–1589), married Charles IX of SwedenElisabeth (15June – 2 November 1562)Dorothea Elisabeth (12 January – 7 March 1565)Dorothea (1566–1567)Frederick Philip (19 October 1567 – 14 November 1568)Johann Friedrich (died within a month of birth)Ludwig (diedwithin three months of birth)Katharina (1572–1586)Christine (1573–1619)Frederick (1574–1610), succeeded as Elector PalatinePhilip (4 May 1575 – 9 August 1575)Elisabeth (1576–1577)== Ancestors ==Passage8:Elisabeth of the PalatinateElisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was theeldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart. Elisabeth of the Palatinate was a philosopher best known for her correspondence with René Descartes. She wascritical of Descartes' dualistic metaphysics and her work anticipated the metaphysical concerns of later philosophers.LifeElisabeth Simmern van Pallandt was born on December 26, 1618, in Heidelberg. She was the thirdof thirteen children and eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England and sister of Charles I.Much of Elisabeth's early life outside of her familialrelations is unknown.  After a short, unsuccessful reign in Bohemia, Elisabeth's parents were forced into exile in the Netherlands in 1620. Elisabeth stayed with her grandmother Louise Juliana of Nassau in Heidelbergbefore moving to the Netherlands at the age of nine.Elisabeth had a wide ranging education, studying philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, jurisprudence, history, modern and classical languages.  Her siblingsnicknamed her \"La Grecque\" (\"The Greek\") based on her skill with the ancient language.Elisabeth also studied the fine arts including painting, music and dancing.  She may have been tutored by Constantijn Huygens.In1633, Elisabeth received a proposal of marriage from Władysław IV Vasa, King of Poland.  The marriage would have been beneficial to the Palatine fortunes, but the king was a Catholic, and Elisabeth refused to convertfrom her Protestant faith in order to facilitate the marriage.Edward Reynolds dedicated his Treatise on the passions and the faculties of the soule of man (1640) to Elisabeth.  Although the exact context of the dedicationis unknown, the dedication suggests that Elisabeth had seen a draft of the work.In 1642, Elisabeth read Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy.In 1646, Elisabeth's brother Philip killed a man in a duel.  Elisabeth wassent to stay with family in  Germany where she tried to interest professors in Descartes' work.In 1660, Elisabeth entered the Lutheran convent at Herford, and in 1667 she became abbess of the convent.  While theconvent was Lutheran, Elisabeth was a Calvinist. Although the previous abbess (Elisabeth's cousin) had also been a Calvinist, this difference in faith created some initial distrust.As abbess, she presided over the conventand also governed the surrounding community of 7,000 people.    While Elisabeth was abbess, the convent became a refuge from religious persecution for people and she welcomed more marginal religious sects,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_104","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Grey Lady(The) Grey Lady or (The) Gray Lady may refer to:FilmsThe Grey Lady (film), 1937 German film also known as Sherlock Holmes: The Grey LadyGrey Lady (film), 2017 American film directed by John SheaFolkloreGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Rufford Old Hall, Lancashire, EnglandGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Theatre Royal, Bath, EnglandGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Fort St. Angelo, Birgu, MaltaThe Grey Lady, a spirit reputed to haunt Cumberland College, in Dunedin, New ZealandThe Gray Lady Ghost, reputed to haunt the old parsonage in Sims, North Dakota, United StatesThe Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt the Dark Hedges, County Antrim, Northern IrelandThe Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Gainsborough Old Hall, Lincolnshire, EnglandEntertainmentThe Gray Lady, a spirit from GhostbustersThe Grey Lady, a character in The Good WitchThe Grey Lady, a character in Harry Potter; see Hogwarts staffOther usesMV Grey Lady, American catamaran ferryA member of the Gray Ladies, volunteers working with the American Red Cross in WWIIThe Gray Lady, a nickname for The New York TimesSee alsoThe Old Grey Lady, a nickname for Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, USThe Little Grey Lady of the Sea, a nickname for Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, USPassage 2:Governor GreyGovernor Grey or Gray may refer to:Charles Edward Grey (1785–1865), Governor of Barbados from 1841 to 1846 and Governor of Jamaica from 1847 to 1853George Grey (1812–1898), Governor of South Australia from 1841 to 1845, Governor of New Zealand 1845 to 1854 and from 1861 to 1868, and Governor of Cape Colony from 1854 to 1861Isaac P. Gray (1828–1895), 18th and 20th Governor of the U.S. state of IndianaMatthew Gray (Governor of Bombay) (fl. 1670s), acting Governor of Bombay from 1669 to 1672Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton (1910–1999), Governor of British Guiana from 1958 to 1964, Governor of the Bahamas from 1964 to 1968, and Governor of Northern Ireland from 1968 to 1973William Grey (governor) (1818–1878), Governor of Jamaica from 1874 to 1877Governor Grey (horse), second-place finisher in the 1911 Kentucky DerbyPassage 3:The Little Gray LadyThe Little Gray Lady is a lost 1914 silent film drama directed by Francis Powers and starring Jane Grey of the Broadway stage. It was produced by Adolph Zukor continuing his making films with Broadway actors and stars, hence the name of his company Famous Players Film Company.CastJane Grey as Anna GrayJames Cooley as Perry CarlyleJane Fearnley as Ruth JordanHal Clarendon as Sam MeadeJulia Walcott as Mrs. JordanRobert Cummings as Richard GrahamMathaleen Aarnold as Mrs. GrahamEdgar Davenport as John MooreSue Balfour as Mrs. CarlylePassage 4:Gray Lady DownGray Lady Down is a 1978 American submarine disaster film directed by David Greene and starring Charlton Heston, David Carradine, Stacy Keach, Ned Beatty, Ronny Cox and Rosemary Forsyth, and includes the feature film debut of Michael O'Keefe and Christopher Reeve. It is based on David Lavallee's 1971 novel Event 1000.PlotAging, respected Captain Paul Blanchard is on his final submarine tour before promotion to command of a submarine squadron (COMSUBRON). Surfaced and returning to port, the submarine, USS Neptune, is struck by a Norwegian freighter en route to New York in heavy fog. With the engine room flooded and its main propulsion disabled, the Neptune sinks to a depth of 1,450 feet (440 meters) or approx. 241.6 fathoms) on a canyon ledge above the ocean floor. A United States Navy rescue force, commanded by Captain Hal Bennett, arrives on the scene, but Neptune is subsequently rolled by a gravity slide to a greater angle that does not allow the Navy's Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) to complete its work. As technical malfunctions increase, the submarine's sections get flooded and men die, crewmen have nervous breakdowns and tensions grow between the commanding officers.A small experimental submersible, Snark, is brought in to assist with the rescue. Snark is very capable, but run by a U.S. Navy officer misfit, Captain Don Gates. The tiny submersible is the only hope for a rescue. Ultimately, the surviving members of the crew are rescued by the DSRV, thanks to Gates sacrificing himself by using the Snark to jam the Neptune in place as another gravity slide begins while the rescue is taking place. Moments later the gravity slide pushes the Neptune and the Snark off the ledge and into the ocean's abyss. The film ends with a somber Blanchard climbing out of the DSRV and being welcomed aboard the rescue ship USS Pigeon by Bennett and his officers.CastCharlton Heston as Captain Paul BlanchardDavid Carradine as Captain Don GatesStacy Keach as Captain Hal BennettNed Beatty as MickeyStephen McHattie as Lieutenant Danny MurphyRonny Cox as Commander David SamuelsonDorian Harewood as Lieutenant FowlerRosemary Forsyth as Vickie BlanchardHilly Hicks as HM3 PageCharles Cioffi as Vice Admiral Michael BarnesWilliam Jordan as WatersJack Rader as Chief HarknessMichael O'Keefe as RM2 HarrisCharlie Robinson as McAllisterChristopher Reeve as Lieutenant (JG) PhillipsMelendy Britt as Liz BennettLawrason Driscoll as Lieutenant BloomDavid Wilson as SK1 HansonRobert Symonds as Secretary of NavyTed Gehring as Admiral at Pentagon MeetingCharles Cyphers as LarsonWilliam Bryant as Admiral at Pentagon MeetingJeffrey Druce as Neptune Executive OfficerJames Davidson as Lt. Commander at SACLANTDavid Clennon as Neptune CrewmemberMichael Cavanaugh as P03 Peña (uncredited)Bob Harks as Radio Operator (uncredited)Robert Ito as Jim, Lieutenant at SACLANT (uncredited)Sandra De Bruin as Irma Barnes (uncredited)John Stuart West as Submariner (uncredited)ProductionEven though the submarine depicted in the movie is a Skate-class submarine, in the opening credits, footage of the real-life submarine USS Trout (SS-566) was filmed specifically for Gray Lady Down, depicting the fictional USS Neptune.  Gray Lady Down also re-used submarine special-effects footage and the large-scale submarine model originally used to portray the fictional submarine USS Tigerfish in the 1968 movie Ice Station Zebra to depict USS Neptune. The US Navy's USS Cayuga (LST-1186) appeared in the film as the fictional USS Nassau. The USS Pigeon (ASR-21) and her DSRV were prominently featured in the movie.See alsoA Fall of Moondust, 1961 science fiction novel about vehicle trapped under the lunar surface with similar plot elementsExternal linksGray Lady Down at IMDbGray Lady Down at Rotten TomatoesGray Lady Down at AllMoviePassage 5:Edmund GreyEdmund Grey or Gray is the name of:Edmund Grey (MP for Lynn) (died 1547), MP for LynnEdmund Grey (All My Children), fictional television character in U.S. soap opera, All My ChildrenEdmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (1416–1490), English noblemanEdmund Dwyer Gray (1845–1888), Home Rule League MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and newspaper proprietorEdmund Dwyer-Gray (1870–1945), his son, also a politician and newspaper proprietor, who became Premier of TasmaniaEdmund Gray (1878–1964), Australian politicianSee alsoEdward Gray (disambiguation)Edward Grey (disambiguation)Passage 6:Singapore DreamingSingapore Dreaming is a 2006 Singaporean drama film. It follows the Loh family, a typical Singaporean working-class family, through their aspirations and dreams for a better and affluent life and the reality that would make it difficult for them to fulfill these aspirations.The film is inspired by a 2000 Singaporean essay titled Paved with Good Intentions, that the writers of the film had written for the Singapore International Foundation. A concatenation of e-mails Singaporeans sent to writers Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen on their life stories in relation to the Singaporean dream eventually led them to write, produce and direct Singapore Dreaming. The film stars Richard Low as Poh Huat, Alice Lim as Siew Luan, Serene Chen as Irene, Yeo Yann Yann as Mei, Lim Yu-Beng as CK and Dick Su as Seng.The film was theatrically released on 7 September 2006, and at one time ranked fifth on the Singaporean box office. It has been acclaimed as one of the best Singaporean films of the 2000s. It won the Montblanc New Screenwriters Award at the 54th San Sebastián International Film Festival, and was the first such Singaporean film to receive an IFFPA-recognised international feature film award. Owing to its nature as a local film, Singapore Dreaming received much attention from Singaporean viewers, film critics and public figures alike, including S. R. Nathan, the then President of Singapore. It has been praised by local critics as a relatable portrayal of working-class life in Singapore.PlotPoh Huat (Richard Low), the father of the Loh family, works as a lawyer's clerk. He is married to Siew Luan (Alice Lim), a housewife who likes to brew liang teh (herbal tea) for the family. Poh Huat has a habit of buying lottery tickets in hope of winning and enjoying a better life. He also keeps newspaper cuttings of car models and condominiums and stores them in a box in his room.The family has one son, Seng (Dick Su), and one daughter, Mei (Yeo Yann Yann). Despite Mei's superior academic performance, the family has consistently shown favouritism for Seng. Even though he was ostensibly the academically poorer sibling, dropping out of school in Secondary 3, his parents still chose to fund his overseas polytechnic education instead of furthering his sister's education. Seng is due to return after two years at Dubois Polytechnical University (at Idaho). To fund his overseas studies, he had to borrow extra money from his fiancée, Irene (Serene Chen), who stays with Seng's parents.Mei works as a secretary who maintains a friendly working relationship with her boss. She is due for delivery in two months' time, and for maternity leave in a month's time. Her husband, Chin Keong (Lim Yu-Beng), quit his job in the Singapore Armed Forces a month before and is now selling insurance, though unsuccessfully. He is therefore belittled by Mei. Even though they cannot afford it, they frequently go to a condominium showroom to take a look, revealing their aspirations for a more luxurious lifestyle.Seng returns from the United States. Tensions escalate in the family between Mei and Seng, due to the family's apparent favouritism for Seng. Seng goes for several job interviews, but is unsuccessful. He becomes immensely disappointed, and lies to his family about the sanguinity of his job prospects.Poh Huat strikes the Toto lottery, winning S$2 million, and the family is ecstatic. Seng decides that he wants to try starting a business. He gains his father's approval, who gives him effectively unlimited funding through a credit card. Seng also buys a car, without Irene's knowledge. Irene is infuriated when she learns Seng has been overspending without working first.Initially thrilled by his sudden elevation to the higher social class, Poh Huat dies suddenly of a heart attack while he was at a country club for a membership interview. Siew Luan goes into shock. At the funeral, Seng quarrels with Mei over the funeral expenses. Mei vents her anger on Chin Keong, who shows his displeasure by throwing the carton of drinks on the floor and storming off. Mei is called back to work one afternoon, even though she is still managing the funeral. Chin Keong expresses his outrage at this unreasonable request, but Mei says out of frustration, \"Singapore is like that, everywhere is like that, do we have a choice?\" and returns to work. At work, Mei's boss, frustrated at the incapable temporary secretary, vents his anger at Mei and demands her to photocopy a stack of documents and brew coffee for him. Mei flips at the triviality of the task.Back at the funeral, Mei realizes that S$500 has gone missing from the pek kim, and wrongly accuses her Filipino maid, Pinky, of stealing the money. Chin Keong reveals shortly after that the money is actually with him. Pinky, indignant at the wrong accusation, spits at Mei. Chin Keong goes to a nearby coffee shop for a drink. A beer girl from Mainland China approaches him at his table to talk to him, and Chin Keong ends up confiding his worries about life. The girl notes, \"You Singaporeans are always complaining. Do you think your life is tough?\". During the funeral wake, Seng reveals to his family that he did not graduate. Initially unbeknownst to him, Irene is standing nearby at the door, and hears his confession. Irene is greatly disappointed with Seng, and resolves to leave him.A few months later, Chin Keong, Seng and Mei, with her newly-born son, are called to a lawyer's office. It is revealed that Poh Huat's will has been found (made before either of them are born): he had left all his assets to his wife Siew Luan. However, the family has chalked up a debt of S$800,000 in sending Seng overseas. Siew Luan is absent from the meeting, so the lawyer announces that, of the remaining S$1, 200,000, Mei is getting S$300,000, while Seng is getting S$1,000. At the movie's end, Siew Luan hands some money over to Poh Huat's mistress and illegitimate son in a show of benevolence, and leaves Seng. Irene decides to go abroad to pursue a degree in photography.CastA team of local actors composed the cast for Singapore Dreaming. Some casting decisions were made when the producers were penning the script in New York while others were made in Singapore.The characters of the film were based on the experiences of the people around the writers, that of the writers themselves, and on the e-mail responses that they received to their essay.Richard Low as Poh Huat: MediaCorp actor Richard Low had a role in one of the MediaCorp productions that was filming during the time Singapore Dreaming was set to film. However, he was not engaged as his character in that production was in coma. In the film, Poh Huat is the patriarch of the Loh family. He persistently favours and sides with his son, Seng over his daughter, Mei. Like the rest of the family, he yearns for a better life and, in particular, for a car and a country club membership.Alice Lim as Siew Luan: Alice Lim was one of the actresses that were cast later. She is the first female MC for major events in Singapore, and used to be active in the 1970s. The directors admired her 'beautiful' delivery of Hokkien in the film. In the film, Siew Luan married Poh Huat when she was young and remained a housewife ever since. She is seen to brew bottles of herbal tea perpetually (for members of the family, who, except for Irene, tend to reject them). She shares part of her life story with the audience as the film concludes.Serene Chen as Irene: The producers had a good relationship with Serene Chen from their previous work together on an earlier production, 3Meals. They planned to cast Serene Chen early on, during the initial script-writing. In the film, Serene plays the live-in fiancée of Seng, Irene. Irene is deeply attached to Seng and hankers for a marriage with him in the beginning of the film. She, together with Poh Huat, funded his overseas studies. Irene is also very close to Siew Luan.Yeo Yann Yann as Mei: Although the producers were unacquainted with Yann Yann, they used her face as a reference when writing for the character, Mei. Back in Singapore, Yann Yann accepted their offer to cast as Mei. In the film, Mei is the underappreciated daughter of the family, married to CK, whom she occasionally henpecks. Indignant that Seng was sent overseas when she was the one whose academic performance was more distinguished, she bears a patent grudge against Seng.Lim Yu-Beng as CK: The part of CK was written for Lim Yu-Beng, who agreed to join the film's production. In the film, CK resigned as an army officer and turned to selling insurance, a career at which he does not appear to be successful.Dick Su as Seng: Dick Su was involved in the production only after Serene Chen brought him in. In the film, Seng is the son in the family, who failed in graduating from his overseas studies. There were times when he tries to convince his family, especially his father, that he can succeed in life. Unfortunately, his plans never seem to work out and he ends up disappointing the people around him.DevelopmentConceptionThe development of Singapore Dreaming began in 2000 when New York-based couple Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen wrote an essay for Singaporeans Exposed, a publication to commemorate the Singapore International Foundation's ten-year anniversary. The 5200-word essay, Paved with Good Intentions, explained the difference between the Singapore Dream and the Singapore Plan, and discussed the source and fashion of many Singaporeans' aspirations.  Paved with Good Intentions was later circulated round the Internet, where many Singaporeans read the essay.Confessional responses the couple received thereafter reached the hundreds. In a podcast with mrbrown, Woo explained the typical reader response was \"How is it that I now have a house, I now have a car, a job, why I am still unhappy?\" The couple \"felt a responsibility to do something\", which inspired them to write the film, the original working title of which was The 5Cs.ProductionThe film was a number of firsts in the film industry; Singapore Dreaming was the first Singaporean film to be digitally encoded and projected. It was also the first collaboration between Singaporean and New York film-makers; the Director of photography Martina Radwan, editor Rachel Kittner and sound designer Paul Hsu were based in New York, along with the production staff, while composer Sydney Tan was based in Singapore.Singapore Dreaming was an independent, low-budget production, costing only S$800 000 in total to produce — 80% of which was raised by Executive Producer Woffles Wu. The film was Woffles Wu's first production, and the Colin Goh–Woo Yen Yen team's second. The rigors of production forced Producer Woo Yen Yen to take a no-pay leave from her job as an assistant professor.Filming began in August 2005, with the scenes in the house shot in an actual 3-room HDB flat in a bid for authenticity. This led to situations in which the cast and crew had to squeeze into the rooms in the small flat for hours on end. The team also had to endure heat and stuffy conditions, especially during the scene in which the family shared steamboat in the living room.In an attempt at authenticity and realism, the producers allowed the characters speak in a mix of Hokkien, English and Mandarin, in the typical Singaporean manner. The film would later be subtitled in English and Mandarin during post-production so that the audience would be able to understand the characters' lexicon without knowing how the average Singaporean speaks.Unlike in larger productions, the team of directors had to assume numerous roles during the independent production, some of which included the transportation of furniture and buying drinking water for the crew during the shoot. Colin Goh and Steven Chin, the assistant director, also had to take the unusual step of staging a fight to distract curious passers-by and prevent them from gathering round when they were shooting a certain scene.  After the filming was complete, the movie was digitally encoded in New York and digitally projected at a number of select cinemas.Publicity and releasePremieresBefore being commercially released, Singapore Dreaming was screened at two charity premieres. The first, on 12 April 2006 at Lido, was a pre-opener to the Singapore International Film Festival. Tickets were sold at $15 and all proceeds went to the Festival. The tickets were sold out by 6.00 pm on the day they were released. Among the guests were public figures including president Sellapan Ramanathan and wife, Foreign Minister George Yeo and Opposition Member of Parliament Chiam See Tong. Directors like Jack Neo and Eric Khoo also attended this premiere. A total of about 700 people attended the event.The second charity premiere was on 30 August 2006, and the beneficiary was the Association of Women for Action and Research. The producers organized a Teachers' Day Giveaway, allowing students to nominate teachers for a free screening. In total, 100 pairs of tickets were given away this way. The audience filled up all five cinema halls at GV Grand at Great World City. Like the first premiere, the event was sold-out.Commercial releaseSneak previews began on 1 September 2006 while the film was commercially released on 7 September 2006. The film opened on a total of eighteen screens islandwide, which encompasses all GV and Cathay screens and selected Shaw and Eng Wah screens.The producers were initially concerned about the small independent film lasting in the cinemas with the influx of American blockbusters. Thus, the producers continually urged on the film's blog for those interested to watch the film as early as possible, in case of a short theatrical run. However, the film's theatrical run was to continue for eight weeks; it outlasted all other films that opened in the same week. After a "}
{"doc_id":"doc_105","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Steven TaylorSteven or Steve Taylor may refer to:Steve Taylor (missiologist) (born 1968), New Zealand theologianSteve Taylor (psychologist) (born 1967), English author and lecturer in psychologyStevenJohn Taylor, American singer and keyboardist for the band Rogue WaveSteve Taylor (politician) (born 1956), American politician and Delaware state legislatorSteven W. Taylor (born 1949), American politician andOklahoma Supreme Court justiceSteve Taylor (footballer) (born 1955), English footballer in The Football LeagueSteve Taylor (born 1957), American singer, songwriter and film directorSteve Taylor & The Perfect Foil, asupergroup led by Steve TaylorSteven Taylor (cricketer, born 1963) (born 1963), English cricketerSteve Taylor (Canadian football) (born 1967), quarterbackSteven Taylor (American cricketer) (born 1993), AmericancricketerSteven Taylor (footballer) (born 1986), English footballerSteve Taylor, the narrator for the YouTube channel KurzgesagtJohn Mahan (1851–1883), also known as Steve Taylor, Irish-born American bare-knuckleboxer and pugilistFictional charactersSteven Taylor (Doctor Who), one of the First Doctor's companionsSteve Taylor, a character in the 2008 British slasher movie Eden LakeSee alsoStephen Taylor (disambiguation)Listof people with surname TaylorPassage 2:Steven ParkerSteven Parker may refer to:Steven Parker (defensive back) (born 1995), American football playerSteven Parker, military police officer whose actions were thesubject of the U.S. Supreme Court case Saucier v. KatzSteven Parker, co-creator of the website NeowinSteven Christopher Parker (born 1989), actorSteven J. Parker (died 2009), Boston pediatrician and co-author ofthe 7th edition of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child CareSee alsoStephen Parker (disambiguation)Steve Parker (disambiguation)Passage 3:Steven EllisSteven or Steve Ellis may refer to:Steve Ellis (comics)(born 1971), American comic book artist and illustratorSteve Ellis (musician) (born 1950), English singerSteve Ellis (literary scholar) (born 1952), British literary scholar and poetSteve Ellis (rower) (born 1968), Britishlightweight rowerSteven J. R. Ellis (born 1974), Australian archaeologistSee alsoStephen Ellis (disambiguation)Passage 4:Stephen GriffithsStephen or Steve Griffiths may refer to:Stephen Shaun Griffiths (born 1969),convicted of the Bradford murders in 2010Steve Griffiths (footballer) (1914–1998), English footballerSteve Griffiths (athlete) (born 1964), Jamaican sprinterSteve Griffiths (rugby union) (born 1973), English-bornScotland rugby union playerSteven Griffiths (born 1962), Australian politicianSteven Griffiths (cricketer) (born 1973), English cricketerPassage 5:Stephen PalmerStephen or Steve Palmer is the name of: Steve Palmer(footballer) (born 1968), English footballerStephen Palmer (orienteer), British orienteerStephen Palmer, guitarist with The High StrungPassage 6:Steve BarancikSteve Barancik (born September 23, 1961, in Chicago,Illinois) is a screenwriter whose first screenplay, Buffalo Girls, was filmed and released as The Last Seduction in 1994. The film premiered as an HBO movie before going on shortly after to art house success. ActressLinda Fiorentino received notoriety for playing the movie's femme fatale, Bridget Gregory/Wendy Kroy, and Barancik was nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe Award for best mystery/crime screenplay of 1994.Barancikreceived critical acclaim for his screenplay for The Last Seduction. James Berardinelli called his dialogue \"scintillating, often hilarious, and occasionally insightful\", while Variety said his development of the narrative \"isvery skillful and original\". The Washington Post claimed it was \"a viciously funny first screenplay\" from Barancik, and Kim Newman of Empire called his screenplay \"superb\". Barancik worked steadily in the industry butwith little to show for it until receiving shared screenplay credit for 2002's No Good Deed. He also received shared story credit for 2005's Domino. Barancik is also the founder and a regular performer in Monolog Cabin, agroup featuring writers performing comedic personal essays, which performs at Club Congress in Tucson, Arizona. He has developed a website devoted to the subject of quality children's books and another to collectingthe experiences of authors who have self-published.Passage 7:Steven RobertsSteven or Steve Roberts may refer to:Steven K. Roberts (born 1952), American journalist, writer, cyclist, archivist, and explorerSteven V.Roberts (born 1943), American journalist and writerSteven Roberts (British Army soldier) (died 2003), first British soldier to die in the 2003 invasion of IraqSteve Roberts (American football) (born 1964), collegefootball coach at Arkansas State UniversitySteve Roberts (comics), British comics artistSteve Roberts (drummer) (died 2022), British drummer (UK Subs)Steven Roberts (Missouri politician), Missouri State SenatorSeealsoStephen Roberts (disambiguation)Passage 8:Stephen ClarkStephen or Steve(n) Clark(e) may refer to:Arts and entertainmentStephen Carlton Clark (1882–1960), art collector and president of the Baseball Hall ofFameSteve Clark (tap dancer) (1924–2017), member of the tap-dancing duo The Clark BrothersStephen Clarke (writer) (born 1958), British journalist and novelistSteve Clarke (drummer) (born 1959), British rock andheavy metal drummerSteve Clark (1960–1991), British guitarist for rock band Def LeppardStephen Clark (playwright), British playwright, librettist and lyricistSteven A. Clark, American pop and R&B singer, active2011–presentStephen Clark (musician), American bassist for heavy metal band DeafheavenSteve Clarke, British rock bassist for DumdumsSteve Clark (animator), animator and director of animated televisionseriesStephen Clarke-Willson, video game and software developerSteve Clarke (EastEnders), fictional character in the British soap opera EastendersPoliticsStephen Clark (New York treasurer) (1792–?), New York StateTreasurer 1856–1857Stephen D. Clark (1916–1997), Canadian politician, New BrunswickStephen P. Clark (1924–1996), Mayor of Miami, FloridaStephen R. Clark (born 1966), American federal judge from MissouriSteveClark (Canadian politician) (born 1960), Canadian politician, OntarioSteve Clark (Arkansas politician), Arkansas Attorney GeneralSportsSteve Clark (swimmer) (born 1943), American swimmerStevan Clark (born 1959),American football defensive endSteve Clark (American football, born 1960), American pro football tackleSteve Clark (defensive back) (born 1962), American football defensive backSteven Clark (Australian footballer)(1961–2005), VFL/AFL player for three clubsSteve Clarke (born 1963), Scottish football player and managerStephen Clarke (swimmer) (born 1973), Canadian swimmerSteven Clark (English footballer) (born 1982),English footballerSteven Clark (cricketer) (born 1982), Leicestershire cricketerSteve Clark (soccer) (born 1986), American soccer playerSteven Clarke (gridiron football) (born 1991), Canadian football defensivebackSteve Clark (referee), rugby refereeOthersStephen C. Clark (bishop) (1892–1950), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of UtahStephen R. L. Clark (born 1945), British philosopherSteven Clarke (born 1949),biochemistStephen Clarke (archaeologist), Welsh archaeologistSee alsoStephen Clark Foster (1822–1898), mayor of New York CityStephen Clark Foster (Maine politician) (1799–1872), U.S. representative fromMaineShooting of Stephon Clark, 2018 shooting in Sacramento, California involving a man similarly named Stephon ClarkPassage 9:Helen CliftonHelen Clifton (née Ashman) (4 May 1948 – 14 June 2011) was a BritishSalvation Army Commissioner. She spent her childhood in London, connected to the Edmonton Corps of The Salvation Army. She was a teacher before entering the International Training College at Denmark Hill,London, to become a full-time Officer of The Salvation Army. She married the 18th General of The Salvation Army, Shaw Clifton, in 1967. He died in May 2023.She held a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in Englishlanguage and literature from Westfield College, University of London and a Post-Graduate Certificate of Education from Goldsmiths’ College, University of London.External linksThe Salvation Army internationalhomepage Archived 2007-05-11 at the Wayback MachineGeneral Shaw Clifton and Commissioner Helen Clifton Archived 2017-04-25 at the Wayback MachineWelcome and Dedication Meeting General Shaw Clifton andCommissioner Helen CliftonCliftons elected to leadCommissioner speaks out against traffickingDeath notice of Commissioner Helen Clifton Archived 2011-07-05 at the Wayback MachinePassage 10:Steven BakerStevenor Steve Baker is the name of:SportsmenSteve Baker (baseball) (born 1956), major league pitcherSteve Baker (footballer, born 1962), English footballerSteve Baker (footballer, born 1978), English footballerSteveBaker (ice hockey) (born 1957), American ice hockey goaltenderSteve Baker (motorcyclist) (born 1952), former Grand Prix motorcycle road racerSteve Baker (speedway rider), Australian motorcycle speedwayriderSteven Baker (American football), American football player with the St. Louis RamsSteven Baker (Australian footballer) (born 1980), Australian rules footballerSteven Baker (figure skater), Croatian figure skater,winner of the Golden Bear of ZagrebOthersSteve Baker, designer of the Space Crusade boardgameSteve Baker (illusionist) (1938–2017), American comedian, magician and escape artistSteve Baker (politician) (born1971), British Conservative Party MP for WycombeSteven Baker (producer) (born 1976), Australian arranger, orchestrator and record producerSee alsoStephen Baker (disambiguation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_106","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed alarge number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant,Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990),Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director,Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at theCarnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [theHardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube in LatinAmerica.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, and later atIridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements.Heco-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order tocreate the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There heestablished a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’scontent and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for GoogleMexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’sLatin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association)Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked inIreland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museumof Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and worksin the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded DanMonroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989)degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the ChesterBeatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublinfrom 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increasedthe number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued theemphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporatesponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during DrKennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud'sAfter Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiplesand unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship.He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there wereother exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted largeattendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York,Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated thatthe events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on hismanagement of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his twopredecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass,antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents,volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequentspeaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples.Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 5:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directedthe mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage6:John DonatichJohn Donatich is the Director of Yale University Press.Early lifeHe received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984,graduating summa cum laude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The AtlanticMonthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003,Donatich served as publisher and vice president of Basic Books. While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authorsas Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published suchauthors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T. J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published suchauthors as Adonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris. He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gainedmedia attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of amemoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhyBooks Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author;together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage 7:Dell HendersonGeorge Delbert \"Dell\" Henderson (July 5, 1877 – December 2, 1956) was a Canadian-American actor, director, and writer. He began his long andprolific film career in the early days of silent film.BiographyBorn in the southwestern Ontario city of St. Thomas, Dell Henderson started his acting career on the stage, but appeared in his first movie Monday Morning in aConey Island Police Court in 1908. Henderson was a frequent associate of film pioneer D.W. Griffith since 1909 and appeared in numerous early Griffith shorts in Hollywood. Henderson also acted on a less prolific basisin the movies of producer Mack Sennett at Keystone Studios. In addition to acting, Henderson directed nearly 200 silent films between 1911 and 1928. Most of those films are forgotten or lost, but he also directedmovies with silent stars like Harry Carey and Roscoe Arbuckle. Henderson also worked as a writer on numerous screenplays.After retiring from directing in 1927, Henderson returned to acting full time and playedimportant supporting roles in King Vidor's The Crowd (1928) and as General Marmaduke Pepper in Show People (1928). The advent of sound film damaged Henderson's acting career, and he often had to play smallerroles. In the 1930s, he appeared on several occasions as a comic foil for such comedians as The Three Stooges, W. C. Fields and Laurel and Hardy. He often played somewhat pompous figures like judges, businessmen,detectives or mayors. Modern audiences will remember Henderson as the annoyed hospital president Dr. Graves in The Three Stooges film Men in Black (1934) and the put-upon chaperone in the Our Gang filmChoo-Choo! (1932). He also appeared as a night court judge in Laurel and Hardy's Our Relations (1936) and as a friendly car salesman in Leo McCarey's drama Make Way for Tomorrow (1937). Henderson ended his filmcareer after numerous small roles in 1950.  He did make one final appearance on NBC-TV's \"This Is Your Life\" on March 10, 1954, during a tribute to Mack Sennett.Henderson died at the age of 79 of a heart attack inHollywood. He was married to actress Florence Lee until his death. The couple made several silent films together.Selected filmographyPassage 8:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian andmuseum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of theNorwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 9:The Shark (1920 film)The Shark is a lost 1920 American silent film produced and distributed byFox Film Corporation. It was directed by Dell Henderson and starred George Walsh.CastGeorge Walsh as Shark RawleyRobert Broderick as Rodman SelbyWilliam Nally as SanchezJames T. Mack as Hump LoganHenryPemberton as Juan NajeraMarie Pagano as CarlottaMary Hall as Doris SelbyPlotThe story revolves around Shark Rawley, a sailor on a tramp steamer who saves a woman by the name of Doris Hall from the crew of theship and its captain Sanchez. The film climaxes with the ship burning when a fire breaks out. Rawley and Hall escape and while waiting for the rescue boat they fall in love with each other.See alsoList of Fox Filmfilms1937 Fox vault firePassage 10:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundationin New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts atWilliams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. Afterreceiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at"}
{"doc_id":"doc_107","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ahmet BozerAhmet C. Bozer (born 1960) is a Turkish business executive. He is executive vice president and president of Coca-Cola International, which consists of The Coca-Cola Company's Asia Pacific,Europe, Eurasia & Africa, and Latin America operations.Early yearsBozer was born to Ali Bozer, an academic of Commercial Law and politician, 1960 in Istanbul, Turkey. He finished TED Ankara Koleji and studiedBusiness Administration at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara. Later, he earned a MBA degree in Business Information Systems from Georgia State University.CareerAfter beginning as a consultant andinstructor, Bozer was employed by Coopers and Lybrand, where he had various roles in audit, consultancy and management in the five years there.In 1990, he joined Coca-Cola USA as Financial Control Manager at thecompany's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Bozer was appointed Region Finance Manager at the Turkish Enterprise in 1992.He was Finance Director and Deputy Managing Director of The Coca-Cola Company BottlingOperations in Turkey from 1994 to 1999. After serving as the Managing Director of Coca-Cola Bottlers of Turkey (CCBT), Bozer became the President of Eurasia & Middle East Division based in Istanbul, Turkey onJanuary 1, 2006. On July 1, 2007, he was appointed President of the Eurasia and Africa Group, which comprises a total of more than 90 countries, and served until December 31, 2012. In 2013, he became ExecutiveVice President and President of Coca-Cola International.Passage 2:Carl WareCarl Ware (born 1943, Newnan, Georgia) is an American businessman. He is a retired executive vice-president of The Coca-ColaCompany.BiographyEarly lifeCarl Ware holds a bachelor's degree in political science from Clark College, a master's degree in Public Administration from the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at theUniversity of Pittsburgh, and is a 1991 graduate of the Harvard Business School's International Senior Management Program.CareerHe was elected to the Atlanta City Council in 1973 and served as president of theCouncil from 1976 until 1979.In 1979, he was named Vice President of Special Markets for Coca-Cola USA, with responsibility for expanding African-American and Hispanic marketing and advertising programs. In 1982,Ware was promoted to Vice President of Urban Affairs. In 1986, he was elected Senior Vice President of Coca-Cola. Ware was named Deputy Group President, Northeast Europe and Africa in 1991, and was appointedpresident of the Africa Group in 1993.He was elected a director of Chevron Corporation in 2001. He is a former senior adviser to the chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Co., a position he held from 2003 to 2006. Healso sits on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations and Georgia Power.Passage 3:Frank Mason RobinsonFrank Mason Robinson (September 12, 1845 – July 8, 1923) was an important early marketerand advertiser of what became known as Coca-Cola.CareerDuring the winter of 1885, Robinson and his business partner, David Doe, came to the South in order to sell a machine they invented called a \"chromaticprinting device\" which had the capability to produce two colors in one imprint. Upon arrival in Atlanta, Robinson and David Doe approached Dr. John S. Pemberton, a chemist and pharmacist, and struck a deal. In 1886Frank Robinson officially settled in Atlanta where a new business was made called the Pemberton Chemical Company consisting of Robinson, Pemberton, David Doe and Pemberton's old partner, EdHolland.Coca-ColaPemberton was experimenting with a medicinal formula which included coca leaves and kola nuts as sources of its ingredients. Robinson, who served as bookkeeper and partner to Pemberton, gavethe syrup formula the name Coca-Cola, where Coca came from the coca leaves used and Cola for the kola nuts. The name Coca-Cola was also chosen \"because it was euphonious, and on account of my familiarity withsuch names as 'S.S.S; and 'B.B.B'\" said Robinson himself. He was also responsible for writing the Coca-Cola name in Spencerian script which was popular with bookkeepers of the era and remains one of the mostrecognized trademarks in the world. The formula was introduced in May 1886 at the Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta. It sold 25 US gallons (95 L) the first year. The next year sales increased to 1,049 US gallons (3,970 L).In 1888 Pemberton sold the formula to Asa G. Candler, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, for a total investment of $2,300 before Pemberton died. Coca-Cola was granted a charter in 1892 and became theofficial Georgia Corporation named the Coca-Cola Company with Asa G. Candler, his brother John S. Candler, Frank M. Robinson and two other associates.  Robinson served as treasurer and secretary and changed theCoca-Cola syrup formula so as not to include any faint traces of cocaine by the time of the Pure Food and Drug Act initiated by the Federal Government in 1906. The starting capitalization for the company was at$100,000.Robinson overall was responsible for the early advertising of Coca-Cola before and after Candler bought the name and syrup formula from Pemberton, the first ads appearing in The Atlanta Journal in 1887.While still working with Pemberton, Robinson had the initial ads display short phrases such as \"Coca-Cola! Delicious! Refreshing! Exhilarating! Invigorating! The new and popular soda fountain drink containing theproperties of the wonderful Coca plant and the famous Cola nut.\" Marketing for the drink showed the syrup beverage with medicinal properties curing headaches but with a unique taste. The initial ads distributed invitedcitizens to try \"the new and popular soda fountain drink.\" Hand painted oil cloth signs were put outside stores displaying the Coca-Cola brand name with catchy words such as \"Drink\" in order to inform customers andother people passing by about the new medicinal beverage that was also a soda fountain drink. First year sales showed an average of nine bottles sold per day.Robinson later retired in 1914, but remained one of thecompany's directors. In The Columbus Enquirer-Sun a newspaper founded in 1874, published an article in 1906 praising Robinson's work with Coca-Cola: \"there is one person to whom particular credit is due for the factthat the Coca-Cola formula remained, in the hands of the Georgians, and the further fact that the drink soon became so popular. He is Mr. Robinson, and the present secretary of the Coca-Cola Company...In developingthe drink, Mr. Robinson has also developed. He is said to be one of the best posted experts on advertising in America today, all due to his experience in advertising and pushing Coca-Cola.\"Personal lifeOriginally fromMaine, as a young man he was in Iowa where he married Laura Clapp. Robinson had a home in Druid Hills, an early suburb of Atlanta. He also had a 40-acre (160,000 m2) country home on the Cobb County banks ofthe Chattahoochee River. The property had been a southern fortification defending the railroad bridge. The property is currently the Frank Mason Robinson Nature Preserve. He owned six residences which were occupiedrent free by family and friends.Robinson taught a large Bible class at the First Christian Church of Atlanta. A large English stained glass window dedicated to his memory is above the pulpit of Peachtree Christian Church.He was a Republican in national politics but a Democrat in state and local politics.Robinson died in July 1923 and was buried in Atlanta's Westview Cemetery.Passage 4:Douglas IvesterDouglas Ivester (born 1947) is anAmerican businessman. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company from 1997 to 2000.Early lifeMelvin Douglas Ivester was born in 1947 in New Holland, Georgia. He attended NewHolland Elementary School, where he met Kay Grindle in the third grade.  He grew up to marry her.  He attended North Hall High School and went on to the University of Georgia, where he earned a degree inaccounting, graduating with honors in 1969.CareerIvester began his career with the accounting firm of Ernst and Ernst.In 1979, Ivester joined Coca-Cola as assistant controller and director of corporate auditing, and in1981 he became the youngest vice president in the company's history. Two years later he was elected senior vice president of finance, and in 1985 he was elected CFO at the age of 37. Ivester was elected chairman ofthe board and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company on October 23, 1997.  Ivester received a retirement package estimated to be worth $166 million. Ivester received the FIFA Order of Merit in 1996.Ivesterserves on the board of director of SunTrust Banks.In 1996 Ivester was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career.PhilanthropyIvester contributes to theUniversity of Georgia, Terry College of Business as Executive-at-Large through the \"Deer Run Fellows\" program.Passage 5:Ayul KaithiAyul Kaithi (transl. Life sentence prisoner) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language crimedrama film written and directed by K. Subash, starring Prabhu and Revathi. The film revolves around an escaped prisoner seemingly seeking to kill his ex-girlfriend. It was released on 29 June 1991.PlotChandrasekhar,a prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment, escapes from prison to seemingly kill his ex-girlfriend Nithiya. Sudharshan, a police officer, tries to catch him.CastSoundtrackThe music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh,with lyrics by Vaali.ReceptionSundarji of Kalki lauded the cinematography and Prabhu's performance.Passage 6:The Coca-Cola KidThe Coca-Cola Kid is a 1985 Australian romantic comedy film. It was directed by DušanMakavejev and stars Eric Roberts and Greta Scacchi. The film is based on the short stories The Americans, Baby, and The Electrical Experience by Frank Moorhouse, who wrote the screenplay. It was entered into the1985 Cannes Film Festival.PlotBecker, a hotshot American marketing executive (played by Roberts) from The Coca-Cola Company, visits their Australian operations in Sydney and tries to figure out why a tiny corner ofAustralia (the fictional town of Anderson Valley) has so far resisted all of Coke's products. He literally bumps into the secretary (played by Scacchi) who is assigned to help him.Becker discovers that a local producer ofsoft drinks run by an old eccentric has been successfully fending off the American brand name products. The executive vows an all out marketing war with the eccentric but eventually comes to reconsider his role as acog in Coca-Cola's giant corporate machinery. Along the way there are humorous subplots involving the office manager's violent ex-husband, Becker's attempt to find the 'Australian sound', and an odd waiter who isunder the mistaken belief that Becker is a secret agent.CastProductionDavid Stratton gave a copy of Frank Moorhouse's book The Americans, Baby to Dusan Makavejev when he attended the Sydney Film Festival in1975 with Sweet Movie. Production of the movie was difficult in part because of Makavejev's work methods, which were different from the way films were normally made in Australia. Denny Lawrence came on board thefilm as a consultant.The Coca-Cola Kid was shot on location in Sydney–various city landmarks can be seen briefly throughout the film.ReceptionRotten Tomatoes gives The Coca-Cola Kid a rating of 47% from 17reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said that the movie was \"filled with moments of inspiration,\" but believed that \"the last half of the film [...] does not quite deliver on the promises of the firsthalf.\"Box officeThe Coca-Cola Kid grossed $36,365 at the box office in Australia.Home mediaMGM Home Entertainment released the Region 1 DVD in the United States on 16 April 2002. Umbrella Entertainment releaseda region free version in May 2009. The DVD includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, and an interview with Greta Scacchi and David Roe titled The Real Thing. Fun City Edition released the film on Blu-ray inthe United States on 16 June 2022. In addition to the features included in the 2009 DVD, the Blu-ray contains an interview with Eric Roberts and a new audio commentary.AccoladesSee alsoCinema of AustraliaPassage7:Rebecca SmartRebecca Elizabeth Smart (born 30 January 1976) is an Australian actress, who began acting for television at the age of eight. Her first movie role was one year later in The Coca-Cola Kid. She playedthe lead in the 1988 film Celia and went on to do many more supporting roles in movies and television shows, including miniseries and soap operas. Smart has worked with Australian directors of film, television andtheatre. Companies include Sydney Theatre Company and Belvoir St Theatre.Early life and educationSmart was born in Tamworth, New South Wales, and was educated at St Catherine's School, Waverley, anindependent, Anglican, day and boarding school for girls, located in the eastern suburbs of Sydney.Awards and nominationsSmart won the Most Popular Actress in a Miniseries/Telemovie Silver Logie at the Logie Awardsfor her performance in the 1987 Australian Miniseries The Shiralee.  She was also nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the Australian Film Institute Awards and the Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards for herperformance in Blackrock.FilmographyFilmographyFILMTelevisionTELEVISIONPassage 8:The KidThe Kid or The Kids may refer to:Fictional charactersThe kid (Blood Meridian), a character in Cormac McCarthy's 1985novel Blood MeridianThe Kid (The Matrix), a character in the Matrix film seriesThe Kid (The Stand), a character in Stephen King's 1978 novel The StandMarshall Eriksen or The Kid, a character in How I Met YourMotherThe Kid, a character in the 1984 film Purple Rain, played by PrinceThe Kid, the narrator of Samuel R. Delany's 1975 novel DhalgrenThe Kid, a character in BastionThe Kid, a character in Driver: Parallel LinesTheKid, a character in Freedom FightersThe Kid, a character in I Wanna Be the GuyThe Kid, a character in Jak IIFilmsThe Kid (1910 film), a film by Frank PowellThe Kid (1921 film), a Charlie Chaplin filmThe Kid (1950 film),a Hong Kong film that stars a young Bruce LeeThe Kid (1997 film), a film  featuring Rod SteigerThe Kid (1999 film), a Hong Kong filmDisney's The Kid, a 2000 film starring Bruce WillisThe Kid (2001 film), an animatedTV film based on a story by Gahan WilsonThe Kid (2010 film), an adaptation by Nick Moran of Kevin Lewis's bookThe Kids (film), a 2015 Taiwanese filmThe Kid (2019 film), a film by Vincent D'OnofrioMusicThe Kid(musical), a 2010 musical based on the book by Dan SavageThe Kids (Belgian band), a punk rock bandThe Kids (Norwegian band), a rock bandThe Kids (garage rock band), a 1960s band whose song \"Nature's Children\"is included on the compilation album Pebbles, Volume 10The Kids, a South Florida rock band that included Johnny Depp\"The Kids\", a song by B.o.B from B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray\"The Kid\", a songby Eric Burdon from Survivor\"The Kids\", a song by Eminem from The Marshall Mathers LP\"The Kids\", a song by Hollywood Undead\"The Kids\", a song by Lou Reed from BerlinNickname or ring nameFrank Bourne(1854–1945), British soldier, last known survivor of the Battle of Rorke's DriftBilly the Kid (1859–1881), American Old West outlawTed Williams (1918–2002), Major League Baseball playerStu Ungar (1953–1998),professional poker and gin rummy playerGary Carter (1954-2012), Major League Baseball playerRobin Yount (born 1955), Major League Baseball playerMark Ryan (guitarist) (1959-2011), English punk rock guitaristand playwrightCarlos Valderrama (footballer) (born 1961), Colombian footballerGary Jacobs (boxer) (born 1965), professional Scottish boxerKen Griffey Jr. (born 1969), American retired Major League BaseballplayerSean Waltman (born 1972), professional wrestlerJohn Higgins (born 1975), professional snooker playerKevin Garnett (born 1976), National Basketball Association playerJulian Gardner (poker player) (born 1978),professional poker playerYossi Benayoun (born 1980), Israeli footballerKerby Raymundo (born 1981), Filipino professional basketball playerFernando Torres (born 1984), Spanish footballerSidney Crosby (born 1987),National Hockey League playerJoseph Marquez (born 1991), professional Super Smash Bros. Melee playerOther usesThe Kid (artist), contemporary artistThe Kid (book), a book by Dan SavageThe Kids (book), a 2021poetry book by Hannah Lowe, Costa Book of the YearHaedi or the Kids, a pair of stars in the constellation AurigaSee alsoKid (disambiguation)Kidd (disambiguation)Kydd (disambiguation)All pages with titles beginningwith The KidPassage 9:Dušan MakavejevDušan Makavejev (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Макавејев, pronounced [d\u0000\u0000an maka\u0000ěje\u0000]; 13 October 1932 – 25 January 2019) was a Serbian film director and screenwriter,famous for his groundbreaking films of Yugoslav cinema in the late 1960s and early 1970s—many of which belong to the Black Wave. Makavejev's most internationally successful film was the 1971 political satire W.R.:Mysteries of the Organism, which he both directed and wrote.CareerMakavejev's first three feature films, Man Is Not a Bird (1965, starring actress and icon of the \"Black Wave\" period in film, Milena Dravić), Love Affair,or the Case of the Missing Switchboard Operator (1967, starring actress and icon of the \"Black Wave\" period in film, Eva Ras) and Innocence Unprotected (1968), all won him international acclaim. The last-mentionedwon  the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury at the 18th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1970 he was a member of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1991 he was a member of the juryat the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.His 1971 movie W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism (starring Milena Dravić, Jagoda Kaloper, and Ivica Vidović) was banned in Yugoslavia due to its sexual and politicalcontent. He described authoritarian figures in the film as people who are not in control of themselves striving to control others. The political scandal surrounding Makavejev's film was symptomatic of an increasinglyoppressive political climate in Yugoslavia that effectively ended the director's domestic career and resulted in his leaving Yugoslavia to live and work abroad in Europe and North America. Makavejev's next film, SweetMovie (1974), was the first feature work that the director produced entirely outside of Yugoslavia (the film was made in Canada). The film's explicit depiction of sex together with its bold treatment of the more taboodimensions of sexuality reduced the size of its audience (i.e. it was largely confined to the art house context) and also resulted in the film's being censored in several countries. Makavejev said: \"After Sweet Movie it wasas if I had burned all my bridges. I just lost the chance to talk to producers.\"After a seven-year hiatus in feature film production, Makavejev released the comparatively more conventional black comedy entitledMontenegro (1981). The director's next feature film, The Coca-Cola Kid (1985), which was based on short stories by Frank Moorhouse and featured performances by Eric Roberts and Greta Scacchi, is arguably his mostaccessible picture.Makavejev appears as one of the narrators in the 2007 Serbian documentary film Zabranjeni bez zabrane (Banned without being banned), which gives profound insight into the history and the natureof Yugoslav film censorship through its investigation of the country's distinctive political-cultural mechanisms for unofficially banning politically controversial films. The film contains original interviews with keyfilmmakers from the communist era.He published two books of selected articles: Poljubac za drugaricu parolu (1960) and 24 sličice u sekundi (1965).ViewsIn 1993 Makavejev wrote and appeared in a half hour televisedOpinions lecture in Britain, produced by Open Media for Channel 4 and subsequently published in The Times. Makavejev speaks of himself as a citizen of the world but \"of the leftovers of Yugoslavia too\". He citesJacques Tourneur's Hollywood horror classic Cat People as one of the rare films in the history of the cinema that mention Serbs, \"a people from an obscure region who were haunted by evil; when hurt they turn intoferocious cats, like panthers, and killed those whom they thought to be the source of hurt of rejection\". He comments on the division of Bosnia on ethnic lines:\"Creators of nationalist myths, both Serbs and Croats, camefrom the same mountainous region that was probably the source of this Hollywood story. Before the armed conflict, these people were whipping up nationalist fever and indoctrination until conflict became inevitable andboth nations were trapped in a bloody embrace...How long will it take for an ethnically \"clean\" state for every single person who miraculously stays alive? A state for each family, a state for the father in case he is a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_108","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michael NozikMichael Nozik is an American film producer. He won a BAFTA award for The Motorcycle Diaries in the category of 'Best Film Not in the English Language' in 2004. His credits also include Love inthe Time of Cholera, Syriana, Quiz Show, and The Legend of Bagger Vance.FilmographyHe was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted.FilmProduction managerLocation managementSecond unit director orassistant directorThanksTelevisionProduction managerPassage 2:The Legend of Ero of ArmenteiraThe legend of Saint Ero of Armenteira. The romanic monastery of Armenteira has always been related to the legend of itsfounder, the abbot Ero.The miracle of Saint MaryOnce upon a time in the 12th century, a knight named Don Ero lived with his wife in his palace in Armenteira, a beautiful natural setting located in the slopes of MountCastrove, in the Province of Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain).Don Ero and his wife were not able to have children, so they kept asking God to send them some descendants. God answered their prayers with the revelationthat they would only have spiritual descent. For this reason they decided to found their own monasteries. Don Ero founded Santa María de Armenteira, right there in his lands.He requested help from Saint Bernard ofClairvaux, the founder of the Cistercian order, who sent him four monks to start the monastery. Years later, he became the abbot of the monastery himself.Ero the Abbot was always begging the Virgin Mary to show himjust a little vision of what the divine grace would be like. He longed for the day when he would be able to understand the concept of paradise bliss, however he lived under the impression that his beloved Virgin did notlisten to his prayers.One day, he decided to go for a walk around the woods that surrounded the monastery,  a beautiful setting full of pine trees, oaks and other native species. He took a rest and sat on a stone.Suddenly, the joyous chirp of a bird caught his attention. He sat there for a while, listening,  entranced by the peace and beauty that the bird's singing brought to his soul.Not long after that, he headed back to hismonastery, since it was already getting dark and he did not want his brethren to worry about him. When he knocked at the door of the monastery, he was received by a monk completely unknown to him. Distrustful,the monk asked him who he was. When he answered him that he was the abbot Ero, the monk, bewildered, started to call his brothers, not sure if the man was in his right mind. Ero told them who he was and what hehad been doing. When the brethren explained what year they were in, Ero realized to his astonishment that three hundred years had passed by! And suddenly, he became aware that what he thought to have been onlythree minutes listening to a bird sing, had really been three hundred  years contemplating the glory of paradise. Virgin Mary had finally granted him his wish.Popularity of the legendThis legend, related to others ofsimilar content related to the Celtic tradition, became really popular in the 13th century when the King Alfonso X the Wise included it in his famous Cantigas de Santa Maria, a recompilation of miracles attributed toVirgin Mary. He dedicated his cantiga (poem or song)  number 103 to the legend of Saint Ero.The great Galician writer Ramón María del Valle Inclán also contributed to spreading the legend by including it in his work“Aromas de Leyenda” (1907), a collection of 14 poems inspired in several Galician traits like scenery, traditions and superstitions.Passage 3:The Odd Couple IIThe Odd Couple II is a 1998 American buddy comedy filmand the sequel to the 1968 film The Odd Couple. It was the final film written and produced by Neil Simon, and starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. Released nearly three decades later, it is unique among sequelsfor having one of the longest gaps between the release of both films in which all leads return. The Odd Couple II premiered on April 10, 1998, and was a critical and commercial failure, grossing less than half than itspredecessor at the box office.PlotIt has been seventeen years since Oscar Madison and Felix Ungar have seen one another. Oscar is still hosting a regular poker game and is still an untidy slob, now living in Sarasota,Florida, but still a sportswriter. One day, he is called by his son Brucey with an invitation to California for his wedding the following Sunday. A second shock for Oscar—the woman his son is marrying is Felix's daughter,Hannah.On the flight from New York to Los Angeles, it becomes clear that Felix has not changed his ways—he is still a fussy, allergy-suffering neat freak nuisance. Oscar and Felix are reunited at the airport and veryhappy to be together again after 17 years of separation—at least for a couple of minutes. They share a rental car to San Malina for the wedding. however the trip begins with Oscar forgetting Felix's suitcase at theBudget car rental, including wedding gifts and wardrobe inside. On the trip, Felix falls asleep and Oscar takes a wrong turn onto the freeway, then loses the directions to San Malina when his cigar ashes burn them.Heand Felix become hopelessly lost, and cannot remember the name of the town where they are headed, so many California cities sounding alike. They end up in a rural area and argue about Felix's lost suitcase, when therental car rolls off a cliff and catches fire. If that were not enough, they get arrested several times by the same local police in Santa Menendez, first for catching a ride in a truck carrying illegal Mexicanimmigrants.  They are released after the truck driver confesses, and learn the name of the town where the wedding will take place.  At a bar in town, they meet two extroverted women, Thelma and Holly, and buy themdrinks. Accepting an offer of a ride from a stranger even older than themselves, Felix and Oscar end up inside a $150,000 vintage Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith and trapped on the wrong side of the road when the strangerdies unexpectedly. Felix and Oscar are arrested a second time by the same Santa Menendez police, but again are released when it is discovered that the elderly man died of natural causes.  Frustrated that this is secondtime they have been arrested in Santa Menendez, the police chief advises Oscar and Felix to take a bus to San Malina.On the bus, they meet Thelma and Holly, who are running away from their redneckhusbands.  However, the bus gets stopped by the husbands, who take their wives, along with Oscar and Felix, at gunpoint, and in their car tell them that they are going to \"cook a couple of fine geezers\" in the woods forflirting with their wives.Somehow the bus driver is able to inform the police of the husbands' use of a gun on a public vehicle, and their car is stopped at a police roadblock before anything happens to Oscar and Felix.Everyone is again taken into custody by the Santa Menendez police.After meeting with the police chief for the third time, the boys are freed and driven directly to the local airport by the police, who are only too pleasedto be rid of them, especially the chief, who tells his deputies not to arrest them again even if they were to commit notorious crimes. A woman boarding the airplane is also en route to the wedding and recognizes them.She is Felice Adams, the sister of Oscar's ex-wife, Blanche. Felix's eyes light up when he learns that her husband died of a heart attack, and they are mutually attracted. He calls her \"Lise,\" which causes Oscar to askFelix if she calls him \"Lix.\" They arrive at the wedding house, only to find that Brucey is having second thoughts about the wedding due to his parents' bad history with marriage. Felix and Oscar argue with theirex-wives, after which Oscar persuades his son to go through with it. Felix's suitcase is returned and the wedding goes off without a hitch.The next day, Felix and Felice leave together on one flight to her home in SanFrancisco, and part ways with Oscar, who returns to Florida. Oscar is telling his poker friends about the wedding when the doorbell rings. It is Felix, who says things with Felice didn't work out. Felix wonders if he couldmove in with Oscar until he finds his own place. Oscar refuses, but eventually relents, insisting their days of being roommates will be over if Oscar catches Felix matching any of his socks, to which Felix very happilyagrees. Before long Felix cleans up the apartment and Oscar is overcome with a sense of having been through all this before.CastProductionHoward W. Koch, the producer of the original 1968 film by writer Neil Simon,had frequently discussed his desire for a sequel. Koch was unsuccessful in convincing Paramount Pictures to approve a sequel, despite the original film's success and the return of Simon as the writer. Simon had 37pages written for The Odd Couple 2, which he said were left \"sitting in the drawer\" for 10 years. John Goldwyn and Paramount studio chairman Sherry Lansing began serious consideration of a sequel in July 1996,before announcing it on March 30, 1997, without the involvement of Koch; instead, Paramount chose Robert W. Cort and Dave Madden as producers for the project. Silverman, Baranski, and Hughes were cast in May1997.Filming began on June 9, 1997, in Los Angeles, California. Filming continued throughout the summer in various southern and central California cities, including Arcadia, Guadalupe, Lancaster, Palmdale, Pomona,San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, and Shafter. In August 1997, filming was underway at the same Paramount Studios stage where the original film had been shot. Filming also took place at Hidden Valley, located in VenturaCounty, California. The film was shot with the title The Odd Couple II — Travelin' Light. The film marked the tenth and final collaboration between Lemmon and Matthau. Jean Smart described the characters of Thelmaand Holly as \"a bad '90s version of the Pigeon sisters,\" characters who appeared in the original film.ReceptionThe Odd Couple II  was a critical and commercial failure. Despite the fact Lemmon and Matthau had successwith similar roles in their Grumpy Old Men films in the mid-1990s, this project was not as successful as expected. The film grossed $18 million at the North American domestic box office, and although Lemmon andMatthau's previous film Out to Sea also disappointed, it was better received by critics and had a slightly higher box office gross.It holds a total of 27% on Rotten Tomatoes. Stephen Holden of The New York Times calledit \"a dispiriting, flavorless travesty, the equivalent of moldy tofu mystery meat\".Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of \"B+\" on scale of A+ to F.At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the filmwas nominated for Worst Sequel and Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy.Passage 4:Je suis né d'une cigogneJe suis né d'une cigogne (English: Children of the Stork) is a 1999 French road movie directed by Tony Gatlif,starring Romain Duris, Rona Hartner, Ouassini Embarek, Christine Pignet and Marc Nouyrigat. Following its French release, it received mixed reviews but was nominated for a Golden Bayard at the International Festivalof Francophone Film in Namur, Belgium.The film deals with themes like social exclusion and illegal immigration, along with references to the Romani, as in the other films by the director. Gatlif has also employed theFrench director Jean-Luc Godard's New Wave techniques in this film.PlotTwo French pals, one an unemployed young man named Otto (Romain Duris) living with his mother in state housing, and the other his girlfriendLouna (Rona Hartner), who is a hairdresser and has the bailiffs after her, reflect on the lack of meaning in their lives, their society and the system. In a spirit of rebellion against everything, they hit the road and whatfollows is an anarchic adventure. A teenage Arab immigrant named Ali (Ouassini Embarek) enters the story. Ali's family tries to hide its ethnic origins by going to extreme measures in switching to French customs.Thetrio start wreaking havoc, robbing shops and stealing cars. On their way, they come across an injured stork with a broken wing. The stork speaks to them and says that it is an Algerian refugee, on its way to Germany toreunite with its family. The trio adopt the stork as their father, name it Mohammed, and forge a passport to enable the stork to cross the French–German border.Casting and characterisationThe film's four maincharacters represent the \"most vulnerable sections\" of society, in tune with Gatlif's earlier films portraying \"social outcasts and racial minorities\".  Otto represents the section of unemployed youth who are neither richnor qualified, with no hopes for a job in the future. Louna represents the underpaid who are exploited by their employers. The above characters are played by the same duo, Romain Duris and Rona Hartner, who playedthe leading roles in Gatlif's previous film, Gadjo dilo.  The third character, the Arab immigrant, Ali (played by Ouassini Embarek), is going through an identity crisis and has run away from his family, who are trying todistance themselves from their ethnic origins by, for example, adopting French names. Ali is shown to be interested in current affairs and is also shown reading Karl Marx. The other character, the stork, representsillegal immigrants.The film encountered production problems due to a quarrel between Rona Hartner and Gatlif which led to her walking out midway. This resulted in her abrupt disappearance from the plot in the middleuntil they patched up much later.Themes and analysisThe film adopts the \"New Wave\" technique of early films by Godard, to explore themes of border crossings and social alienation.Gatlif's take on the New WaveThereviewer in Film de France remarked that with its themes like absurdity and nonconformity, making use of characters like a speaking stork,  and also its filming techniques like jump cuts and multiple exposures, the filmfeels like \"a blatant homage to the works of Jean-Luc Godard\", and the plot \"looks like a crazy mélange of Godard's À bout de souffle, Pierrot le Fou and Weekend\". In the reviewer's opinion, Gatlif has overdone thesetechniques, leading to the film's ending up \"far more substantial and worthy than a shameless appropriation of another director's technique\". ACiD remarked that with his boldness and unconventional style, Gatlif hasstarted a new New Wave trend, which would serve as a notice for both amateur filmmakers and professional film-makers. Chronic'art remarked that the film can be placed between the worse and the better among theworks inspired by Godard. Though the filming techniques are similar to Godard's, the film falls short in its dealing with the unconventional themes, avoiding providing solutions, and rather ending up being a mere\"passive acquiescence\" reflecting on the works of revolutionaries of the era, which is far from rising up to revolt as one would expect in a Godard movie. Time Out London was also critical of Gatlif's attempts at Godard,calling it \"offbeam\".Satirical elementsThe film is packed with a number of references to \"social issues and political theory\", especially on the border crossings. Yet a reviewer for Films de France found it to be not so\"heavy\", thanks to the unintentional flaws in the techniques used. He observed that the film treats them using \"black comedy and surrealism\". The stork character is a \"metaphorical stand-in\" for the illegal immigrant,he added. \"While birds can cross international borders at ease, human beings generally cannot\": Tony Gatlif deals with this lesser freedom that human beings possess with his \"well intended irony\", using the stork. Onforging the passports for the stork and the need for 'papers' while crossing borders, Gatlif said mockingly in an interview that \"in France there are 1.5 million birds and 1.5 million foreigners. The difference is that thebird is free, because he has no ID. He flies to Africa, to the wealthy countries and to developing countries. It makes no difference to him. He is an alien everywhere\". ACiD called this \"poetic\" while Time Out Londonfound it \"woolly and unilluminating\". The word cigogne is pronounced very similarly to tsigane which is one of the words used for Romani people. There are also a number of \"in-jokes and references to French cinema\"which a viewer might miss in the first viewing, observed Films de France, citing scenes such as one which is a parody on an awards ceremony and one of an austere reviewer \"rubber stamping films with trite stockphrases\". Chronic'art found these scenes heavy because of the limitations of a work in which the director \"at his pleasure distills his personal tastes\".Political alienationThe film's references to revolutionaries like KarlMarx, Che Guevara and Guy Debord coupled with Godard's techniques give it a 1970s feel, observed a reviewer for Télérama. Though it re-lives the avant-garde of the past, it is a bit retro for the current times, whichbores its viewers, he added. Les Inrockuptibles also found the theme \"dated\", adding that it could very well have been a documentary by some non-profit organisation like GISTI. Chronic'art remarked that mere quotingof Marx or Che Guevera would not make the film, with its rather common theme of socially disillusioned, unemployed youth in revolt, achieve anything. It also called the depictions of idiotic CRS personnel and militantNF activists clichéd.ReleaseThe film was screened at the 1999 Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur, in Belgium, competing against films from Québec, France, Vietnam, Belgium, Sénégal and Egypt forthe Golden Bayard award in the Best Film category, which was won by Christine Carrière's Nur der Mond schaut zu. The film received rave reviews for its rare courage in presenting disconcerting themes such asunemployment and illegal immigration. In 2000, it was screened at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in the official section and received praise for its unconventional elements, such as the talking stork.TheFestival Internacional de Cine de Río de Janeiro screened the film in the non-competitive Panorama du cinéma mondial section, along with 27 other films from around the world.In 2008, the film was screened atL'Alternativa, Festival de Cine Independiente de Barcelona in the parallels section, La pasión gitana, along with a selection of other films directed by Tony Gatlif with Romani themes.ReceptionCritical receptionTime OutLondon called it \"far more fanciful and pretentitious\" than Gatlif's earlier films and also regarded Gatlif's treatment of Godard as a failure. ACiD gave it a positive review, lauding Gatlif's bold depiction of absurdity.Romain Duris and Rona Hartner's performance was described as \"beautiful\" and as complemented by Ouassini Embarek's, which was described as \"brilliant\". In summary, the reviewer suggested the film be called \"TheGood, the Bad and the Ugly\", citing the mixed topics dealt with, and added that it takes the viewers \"beyond the real, beyond the borders and everything one can imagine\".A review by James Travers forFilms de Francecalled it the \"most unconventional\" of all road movies, with its \"insanely anarchic portrait of adolescent rebellion\", adding that it is an \"ingenious parable of social exclusion and immigration in an uncaring society\".Travers also wrote that the film's editing and narrative techniques turn into a plus, making it \"refreshingly fresh and original\", adding that the \"patchwork narrative style\" suits the rebellious nature of the characters verywell. Owing to the unconventionality of the film, Louna's disappearance from the plot in the middle does not look very obvious, he added. Les Inrockuptibles called it a \"tragicomic fable on the notions of borders and freemovement of people\" and added that the film's use of comedy and disjunctive narrative style is only partially successful. Though not conventionally beautiful, the  film impresses the viewers with its \"energy, boldnessand humor in places when it doesn't leave them stranded\", the reviewer concluded.Passage 5:Mónika Juhász MiczuraMónika Juhász Miczura is a Hungarian Roma singer, also known as Mitsou and Mitsoura. She is aformer member of the folk ensemble Ando Drom, and a founding member of the electronic/world music group Mitsoura. She has contributed to film soundtracks; in Tony Gatlif's film Gadjo dilo (1997) she provided thevoice of an unseen singer pivotal to the story. She has also sung in the films Kísértések (2002), Swing (2002), Vengo (2000) (uncredited), and Je suis né d'une cigogne (1999). She formed the ensemble Mitsoura thatreleased two albums so far:  Mitsoura (2003) and Dura Dura Dura (2008). She has been a guest artist on the albums of other groups, including Fanfare Ciocărlia's Queens and Kings (2007), Bratsch's Rien Dans LesPoches (2000), Besh O Drom's Once I Catch the Devil (2006), GYI! (2005) and Can't Make Me! - Nekemtenemmutogatol (2003). She is a member of the \"Global Vocal Meeting\" project.Early lifeMónika Miczura was bornin Berettyóújfalu, Hungary on 3 November 1972. She has four sisters. Very early, at the age of 5 she lost her father. She spent her childhood in Békéscsaba. The traditional romani-culture had been part of her daily life,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_109","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Keku\u0000iapoiwa IIKeku\u0000iapoiwa II was a Hawaiian chiefess and the mother of the king Kamehameha I.BiographyShe was named after her aunt Keku\u0000iapoiwa Nui (also known as Keku\u0000iapoiwa I), the wife of King Kekaulike of Maui.Her father was High Chief Ha\u0000ae, the son of Chiefess Kalanikauleleiaiwi and High Chief Kauaua-a-Mahi of the Mahi family of the Kohala district of Hawai\u0000i island, and brother of Alapainui. Her mother was Princess Kekelakekeokalani-a-Keawe (also known as Kekelaokalani), daughter of the same Kalanikauleleiaiwi and Keawe\u0000īkekahiali\u0000iokamoku, king of Hawaii. Her mother had been sought after by many who wished to marry into the Keawe line. She was the niece of Alapainui through both her father and mother.She married the High Chief Keōua to whom she had been betrothed since childhood. Through her double grandmother Kalanikauleleiaiwi, Keōua's own paternal grandmother, she was the double cousin of Keōua. When her uncle was staying at Kohala superintending the collection of his fleet and warriors from the different districts of the island preparatory to the invasion of Maui, in the month of Ikuwa (probably winter) Kamehameha was born probably in November 1758.: 135–136   He had his birth ceremony at the Mo\u0000okini Heiau, an ancient temple which is preserved in Kohala Historical Sites State Monument.Many stories are told about the birth of Kamehameha.One says that when Keku\u0000iapoiwa was pregnant with Kamehameha, she had a craving for the eyeball of a chief. She was given the eyeball of a man-eating shark and the priests prophesied that this meant the child would be a rebel and a killer of chiefs. Alapainui, the old ruler of the island of Hawai\u0000i, secretly made plans to have the newborn infant killed.Keku\u0000iapoiwa's time came on a stormy night in the Kohala district, when a strange star with a tail of white fire appeared in the western sky. This could have been Halley's Comet which appeared near the end of 1758. According to one legend, the baby was passed through a hole in the side of Kekuiapoiwa's thatched hut to a local Kohala chief named Nae\u0000ole, who carried the child to safety at Awini  on the island's north coast. By the time the infant in Nae\u0000ole's care was five, Alapainui had accepted him back into his household.After Kamehameha, Keku\u0000iapoiwa bore a second son, Keliimaikai. A few years later, Keōua died in Hilo, and the family moved with Alapainui to an area near Kawaihae, where she married a chief of the Kona district (and her uncle) Kamanawa.She had one daughter, Pi\u0000ipi\u0000i Kalanikaulihiwakama, from this second husband, who would later become an important military ally of Kamehameha, who was both step son and cousin through several relationships. Pi\u0000ipi\u0000i became first the wife of Keholoikalani, the father of her son Kanihonui, and later she married Kaikioewa, who she had a daughter Kuwahine with.: 18Kamehameha dynastyPassage 2:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 3:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 4:Robin ThickeRobin Alan Thicke (born March 10, 1977)  is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known for his 2013 hit single \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams), which is one of the best-selling singles of all time. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, he received nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.Thicke is a son of actress Gloria Loring and actor Alan Thicke. He has collaborated with numerous artists, such as Nicki Minaj, Nas, 3T, T.I., Christina Aguilera, Jessie J, K. Michelle, Pharrell, DJ Cassidy, Usher, Jennifer Hudson, Flo Rida, Brandy, Kid Cudi, Mary J. Blige, Emily Ratajkowski and composed songs for Marc Anthony. He worked on albums such as Usher's Confessions and Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III, while releasing his own R&B singles in the United States including \"Lost Without U\", \"Magic\", and \" Sex Therapy\". He is currently a judge on the Fox musical competition show The Masked Singer.Life and career1977–1998: early years and familyThicke was born in Los Angeles, California, on March 10, 1977. His parents are American actress-singer Gloria Loring, who appeared on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives, and Canadian actor Alan Thicke (1947–2016), known for his role on the TV sitcom Growing Pains. They divorced when Thicke was 7 years old. He has an older brother, Brennan, who worked as a voice actor and voiced the titular character on the Dennis the Menace cartoon, and a younger half-brother, Carter. Robin Thicke also appeared in small roles on The Wonder Years, The New Lassie, Just the Ten of Us and several episodes of Growing Pains.Thicke's parents were supportive of his musical inclinations; his father helped him to write and structure his first songs. According to Robin Thicke, his father would not pay for him (then in his early teens) and his vocal group, As One, to record a professionally produced demo tape, wanting Robin to focus on his studies and graduate from school before committing to the pursuit of a career in music. The demo ultimately was paid for by jazz vocalist Al Jarreau, an uncle of one of the group members. His demo made its way to R&B singer Brian McKnight, who was impressed enough by Thicke to invite him into the studio to work with him. Thicke was signed to McKnight's production company; \"Anyway\", a song co-written with Thicke, was featured on McKnight's second album I Remember You. Thicke's peers jokingly nicknamed him \"Brian McWhite\". It was Thicke's association with McKnight, who Thicke counts as one of his first mentors, that led him to his acquaintance with Jimmy Iovine and helped him to land his first recording contract with Interscope Records at the age of 16. Thicke later joined a hip hop duo with future Beverly Hills 90210 actor Brian Austin Green.Thicke moved out on his own at the age of 17, during his senior year of high school, earning a living and supporting himself as a professional record producer and songwriter. Thicke has noted that while his parents did not attempt to dissuade him from his desire to be in the music industry, their own experience with the nature of the entertainment business made them leery in the beginning. As Thicke's list of credits grew so did his parents' confidence in his decision.While initially signed as a singer and artist in his own right, Thicke first made a name for himself within the industry as a songwriter and producer for other artists before releasing and performing his own music. Among his work for other artists, Thicke co-wrote \"Love Is on My Side\" on Brandy's eponymous debut album; he also wrote for 3T's Brotherhood, and collaborated with Jordan Knight, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis on several songs in Knight's 1999 album Jordan Knight including the Billboard top 10 hit \"Give It to You\". According to Thicke, Knight also invested in the ability of the young songwriter early on by purchasing studio equipment for him.He also co-wrote the song \"When You Put Your Hands on Me\" for Christina Aguilera's debut album and co-wrote and produced three songs for Mýa's sophomore release, Fear of Flying. In 1999, Thicke co-wrote the song \"Fall Again\" with Walter Afanasieff, which was intended to be a track on Michael Jackson's 2001 album Invincible, but it failed to be presented as a completed song. The demo Michael recorded in 1999 was released on November 16, 2004, as an album track of his limited edition box set The Ultimate Collection. As an artist, he recorded and performed solely under his surname, Thicke. He would continue to do so until 2005.1999–2003: A Beautiful World and early successAt the age of 22, after an involvement with Tommy Mottola and Epic Records following the end of his first deal with Interscope, Thicke resolved himself to work chiefly on material for his debut album, initially titled Cherry Blue Skies, planning to use his own money to fund the project. As Thicke told Billboard, \"I decided I was going to save money to make my album, and I hoped to offer it to labels–take it or leave it–so I didn't have to negotiate how to make my music.\" While piecing his album together, Thicke began working with veteran producer and label executive Andre Harrell and, under his guidance, eventually signed with Interscope for a second time as part of Harrell's and Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds' Nu America imprint label in 2001.In 2002, Thicke released his debut single \"When I Get You Alone\". The track samples Walter Murphy's \"A Fifth of Beethoven\", which itself is a disco rendition of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. The music video for the song received some rotation on MTV2 and BET's Rated Next and was spun moderately on pop and urban radio, peaking at number 49 on Radio & Records Pop chart. Globally, however, \"When I Get You Alone\" became a chart success when it peaked in the Top 20 in Australia, Belgium, and Italy, and reached the Top 10 of the singles charts in New Zealand and the Top 3 in the Netherlands.The moderate success was enough to signal the release of the album in 2003 with its name changed to A Beautiful World. Despite the release of a second single, \"Brand New Jones\", the album received very little promotion and debuted at number 152 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, selling 119,000 copies as of January 2012. A Beautiful World fell below the label's commercial expectations. The album's under-performance troubled Thicke personally, but it proved enough to make him a wanted collaborator. Thicke has cited Mary J. Blige, Usher, and Lil' Wayne, among others, as those who subsequently reached out to him.Reflecting on A Beautiful World in 2013, Usher stated to The New York Times, \"I was blown away — I thought Beatles, Earth Wind & Fire, Shuggie Otis, Marvin Gaye — all in one album. [Robin's] got a soul you can't buy, man.\"Runner-up Blake Lewis performed \"When I Get You Alone\" during the 2007 season of American Idol when the Top 3 chose a song to sing. Lewis has often put Robin Thicke in his list of musical influences in interviews and on the American Idol website. The song was also performed by Blaine Anderson (played by Darren Criss) on Glee during the Season 2 episode \"Silly Love Songs\".2004–07: The Evolution of Robin Thicke and commercial breakthroughFollowing A Beautiful World, Thicke was keen to begin work on his sophomore album but financial and creative disagreements stemming from the performance of his first album led to a several month-long stalemate between Robin and his record label.Regarding this time in his career, Thicke said, \"The label pretty much lost faith in my ability to sell. It became a question of, 'Where does he fit? Is he not rock or pop enough? Is he not soul enough?'\" Pharrell Williams, having established a distribution deal with Interscope for his record label, Star Trak, expressed to Jimmy Iovine his interest in Thicke, whose talent he thought of highly.Signed to Star Trak in 2005, Thicke continued work on his second album, The Evolution of Robin Thicke. The first single, \"Wanna Love U Girl\", featured producer Williams and charted successfully on urban radio in the United Kingdom. In 2006, a remix version of the song was filmed with rapper Busta Rhymes. Nearly a year after the single was released, the album was released on October 3, 2006. To promote it, Thicke toured with India.Arie, then opened for John Legend in late 2006.The video for his second single, the ballad \"Lost Without U\", was released in fall 2006. The song began appearing on Billboard R&B charts in November of that year. With the assistance of radio airplay, it became Thicke's breakout hit. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spending 11 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, making him the first white male artist to top that chart since George Michael did so in 1988 with \"One More Try\".In the February 24, 2007, issue of Billboard, Thicke concurrently topped four Billboard charts: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, and Adult R&B Songs, a feat he would duplicate in the March 17 issue. Following its re-release as a Deluxe Edition (with three new bonus tracks) on February 13, 2007, the album peaked at number five on the Billboard 200. On March 23, 2007, The Evolution of Robin Thicke was certified Platinum by the RIAA. With album sales of over 1.5 million copies sold domestically, The Evolution of Robin Thicke became a commercial success in the United States.Thicke and his record label Interscope soon considered potential tracks to be released as the album's next and third single. Thicke's preference was the track \"Can U Believe\", which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. On October 2, 2007, the track \"Got 2 Be Down\" was released as the album's fourth official single. The single peaked at number 60 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.On April 19, 2007, Thicke performed on The Oprah Winfrey Show, singing \"Lost Without U\". He returned to the show a month later, on May 29, performing \"Complicated\" and Oprah's favorite song from the album, \"Would That Make U Love Me\", while also promoting Beyoncé's tour, on which he would be an opening act. Oprah revealed that Thicke's initial appearance garnered a strong reaction, noting that people called the show to say that they didn't know he would be on. Oprah explained, \"So what I wanted to do was to accommodate all of the people who missed it the first time ... In order to do that, I had to do something I've never done before. I got on the phone and asked this very special guest if he would consider coming back.\"In late 2007, Thicke finished promotion for the album as the featured opening act for the North American leg of Beyoncé's US tour, The Beyoncé Experience. Other notable performances in support of the album and its single \"Lost Without U\" include the 2007 BET Awards, The 2007 MOBO Awards,American Idol, and the 2007 Soul Train Music Awards. He also performed a one-off UK concert at KOKO in London on September 24, 2007.2008–2010: Something Else and Sex TherapyThicke released his third solo album, titled Something Else, on September 30, 2008. It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 charts and sold 137,000 copies in the first week. The first single from the album, \"Magic\", was a further expansion of the R&B sound that powered his 2006 breakthrough, The Evolution of Robin Thicke. \"Magic\" went on to peak at number two on the Adult R&B chart, number six on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop chart and number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. He followed this success with the second single, \"The Sweetest Love\", which peaked at number two on the Adult R&B chart and number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop chart.On February 8, 2009, at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, Thicke took the stage alongside Lil' Wayne to perform their song \"Tie My Hands\" from the Grammy-winning album Tha Carter III (the song was also featured on Something Else) which was followed by Thicke and Lil' Wayne participating in a medley of \"Big Chief\" and \"My Feet Can't Fail Me Now\" led by jazz musicians Allen Toussaint, Terence Blanchard, and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band in tribute to New Orleans and the victims of Hurricane Katrina.Thicke appeared on an episode of ABC's The Bachelor to perform \"Magic\" and \"The Sweetest Love\" for the remaining female contestants. Thicke wrote and produced a track for the movie Precious in which his wife Paula Patton also starred, though it did not appear on the soundtrack and remains unreleased. He co-headlined a U.S. tour with Jennifer Hudson, which began March 31, 2009, in Albany, New York, and wrapped up 25 shows later in Biloxi, Mississippi. At the start of the tour, Thicke released \"Dreamworld\" as the official third single from Something Else. As of April 2009, Something Else has shifted over 435,000 units in the U.S.Seven months after the release of Something Else, Billboard.com announced that Thicke would release his fourth studio album in the fall of 2009, his first to not be mainly self-produced. The album, titled Sex Therapy, had its release date postponed to winter, on December 15, 2009. The first single from the album was the title track, produced by Polow Da Don, which in March 2010 became Thicke's second song to top the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The lead single for international markets was \"Rollacosta\" featuring singer Estelle. The second U.S. single was \"It's in the Mornin'\" featuring Snoop Dogg. \"Shakin' It for Daddy\", featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, produced by Polow Da Don, was supposed to be released as a single at some point, however, its release was eventually canceled.Speaking of the musical background to Sex Therapy, Thicke told Pete Lewis – Deputy Editor of Blues & Soul – \"I'm always gonna have the influence of Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Al Green in my music. But with this album I also wanted to show my hip hop side. I grew up listening to Run-DMC and N.W.A and Biggie and Pac and Jay-Z ... So I really wanted to make a record that represented how much that music has influenced me.\" Earlier in 2009, on October 14, Leighton Meester's debut single \"Somebody to Love\", featuring Thicke, was released. Thicke told MTV he hoped to have Lil Wayne on the album. He also pointed out that he was featured on Lil Wayne's last two albums, and Lil Wayne was on his last two albums. \"We're kind of good luck charms for each other.\"Thicke appeared on ABC's New Year's Rockin' Eve on January 1, 2010, and performed three songs in Las Vegas, in a pre-recorded segment. Also in 2010, it was confirmed that he, along with Melanie Fiona, would feature on The Freedom Tour with Alicia Keys. As of October 2011, the album has sold 289,000 copies in the United States. On February 5, 2010, Thicke participated in BET's SOS Saving Ourselves: Help For Haiti telethon concert, held in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.2011–12: Love After War and DuetsDuring 2011, Thicke was confirmed to go on tour with Jennifer Hudson, with whom he toured in 2009. Later that year, Robin Thicke released his fifth studio album, Love After War, on December 6, 2011. The album debuted at number twenty-two on the Billboard 200 and number six on the \"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\" selling 41,000 in its first week. In an interview to promote the album, Thicke has stated that a lot of the inspiration for the album came from his family.The album has produced three singles. The first is the title track, \"Love After War\" released on October 11, 2011, and has peaked at number fourteen on the \"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs\" chart and topped the Adult R&B chart making it his second song after \"Lost Without U\" to top that chart. The music video for the song premiered November 21, 2011. The music video features his wife Paula Patton and consists of Thicke making up with his wife after a fight.The second single is \"Pretty Lil' Heart\", which features Lil Wayne and was released on November 8, 2011. The music video for that premiered on March 2, 2012. It peaked at number fifty-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On May 31, 2012, Thicke released a video for his promo single, which was a cover of the Whitney Houston classic \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop\"). The third official single is \"All Tied Up\" which was released to Urban AC radio on April 10, 2012. The music video premiered on June 7, 2012, on Vevo.Thicke performed \"Love After War\" on the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards and later returned to the stage to sing \"Reasons\", trading verses with Joe and Eric Benét, as part of an all-star tribute to Legend Award recipients Earth, Wind & Fire.Thicke appeared on season 2 of NBC's The Voice as a guest adviser/mentor to the contestants on Adam Levine's team.In July 2012, Thicke made his feature film debut starring alongside Jaime Pressly in Jimbo Lee's Abby in the Summer, produced by Gabriel Cowan, John Suits, Dallas Sonnier and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_110","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Conaire CóemConaire Cóem (\"the beautiful\"), son of Mug Láma, son of Coirpre Crou-Chend, son of Coirpre Firmaora, son of Conaire Mór, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, the 111th High King of Ireland. He came to power on the death of his father-in-law Conn Cétchathach, and ruled for seven or eight years, at the end of which he was killed by Nemed, son of Sroibcenn, in the battle of Gruitine. He was succeeded by Conn's son Art.Time frameThe Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Commodus (180–192). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 136–143, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 157–165.IssueConaire had three sons by Conn's daughter Saraid. From his third son came the Síl Conairi, named after Conaire Cóem himself or his ancestor Conaire Mór.Cairpre Músc, ancestor of the Múscraige and Corcu DuibneCairpre Baschaín, ancestor of the Corcu BaiscindCairpre Riata, ancestor of the Dál RiataPassage 2:Guillaume WittouckGuillaume Wittouck (1749 - 1829) was a Belgian lawyer and High Magistrate. He was the Grandfather of industrialist Paul Wittouck and of Belgian navigator Guillaume Delcourt.BiographyGuillaume Wittouck, born in Drogenbos on 30 October 1749 and died in Brussels on 12 June 1829, lawyer at the Brabant Council, became Counselor at the Supreme Court of Brabant in 1791. During the Brabant Revolution, he sided with the Vonckists, who were in favor of new ideas. When Belgium joined France, he became substitute for the commissioner of the Directory at the Civil Court of the Department of the Dyle, then under the consulate, in 1800, judge at the Brussels Court of Appeal, then from 1804 to 1814, under the Empire, counselor at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, then advisor to the Superior Court of Brussels. He married in Brussels (Church of Saint Nicolas) on 29 June 1778, Anne Marie Cools, born in Gooik on 25 January 1754, died in Brussels on 11 April 1824, daughter of Jean Cools and Adrienne Galmaert descendants of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels.Guillaume Wittouck acquired on 28th Floreal of the year VIII (18 May 1800) the castle of Petit-Bigard in Leeuw-Saint-Pierre with a field of one hundred hectares. Petit-Bigard will remain the home of the elder branch until its sale in 1941.Passage 3:Coirpre mac FogartaigCoirpre mac Fogartaig (died 771) was a King of Brega of the Uí Chernaig sept of Lagore of the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Ui Neill. He was the son of the high king Fogartach mac Néill (died 724).He is not listed in the poem on the Síl nÁedo Sláine rulers in the Book of Leinster, however at his death obit in the annals for 771 he is called King of Brega. His accession to the rule of the Uí Chernaig sept in south Brega cannot be dated with certainty. His brother Fergus mac Fogartaig (died 751) is called King of South Brega at his death obit. The annals then record the deaths of his cousin Domnall mac Áeda in 759 and his brother Finsnechta mac Fogartaig in 761 with no titles. As for his accession to all of Brega, the death of the Brega king Dúngal mac Amalgado of the rival northern Uí Chonaing sept of Cnogba (Knowth) occurred in 759.Coirpre is first mentioned in the annals with regard to the death of his son Cellach, who was killed by robbers in 767. Then Coirpre is driven into exile in 769 by Donnchad Midi (died 797) of the rival southern Ui Neill branch of Clann Cholmáin based in Mide. A battle had been fought between the men of Mide and Brega in 766. The year after Coirpre's exile the men of southern Brega were defeated at the Battle of Bolgg Bóinne in 770 and two members of the sept were slain, Cernach mac Flainn (a grandson of Fogartach) and Flaithbertach mac Flainn as well as the vassal king Uarchride mac Baeth of the Deisi Brega. This was in conjunction with a campaign of Donnchad Midi versus Leinster and may have been part of that or Donnchad may have defeated the men of southern Brega on is way home. Coirpre then reappears in the year 771 at his death obit with the title King of Brega.NotesSee alsoKings of BregaPassage 4:Fogartach mac NéillFogartach Mac'Artain (died 724), sometimes called Fogartach ua Cernaich, was an Irish king who is reckoned a High King of Ireland. He belonged to the Uí Chernaig sept of the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Uí Néill. He was King of Brega and was the son of Niall mac Cernaig Sotal (died 701) and great-grandson of the high king Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine (died 665).King of BregaFogartach may be identified with the \"Focortoch\" who signed as a guarantor of the Cáin Adomnáin at Birr in 697.The earliest report of him in the Irish annals is his flight from the battlefield at the Battle of Claenath (Clane, Co. Kildare) in 704 following the defeat of a number of southern Uí Néill kings by Cellach Cualann (died 715), King of Leinster.In 714, Fogartach was deposed as king of Brega and exiled in Britain. It has been suggested that it was the High King, Fergal mac Máele Dúin (died 722), who deposed him, but it appears more likely that this was a dispute within the fractious Síl nÁedo Sláine, and that Fogartach was removed by his uncle Conall Grant (died 718), assisted by Murchad Midi (died 715) of Clann Cholmáin. Conall killed Murchad the following year and Fogartach returned in 716.He caused some manner of disturbance in 717 at the Oenach Tailtiu—an annual Uí Néill gathering held at Teltown—where \"Ruba's son and Dub Sléibe's son\" were killed, but the annalistic record lacks sufficient context to explain what happened there and why.The following year Conall Grant won a battle against a coalition of southern Uí Néill kings at Kells, but was killed by Fergal mac Máele Dúin later that year.In the early 720s, Fogartach's lands were under attack by the kings of Leinster and Cathal mac Finguine, king of Munster. Fergal mac Máele Dúin undertook campaigns against Leinster in revenge, but was killed by the Leinstermen on one of these, at the battle of Allen, on 11 December 722. His brother Áed Laigin was slain in this battle.High KingFogartach replaced Fergal as High King, but himself fell victim to the war within the Síl nÁedo Sláine, being killed in the battle of Cenn Deilgden by his distant kinsman and successor Cináed mac Írgalaig of the Uí Chonaing sept of North Brega. This was an old feud, Cináed's father having assassinated Fogartach's father in 701. The report of his death in the Annals of Ulster does not refer to him as High King.DescendantsHis sons included:Flann Foirbthe (died 716) who died in his father's lifetime.-His son Cernach was slain at the Battle of Bolg Bóinne in 770.Cernach mac Fogartaig (died 738) killed by his criminal adherents.Fergus mac Fogartaig (died 751) called King of South Brega at his death obit.Finsnechta mac Fogartaig (died 761)Coirpre mac Fogartaig (died 771) called King of Brega in his death obit.Fogartach mac Cummascaig (died 786) king of South BregaCummuscach mac Fogartaig (flourished 778)His descendants representing the main line of the Uí Chernaig sept based at Lagore were in rivalry with his uncle Conall Grant's descendants, the Síl Conaill Graint based at Calatruim for the rule of southern Brega.NotesPassage 5:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 6:Prithvipati ShahPrithvipati Shah (Nepali: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom in the South Asian subcontinent, present-day Nepal. He was the grandfather of Nara Bhupal Shah and reigned from 1673–1716.King Prithvipati Shah ascended to the throne after the demise of his father. He was the longest serving king of the Gorkha Kingdom but his reign saw a lot of struggles.Passage 7:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 8:Fujiwara no NagaraThis is about the 9th-century Japanese statesman.  For the 10th-century Japanese poet also known as Nagayoshi, see Fujiwara no Nagatō.Fujiwara no Nagara (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 802 – 6 August 856), also known as Fujiwara no Nagayoshi, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period. He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.LifeNagara was born as the eldest son of the sadaijin Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, a powerful figure in the court of Emperor Saga. He was also a descendant of the early Japanese emperors and was well trusted by Emperor Ninmyō since his time as crown prince, and attended on him frequently. However, after Ninmyō took the throne, Nagara's advancement was overtaken by his younger brother Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. He served as director of the kurōdo-dokoro (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and division chief (\u0000) in the imperial guard before finally making sangi and joining the kugyō in 844, ten years after his younger brother.In 850, Nagara's nephew Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Nagara was promoted to shō shi-i no ge (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and then ju san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000), and in 851 to shō san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000). In the same year, though, Nagara was overtaken once more as his brother Fujiwara no Yoshimi, more than ten years his junior, was promoted to chūnagon. In 854, when Yoshimi was promoted to dainagon, Nagara was promoted to fill his old position of chūnagon. In 856 he was promoted to \u0000\u0000\u0000 (ju ni-i), but died shortly thereafter at the age of 55.LegacyAfter Nagara's death, his daughter Takaiko became a court lady of Emperor Seiwa. In 877, after her son Prince Sadaakira took the throne as Emperor Yōzei, Nagara was posthumously promoted to shō ichi-i (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and sadaijin, and again in 879 to daijō-daijin.Nagara was overtaken in life by his brother Yoshifusa and Yoshimi, but he had more children, and his descendants thrived. His third son Fujiwara no Mototsune was adopted by Yoshifusa, and his line branched into various powerful clans, including the five regent houses.Before the Middle Ages, there may have been a tendency to view Mototsune's biological father Nagara rather than his adoptive father Yoshifusa as his parent, making Nagara out as the ancestor of the regent family. This may have impacted the Ōkagami, leading it to depict Nagara as the head of the Hokke instead of Yoshifusa.PersonalityNagara had a noble disposition, both tender-hearted and magnanimous. Despite being overtaken by his brothers, he continued to love them deeply. He was treated his subordinates with tolerance, and was loved by people of all ranks. When Emperor Ninmyō died, Fuyutsugu is said to have mourned him like a parent, even abstaining from food as he prayed for the happiness of the Emperor's spirit.When he served Emperor Montoku in his youth, the Emperor treated him as an equal, but Nagara did not abandon formal dress or display an overly familiar attitude.GenealogyFather: Fujiwara no FuyutsuguMother: Fujiwara no Mitsuko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Matsukuri (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Wife: Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Eldest son: Fujiwara no Kunitsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 828–908)Second son: Fujiwara no Tōtsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 835–888)Wife: Fujiwara no Otoharu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Fusatsugu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Third son: Fujiwara no Mototsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 836–891), adopted by Fujiwara no YoshifusaFourth son: Fujiwara no Takatsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–893)Fifth son: Fujiwara no Hirotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–883)Sixth son: Fujiwara no Kiyotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 846–915)Daughter: Fujiwara no Takaiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 842–910), court lady of Emperor Seiwa, mother of Emperor YōzeiUnknown wife (possibly Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000))Daughter: Fujiwara no Shukushi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–906), wife of Fujiwara no Ujimune, adoptive mother of Emperor Uda, Naishi-no-kami (\u0000\u0000)Daughter: Fujiwara no Ariko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–866), wife of Taira no Takamune, Naishi-no-suke (\u0000\u0000)NotesPassage 9:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 10:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. ' Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, ' Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on "}
{"doc_id":"doc_111","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry Bryant (naturalist)Henry Bryant (May 12, 1820 – February 2, 1867) was an American physician and naturalist.Early lifeBryant was born in Boston, and graduated from Harvard University in 1840, and then followed this from a degree at Harvard Medical School in 1843. Following this, he went to Paris to study medicine, but his health broke down while researching at a Paris hospital. In order to restore his health, he joined the French army in Algeria as a surgeon. In October 1847, Bryant returned to Boston to work with Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow as a surgeon, but after a few months his health broke down again. After being forced to abandon medicine because of ill health, Bryant turned to natural history, especially ornithology, which was a childhood passion. Bryant visited nearby Cohasset, Massachusetts for one of his first collecting trips, but he seriously injured his stomach from a fall while landing his boat. After his recovery, he decided to push himself further in an attempt to strengthen his body. His collecting trips became more frequent and more far flung.Civil War serviceBryant took a break from natural history to volunteer as a surgeon during the American Civil War. He accepted an appointment as a surgeon for the 20th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, which was also known as \"The Harvard Regiment.\" By September 1861, Bryant was promoted to brigade surgeon. Soon after, he served on the staff of General Frederick W. Lander until March 2, 1862, when the general died of pneumonia.After Lander's death, Bryant was appointed Medical Director for General James Shield, a future senator. While serving as this post, Bryant fell off his horse so hard that his knee was nearly amputated. Despite the pain, he continued his duties. In the middle of 1862, he was placed in charge of organizing several hospitals, including Cliffburn Hospital and Lincoln Hospital. However, his mental and physical health collapsed again, and he resigned his commission in May 1863.Life after the Civil WarAfter the Civil War ended, Bryant made several trips to France, including to purchase the Frédéric de Lafresnaye collection of birds in 1865, which he presented to the Boston Society of Natural History. This collection contained nearly 9,000 mostly non-American specimen. The unpacking and remounting of the specimen was conducted by younger naturalists, including Charles Johnson Maynard, and took about a year to complete.In addition to his visits to France, Bryant collected birds in Florida, the Bahamas, Ontario and Labrador, North Carolina, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. He was one of the first American ornithologists in the Caribbean.He died in Puerto Rico on February 2, 1867 during a brief illness on a collecting trip.Passage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \" Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \" Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 3:Fujiwara no NagaraThis is about the 9th-century Japanese statesman.  For the 10th-century Japanese poet also known as Nagayoshi, see Fujiwara no Nagatō.Fujiwara no Nagara (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 802 – 6 August 856), also known as Fujiwara no Nagayoshi, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period. He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.LifeNagara was born as the eldest son of the sadaijin Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, a powerful figure in the court of Emperor Saga. He was also a descendant of the early Japanese emperors and was well trusted by Emperor Ninmyō since his time as crown prince, and attended on him frequently. However, after Ninmyō took the throne, Nagara's advancement was overtaken by his younger brother Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. He served as director of the kurōdo-dokoro (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and division chief (\u0000) in the imperial guard before finally making sangi and joining the kugyō in 844, ten years after his younger brother.In 850, Nagara's nephew Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Nagara was promoted to shō shi-i no ge (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and then ju san-mi (\u0000 \u0000\u0000), and in 851 to shō san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000). In the same year, though, Nagara was overtaken once more as his brother Fujiwara no Yoshimi, more than ten years his junior, was promoted to chūnagon. In 854, when Yoshimi was promoted to dainagon, Nagara was promoted to fill his old position of chūnagon. In 856 he was promoted to \u0000\u0000\u0000 (ju ni-i), but died shortly thereafter at the age of 55.LegacyAfter Nagara's death, his daughter Takaiko became a court lady of Emperor Seiwa. In 877, after her son Prince Sadaakira took the throne as Emperor Yōzei, Nagara was posthumously promoted to shō ichi-i (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and sadaijin, and again in 879 to daijō-daijin.Nagara was overtaken in life by his brother Yoshifusa and Yoshimi, but he had more children, and his descendants thrived. His third son Fujiwara no Mototsune was adopted by Yoshifusa, and his line branched into various powerful clans, including the five regent houses.Before the Middle Ages, there may have been a tendency to view Mototsune's biological father Nagara rather than his adoptive father Yoshifusa as his parent, making Nagara out as the ancestor of the regent family. This may have impacted the Ōkagami, leading it to depict Nagara as the head of the Hokke instead of Yoshifusa.PersonalityNagara had a noble disposition, both tender-hearted and magnanimous. Despite being overtaken by his brothers, he continued to love them deeply. He was treated his subordinates with tolerance, and was loved by people of all ranks. When Emperor Ninmyō died, Fuyutsugu is said to have mourned him like a parent, even abstaining from food as he prayed for the happiness of the Emperor's spirit.When he served Emperor Montoku in his youth, the Emperor treated him as an equal, but Nagara did not abandon formal dress or display an overly familiar attitude.GenealogyFather: Fujiwara no FuyutsuguMother: Fujiwara no Mitsuko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Matsukuri (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Wife: Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Eldest son: Fujiwara no Kunitsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 828–908)Second son: Fujiwara no Tōtsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 835–888)Wife: Fujiwara no Otoharu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Fusatsugu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Third son: Fujiwara no Mototsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 836–891), adopted by Fujiwara no YoshifusaFourth son: Fujiwara no Takatsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–893)Fifth son: Fujiwara no Hirotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–883)Sixth son: Fujiwara no Kiyotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 846–915)Daughter: Fujiwara no Takaiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 842–910), court lady of Emperor Seiwa, mother of Emperor YōzeiUnknown wife (possibly Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000))Daughter: Fujiwara no Shukushi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–906), wife of Fujiwara no Ujimune, adoptive mother of Emperor Uda, Naishi-no-kami (\u0000\u0000)Daughter: Fujiwara no Ariko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–866), wife of Taira no Takamune, Naishi-no-suke (\u0000\u0000)NotesPassage 4:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 5:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 6:Yazdegerd IIIYazdegerd III (also spelled Yazdgerd III and Yazdgird III; Middle Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II.Ascending the throne at the age of eight, the young shah lacked authority and reigned as figurehead, whilst real power was in the hands of the army commanders, courtiers, and powerful members of the aristocracy, who engaged in internecine warfare. The Sasanian Empire was weakened severely by these internal conflicts, resulting in invasions by the Göktürks from the east, and Khazars from the west. It was, however, the Arabs, united under the banner of Islam, who dealt the decisive blow. Yazdegerd was unable to contain the Arab invasion of "}
{"doc_id":"doc_112","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John VI, Duke of MecklenburgJohn VI, Duke of Mecklenburg (1439–1474) was a Duke of Mecklenburg.LifeJohn was the second son of Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his wife Dorothea, daughter ofElector Frederick I of Brandenburg.His earliest documented official act (jointly with the father) was in 1451.  In 1464 he ruled an apanage of several districts jointly with his brother Albert VI, but did not participateactively in administering them.In 1472, John VI was engaged to Sophie, the daughter of Duke Eric II of Pomerania.  The marriage was set to be celebrated in 1474.  However, John VI died before the marriage tookplace.  The exact date of his death is unknown; he is last mentioned in a document dated 20 May 1474.His last illness was contracted on a journey to Franconia to visit his uncle Elector Albrecht III Achilles ofBrandenburg.  In Kulmbach, he was infected with the plague and died.  He was probably buried in Poor Clares monastery in Hof.External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 2:Eric II, Duke ofMecklenburgEric II, Duke of Mecklenburg (German: Erich II., Herzog zu Mecklenburg; 3 September 1483 – 21/22 December 1508) was Duke of Mecklenburg, a son of Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his wifeSophie of Pomerania-Stettin.Eric ruled Mecklenburg-Schwerin jointly with his brothers Henry V and Albert VII and his uncle Balthasar after his father's death on 27 December 1503.  Eric himself probably died on 21December or 22 December 1508. He was buried in the Doberan Minster in Bad Doberan. He never married and died childless.Passage 3:John I, Duke of Mecklenburg-StargardJohn I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard(1326 – 9 August 1392 or 9 February 1393), Duke of Mecklenburg from 1344 to 1352 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard from 1352 to 1392.FamilyHe was probably the youngest child from the second marriage of LordHenry II \"the Lion\" of Mecklenburg and Anna of Saxe-Wittenberg, a daughter of Duke Albert II of Saxe-Wittenberg.LifeJohn I was probably born in 1326.  His father died in 1329, and he remained under guardianshipuntil 1344, when he came of age and began to carry a seal as a participant in the governance of Mecklenburg.  On 8 July 1348, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV raised John and his brother Albert II to the rank of Dukein Prague.  John, Albert and Charles initially supported the False Waldemar, but in 1350 they reconciled with his supporter Duke Louis V of Bavaria.Upon the division of Mecklenburg on 25 November 1352, John wasawarded the Lordships of Stargard, Sternbuerg and Ture.  He supported his nephew Albert III of Mecklenburg in his attempts to be recognized as King of Sweden.Marriages and issueJohn married three times. His firstwife Rixa (background unknown) probably died soon after the wedding and the marriage remained childless.His second wife Anna was a daughter of the count Adolf VII of Pinneberg and Schauenburg.  She probablydied in 1358.  John and Anna had a daughter Anna, who married Wartislaw VI of Pomerania-Wolgast on 4 April 1363.John's third wife Agnes was the daughter of Ulrich II of Lindow-Ruppin and widow of Lord Nicholas IVof Werle.  They probably married in 1358 and had five children together:John II (died between 6 July and 9 October 1416), co-regent, then Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard, from 1408 Lord of Sternberg, Friedland,Fürstenberg and LychenUlrich I (died 8 April 1417), co-regent, then Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1392–1417), from 1408 Lord of Neubrandenburg, Stargard, Strelitz and Wesenberg (with Lize)Rudolf (died after 28July 1415), was initially Bishop of Skara and from 1390 as Rudolf III Bishop of SchwerinAlbert I (died 1397), co-regent of Mecklenburg, from 1396 Coadjutor of DorpatContance (born c. 1373, died 1408)ExternallinksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 4:Eilika of SaxonyEilika of Saxony (c. 1080 – 16 January 1142) was a daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and a member of the Billung dynasty. Throughmarriage to Otto of Ballenstedt, she was countess of Ballenstedt.LifeEilika was the younger daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and Sophia, daughter of King Béla I of Hungary. Since Eilika had no brothers, after herfather's death in 1106, Eilika and her sister, Wulfhilde of Saxony, inherited his property. Eilika received property in Bernburg, Weißenfels, Werben and perhaps also in Burgwerden and Kreichau, as well as the Palatinateof Saxony.In 1130 Eilika was in conflict with the citizens of the city of Halle, probably because of her support for Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg. Fighting broke out, during which Conrad of Eichstadt was killed, andfrom which Eilika only escaped with difficulty.  Around 1131 Eilika wrested the advocacy of the monastery of Goseck (monastery) from Louis of Thuringia, and took it for herself. In 1133 Eilika expelled Abbot Bertoldfrom Goseck for incompetency. In 1134 she introduced his successor, Abbot Penther, to the abbey with a solemn address to the monks. In 1138 Eilika was accused of tyranny (tyrannis), and attacked at her castle ofBernburg.Marriage and childrenEilika married Count Otto of Ballenstedt before 1095. With Otto, Eilika had two children: Albert the Bear and Adelaide of Ballenstedt, who married Henry II, Margrave of theNordmark.Passage 5:Henry IV, Duke of MecklenburgHenry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg (1417 – 9 March 1477) was from 1422 to 1477 Duke of Mecklenburg.LifeHenry IV of Mecklenburg, because of his obesity and lavishlifestyle also called the \"Henry the Fat\", was the son of the Duke John IV of Mecklenburg and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg.He inherited Mecklenburg when his father died in 1422.  His mother, Catherine, and his uncle,Albert V, acted as Regents until 1436.  He then ruled jointly with his brother John V, until his brothers death in 1442.  In May 1432, he married Dorothea of Brandenburg, the daughter of Elector Frederick I ofBrandenburg.With the death of Prince William of Werle in 1436, the male line of the Werle branch of the House of Mecklenburg died out, and Werle fell to the Duchy of Mecklenburg.  After Duke Ulrich II ofMecklenburg-Stargard died in 1471, Mecklenburg was again united under one ruler.The Stettin War of Succession between the Pomeranian Dukes and the Brandenburg Electors ended in late May 1472 through Henry'smediation.At the end of his life, he gradually transferred his power to his sons Albert, John and Magnus.  After Henry's death they ruled jointly, until John died in 1474 and Albert in 1483.  After Albert's death, Magnusruled alone.  His younger brother Balthasar cared little about the business of government.Henry died in 1477 and was buried in the Doberan Abbey.IssueAlbert VI († 1483), Duke of MecklenburgJohn VI († 1474), Dukeof MecklenburgMagnus II, Duke of MecklenburgBalthasar Duke of Mecklenburg, coadjutor of the diocese of Schwerin until 1479.External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 6:John III, Duke ofMecklenburg-StargardJohn III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1389 – after 11 November 1438) was from 1416 to 1438 Duke of Mecklenburg, Lord of Stargard, Sternberg, Friedland, Fürstenberg, and Lychen.  Todistinguish him from John V, Duke of Mecklenburg, he is sometimes called John the Elder.FamilyHe was the oldest child of Duke John II and his wife Catherine (Wilheida) of Lithuania.LifeJohn III was probably born in1389.  In 1416, he took over the reign of Sternberg from his father.  He was taken prisoner by Brandenburg, for unknown reasons.  He was released on 28 June 1427, under the condition that he had to swear an oathof allegiance to the Margrave of Brandenburg.In 1436, he and his cousin Henry and his remote cousin Henry IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, jointly inherited the Lordship of Werle.He married Luttrud, the daughter ofAlbert IV of Anhalt-Köthen.  She was probably a sister of Anna, the first wife of William of Werle, the last Lord of Werle.  The marriage remained childless.John III died in 1438 and was probably buried in Sternberg.  Hiscousin Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard inherited his possessions.Passage 7:Magnus I, Duke of MecklenburgMagnus I, Duke of Mecklenburg (1345 – 1 September 1384) was Duke of Mecklenburg from 1383 until hisdeath.  Magnus was the third son of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg and his wife Euphemia of Sweden, the sister of the King Magnus IV of Sweden.  Sometime after 1362, he married Elizabeth of Pomerania-Wolgast,daughter of Barnim IV, Duke of Pomerania.Magnus had two children:John IV, Regent of Mecklenburg from 1384 to 1395 and co-regent from 1395 to 1422Euphemia (d. 16 October 1417);married on 18 October 1397with Lord Balthasar of WerleAfter the death of his brother Henry III in 1383, he ruled Mecklenburg jointly with Henry's son Albert IV until his own death in 1384.External linksGenealogical table of the House ofMecklenburgPassage 8:Euphemia of SwedenEuphemia of Sweden (Swedish: Eufemia Eriksdotter; 1317 – 16 June 1370) was a Swedish princess. She was Duchess consort of Mecklenburg, heiress of Sweden and ofNorway, and mother of King Albert of Sweden. (c. 1338-1412) .BiographyEarly lifeEuphemia was born in 1317 to Eric Magnusson (b. c. 1282-1318), Duke of Södermanland, second son of King Magnus I of Sweden, andPrincess Ingeborg of Norway (1300–1360), the heiress and the only legitimate daughter of King Haakon V of Norway (1270– 1319).In 1319, her infant elder brother Magnus VII of Norway (1316–1374) succeeded theirmaternal grandfather to the throne of Norway. That same year, Swedish nobles exiled their uncle, King Birger of Sweden, after which the infant Magnus was elected King of Sweden. Their mother Ingeborg had a seat inthe guardian government as well as the position of an independent ruler of her own fiefs, and played an important part during their childhood and adolescence.The 24 July 1321 marriage contract for Euphemia wassigned at Bohus in her mother's fief in Bohuslän. Her mother had plans to take control over Danish Scania, next to her duchy. The marriage was arranged with the terms that Mecklenburg, Saxony, Holstein, Rendsburgand Schleswig would assist Ingeborg in the conquest of Scania. This was approved by the council of Norway but not Sweden. When Ingeborg's forces under command of Knut Porse of Varberg, invaded Scania in1322–23, Mecklenburg betrayed her and the alliance was broken. Eventually, the affair of Euphemia's marriage led to a conflict between Ingeborg and the governments of Sweden and Norway, which led to the demiseof Ingeborg's political position in the guardian governments. The marriage took place anyway, after a fifteen-year engagement. Euphemia did not lack influence in Sweden. She is known to have acted as the witness ofseals in several documents. In 1335, when King Magnus appointed Nils Abjörnsson (Sparre av Tofta) to drots, the condition that Euphemia would act as his adviser was included in his appointment.Duchess ofMecklenburgEuphemia was married in Rostock on April 10, 1336, to her distant kinsman, Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1318 – 2 February 1379), a North-German lord deeply interested in obtaining some power inScandinavia. Later the same year, the couple returned to Sweden with Rudolf of Saxony and Henry of Holstein to be present at the coronation of her brother and sister-in-law Blanche of Namur. In Germany, Euphemia'slife as a Duchess consort of Mecklenburg does not appear to have affected her status in Sweden, as she was still a political factor there and her name was still placed on various documents. She was the mistress of avery expensive ducal court. In 1340–41, she convinced Magnus to grant renewed trading privileges in Norway to the Hanseatic cities of Mecklenburg, Rostock and Wismar. On 15 April 1357, she granted her the estatesHammar and Farthses  to Skänninge Abbey following the deaths of her half-brothers Haakon and Canute in 1350. She was last confirmed alive 27 October 1363, when she gave up the ownership of her dower estate inMecklenburg. Her death year is not known, but she is confirmed dead 16 June 1370, when her widower made a vicaria to her memory. Euphemia lived  to see her own second son depose her brother from the Swedishthrone, and ascend as King Albert of Sweden in 1364.IssueAt the time of her death, she had five surviving children:Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg (c. 1337–1383); Married, firstly, Ingeborg of Denmark (1347–c.1370), eldest daughter of sonless King Waldemar IV of Denmark. They had children: Albert (claimant to position of Hereditary Prince of Denmark), Euphemia, Mary, and Ingeborg. Henry III married, secondly, Matilda ofWerle.Albert III, Duke of Mecklenburg  (1340–1412), King of Sweden from 1364 to 1389. Married, firstly, in 1359, Richardis of Schwerin (died 1377); they had children: Eric I, Duke of Mecklenburg (Hereditary Prince ofSweden) and Richardis Catherine. Albert married, secondly, Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1434).Magnus I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1385); married, in 1369, Elisabeth of Pomerania-Rügen. They had at least oneson, John and possibly the daughter, EuphemiaIngeborg of Mecklenburg (d. c. 1395); she married, firstly, Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria (1330–1365);  Married  secondly, Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg(c. 1317–1384); had several children: Gerhard, Albert, Henry, and Sophia.Anna of Mecklenburg (died 1415); married in 1362/6 Count Adolf of Holstein (died 1390).AncestryPassage 9:Henry III, Duke ofMecklenburgHenry III, Duke of Mecklenburg (c. 1337 – 24 April 1383) was Duke of Mecklenburg from 1379 until his death.LifeHenry was the first son of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg and his wife Euphemia of Sweden,the sister of King Magnus IV of Sweden.Henry III was first married in 1362 to Ingeborg of Denmark, daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.  They had four children:Albrecht IV, co-regent of Mecklenburg from 1383to 1388Euphemia, married from 1377 to John V of Werle-GüstrowMaria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, mother of Eric of Pomerania, married to Duke Wartislaw VII of PomeraniaIngeborg, from 1398 the abbess of the PoorClares abbey in Ribnitz.After Ingeborg's death, Henry was married on 26 February 1377 to Matilda of Werle, the daughter of Lord Bernard II of Werle.  This marriage remained childless.After an accident at a tournamentin Wismar, Henry III died on 24 April 1383 at his castle in Schwerin and was buried in the Doberan Minster.  His brother Magnus I and his son Albert IV took up a brief joint rule of Mecklenburg, which lasted until1384.External linksGenealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg== Footnotes ==Passage 10:Christopher, Duke of MecklenburgChristopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch (30 July 1537 – 4 March 1592) was a sonof Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg.  He was Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch, as well as administrator of Ratzeburg and of the Commandery of Mirow.LifeChristopher was born in Augsburg. At the urging of his elderbrother John Albert I, the cathedral chapter appointed Christopher as the successor of Bishop Christopher I of Ratzeburg in 1554.  Christopher thus became the first Lutheran administrator of the Bishopric.In 1555, hewas also elected coadjutor of Bishop William of Riga, with the right of succession.  His election was controversial and led to armed clashes.  During a clash on 1 July 1556 in Koknese, Christoper and William were bothtaken prisoner.  They were released in 1557, and Christopher was recognized as coadjutor.  However, when William died in 1563, Christopher found himself unable to exercise his right of succession.  Instead, he wastaken prisoner again during renewed fighting against Poland.  He was released in 1569, after he had renounced all claims on Riga.  After his release, he returned to Mecklenburg.He died on 4 March 1592 at TempzinAbbey and was buried in the northern chapel of the high choir of Schwerin Cathedral.  His widow commissioned a grave monument, which shows a couple kneeling before a prie-dieu.  It was crafted in the workshop ofthe Flemish sculptor Robert Coppens, with assistance from the Pomeranian painter Georg Strachen.Marriages and issueChristopher married his first wife on 27 October 1573 in Kolding.  She was Princess Dorothea ofDenmark (1528 – 11 November 1575), a daughter of King Frederick I of Denmark.  She died only two years later, in Schönberg, which was the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg.He married his second wife on7 May 1581 in Stockholm. She was Princess Elizabeth of Sweden (4 April 1549 – 12 November 1597), a daughter of King Gustav I of Sweden. With her he had a daughter:Margaret Elisabeth (11 July 1584 – 16November 1616), married on 9 October 1608 to John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg.After Christopher's death, she returned to Sweden, where she lived in Norrköping.  She died in 1616 and was buried in UppsalaCathedral."}
{"doc_id":"doc_113","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC LokomotivNizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Claude BraceyClaude Bracey (June 8, 1909 – September 23, 1940), known variously as the \"Texas Flyer,\" the \"Dixie Flyer,\" and the \"TexasTornado,\" was an American sprinter who tied world records in the 100-yard and 100-meter races between 1928 and 1932.  He competed for the United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and also wonthe 100-yard and 220-yard sprints at the 1928 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships.Early lifeBracey grew up in Humble, Texas and attended Humble High School.  As a boy, he participated in games of\"hare-and-hound,\" in which the children would chase each other from one end of town to the other.  Bracey was so fast that rival sides would quarrel over who which side would have him.  He gained prominence as arunner at Humble High.Rice UniversityBracey attended Rice Institute located in Houston, Texas.  He competed in intercollegiate track for the Rice Owls from 1927 to 1930 and for the United States at the 1928 SummerOlympics in Amsterdam.  He was regarded as \"the first man to bring Rice Institute athletic fame.\"  Bracey was considered a \"big and rangy\" runner.  Between 1928 and 1929, he gained weight and was reported in 1929to be six feet tall and approximately 160 pounds.  In 1929, Bracey described his minimalist approach to training as follows:\"Sprinters are born, not made, and running comes natural with me.  As long as I take care ofmyself and eat reasonably, I get along fine. I don't train any during the summer.  That's vacation time and I make it that by spending those weeks fishing.  Laying off like that doesn't bother me.  After all, a dash mandoesn't need much wind.  I only take two or three breaths in 100 yards.\"A feature story published in 1929 described Bracey as \"almost a recluse,\" a quiet person who rarely left campus, never wears formal clothes, and\"thinks society is all wet.\"Championships and recordsIn June 1928, Bracey won both sprint events at the 1928 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships with times of 9.6 seconds in the 100-yard race and 20.9seconds in the 220-yard race.  He was the first athlete from Rice to win an NCAA track championship in any event, and it was 1938 before another Rice athlete (Fred Wolcott) accomplished the feat.He qualified for theU.S. Olympic team in 1928 and traveled with the team to the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.  He finished fifth in the semifinals of the 100-meter race at the Olympic games with a time of 10.8 seconds. He wasthe first Rice athlete to compete in the Olympic games; it was 1948 before another Rice athlete competed in the Olympics.At the Texas Relays in March 1929, Bracey tied the world record in the 100-yard sprint with atime of 9.5 seconds.  The next day, he ran the event in 9.4 seconds, but the record was not recognized due to wind conditions.  Football coach Knute Rockne officiated the sprint event in which Bracey's world record wasdisallowed due to wind conditions.  Rockne told reporters that Bracey was the best sprinter he had seen and added: \"Bracey is a streak.  He is as good as any of them off the marks and runs the last 40 yards faster thanany man I ever saw.  He had the wind with him when he did 9.4 at Dallas but on both that occasion and the day before he beat George Simpson of Ohio State by about four yards.  You all know how good Simpson is.\"Atthe 1929 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships, Bracey lost his title in the sprint events as Ohio State's George Simpson won both events, and Bracey finished second in the 100-yard race and third in the220-yard event.Bracey continued to compete through 1932.  He tied the world record in the 100-meter race with a time of 10.4 seconds in June 1932.  In July 1932, he qualified in the preliminaries of the 100-meterand 200-meter events at the Far Western Olympic team trials at Long Beach, California.  However, he was taken to a hospital the following day after an attack of appendicitis and was unable to participate in the finals,which were held while he was in the hospital.Death and posthumous honorsBracey died in Buckeye, Arizona on September 23, 1940, leaving behind wife, Anna Bess Singleton Bracey and daughter, Linda Anne Bracey(Mulpagano) who was 4 months of age at the time of her father's death.In 1970, Bracey was selected as one of the initial inductees into the Rice Athletic Hall of Fame.Passage 3:John G. AdolfiJohn Gustav Adolfi(February 19, 1888 – May 11, 1933) was an American silent film director, actor, and screenwriter who was involved in more than 100 productions throughout his career. An early acting credit was in the recentlyrestored 1912 film Robin Hood.BiographyHe was born in New York City to Gustav Adolfi and Jennie Reinhardt. Adolfi entered films as an actor in The Spy: A Romantic Story of the Civil War in 1907, but after appearing inthirty or so films he switched roles and concentrated on directing until his death in 1933 from a brain hemorrhage in British Columbia, Canada while hunting bears.FilmographyPassage 4:Charles J. HuntCharles J. Hunt(April 8, 1881 – February 3, 1976) was an American film editor and director. He also worked at various times as an actor, production manager and associate producer.Selected filmographyThe Fate of a Flirt (1925)TheSmoke Eaters (1926)The Dixie Flyer (1926)The Warning Signal (1926)Modern Daughters (1927)The Show Girl (1927)On the Stroke of Twelve (1927)The Midnight Watch (1927)South of Panama (1928)Queen of theChorus (1928)Thundergod (1928)Smoke Bellew (1929)Rider of the Plains (1931)Riders of the North (1931)Police Court (1932)Trailing the Killer (1932)Law of the West (1932)The Devil on Horseback (1936)We're in theLegion Now! (1936)Go-Get-'Em, Haines (1936)Captain Calamity (1936)Passage 5:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the Frenchwriter Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 6:Bucky MooreWilliam Elton \"Bucky\" Moore (May 5, 1905 – December 18, 1980) was an American football player who played two seasons in theNational Football League with the Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates. He played college football at Loyola University New Orleans and attended Loyola High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was inducted intothe Loyola Wolf Pack Hall of Fame in 1964. Morre was also nicknamed the \"Dixie Flyer\".Passage 7:Hugh Moore (businessman)Hugh Everett Moore (1887–1972) was an advertising expert and the founder and longtimepresident of the Dixie Cup Company, manufacturer of the disposable paper Dixie Cup. Inspired by William Vogt’s book Road to Survival, Moore started to work outside his business, using his fortune and expertise tosupport the development of transatlantic structures facilitating international peace and influence population discourse and policy for the primary purpose of decreasing the number of humans.Diplomatic, political andadvocacy activitiesIn addition to his success in the cup business, Moore held many functions in the field of international relations, playing a role in the stabilization of world politics during and after the Second World War.He was founding member of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies in 1940; chairman of the executive committee of the US League of Nations Association from 1940 to 1943 and president of AmericansUnited for World Organization, 1944.In 1944, Moore founded the Hugh Moore Fund for International Peace to fund organizations involved in population control. The Fund published Moore's pamphlet \"The PopulationBomb is Everyone's Baby\" in 1954. He was credited by the authors of the globally bestselling 1968 book \"The Population Bomb\", Anne Howland Ehrlich and Paul R. Ehrlich to have used these words first.Moore was aconsultant to the State Department at the United Nations Conference in 1945.Moore was a member of the American Association for the United Nations from 1945 to 1954. He served as treasurer of the Committee forthe Marshall Plan in 1948. Moore was a member of the Atlantic Union Committee from 1949 to 1960 and Chair of the Executive Committee from 1949 to 1951. He was chairman of the finance committee of the WoodrowWilson Foundation from 1951 to 1952 and chairman of the fundraising arm of the UN education program in 1955.He was a member of the US Committee on NATO from 1961 to 1972. Moore was Chairman of the Boardof the Population Reference Bureau, vice-president of International Planned Parenthood Federation in 1964, president of the Association for Voluntary Sterilization from 1964 to 1969, and cofounder of the PopulationCrisis Committee in 1965.Awards and honorsHugh Moore received an honorary degree of Humane Letters from Lafayette College in 1961.Passage 8:College LoversCollege Lovers is a 1930 American talkiePre-Code   comedy film produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros., and directed by John G. Adolfi. The movie stars Jack Whiting, Marian Nixon, Frank McHugh and Guinn 'Big Boy'Williams. The film was based on the story by Earl Baldwin.PlotGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams, a star football player, decides to leave Sanford college after he has found that his girlfriend has eloped with another man. He isdriven to the train station by Russell Hopton, his best friend, and also a football player for the same college. Jack Whiting, who plays the part of the student manager of the Sanford college athletic association as well aspart of the president of the student body, knows that the college needs Williams to win the important game against Colton college.Whiting conspires with his girlfriend, played by Marian Nixon, to stop Williams fromleaving. He also makes use of Frank McHugh, who plays the part of Whiting's assistant in the film. Nixon fakes a suicide on a bridge when she notices Hopton and Williams approaching. They quickly run to help  her andboth of them fall in love with her, without realizing that she really love Whiting. Williams and Hopton soon become suspicious of each other and constantly spy on each other, leaving Nixon to spend her time withWhiting. Just before the big game, Hopton and Williams have an argument and show no interest in the upcoming game. Whiting suggests that Nixon write each of them an identical love note, telling the recipient thatshe loves him alone.When Williams and Hopton receive these notes, they end their quarrelling, each thinking that Nixon prefers them to the other. Halfway through the game, one of them discovers the other's note andthey begin  accusing each other of stealing their notes. Their fighting causes them to be benched. Colton ties the score and promises to be the winner, which so scares Hopton and Williams that they shake hands and goback into the game. When the winning touchdown for Sanford is a matter of inches away from the goal line, the two backs waste the last minute of the game trying to decide which of them will have the honor of makingthe final touchdown and the game ends in a tie.CastJack Whiting as Frank TaylorMarian Nixon as Madge HuttonFrank McHugh as Speed HaskinsGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams as Tiny CourtleyRussell Hopton as EddieSmithWade Boteler as Coach DonovanPhyllis Crane as Josephine CraneRichard Tucker as Gene HuttonCharles Judels as SpectatorPauline Wagner as Frank McHugh's girl friendProductionThe film was planned as afull-scale musical comedy. The majority of the musical numbers of this film, however, were cut out before general release in the United States because the public had grown tired of musicals by late 1930. Althoughmusic was mentioned when the film was first released, ads and reviews soon mentioned that, even though Jack Whiting was a musical comedy star, there was no singing in the picture. These cuts accounts for the veryshort length of the film. The film was marketed as a straight comedy film. The complete musical film was released intact in countries outside the United States where a backlash against musicals neveroccurred.SongsAlthough some modern sources mention the songs \"One Minute of Heaven\" and \"Up and At 'Em\" as being performed in this film, they were actually written for the 1929 musical comedy The Forward Pass.Since the film is now lost, and the music was cut from circulating prints in the United States, it is not certain what songs were written for this picture.PreservationNo film elements are known to survive, although there isa copy of the screenplay in the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at  Princeton University Library. The soundtrack, which was recorded on Vitaphone disks, may survive in private hands. It is unknownwhether a copy of this full version still exists.See alsoList of lost filmsPassage 9:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo1924. He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player ofthe \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić madean official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina sideCement Beočin on half-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scoredhis first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 10:The Dixie FlyerThe Dixie Flyer is a1926 American silent action film directed by Charles J. Hunt and starring Cullen Landis, Eva Novak and Ferdinand Munier.CastCullen Landis as 'Sunrise' SmithEva Novak as Rose Rapley / Rose JonesFerdinand Munier asPresident John J. RapleyJohn Elliott as Vice-president Arthur BedfordArt Rowlands as Tom BedfordPat Harmon as Chief Clerk J. K. BurkeFrank Davis as Mike ClancyMary Gordon as Mrs. Clancy"}
{"doc_id":"doc_114","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jon LeachJonathan Leach (born April 18, 1973) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He is the husband of Lindsay Davenport.Professional careerLeach, an All-American player at USC,made his Grand Slam debut at the 1991 US Open when he partnered David Witt in the men's doubles. He competed in the doubles at Indian Wells in 1992 with Brian MacPhie and before exiting in the second round theydefeated a seeded pairing of Luke Jensen and Laurie Warder. A doubles specialist, his only singles appearance came at Indian Wells in 1994. With Brett Hansen-Dent as his partner, Leach made the second round of the1995 US Open, with a win over Dutch players Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink. At the 1996 US Open, his third and final appearance at the tournament, Leach partnered with his brother Rick. He also played in themixed doubles, with Amy Frazier. His only doubles title on the ATP Challenger Tour came at Weiden, Germany in 1996.Personal lifeThe son of former USC tennis coach Dick Leach, he was brought up in California andwent to Laguna Beach High School. Leach married tennis player Lindsay Davenport in Hawaii on April 25, 2003. Their first child, a son named Jagger, was born in 2007. They have had a further three children, alldaughters. An investment banker, Leach is also involved in coaching and worked with young American player Madison Keys in the 2015 season. His elder brother, Rick Leach, was also a professional tennis player, whowon five Grand Slam doubles titles and reached number one in the world for doubles.Challenger titlesDoubles: (1)Passage 2:LapidothLapidoth (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Lapī\u0000ō\u0000, \"torches\") was the husband ofDeborah the fourth Judge of Israel. Lapidoth is also a Hebrew male given name.Passage 3:Alan PownallStephen Alan Fletcher Pownall (born 30 December 1984) is an English singer-songwriter and the husband ofactress Gabriella Wilde.MusicThe son of Orlando Pownall, QC, he grew up in Richmond-upon-Thames and was educated at Windlesham House School, Marlborough College and Shiplake College. Originally interested infashion, he worked for French designer Roland Mouret for two years, where he was advised to study in Milan. He went on to study fashion design but dropped out a year later in 2006 to pursue a music career inLondon.After meeting Adele at one of her early gigs, he told her that he was making music and she should look it up. To his surprise, he was contacted via his MySpace profile and asked to support her on her first Britishtour. As he only had a four-song set, he wrote a lot of his material whilst on tour. He also toured with Paloma Faith, Lissie, Marina and the Diamonds, Noah and the Whale and Florence and the Machine.He shared a flatin London with fellow singer/songwriter Jay Jay Pistolet (who would go on to become the front man of The Vaccines). He later moved in with Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall from Mumford and Sons, who hesupposedly introduced to Ted Dwane.In one interview he claims to be \"all but deaf in right ear.\"Pownall's debut EP was released on 5 April 2010 through Mercury Records and his album True Love Stories was releasedon 25 June 2010. They parted company shortly after the release in late 2010, with Pownall taking a two and a half year break from music.Pownall and   formed the electro-pop duo Pale in late 2012, with Pownall as thesinger. Pale has supported The Vaccines and Sky Ferreira on tour.  They worked with Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco to produce their first two singles, released through the independent label 37 Adventures. As ofNovember 2017, their Facebook and Soundcloud pages show that Pale has been dormant since releasing an EP, The Comeback, in 2014.Since 2019, Pownall has been releasing and performing under the pseudonymAlan Power.Personal lifeOn 13 September 2014, Pownall married actress Gabriella Wilde. The couple's first son, Sasha Blue Pownall, was born on 3 February 2014. In 2016, Wilde gave birth to their second son, ShilohSilva Pownall. Gabriella has since given birth to their third son Skye in 2019.DiscographyStudio albumPassage 4:James Randall MarshJames Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and the husband of AnneSteele Marsh.BiographyMarsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France. He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh and Alice Randall Marsh. He was the brother of the painter Reginald Marsh.He married Anne Steele in 1925 andthe couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey. There Marsh set up a metal forge which he used to create industrial and residential lighting fixtures. In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where Jamescontinued operating a forge, expanding the operation to include decorative metal work. His work was mainly in the American Arts and Craft style.In 1952, Marsh was instrumental in establishing the Hunterdon ArtMuseum. When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn it into an art center, with Marsh providing most of the purchase price. The museum, with workshops, is still inoperation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.In 1964, he purchased the M. C. Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP,and donated it to the Clinton Historical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village. On October 9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at the museum.Marsh died on January 20, 1966,in Flemington.Passage 5:Devisingh Ransingh ShekhawatDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat (c. 1934 – 24 February 2023) was an Indian agriculturist and politician who served as the first gentleman of India as the husbandof President Pratibha Patil. He also served as the first gentleman of Rajasthan and also as mayor of Amravati. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.Early lifeDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat, who was then alecturer in chemistry, married Pratibha Patil on 7 July 1965. The couple had a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.Shekhawat was awarded a PhD from the University of Mumbai in 1972.Prior to his wife's elevation to her presidential role, he had been principal of a college operated by his wife's Vidya Bharati Shikshan Sanstha foundation and also a First Mayor of Amravati (1991–1992). Like his wife, hewas a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was also an agriculturalist and a former member of the Legislative Assembly, being elected for the period 1985–1990 from the Amravati constituency in theMaharashtra state legislature. He lost his deposit in the 1995 contest for that constituency.Various accusations against Shekhawat and Patil emerged after the latter was nominated for the office of president. Amongthese was the case of Kisan Dhage, a teacher in a school run by Vidya Prasarak Shikshan Mandal in Buldana district, who committed suicide in November 1998. He left a note saying that he was committing suicidebecause he was tired of the mental harassment caused by Shekhawat, who was chairman of the institution, and four others. When the police registered the case as \"accidental death\", Dhage's wife appealed to theJudicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) in Jalgaon Jamod, a tehsil in Buldana district. The JMFC ordered the police to start criminal proceedings. Shekhawat petitioned the courts seeking dismissal of charges of abettingDhage's suicide. Two lower courts turned down this plea and by June 2007 the issue was pending in the Bombay High Court. A judge at that court dismissed the charges against Shekhawat in 2009 on the grounds thatthere was no proof of direct involvement, although one of his co-accused remained subject to the proceedings.In 2009, a court ruled that Shekhawat had colluded with five relatives and local officials to illegally transferinto his ownership 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of land in Chandrapur belonging to a Dalit farmer. This was one of several allegations of corruption and irregularities to emerge during Patil's presidency in relation to her and herfamily.First Gentleman of Rajasthan (2004–2007)Upon Shekhawat's wife's succession as governor of Rajasthan, he moved into Raj Bhavan, Jaipur succeeding as the first gentleman of Rajasthan for 3 years.FirstGentleman of India (2007–2012)On 25 July 2007 Shekhawat became the first first gentleman of India upon his wife's succession as the twelfth — and first woman — President of India for a full five-yearterm.DeathShekhawat died on 24 February 2023 at the age of 89.Passage 6:Periyar E. V. RamasamyErode Venkatappa Ramasamy (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), revered as Periyar or Thanthai Periyar,was an Indian social activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian movement'. He rebelled against Brahminical dominance andgender and caste inequality in Tamil Nadu. Since 2021, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birth anniversary as 'Social Justice Day'.Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, but resigned in1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of Brahmins. He questioned the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed anddiscriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. He declared his political/social views to be \"no god; no religion; no Gandhi; no Congress; and no brahmins.\"In 1924, Ramasamy participated innon-violent agitation (satyagraha) in Vaikom, Travancore. From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of British Malaya, Europe, and Soviet Union which influenced him. In 1939, Ramasamy became the head of theJustice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam. The party later split with one group led by C. N. Annadurai forming the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While continuing theSelf-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (land of the Dravidians).Ramasamy promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed theexploitation and marginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India.BiographyEarly yearsErode Venkata Ramasamy was born on 17September 1879 to a Kannada Balija merchant family in Erode, then a part of the Coimbatore district of the Madras Presidency. Ramasamy's father was Venkatappa Nayakar (or Venkata), and his mother Chinnathyee,Muthammal was a Tamilian. He had one elder brother named Krishnaswamy and two sisters named Kannamma and Ponnuthoy. He later came to be known as \"Periyar\" meaning 'respected one' or 'elder' in theTamil.Ramasamy married when he was 19, and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife, Nagammai, died in 1933. Ramasamy married for a second time in July 1948. His second wife, Maniammai,continued Ramasamy's social work after his death in 1973, and his ideas then were advocated by Dravidar Kazhagam.In 1929, Ramasamy announced the deletion of his caste title Naicker from his name at the FirstProvincial Self-Respect Conference of Chengalpattu. He could speak three Dravidian languages: Kannada,Telugu and Tamil. Ramasamy attended school for five years after which he joined his father's trade at the age of12. He used to listen to Tamil Vaishnavite gurus who gave discourses in his house enjoying his father's hospitality. At a young age, he began questioning the apparent contradictions in the Hindu mythological stories. AsRamasamy grew, he felt that people used religion only as a mask to deceive innocent people and therefore took it as one of his duties in life to warn people against superstitions and priests.Kashi Pilgrimage IncidentIn1904, Ramasamy went on a pilgrimage to Kashi to visit the revered Shiva temple of Kashi Vishwanath. Though regarded as one of the holiest sites of Hinduism, he witnessed immoral activities such as begging, andfloating dead bodies. His frustrations extended to functional Hinduism in general when he experienced what he called Brahmanic exploitation.However, one particular incident in Kasi had a profound impact onRamasamy's ideology and future work. At the worship site there were free meals offered to guests. To Ramasamy's shock, he was refused meals at choultries, which exclusively fed Brahmins. Due to extreme hunger,Ramasamy felt compelled to enter one of the eateries disguised as a Brahmin with a sacred thread on his bare chest, but was betrayed by his moustache. The gatekeeper at the temple concluded that Ramasamy wasnot a Brahmin, as Brahmins were not permitted by the Hindu shastras to have moustaches. He not only prevented Ramasamy's entry but also pushed him rudely into the street.As his hunger became intolerable,Ramasamy was forced to feed on leftovers from the streets. Around this time, he realised that the eatery which had refused him entry was built by a wealthy non-Brahmin from South India. This discriminatory attitudedealt a blow to Ramasamy's regard for Hinduism, for the events he had witnessed at Kasi were completely different from the picture of Kasi he had in mind, as a holy place which welcomed all. Ramasamy was a theistuntil his visit to Kasi, after which his views changed and he became an atheist.Member of Congress Party (1919–1925)Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 after quitting his business and resigningfrom public posts. He held the chairmanship of Erode Municipality and wholeheartedly undertook constructive programs spreading the use of Khadi, picketing toddy shops, boycotting shops selling foreign cloth, anderadicating untouchability. In 1921, Ramasamy courted imprisonment for picketing toddy shops in Erode. When his wife as well as his sister joined the agitation, it gained momentum, and the administration was forcedto come to a compromise. He was again arrested during the Non-Cooperation movement and the Temperance movement. In 1922, Ramasamy was elected the President of the Madras Presidency Congress Committeeduring the Tirupur session, where he advocated strongly for reservation in government jobs and education. His attempts were defeated in the Congress party due to discrimination and indifference, which led to hisleaving the party in 1925.Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925)Vaikom Satyagraha was a  nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited public environs of the Vaikom Temple in the Kingdom of Travancore by theCongress Party. Kingdom of Travancore was known for its rigid and oppressive caste system and hence Swami Vivekananda called Travancore a \"lunatic asylum\".In Vaikom, a small town in Kerala state, thenTravancore, there were strict laws of untouchability in and around the temple area. Dalits, also known as Harijans, were not allowed into the close streets around and leading to the temple, let alone inside it. Anti-castefeelings were growing and in 1924 Vaikom was chosen as a suitable place for an organised Satyagraha. Under his guidance a movement had already begun with the aim of giving all castes the right to enter the temples.Thus, agitations and demonstrations took place.Ramasamy  was invited to led the movement as he was the President of the Madras Presidency Congress.On 14 April, Ramasamy and his wife Nagamma arrived inVaikom. They were immediately arrested and imprisoned for participation.Ramasamy  and his followers continued to give support to the movement until it was withdrawn during which he was arrested again.The way inwhich the Vaikom Satyagraha events have been recorded provides a clue to the image of the respective organisers. In an article entitle Gandhi and Ambedkar, A Study in Leadership, Eleanor Zelliot relates the 'VaikomSatyagraha', including Gandhi's negotiations with the temple authorities in relation to the event. Furthermore, the editor of Ramasamy's Thoughts states that Brahmins purposely suppressed news about Ramasamy'sparticipation. A leading Congress magazine, Young India, in its extensive reports on Vaikom never mentions Ramasamy.After the intervention of Mahatma Gandhi, the agitation was given up and a compromise reachedwith Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi who released all those arrested and opened the north, south and west public roads leading to Vaikom Mahadeva Temple to all castes.She refused to open the eastern road.Thecompromise was criticized by Ramasamy. Only in 1936, after the Temple Entry Proclamation, was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the lower castes.In 1925 the Madras PresidencyCongress passed an unanimously resolution hailing Ramasamy  as Vaikom Veerar or Hero of Vaikom in the Kanchipuram Session.Self-Respect MovementRamasamy and his followers campaigned constantly to influenceand pressure the government to take measures to remove social inequality,(abolish untouchability, manual scavenging system etc.) even while other nationalist forerunners focused on the struggle for politicalindependence. The Self-Respect Movement was described from the beginning as \"dedicated to the goal of giving non-Brahmins a sense of pride based on their Dravidian past\".In 1952, the Ramasamy Self-RespectMovement Institution was registered with a list of objectives of the institution from which may be quoted as for the diffusion of useful knowledge of political education; to allow people to live a life of freedom fromslavery to anything against reason and self respect; to do away with needless customs, meaningless ceremonies, and blind superstitious beliefs in society; to put an end to the present social system in which caste,religion, community and traditional occupations based on the accident of birth, have chained the mass of the people and created \"superior\" and \"inferior\" classes... and to give people equal rights; to completelyeradicate untouchability and to establish a united society based on brother/sisterhood; to give equal rights to women; to prevent child marriages and marriages based on law favourable to one sect, to conduct andencourage love marriages, widow marriages, inter caste and inter-religious marriages and to have the marriages registered under the Civil Law; and to establish and maintain homes for orphans and widows and to runeducational institutions. Propagation of the philosophy of self respect became the full-time activity of Ramasamy since 1925. A Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu started in 1925, while the English journal Revolt started in 1928carried on the propaganda among the English educated people. The Self-Respect Movement began to grow fast and received the sympathy of the heads of the Justice Party from the beginning. In May 1929, aconference of Self-Respect Volunteers was held at Pattukkotai under the presidency of S. Guruswami. K.V. Alagiriswami took charge as the head of the volunteer band. Conferences followed in succession throughout theTamil districts of the former Madras Presidency. A training school in Self-Respect was opened at Erode, the home town of Ramasamy. The object was not just to introduce social reform but to bring about a socialrevolution to foster a new spirit and build a new society.International travel (1929–1932)Between 1929 and 1935, under the strain of the Great Depression, political thinking worldwide received a jolt from the spread ofinternational communism. Indian political parties, movements and considerable sections of leadership were also affected by inter-continental ideologies. The Self-Respect Movement also came under the influence of theleftist philosophies and institutions. Ramasamy, after establishing the Self-Respect Movement as an independent institution, began to look for ways to strengthen it politically and socially. To accomplish this, he studiedthe history and politics of different countries, and personally observed these systems at work.Ramasamy toured Malaya for a month, from December 1929 to January 1930, to propagate the self-respect philosophy.Embarking on his journey from Nagapattinam with his wife Nagammal and his followers, Ramasamy was received by 50,000 Tamil Malaysians in Penang. During the same month, he inaugurated the Tamils Conference,convened by the Tamils Reformatory Sangam in Ipoh, and then went to Singapore. In December 1931 he undertook a tour of Europe, accompanied by S. Ramanathan and Erode Ramu, to personally acquaint himselfwith their political systems, social movements, way of life, economic and social progress and administration of public bodies. He visited Egypt, Greece, Turkey, the Soviet Union, Germany, England, Spain, France andPortugal, staying in Russia for three months. On his return journey he halted at Ceylon and returned to India in November 1932.The tour shaped the political ideology of Ramasamy to achieve the social concept of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_115","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Margaret Clifford, Countess of DerbyMargaret Stanley, Countess of Derby (née Lady Margaret Clifford; 1540 – 28 September 1596) was the only surviving daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberlandand Lady Eleanor Brandon. Her maternal grandparents were Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Mary Tudor, Queen of France. Mary was the third daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.EarlylifeMargaret was born at Brougham Castle in 1540. Her mother died when she was seven and her father left court.Claim to the throneAccording to the will of Henry VIII, Margaret was in line to inherit the throne ofEngland. Upon the death of her mother, Margaret became seventh in line. However, both her cousins Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey died without issue, and their sister, her other cousin, Lady Catherine Grey, diedwithout the legitimacy of her two sons ever being proven (this was later established but only after the death of Elizabeth I). Margaret quickly moved up to becoming the first in line to the throne but died prior to thedeath of Elizabeth I.Marriage and familyIn 1552, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland suggested a marriage of his youngest son Guildford to Margaret, yet, although the proposal had the warm support of EdwardVI, her father was against it. A year later, in June 1553, the Imperial ambassador Jehan Scheyfve reported that Northumberland's brother Andrew Dudley would marry Margaret. The Dudleys were imprisoned whenMary I gained the throne.Margaret joined Mary's court and married Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby on 7 February 1555 in the Chapel Royal at Whitehall Palace. They had something of a stormy relationship. Margaretwrote that there were several \"breaches and reconciliations\", but that her husband finally left her leaving serious debt. In 1567, Lady Le Strange petitioned the Queen's advisor, William Cecil, for a financial settlementfrom her estranged husband.With whom she had at least four children:Edward Stanley. Died young.Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (c. 1559 – 16 April 1594).William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (c. 1561 – 29September 1642).Francis Stanley (b. 1562). Died young.She later married Thomas Fitzwilliam Le Strange, and in 1563 gave birth to a daughter Frances Jenison (née Le Strange) and possibly several otherchildren.Disgrace and deathIn 1579, Margaret was arrested after she had been heard discussing a proposed marriage of Queen Elizabeth to the Duke d'Alençon. She was opposed to it as it threatened her own possibleaccession to the crown. She was then accused of using sorcery to predict when Elizabeth would die, and even of planning to poison Elizabeth.Simply predicting the death of a monarch was a capital offence at the time.The countess was put under house arrest. She wrote to Francis Walsingham insisting on her innocence. She claimed that the accused sorcerer, William Randall, was in fact her physician, who was staying with herbecause he could cure \"sickness and weakness in my body\". Randall was subsequently executed. No charges were brought against the countess, but she was banished from court. She wrote repeatedly to the queencomplaining that she was in a \"black dungeon of sorrow and despair....overwhelmed with heaviness through the loss of your majesty's favour and gracious countenance.\" She continued to be plagued by demands fromcreditors.Margaret died in 1596 without having recovered royal favour, and having outlived her eldest son, Ferdinando. Her granddaughter, Lady Anne Stanley, Ferdinando's oldest daughter, inherited her claim.Elizabeth I was eventually succeeded by the genealogically senior claimant, James VI of Scotland.PortraitThere is a discrepancy as to who the sitter is in the Hans Eworth portrait which is featured. The coat of arms inthe top left corner, which may have been added later, are the impaled arms (those of a husband and wife) of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland, and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke ofSuffolk, and Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France. As a result, the painting has been frequently exhibited in the past as a portrait of Lady Eleanor, regardless of the fact that she died in 1547, well before the date ofthis portrait. It is, however, a rule of heraldry that impaled arms are not used by the children of a marriage, as they would have their own. Hence the later addition and erroneous use of the arms here suggests that theidentity of the portrait was already unclear only two or three generations after it was painted, a situation by no means unusual amid the frequent early deaths, multiple marriages, and shifting alliances and fortunes ofthe most powerful families of the Tudor era. Later the portrait was thought to represent the only child of Eleanor and Henry to survive infancy, Margaret. The inscription on the right which might have provided a check(Margaret would have been aged 25–28 at the time of this portrait) has been truncated; although the Roman numerals of the year can apply only to 1565–8, the age of the sitter cannot be ascertained with any usefulaccuracy.The National Portrait Gallery has an online sketch of this portrait identified as Lady Eleanor, but the portrait remains in dispute.Passage 2:Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 2nd Earl ofCumberland (1517 – January 1570) was a member of the Clifford family, seated at Skipton Castle from 1310 to 1676. His wife was Lady Eleanor Brandon, a niece of King Henry VIII.OriginsHenry was a son of HenryClifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland, by his wife, Margaret Percy, daughter of Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, and Catherine Spencer.AncestryHis maternal great-grandfather was Henry Percy, 4th Earl ofNorthumberland, whose wife was Maud Herbert, Countess of Northumberland. His maternal grandmother was a daughter of Sir Robert Spencer and Eleanor Beaufort. Eleanor was a daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2ndDuke of Somerset, and Eleanor Beauchamp. She was a granddaughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley. He served as hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland.Marriages andprogenyHenry Clifford married twice.Firstly, before June 1537, Henry married Lady Eleanor Brandon (she was his fourth-cousin through his mother's side), the second daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk,by his third wife, Mary Tudor, former Queen Consort of France. According to the Third Succession Act of 23 March 1544, Lady Eleanor Brandon was the seventh-in-line to the throne of the Kingdom of England. With herdeath, her daughter, Lady Margaret Clifford, took her place in the line of succession. The expenses of this alliance seriously impoverished Henry's estate and obliged him to alienate the great manor of Temedbury,Herefordshire, the oldest estate then remaining in the family. Eleanor was a younger sister of Henry Brandon (who died very young) and Lady Frances Brandon, and an older sister of Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln(named after their dead brother). Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and his queen consort, Elizabeth ofYork.  Following her death in 1547, Henry retired to the country and concentrated on increasing his paternal inheritance, and is said to have visited the court only thrice: at the coronation of Queen Mary I, on hisdaughter's marriage, and again soon after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. By his wife Eleanor Brandon, Henry had three children:Lady Margaret Clifford (1540 – 29 September 1596), wife of Henry Stanley, 4th Earlof Derby.Henry Clifford, died an infant.Charles Clifford, died an infant.Secondly, Henry married Anne Dacre (c. 1521 – July 1581), the daughter of William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre, and Lady Elizabeth Talbot, daughter ofGeorge Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, and Anne Hastings. Anne Hastings was a daughter of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Lady Katherine Neville. Lady Katherine Neville was a daughter of Richard Neville,5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury. By Anne Dacre, Henry had at least three children:George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland (8 August 1558 – 30 October 1605)Francis Clifford, 4thEarl of Cumberland (1559–1641)Lady Frances Clifford (d. 1592), wife of Philip Wharton, 3rd Baron Wharton.CareerIn July 1561 Henry and Lord Dacre, his father-in-law, were accused of protecting the popish priests inthe north. A similar charge was advanced in February 1562. He was in 1569 strongly opposed to the contemplated marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and readily promisedsupport to the great rebellion of that year. In May 1569 he was in London. As the year wore on he gave in his adherence to the scheme for proclaiming Mary queen of England; but when the critical moment arrived hedid not act with vigour, but as a 'crazed man, leaving his tenants to the leadership of Leonard Dacres'. He assisted Lord Scrope in fortifying Carlisle against the rebels. Henry is described by his daughter as having 'agood library,' being 'studious in all manner of learning, and much given to alchemy.'Death and burialHe died shortly after 8 January 1569–70, at Brougham Castle, and was buried at Skipton Castle.Passage 3:HenryClifford, 5th Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland (28 February 1592 – 11 December 1643) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1622. Hewas created a baron in 1628 and succeeded to the title Earl of Cumberland in 1641.Clifford was the son of Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland, and Grisold Hughes and a member of the Clifford family which held theseat of Skipton from 1310 to 1676. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1607, he became joint Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, Northumberland and Westmorland. He was elected Member of Parliament forWestmorland in 1614, and was returned in 1621. In 1621, he became Custos Rotulorum of Westmorland. He was created Baron Clifford in 1628.Clifford was a supporter of Charles I during the so-called Bishops' Wars inScotland, and also during the Civil War until his death. He succeeded to the title of Earl of Cumberland in 1641 and died two years later in 1643 at the age of 52; as he left no sons the earldom became extinct.Cliffordmarried Lady Frances Cecil (1593 – 14 February 1644), daughter of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Elizabeth Brooke on 25 July, 1610, at St Mary Abbots Church, Kensington. They had one child: Lady ElizabethClifford who married Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington.Passage 4:Eleanor Brandon, Countess of CumberlandEleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland (née Lady Eleanor Brandon; 1519 – 27 September 1547) was thethird child and second daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor, the Dowager Queen consort of France. She was a younger sister of Lady Frances Brandon and an elder sister of HenryBrandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln. She was also a younger paternal half-sister of Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon from her father's second marriage. After her mother's death in 1533, her father remarried toCatherine Willoughby and Eleanor became an elder half-sister of Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk.Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn.Her maternal grandparents were Henry VII of England and his queen consort Elizabeth of York. She was thus a niece of Henry VIII.Countess of CumberlandLady Eleanor was a descendant of a member of the Tudordynasty and therefore her marriage would advance the political ambitions of any given husband. In March 1533, a marriage contract was written up for Lady Eleanor and Henry Clifford, the eldest son and heir of HenryClifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland by Lady Margaret Percy. However, since her mother died nine months later, she waited to go and live with her young husband and in-laws. In anticipation of Eleanor's arrival, the Earl ofCumberland built two towers and the great gallery within Skipton Castle. Eleanor married Clifford in June 1535; her uncle King Henry VIII was present.In January 1536, Eleanor was designated the chief mourner for thefuneral service of Catherine of Aragon, first Queen consort of Henry VIII, at Peterborough Cathedral.There is not much known about her later life and she left only one letter:\"Dear heart, After my most heartycommendations, this shall be to certify you that since your departure from me I have been very sick and at this present my water is very red, whereby I suppose I have the jaundice and the ague both, for I have noneabide [no appetite for] meat and I have such pains in my side and towards my back as I had at Brougham, where it began with me first. Wherefore I desire you to help me to a physician and that this bearer my bringhim with him, for now in the beginning I trust I may have good remedy, and the longer it is delayed, the worse it will be. Also my sister Powys [Anne Brandon] is come to me and very desirous to see you, which I trustshall be the sooner at this time, and thus Jesus send us both health.At my lodge at Carlton, the 14th of February.And, dear heart, I pray you send for Dr Stephens, for he knoweth best my complexion for such causes.Byyour assured loving wife, Eleanor Cumberland\"IssueWith Henry Clifford:Lady Margaret Clifford (1540 - 28 September 1596); she married Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby.Henry Clifford; died an infant.Charles Clifford;died an infant.PortraitThere is a discrepancy as to who the sitter is in the Hans Eworth portrait which is featured. The coat of arms in the top left corner, which may have been added later, are the impaled arms (those ofa husband and wife) of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland, and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France. As a result, the painting has beenfrequently exhibited in the past as a portrait of Lady Eleanor, regardless of the fact that she died in 1547, well before the date of this portrait. It is, however, a rule of heraldry that impaled arms are not used by thechildren of a marriage, as they would have their own. Hence the later addition and erroneous use of the arms here suggests that the identity of the portrait was already unclear only two or three generations after it waspainted, a situation by no means unusual amid the frequent early deaths, multiple marriages, and shifting alliances and fortunes of the most powerful families of the Tudor era. Later the portrait was thought torepresent the only child of Eleanor and Henry to survive infancy, Margaret. Unfortunately the inscription on the right which might have provided a check (Margaret would have been aged 25–28 at the time of thisportrait) has been truncated; although the Roman numerals of the year can apply only to 1565-8, the age of the sitter cannot be ascertained with any useful accuracy. The National Portrait Gallery has an online sketchof this portrait identified as Lady Eleanor, but the portrait remains in dispute. There is, however, a portrait of Lady Eleanor featured at Skipton Castle. It is reportedly a very poor work of art, but nonethelessinteresting.Passage 5:Margaret Clifford, Countess of CumberlandMargaret Clifford (née Russell), Countess of Cumberland (7 July 1560 – 24 May 1616) was an English noblewoman and maid of honor to Elizabeth I. LadyMargaret was born in Exeter, England to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and Margaret St John.On 24 June 1577 she married George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland the son of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberlandand Anne Dacre. Her sister, Anne Russell, Countess of Warwick, was married to Ambrose Dudley, brother of Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester, and Anne too was a great literary patron and a close friend to QueenElizabeth I, attending her on her death bed.In 1603 she travelled from London with her daughter Lady Anne Clifford and the Countess of Warwick to join others greeting Anne of Denmark and Prince Henry at Dingley,the house of Thomas Griffin on 24 June. Afterwards they rode with Anne Vavasour (later Lady Warburton) through Coventry to see Princess Elizabeth at Coombe Abbey. At this time her husband was not maintainingher, and she wrote to Sir Robert Cecil asking for his intervention so that she could buy suitable clothes to \"furnish her self\" to attend the new queen. The royal couple were entertained at Grafton Regis by her husband.Although the Countess was present, according to her daughter, she was marginalised, \"not held as mistress of the house\".She was a patron of the poet Emilia Lanier.In 1593, Lady Margaret Russell founded BeamsleyHospital, an almshouse for local widows. She was interested in physic and alchemy, and had an alchemical recipe book compiled for her.She died at Brougham Castle, on 24 May 1616.The tomb of the Countess is at StLawrence's Church, Appleby along with that of her daughter, Lady Anne Clifford. Lady Anne Clifford built the Countess Pillar to commemorate her.ChildrenFrancis Clifford (1584 – 8 December 1589)Robert Clifford (21September 1585 – 24 May 1591)Lady Anne Clifford (30 January 1590 – 22 March 1676), who married Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, and secondly Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of PembrokeLady Margaret Clifford (29March 1594 - 4 February 1647)Passage 6:Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of AilesburyThomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury (later styled Aylesbury) and 3rd Earl of Elgin (1656 – 16 December 1741), styled Lord Bruce between1663 and 1685, was an English politician and memoirist. He was the son of Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin, and Lady Diana Grey. His maternal grandparents were Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, and Lady Anne Cecil,daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter. His Memoirs, which were not published until long after his death, are a valuable source for English history in the last quarter of the seventeenth century.Early lifeLord Brucewas elected member of parliament for Marlborough between 1679 and 1681, and for Wiltshire in 1685. He became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in 1676. From 1685, when he inherited the earldom, to 1688, he wasa Lord of the Bedchamber, Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire (the latter in the absence of the Earl of Sandwich) and was a Page of Honour, at the coronation of King James II on 23 April 1685. He wasdevoted to Charles II, who remarked on his deathbed \"I see you love me dying as well as living\"; Bruce wrote later of Charles' death that \"Thus ended my happy days at a Court, and to this hour I bewail my loss\". Healso admired Charles's brother and successor James II, though he was not blind to his faults as a ruler.FamilyHe married, firstly, Lady Elizabeth Seymour, daughter of Henry Seymour, Lord Beauchamp and Mary Capelland granddaughter of William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, on 31 August 1676. She died in 1697 in premature childbirth, apparently brought on by a false report that her husband had been executed for treason.They had three children:Robert Bruce, Lord Bruce (1679–1685)Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin (1682–1747)Lady Elizabeth Bruce (1689–1745), married George Brudenell, 3rd Earl of Cardigan and had issue.He married,secondly, Charlotte d'Argenteau, comtesse d'Esneux, in Brussels (St Jacques sur Coudenberg) on 27 April 1700. They had one daughter:Lady Marie Thérèse Bruce (1704–1736), married Prince Maximilian Emmanuel ofHornes and had issue.Later lifeHe was one of only four peers who continued to support James II after the Prince of Orange embarked for England. On 18 December 1688 he accompanied King James to Rochester whenhe fled London. Elgin himself chose to remain in England; he was prepared in the short term to offer his support to the new regime, although his loyalty to it was always deeply suspect.In May 1695, Lord Elgin wasaccused, almost certainly with good reason, of having conspired to plan the restoration of King James II and in February 1696 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but admitted to bail a year later and allowed toleave England for Brussels. After more than 40 years in exile, he died in Brussels and was buried there. Some historians have accused him of double-dealing in swearing allegiance to William III while plotting therestoration of James; others argue that his true loyalty was to the institution of the monarchy, and that he supported whichever monarch seemed best fitted to rule at any given time. William III clearly did not regardhim as a dangerous character, as shown by the fact that he was left in peace once he fled from England; he was fortunate in having a great many friends and very few enemies. It seems that from about 1710 he wasfree to return to England, but he was by then happily settled in Brussels, where he had made a second marriage for love to Charlotte, comtesse d'Esneux, and, since he was able to draw at least part of the revenue from"}
{"doc_id":"doc_116","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a free blackfamily; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able topurchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794),Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She tookher position seriously, and stated that the title \"given to her by the nation\" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-SouciPalace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of hisfather, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse;after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her hisprotection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters,especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham,and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties. TheEnglish climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where theylived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers whowanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino. A historical marker was installedin front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 2:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena ofDenmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royalfamily of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed toGustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen ofSweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arrangedmarriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalenawas of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quietsurroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincessSophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was the second child and first daughter of CrownPrince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received her own royal household at birth.Just onemonth after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death ofher elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She was therefore often referred to as CrownPrincess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage was arrangedby the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relationsfollowing the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated bythe Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominantpersonality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strictand religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother andher stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In 1760, the betrothal was again broughtup by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purelyformal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by CarlGustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement. However, the Swedish public was veryfavorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view wassupported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark wasalso eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at thispoint eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officiallycelebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charlesand added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince ofDenmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and theSwedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as CrownPrince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: \"Watch out, Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topicof gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and shecontinued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for theSwedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, how beautiful she is!\", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that shehad a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.SophiaMagdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment in the society life. Being of areserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassedher in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged adistance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous.Sophia Magdalena was known to be popular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, whileLouisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats. The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, and officially demonstrated their support. Sophia Magdalena wasadvised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters from the Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, theQueen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queen encouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home.This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship. In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile the couple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriageremained unconsummated.After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden. The following year, on 29 May, Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen.Early reign as QueenThecoronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772. She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolute monarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates inthe revolution of 1772. At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, who painted her as pro-Danish. Denmark was presumed to opposethe coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark.Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herself pleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, forwhom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat. The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the sympathies were on her side. In the contemporary paper DagligtAllehanda, a fable was presented about Rävinnan och Turturduvan (\"The She Fox and the Turtle Dove\"). The fable was about the innocent turtle dove (Sophia Magdalena) who was slandered by the wicked she fox(Louisa Ulrika), who was supported by the second she fox (Anna Maria Hjärne) and the other foxes (the nobility). The fable was believed to have been sent from the Caps party.Queen Sophia Magdalena was of a shyand reserved character, and was never a member of the King's inner circle. At the famous amateur court theater of Gustav III, Sophia Magdalena is occasionally named as participator in the documents. In 1777, forexample, she dressed as an Italian sailor and participated in a battle between Italian and Spanish sailors. Usually it was rather her role to act as the passive lady of games and tournaments, and to decorate the winnerwith the award. She did her ceremonial duties, but disliked the vivid lifestyle of the court around her outgoing spouse.As queen, she was expected to do a great deal of representation – more than what had beenexpected from previous queens due to her husband's adoration of representation. On formal occasions, she was at her best: she performed beautifully according to royal court etiquette, and was seen as dignified andimpressive. For instance, on 17 September 1784, she cut the cord to let off the first air balloons from the Stockholm observatory. During the King's Italian journey in 1783–84, she hosted a grand formal public dinnerevery two weeks. During that time, she appeared at the Royal Swedish Opera and at the French Theater, but otherwise preferred her solitude. This attracted attention as during the absence of the King she had beenexpected to represent the royal couple all the more.Sophia appeared to have enjoyed nature trips in the country side with only one lady-in-waiting and two footmen, however, her country side visitations were stoppedbecause it was deemed 'unsuitable'. Several of her ladies-in-waiting were well known Swedish women of the era, among them The Three Graces: Augusta von Fersen, Ulla von Höpken and Lovisa Meijerfelt, as well asMarianne Ehrenström and Charlotta Cedercreutz, who were known artists.Sophia Magdalena was a popular Queen: on 22 July 1788, for example, during the absence of her spouse in Finland, several members of theRoyal Dramatic Theater and the musical society Augustibröder, among them Bellman, took a spontaneous trip by boat from the capital to Ulriksdal Palace, where she was, and performed a poem by Bellman to her honorat the occasion of her name day.In the famous diary of her sister-in-law, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, Sophia Magdalena is described as beautiful, cold, silent and haughty, very polite and formal, reserved andunsociable. When she performed her duties as Queen, her sister-in-law, Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, described her as \"Forced to meet people\".Sophia Magdalena preferred to spend her days insolitude whenever she could. She had two very intimate friends, Maria Aurora Uggla and Baroness Virginia Charlotta Manderström, but otherwise rarely participated in any social life outside of what was absolutelynecessary to perform her representational  duties. She frequently visited the theater, and she also had a great interest for fashion. As a result of this, she was somewhat criticized for being too vain: even when she hadno representational duties to dress up for and spend her days alone in her rooms, she is said to have changed costumes several times daily, and according her chamberlain Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, she never passed amirror without studying herself in it. She was also interested in literature, and educated herself in various subjects: her library contained works about geography, genealogy and history. She educated herself in Swedish,English, German and Italian, and regularly read French magazines. According to Augusta von Fersen, Sophia Magdalena was quite educated, but she was not perceived as such because she rarely engaged inconversation.In 1784, after the King had returned from his trip to Italy and France, the relationship between the King and Queen soured. At this time, Gustav III spent more and more time with male favorites. In 1786,this came to an open conflict. The King had taken to spend more time at intimate evenings with his favorite Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, from which he excluded her company. When he gave some of her rooms at the RoyalPalace to Armfelt, Sophia Magdalena refused to participate in any representation until the rooms were given back to her, and she also banned her ladies-in-waiting from accepting his invitations without herpermission.In 1787, she threatened him with asking for the support of the parliament against him if he took their son with him to Finland, which she opposed, and the year after, she successfully prevented him fromdoing so. She also reprimanded him from allowing his male favorites to slander her before him.Queen Sophia Magdalena was never involved in politics, except for one on one occasion. In August 1788, during theRusso-Swedish War (1788–1790), the King gave her the task to enter in negotiations with Denmark to prevent a declaration of war from Denmark during the ongoing war against Russia. He asked her to call upon theDanish ambassador Reventlow and give him a letter to be read in the Danish royal council before her brother, the Danish King. He gave her the freedom to write as she wished, but to use the argument that she spokeas a sister and mother to a son with the right to the Danish throne and upon her own initiative.Sophia Magdalena called upon the Danish ambassador, held a speech to him followed by a long conversation and thenhanded him a letter written as a \"warm appeal\" to her brother. A copy was sent to Gustav III, and her letter was read in the royal Danish council, where it reportedly made a good impression. However, her mission wasstill unsuccessful, as the Russo-Danish alliance made it unavoidable for Denmark to declare war shortly afterward. At the time, there was a note that she met two Russian prisoners of war in the park of the Haga Palace,and gave them 100 kronor each.At the parliament of 1789 Gustav III united the other estates against the nobility and to gain support for the war and for his constitutional reform. Coming into conflict with the nobility,he had many of its representatives imprisoned. This act led to a social boycott of the monarch by the female members of the aristocracy, who followed the example of Jeanna von Lantingshausen as well as the King'ssister and sister-in-law, Sophie Albertine of Sweden and Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte. The Queen did not participate in this political demonstration and refused to allow any talk of politics in her presence. She wasnevertheless involved in the conflict. When the King informed his son about the event, he discovered the child to be already informed in other ways than what he had intended. He suspected Sophia Magdalena to beresponsible, and asked the governor of the prince, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, to speak to her. Gyldenstolpe, however, sent one of the king's favorites, Baron Erik Boye. The Queen, who despised the favorites of the King,furiously told Boye that she spoke to her son how she wished and that only her contempt for him prevented her from having him thrown out of the window. She was known to dislike the reforms of 1789, and she did let"}
{"doc_id":"doc_117","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Charles James Irwin Grant, 6th Baron de LongueuilCharles James Irwin Grant, only son of Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil and Caroline Coffin, was born in Montreal on 1 April 1815. He servedin the 79th Regiment as a lieutenant for a while. He later married Henriet Colmore, from whom he fathered two sons (Alexander Frederick, died age 2 and Charles Colmore) as well as a daughter. His wife Henriet died in1847 and he remarried in Charleston, South Carolina on 18 January 1849 to Anne Trapman, second daughter of Louis Trapman, a consul. He had many children from this union including Reginald Charles and JohnCharles Moore. He died on 26 February 1879 at age 63.AncestryPassage 2:James BillmyerJames Irwin Billmyer (May 14, 1897 - July 9, 1989) was an American modern painter and illustrator.Early yearsJames Billmyerwas born in Union Bridge, Maryland and received his BA from Western Maryland College. He continued his studies at the National Academy of Design, Beaux Arts, the Art Students’ League, Cooper Union, MarylandInstitute, Baltimore Charcoal Club, and Baltimore Grand Central School of Art.Some of his influential teachers included John Sloan, George Luks, Frank Vincent Dumond, George Bridgeman, William De Leftwüch Dodge,Dean Cornwell, and Harvey Dunn.Billnyer was involved with the commercial art of periodicals and advertising, working as an illustrator for magazines such as “Cosmopolitan”, “Family Circle”, “House and Garden”,“Ladies Home Journal”, “Parents Magazine”, and Collier’s \"Good Housekeeping”.  In 1931, he became a member of the American Society of Illustrators.WorkBillmyer travelled extensively in Latin and Central America,Canada, the Near East, and Europe, exploring the history and cultures of these locations, which ultimately impacts his work. In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a part of the 10th Street galleries scene. For twelve years,he studied plastics under the tutelage of Hans Hofmann in New York and Provincetown.  Hofmann showed him the importance of objects moved out from the canvas and resolved back into it.  This type of painting thatdeals with multiple rhythms, colors, and angles, offers viewers a higher-dimensional experience. Billmyer has created patterns in and out of divided planes that go in independent directions before receding back into thecanvas, which is his unique adaption of Hofmann’s methods. Many of his patterns and forms appear in the film “The Hypercube: Projections and Slicing.” Billmyer has taught and lectured at the New York School ofInterior Design, The Hudson River School, Spellman College, Miami Art Center,  the Naskeay School, Maine, and his own New York School.Passage 3:John Charles Moore Grant, 9th Baron de LongueuilJohn CharlesMoore de Bienville Grant, 9th Baron de Longueuil was born in 1861 at Bath, Somerset. He was the son of Charles James Irwin Grant and Anne Marie Catherine Trapman. He succeeded to the title of Baron de Longueuilon 3 August 1931. He died on 17 October 1935 at Pau, France.AncestryPassage 4:Charlie PartridgeCharles James Partridge (born December 7, 1973) is an American college football coach. He is the assistant headfootball coach and defensive line coach at the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 2018. Partridge served as the head football coach at Florida Atlantic University from 2014 to 2016.Playing careerAnative of Plantation, Florida, Partridge attended Drake University, where he was a team captain of the football team. Later he also attended Iowa State University.Coaching careerPartridge's first coaching experience wasas a graduate assistant with the Drake Bulldogs and the Iowa State Cyclones. From there he became the defensive line coach of the Eastern Illinois Panthers. Partridge served as defensive line coach, linebackers coach,and special teams coordinator of the Pitt Panthers for five seasons before joining the Wisconsin Badgers. He was named co-defensive coordinator at Wisconsin in January 2011. On December 15, 2012 the University ofArkansas announced the hiring of Partridge as the defensive line coach. Partridge was widely credited as Wisconsin's lead recruiter in the state of Florida, and helped land five-star running back Alex Collins for theRazorbacks in his first two months on the job. Partridge followed former Wisconsin Badgers head coach Bret Bielema to Arkansas.Partridge was hired as the head coach at Florida Atlantic on December 16, 2013. He wasfired on November 27, 2016.On February 14, 2017 Partridge was announced as the defensive line coach at Pittsburgh.Personal lifePartridge is married with two children.Head coaching recordPassage 5:Charles WilliamGrant, 5th Baron de LongueuilCharles William Grant was born in 1782. He was the son of Captain David Alexander Grant and Marie-Charles-Joseph Le Moyne, Baronne de Longueuil. He served during the War of 1812 asLieutenant Colonel of the Boucherville militia battalion and as a staff officer. He was taken prisoner by the Americans on 8 December 1813, and was held hostage in Worcester, Massachusetts. He married Caroline Coffin,daughter of General John Coffin and Anne Mathews, on 21 May 1814. He became a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He succeeded to the title of Baron de Longueuil on 17 January 1841. He died on 5July 1848 at his residence of Alwington House in Kingston.AncestryPassage 6:Charles James (footballer)Charles James (1882–1960) was an English footballer who played for Stoke.CareerJames was born inStoke-upon-Trent and played for amateur side Halmerend before joining Stoke in 1908. He became a bit-part player for Stoke in this three seasons there making a modest 13 appearances. He later worked at theFlorence Colliery and also played for the works football team.Career statisticsPassage 7:Anthony Robinson (Unitarian)Anthony Robinson (1762–1827) was an English Unitarian minister and friend of Charles JamesFox.LifeRobinson was born in January 1762 at Kirkland near Wigton in Cumberland.  He was educated at Bristol Baptist Academy, under James Newton (1733-1790).  Robinson was baptized at The Pithay Meeting,Bristol, in 1784.  He became a minister, at the General Baptist Church, Glasshouse Yard, Worship Street, London.  About 1790, having succeeded to his father's estate, he retired to Wigan.  About 1796, he returned toLondon, where he became a successful sugar refiner.Robinson had an influential circle of acquaintance, including Joseph Priestley, William Belsham, and Henry Crabb Robinson.He died in Hatton Garden, 20 January1827, and was buried in the Worship Street Baptist churchyard.FamilyRobinson's son Anthony, who disappeared in 1824, is alleged one of the victims of Burke and Hare.PublicationsA Short History of the Persecution ofChristians by Jews, Heathens, and Christians (Carlisle, 1793)A View of the Causes and Consequences of English Wars (London, 1798)An Examination of a Sermon preached at Cambridge by Robert Hall on ModernInfidelity (London, 1800)Passage 8:Jonnie IrwinJonathan James Irwin (born 18 November 1973) is an English television presenter, writer, lecturer, business and property expert.Early lifeIrwin grew up on a small farm inthe village of Bitteswell, Leicestershire. Irwin was educated at Lutterworth Grammar School and Community College. He obtained a degree from Birmingham City University in estate management.He is of Irishdescent.CareerIrwin worked for business transfer specialists Christie & Co, becoming an associate director within three years, before going on to work for Colliers International.In 2004, Irwin was selected from hundredsof applicants along with co-presenter Jasmine Harman to present Channel 4's show A Place in the Sun – Home or Away, and has filmed over 200 episodes all around Britain. The programme is also broadcast daily onMore4, Discovery Real Time and Discovery Travel & Living, as well as channels throughout Europe and the rest of the world, including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. In 2022 Irwin accused A Place in the Sunproducers of axing him as presenter after 18 years due to a cancer diagnosis, leaving his mood “really low.”Irwin also presents episodes of BBC property shows Escape to the Country and To Buy or Not to Buy. Irwin hasalso presented the spin-off to Escape to the Country, Escape to the Perfect Town. In January 2011, Sky 1 broadcast Irwin's own show called Dream Lives for Sale, which saw him help people leave behind their lives inthe UK and buy a business. In late 2011 he began a new series, The Renovation Game, which aired on weekday mornings on Channel 4.Over the past ten years, Irwin has advised clients on business and property,ranging from small high street gift shops to multimillion pound corporate hotel packages. He still runs a property and business consultancy.Irwin writes a regular column for A Place in the Sun magazine. He appears at APlace in the Sun Live giving presentations on his tips for buying property abroad. Irwin also regularly hosts seminars and corporate events.Personal lifeIrwin is a keen sportsman. He played rugby for Lutterworth RFCand then for Rugby Lions RFC, until an accident in a sevens tournament in which he broke his back and subsequently retired.Irwin married Jessica Holmes in September 2016. Together they have three sons. Rex born2018 and twin sons Rafa and Cormac born 2020. Irwin and his family moved to the Hertfordshire town of Berkhamsted in 2018 and then to the Newcastle upon Tyne area.Health and illnessIn November 2022, Irwinshared that he had terminal lung cancer, after being diagnosed in 2020. In an interview with Hello!, Irwin said, \"I don't know how long I have left, but I try to stay positive and my attitude is that I'm living with cancer,not dying from it. I set little markers – things I want to be around for [...] I'm doing everything I can to hold that day off for as long as possible. I owe that to Jess and our boys. Some people in my position have bucketlists, but I just want us to do as much as we can as a family.\"Passage 9:Charles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de LongueuilCharles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de Longueuil was the son of Charles James Irwin Grant, 6thBaron de Longueuil and Harriet Cregoe-Colmore. He was born on 13 April 1844 at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. In 1878, he married Mary Wayne, daughter of Thomas Wayne. In 1880, he claimed a royalrecognition of his right to the barony of Longueuil. By the treaty of Quebec the sovereignty of Canada passed from the Kings of France to the Kings of Great Britain but with the reservation that all rights and privileges\"of what kind soever\" should be reserved and secured to all individuals of French descent to which they had been entitled under the previous regime. Queen Victoria was graciously pleased to recognise the claim ofCharles Colmore Grant to the title of Baron de Longueuil. He died on 13 December 1898 at age 54 at New York City. He was without issue and his half-brother Reginald Charles succeeded him.Passage 10:HenryKrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He playedcollege football at St. Louis University."}
{"doc_id":"doc_118","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of NorfolkThomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG (22 March 1366 – 22 September 1399) was an English peer. As a result of his involvement in the power struggles whichled up to the fall of King Richard II, he was banished and died in exile in Venice.Background and youthThe Mowbrays were an old family in the English peerage, having been first raised to the baronage in 1295. Severaladvantageous marriages, combined with loyal service to the crown and rewards from it made them, by the late 14th century, a great political standing. Thomas was the son of John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray andhis wife Elizabeth Segrave, the daughter and heiress of John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave by his wife Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, daughter and heiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk,  the fifth son of KingEdward I.Thomas Mowbray was born in 1366; the precise date is unknown. He was probably named after the cult of St Thomas Becket, of which his mother was a follower. His elder brother John was their father's heir;he died in 1368. Four years later, they became the ward of their great-aunt, Blanche of Lancaster. John was created Earl of Nottingham on the coronation of King Richard II in 1377, but died in early 1383. Almostimmediately—within a few days—the earldom was re-granted to Thomas, and even though he was still legally a minor, he was allowed seisin of his patrimony and the comital penny.Political backgroundRichard IIsucceeded to the throne in 1377 on the death of his grandfather, Edward III, but his unpopularity had been growing since Richard's suppression of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. He was increasingly criticised for hispatronage of a few select royal favourites, to an extent that has been described as \"lavish to the point of foolishness\" by a biographer, historian Anthony Tuck. Parliament was also coming to the view that the Kingneeded to rule as economically as possible, and they observed with displeasure the King's distribution of extravagant patronage to a limited circle, the greatest recipient of which was Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk.Furthermore, the Hundred Years' War was going poorly for England. Several expeditions had left for France in the early years of Richard's reign to defend English territory, but they were almost all military and politicalfailures.As a second son, little is recorded of Mowbray's youth, although his background and status \"virtually guaranteed him a place at court\", says Saul. The King and Mowbray had probably been childhood friends, andwas a royal favourite from at least 1382, when he was granted hunting rights in certain royal forests and was knighted. It was around this time that Bolingbroke began to fall out of favour with the King, with Mowbraysupplanting him. Mowbray also married the ten-year-old Lady Elizabeth Lestrange, heiress of John, Lord Blakemere, whose marriage cost the King around £1000. Elizabeth died in 1383, not long after thewedding.Career to 1390Mowbray remained high in royal favour following the death of his wife, and he was elected to the Order of the Garter in October the same year, even though he was militarily unproven. The Kinggranted him grace and favour rooms at the royal palaces of Eltham and Kings Langley. Reflecting his role as an important courtier, Mowbray accompanied Richard on his tour of East Anglia in 1383. His closeness to theKing drew the opprobrium of the King's uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster—probably the most powerful man in the Kingdom after the King—upon him. Gaunt accused Mowbray, along with Robert, Earl of Oxfordand William, Earl of Salisbury of plotting against the King. Gaunt himself was becoming increasingly unpopular and had withdrawn from the council. As a result, says the chronicler Thomas Walsingham, Mowbray, deVere and Montacute plotted to kill the duke in February 1385. The King held jousts between the 13th and 14th of the month, and Gaunt's murder was to be committed on the 14th; it is possible that Richard did notdisapprove, such had relations between him and his uncle broken down. Originally, this had been over foreign policy; Gaunt favoured a restoration of the war with France, while Richard was keen to invade ScotlandGaunt had also recently told Richard that he viewed the King's advisors as \"unsavoury\", and Mowbray and his friends deliberately exacerbated the two men's antagonism by proffering a series of accusations against theduke. Gaunt received a forewarning of the attack, however, and fled in the night.On 30 June 1385—as the royal army was about to leave for Scotland—Mowbray received his great-grandfather's office of Marshal ofEngland, although he could not have foreseen this eventuality as at the time the campaign was announced the marshalcy was possessed by the Earl of Kent. Mowbray led a force of 99 men-at-arms and 150 archers,serving with Gaunt in the vanguard. Mowbray helped draw up the King's ordinances for the campaign when the royal army reached Durham, although by now, suggests Given-Wilson, Mowbray's relations with Richard\"may have been cooling\". Less than a year after his first wife's death, Mowbray married Elizabeth Fitzalan. Elizabeth was a daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, and, although the King attended their wedding and theweek-long festivities accompanying it, it is unlikely that the marriage was popular with Richard. His second marriage must have been a turning point. Richard doubtless saw Arundel as a negative influence on Mowbrayand feared the strengthening of the earl's position against him. Mowbray and Elizabeth had also wed without his permission, and so the King distrained Mowbray's estates until he had received the value of the license.Tuck argues, in fact, that \"nor was the king's concern unfounded\"; Mowbray had been increasingly isolated at court by the King's latest favourites, such as Oxford, and had moved into the circle of those who opposedthe new royal intimates, perhaps seeing them as the best way to dispose of his rival. This circle also included not only Richard's father-in-law but his uncle, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester. In a sign that Mowbray was notcompletely out of favour, Elizabeth received her robes as a Lady of the Garter in 1386.Both men had played an important role in parliament's attack on Richard's chancellor, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk at theWonderful Parliament of 1386. The Wonderful Parliament had taken place against a backdrop of genuine fear of a French invasion—Walsingham described how Londoners, in his view, like \"timid mice they scurried hitherand thither—and Arundel had been appointed Admiral of England. In March the following year he, in turn, appointed Mowbray his deputy, and they took a fleet out of Margate and encountered a French-Flemish fleetalmost immediately. The result was its crushing defeat. Between 50 and 100 French-Flemish ships were captured or destroyed. The King was unimpressed. When Arundel and Mowbray returned to court, Richard coollyclaimed they had only defeated merchants, and Oxford turned his back on the earls.AppellantFor most of the 1380s, Mowbray received what he doubtless considered his due from the King, in lands, offices and grants.But by 1387 he became increasingly estranged from Richard's court. The main reason for this was probably jealousy of de Vere. While he was wealthy enough not to have to rely on royal favour, as de Vere did, heexpected the honour and dignity that his birth and status demanded. This he saw increasingly syphoned off to his rival. Although the Wonderful Parliament had set up a commission to effectively restrain the King, itfailed so to do. Richard emasculated the commission by leaving London straight away, and not only ignored its deliberations but his own councils in the provinces. He also took legal advice from his judges who,unsurprisingly, found in his favour that those responsible for parliament's treatment of the King should be deemed traitors. In response, Mowbray joined Bolingbroke, Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick in appealingseveral of the King's friends, including Oxford, of treason, and raised an army at Hornsey, north of London. The Appellants' army engaged Oxford's at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, inflicting a crushing defeat on theroyalists in December. Mowbray did not take part, as he was guarding the road back to the West Midlandsl at Moreton in Marsh, although he may have sent a portion of his retinue to the Appellant army.Mowbrayappears to have been responsible for dissuading Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick from marching to London and deposing the King. Indeed, he and Bolingbroke may have been a moderating influence on the others.Converseley, due to his position as Earl Marshal—one of the two heads of the Court of Chivalry—his presence with the Appellants enabled them to frame their offensive juridically rather than as a traditional noblerebellion. He was one of the group that attended Richard in the Tower of London—with arms linked—on 30 December and accused the King of treachery towards them. They also demanded Richard order the arrest ofthe appellees; Walsingham reports that he only agreed to do so on being threatened, once again, with deposition. The King attempted to divide Mowbray from his colleagues, asking him to stay behind when the otherswere ready to leave.  With the King now under their control, Mowbray and the Appellants called parliament for early 1388. This session became known as the Merciless Parliament on account of the vengeance it laid onthe King's closest supporters. with Mowbray overseeing the executions with \"the aid and authority of the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of London\". Mowbray was to take the condemned to the Tower and \"‘from theredrag him through the city of London as far as the gallows at Tyburn, and there hang him by the neck\".Rapprochment with the KingFor his part, there are signs that Mowbray was becoming dissatisfied with his comradesthrough the course of the parliament, which Tuck suggests was because Mowbray was \"never as committed to the destruction of the court faction as Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick\". Given-Wilson suggests thatincluding Mowbray by the Appellants broadened their base among the nobility, by virtue of his having had less acrimonious relations with the King, but also weakened them as a body by diluting their grievances. Asindicated by Mowbray's dispute with Warwick over the Gower lordship, they were already \"shot through with personal and political differences\" as it was. Tuck suggests that, while Mowbray seems able to havestomached the convictions of the others, \"the real rift occurred over the question of Sir Simon Burley's fate\". Gloucester and Warwick accused him of exercising undue influence over Richard; Burley, theunder-chamberlain, had been tutor to the King, who wanted to save him. Mowbray and Bolingbroke agreed, but to no avail, and in May 1388 Burley was hanged at Tyburn. Mowbray was loyal to the King and court.Earlyindications of Mowbray's return to favour with the came in early 1389 when he had his estates restored to him and was pardoned for having married without the King's licence. In March he was appointed warden of theEast March and castellan of Berwick Castle, receiving wages of £6,000 in peacetime and twice that in time of war. His appointment was not a success; he alienated the traditional lord of the north, Henry Percy, Earl ofNorthumberland, who retired to court. Mowbray held no lands in the north and had few contacts among the gentry, upon whom he needed to rely to raise his army. Mowbray's tenure in the East March was effectivelydisabled from the start; Mowbray's ineffectiveness to highlighted in June that year, when a Scottish incursion ravaged the north of England and, facing little opposition, went as far south as Tynemouth. Mowbray, theWestminster Chronicle reports, refused the Scottish offer of a pitched battle and retreated to Berwick Castle.The King regained sole control of government around in May 1389, and Mowbray attended a royal councilmeeting in Clarendon Palace that September, demonstrating the gulf that existed by then between him and his ex-comrades. At another meeting the following month the King attempted to increase Mowbray'sremuneration in March. The council, headed by William of Wykeham as chancellor, refused—\"in the name and by the will of all the other lords of the council\"—and Richard was forced to acquiesce, albeit vultuquodammodo indignanti, or \"with an angry expression\". Henry Percy had been recompensed for the loss of the wardenship with the captaincy of Calais; in 1391, he and Mowbray exchanged offices, returning Percy tothe March and sending Mowbray to France.Martial serviceAs a result of Mowbray's return to the court party, his undertaking of royal service for the King increased. He jousted before Richard's chamberlain at StInglevert, near Boulogne, in April 1390, where he proved himself a champion against the French, who were led by the well-regarded knight, Jean de Boucicaut. Mowbray led a group of up to 60 English knights andesquires. The following month another joust was held at Smithfield, outside London. Mowbray's presence in the King's party was a part of Richard's policy of reconciling the appellants to his personal rule and, byextension, furthering his own power. Here, before the King, Mowbray defeated John Dunbar, Earl of Moray—who later died, says one chronicler, of his wounds—after six jousts with an unrebated lance. Froissart wrotehow, at Smithfield \"everyone exerted himself to the utmost to excel: many were unhorsed and more lost their helmets\".Mowbray joined the King on his campaign to Ireland in 1394. Richard's strategy was to plant hisnobility across the country in direct confrontation with Gaelic kings in order to force them into submission. Mowbray occupied Carlow, of which he was granted the lordship. Mowbray led several raids against the King ofLeinster, Art Macmurrough, and a royal letter to the council reported how he \"had several fine encounters with the Irish\". Mowbray burned nine villages, killing many, and captured around 8,000 head of cattle. On oneoccasion he nearly captured MacMurrough \"and his wife in their beds\". MacMurrough's escape left Mowbray \"sorely vexed\", and in revenge he had the house razed, as well as 14 surrounding villages. He then marchedthrough the Blackstairs Mountains \"which was all bog... no Englishman has commonly entered before\". A number of enemies were captured. The leader was executed and his head sent to Richard.Mowbray eventuallysecured MacMurrough's indenture of submission to Richard. During these negotiations, Mowbray possessed full in locum regis powers, and persuaded Macmurrough to evacuate Leinster for the English. His sub-chieftainsfollowed. In the event neither macMurrough nor his armies left Leinster, and Mowbray was in no position to force them. His attempts to install English lordship in the province came to nothing, he returned to England inMay 1395.Royal service to 1398On his return, Mowbray almost immediately became involved, with his comrades-in-arms from the Irish campaign Lord Scrope and the Earl of Rutland, in the negotiations over Richard'sproposed marriage to Isabella, daughter of the French King, Charles VI. Mowbray made many trips to France, finally concluding negotiations in March 1396. The betrothal was made official in September, and Mowbrayescorted the French King to Calais. Mowbray was also deputised by Richard to conduct secret negotiations with Philip, Duke of Burgundy and John, Duke of Berry. Given-Wilson suggests that the King \"had considerablefaith in Mowbray's diplomatic ability\", since in May the next year Mowbray represented the crown at the Imperial Diet in Frankfurt. This had been called to debate an Anglo-French proposal on how to address the latestPapal Schism by forcing the resignation of the two partisan popes. Richard's faith in Mowbray is reflected in the numerous grants the earl received in this period. Tuck suggests that Mowbray could afford to spend anestimated 40% of his total income just on wages to retainers, which enabled him to build up a substantial affinity \"that could rival that of most earls\".In 1397, at Warwick's expense, Mowbray received the lordship ofGower, which their two families had been quarrelling for possession of for most of the preceding century. Saul suggests that Mowbray relied on his friendship with the King to retrieve the grant, which had been inBeauchamp's hands since 1354. This was \"doubly disastrous\" for Warwick, comments Saul; not only was it the richest lordship he possessed—thus having a major impact on his income—but he was ordered to repayMowbray the profits he had earned since 1361, amounting to around £5333 per annum. The atmosphere at court was tense. Richard may have felt threatened, suspecting that the Appellants would have another crackat him; this may have led him to get in there first. In July, the King settled all family accounts with the Appellants. He invited Arundel, Gloucester and Warwick to a feast—of Herodian infamy, reported Walsingham—atwhich they would be arrested. Only Warwick attended. All three were tried, separately, and convicted for treason in September. Warwick forfeit his titles and estates and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Arundel wasbeheaded; Mowbray, as Earl marshal, oversaw the sentence of his erstwhile comrade. Gloucester was exiled to Calais where he died in curious circumstances the same month. It was probably Mowbray's attempts tosave Simon Burley's life years before that saved his in 1397.Murder of Gloucester and elevationGloucester was secretly arrested on the night of 10–11 July 1397, and \"bundled out of England to Calais\". It was popularlyspeculated that the King personally ordered Gloucester's assassination, and it was later alleged—in the 1399 parliament—that Mowbray was likely instrumental, in his role of Captain of Calais. Rumours of Gloucester'sdeath had been circulating since August, and Given-Wilson speculates that this may be a sign that Richard had ordered Mowbray to kill the duke then, but that the latter hesitated several weeks. Richard ordered WilliamRickhill, Justice of the King's Bench, to Calais, \"in the company of our dearest kinsman Thomas, earl marshal and earl of Nottingham ... and there that you do and perform each and everything which is enjoined on youby the aforesaid earl on our behalf\". In the event they travelled separately. Rickhill left England on 7 September and was to receive Mowbray's instructions when they arrived. The writs he was in possession of, notesMcVitty, \"were deliberately left undated or were post-dated to fit a falsified timeline\". When they met, Mpwbray's instructions were that Rickhill was to have a \"colloqium ... clearly and openly certified under his seal\".Gloucester made his confession, in the presence of witnesses, on 8 September. The following day, when Rickhill requested another meeting with the Duke, Mowbray refused him. A few days later Mowbray wasrequested by parliament to bring Gloucester back to England and stand trial before it. Mowbray returned the writ replying, baldly, that he was unable to do so, because the duke was dead: \"I held this duke in mycustody in the lord king’s prison in the town of Calais, and there, in that same prison, he died\". The historian Amanda McVitty suggests that \"historians generally agree that by this point, Richard must have known thatGloucester was already dead\".On 29 September the same year, Mowbray received a formal royal pardon for his role as an Appellant. Further, \"it is perhaps no coincidence\", suggests the scholar Matthew Lewis, that atthe same time Mowbray was elevated to Duke of Norfolk as part of Richard's re-establishment of his aristocracy known as the Duketti: \"dukelings\" or \"little dukes\". Given-Wilson has suggested that Mowbray's new title\"cheapened the great titles at the crown's disposal\", while Rowena Archer has argued that, although he may not have been related to the King by blood, \"he had lineage and wealth to merit so high an honour\". He alsosuggests that this does not necessarily indicate the true relationship between the two men. As an (albeit ex) appellant, Richard must have found it difficult to forget Mowbray's earlier treason, irrespective of hissubsequent loyalty. For Mowbray's part, he was too experienced a political operator at the court not to realise this. To celebrate their return to the King's grace, Bolingbroke and Mowbray held a ceremonial requiemmass and feast, last which the King and Queen attended. Ostensibly this was to commemorate the return from the Holy Land of Mowbray's father's bones for reinternment; John Mowbray had built up a posthumousreputation as vir catholicus and something of a cult surrounded him. The bones were displayed at the Carmelite church and was clearly intended to reflect personally on Mowbray also, increasing his political stature just"}
{"doc_id":"doc_119","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Erard II, Count of BrienneErard II of Brienne (died 1191) was count of Brienne from 1161 to 1191, and a French general during the Third Crusade, most notably at the Siege of Acre. He was the son of GautierII, count of Brienne, and Humbeline Baudemont, daughter of Andrew, lord of Baudemont and Agnes of Braine.  His paternal grandparents were Erard I, Count of Brienne and Alix de Roucy. During this siege he saw hisbrother André of Brienne die on 4 October 1189, before being killed himself on 8 February 1191.  Erard II's nephew was Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt.Before 1166 he married Agnès of Montfaucon († after 1186), daughterof Amadeus II of Montfaucon and of Béatrice of Grandson-Joinville.  Their children were:Walter III of Brienne (died 1205) count of Brienne and claimant to the throne of Sicily.William of Brienne (died 1199) lord ofPacy-sur-Armançon, married Eustachie of Courtenay, daughter of Peter I of Courtenay and Elisabeth of Courtenay.John of Brienne (1170–1237), king of Jerusalem (1210–1225), then emperor of Constantinople(1231–1237).AndrewIda of Brienne who married Ernoul of Reynel lord of Pierrefitte.Passage 2:John Montgomery GloverJohn Montgomery Glover (September 4, 1822 – November 15, 1891) was a  North Americanpolitician, who served as a U.S. Representative from Missouri, he was the uncle of John Milton Glover.Early lifeBorn in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, Glover attended the public schools in Kentucky.He moved to Missouri in1836 with his parents, who settled in Knox County, near Newark, and continued his schooling.He attended Marion and Masonic Colleges, Philadelphia, Missouri.He studied law.He was admitted to the bar and commencedpractice in St. Louis, Missouri.He moved to California in 1850 and continued the practice of his profession.He returned to Knox County, Missouri, in 1855 to take charge of his father's affairs.CareerDuring the Civil Warserved as colonel of the Third Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, beginning September 4, 1861.  His service with the regiment was in a variety of points within Missouri and Arkansas.  At various points during hisservice, he detached as the Commander of the District of Rolla, the Sub-District of Pilot Knob and the 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Missouri.  On February 23, 1864 he tendered his resignation inSpringfield, Illinois, on account of impaired health.He served as collector of internal revenue for the third district of Missouri from December 1, 1866, until March 3, 1867.Glover was elected as a Democrat to theForty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879).He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury (Forty-fifth Congress).He was anunsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1878.He engaged in agricultural pursuits.He died near Newark, Missouri, November 15, 1891.He was interred on his farm near Newark, Missouri.He was reinterred inWoodland Cemetery, Quincy, Illinois.Passage 3:Christopher H. ClarkChristopher Henderson Clark (1767 – November 21, 1828) was a congressman and lawyer from Virginia. He was the brother of James Clark, the uncleof John Bullock Clark, Sr. and the great-uncle of John Bullock Clark, Jr.BiographyBorn in Albemarle County, Virginia, Clark attended Washington College, studied law in the office of Patrick Henry and was admitted to thebar in 1788, commencing practice in New London, Campbell County, Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1790 and was elected a Democratic-Republican to the United States House ofRepresentatives to fill a vacancy in 1804, serving until his resignation in 1806. He resumed practicing law until his death near New London on November 21, 1828. He was interred at a private cemetery at Old LawyersStation near Lynchburg, Virginia.External linksUnited States Congress. \"Christopher H. Clark (id: C000424)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.Passage 4:John of BrienneJohn of Brienne (c. 1170 –19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman inChampagne. John, originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200. After the death of his brother, Walter III, he ruled the County of Brienne onbehalf of his minor nephew Walter IV (who lived in southern Italy).The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem proposed that John marry their queen, Maria. With the consent of Philip II of France and Pope Innocent III, heleft France for the Holy Land and married the queen; the couple were crowned in 1210. After Maria's death in 1212 John administered the kingdom as regent for their infant daughter Isabella II; an influential lord, Johnof Ibelin, attempted to depose him. John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade. Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimously acknowledged, his right to rule Damietta (in Egypt) wasconfirmed shortly after the city fell to the crusaders in 1219. He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia on behalf of his second wife, Stephanie, in 1220. After Stephanie and their infant son died that year, Johnreturned to Egypt. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure (including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians) in 1221.John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe (Italy, France, England, León, Castile andGermany) to seek assistance for the Holy Land. He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225, and Frederick ended John's rule of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although the popes tried topersuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John, the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as their lawful ruler. John administered papal domains in Tuscany, became the podestà of Perugia and was a commanderof Pope Gregory IX's army during Gregory's war against Frederick in 1228 and 1229.He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co-ruler (with Baldwin II) of the Latin Empire, and was crowned in Constantinople in1231. John III Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria occupied the last Latin territories in Thrace and Asia Minor, besieging Constantinople in early 1235. John directed the defence of his capital duringthe months-long siege, with the besiegers withdrawing only after Geoffrey II of Achaea and united fleets from Italian towns defeated their fleet in 1236. The following year, John died as a Franciscan friar.Early lifeJohnwas the youngest of the four sons of Count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montfaucon. He seemed \"exceedingly old ... about 80\" to the 14-year-old George Akropolites in 1231; if Akropolites' estimate was correct,John was born around 1150. However, no other 13th-century authors described John as an old man. His father referred to John's brothers as \"children\" in 1177 and mentioned the tutor of John's oldest brother, WalterIII, in 1184; this suggests that John's brothers were born in the late 1160s. Modern historians agree that John was born after 1168, probably during the 1170s.Although his father destined John for a clerical career,according to the late-13th-century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he \"was unwilling\". Instead, the minstrel continued, John fled to his maternal uncle at the Clairvaux Abbey. Encouraged by his fellows, he became aknight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights. Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims are apparently invented (for instance, John did not have a maternal uncle in Clairvaux), historian GuyPerry wrote that it may have preserved details of John's life. A church career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th-century noblemen in France; however, if his father sent John to a monastery he left beforereaching the age of taking monastic vows. John \"clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well\" in his youth, because the 13th-century sources Akropolites and Salimbene di Adam emphasize hisphysical strength.Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191. His oldest son, Walter III, succeeded him in Brienne. John was first mentioned in an 1192 (or 1194) charter issued by his brother,indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter's court. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John participated in a war against Peter II of Courtenay. Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed thathe was called \"John Lackland\", according to contemporary charters John held Jessains, Onjon, Trannes and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200. In 1201, Theobald III granted him additionalestates in Mâcon, Longsols and elsewhere. Theobald's widow, Blanche of Navarre, persuaded John to sell his estate at Mâcon, saying that it was her dower.Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting insouthern Italy. His widow, Elvira of Sicily, gave birth to a posthumous son, Walter IV, who grew up in Italy. John assumed the title of count of Brienne, and began administering the county on his nephew's behalf in 1205or 1206. As a leading vassal of the count of Champagne, John frequented the court of Blanche of Navarre, who ruled Champagne during the minority of her son, Theobald IV. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle,she loved John \"more than any man in the world\"; this annoyed King Philip II of France.The two versions of Ernoul's chronicle tell different stories about John's ascent to the throne of Jerusalem. According to oneversion, the leading lords of Jerusalem sent envoys to France in 1208 asking Philip II to select a French nobleman as a husband for their queen, Maria. Taking advantage of the opportunity to rid himself of John, Philip IIsuggested him. In the other version an unnamed knight encouraged the Jerusalemite lords to select John, who accepted their offer with Philip's consent. John visited Pope Innocent III in Rome. The pope donated 40,000marks for the defence of the Holy Land, stipulating that John could spend the money only with the consent of the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem and the grand masters of the Knights Templar and the KnightsHospitaller.King of JerusalemCo-rulerJohn landed at Acre on 13 September 1210; the following day, Patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Vercelli married him to Queen Maria. John and Maria were crowned in the Cathedral ofTyre on 3 October. The truce concluded by Maria's predecessor Aimery and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Adil I had ended by John's arrival. Although Al-Adil was willing to renew it, Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a newtreaty without John's consent. During John and Maria's coronation, Al-Adil's son Al-Mu'azzam Isa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city. After returning to Acre, John raided nearby Muslim settlementsin retaliation.Although about 300 French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land, no influential noblemen joined him; they preferred participating in the French Albigensian Crusade or did not see him as sufficientlyeminent. John's cousin, Walter of Montbéliard, joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus. Montbéliard led a naval expedition to Egypt to plunder the Nile Delta. After most of the French crusaders left the HolyLand, John forged a new truce with Al-Adil by the middle of 1211 and sent envoys to Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade.ConflictsMaria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter, Isabella, in late1212. Her death triggered a legal dispute, with John of Ibelin (who administered Jerusalem before John's coronation) questioning the widowed king's right to rule. The king sent Raoul of Merencourt, Bishop of Sidon, toRome for assistance from the Holy See. Pope Innocent confirmed John as lawful ruler of the Holy Land in early 1213, urging the prelates to support him with ecclesiastical sanctions if needed. Most of the Jerusalemitelords remained loyal to the king, acknowledging his right to administer the kingdom on behalf of his infant daughter; John of Ibelin left the Holy Land and settled in Cyprus.The relationship between John of Brienne andHugh I of Cyprus was tense. Hugh ordered the imprisonment of John's supporters in Cyprus, releasing them only at Pope Innocent's command. During the War of the Antiochene Succession John sided with BohemondIV of Antioch and the Templars against Raymond-Roupen of Antioch and Leo I, King of Cilician Armenia, who were supported by Hugh and the Hospitallers. However, John sent only 50 knights to fight the Armenians inAntiochia in 1213. Leo I concluded a peace treaty with the Knights Templar late that year, and he and John reconciled. John married Leo's oldest daughter, Stephanie (also known as Rita), in 1214 and Stephaniereceived a dowry of 30,000 bezants. Quarrels among John, Leo I, Hugh I and Bohemond IV are documented by Pope Innocent's letters urging them to reconcile their differences before the Fifth Crusade reached theHoly Land.Fifth CrusadePope Innocent proclaimed the Fifth Crusade in 1213, with the \"liberation of the Holy Land\" (the reconquest of Jerusalem) its principal object. The first crusader troops, commanded by Leopold VIof Austria, landed at Acre in early September 1217. Andrew II of Hungary and his army followed that month, and Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch soon joined the crusaders. However, hundreds ofcrusaders soon returned to Europe because of a famine following the previous year's poor harvest. A war council was held in the tent of Andrew II, who considered himself the supreme commander of the crusader army.Other leaders, particularly John, did not acknowledge Andrew's leadership. The crusaders raided nearby territory ruled by Al-Adil I for food and fodder, forcing the sultan to retreat in November 1217. In December Johnbesieged the Ayyubid fortress on Mount Tabor, joined only by Bohemond IV of Antioch. He was unable to capture it, which \"encouraged the infidel\", according to the contemporary Jacques de Vitry.Andrew II decided toreturn home, leaving the crusaders' camp with Hugh I and Bohemond IV in early 1218. Although military action was suspended after their departure, the crusaders restored fortifications at Caesarea and Atlit. After newtroops arrived from the Holy Roman Empire in April, they decided to invade Egypt. They elected John supreme commander, giving him the right to rule the land they would conquer. His leadership was primarily nominal,since he could rarely impose his authority on an army of troops from many countries.The crusaders laid siege to Damietta, on the Nile, in May 1218. Although they seized a strategically important tower on a nearbyisland on 24 August, Al-Kamil (who had succeeded Al-Adil I in Egypt) controlled traffic on the Nile. In September, reinforcements commanded by Pope Honorius III's legate Cardinal Pelagius (who considered himself thecrusade's supreme commander) arrived from Italy.Egyptian forces attempted a surprise attack on the crusaders' camp on 9 October, but John discovered their movements. He and his retinue attacked and annihilatedthe Egyptian advance guard, hindering the main force. The crusaders built a floating fortress on the Nile near Damietta, but a storm blew it near the Egyptian camp. The Egyptians seized the fortress, killing nearly all ofits defenders. Only two soldiers survived the attack; they were accused of cowardice, and John ordered their execution. Taking advantage of the new Italian troops, Cardinal Pelagius began to intervene in strategicdecisions. His debates with John angered their troops. The soldiers broke into the Egyptian camp on 29 August 1219 without an order, but they were soon defeated and nearly annihilated. During the ensuing panic, onlythe cooperation of John, the Templars, the Hospitallers and the noble crusaders prevented the Egyptians from destroying their camp.In late October, Al-Kamil sent messengers to the crusaders offering to restoreJerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth to them if they withdrew from Egypt. Although John and the secular lords were willing to accept the sultan's offer, Pelagius and the heads of the military orders resisted; they saidthat the Moslems could easily recapture the three towns. The crusaders ultimately refused the offer. Al-Kamil tried to send provisions to Damietta across their camp, but his men were captured on 3 November. Two dayslater, the crusaders stormed into Damietta and seized the town. Pelagius claimed it for the church, but he was forced to acknowledge John's right to administer it (at least temporarily) when John threatened to leave thecrusaders' camp. According to John of Joinville, John seized one-third of Damietta's spoils; coins minted there during the following months bore his name. Al-Mu'azzam, emir of Damascus and brother of al-Kamil,invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and pillaged Caesarea before the end of 1219.John's father-in-law, Leo I of Armenia, died several months before the crusaders seized Damietta. He bequeathed his kingdom to hisinfant daughter, Isabella. John and Raymond-Roupen of Antioch (Leo's nephew) questioned the will's legality, each demanding the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia for themselves. In a February 1220 letter, Pope Honoriusdeclared John to be Leo's rightful heir. Saying that he wanted to assert his claim to Cilicia, John left Damietta for the Kingdom of Jerusalem around Easter 1220. Although Al-Mu'azzam's successful campaign the previousyear also pressed John to leave Egypt, Jacques de Vitry and other Fifth Crusade chroniclers wrote that he deserted the crusader army.Stephanie died shortly after John's arrival. Contemporary sources accused John ofcausing her sudden death, claiming that he severely beat her when he heard that she tried to poison his daughter Isabella. Their only son died a few weeks later, ending John's claim to Cilicia. Soon after Pope Honoriuslearned about the deaths of Stephanie and her son, he declared Raymond-Roupen the lawful ruler of Cilicia and threatened John with excommunication if he fought for his late wife's inheritance.John did not return tothe crusaders in Egypt for several months. According to a letter from the prelates in the Holy Land to Philip II of France, lack of funds kept John from leaving his kingdom. Since his nephew Walter IV was approachingthe age of majority, John surrendered the County of Brienne in 1221. During John's absence from Egypt, Al-Kamil again offered to restore the Holy Land to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in June 1221; Pelagius refused him.John returned to Egypt and rejoined the crusade on 6 July 1221 at the command of Pope Honorius.The commanders of the crusader army decided to continue the invasion of Egypt, despite (according to Philipd'Aubigny) John's strong opposition. The crusaders approached Mansurah, but the Egyptians imposed a blockade on their camp. Outnumbered, Pelagius agreed to an eight-year truce with Al-Kamil in exchange forDamietta on 28 August. John was among the crusade leaders held hostage by Al-Kamil until the crusader army withdrew from Damietta on 8 September.NegotiationsAfter the Fifth Crusade ended \"in colossal andirremediable failure\", John returned to his kingdom. Merchants from Genoa and Pisa soon attacked each other in Acre, destroying a significant portion of the town. According to a Genoese chronicle, John supported thePisans and the Genoese left Acre for Beirut.John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe, and had decided to seek aid from the Christian powers before he returned from Egypt. He also wanted to find a suitablehusband for his daughter, to ensure the survival of Christian rule in the Holy Land. John appointed Odo of Montbéliard as a bailli to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem in his absence.He left for Italy in October 1222 toattend a conference about a new crusade. At John's request, Pope Honorius declared that all lands conquered during the crusade should be united with the Kingdom of Jerusalem. To plan the military campaign, the popeand Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II met at Ferentino in March 1223; John attended the meeting. He agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Frederick II after the emperor promised that he would allow John to rulethe Kingdom of Jerusalem for the rest of his life.John then went to France, although Philip II was annoyed at being excluded from the decision of Isabella's marriage. Matilda I, Countess of Nevers, Erard II of Chacenay,Albert, Abbot of Vauluisant and other local potentates asked John to intervene in their conflicts, indicating that he was esteemed in his homeland. John attended the funeral of Philip II at the Basilica of St Denis in July;Philip bequeathed more than 150,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land. John then visited England, attempting to mediate a peace treaty between England and France after his return to France.He made apilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in March 1224. According to the Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, John went to the Kingdom of León to marry one of the elder daughters of Alfonso IX of León (Sancha or"}
{"doc_id":"doc_120","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:En Aasai UnnoduthanEn Aasai Unnoduthan (transl. My desire is with you) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language romance film edited and directed by K. Narayanan. The film stars Prem and Poornima Jayaram, withThengai Srinivasan, Y. G. Mahendran, Rajini, Oru Viral Krishna Rao and Jaishankar in supporting roles. It was released on 30 September 1983.PlotCastPremPoornima JayaramThengai SrinivasanY. G.MahendranRajiniOru Viral Krishna RaoJaishankarSoundtrackThe soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh. The song \"Devi Koondhalo\" is based on \"Happy Together\" by The Turtles.ReceptionJayamanmadhan ofKalki said that, apart from the inclusion of Y. G. Mahendran, Thengai Srinivasan and Oru Viral Krishna Rao among others, there was nothing special about the film.Passage 2:En Aasai RasaveEn Aasai Rasave is a 1998Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Kasthuri Raja. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan and Murali while Raadhika, Roja and Suvalakshmi all play other supporting roles. The film, which focussed on the lives ofkarakattam dance artists, released on 28 August 1998.PlotValayapathi is a karakattam artist who is revered. Azhagurani is a well-to-do rich woman who falls in love with him and gets married leaving her riches behind.Due to a misunderstanding, they separate leaving their child Muthumani with Valayapathi who brings him up in the karakattam tradition. Manoranjitham is in love with Muthumani.Enter Nagajyoti who claims she is thebest and prods Valayapathu/Muthumani into a competition thereby gaining entry into their lives. She slowly turns the tide and Muthumani and her fall in love. It is revealed that Nagajyoti is Muthumani's cross-cousinand has come in with the ulterior motive of reuniting Azhagurani, her aunt, and Valayapathi. Does she succeed?CastSivaji Ganesan as ValayapathiRaadhika as AzhaguraniMurali as MuthumaniRoja asNagajyotiVijayakumarSuvalakshmi as ManoranjithamVinu ChakravarthySenthilManivannanDelhi GaneshG. Ramachandran (producer)R. SundarrajanManoramaMahanadhi ShankarSoundtrackThe music of this album wasscored by Deva. Lyrics were written by Kasthuri Raja.ReceptionD. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, \"Age has withered and shackled Ganesan's virtuosity, the sparkle in his eyes and the authority in his voice that werehis forte are no longer there. Whenever B. Kannan's camera takes a close-up of the veteran, it only raises visions of this great artiste in his prime in similar scenes in his earlier movies and becomes a sadreminder\"Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Someof his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his televisionfilm credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\",written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred withSusan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directedproductions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also anassociate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TVmovie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Kasthuri RajaKasthuri Raja is an Indian film director. He is the father of directorSelvaraghavan and actor Dhanush. He worked as an assistant director with Director K.S.G. Most of the films he directed were either village based or infatuation of youngsters. He also worked with Director Visu on morethan 16 films. Prior to entering the film industry, he ran away from home to Chennai and worked in a mill.FilmographyAs directorAs an actorAval Sumangalithan (1985)Mouna Mozhi (1992)As lyricistSolaiyamma - allsongsDreams - all songsThaai Manasu - all songsKummi Paatu - all songsPassage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has workedin Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the ToledoMuseum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently livesand works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, hesucceeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985)and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Irelandat the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he becameDirector of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian artabroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, hediscontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999,and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 7:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the ArmourResearch Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering fromthe California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards andmembershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 8:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the DirectorGeneral of Police in Punjab.Passage 9:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 10:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav."}
{"doc_id":"doc_121","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Girl from LeningradThe Girl from Leningrad (Russian: Фронтовые подруги) is a 1941 Soviet adventure film directed by Viktor Eisymont.PlotThe film takes place during the Finnish war. A group of girlsvoluntarily go to the front. Young girls help doctors save the lives of wounded soldiers, and also fight with the enemy.StarringZoya Fyodorova as NatashaMariya Kapustina as TamaraOlga Fyodorina as TheCricketTamara Alyoshina as ZinaYekaterina Melentyeva as ShuraAndrei Abrikosov as Lt. Sergei KorovinKonstantin Adashevsky as Dr. KatnerYury Tolubeev as Maj. BraginskyBoris Blinov as Andrei MorosovPassage2:Everyone ElseEveryone Else (German: Alle Anderen) is a 2009 German romantic drama film written and directed by Maren Ade. The film was awarded with the Silver Bear at the 59th Berlin Film Festival.PlotGitti andChris are a young German couple on vacation at Chris's family villa in Sardinia. Gitti is much more spontaneous and light-hearted than Chris, wanting to go out and try to make friends while Chris remains introverted,preferring to stay in and read, even hiding from his neighbour; her playful demeanor often annoys him, while his guarded attitude exasperates her. When he tries to speak to Gitti about his unhappy feelings about hislife and career she interrupts him to say that he muses too much over everything and should consider settling down with her. Chris is upset and insulted by her outburst. Later, Gitti and Chris admit to each other thatthey often worry they're not the right person for each other.While shopping for groceries Chris spots Hans, a successful old classmate, and unsuccessfully tries to hide from him. Hans invites the couple to a barbecue athis home with his wife Sana, a successful fashion designer, which Gitti tries to decline as she has already received an invitation from a bohemian couple she has recently met. Chris overrides her and accepts theinvitation. While Sana and Hans appear to be the perfect, thriving couple, they quickly prove to be obnoxious, bland, and vapid. Hans eventually reveals that Chris has declined an architecture prize because his designwould be melded with another architect, though Chris had previously told Gitti that he hadn't heard back from the competition, which angers Gitti. When Gitti stands up for Chris in the face of Hans's subtle insults, Chrisbecomes upset.The following day Chris is hyper critical of Gitti, taking her on a long hike during which they get lost. Afterwards he informs her that he will be going for a drink with Hans alone, as Gitti embarrassed himthe previous evening. When he asks Gitti why she can't be more normal, like Sana, Gitti argues that she doesn't want to be like everybody else. Though Gitti begs him not to leave her alone at night, he goes anyway,returning in the morning. The following day Chris informs Gitti that he is considering taking an architecture job on the island. While Chris meets with his potential client, Gitti goes exploring on her own, trying out a newmakeover and choosing to keep the dress she previously regarded as too \"bourgeoisie\" in an effort to please Chris. After meeting up with Chris by chance, he suggests they invite Hans and Sana to their home. Theatmosphere becomes uncomfortable when Gitti runs into the bohemian couple she had previously met; they are put off by her new, put-together appearance and are somewhat hurt that she had stood them up. Whenthey extend the invitation again, Chris clumsily declines, which annoys Gitti.Gitti makes an effort to tone down her appearance and mannerisms for the dinner with Hans and Sana, but it nevertheless becomes awkwardas Chris starts behaving oddly in an attempt to impress the other couple. Gitti becomes more uncomfortable when Chris takes them into his mother's private dream room and mocks her interests for Hans and Sana'samusement. At the end of the night, Hans playfully throws Sana into the villa pool, leading Chris to throw Gitti in as well even as she begs him not to. Upset, she asks Sana to make an excuse so that she and Hans willleave. Chris tells Gitti he loves her and initiates sex, which she accepts dispassionately.The next day, Chris overhears Gitti concocting an excuse to leave early without letting him know. After confronting her, Gittiasserts that she is leaving him, and no longer loves him anymore because he is a weakling. Chris fires back that she is a naive hypocrite and asks her to leave. While packing her things, Gitti falls to the floor and playsdead. At first worried, and then upset by her games, Chris resolves to make things work and let his guard down. He blows raspberries into her stomach, which makes her laugh, and the two finally look at eachother.CastBirgit Minichmayr as GittiLars Eidinger as ChrisNicole Marischka as SanaHans-Jochen Wagner as HansReleaseCritical receptionThe film received positive reviews from film critics. On the review aggregatorwebsite Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 42 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Alle Anderen (Everyone Else) taps into the unpredictable energy between two couplesto throw finely detailed - and richly rewarding - sparks of emotional truth.\" Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \"generally favorablereviews\".Awards and nominationsSubmissionsBerlin International Film FestivalGolden Bear (nominated)German Film AwardsBest Direction (nominated)Best Performance by an Actress in a leading role(nominated)Outstanding Feature Film (nominated)Passage 3:The Girl from the ChartreuseThe Girl from the Chartreuse (original title: La Petite Chartreuse) is a French novel written by Pierre Péju and published for thefirst time in France in 2002. It has been translated in several other languages including English and it has been adapted in an eponymous film by Jean-Pierre Denis.The filmThe adapted film was shot in 2004, in theFrench Alps around Grenoble, and released in France and Belgium in 2005. It stars Olivier Gourmet, Marie-Josée Croze, Yves Jacques and young newcomer Bertille Noël-Bruneau. The scenario was co-written by directorJean-Pierre Denis with Yvon Rouvé. The original soundtrack was composed by Michel Portal.External linksLa petite Chartreuse at IMDbPassage 4:The Girl from ManhattanThe Girl from Manhattan is a 1948 Americancomedy drama film directed by Alfred E. Green, starring Dorothy Lamour, George Montgomery, and Charles Laughton.The guest house setting allows a multiplicity of characters to interact with the maincharacters.PlotNew York actress and fashion model Carol arrives to stay with her uncle Homer Purdy in a boarding house in the mid-west America town of Pittsfield.Meanwhile, ex-football player, the handsome TomWalker, appears in the same state to chat with the bishop regarding his becoming a minister in the town. It is concluded that the church needs new heroes and his background as a  football star should be a benefit not ahindrance. The bishop has arranged for him to stay at Purdy's boarding house. On arrival he meets Carol and they recognise each other. Tom is cryptic about his plans.Tom meets the church council who present a localbenefactor Mr Birch who is going to buy the 150-year-old church and build a new church closer to the town centre: the chosen site is Purdy's boarding House.Uncle Homer is revealed to be giving most of his rooms freeuntil the various residents get rich, and is involved in many of their madcap schemes. He makes little money and the old house is crumbling. Carol and Homer rearrange one of the rooms to serve as Tom's study untilthe new church is built. They do not know the chosen site is their house.The bishop calls in Tom to discuss his reputation if being seen with a fashion model.Oscar, one of the more eccentric guests, is allowed to build aminiature railway in Purdy's basement. Mr Birch appears at the boarding house to assess its demolition. Everyone knows the plan except Carol. Uncle Homer has squandered the $3,000 Carol sent him on investing in hisguests crazy ventures. The train engine blows up and Homer is injured. Tom and carol join forces to save the boarding house. Several guests also start to raise money.Ultimately Rev Tom sends his own $3,000 to payoff Homer's debts and Mr Birch's \"generous\" offer for the old church is proven to be a scam. Although they will need to keep using the old church, the bishop approves.CastPassage 5:Jean-Pierre DenisJean-Pierre Denis(born 29 March 1946) is a French film director and screenwriter. He has directed seven films since 1980. His directorial debut Adrien's Story won the Caméra d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. His film Field of Honorwas entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.FilmographyAdrien's Story (1980)La palombière (1983)Champ d'honneur (1987)Les yeux de Cécile (1993)Les blessures assassines (2000)La petite Chartreuse(2005)Ici-bas (2011)Passage 6:The Girl from the IslandsThe Girl from the Islands or Maibritt, the Girl from the Islands (German: Maibritt, das Mädchen von den Inseln) is a 1964 West German-Swedish comedy filmdirected by Bostjan Hladnik and starring Jane Axell, Gunnar Möller, and Karl Schönböck. It was part of an attempt by some German comedy films of the era to be slightly more risqué.ProductionIt was shot on location inYugoslavia. The film's sets were designed by the art director Heinrich Mager. It was shot using Eastmancolor. The Swedish actress Jane Axell was handpicked for the starring role, but after appearing in another Germanfilm Venusberg the same year she made only a few further minor appearances.SynopsisA German businessmen is sent to Stockholm by his boss to secure an important contract, in the face of foreign competition. Hediscovers that the intended client has gone sailing round the Swedish islands and follows him. He becomes mixed up with a mysterious young woman named Maibritt, who eventually turns out to be the daughter of hisintended client.CastPassage 7:The Girl from the WardrobeThe Girl from the Wardrobe (Polish: Dziewczyna z szafy) is a 2013 Polish drama film directed by Bodo Kox.CastWojciech Mecwaldowski - TomekPiotr Głowacki -JacekMagdalena Rózanska - MagdaEryk Lubos - KrzysztofTeresa Sawicka - KwiatkowskaOlga Bołądź - AgaAwards and nominationsPolish Academy Award for Discovery of the Year, for directing, Bodo Kox,awardZbigniew Cybulski Award for best young Polish actor, Piotr Głowacki, awardPolish Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Eryk Lubos, nominationPolish Academy Award for Best Production Design, AndrzejHaliński, nominationPassage 8:The Girl from MonterreyThe Girl from Monterrey is a 1943 American film directed by Wallace Fox starring Armida Vendrell as PRCs version of the Mexican Spitfire.The film is also known asThe Girl from Monterey (American alternative spelling).Plot summaryIn a Mexican nightclub, some American fight promoters witness Alberto 'Baby' Valdez, the brother of Lita Valdez knock out a champion fighter.  Atfirst Lita is angered that her brother has quit his law studies to become a fighter, but the two move to the United States.  Lita literally bumps into reigning champion Jerry O'Leary with the three becoming inseparablefriends.  However the American fight promoters force Alberto and Jerry to fight each other or face suspension.CastArmida Vendrell as Lita ValdezEdgar Kennedy as Doc Hogan, Fight PromoterVeda Ann Borg as FlossieRankinJack La Rue as Al JohnsonTerry Frost as Jerry O'LearyAnthony Caruso as Alberto 'Baby' ValdezCharles Williams as Harry HollisBryant Washburn as Fight Commissioner BogartGuy Zanette as Tony PerroneWheelerOakman as Fight AnnouncerJay Silverheels as Fighter Tito FloresRenee Helms as Hat Check GirlSoundtrackArmida - \"Jive, Brother, Jive\" (Written by Lou Herscher and Harold Raymond)Armida - \"Last Night's All Over\"(Written by Lou Herscher and Harold Raymond)Armida - \"The Girl from Monterrey\" (Written by Lou Herscher and Harold Raymond)External linksThe Girl from Monterrey at the American Film Institute CatalogThe Girlfrom Monterrey at IMDbThe Girl from Monterrey is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 9:The Girl from Scotland YardThe Girl from Scotland Yard is a 1937 American detective filmstarring Karen Morley.Actor Jon Hall appears under the name \"Lloyd Crane\".PlotDetective Beech (Karen Morley) and reporter Holt (Robert Baldwin) pursue a death ray–wielding anarchist (Eduardo Cianelli) with apathological hatred of England.CastKaren Morley as Linda BeechRobert Baldwin as Derrick HoltEduardo Ciannelli as Franz JorgKatharine Alexander as Lady LaveringLloyd Crane as BertieDennis O'Keefe as JohnMilli Montias herselfLynn Anders as Mary SmithRichard Ted Adams as valetOdette Myrtilas Mme DupréClaude King as Sir Eric LedyardLeonid Kinskey as MischaCritical receptionLeonard Maltin wrote, \"escapist story of girl trying totrack down mysterious madman with destruction ray is poorly handled; not nearly as much fun as it might have been.\" and Fantastic Movie Musings & Ramblings wrote, \"there are nice touches here and there...but all inall, it's merely rather ordinary. Not bad for a slow day and keep your expectations in check.\"Passage 10:Maren AdeMaren Ade (German: [\u0000ma\u0000\u0000\u0000n \u0000\u0000a\u0000d\u0000]; born 12 December 1976) is a German film director,screenwriter and producer. Ade lives in Berlin, teaching screenwriting at the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg in Ludwigsburg. Together with Janine Jackowski and Jonas Dornbach, she runs the production companyKomplizen Film.Early life and educationAde was born in Karlsruhe, West Germany. As a teenager, she directed her first short films.In 1998, she  began studying film production and media management, and later filmdirection at the University of Television and Film (HFF) in Munich, which she successfully completed in 2004.CareerIn 2001, Ade co-founded the film production company Komplizen Film together with Janine Jackowski, afellow graduate from HFF. It was with Komplizen Film that she produced her final student film The Forest for the Trees at HFF in 2003. Among other honors, the film received the Special Jury Award at the Sundance FilmFestival in 2005. The Forest for the Trees was screened at a large number of international festivals.In 2009, her second film Everyone Else celebrated its world premiere in the Official Competition section of the BerlinInternational Film Festival, where it received the Silver Bear for Best Film (Jury Grand Prix) and the Best Actress Silver Bear for Birgit Minichmayr. Everyone Else was released in theatres in over 18 countries.In 2012,Ade announced she would be writing and directing a film called Toni Erdmann about a man who begins to play pranks on his adult daughter after he finds she has become too serious. The film debuted In Competition atthe 2016 Cannes Film Festival, the first German film to debut there in 10 years. The film won the top prize at the European Film Awards (Best European Film), thus making Ade the first woman to direct a movie thatwon the top prize at those awards.Personal lifeAde lives with director Ulrich Köhler and their two children in Berlin.Awards and nominations2005: Special Jury Award, Sundance Film Festival for The Forest for theTrees2005: Best Feature Film - Grand Prize, IndieLisboa - International Independent Film Festival for The Forest for the Trees2005: Best Film, nomination for the German Film Award for The Forest for the Trees2005:Best Feature Film, Cine Jove Valencia Film Festival for The Forest for the Trees2005: Best Actress: Eva Löbau, Buenos Aires Independent Film Festival for The Forest for the Trees2009: Silver Bear – Jury Grand Prix,Berlinale, for Everyone Else2009: Silver Bear– Best Actress for Birgit Minichmayr, Berlinale, for Everyone Else2010: Nominated for Best Film, Best Direction and Best Female Lead for Birgit Minichmayr, German FilmAward for Everyone Else2010: Best Direction and FIPRESCI Critics' Award, Buenos Aires Festival of Independent Cinema for Everyone Else2010: Main Prize, International Women's Film Festival Dortmund for EveryoneElse2010: Best Actor for Lars Eidinger, Love Is Folly International Film Festival for Everyone Else2010: Best Actress for Birgit Minichmayr, Ourense Film Festival for Everyone Else2014: Berlin Art Prize in the categoryFilm and Media Art2015: DEFA Foundation Award for Outstanding Performance in German Film for Komplizen Film2016: Academy Award nomination,  Best Foreign Film, for \"Toni Erdmann\"FilmographyAs director andscreenwriter2000 Level 9, short film (script and direction)2001 Vegas, short film (script and direction)2003 The Forest for the Trees, feature film (script and direction)2009 Everyone Else, feature film (script anddirection)2016 Toni Erdmann, feature film (script and direction)As producer2002 Karma Cowboy, feature film by Sonja Heiss and Vanessa van Houten, producer2006 Hotel Very Welcome, feature film by Sonja Heiss,producer2011 Sleeping Sickness, feature film by Ulrich Köhler, producer2012 Tabu, feature film by Miguel Gomes, co-producer2012 The Dead and the Living, feature film by Barbara Albert, co-producer2013 TantaAgua, feature film by Ana Guevara and Leticia Jorge, co-producer2013 Redemption, short film by Miguel Gomes, co-producer2014 Superegos, feature film by Benjamin Heisenberg, producer2014 Love Island, featurefilm by Jasmila Zbanic, co-producer2015 Hedi Schneider Is Stuck, feature film by Sonja Heiss, producer2015 Arabian Nights, feature film by Miguel Gomes, co-producer2017 Western, feature film by Valeska Grisebach,producer2020 The Story of My Wife, feature film by Ildikó Enyedi, producer2021 Spencer, feature film by Pablo Larraín, producer"}
{"doc_id":"doc_122","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Antonio Maceo AirportAntonio Maceo Airport (IATA: SCU, ICAO: MUCU) is an international airport located in Santiago, Cuba.OverviewThe airport has a drawing of Che Guevara on one of its outside walls. PopeJohn Paul II flew to this airport during his last visit to Cuba, flying a round trip between here and José Martí International Airport in Havana. Likewise, Pope Benedict XVI, during the second papal visit to Cuba, flew herefor Mass and other activities, from his visit to León and Guanajuato in Mexico, before moving on to Havana.The airport is basically a turbo-prop centre. Nevertheless, jet aircraft also fly to this airport. Most commercialflights into SCU are domestic, but there are about twenty international flights each week; while these international flights were at one point done mostly by domestic airlines, the international routes have neverthelessawakened the interest of some foreign airlines that have opened flights into this airport and might open more flights in the future.Airlines and destinationsSantiago de Cuba BaseThe airport was home to the CubanRevolutionary Armed Forces:35th Transport Regiment - Antonov An-2 and Antonov An-26 transports36th Helicopter Regiment - Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24The helipads are now part of the executive jet terminal on the northend of the airport.Accidents and incidentsOn 2 October 1959, a Viscount of Cubana de Aviación was hijacked on a flight from Havana to Antonio Maceo Airport, Santiago de Cuba by three men demanding to be taken tothe United States. The aircraft landed at the Miami International Airport.On 4 November 2010, Aero Caribbean Flight 883, an ATR 72-212, crashed in the centre of the country with 68 people on board. The aircraft wasflying from Santiago de Cuba to Havana when it went down. 28 foreigners were reported to be among the passengers. There were no survivors.Passage 2:Rosamond SkyparkRosamond Skypark (FAA LID: L00) is aresidential airpark and public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business district of Rosamond, in Kern County, California, United States. It is privately owned by the Rosamond SkyparkAssociation.Facilities and aircraftRosamond Skypark covers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) at an elevation of 2,415 feet (736 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 8/26 with an asphalt surfacemeasuring 3,600 by 50 feet (1,097 x 15 m).For the 12-month period ending May 3, 2011, the airport had 15,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 41 per day. At that time there were 71 aircraft basedat this airport: 89% single-engine, 4% multi-engine, 1% helicopter, 3% glider, and 3% ultralight.The facility was designed by aeronautical engineer Sam Ramsey, who resided at the sleepy airport for years prior to thedevelopment. He envisioned an airport where pilots could commute to Los Angeles while enjoying the quiet High Desert as a residence.See alsoList of airports in Kern County, CaliforniaPassage 3:AmpanihyAirportAmpanihy Airport (IATA: AMP, ICAO: FMSY) is an airport located in Ampanihy, Madagascar.Airlines and destinations== Sources ==Passage 4:Crow Island AirportCrow Island Airport (also known as Crow IslandAirpark) is a private airport along the Assabet River in Stow, Massachusetts, United States. It has a 2,300 foot grass airstrip which is popular with \"pilots flying a variety of aircraft including, trikes, ultralights, vintagetaildraggers, seaplanes, hang gliders, powered paragliders, powered parachutes, RC aircraft and more.\"Crow Island had previously been used for a gravel business operated by George Morey. In 1978 Rob Albright, anultralight enthusiast, received permission to fly at the island, and he eventually purchased and redeveloped the land for full-time use as a small airport.Passage 5:Madang AirportMadang Airport (IATA: MAG, ICAO:AYMD), is an airport located in Madang, Papua New Guinea.Airlines and destinationsHistoryWorld War IIDuring World War II, occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army in January 1943, as a forward operating airfield foraircraft based at Wewak. Later expanded to a 3250' x 240' runway with a single taxiway with 31 revetment areas. Bombed by the allies during late 1943 and early 1944 the airfield became unserviceable.ImperialJapanese Army Air Force Units at MadangImperial Japanese Army Air Force59th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar)68th Sentai (Kawasaki Ki-61 Tony)248th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43-III Oscar)Allied LiberationLiberated byAustralian Army forces on 24 April 1944. A large amount of high octane fuel was captured and used by the Australians for use in the Royal Australian Navy motor launch boats. The airfield was repaired and used by theRoyal Australian Air Force until the end of the war.Post WW2 in 1947, the Department of Civil Aviation sent an airport manager to Madang to oversee the building of the airport. Accommodation for the workers also hadto be built as well as airplane hangars and a control tower. Wooden floors on concrete slabs were laid. Knitted woven bark for the walls was floated downstream, made by the natives, who were paid in cash. When thebark hut accommodation was ready, motor mechanics, radio technicians and other workers arrived along with wives and children. Eventually packaged Hawksley houses arrived from Britain and were built in thetownship of Madang.Royal Australian Air Force Units at MadangHeadquarters, RAAF Northern Command (NORCOM)No. 4 Squadron RAAF (CAC Boomerang)No. 8 Communication Unit RAAFNo. 15 Squadron RAAF (BristolBeaufort)No. 111 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF (PBY Catalina)No. 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAFNo. 2 Medical Receiving Station RAAFNo. 109 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters RAAFAccidents andincidentsOn 11 April 1972, Douglas C-47 VH-PNB of Trans Australia Airlines overran the runway on landing, ending up in the sea damaged beyond economic repair.On 17 July 1972, Douglas C-47A VH-MAE of AnsettAirlines of Papua New Guinea was damaged beyond economic repair when the starboard undercarriage collapsed on landing. The aircraft was operating a domestic cargo flight from Wapenamanda Airport.On 30 October1972, Douglas C-47B VH-PNA of Ansett Airlines of Papua New Guinea overran the runway on landing. The aircraft was subsequently withdrawn from use and used for fire practice, eventually being scrapped in 1978.On31 May 1995 an Air Niugini Fokker F-28 Fellowship 1000, registration P2-ANB, attempted a landing in bad weather and aquaplaned off the runway and fell into a ditch at the eastern end of the runway. The aircraft wascarrying 4 crew and 35 passengers, none of whom was injured.On 19 October 2013 an Air Niugini Avions de Transport Regional ATR-42-300 cargo plane, registration P2-PXY, made a failed takeoff attempt and fell intoin Mero Creek at the western end of the runway. The right wing and engine were destroyed by fire but the three crew escaped to safety with minor injuries. There were no passengers on board.See alsoNaval BaseAlexishafenPassage 6:Breakaway AirportBreakaway Airport, also known as Hank Sasser Airport, (ICAO: 40XS) is a privately-owned, private use airport in Cedar Park, Texas, United States. Located about 3 miles (4.8km) northeast of Downtown Cedar Park, it covers 25 acres (10.1 ha) and has one runway. It serves as the base for the fly-in community Breakaway Park.HistoryFoundingIn 1977, United States Marine Corps veteranand amateur pilot Walter Yates purchased land for the purpose of establishing a fly-in community. This land would become Breakaway Park, a subdivision of the City of Cedar Park that featured a 3,000 foot (914.4 m)grass runway at its center. Initially, Breakaway would consist of the single unpaved runway and a handful of hangars near its northern end, but would see continuous development that continues to the present day. Thesubdivision would be managed by Breakaway Park, Incorporated, of which Yates was the president until the company's dissolution on March 26, 2001.Modern HistoryOn January 1, 2008, Breakaway Park fell under themanagement of residents Donald Richie and Dennis Gale, operating as D&D Airport Holdings LLC.Runway ResurfacingOver the years 2014 and 2015, Breakaway's grass runway would be paved over with asphalt, but itslength and width would remain unchanged.Name ChangeIn 2014, Breakaway Airport's name would be changed to Hank Sasser/Breakaway Airport in honor of amateur pilot John Henry \"Hank\" Sasser. He was a CedarPark native that operated his personal aircraft out of Breakaway, and died in an airplane crash in Lago Vista, Texas on August 23, 2014.FacilitiesBreakaway Airport offers fuel and oxygen services to residents ofBreakaway Park. There are no air traffic control facilities on-site.Runway and HangarsBreakaway Airport has one runway. Hangars are located on either side of the runway, many of which are attached to privateresidences.StatisticsAs of December 2021, there are 23 aircraft based at Breakaway Airport.Passage 7:Edmonton/Twin Island AirparkEdmonton/Twin Island Airpark (TC LID: CEE6), also known as Twin Island Air Park, islocated 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) southeast of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.See alsoList of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan RegionPassage 8:Esquimalt AirportEsquimalt Airport (IATA: YPF, ICAO: CYPF) wasan airport located in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada.Passage 9:Mayerthorpe AirportMayerthorpe Airport (TC LID: CEV5) is located 1.3 nautical miles (2.4 km; 1.5 mi) southwest of Mayerthorpe, Alberta,Canada.Passage 10:Erzincan AirportErzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport (IATA: ERC, ICAO: LTCD) is an airport located in Erzincan, Turkey.Airlines and destinationsTraffic Statistics(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr"}
{"doc_id":"doc_123","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Adventures of FridolinThe Adventures of Fridolin (German: Die seltsamen Abenteuer des Herrn Fridolin B.) is an East German film. It was released in 1948.External linksThe Adventures of Fridolin at IMDbPassage 2:The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943) is a Universal movie serial based on the popular comic strip The Adventures of Smilin' Jack by Zack Mosley. It was directed by Lewis D. Collins and Ray Taylor.PlotIn 1941, an American aviator, 'Smilin' Jack' Martin wishes to resign as an advisor to the Nationalist Chinese Army in order to return to the United States to enlist as an aviator in America's military buildup prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.  He is delayed when the Chinese discover that the neutral Tibetan like Mandon \"Province\" contains a secret road from India to China crucial for the Allied war effort.  Determined to obtain the secret for themselves, or equally determined to have the secret destroyed is the Japanese espionage organisation \"The Black Samurai\" and the German intelligence agent Fräulein von Teufel who masquerades as an American newspaper reporter.CastProductionThe serial was based on the comic strip by Zack Moseley but it was not in the spirit of the strip as would normally be expected from a Universal production. Very little of the original comic strip was used and a new character, Tommy Thompson, was created by Universal. The similarity to Tommy Tomkins, of the Tailspin Tommy stories, may imply a crossover of sorts. Cline suggests that it was \"a quick attempt to get a story on screen about a topical subject, and could have had almost any flyer with any name as a hero.”Chapter titlesThe High Road to DoomThe Rising Sun StrikesAttacked by BombersKnives of VengeanceA Watery GraveEscape by ClipperFifteen Fathoms BelowTreachery at SeaThe Bridge of PerilBlackout in the IslandsHeld for TreasonThe Torture Fire TestSinking the Rising SunSource:QuotesUnited Nations means united friends-Capt. WingPassage 3:Terminator 3: Rise of the MachinesTerminator 3: Rise of the Machines is a 2003 American science fiction action film directed by Jonathan Mostow. Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Nick Stahl, Claire Danes, and Kristanna Loken, it is the third installment in the Terminator franchise and a sequel to Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). In its plot, the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet sends a T-X (Loken)—a highly advanced Terminator—back in time to ensure the rise of machines by killing top members of the future human resistance as John Connor's (Stahl) location is unknown. The resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 (Schwarzenegger) to protect John and his future wife, Kate (Danes).While Terminator creator James Cameron was interested in directing the third film, he ultimately had no involvement with Terminator 3. Andrew G. Vajna and Mario Kassar, who had produced Terminator 2: Judgment Day through their company Carolco Pictures, obtained the rights for the franchise through both Carolco's liquidation auction and negotiations with producer Gale Ann Hurd. In 1999, Tedi Sarafian was hired to write the first draft of the script. Mostow joined the project as director in 2001, and he brought on John Brancato and Michael Ferris to rewrite Sarafian's script. The $187 million budget included a $5 million salary for Mostow and a record $30 million salary for Schwarzenegger. Filming took place in California from April to September 2002. Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and Stan Winston created the special effects, as they did for the previous film.Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines premiered in Westwood, Los Angeles, on June 30, 2003, and was released on July 2, 2003, by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States and by Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International in worldwide territories. It received generally positive reviews and earned $433.4 million worldwide, finishing its theatrical run as the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2003. A sequel, Terminator Salvation, was released in 2009.PlotTen years after destroying Cyberdyne Systems, John Connor has been living as a nomad following the death of his mother, Sarah, to hide from the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet, despite a war between humans and machines not happening in 1997, as foretold. Unable to locate John in the past, Skynet sends the T-X, an advanced prototype Terminator made of virtually impervious shapeshifting liquid metal covering a metal endoskeleton, back in time to John's present in Los Angeles, to instead kill his future allies in the human resistance. The human resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 Terminator, a less-advanced model covered in living flesh, to protect John and his future wife Kate Brewster.After killing other targets, the T-X locates the pair at an animal hospital where Kate works. John becomes the T-X's primary target, but the Terminator helps him and Kate escape, taking them to a mausoleum where John's mother is supposedly interred. Inside her vault, they find a weapons cache left at Sarah's request in case Judgment Day was not averted and the Terminators returned. They escape from an armed battle with the police and fend off the pursuing T-X. The Terminator reveals that John and Sarah's actions only delayed Judgment Day and that Skynet's attack will occur that day; the Terminator intends to drive John and Kate to Mexico to escape the fallout when Skynet begins its nuclear attack at 6:18 p.m. John orders the Terminator to take Kate and him to see her father, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Robert Brewster. The Terminator refuses, however when Kate also demands to see her father, the Terminator obeys. It is revealed that in the future, the Terminator killed John, after which Kate captured and reprogrammed the Terminator and sent it back in time.Meanwhile, General Brewster is supervising the development of Skynet for Cyber Research Systems (CRS), which also develops autonomous weapons. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff pressures him to activate Skynet to stop an anomalous computer virus from invading servers worldwide. General Brewster fails to discover that the virus was Skynet becoming sentient, and John and Kate arrive too late to stop him from activating it. The T-X fatally injures General Brewster and controls the CRS weaponized drones, which kill the employees. Before he dies, the general gives Kate and John the location of what John believes is Skynet's system core. The pair head for the tarmac to take General Brewster's single-engine plane to Crystal Peak, a facility built inside the Sierra Nevada. After a battle, the T-X severely damages the Terminator, reprogramming it to kill John, and pursues John and Kate through the CRS facility. When a particle accelerator is activated, it magnetically binds the T-X to the equipment. The still-conscious Terminator struggles to control its outer functions. As it prepares to kill John, he urges the Terminator to choose between its conflicting programming; it deliberately forces a shutdown of its corrupted system, enabling the pair's escape. Shortly after they leave, the Terminator's system reboots. Meanwhile, the T-X escapes the accelerator and resumes pursuit.After John and Kate reach Crystal Peak, the T-X arrives by helicopter. Before it can attack, the Terminator arrives in a second helicopter and crashes into and crushes the T-X. The T-X pulls itself from the wreckage, losing its legs, and attempts to drag itself inside the bunker to follow the pair. The Terminator holds the bunker door open long enough for the pair to lock them inside then uses its last hydrogen fuel cell to destroy both itself and the T-X.John and Kate discover that Crystal Peak is not Skynet's core, but rather a nuclear fallout shelter and command facility for government and military officials. Having no core, Skynet has become a part of cyberspace after becoming self-aware. Judgment Day begins as Skynet fires nuclear missiles worldwide, starting a nuclear holocaust that kills billions. The pair begin receiving radio transmissions on the emergency equipment; John tentatively assumes command by answering radio calls, and they reluctantly accept their fate.CastArnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator.Nick Stahl as John Connor. Stahl replaces Edward Furlong from the second film.Kristanna Loken as the T-X, an advanced Terminator sent back to murder John's resistance lieutenantsClaire Danes as Kate Brewster, John's former classmate and Scott's fiancé.David Andrews as Lieutenant General Robert Brewster, Kate's father who is also the program director at CRS, which has acquired Cyberdyne Systems' remaining assetsMark Famiglietti as Scott Mason, Kate's fiancé who is killed by the T-X. The character was originally named Scott Peterson, but the name was changed in order to avoid association with the case involving the murder of Laci Peterson and her unborn son Conner by her husband Scott Peterson. In the ending credits his name is still listed as \"Scott Petersen\".Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman: Reprising his role from the first two films, Boen appears in one scene, attempting to comfort Kate after she witnesses the acts of the Terminator.Jay Acovone portrayed an LAPD Officer. Kim Robillard and Mark Hicks portrayed Detective Edwards and Detective Bell. In the film's dialogue Bell is identified correctly, however in the film's end credits his name is listed as \"Detective Martinez\". One of Schwarzenegger's stunt doubles, Billy D. Lucas, portrayed a civilian who has his car accidentally wrecked by John.ProductionConceptionJames Cameron had directed and co-written the previous Terminator films. The film rights to the franchise were held by Carolco Pictures and by Cameron's ex-wife and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) executive producer Gale Anne Hurd, who both held 50 percent of the rights. Cameron had sold his stake to Hurd for $1 prior to directing The Terminator (1984). In July 1991, Cameron said that if Terminator 2 was successful, \"there may be some economic pressure\" to do a sequel. Hurd said that month, \"I've always felt the story lent itself wonderfully to being a continuing tale.\" She believed it was natural that a third film would happen, but was unsure at that time if Arnold Schwarzenegger would reprise his role as the Terminator. Hurd said that for Schwarzenegger to commit to another film, he would have to read a finished script, approve a director, and see if the project fit into his schedule.Following Terminator 2's release, Cameron said he had no intentions for further sequels, believing it \"brings the story full circle and ends. And I think ending it at this point is a good idea,\" and co-writer William Wisher said they wrote the script intending to leave no option for a sequel. Even so, Carolco Pictures co-founder Mario Kassar said in May 1992 that he intended to make a Terminator 3 film within the next five to seven years. TriStar, which distributed Terminator 2, would be involved in the new film. That month, TriStar chief Mike Medavoy said the film would probably take a couple of years.DevelopmentBy the end of 1995, Carolco had filed for bankruptcy, and Cameron wanted to direct a third film with the involvement of 20th Century Fox. Cameron's 3D film ride, Terminator 2 3-D: Battle Across Time, would open later in 1996. The project reunited the main cast of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and had prompted Cameron to begin writing a script for a Terminator 3 film. Cameron said Terminator 2 3D: Battle Across Time would serve as a \"stepping stone\" toward a third Terminator film. However, such a film would not be ready for a few years as Cameron was busy working on Titanic for 20th Century Fox.When Carolco filed for bankruptcy on November 10, 1995, its assets were bound to a liquidation auction. That day, 20th Century Fox signed a $50 million deal to acquire all of Carolco's assets, including the rights to Terminator sequels, as well as the company's existing film library. Fox withdrew its bid in January 1996, when Canal Plus bid $58 million for Carolco's film library. Canal Plus' offer did not include purchasing the rights for Carolco sequel films, but Fox wanted all of Carolco's assets and was unwilling to match or exceed the bid offer made by Canal Plus. The sequel rights would ultimately be auctioned through U.S. bankruptcy court, where Fox intended to purchase them.The new Terminator film would have Schwarzenegger reprising his role. Linda Hamilton had also talked with Cameron about reprising her role as Sarah Connor. During 1997, Fox spent nine months negotiating with Cameron, Schwarzenegger, and Hurd, the latter in regard to her share of the sequel rights. Bill Mechanic, chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment, oversaw the project and negotiations at that time. Mechanic wanted the trio to be involved in the new film, so he sought to first secure deals with them before proceeding with a purchase of the Carolco rights. Mechanic also believed that a deal with the trio would give him necessary leverage with the U.S. bankruptcy court to acquire the rights from Carolco. At that time, Cameron committed to writing and producing the film, and reserved the right to direct it in the event that he wanted to do so.Fox intended to make the new Terminator film on a budget similar to its predecessor, approximately $95 million. However, it was determined that the film could not be made on the intended budget when considering the additional cost of purchasing Carolco's rights, as well as Schwarzenegger's desired $25 million salary. At some point, Schwarzenegger had talked to Cameron about the two of them buying the rights themselves, but Cameron was not interested in this idea and wanted to let Fox handle the rights. Schwarzenegger said about Fox, \" Only later did I learn they were making these ridiculous lowball offers, like $750,000. We could have owned this ourselves, but Jim didn't want to be in that business.\"Dimension Films, a division of Miramax, had agreed to purchase the rights that were owned by Hurd and also intended to buy Carolco's rights through the auction. However, a judge ruled against an earlier motion which stated that only an established studio should be allowed to bid for the Carolco rights. This allowed Andrew G. Vajna to participate in the bidding. Vajna had co-founded Carolco with Kassar, but left the company in 1989.In September 1997, Cameron invited his friends Vajna and Kassar to see an early edit of Titanic, during which Vajna and Kassar learned that the Terminator rights were still available. That month, Mechanic discovered that Vajna had been quietly negotiating with the bankruptcy court to acquire the rights for himself and Kassar; the duo planned to form a new production company with Terminator 3 as its debut. During September 1997, Vajna signed a tentative $7.5 million agreement to purchase the rights, which were to be sold later in an auction scheduled for the following month. Mechanic was upset to learn of Vajna's agreement, having spent months in negotiations with Schwarzenegger, Cameron, and Hurd. Cameron was upset as well, as Vajna and Kassar had not mentioned their intention to buy the rights during their meeting days earlier. This would lead to the deterioration of their friendship. Vajna later said he was unaware that Cameron was already planning Terminator 3. Miramax dropped out of the bidding when Vajna raised his bid to $8 million.By October 1997, the budgetary concerns over Terminator 3 and Cameron's troubled post-production of Titanic for Fox led them both to abandon the Terminator project and not pursue the rights. Mechanic had asked Cameron if he wanted Fox to outbid Vajna, but Cameron decided he did not want to be involved in the project. Mechanic believed that Cameron was \"only hanging in there at the end because of Arnold and quality control. It was something that Arnold always wanted to do again. Period. And Jim was more than happy to do it.\" Cameron gave his approval for Hurd and Schwarzenegger to make another Terminator film without him, although Schwarzenegger did not want to make the film without Cameron, and initially refused to star in the third film.Over time, Schwarzenegger would continue trying to persuade Cameron to be involved in the new film. In 2003, Cameron said that he felt he had already told the whole story with his first two Terminator films, something that he came to realize during the post-production of Titanic. Cameron later stated, \"I just felt as a filmmaker maybe I've gone beyond it. I really wasn't that interested. I felt like I'd told the story I wanted to tell. I suppose I could have pursued it more aggressively and gone to the mat for it but I felt like I was laboring in someone else's house to an extent because I had sold the rights very early on.\" Nevertheless, feeling that the Terminator character was as much Schwarzenegger's as it was his own, Cameron eventually advised Schwarzenegger to do the third film without him, saying, \"If they can come up with a good script and they pay you a lot of money, don't think twice.\" The film was in high demand according to Schwarzenegger, who said he was frequently asked in interviews about the possibility of a third film.In October 1997, the rights to future Terminator films were auctioned to Vajna for $8 million. Hurd had opposed Vajna's attempt to buy the rights, and had tried unsuccessfully to change Cameron's mind about purchasing the rights. On the night that the rights were auctioned, Vajna contacted Cameron and Schwarzenegger to resolve the situation. Vajna was surprised that Cameron would be upset about the rights being sold, later saying, \"What difference does it make to Jim who's financing the movie, a studio or us? His deal would have been the same. Arnold tried to convince Jim over a long period of time to do the film. Arnold felt very loyal.\" Vajna said that Cameron \"felt that we 'stole his baby', even though we're the ones who put it together last time round. So we felt that that was kind of strange and then we went on to do it ourselves.\"Cameron said in January 1998 that it was unlikely he would direct Terminator 3. In March 1998, Vajna and Kassar acquired Hurd's half of the Terminator rights for $8 million, to become full owners of the franchise, with plans to proceed on Terminator 3. Hurd served as an executive producer on the film. Kassar and Vajna contacted Cameron with the hope that he would direct, but he declined. According to Kassar, Cameron was trying to obtain the auctioned Terminator rights for himself at the time that he was asked to direct. Cameron and his company, Lightstorm Entertainment, had considered trying to obtain the rights, but ultimately chose not to do so; it was estimated that acquiring the rights and paying Schwarzenegger to reprise his role could cost up to $100 million.Pre-productionBy 1999, Kassar and Vajna had been negotiating with various studios about partnering on the project, but decided to finalize the film's concept and script first. They founded C2 Pictures that year, and by October 1999, they had brought Toho-Towa and German company VCL onboard the project as co-financiers. The latter companies helped finance development of a script by Tedi Sarafian, who was hired for the film in 1999, along with David C. Wilson for a possible fourth installment. Fox held discussions with Vajna and Kassar about buying the rights from them for Cameron. Mechanic said these discussions were never serious. It was also reported that Fox and Cameron had been in discussions with Vajna and Kassar about partnering on the film. Vajna and Kassar accepted a proposal from Fox, but it fell apart once Toho-Towa and VCL were brought onto the project, as the latter companies purchased the distribution rights for Japan and Germany, the largest markets outside of the United States. Kassar and Vajna intended to proceed on the film with or without Schwarzenegger, although Kassar preferred that he be involved. Filming was expected to begin in 2000 for a release the following year.In March 2000, it was announced that VCL would have a 25 percent stake in the film, as well as the rights in German-speaking territories. At the time, Sarafian was days away from completing his draft, and Kassar hoped to announce a director within 45 days. Filming was still expected to commence later that year, with a release scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2001. Kassar wanted to have Terminator 3 and Terminator 4 shot back to back, possibly with different directors. Plans to shoot the film and its sequel simultaneously were later dropped, in case Terminator 3 did not become a success. Later in 2000, the start of production on Terminator 3 was delayed by a year.Sarafian's script, titled T-3: Rise of the Machines, featured John Connor working in a dot-com company. The script's villain was the T-1G, a female Terminator sent from the future, with the ability to turn invisible. By July 2000, Cameron had been given a copy of Sarafian's script, but he passed on directing the film due to his estranged relationship with Vajna and Kassar. Cameron later stated that he refused to direct or produce Terminator 3 because he disliked the idea of working from somebody else's script in a story he "}
{"doc_id":"doc_124","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Campanal IGuillermo González del Río García, nicknamed Campanal I or Guillermo Campanal (born 9 February 1912 in Avilés; died 22 January 1984 in Seville) was a Spanish footballer. During his career heplayed for Sporting de Gijón and Sevilla FC (1929–1946), and earned 3 caps and scored 2 goals for the Spain national football team, and participated in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.He later became manager of SevillaFC.HonoursSevillaLa Liga: 1945–46Copa del Rey: 1935, 1939Passage 2:Mirza Faiz MuhammadMirza Faiz Muhammad, also known by his title of Azādud Daulah, was an Indian nobleman and official in the Mughal empireduring the 18th century. He was a descendant of Mirza Hadi Baig and the great-great grandfather of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian.Life and reignDuring Faiz Muhammad's life, Qadian had developed close relations withDelhi. Faiz Muhammad was successful in suppressing the anarchy that prevailed in the Punjab during this period as a result of which, in 1716, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred upon him the rank of HaftHazārī which authorised him to keep regular force of 7,000 soldiers. He was also conferred the title Azādud Daulah (Strong Arm of the Government) by the Emperor.Passage 3:Muhammad I TaparAbu Shuja Ghiyathal-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Abū Shujā\u0000 Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn Mu\u0000ammad ibn Malik-Šāh; 1082 –1118), better known as Muhammad I Tapar (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118. He was a son of Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) and Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya. In Turkish,Tapar means \"he who obtains, finds\".ReignMuhammad was born in January 1082. He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although hisbrother Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battle of the Khabur River against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which thelatter was defeated and killed. Following the internecine conflict with his half brother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of malik and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, buthad to flee back to Armenia. By 1104, Barkiyaruq, ill and tired of war, agreed to divide the sultanate with Muhammad. Muhammad became sole sultan following the death of Barkiyaruq in 1105.In 1106, Muhammadconquered the Ismaili fortress of Shahdiz, and ordered the Bavandid ruler Shahriyar IV to participate in his campaign against the Ismailis. Shahriyar, greatly angered by the message Muhammad sent him, refused to aidhim against the Ismailis. Shortly after, Muhammad sent an army headed by Amir Chavli, who tried to capture Sari but was unexpectedly defeated by an army under Shahriyar and his son Qarin III. Muhammad then senta letter, which requested Shahriyar to send one of his sons to the Seljuq court in Isfahan. He sent his son Ali I, who impressed Muhammad so much that he offered him his daughter in marriage, but Ali refused and toldhim to grant the honor to his brother and heir of the Bavand dynasty, Qarin III. Qarin III then went to the Isfahan court and married her.In 1106/1107, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, the son of the famous vizier Nizamal-Mulk, went to the court of Muhammad I to file a complaint against the rais (head) of Hamadan. When Ahmad arrived to the court, Muhammad I appointed him as his vizier, replacing Sa'd al-Mulk Abu'l-Mahasen Abi,who had been recently executed on suspicion of heresy. The appointment was due mainly to the reputation of Ahmad's father. He was then given various titles which his father held (Qewam al-din, Sadr al-Islam andNizam al-Mulk).Muhammad I, along with his vizier Ahmad, later campaigned in Iraq, where they defeated and killed the Mazyadid ruler Sayf al-dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansur, who bore the title \"king of the Arabs\". In 1109,Muhammad I sent Ahmad and Chavli Saqavu to capture the Ismaili fortresses of Alamut and Ostavand, but they failed to achieve any decisive result and withdrew. Ahmad was shortly replaced by Khatir al-Mulk AbuMansur Maybudi as vizier of the Sejluq Empire. According to Ali ibn al-Athir (a historian who lived about a hundred years later), Ahmad then retired to a private life in Baghdad, but, according to the contemporarybiographer, Anushirvan ibn Khalid, Muhammad I had Ahmad imprisoned for ten years.Muhammad I died in 1118 and was succeeded by Mahmud II, although after Muhammad I's death Sanjar was clearly the chiefpower in the Seljuq realms.FamilyOne of Muhammad's wives was Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Isma'il, son of Yaquti. Another wife was Qutlugh Khatun. Another wife was Nistandar Jahan Khatun. She was themother of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud and Fatimah Khatun. After Muhammad's death Mengubars, the governor of Iraq, married her. Their daughter Fatimah married Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi in 1137, and died inSeptember 1147. Another of his daughters married Arslan Shah, son of Kirman Shah, and the grandson of Qavurt.Legacy and assessmentMuhammad was the last Seljuk ruler to have strong authority in the westernpart of the sultanate. The Seljuk realm was in a dire state after Muhammad's death, according to bureaucrat and writer Anushirvan ibn Khalid (died in 1137/1139); \"In Muhammad's reign the kingdom was united andsecure from all envious attacks; but when it passed to his son Mahmud, they split up that unity and destroyed its cohesion. They claimed a share with him in the power and left him only a bare subsistence.\" Muhammadis mainly portrayed in a positive light by contemporary historians. According to the historian Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (died in 1201), Muhammad was \"the perfect man of the Seljuk dynasty and their strongeststeed\".Muhammad's ceaseless campaigns inspired one of his poets, Iranshah, to compose the Persian epic poem of Bahman-nama, an Iranian mythological story about the constant battles between Kay Bahman andRostam's family. This implies that the work was also written to serve as advice for solving the socio-political issues of the time.Passage 4:Faiz MuhammadFaiz Muhammad (23 September 1937 – 29 October 2014) was aPakistani freestyle wrestler. He was from 5 AK regt (HAIDER DIL BN). During his time, he was one of the  National Champions and Army Champions of Pakistan.Early life and careerMuhammad was born in 1937 in theKandi (Rajauri district area of Jammu and Kashmir) and migrated to Azad Kashmir after the partition of British India in 1947. His family settled Iin Khanpur village, present day Kotli District of Azad Kashmir. In June1953, he was enlisted at training center number 3 of Azad Kashmir Regular Forces at Sohawa town (a village at that time). He had his first success in wrestling by winning the Pakistan Army Training Centres WrestlingChampionship, an army-level competition. In the same year, he won the National and Army Wrestling Championships. He won the Army Championship every year from 1954 to 1984 and won several gold medals. AtPakistani national level, he is the only one who has this-record of Army Championships. From 1953 to 1986, he won the National Wrestling Championship for 33 years.Passage 5:Faiz Mohammad KhanFaiz MuhammadKhan Bahadur, (r.1742–1777) the third Nawab of Bhopal, was the son of Yar Muhammad Khan, the second Nawab of Bhopal (as a reagent), and the stepson of Mamola Bai a very influential Hindu wife of Yar Muhammadand a direct descendant of Dost Mohammad Khan.See alsoMuhammad ShahAlamgir IIPassage 6:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína IAlekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was thesecond wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that ofPeter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Martawas the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he marriedDorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likelythat two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculatethat he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent toMarienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered avery beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or JohannRabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, andField Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented inher undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was hismistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great ofRussia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikovand Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, whilevisiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new nameCatherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter aredescribed as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peterhad moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as thoughthey were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was veryenergetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was saidto have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of theother women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. Inany case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712.  She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married anddivorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom toEmpire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.IssueCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Annaand Elizabeth:Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancyPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancyCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15May 1728)Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June1715)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)Grand Duke PeterPetrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)SiblingsUpon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titlesof Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: СимонГейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the CountsEfimovsky.Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, aRussian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.Fryderyk Skowroński,renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without havingchildren by either of them.Reign as empress regnantCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's formermistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine's secretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great dealof influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this hadbeen overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Monshad had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the \"new men\", commoners who had been brought topositions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup wasarranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia. Supporting evidence was \"produced\" from Peter's secretary Makarov and theBishop of Pskov, both \"new men\" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council.Catherine viewed the deposedempress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner.DeathCatherine I died two years after Peter I, on17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise.Before her death she recognized Peter II,the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor.Assessment and legacyCatherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, includingher daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia.  At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 menand supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe.  However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annualrevenue.  Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure.  For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers.  However, on this single issue, the reduction ofmilitary expenses, Catherine was able to have her way.  The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler.The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands ofone party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against GreatBritain.Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bearsher name.The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name.She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning \"Catherine's Valley\"), itsadjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution ofthe President.In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious.  The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.See alsoBibliography of Russian history(1613–1917)Rulers of Russia family treeNotesPassage 7:Asif PanhwarAsif Panhwar was the General Secretary of the Jeay Sindh Student Federation JSMM and the son of Faiz Muhammad Panhwar. He was abducted byintelligence agencies of Pakistan and then killed.Passage 8:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life andsongsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In hisearly twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens,The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, TheTree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_125","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Place in the Sun (film)A Place in the Sun may refer to:A place in the sun, a phrase used to refer to the German Empire's foreign policy (Weltpolitik) and colonial empireFilm and televisionA Place in the Sun(1916 film), a British silent filmA Place in the Sun (1951 film), an American dramatic filmA Place in the Sun (British TV series) (2000–present), a British Channel 4 lifestyle programme about buying property abroadAPlace in the Sun (2012 film), a Swedish film based on the Liza Marklund novelA Place in the Sun (South Korean TV series), a 2019 South Korean television seriesMusicA Place in the Sun (Lit album), 1999A Place in theSun (Pablo Cruise album), 1977A Place in the Sun (Tim McGraw album), 1999\"A Place in the Sun\" (Stevie Wonder song), 1966\"A Place in the Sun\" (Pablo Cruise song), 1977\"A Place in the Sun\", a 1983 song by theMarine Girls, from their Lazy Ways albumSee alsoEn plats i solen (disambiguation)\"A Place Under the Sun\", a 1999 single by Miho NakayamaUm Lugar ao Sol, a 2021 Brazilian telenovelaUn Lugar al sol, a 1965Argentine filmUn posto al sole, a 1996 Italian soap operaPassage 2:Christian-Peter FrieseChristian-Peter Friese (August 5, 1948, Munich - December 25, 1970, East Berlin) was one of the victims at the Berlin Wall.Members of the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic shot him while trying to escape from East Germany.BiographyHe was his mother's only child, and grew up with her in Naumburg. His father isunknown. After school, he trained as a car mechanic. In Naumburg he took a job at the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany).DeathOn the evening of December 24, 1970, he left  his home and his mother withoutsaying goodbye or leaving a message. He went to East Berlin by train. Once there he went to the allotment Vogelsang II in Treptow which was right on the border. He watched the border and climbed around midnighton the interior fence. He triggered alarm by touching the subsequent signal fence. A total of five border guards opened fire on Christian-Peter Friese, who took cover in the vehicle barrier ditch. Shortly afterwards Friesebegan again to run in the direction of the last border fence. He was hit several times in the legs and upper body. He succumbed to his injuries in the death strip. In the crime scene sketch of the files of the Stasi wererecorded a total of 98 shots on Christian-Peter Friese.AftermathA senate speaker and the American City Commandant expressed their protest over the incident. The West-Berlin police initiated an investigation.Themother of the deceased was informed on January 7, 1971, by members of the Stasi about the death. The legend was that Christian-Peter Friese was traveling by car into a tree. The body had been cremated. The urnwas transferred one month later to Naumburg and buried there in the municipal cemetery, under the supervision of the Stasi.After the German reunification, the mother said to Naumburg police that her son revealed hisintention of fleeing. In a Mauerschützenprozess (process against guards of the wall who had shot) the border guards involved were acquitted because intent to kill could not be established, and because the court couldnot determine which of the defendants was responsible for the actual killing.See alsoList of deaths at the Berlin WallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 3:Chris GueffroyChris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 – 6 February 1989) wasthe last person to be shot and the second-last to die in an escape attempt while trying to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall.BiographyChris Gueffroy was born in Pasewalk, BezirkNeubrandenburg (present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) on 21 June 1968. He had an older brother, Stefan Gueffroy.He moved to Schwedt in 1970, the same year that his mother, Karin Gueffroy, and his father, AlloisGueffroy, divorced. Three years later, when he was five years old, he moved to Berlin with his mother and his brother. When he was in the third grade, he was sent to the youth sports school SC Dynamo Berlin, basedon his gymnastic talent. After he finished school he refused to pursue an officer’s career track in the National People’s Army and was consequently denied the right to study at university, ending his dream of becomingan actor or a pilot. In September 1985 he began an apprenticeship in the Schönefeld airport restaurant near Berlin after which he worked in a number of different restaurants. As a waiter, his income was better thanaverage, and he had a strong degree of freedom, but he was disgusted by the widespread corruption in the restaurant business. His friend Christian Gaudian, whom he had met at gastronomy school, shared hisfeelings. At twenty, he found it increasingly unbearable to think that he would remain locked up with the knowledge that it would always be this way and that he would never have the freedom to decide for himselfwhere he wanted to live. In mid-January 1989, upon learning that he was to be conscripted into the East German army the following May, he and Gaudian decided to leave East Germany.DeathGueffroy and Gaudianbased their decision to try to flee over the wall on mistaken beliefs that the Schießbefehl, the standing order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been lifted (it had not), and that the Swedish primeminister Ingvar Carlsson was to pay a state visit to East Berlin (he had already left when they attempted their escape). Their attempted escape from East Berlin to West Berlin, along the Britz district canal would takeplace on the night of 5–6 February 1989, about two kilometres (1¼ miles) from what would be Gueffroy's last residence on Südostallee 218, Johannisthal, Treptow, East Berlin. Climbing the last metal lattice fence, thetwo were discovered and came under fire from the NVA border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by two shots and died in the border strip. Gaudian, badly but not fatally injured, was arrested and was sentenced on24 May 1989 to imprisonment of three years by the Pankow district court for attempted illegal border-crossing of the first degree (\"versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts im schweren Fall\"). In September 1989Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government, and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.Chris Gueffroy is often erroneously named as the last person to die in the attempt to cross thewall, but he was in fact only the last to be killed through the use of weapons, and the second-last to die in an escape attempt. Winfried Freudenberg died in the crash of an improvised balloon aircraft by which hecrossed the border into West Berlin on 8 March 1989.AftermathAs compensation for her loss, the East German government allowed Karin Gueffroy to emigrate to West Berlin and visit Chris's grave in Baumschulenwegweekly, with the condition that she did not speak to western media about the incident. She would take residence in the West Berlin district of Moabit, on Oldenburger Straße 36.The four border guards involved at thetime at first obtained an award (Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen) from the chief of the Grenzkommandos Mitte border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. However, after thereunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by the Berlin regional court. Two of the former border guards, Mike Schmidt (now a millwright with two children), and Peter Schmett (now an electricianwith three children), were acquitted and released in January 1992, because the presiding judge, Theodor Seidel, ruled that they \"did not kill and did not intend to kill\". A third former border guard, Andreas Kuehnpast(now unemployed), received a suspended sentence of two years. The fourth former border guard, Ingo Heinrich (now an electronic engineer), who was responsible for the mortal shot in the heart, was at first sentencedto three and a half years of jail. On appeal, the Bundesgerichtshof (High Court of Justice) in 1994 reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years.In 2000, two SED functionaries, Siegfried Lorenz andHans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retriedon 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the lastcase concerning deaths on the inner German border.On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was erected on the bank of the Britz district canal. The monument was designedby Berlin artist Karl Biedermann. One of the crosses at the White Crosses memorial site next to the Reichstag building is devoted to him.On 13 August 2010 the Britzer Allee between Treptow and Neukölln was renamedChris-Gueffroy-Allee.See alsoSven HüberList of deaths at the Berlin WallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 4:Escape from East BerlinEscape from East Berlin is a 1962 American-West German thriller film directed by RobertSiodmak and starring Don Murray, Christine Kaufmann and Werner Klemperer.It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Dieter Bartels and Ted Haworth.PlotThestory takes place in East Berlin soon after the Berlin Wall is built, and is based on an actual escape on January 24, 1962. Kurt Schröder is a chauffeur to East German Major Eckhardt and his seductive wife Heidi, withwhom he is having an affair. One night he sees a friend, Günther Jurgens, who works at the garage where Kurt has the Major's car maintained, drive his tow-truck through a gate and get killed trying to escape to thewest. Günther's sister, Erika, comes looking for Günther when he doesn't return, and is told that Kurt saw him last night. She then goes to Kurt's house, where he lives with his mother, Uncle Albrecht (a musician),sister Ingeborg and kid brother Helmut within sight of the wall. Erika is intent on escaping to West Berlin, thinking that her brother made it. Kurt, reasonably satisfied with his life, has no intention of risking his life toattempt an escape. Erika then attempts to escape over the wall but Kurt catches her as she tries to crawl under the barbed wire, and they pretend to be lovers to hide her intentions from suspicious guards. Kurt thenhides her in his house. A piece of Erika's clothing is caught in the barbed wire, and the guards track her to the Schröder's house. She hides in a room without a floor, and narrowly escapes the guards after they concludethat she could not be in the room.The Schröders and their neighbors, including a woman named Marga who has a baby and whose husband has already escaped to the west, want to escape East Germany. Kurt comesup with the idea of building a tunnel under the wall, through which they can escape to West Berlin. Although he will mastermind the plan, Kurt has no intention of going with them. They drill through the basement wallusing Uncle Albrecht's band as a noise cover when the actual drilling takes place. One member of the family keeps watch while the others work on the tunnel itself. After they start digging the tunnel, they are joined byWalter Brunner, who had his own plan to dig a tunnel. All the while, Kurt is falling in love with Erika, and he eventually summons the courage to tell her that her brother is dead. Because of this burgeoning love, Kurt haschanged his mind and will escape with the rest of his family and Erika. On January 27, 1962, the tunnel is completed when just before dawn Kurt reaches the other side, and the breakout is planned for the followingnight.However, Marga tells Erika's parents the news of their daughter, and Erika's father, a professor who favors the Communist regime, betrays the escape plan to Major Eckhardt. Kurt is waiting to drive the Eckhardt'sand learns from Heidi that the authorities are after him and he takes the car and hurries home ahead of the East German troops. When he arrives home, Kurt learns that his family have invited Uncle Albrecht's bandmembers to join the escape, bringing the number of escapees to 28. Kurt tells them of the betrayal, and that they must make their escape immediately. As the police besiege their house, the Schröders, their friends andErika make their escape, with Kurt bringing up the rear. He is wounded when a soldier fires at him as he goes through the tunnel collapsing it behind him. Erika comes back to find and help him. Together they maketheir way to the exit, where the others have already emerged to live in freedom.CastDon Murray as Kurt SchröderChristine Kaufmann as Erika JurgensWerner Klemperer as Walter BrunnerIngrid van Bergen as IngeborgSchröderCarl Schell as Major EckhartEdith Schultze-Westrum as Mother SchröderBruno Fritz as Uncle AlbrechtMaria Tober as MargaHorst Janson as Günther JurgensKai Fischer as Heidi EckhartKurt Waitzmann as Prof.Thomas JurgensHelma Seitz as Frau JurgensRonald Dehne as Helmut SchröderProductionSince the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 stories of escapes from the East, both failed and successful, had filled the news inthe West and led to competition between US networks to record a tunnel escape. MGM decided to take advantage of the public interest with a feature film inspired by real events. This included building a 300 yard longplaster replica of the wall in West Berlin that became a tourist attraction and attracted the attention of East German guards. The movie crew filmed sentries flashing spotlights across the border, turning them into filmextras and prompting director Robert Siodmak to rave “Talk about realism!\"ReceptionAccording to MGM records, the film made a profit of $193,000.Passage 5:Escape from the CityCrush 40 is a Japanese-American hardrock band. The group consists of guitarist and composer Jun Senoue and vocalist Johnny Gioeli, although Senoue has featured other lead vocalists on a Crush 40 album.  Crush 40 is best known for their contributions tothe Sonic the Hedgehog video game series.Senoue is employed by Sega as a composer and sound director, and has worked with Sega as a composer since 1993.  While preparing music for Sonic Adventure, hecontacted Gioeli to record the game's main track, \"Open Your Heart\".  They also recorded the soundtrack for NASCAR Arcade under the name \"Sons of Angels\" and released it in 2000 in Japan as the album Thrill of theFeel.  Afterward, Senoue and Gioeli stayed in contact and continued to record new music for further Sonic games, as well as their own original music, and performed live concerts.Crush 40 has released a total of twostudio albums, two live albums, two compilations, an EP, and individual tracks, mostly under Sega's Wave Master label.  The band's musical style of hard rock, considered by some to be a continuation of glam rock, hascreated a legacy with fans of the Sonic video game series.HistoryFormation, Thrill of the Feel, and Crush 40After graduating from college, Jun Senoue was hired by Sega in 1993 to compose music for video games. Hisfirst project in the Sonic the Hedgehog series was Sonic the Hedgehog 3 & Knuckles (1994), and he also contributed to Dark Wizard, Sonic 3D Blast, and Sega Rally 2.  During recording for Daytona USA: ChampionshipCircuit Edition, Senoue worked with Eric Martin of Mr. Big to record the main theme, \"Sons of Angels\".  Senoue said he brought a rock music feel to the games he worked on, including the Sonic the Hedgehog series,because he is a \"rock guy\".In 1998, Senoue contacted vocalist Johnny Gioeli during the recording process for Sonic Adventure and recorded their first song, \"Open Your Heart\". Senoue had previously recorded a demo ofthe song with Eizo Sakamoto on vocals, but Senoue has stated that he wrote the song assuming Gioeli would sing it. According to Gioeli, Senoue was a fan of Gioeli's band Hardline and connected with him via DougAldrich, the guitarist for Whitesnake. After making the track, the two stayed in contact, having enjoyed working together and wanting to do more. Senoue and Gioeli worked together again on songs for NASCAR Arcade.In addition to Senoue and Gioeli, Naoto Shibata and Hirotsugu Homma of Loudness played the bass and drums, respectively, for the songs, and the group took the name Sons of Angels, from the title of the songSenoue recorded with Eric Martin. In 2000, the band released Thrill of the Feel in Japan, published by Victor Entertainment. The album contained the tracks they had written for NASCAR Arcade, along with \"Open YourHeart\".During the development of Sonic Adventure 2, Senoue and Gioeli reunited to record the title track, \"Live & Learn\". As Shibata and Homma were busy performing with Loudness and later Anthem, Takeshi Tanedawas brought in to play bass, and Katsuji Kirita from Gargoyle and The Cro-Magnons played drums.  According to Vice, \"Live & Learn\" is one of Gioeli's favorite songs.  Senoue recorded the intro to the song for thegame's trial edition; he worked on the rest of the arrangement later and completed it within one day.  He then sent a demo to Gioeli to record his vocals. Gioeli was given the task of writing the lyrics for \"Live & Learn\".He initially was nervous and asked Senoue if his lyrics were okay on multiple occasions, but despite this, \"Live & Learn\" became one of the most memorable songs on the Sonic Adventure 2 soundtrack according to SeanAitchison of Fanbyte.Around this time, the band was renamed Crush 40, after discovering that there was a Norwegian rock band already named Sons of Angels. When asked why he chose \"Crush 40\", Senoue said,\"When we had to pick one, we chose the word we like... 'Crush' is one of them, and Johnny added the number. Crush is the name of the soda too... that's my favorite!\" Gioeli added that his inspiration for the title was adesire to \"crush\" his forties, which he was approaching at the time.  Two years after the 2001 release of Sonic Adventure 2, the album Crush 40 was released by Frontiers Records. The album contained the vocal tracksfrom NASCAR Arcade, Sonic Adventure and Sonic Adventure 2. According to Senoue, Crush 40 is specifically the band of himself and Gioeli, though tracks \"It Doesn't Matter\" and \"Escape from the City\" (sung by TonyHarnell and Ted Poley, respectively) were included on the album.  Senoue explained this was done to exhibit these songs to fans.Recordings for Sega and The Best of Crush 40: Super Sonic SongsIn 2003, Crush 40composed two new songs entitled \"Sonic Heroes\" and \"What I'm Made Of...\" for Sega's Sonic Heroes, the first multiplatform Sonic game. Both Senoue and Gioeli have called \"What I'm Made Of...\" their favorite song toperform. For Shadow the Hedgehog in 2005, Crush 40 recorded \"I Am... All of Me\", as well as \"Never Turn Back\". The drums for both songs were recorded by Toru Kawamura. Additionally, Crush 40 recorded covers ofsongs used in 2006's Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic and the Secret Rings, Sonic Riders and Zero Gravity, and Sonic CD.  The band also recorded five original songs and a cover for Sonic and the Black Knight.For their first10 years, Crush 40 never performed live. In 2008, Crush 40 performed live at the Tokyo Game Show, with Senoue and Gioeli performing with backing tracks.  A year later, Senoue revealed to Famitsu that Crush 40 hadtwo album releases in the works, one of which was a \"Best Of\" album, due for release in September 2009.  He also announced the release of future songs that were not written for video games. The Best of Crush 40 –Super Sonic Songs was released on November 18, 2009.  In addition to compiling various Crush 40 songs from previous games, the album featured a new song, \"Is It You,\" and a cover of \"Fire Woman\", a song releasedby The Cult in 1989. Senoue was also credited as a soloist on the 2009 Hardline album Leaving the End Open.Rise Again, Live!, 2 Nights 2 Remember, and Driving Through ForeverAfter the 2010 release of Sonic FreeRiders, Crush 40's contributions to Sonic the Hedgehog decreased. Senoue was no longer lead composer on games in the Sonic series after 2011's Sonic Generations. During the next few years, Crush 40 made morelive performances and recordings. In 2010, Crush 40 performed live at the Summer of Sonic convention. The next year, Crush 40 recorded a single, \"Song of Hope\", as inspiration for hope for victims of the 2011 Tōhokuearthquake and tsunami. According to Senoue, the song was written for charity, specifically for the Red Cross. Subsequently, \"Song of Hope\" and three new songs were released as an EP called Rise Again. One of theincluded songs, \"Sonic Youth\", pays tribute to Crush 40's fans with numerous references to the band's past songs.On March 29 and 30, 2012, Crush 40 performed live at Shibuya GUILTY in Tokyo, with Sonic Teamproducer Takashi Iizuka in the audience. From this concert, performed with Taneda and Kawamura, Crush 40's album Live! was recorded, and was released on October 3, 2012. The band also performed at the St. Louis"}
{"doc_id":"doc_126","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Wayne BridgeWayne Michael Bridge (born 5 August 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left back.A graduate of the Southampton academy, he made his debut in 1998 andwould go on to make over 150 league appearances in Premier League before going on to have an extensive career with Chelsea where he won all three domestic competitions over the course of his six-year stay atStamford Bridge. He also spent time on loan with Fulham before later in 2009 joining Manchester City, where he remained for four seasons, although his final two were spent on loan with West Ham and Sunderland aswell as a spell in the EFL Championship with Brighton & Hove Albion. He retired in 2014 following a season with ReadingBridge made 36 appearances for the England national team between 2002 and 2009, beingselected for two FIFA World Cup squads and UEFA Euro 2004.Club careerSouthamptonBridge was born in Southampton, but moved to Olivers Battery, Winchester, at an early age. He attended Oliver's Battery Primaryand Kings' School, Winchester. When playing for Olivers Battery he was spotted by Micky Adams, who recommended him to Southampton, who signed him as a trainee in July 1996. He made his reserve team debut as acentre-forward against Portsmouth on 13 August 1997 and turned professional in January 1998.Bridge made his first-team debut on 16 August 1998 (the opening day of the 1998–99 season) coming on as areplacement for John Beresford, who had badly damaged his knee. Bridge made his first senior start in the next match on 22 August in a 5–0 defeat away to Charlton Athletic. As Southampton struggled to pick uppoints (with only two points after the first nine games), Bridge played (on the left wing) in most of Saints' league games until early December before losing his place to Hassan Kachloul. For the remainder of the1998–99 Premier League season, Bridge was only used occasionally as Saints narrowly avoided relegation. He completed his first season as a first-team player with 15 starts and eight substitute appearances.Thefollowing season carried on in a similar vein with Bridge making occasional appearances on the left wing until injuries to Francis Benali and the poor form of his intended replacement Patrick Colleter gave Bridge theopportunity to play at left-back, where he soon became a fixture in the Saints starting line-up. In the 1999–2000 season, he made 15 starts (plus four substitute appearances) scoring his first senior goal, with apowerful free-kick over the wall, in the final match of the season on 14 May 2000 against Wimbledon, as a result of which Wimbledon were relegated to Division 1 after 14 years in the top flight.In the 2000–01 season,Bridge was an ever-present at left-back as Saints finished their final season at The Dell in tenth place in the Premier League table. Bridge was rewarded by being voted the Southampton Player of the Year for the2000–01 season.Bridge was \"fast, determined, skilful and full of youthful promise\" and \"his forward runs became an exciting sight at The Dell and then at St Mary's.\" He was an ever-present yet again in the followingseason as Saints again finished their first season at their new stadium comfortably in mid-table.Bridge's temperament and consistency, together with a high level of fitness, enabled him to continue to play every matchuntil 18 January 2003 when he limped off with an injury in a 1–0 defeat to Liverpool. This brought to an end a run of 113 consecutive appearances, a Premier League record for an outfield player (since surpassed byFrank Lampard, Jr.). His run started on 4 March 2000, from when Bridge played 10,160 consecutive minutes of Premier League football, not missing any play through injury or suspension.By now, bigger clubs weretrailing Bridge, and he was finally tempted away to join Chelsea for £7 million in the 2003 close season. His last appearance for the club came in the 2003 FA Cup Final defeat to Arsenal. During his five years as a Saintsfirst-team player, he made 173 appearances, with two league goals against Wimbledon and Bolton Wanderers.Chelsea2003–04 seasonAfter five years with the Saints, Bridge moved to Chelsea in July 2003 for a fee of£7 million plus Graeme Le Saux, and was initially a regular starter. His finest moment came in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal in 2003–04. Bridge scored the winning goal in the 88th minute to sendChelsea into the semi-finals and end an 18-game winless run against Arsenal. The goal was later voted goal of the season. Bridge also scored against Beşiktaş and Portsmouth in the 2003–04 season.2004–05seasonBridge started the 2004–05 season playing regularly under new manager José Mourinho, but he picked up a serious ankle injury in an FA Cup tie against Newcastle United on 20 February 2005. This ended hisseason and also meant he missed the following weekend's League Cup Final. Chelsea went on to win the Premier League in his absence but Bridge had already made enough appearances (15) to receive a winners'medal.2005–06 seasonFor the 2005–06 season, Chelsea signed Spanish left-back Asier del Horno and Bridge faced a challenge to get back into the side when he recovered from the injury that kept him out of the teamin the latter stages of the 2004–05 campaign. He only made two appearances for Chelsea that season, both in domestic cup games. These limited first team opportunities saw him join Fulham on loan on 19 January2006. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to West Ham United at Upton Park. The move seemed to benefit him as he managed to secure his place in the 2006 World Cup English squad for the tournament in Germany.Chelsea won the Premier League again, but Bridge was not eligible for a medal this time as he had not made a single league appearance for them all season.2006–07 seasonBridge's main competition for the Chelsea leftback position then came from fellow England international left back Ashley Cole. Bridge played the full match in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Manchester City on the opening day of the 2006–07 Premier League season,providing a telling cross for the third goal, scored by a header from Didier Drogba. His strong early season form, however, was not enough to hold down the left-back position, with Mourinho preferring Ashley Cole inmost games. Following Cole's injury in the 3–0 Premier League win against Blackburn Rovers early in 2007, Bridge became Chelsea's natural choice for left-back.Bridge featured in attack for an injury struck Chelsea sideagainst League Two side Wycombe Wanderers in the 2007 semi-final 1st leg League Cup match, scoring one goal in the process.Bridge finished the 2006–07 season with two cup final winner's medals after playing inboth the League Cup Final against Arsenal in a 2–1 win and in the FA Cup Final against Manchester United in a 1–0 victory.2007–08 seasonBridge played his third cup final for Chelsea in just over two years in the 2–1loss in the 2008 League Cup Final against Tottenham Hotspur. Bridge was adjudged to have handled the ball in the penalty area and Tottenham were awarded a penalty from which they scored, going on to win 2–1after extra-time.2008–09 seasonIn the League Cup fourth round tie against Burnley in the 2008–09 season, Bridge wore the captain's armband in the absence of John Terry and Frank Lampard, but the Blues lost onpenalties.Manchester City2009–11 seasonsOn 2 January 2009, it was confirmed by Mark Hughes that Manchester City had agreed an undisclosed fee with Chelsea for Bridge, thought to be around £10 million and, onthe following day, Manchester City agreed personal terms with the player, who later passed his medical, thus enabling the transfer to be completed and he signed a four-and-a-half-year deal. Bridge was unveiled to thehome fans that day at an FA Cup home tie against Nottingham Forest, and two weeks later made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the league. He was given the squad number 25. For the2009–10 season, Bridge switched to the number 3, which was previously worn by Michael Ball.On 27 February 2010, City inflicted Chelsea's first home Premier League defeat of the season with a 4–2 victory. Prior tothe match, Bridge was involved in a highly publicised incident in which he refused to shake hands with Chelsea captain and former club and international teammate John Terry, who was at the time the subject of claimsthat he had had an affair with Bridge's ex-girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel. His position as left-back for Manchester City gradually faded with the arrival of two new left-backs. In the summer of 2010, Manchester Citymanager Roberto Mancini signed Aleksandar Kolarov from Lazio, and in 2011 signed Gaël Clichy from Arsenal, thus indicating Bridge was surplus to requirements at City.West Ham (loan)On 12 January 2011, Bridgejoined West Ham United on loan until the end of the season. He made his West Ham debut on 15 January 2011 in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal. Bridge made 18 appearances in all competitions for West Ham before his loanended.Sunderland (loan)On 31 January 2012, it was announced that Bridge had joined Sunderland on a loan deal until the end of the 2011–12 season. He made his debut appearance as an 82nd minute substitute forKieran Richardson in Sunderland's 3–0 victory over Norwich City the following day. He made his first start for Sunderland in their 1–0 win over Liverpool on 10 March 2012, and also featured in the FA Cup quarter-finaldraw with Everton the following week.Brighton & Hove Albion (loan)On 6 July 2012, it was confirmed that Bridge would join Brighton & Hove Albion on a season-long loan. He made his debut for Brighton on 14 August2012 in a 3–0 away defeat to Swindon Town in the League Cup. His first Brighton goal came on 25 August 2012 in a 5–1 home victory over Barnsley, his first league goal since scoring for Chelsea in December 2003.Bridge played 37 league games for Brighton, scoring three goals and helping them reach fourth place in the league to qualify for the play-offs. He played in both semi-final games against Crystal Palace where Brightonwere beaten 2–0 on aggregate. At the end of the season, Bridge thanked Brighton manager Gus Poyet for revitalising his footballing career. He told The Independent, \"Brighton have been great to me. I just want to saya big thank you to the chairman and the fans. Gus has revitalised my love for football after I was in the wilderness at Manchester City.\"Reading and retirementIn June 2013, Bridge signed a one-year contract withReading, who had just been relegated to the Football League Championship. Bridge chose Reading ahead of offers from Queens Park Rangers and Brighton, who wished to make his loan permanent.On 6 May 2014,Bridge was released by Reading after 12 games in his only season for the club, subsequently retiring from professional football.International careerDuring his time with Southampton, all Bridge's managers (Jones,Hoddle and Gray) predicted full international honours. He was soon making regular appearances for the England under-21 team, and the managers' prophecy was realised when Sven-Göran Eriksson gave him his firstfull cap against the Netherlands on 13 February 2002. He quickly proved himself and appeared twice as a substitute in the 2002 World Cup, although he did not appear at all in Euro 2004, with Ashley Cole beingpreferred.During qualification for the 2006 World Cup, Bridge occupied England's problematic left midfield position, but lost this to his Chelsea teammate Joe Cole when he received an injury. He returned to the Englandteam for a friendly against Argentina in November 2005, covering for the injured Cole at left back and winning his 21st cap.Bridge played in the Euro 2008 qualifier match against Estonia on 6 June 2007, which Englandwon 3–0, with Bridge assisting Joe Cole's goal with a long throw into the box.Bridge's final appearance for England was against Brazil on 14 November 2009.On 25 February 2010, Bridge announced his permanentwithdrawal from international duty following allegations regarding England captain John Terry and Bridge's former girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel.Personal lifeBridge was in a relationship with French model VanessaPerroncel from 2005 to 2009. They had a son together, Jaydon Jean Claude Bridge, who was born on 21 November 2006. The next day, Bridge signed a new four-year contract with Chelsea, on 22 November 2006.InJanuary 2010, a super injunction was imposed by a High Court judge preventing the media reporting that Bridge's former teammate John Terry had allegedly had an affair with Perroncel shortly after she split fromBridge. The injunction was lifted a week later. On 25 March, Perroncel succeeded in a claim against Bridge for maintenance for their son with the High Court awarding her a payment of £6,000 per month until Jaydon's18th birthday. The News of the World printed an apology for the story on 3 October 2010 to Perroncel for invading her private life, and indicating that she has refuted the claims against herself and Terry.On 8 April2013, The Saturdays singer Frankie Sandford announced on Twitter that she was engaged to Bridge. She gave birth to their son, Parker Bridge, on 18 October 2013. The couple married on 19 July 2014 in a privateceremony. In January 2015, Sandford announced that they were expecting their second child. On 15 August 2015, Carter Bridge was born.Bridge was a contestant in the 2016 series of TV show I'm a Celebrity... Get MeOut of Here!, but was voted out on 2 December. In 2019, he won the first celebrity series of Channel 4's SAS: Who Dares Wins, after trekking the El Morado glacier in Chile.Bridge has spoken about his love for playingpoker, which began when his friends started a local monthly home game. He plays in one day live events, and has described his style of play as 'kamikaze'.Career statisticsClubInternationalScores and results listEngland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bridge goal.HonoursChelseaPremier League: 2004–05FA Cup: 2006–07Football League Cup: 2006–07IndividualPFA Team of the Year: 2001–02 PremierLeague, 2012–13 ChampionshipPassage 2:Daniel Sandford (journalist)Daniel Sandford is an English TV journalist.Early life and educationSandford was born in 1965-66 in Oxford. His family moved to Ethiopia when hewas 3 and he received his primary education there at the English School, which had been founded by his grandmother some 20 years earlier. The family returned to the UK after the 1974 Ethiopian revolution and hereceived his secondary education at Magdalen College School, an independent school for boys in Oxford, and sang as a chorister in the choir of Magdalen College, Oxford. He studied physics and electronics at theUniversity of Southampton, graduating in 1988.CareerFrom January 1989 to May 1998, Sandford worked at ITN, where his roles included that of Home Affairs Producer, Africa Producer and General Reporter.In 1998 hejoined the BBC, acting as Home Affairs Producer and Health Correspondent. In 2002 he became Home Affairs Correspondent. He reported on the terrorist attacks in London in July 2005, and the airline \"liquid bomb plot\"of August 2006. In May 2020 the BBC was obliged to apologise after 'incorrect' and 'disappointing' claims by Sandford live on air that Welsh borders would not be policed when Welsh Health minister Vaughan Gethingand Rhun ap Iorwerth, MS for Ynys Môn criticised his remarks over the difference in COVID-19 lockdown rules in England and Wales.Personal life and family backgroundHe is the grandson of Brigadier Daniel Sandfordand the great nephew of Lieutenant Richard Douglas Sandford VC. He is also related to Daniel Fox Sandford (1831–1906), Bishop of Tasmania, Daniel Keyte Sandford (1798–1838), Scottish politician and Greek scholarand Daniel Sandford, (1766–1830), Bishop of Edinburgh.He is married to Caro Kriel, the former head of international news for Sky News. He has two children.Passage 3:Frankie BridgeFrancesca Bridge (née Sandford,born 14 January 1989) is an English singer, formerly a member of S Club Juniors and a member of girl group the Saturdays. Bridge began her career when she auditioned for Simon Fuller's reality television competitionS Club Search in 2001, broadcast on CBBC. She successfully auditioned and won a place in the pop group S Club Juniors. Bridge and the rest of the group then starred in their own reality TV show S Club Junior: TheStory. Together with the band, Bridge successfully released seven singles and two albums. Whilst in the group, she made an appearance in S Club 7's TV show Viva S Club. The group then began featuring in their ownchildren's musical television programme I Dream. Bridge played a main role in the show and went onto release the duet single \"Dreaming\" along with fellow S Club 8 member Calvin Goldspink.In 2007, Bridge went on tosuccessfully audition for the girlband the Saturdays. The group were immediately signed to Polydor and Fascination Records and later gained a record deal with Geffen Records after having huge success in the UnitedKingdom. Bridge and the rest of the group later signed a deal with Island Def Jam and Mercury worth US$1.5 million to distribute their music in the US, which led to her first UK number-one single \"What About Us\".Throughout Bridge's time in the music industry, she has achieved 19 UK top-ten singles and six UK top-ten albums. In late 2017, Bridge decided to pursue a solo career in music, signing a record deal with both Polydorand Fascination Records, the labels Bridge has been signed to since she was 11 years old. Her debut solo album was expected to be released in 2019, however it was shelved so Bridge could focus on motherhood.Bridge's 16 years in the music industry has led her to sell an estimated 10 million records worldwide.Bridge gained higher prominence as a style icon in the UK, and her signature style short hair started a trend aroundthe UK. She has had a successful career in television as well as performing, she has been a part of two reality television series of her own: The Saturdays: 24/7 and Chasing the Saturdays. She was also involved inGhosthunting With... in 2010. In 2014, Bridge took part in the twelfth series of Strictly Come Dancing where she was the runner-up of the series, and in 2017 she began presenting Cannonball. She has been married tofootballer Wayne Bridge since 2014, and together, the couple have two sons. As of 2021, Bridge's net worth stands at £11 million, the highest of all the members of the Saturdays. In November 2021, Bridge was acontestant on the twenty-first series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and finished in third place.Early lifeBridge was born in Upminster, Essex, on 14 January 1989. According to Bridge, her parents are very\"sporty\" and she would hate Sundays due to them making her do sport, therefore Bridge began taking dance lessons from the age of three at her local Community centre. Bridge auditioned for Colins Performing Arts, adrama school in Romford, and sang a song from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, which she practised daily with the school choir. She was successful in receiving a place at the school. Bridge was inspiredto audition for the school after seeing future bandmate, Rochelle Humes perform at the opening evening. Bridge began auditioning for roles in television shows and adverts when she was just nine years old, andalthough she did well and often making the final, she didn't receive any parts she auditioned for and began questioning whether or not she was good enough, and therefore began taking an extra two private actinglessons a week. She has a sister. In her early teens she won a contest for her performance of \"Macavity\" from the musical, Cats and her mother taught her the song, choreographed the routine and made her outfit. Inthe book The Saturdays: Our Story, Bridge revealed she was very poor at Mathematics in school and her school report revealed she was well behaved as a child and would only receive detention for forgettinghomework.Bridge previously worked in a bar in her local town during the week and had a Saturday job as a sales assistant at an AllSaints concession in House of Fraser, Lakeside Shopping Centre, Essex. From a youngage Bridge suffered from severe depression. Bridge studied dance in her after-school hours. and enrolled at a stage school near Romford to study musical arts. Her grandmother would call her 'Sunshine and Showers'because of her very upbeat personality when she is happy and very down personality when she is sad. Following the death of her grandmother, Bridge got the words tattooed onto the bottom of herneck.Career2001–05: Beginnings and S Club 8S Club Juniors were formed in 2001 through a reality television show, S Club Search. The auditions were aired on children's television channel, CBBC. The concept of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_127","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Donny LucasDonald James \"Donny\" Lucas is a Canadian actor and comedian.He is best known for voicing Disco Kid in Punch Out!!, Zed in League of Legends, Mr. Fix in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, and theLucius Fox A.I. in Batwoman.Early lifeDonny Lucas was born, adopted, and raised in Montreal, Quebec.Lucas started his acting career in 1986 by taking classes, workshops, and community theater. His first credits werefor HBO, Warner Bros, and Nickelodeon.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideogamesPassage 2:Lou ManfrediniLou Manfredini (born May 4, 1964) is an American television/radio personality and home improvement expert.Born in Highland Park, Illinois he is the host of HouseSmarts TV, host of Chicago's WGN (AM) HouseSmarts Radio (formerly Mr. Fix-It), and is a contributor on NBC's Today Show.Early yearsManfredini was born toMassimo and Lida Manfredini in Highland Park, IL. His father worked as an auto and truck mechanic, mother was a homemaker. Manfredini worked with his father on cars and trucks  which ultimately led Manfredini topursue a career in home improvement. While a student at Deerfield High School (Illinois), Manfredini worked at a hardware store and at a steel company as a welder. After graduating high school in 1982, Manfrediniwent to Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois on a musical theater scholarship. In 1987, Manfredini started a construction company in Chicago. After 8 years in business, he began a media career in 1995 when WGN(AM) Radio  launched his idea for a home improvement call-in radio show.Television and Print MediaAs hostIn 1995 after writing letters to pitch his idea for a call-in home improvement radio show on WGN Radio,morning show host Bob Collins booked Manfredini on his show as a guest where his nickname, Mr. Fix It, was coined. Soon after Manfredini joined host Roy Leonard on his Saturday show as a regular contributor whichthen led to his own Saturday morning call-in radio show which still airs today.  In 2000, Manfredini became the home improvement contributor for NBC-TV's Today Show, from 2006 to 2013 for NBC-5 Chicago and inSeptember 2013 for WGN-TV Chicago. In 2006, he partnered with Frank DiGioia, President and CEO of Fort Productions, to create the news/magazine style home improvement and lifestyle show HouseSmarts.Manfredini is also the host of Lou Manfredini's HouseSmarts Minutes (formerly Lou Manfredini's Home Improvement Minutes) that are syndicated on radio stations across the United States.On May 29, 2015 Manfrediniwas inducted into the WGN Radio Walk of Fame.On January 14, 2017 Manfredini debuted the live show, HouseSmarts Radio, on 77-WABC New York.On October 14, 2017 Manfredini debuted the live show, HouseSmartsRadio, on 790-KABC Los Angeles.As spokespersonManfredini has represented Marvin Windows and Doors nationally as their spokesperson since 2004 and serves/has served as spokesperson in the Chicago market for:Perma Seal Basement Systems, Chicagoland and Northwest Indiana Chevy Dealers and Baxter Credit Union (BCU).Since 2002 Manfredini has served as Ace Hardware's resident \"Home Expert\" and editorial mediaspokesperson.Manfredini has been host of satellite media tours representing companies such as The Wood Promotion Network, 3M, Marvin Windows and Doors, Ace Hardware, Skil Power Tools.Manfredini has served assubject matter expert host for The Rug Doctor infomercial.Other appearancesManfredini has sung the National Anthem at Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, three times – once in 1998, once in 2001  and once asa duet in 2009 with his producer, Lindsey Smithwick (formerly Kreutzer).From 2002 to 2003 Manfredini served as the Home Category Expert for the Home Shopping Network (HSN).On August 18, 2011 Manfredini was aguest on the stage and radio show created by the Chicago Tribune and The Second City, Chicago Live!On May 30, 2012, Manfredini guest starred in the Irish musical The Twelve Tenors for one night at the RiverfrontTheater in Chicago.Bibliography2000: Mr. Fix It: 101 Answers to the Most Commonly Asked Questions About Repairing Your Home Rare Air Media ISBN 1-892866-22-62002: Mr. Fix It Introduces You To Your HomeBallantine Books ISBN 0-345-44987-82004: House Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44989-42004:Bath Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44990-82004: Kitchen Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN0-345-44988-62004: Room Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-46722-1FamilyManfredini lives in Chicago with his wife and four children and runs the Edgebrook Ace Hardware and Villa Park Ace Hardware.Manfredini's oldest son, Quinn, is the founder of Deep Dish Sports Talk, Chicago's premier sports podcast.Passage 3:Mr. Fix-ItMr. Fix-It is a 1918 American silent comedy film starring Douglas Fairbanks, Marjorie Daw,and Wanda Hawley, directed by Allan Dwan.PlotAs described in a film magazine, because of his ability to fix things Dick Remington (Fairbanks) becomes known as \"Mr. Fix-It\" and enters the aristocratic home of theBurroughs as their nephew. Before long he has melted the stone hearts of three aunts and one uncle and won the heart of Mary McCullough (Hawley) in addition to setting aright the affairs of pretty GeorgianaBurroughs (MacDonald) and Olive Van Tassell (Landis).CastReceptionLike many American films of the time, Mr. Fix-It was subject to restrictions and cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, theChicago Board of Censors cut, in Reel 5, the policeman arresting women in kimono coming from raided house of ill repute.Preservation statusOn July 16, 2011 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco, the San FranciscoSilent Film Festival presented a restored print of the film from George Eastman House.See alsoList of rediscovered filmsPassage 4:Allan DwanAllan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 – December 28,1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.Early lifeBorn Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial travelerof woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor toDetroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame and then workedfor a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studios offered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some ofthe East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in California where the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in1911, Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association.CareerDwan started his directingcareer by accident in 1911, when he was sent by his employers to California, in order to locate a company that had vanished. Dwan managed to track the company down, and learned that they were waiting for thefilm's director (who was an alcoholic) to return from a binge (and allowing them to return to work). Dwan wired back to his employers in Chicago, informing them of the situation, and suggested that they disband thecompany. They wired back, instructing Dwan to direct the film. When Dwan informed the company of the situation, and that their jobs were on the line, they responded: \"You're the best damn director we eversaw\".Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California, from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios in California history. On August 12, 2011, a plaque was unveiled on theWolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellowCanadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 Robin Hood. Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and oneshort film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring Thomas Meighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs,with the film showing Swanson crashing the all-male club.Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).Dwan helped launchthe career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, and Marshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over along career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some of which were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, Sands of Iwo Jima. He directed his last movie in 1961.Being one of thelast surviving pioneers of the cinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood.He died in Los Angeles at the age of 96, and is interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, MissionHills, California.Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.Daniel Eagan of Film Journal International described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"isso basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion.\"Partial filmography as directorSee alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodPassage 5:Saintly SinnersSaintlySinners is a 1962 American comedy-drama film directed by Jean Yarbrough and starring Don Beddoe, Ellen Corby, Stanley Clements and Paul Bryar.PlotEx-con Joseph Braden has his car temporarily stolen by a pair ofbank robbers who hide their loot in the vehicle's spare tire. After the car is repossessed, it's sold to the kindly Rev. Daniel Sheridan, who immediately sets out on a fishing trip.CastDon Beddoe as Father DanSheridanEllen Corby as Mrs. McKenzieStanley Clements as SlimPaul Bryar as DukeAddison Richards as Monsignor CraigRon Hagerthy as Joe BreadenJacklyn O'Donnell as Sue Braeden (as Erin O'Donnell)Clancy Cooperas Idaho MurphyWilliam Fawcett as Horsefly BrownEarle Hodgins as Uncle CleteNorman Leavitt as Pittheus (as Norm Leavitt)Willis Bouchey as Police Chief HarrihanSee alsoList of American films of 1962Passage 6:RauniMollbergRauni Mollberg (April 15, 1929 – October 11, 2007) was a Finnish film director who directed movies and TV movies.In 1963 Mollberg directed movies for YLE. He directed a version of The Unknown Soldier in1985, 30 years after Edvin Laine directed the original version of it. Mollberg's movie's plot was same as Laine's movie. But Mollberg used unknown actors and the movie was colourised and shot by a handholdcamera.Mollberg did not begin directing films for the cinema until he was well into his forties. He made a notable splash on the international festival circuit in 1974 with The Earth Is A Sinful Song (1973), his debutfeature, an earthy, erotically-charged, blood-soaked tale of a young village girl's ill-fated affair with a Lapp reindeer herdsman. Based on a novel by the late Timo K. Mukka, one of Finland's most controversial youngwriters, the film \"stunned Scandinavian critics and audiences alike with its simple, terrible power and its authentic sensuality\" (Peter Cowie), and went on to become one of the biggest box-office successes in the Finnishcinema's history. It also introduced Mollberg's trademark style: \"a realistic naturalism full of expressive force with which he merges the people with the scenery, stripping them bare of life's illusions and the polishedveneer of culture\" (Sakari Toiviainen). Despite Peter Cowie's efforts, and the acclaim of many other critics and \"independent\" festivals, The Finnish National Film board has stubbornly sequestered this masterpiece, onlyreleasing it in a DVD format incompatible with international viewing, and lacking English subtitles.During his career he was used to get wide audiences in Finland. His film The Earth is a Sinful Song (1973) sold 709,664tickets and it is 11th on the list of most admissions to a Finnish film. 590,271 tickets were sold for the screenings of The Unknown Soldier (1985) making it the 17th highest-grossing movie in the history ofFinland.Awards and nominationsBerlin International Film Festival: Nominated for Golden Bear (1974 and 1981 for films The Earth is a Sinful Song and Milka).Locarno International Film Festival: Won Special prize for TheEarth is a Sinful Song (1974).Napoli Film Festival: Won Best Director award for Pretty Good for a Human (1978).Jussi Awards: Best Director award for Sotaerakko (1973), The Earth is a Sinful Song (1974), Pretty Goodfor a Human (1978), The Unknown Soldier (1986), Best Producer award for Milka (1981).Filmography\"Lapsuuteni\", 1967Tehtaan varjossa, 1969Sotaerakko, 1972Maa on syntinen laulu, 1973Aika hyvä ihmiseksi,1977Milka – elokuva tabuista, 1980Tuntematon sotilas, 1985Ystävät, toverit, 1990Paratiisin lapset, 1994Taustan Mikon kotiinpaluu, 1999Ison miehen vierailu, 1999Puu kulkee, 2000Heikuraisen Nauru, 2001Korpisenveljekset, 2002Reissu, 2004Passage 7:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestiahumana at IMDbPassage 8:Ohimai AmaizeOhimai Amaize (born 9 September 1984) is a Nigerian journalist with a multi-sectoral background that spans anti-corruption, youth advocacy, civil society, political campaigns,brand development, communications strategy and governance.He was producer and anchor of Kakaaki Social – a popular social media news program on Africa Independent Television (AIT) – Nigeria's largest privatelyowned television network. In June 2019, Amaize fled Nigeria to exile in the United States following threats of arrest for treason by the Nigerian government for his journalistic work as a TV anchor. In January 2020, hewas granted asylum in the United States. Amaize graduated from Columbia University with a Master of Arts in Political Reporting on 26 August 2021. His writings have appeared on local and international platforms likePremium Times, Sahara Reporters, Slate and JSTOR Daily.Education and early careerIn 2007, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and French (Combined Honours) from the University of Ibadan,Nigeria where he was elected President of the institution's umbrella body for campus journalists - the Union of Campus Journalists (UCJ) in 2006. Later in 2009, he earned a Post-Graduate Certificate in Managing forIntegrity at the Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.His professional career began in 2007 at the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), before moving to Lagos-based ad agency, ADSTRATBMC a year after.In May 2009, he took on a new challenge as Research Assistant to pioneer Executive Chairman of EFCC, Mallam Nuhu Ribadu.Amaize is a recipient of the Columbia University Scholarship for DisplacedStudents (CUSDS) – the \"first-ever Columbia-wide scholarship, and the world's first scholarship of its kind.” A  He is one of 18 students from around the world selected into the inaugural cohort, from over 1,200applicants.AdvocacyAmaize is a voluntary adviser to numerous youth-led non-profit initiatives, including work in the EFCC's Popular Culture Programme under the commission's former Fix Nigeria Initiative departmentand later under the commission's Strategy and Re-orientation Unit (SARU).In October 2008, he became an ambassador, Microsoft Internet Safety, Security and Privacy Initiative for Nigeria (MISSPIN). One of the majorhighlights of his work with the organization was B.L.I.N.G. (Brilliant. Legitimate. Inspired. Nigerian. Great), a pop-culture strategy with which he assembled some of Nigeria's top music artistes to produce thesong/music video – \"Maga No Need Pay\" – Nigeria's first ever music collaboration against cyber-crimes.Produced by legendary producer Cobhams Asuquo, \"Maga No Need Pay\" featured Banky W, Omawumi, RooftopMCs, Bez Idakula, Modele, Wordsmith and MI Abaga.Politics and governanceDescribed by Nigeria's Y! Magazine as \"The Fixer\", in August 2010, he became the youngest presidential campaign manager (26) in moderndemocratic history when popular journalist Dele Momodu appointed him to head his campaign ahead of the 2011 polls.From September 2011 to May 2012, he served as Special Advisor on Advocacy to Mallam BolajiAbdullahi then Nigeria's Minister of Youth Development. When Abdullahi was appointed Minister of Sports, he followed his boss and became the Minister's Advisor on Youth, School and Grassroots Sports till March2014.From April to October 2014, he was Special Advisor on Media Strategy to Senator Musiliu Obanikoro, as Minister of State for Defence  and later for Foreign Affairs until May 29, 2015.In October 2015, Amaize tooka break from politics announcing his disengagement from partisan politics with his exit from the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).Television/BroadcastingIn August 2018, Africa Independent Television (AIT) announcedthat Ohimai Amaize and Osasu Igbinedion will be hosts of The Weekend Show - a live TV show that focuses on politics, lifestyle and entertainment. The show aired for two hours on Saturdays and Sundays.Also, inAugust 2018, Amaize joined popular daily breakfast television program Kakaaki as a presenter and helped launch the popular Kakaaki Social segment – a 20-minute social media daily news program airing between 8amand 8.20am.In June 2019, Amaize fled Nigeria over ongoing threats of arrest for presenting the government critical Kakaaki Social on Africa Independent Television.WorksAmaize is the author of the book - FightingLions: The Untold Story of Dele Momodu’s Presidential Campaign which details his account as Nigeria's youngest presidential campaign manager.Other engagementsIn November 2012, he was appointed secretary of theBoard of the Nigeria Academicals Sports Committee (NASCOM). In this capacity, he helped create the Rhythm N’ Play campaign – a grassroots sports mobilization campaign targeted at bringing an additional 2 millionNigerian school children into sports within a period of two years. Former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan launched the campaign in Abuja in June 2013.Amaize was tasked by Holyhill Church, Abuja to pioneer TheUnderground – Nigeria's first-ever Christian Nightclub – a specialized outreach ministry for ‘unchurched’ youths.In June 2016, Amaize was appointed Coordinator of Ghana At Work – a project that documenteddevelopment in Ghana.The SignalHe is the founder and publisher of online newspaper, Signal. Most famously, Signal has reported exclusively on: the expensive lifestyle of Nigeria's first family – the Buharis; the insidestory of the power tussle between Aisha Buhari and a political cabal inside the Aso Rock Presidential Villa; in 2016, broke news of the death of Diepreye Solomon Peter Alamieyeseigha, the first elected governor ofNigeria's southern Bayelsa state.Awards and recognitionsAmaize was nominated in the Excellence in Service (Public Service) category of The Future Awards for 2012. In 2013, he was honoured by The Future Project asone of the Best 100 Young Nigerians in one of the events to mark Nigeria's 100th anniversary as a nation.Personal lifeOn April 26, 2014, Amaize married his heartthrob, Tessy Oliseh, an award-winning fashion designerand alumnus of Middlesex University, United Kingdom  and the younger sister to Nigerian football legend, Sunday Oliseh.Passage 9:Mr. Fix It (2006 film)Mr. Fix It is a 2006 American romantic comedy film starring DavidBoreanaz.  It was directed by Darin Ferriola,The former working titles were Deception and Boyfriend Girlfriend Relationship, while the former main title was The Perfect Lie.SynopsisLance Valenteen (Boreanaz) makes aliving as \"Mr Fix It\", a guy who is hired by men to get them back together with their ex-girlfriends.  Lance dates the guy's ex-girlfriend and becomes the worst date ever, sending her back to her ex-boyfriend'sarms.  When Lance is hired by Bill Smith (Pat Healy) to get Sophia Fiori (Alana de la Garza) back, Lance ends up falling for her.CastDavid Boreanaz - Lance Valenteen (Mr Fix It)Alana de la Garza - Sophia FioriScootMcNairy - DanPat Healy - Bill SmithPaul Sorvino - WallyTerrence Evans - CharlieLee Weaver - RalphRodney Rowland - TipMiranda Kwok - MelanieHerschel Bleefeld - ShiffyPatrica Place - Mrs. CliverhornGemini Barnett -"}
{"doc_id":"doc_128","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Walter UlfigWalter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyDas Meer (1927)Venus im Frack (1927)Svengali (1927)Bigamie (1927)Homesick (1927)The Awakening of Woman(1927)The Famous Woman (1927)Alpine Tragedy (1927)The Strange Case of Captain Ramper (1927)Assassination (1927)Queen Louise (1927)Homesick (1927)Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)The Hunt for the Bride(1927)The Orlov (1927)Serenissimus and the Last Virgin (1928)Mariett Dances Today (1928))The Woman from Till 12 (1928)The Beloved of His Highness (1928)The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928)It Attracted Three Fellows(1928)Miss Chauffeur (1928)The King of Carnival (1928)The Weekend Bride (1928)Honeymoon (1928)Spring Awakening (1929)The Right of the Unborn (1929)The Heath Is Green (1932)Höllentempo (1933)The TwoSeals (1934)Pappi (1934)Mädchenräuber (1936)BibliographyJung, Uli & Schatzberg, Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene. Berghahn Books, 1999.External linksWalter Ulfig at IMDbPassage 2:BertGrundBert Grund (1920–1992) was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyCrown Jewels (1950)Immortal Light (1951)I Can't Marry Them All (1952)We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952)My Wife IsBeing Stupid (1952)Knall and Fall as Detectives (1952)The Bachelor Trap (1953)The Bird Seller (1953)The Immortal Vagabond (1953)The Sun of St. Moritz (1954)The Witch (1954)The Major and the Bulls(1955)Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)Love's Carnival (1955)The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz (1956)Between Time and Eternity (1956)That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)Arena of Fear (1959)The Thousand Eyes ofDr. Mabuse (1960)The Count of Luxemburg (1972)Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)Die Wächter (1986, TV miniseries)Carmen on Ice (1990)Passage 3:Henri VerdunHenri Verdun (1895–1977) was a French composerof film scores.Selected filmographyNapoléon (1927)The Sweetness of Loving (1930)The Levy Department Stores (1932)The Lacquered Box (1932)The Weaker Sex (1933)The Flame (1936)Girls of Paris (1936)TheAssault (1936)Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)The Woman Thief (1938)Ernest the Rebel (1938)Rail Pirates (1938)The Fatted Calf (1939)Camp Thirteen (1940)The Man Without a Name (1943)The Bellman (1945)MyFirst Love (1945)The Murderer is Not Guilty (1946)Distress (1946)The Fugitive (1947)The Ironmaster (1948)The Tragic Dolmen (1948)The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)La Fugue de Monsieur Perle (1952)The Loversof Midnight (1953)The Big Flag (1954)Blood to the Head (1956)Passage 4:Amedeo EscobarAmedeo Escobar (1888–1973) was an Italian composer of film scores.Selected filmographyResurrection (1931)The Last of theBergeracs (1934)The Countess of Parma (1936)I've Lost My Husband! (1937)The Thrill of the Skies (1940)Macario Against Zagomar (1944)Toto Looks for a House (1949)Toto Looks for a Wife (1950)Beauties onBicycles (1951)Drama on the Tiber (1952)Passage 5:MithoonMithun Sharma (born 11 January 1985), also known as Mithoon, is an Indian Hindi film music director, lyricist-composer and singer.Mithoon composed theHindi song \"Tum Hi Ho\" from the 2013 Bollywood romantic film Aashiqui 2. Mithoon received the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, and in 2014 received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist in the 59thFilmfare Awards. He wrote and composed one of the most streamed Hindi songs on YouTube, \"Sanam Re\". The song was honoured with the award of \"Most Streamed Song of 2016\" at the Global Indian Music AcademyAwards.Mithoon launched the talented singer Arijit Singh in 2011 with Mohammad Irfan Ali co-singer in his hit song Phir Mohabbat.Early lifeMithoon was born into a family of musicians. His grandfather, Pandit RamPrasad Sharma, imparted music knowledge to thousands of aspirants, many of whom are amongst today's top musicians. His father, Naresh Sharma, was a leading expert of musical arrangements, having worked withalmost all of the top composers in more than two hundred movies. Mithoon's father and his uncle Pyarelal-ji (Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma) formed one-half of the legendary composer duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal.Mithoonstarted learning music at the age of eleven. Since his father remained busy, he sent him to knowledgeable people to train himself. His father observed him closely and would often notice what he was practicing. Hisfather often listened to the tunes that he created as well. On 6 November 2022, he married playback singer Palak Muchhal.CareerMithoon began his career with two recreations: \"Woh Lamhe\" in Zeher and \"Aadat\" inKalyug. In 2006, Mithoon's friend recommended his name to Onir, (director of Bas Ek Pal), who wanted an electro-based title track. This led to his first original song as a composer, \"Bas Ek Pal\" with singer KK, and wasfollowed by \"Tere Bin\" (by singer Atif Aslam) in 2006. Both songs were included in the film Bas Ek Pal. .He wrote the score for Anwar, released in 2007 and his compositions Tose Naina Lage and Maula Mere are stillextremely popular.He also worked as a guest composer for songs on several nonmovie albums, such as \"Kuch Is Tarah\" from Atif Aslam's album Doorie, and Abhijeet Sawant's and \"Ek Shaqs\" from the Abhijeet Sawantalbum Junoon. He released his own album, Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai in 2009 with T-Series. For this album, Mithoon traveled to the United Kingdom to rope in musicians. There, he worked with musicians of thePhilharmonic Orchestra.In 2011 he composed two songs \"Aye Khuda\", \"Phir Mohabbat\" for the film Murder 2  which also marked the debut of Arijit Singh.The song \"Tum Hi Ho\" which he wrote for Aashiqui 2, and \"Osaathi\" from the movie Shab became popular. He has also been a solo or guest composer for movies such as , Jism 2,Yaariyan, Ek Villain, Hate Story 2, Creature 3D, Samrat & Co, Alone, Hamari Adhuri Kahani, BhaagJohnny, All Is Well, Loveshhuda, Sanam Re, Ki & Ka, Shivaay, Wajah Tum Ho, Half Girlfriend, Shab, Aksar 2, Hate Story 4, Baaghi 2, Kabir Singh, Mercury, Khuda Haafiz, Radhe Shyam and Gadar 2.BollywooddiscographyAlbumsSinglesAwards and nominationsList of awards and nominations received by MithoonAsiavision AwardsBIG Star Entertainment AwardsFilmfare AwardsGlobal Indian Music Academy AwardsInternationalIndian Film Academy AwardsMirchi Music AwardsProducers Guild Film AwardsScreen AwardsStardust AwardsZee Cine AwardsGaana User's Choice Awards – Best Music Composer (for \"Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga\") –WonBollywood Journalist Awards – Best Music Director (for \"Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga\") – NominatedPassage 6:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composerGiovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples(1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 7:Abe MeyerAbe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores.Selected filmographyPainted Faces (1929)Honeymoon Lane (1931)Unholy Love (1932)AStrange Adventure (1932)Take the Stand (1934)Legong (1935)The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)Suicide Squad (1935)The Mine with the Iron Door (1936)The Devil on Horseback (1936)Song of the Trail (1936)CountyFair (1937)The 13th Man (1937)Raw Timber (1937)Roaring Timber (1937)The Law Commands (1937)The Painted Trail (1938)My Old Kentucky Home (1938)The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)Saleslady(1938)Numbered Woman  (1938)The Marines Are Here (1938)Fisherman's Wharf (1939)Undercover Agent (1939)Passage 8:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of theRenaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for theguitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourthDuke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest ofhis life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and workingclosely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuelaand the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These threebooks contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\",or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X,which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Anotherinnovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005),(subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)TheEight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and CatherineKing: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library(ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 9:Thomas MorseThomas Morse (born June 30, 1968) is a composer of film and concert music.Life andcomposing careerHe began his musical career while in high school, writing his first orchestral work. After receiving a bachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a compositionmaster's degree at USC in Los Angeles, changing over to the film scoring program in the second year.In the years that followed, Morse composed orchestral scores for more than a dozen feature films including The BigBrass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance; The Sisters (Maria Bello & Elizabeth Banks); and The Apostate (withDennis Hopper), as well as the noted orchestral score for Jerry Bruckheimer's CBS series The Amazing Race.Working parallel in the field of popular music, he created string arrangements on songs for numerous artistsincluding a posthumous Michael Hutchence release entitled Possibilities.In 2013 he signed a worldwide publishing agreement with Music Sales Group in New York, parent company of G. Schirmer.Notable music for filmand televisionNotable music for film and television:2014 Come Back to Me2005 The Sisters2001-2005 The Amazing Race (69 Episodes)2001 Lying in Wait2000 The Apostate1999 The Big Brass RingOpera2017 FrauSchindlerOther works2013 Code Novus (album)Passage 10:ShivaayShivaay is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed and produced by Ajay Devgn under his banner Ajay Devgn FFilms from a storywritten by Sandeep Shrivastava. The film stars Ajay Devgn in the titular role along with debutante actresses Sayyeshaa, Abigail Eames and Erika Kaar in lead roles. Mithoon composed the film's score and soundtrack.British band The Vamps and composer Jasleen Royal also contributed to the music.Shivaay was released on 28 October 2016 on the Diwali weekend. It ran for more than 50 days at the box office. It won the 64thNational Film Award for Best Special Effects in 2017. The film was screened at the 2017 Shanghai International Film Festival on 17 June 2017.PlotShivaay is a skilled mountaineer who makes a living by providing treksand climbing expeditions to tourists. One day, Shivaay saves Olga from an avalanche and they eventually fall in love. Olga becomes pregnant, but doesn't want the child. Shivaay begs her to give him the child, afterwhich he will not stop her. 9 years later, Shivaay leads a happy life with his mute daughter Gaura until she discovers that Olga is still alive and in Bulgaria. Gaura insists Shivaay to take her to Bulgaria. Despite his oldsorrows, Shivaay finally agrees to take her to Bulgaria, where he saves a young child from child traffickers. Shivaay seeks the Indian embassy's help in tracing Olga and is assigned to Anushka. Led by crime baronUstinov and his right-hand man Changez, the traffickers kidnap Gaura. Shivaay chases the van, destroying various cars, but loses the van and is arrested by the Bulgarian police, charged with murder and trafficking.While in the police van, Shivaay imagines the officers in the van to be the same masked traffickers, where he attacks them, throwing out every single officer. The van accidentally falls off a dam and the police think thatShivaay is dead, but Shivaay escapes by jumping from the van due to his skills and survives. Shivaay brings one of the saved prostitutes from a brothel to Anushka's home to help her out. Anushka, who misunderstoodShivaay earlier, agrees to help him. Having seen the television coverage of Shivaay, Olga joins him, where they seek Wahab's help to recover the CCTV footage of Shivaay's various chases. Ustinov's henchmanIvanovich arrives there and is beaten badly, where he reveals Ustinov's location. Shivaay discovers that Gaura has been taken away to be sold into the flesh trade. Shivaay chases after the transport van carrying hisdaughter off to Romania. A prolonged and vicious fight ensues as Changez, now revealed to be Captain Nikolai of the Bulgarian Police, attacks Shivaay, but gets killed by the latter. Gaura is reunited with Olga, who isnow married to a wealthy Bulgarian and can provide Gaura with every comfort. Shivaay doesn't want to lose Gaura, where he heavy-heartedly leaves for the airport. However, Gaura arrives and requests not to leaveher, where they unite.CastAjay Devgn as Shivaay, a tourist guide, mountaineer and Gaura's fatherSayyeshaa as Anushka, a budding IFS officer at the Indian embassy in Sofia, BulgariaErika Kaar as Olga, Shivaay'sformer lover and the mother of GauraAbigail Eames as Gaura (Maharishi Gaura), Shivaay's young daughter with his former lover, OlgaVir Das as Wahab, an expert computer hacker who has a crush on AnushkaGirishKarnad as Anushka's fatherMarkus Ertelt as Changez/Sgt. NikolaiSaurabh Shukla as Sharma, Anushka's boss in the Indian embassy in Sofia, BulgariaBijou Thaangjam as Kancha, Shivaay's friendProductionThe shootingof the film started in November 2014, with the majority shot in Mussoorie, Bulgaria and Hyderabad.ReleaseShivaay released on 28 October 2016. It released internationally in 60 countries including Germany, France,Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, and Chile. However, the film was not released in Pakistan.The film's runtime was later reduced by 19 minutes, and the new trimmed version was released in cinemas.Piracy issueOn27 October 2016, The Indian Express published that self-proclaimed film critic Kamaal R Khan had uploaded the opening sequence of the film on Twitter, which he shot in a theater in Dubai. Devgn, the producer, wasquoted saying that he would take legal action against Khan.ReceptionCritical receptionBollywood Hungama gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote \"Shivaay is a perfect emotional thriller that scores high on the account of itsbreathtaking visuals, amazing action and a high octane performance\". Dainik Jagran rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and describes it as \"full of emotion and action.\" Renuka Vyavahare of The Times of India gave 3 out of 5 starsand wrote \"Overall, Ajay is unstoppable in Shivaay but you wish he wasn’t! Laced with visual excellence, you applaud his film’s larger than life canvas but despite the efforts, his second directorial venture fails to engageyou emotionally.\" Mumbai Mirror also rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and states that the film \"scores fairly on most accounts.\" Bollywood Life rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote \"Ajay Devgn's directorial is all about itsstunning visuals and breath taking action scenes.\" BookMyShow called the film a \"perfect Diwali gift you can give yourself and your family this (Diwali) weekend.\"Rajeev Masand for News18 gave 2 out of 5 stars andwrote, \"What Ajay Devgan the star deserved, was a sharper director and a better script. In the end, there's little else to Shivaay than the eye-watering locations (both in the Himalayas and in Bulgaria), and occasionallypoignant moments between Devgan and the little girl who plays his daughter. Everything else is noise. Way too much noise.\"Namrata Joshi of The Hindu commented that the movie moves too slow, and \"turns outalmost three hours long with just a wisp of a story.\" Anna MM Vetticad of Firstpost described it as a heavy-handed, over-stretched film. Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and praised thecinematography but criticized the writing. Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film 1 out 5, calling it an \"absolute catastrophe\". Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave 1 out of 5 stars and wrote \"The only thing your eye canrest on is the spectacular scenery. The rest is a bloated star vehicle.\"Box officeThe four-week worldwide grossing of film was between \u00001.24 billion (US$16 million) and \u00001.46 billion (US$18 million).IndiaShivaay wasreleased alongside Ranbir Kapoor's Ae Dil Hai Mushkil and collected \u0000102.4 million from India on its opening day, which was less than Ae Dil Hai Mushkil's \u000013.30 crore domestic first day. Shivaay grossed more than \u00001.39 billion.OverseasThe film collected \u000047.4 million (US$590,000) from North America (USA and Canada), \u00007.8 million (US$98,000) from UK, \u00009.5 million (US$120,000) from Australia, \u00004.4 million (US$55,000)from New Zealand and \u0000300,000 (US$3,800) from Malaysia.SoundtrackShivaay's soundtrack was composed by Mithoon with a guest vocal appearance by the British pop-rock band The Vamps. The lyrics were pennedby Sayeed Quadri and Sandeep Shrivastava.On 11 September 2016 the title track, \"Bolo Har Har Har\", was released, sung by Mithoon, Mohit Chauhan, Sukhwinder Singh, Badshah, Megha Sriram Dalton, and Anugrah.The second song, \"Darkhaast\", was released on 22 September 2016, and featured vocals by Arijit Singh and Sunidhi Chauhan.All music rights of Shivaay were acquired by T-Series.Track listingAwardsGameAn officialgame based on this film has been released by Zapak Mobile Games Pvt. Ltd, for Android mobile phone users."}
{"doc_id":"doc_129","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Adolf I of LotharingiaAdolf I of Lotharingia, count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz from 1008 until 1018, was the son of Hermann I \"Pusillus\" (the Little Pfalzgraf), count palatine of Lotharingia. He left threesons:Hermann III, Vogt of Deutz in St. Severin (Cologne) und Werden (died 1056);Adolf II of Lotharingia, count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz (born 1002, died 1041);Erenfried, Probst of St. Severin.Passage 2:Henry ofLaachHenry of Laach (in German: Heinrich von Laach) was the first count palatine of the Rhine (1085/1087–1095). Henry was the son of Herman I, count of Gleiberg. Henry was a follower of Henry IV, Holy RomanEmperor. He had lands in the southeastern Eifel and on the Moselle River.Most of the holdings of Hermann II, Count Palatine fell back to the emperor, when Hermann died without successor. The emperor named Henrycount palatine of the Rhine and during the emperor's trip to Italy tasked Henry to hold interim judicial councils. Henry married Herman's widow, Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (d. 1100). From this marriage, Henry mayhave taken control over some of her holdings along the Moselle. As a consequence, the geographic center of the palatinate moved towards the south.With his wife, Adelaide, Henry founded the Maria Laach Abbey. Hewas succeeded by his stepson, Siegfried of Ballenstedt.Passage 3:Hermann II, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHermann II (born 1049; died Dalhem, 20 September 1085), Count Palatine of Lotharingia 1064–1085. He wascount in the Ruhrgau and the Zulpichgau, as well as a count of Brabant.LifeAccording to Egon Kimpen he was the son of Henry I of Lotharingia († 1061) and Mathild of Verdun († 1060), daughter of Gozelo I ofLotharingia, but the basis for this has been questioned. However, if that is the case, his maternal uncle was Pope Stephen IX. Until 1064, young Hermann was under the guardianship of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne,who significantly reduced Hermann's territorial power.In 1080 he married Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde († 1100), widow of Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt. She was a daughter of Otto of Orlamünde, count of Weimarand margrave of Meissen in Thuringia, and Adela of Brabant. Together they had two children who had died by 1085.He is assumed to have been the last Count Palatine of Lotharingia of the Ezzonian dynasty. He waskilled in a duel with Albert III, Count of Namur, near his castle in Dalhem. His widow married again, her third husband being Henry of Laach, count in the Mayfeldgau, who became the first count palatine of the Rhinebetween 1085 and 1087.Passage 4:John Christian, Count Palatine of SulzbachJohn Christian (23 January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33. Hewas the second and youngest surviving son of duke Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1659–1732) with his consort Eleonore Maria Amalia of Hesse-Rotenburg (1675–1720). His elder brother was JosephCharles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.LifeAfter the death of his elder brother Joseph Charles, John Christian Joseph became the eventual designated heir of the Electoral Palatine. In 1732 he succeeded his father as CountPalatine of Sulzbach, but died in Sulzbach in 1733 before inheriting the Palatinate.Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, a member of the Palatine Neuburg line of Wittelsbach failed to produce a legitimate male heir, and hisbrothers also. By 1716 it was evident that the Neuburg line would become extinct and that the Sulzbach branch would succeed them.MarriageHe married twice:Marie Anne Henriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne(24 October 1708 – 28 July 1728), daughter of Francois Egon de la Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Auvergne, and had the following children:Charles Theodore (11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799); became ElectorPalatine in 1742, and Elector of Bavaria in 1777Maria Anne (30 May 1728 – 25 June 1728)Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia of Hesse-Rotenburg  (1712-1759); married on 1731 but had no issue.== Ancestry==Passage 5:Philip William August, Count Palatine of NeuburgPhilip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg (born 19 November 1668 in Neuburg an der Donau; died: 5 April 1693 in Zákupy (German: Reichstadt))was a  Prince and Count Palatine of Neuburg.LifePhilip William August was the 13th from a total of 17 children of Elector Palatine Philip William (1615-1690) from his second marriage to Elisabeth Amalie (1635-1709), adaughter of Landgrave George II of Hesse-Darmstadt.His oldest sister, Eleonor Magdalene married Emperor Leopold I in 1676.  In August 1689, after he had visited his brother in Breslau and his sister in Vienna, PhilipWilliam began his Grand Tour to Italy.Philip William August chose a secular career and entered into active military service.  He died at the age of 24 after suffering for seven days from a \"malignant fever\" and was buriedin the parish church of Zákupy.  His heart lies in the Court Church in Neuburg on the Danube.Marriage and issueHe married on 29 October 1690 in Raudnitz Anna Maria Franziska (1672–1741), a daughter of Duke JuliusFrancis of Saxe-Lauenburg.  The wedding ceremony, which had to be postponed due to the illness and death of Philip William August's father, was carried out \"plainly\".  His marriage brought Philipp Wilhelm August thefollowing children:Leopoldine Eleanor (1691–1693).Maria Anna Carolina (1693–1751), married in 1719 Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria (1699–1738).AncestryPassage 6:Henry I, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHenry I(German: Heinrich; d.1061), was Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1045 until 1060. He was the son of Hezzelin I, Count in Zülpichgau, and a member of the Ezzonid dynasty. Historians have given several nicknamesto Heinrich: Furiosus (the Violent/the Insane), because he murdered his wife, and Monachus (the Monk), because he was confined into an abbey to treat his insanity.LifeHenry was the son of Hezzelin I and his unnamedwife, who was probably a daughter of  Conrad I of Carinthia.Around 1048 Henry married Mathilda of Verdun (born abt 1025, died 27 July 1060), daughter of Duke Gozelo of Lotharingia, and sister of pope Stephen IX.Hereceived the Mosellan castle of Cochem from his niece, Queen Richeza of Poland. He was elected as successor for the German kingdom during Emperor Henry III's illness.Shortly after 1058, Henry began to show signsof insanity, for which he was confined to the abbey of Gorze. He escaped however, and thinking that his wife Matilda had been unfaithful to him, he killed her (27 July 1060). Henry then was definitely enclosed into theabbey of Echternach, where he died in 1061. His office and counties were confiscated by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, who became the guardian of their only son, the later count palatine Hermann II(1064-1085).Passage 7:Rudolph II, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt of Sindelfingen.  He was the younger son ofRudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.LifeRudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingen when his elder brother Hugo III died in 1216.  From 1224 onwards, he is described as CountPalatine in many imperial documents, while his younger brother William is merely styled as Count.  Rudolph II supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded. Next to his father, Rudolph II is the secondmost mentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen in imperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry (VII) of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who had been elected King of Germany in 1220, at the age of8.  Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son.  Later, in 1232, Henry revolted against his father, and did everything in his power to win the Swabian nobility over tohis side.  Rudolph II appears to have been among the noblemen who sided with Henry VII, at least, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by Frederick II.  Considering Rudolph's energeticcharacter, one can assume that he intended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independent position.Swabian noblemen, including Rudolph II and his brotherWilliam, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Worms on 8 January 1224.  They met Margrave Herman V of Baden was also present, as was Eberhard, Sénéchal of Waldburgand councillor and former guardian of Henry VII in Oppenheim on 5 April 1227 and in Hagenau on 1 May.  In the same year, Rudolph met Duke Louis I of Bavaria, who was an imperial vicar and Conrad of Winterstetten,who was imperial cup-bearer and also a councilor of Henry VII.  He met the Lords of Neuffen and the imperial marshal Anselm of Justingen in Ulm on 23 February 1228.  On 31 August 1228, Rudolph II appears,together with Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Henry of Wirtemberg, a Count of Dillingen, Conrad of Weinsperg and the councillors mentioned above, as witnesses of a deed in which King henry VII confirms theprivileges of Adelber Abbey in Esslingen.  Later that year, Rudolph II appeared as a witness in four deed by Duke Louis I of Bavaria and Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, together with, among others, Margrave Herman V ofBaden, Count Ulrich and Eberhard of Helfenstein, Counts Eberhard and Otto of Eberstein, Count Gottfried of Hohenlohe, and two councilors.Rudolph II stood at the head of a delegation of eight Swabian counts, amongthem Albert IV of Habsburg, Frederick IV of Zollern and a Count of Eberstein, at the Imperial Diet in Worms on 29 April 1231.  On 22 November 1231, Rudolph II and his brother William met Counts Albert of Rottenburg,Ulrich of Hefenstein and Eberhard of Walpurg at Henry VII's castle in Ulm.  On 31 December 1231, Rudolph witnessed a deed benefiting Neresheim Abbey in Wimpfen, together with Duke Conrad I of Teck and MargraveHermann V of Baden.  The last time Rudolph II witnessed a deed of Henry VII was on 4 June 1233 in Esslingen, again with his brother William.In 1235, Pope Gregory IX called on the princes of the empire to organize anew crusade into the Holy Land, to render assistance to the beleaguered church there.  Rudolph II is the only Swabian nobleman named in this call to arms; whether he actually went to the Holy Land is unknown.  Thefact that he is not mentioned in any deed between 1235 and 1243 suggests that he may have been absent for an extended period.  In particular, no mention is made of his position in the struggle between King ConradIV of Germany and anti-King Henry Raspe IV, which is remarkable, since this struggle took place mainly in Swabia.  However, a deed in favour of Bebenhausen Abbey which the papal legate made at Rudolph II'srequest in the army camp outside Ulm on 28 January 1247, suggests that he supported Henry Raspe.FamilyThe name of Rudolph II's wife has not been preserved.  She was a daughter of a Margrave Henry from theHouse of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. They had the following children:Hugo IV, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolf III of Scheer (d. 12 May 1277), Count of Tübingen-HerrenbergUlrichMathilda, marriedBurchard II, Count of Hohenberg (d. 14 July 1253, struck by lightning).  Their daughter Gertrude Anna (c. 1225 – 16 February 1281) married Emperor Rudolf I, the first Emperor from the House of Habsburg.==Footnotes ==Passage 8:Reichard, Count Palatine of Simmern-SponheimReichard (25 July 1521 – 13 January 1598) was the Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim from 1569 until 1598.Reichard was born in Simmern in1521 to Johann II, Count Palatine of Simmern. In 1569 he succeeded his brother Georg as Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim. Reichard died in Simmern in 1598. Without any surviving children, Simmern-Sponheimwas inherited by his great-nephew Frederick IV.MarriageReichard married Juliane of Wied (c. 1545 - 30 April 1575, daughter of Count Johann IV of Wied, on 30 July 1569 and had several children:Juliana (21 November1571 – 4 February 1592)Katherine (10 May 1573 – 12 October 1576)unnamed son (1574)unnamed son (30 April 1575)Reichard married Emilie of Württemberg (19 August 1550 - 4 June 1589), daughter of Christoph,Duke of Württemberg, on 26 March 1578.Reichard married Anne Margaret of Palatinate-Veldenz (17 January 1571 - 1 November 1621), daughter of Count Palatine Georg Johann I, on 14 December 1589.Passage9:Sabina, Duchess of BavariaSabina, Duchess of Bavaria (1528–1578) was the daughter of John II, Count Palatine of Simmern and Beatrix of Baden.MarriageIn 1544 she married Lamoral, Count of Egmont with whomshe had twelve children. When her husband was arrested and accused of treason in 1567, she wrote king Philip II, the king of Spain, a letter to plead for his release. It was to no avail and he was decapitated in thefollowing year. Sabina was buried in Egmont's crypt in Zottegem.ChildrenCharles, 7th Count of Egmont, Prince de Gavre: married to Marie de Lens,  Lady of Aubigny.WidowhoodAfter her death in 1578, she was buriednext to her husband in Zottegem.Passage 10:Otto I, Count Palatine of MosbachOtto I (24 August 1390 – 5 July 1461) was the Count Palatine of Mosbach from 1410 until 1448, and the Count Palatine ofMosbach-Neumarkt from 1448 until 1461.LifeOtto was born in Mosbach in 1390 as the youngest son of Rupert III of the Palatinate, King of Germany. In 1410 after the death of his father, the territories of the Palatinatewere divided between his four sons; Otto received the territory around Mosbach and Eberbach. He made Mosbach his capital and began the construction of a new residence there. Otto became the regent of theElectorate of the Palatinate and guardian of his nephew Louis IV after his brother Louis III returned from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem seriously ill and died soon after. He held the regency until 1442.In 1448 he inheritedhalf of the territory of the extinct Palatinate-Neumarkt line and purchased the other half from his brother Stephen, and he also established a residence in Neumarkt. Otto died in Reichenbach in 1461 and was buried inthe Benedictine Reichenbach Abbey.MarriageOtto married Joanna of Bavaria-Landshut (1413 - 20 July 1444), daughter of duke Henry XVI in January 1430 and had the following children:Margaret (2 March 1432 - 14September 1457)Amalie (22 February 1433 - 5 December 1488)Otto (26 June 1435 - 8 April 1499)Rupert (25 November 1437 - 1 November 1465)Dorothea (24 August 1439 - 15 May 1482) Prioress in the LiebenaumonasteryAlbert (6 September 1440 -  20 August 1506)Anne (1441 - ?) Prioress in the Himmelskron monasteryJohn (1 August 1443 - 4 October 1486)Barbara (July 1444 - ?) Nun in the Liebenau monastery nearWorms"}
{"doc_id":"doc_130","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tales from the QuadeaD ZoneTales from the QuadeaD Zone (also stylized TALES From The QuadeaD Zone) is a 1987 American anthology blaxploitation horror film written, directed, and produced by Chester Novell Turner. The film was originally released straight to VHS. VHS copies of the film have become collector's items due to their difficulty to locate and extremely limited quantities, with one copy selling for $2000 on eBay.Turner has expressed interest in creating a sequel and began writing the film's script in 2013. Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was the only film produced by Erry Vision Film Co.Since its release Tales From the QuadeaD Zone has received several public screenings, one of which was a 2016 symposium at the Yale University Library, Terror on Tape.It was given a DVD release in 2013 through Massacre Video.SynopsisThe film is composed of two stories, plus a third wraparound story; \"Food For ?\" and \"The Brothers\", both of which are narrated by a mother (Shirley L. Jones) reading the tales to her deceased son Bobby. \"Food For ?\" centers upon a family that is so poor that they are unable to afford food for every family member. Their only solution is to get rid of some of their family in order to increase the amount of dinner for everyone else. \"The Brother\" follows two brothers who have hated each other their entire lives and have each made cruel jokes and attacks against the other. When one of them dies, the living brother tries to have the last laugh by stealing his brother's corpse and making him look like a circus clown. Little does he know that his brother's spirit has returned to his body, unhappy with his brother's plans.CastProductionWork on Tales from the QuadeaD Zone began three years after Turner completed his first film, Black Devil Doll From Hell, which was initially intended to be one of the anthology's stories. Two of the film's stories, \"Food For ?\" and the wraparound story \" Unseen Vision\", were shot in Alabama while \"The Brothers\" was shot in Chicago.ReleaseAs Turner released the film on his own, along with star Shirley L. Jones, Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was released in an extremely limited amount, estimated to be at or less than 100 copies. The copies were only circulated in the Chicago area due to the cost of gas and travel required by Turner and Jones and it is believed that many of these copies have been lost.Over time the video achieved cult status and VHS copies became much sought after collector's items. In 2011 one copy of the film sold for $665 on the online auction site eBay, a feat that was covered in the 2013 documentary Adjust Your Tracking. The winning bidder later sold his copy of the movie for twice the amount paid.The price reached an all time high when a copy was sold on eBay for $2000.In 2013, Massacre Video released the movie as part of a DVD box set along with Black Devil Doll From Hell. The box set features commentary from Turner and Jackson, a documentary about both films, and the director's cut of Black Devil Doll From Hell, which upon release had been heavily edited from Turner's original version.ReceptionHorronews.net commented that although the video could be seen as a \"complete and utter train wreck\", the film was made during a point in time when amateur filmmaking would be cost prohibitive for the average person and the creation of Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was evidence of Turner's \"heart and a dream to become a film maker\". Bloody Disgusting also reviewed the movie, stating that it was \"a no-budget, SOV labor of mad love\". DVD Talk reviewed the movie as part of Massacre Video's box set and gave it a poor review, which they felt was weaker than Black Devil Doll From Hell.Passage 2:Hiroshi IshikawaHiroshi Ishikawa (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, born May 18, 1963) is a Japanese film director and writer from Ōdate. He is best known for his 2005 film, Su-ki-da (2005). He won the Silver Iris for Best Director at the New Montreal Film Festival.FilmographyTokyo.sora (2002)Su-ki-da (2005)Kimi no Yubisaki (Short Film) (2007)Petal Dance (2013)Passage 3:Su-ki-daSu-ki-da (\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2005 Japanese romantic drama film. The plot centers on two teenagers who deal with tragedy and then have to grow up. It was written and directed by Hiroshi Ishikawa and stars Aoi Miyazaki, Hidetoshi Nishijima, Hiromi Nagasaku, and Eita.PlotHigh school student Yosuke spends most of his free time sitting near a floodgate and playing the same short tune on his acoustic guitar. He is often joined by a girl in his class, Yu. Yu hums Yosuke's tune to her older sister, who is mourning her deceased boyfriend. Yu sets up a few meetings between Yosuke and her sister. While talking with Yosuke after school, Yu kisses him, but Yosuke walks away, leaving Yu devastated. While walking to see Yosuke, Yu's sister is hit by a truck and enters a coma. Yu tells Yosuke that she wants to hear his song when he finishes it.17 years later, Yosuke is working in music production in Tokyo. He shoos away a man interfering with an intoxicated woman lying in the street and takes her to recover in his apartment. During a break at the studio, a woman plays a few notes from the song Yosuke played in his school days and he realizes she is Yu. They go back to Yosuke's apartment and drink sake. Yu tells him that her sister is still in a coma. She starts to cry, Yosuke comforts her, and they kiss.Yu and Yosuke visit her sister at the hospital and Yu leaves at the train station. Yosuke looks her up in the phone book and calls to say that he wants to play the finished song for her. On the way to meet her, he is stabbed by the man he shooed from the intoxicated woman. Yosuke lies in the street bleeding while Yu waits for him.Yu visits Yosuke in the hospital and tells him she loves him. Yosuke replies that he loves her, too.CastAoi Miyazaki as Yu (young)Hidetoshi Nishijima as YosukeHiromi Nagasaku as YuEita as Yosuke (young)Sayuri Oyamada as Yu's older sisterMaho NonamiRyo KaseNao ŌmoriProductionThe film was directed by Hiroshi Ishikawa and was his second full-length feature, after the 2003 film Tokyo.Sora. In addition to directing, Ishikawa was also the writer, editor, and cinematographer. Yoko Kanno composed the score, including Yosuke's song that plays throughout most of the film. It was shot in Tokyo, Japan.The Japanese title Su-ki-da translates to \"I love you\" in English.Release and receptionSu-ki-da was premiered at the New Montreal Film Festival on September 23, 2005. It won one award, the Silver Iris for Best Director. The film was released in Japan on February 26, 2006 and was also shown at the Hong Kong International Film Festival on April 8.Critical reviews were mixed. According to Variety's Eddie Cockrell (who viewed it at the NMFF), the film was filled with \"unchecked indulgences.\" He criticized the director, writing that: \"Jump cuts, cryptic silences, shots of various cloud formations and long takes bereft of movement are key weapons in Ishikawa's self-consciously arty arsenal, with little in the way of story or character development to engage viewers; Gus van Sant he's not.\"On the other hand, DVDBeaver.com praised the film for its \"heartfelt story,\" \"excellent visuals,\" and \"great cast.\" The reviewer noted its lack of dialogue but also said that \"the characters' body language says more than any words could ever express.\"The DVD was released in Japan on September 22, 2006, by Big Time Entertainment. It includes English and French subtitles.Passage 4:Golden age of physicsA golden age of physics appears to have been delineated for certain periods of progress in the physics sciences, and this includes the previous and current developments of cosmology and astronomy. Each \"golden age\" introduces significant advancements in theoretical and experimental methods. Discernible time periods marking a \"golden age\" of advancements are, for example, the development of mechanics under Galileo (1564–1642) and Newton (1642–1727). Another small epoch seen as a golden age is the unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics because of 19th century notables, including Faraday, Maxwell, and others.Significant advancements in methods of investigation were introduced for celestial mechanics, which includes realizing a universal gravitational force, with the introduction of the telescope. Basing mechanics on experimental results was possible with the development of devices that could measure time, and tools for measuring distance. The advances in electromagnetism in the 19th century enamored physicists, as another golden age closed, and there was a reluctance to perceive further advancement. Hence, the progress of one era, termed a \"golden age\" has appeared to mark the completion of physics as a science. Yet, this perception has turned out to be erroneous. For example, around 1980, Stephen Hawking predicted the end of theoretical physics within 20 years. Around 2001, he amended his prediction to twenty years more from that year. Steven Weinberg predicts a unified physics by 2050. Tadeusz Lulek, Barbara Lulek, and A. Wal – the authors of a 2001 book – believed themselves to be at the beginning of a new \"golden age of physics\".Paul Davies notes that whilst \"many elderly scientists\" may regard the first 30 years of the 20th century as a golden age of physics, historians may well, instead, regard it to be the dawning days of \"the New Physics\".The golden age of physics was the 19th century. According to Emilio Segrè, in Italy it came to an end in the 18th century, after the time of Alessandro Volta.  He reported in his autobiography that Enrico Fermi felt that it was coming to an end in 1933.  A golden age of physics began with the simultaneous discovery of the principle of the conservation of energy in the mid-19th century.  A golden age of physics was the years 1925 to 1927.  The golden age of nonlinear physics was the period from 1950 to 1970, encompassing the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem and others.  This followed the golden age of nuclear physics, which had spanned the two decades from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s.  A golden age of physics started at the end of the 1920s.The golden age of physics cabinets was the 18th century, with the rise of such lecturer-demonstrators as John Keill, John Theophilus Desaguliers, and William Whiston, who all invented new physics apparatus for their lectures.See alsoGolden age of general relativityGolden age of cosmologyGolden age (metaphor)Passage 5:The Vault of Horror (film)The Vault of Horror (otherwise known as Vault of Horror, Further Tales from the Crypt and Tales from the Crypt II) is a 1973 British anthology horror film directed by Roy Ward Baker, and starring Terry-Thomas, Dawn Addams, Denholm Elliott, Curd Jürgens, Tom Baker, Michael Craig, Terence Alexander, Glynis Johns, Mike Pratt, Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Daniel Massey and Anna Massey. None of the film's stories are actually from Vault of Horror comics. All but one appeared in Tales from the Crypt, the exception being from Shock SuspenStories. The film omits the Vault Keeper character from the comics.PlotIntroFive strangers board a descending lift, one by one, in a modern office block in London. They reach the sub-basement, though none of them have pressed for that destination. There they find a large, elaborately furnished room that appears to be a gentlemen's club. The lift door has closed; there are no buttons to bring it back, nor any other exit. Resigned to waiting for help, they settle down with drinks and talk. The conversation turns to dreams, and each man tells of a recurring nightmare.\"Midnight Mess\" (Tales from the Crypt #35)Harold Rogers tracks his sister Donna to a strange village, and kills her to claim her share of the family inheritance. After settling down to a post-murder meal at the local restaurant, he discovers the town is home to a nest of vampires: Donna is not as dead as he thinks, and he becomes the dish of the night when his jugular vein is tapped out as a beverage dispenser (this last scene is blacked-out in the U.S. DVD release).\"The Neat Job\" (Shock SuspenStories #1)The obsessively neat Arthur Critchit marries Eleanor, a \"young\" trophy wife who is not quite the housekeeper he hoped for. His constant nagging about the mess she makes eventually drives her mad. Upon his shouting at her, \"Can't you do anything neatly? Can't you?\", she finally snaps and kills him with a hammer, then cuts up the corpse and puts all the different organs into neatly labelled jars.\"This Trick’ll Kill You\" (Tales from the Crypt #33)Sebastian is a magician on a working holiday in India, where he and his wife Inez are searching for new tricks. Nothing impresses until he sees a girl charming a rope out of a basket with a flute. Unable to work out how the trick is done, he persuades her to come to his hotel room, where he and his wife murder her and steal the enchanted rope. Sebastian plays the flute, and the rope rises; realizing that they have discovered a piece of genuine magic, the couple begin plans to work it into their act. Inez experiments with climbing the rope, only to disappear with a scream. An ominous patch of blood appears on the ceiling, and the rope coils round Sebastian's neck and hangs him. Their victim reappears alive in the bazaar.\"Bargain in Death\" (Tales from the Crypt #28)Maitland is buried alive as part of an insurance scam concocted with his friend Alex. Alex double-crosses Maitland, leaving him to suffocate. Two trainee doctors, Tom and Jerry, bribe a gravedigger to dig up a corpse to help with their studies. When Maitland's coffin is opened, he jumps up gasping for air, scaring Tom and Jerry who run out into the middle of the road in front of Alex's car, which crashes into a tree and explodes. The gravedigger kills Maitland, and when trying to close the sale of the corpse apologizes to Tom and Jerry for the damage to the head.\"Drawn and Quartered\" (Tales from the Crypt #26)Moore is an impoverished painter living in Haiti. When he learns that his paintings have been sold for high prices by art dealers Diltant and Gaskill after being praised by critic Fenton Breedley, all of whom told him that they were worthless, he goes to a voodoo priest and his painting hand is given voodoo power; whatever he paints or draws can be harmed by damaging its image. Rather awkwardly, these events coincide with his completing a self-portrait, which he keeps under lock and key to prevent the magic from turning on him. Returning to London, Moore paints portraits of the three men who cheated him, and mutilates the paintings to exact his revenge. He is also obliged to put his own portrait out in the open, because leaving it in an airless strongbox nearly suffocated him. A workman subsequently drops a can of paint thinner on the picture through a skylight, and Moore, as a result of the voodoo, suffers a correspondingly messy death.FinaleWhen the story of the final dream is told, the five ponder the meaning of their nightmares. The lift door opens, and they find themselves looking out onto a graveyard. Rogers, Critchit, Maitland, and Moore walk out into the graveyard and disappear one by one. Sebastian remains behind and explains that they are all damned souls compelled to tell the stories of their evil deeds for all eternity. He then turns back into the room, which is now a mausoleum, walks towards the casket and disappears himself. Then the door slams shut.CastDaniel Massey as Harold RogersTerry-Thomas as Arthur CritchitCurd Jürgens as SebastianMichael Craig as MaitlandTom Baker as MooreAnna Massey as Donna RogersGlynis Johns as Eleanor CritchitDawn Addams as InezEdward Judd as AlexDenholm Elliott as DiltantRobin Nedwell as TomGeoffrey Davies as JerryTerence Alexander as Fenton BreedleyJohn Witty as Arthur GaskillJasmina Hilton as Indian GirlIshaq Bux as FakirJohn Forbes-Robertson as WilsonMaurice Kaufmann as Bob DicksonArthur Mullard as GravediggerMike Pratt as CliveMarianne Stone as JaneErik Chitty as Old WaiterTommy Godfrey as LandlordJerold Wells as WaiterProductionIn the segment \" Bargain in Death\", Maitland can be seen reading a copy of the novelisation of the earlier Amicus film Tales from the Crypt (1972). The same installment features Geoffrey Davies and Robin Nedwell, who both appeared in the British TV show Doctor in the House. \"Midnight Mess\" features a brother and sister as characters. They are played by real-life brother and sister Anna Massey and Daniel Massey, whose parents were actors Adrianne Allen and Raymond Massey.FilmingThe film was shot on location and at Twickenham Studios.The tower featured in the opening scenes is the Millbank Tower in London.ReleaseReceptionRoger Greenspun of The New York Times was dismissive, writing that of the several distinguished actors who appeared in the film, \"none is ever quite so bad as the material warrants.\" Variety wrote, \"Quality for the material is uneven, ranging from camp comedy to the belabored grotesque ... Performances, given the limited nature of the script, are above par for this sort of exercise.\" Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called the film \"a very tepid, static affair despite the presence of many luminaries of the English stage and screen.\" Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the film was \"even less satisfactory\" than Tales from the Crypt, \"mainly because the Freddie Francis atmospherics have been replaced by pedantically flat direction by Roy Ward Baker in which each story plods squarely through yards of exposition before erupting in all too brief explosions of Grand Guignol.\"Halliwell's Film Guide described the film as \"plainly but well staged.\" Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times gave the film three stars out of five, describing it as a \"suitably ghoulish companion piece to the excellent Tales from the Crypt\", \"fiendishly fun\", with \"a touch of class in the cast\", concluding \"if you like your fright fables darkly droll, then this should certainly do the trick.\"DVD and Blu-ray releasesTogether with Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror was released on a Midnite Movies double feature DVD on 11 September 2007. The version used is the edited U.S. theatrical PG re-release (the original theatrical release in the U.S. was the unedited R-rated version), which replaces some of the gorier scenes with still images (notably the final shot of \"Midnight Mess\" showing Daniel Massey's neck being tapped for blood, and Terry Thomas dropping from a hammer blow in \"The Neat Job\") to receive an MPAA PG rating. The U.K. Vipco DVD release featured the original unedited U.K. print.An uncensored version was first shown on the British TV channel Film4 on 25 August 2008, and later released by Scream Factory on a double-feature Blu-ray with Tales From The Crypt. Questions have been raised as to if these prints are still missing a scene in which the characters who walk to the graveyard are seen with dead, skeletal faces. It may be that this shot has been lost; no prints containing it have ever surfaced, and there is no evidence it was ever included in the final release prints, as even the original unedited prints that have surfaced do not include a scene resembling the photo. It also has been widely speculated that the image was just a photo taken for promotional purposes and was never a filmed scene, as Curd Jürgens' character is portrayed by a different actor in the photo. Jürgens' character is the main focus of the end sequence; hence, some have stated that a scene is unlikely to have been filmed with a different actor portraying the character, for audiences would have noticed the change.Passage 6:Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were ThereBroadway: The Golden Age is a 2003 documentary film by Rick McKay, telling the story of the \"golden age\" of Broadway by the oral history of the legendary actors of the 1940s and 1950s, incorporating rare lost footage of actual performances and never-before-seen personal home movies and photos.  This was the final film Sally Ann Howes starred in before her death in 2021.SubjectsThe film includes interviews (filmed over a span of six years) with the following people:The intrinsic value of the documentary as a historical record is underscored by the fact that seven of the interviewees (Hume Cronyn, Uta Hagen, Al Hirschfeld, Kim Hunter, Ann Miller, Harold Nicholas and Gwen Verdon) died before the film was released in June 2004, and another 51 interviewees have died since then (as of September 2021). Filmmaker Michael Stever shared some noteworthy recollections of his 3+ years as UPM with McKay after his passing in 2018.ReceptionBroadway: The Golden Age won the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the Palm Beach International Film Festival, the Audience Choice Award for Best documentary at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, and the Audience Award and Festival Award at the San Diego Film Festival, both for Best Documentary.In 2006, McKay was honored with a Special Award for his work on the film by the New England Theatre Conference with the New England Theatre Conference Special Contribution to Theatre Award.SequelA sequel by the name of Broadway: Beyond the Golden Age had been in development since the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_131","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Saad AbdulrahmanSaad Abdulrahman Ali (born 2 May 1985) is a former professional basketball player. He played for Al-Sadd of the Qatar Basketball League. He was also a member of the Qatar nationalbasketball team.Saad competed for the Qatar national basketball team at the 2005 2007 and FIBA Asia Championship 2009.  He also competed for Qatar at their only FIBA World Championship performance to date, in2006, where he averaged 12.8 points and 2.4 assists per game.In 2009, Abdulrahman had his best individual international tournament to date, averaging 17.8 points per game for the Qataris.  He finished in the top tenleaders in points, minutes and steals per game en route to being named to the All-Tournament third team.  However, despite his efforts, Qatar finished sixth in the tournament and failed to qualify for their secondconsecutive FIBA World Championship.Passage 2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who playedfor Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing inclub cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first fullseason, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six ofthem coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last awaymatch of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, hemanaged just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-classmatches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the firstfinger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to joinSomerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinnerJohnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since theretirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantlybecame a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, afterwhich he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton,did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finishwith match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahonthis time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eightKent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in whichhe exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutiveChampionship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only asingle end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon'ssacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on:\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in secondeleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and thenpresenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case therehad been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahonto be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articlesto cricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 3:Saad Bin TeflaSaad Bin Tefla AlAjmi (also known as Saad Bin Tiflah or Saad Al Ajmi) is a Kuwaiti businessman and politician. He has been Kuwait's Minister ofInformation and Culture.Political careerHe has headed the Kuwait Information Center in London and worked as an interpreter and advisor in the Kuwaiti parliament. In 1999, he was appointed Minister of Informationand Culture.Professional careerHe is a lecturer at Kuwait University and a journalist.He was director of the Kuwaiti Media Center in London and is currently a contributor to the London-based Arabic newspaper Asharqal-Awasat as well as other Gulf publications.Passage 4:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democraticprocess, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. inPolitical Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor formany newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics inNigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition,he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 5:Saad AlbazeiSaad Abdulrahman Albazei is a Saudiintellectual who is known for his critiques of Arabic culture and comparative studies that map the East-West cultural and literary relations.LifeAlbazei was born in Saudi Arabia in 1953. He completed his universityeducation in Riyadh and earned his Ph.D. from Purdue University, in the USA in 1983.His dissertation dealt with \"literary Orientalism\" in Western literatures. He is currently a member of the Consultative Assembly ofSaudi Arabia,. Until recently, he was professor of English and Comparative Literature at the Dept. of English, King Saud University, Riyadh. His former capacities include: editor-in-chief of The Global Arabic Encyclopedia(30 vols.), and editor-in-chief of the Riyadh Daily, an English-speaking newspaper.Dr. Albazei also worked as president of the Riyadh Literary Club, a major cultural institution in the Saudi Capital from 2006 to 2010. Hehas since then joined the Shura Council (an appointed Saudi parliamentary body) having retired from his post as professor of English and comparative literature at King Saud University.WorksHe has published widely onArabic literature, including several volumes of literary criticism and analysis. His book Languages of Poetry: Poems and Readings won the Saudi Ministry of Culture's Book of the Year Prize in 2011. He also edited the30-volume Global Arabic Encyclopedia. He chaired the judging panel for the 2014 Arabic Booker Prize.His publications in English include:Tension in the House: the Contemporary Poetry of Arabia,\" World Literature Today(Spring, 2001), Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma.\"Minority Concerns: Female Scholars at the Cultural Intersection,\" Neither East Nor West: Postcolonial Essays on Literature, Culture and Religion, (Stockholm,Sweden: Sodertorns Hogskola University College, 2008).\"Enlightened Tensions: Jewish Haskalah and Arab-Muslim Nahda,\" (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook,2008).Forthcoming: Cultural Encounters: Essays on Literature and Culture (in English).Over the years, Prof. Albazei has lectured and participated in conferences in several countries including: USA, Japan, Poland,Germany, UK, France, Spain, UAE, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia. Most recently he addressed the UNESCO conference on languages in Paris, March, 2009.Prof. Albazei publishes articles in Saudinewspapers as well as academic articles in various periodicals. His English publications have appeared in several journals and books in Arab countries, Germany, Sweden, and the USA. His publications in Arabicinclude:Thaqafat Assahra (Desert Culture), 1991.Dalil Annakid Aladabi (A Guide for the Literary Critic), 2002.Shurufat lialru'yah (Outposts for Vision: on identity, globalization, and cultural interaction), 2004.AlmukawinAlyahudi fi Alhadharah Algharbiyyah (the Jewish Component in Western Civilization), 2007. [Reviewed in Foreign Policy journal of the US State Department, Dec. 2008]Alikhtilaf Aththaqafi wa Thaqafat Alikhtilaf(Cultural Difference and the Culture of Difference), 2008.Sard Almudun: fi Alroyah wa Alsinama (Cities Narrative: Fiction and Cinema), 2009.Qalaq al-Ma'rifah (The Anxiety of Knowledge): Thought and Culture Issues(2010).Lughat Ashi'r (Languages of Poetry): Poems and Readings (2011).Mashaghil Annass and Ishtighal Al-Qira'ah (Preoccupations of the Text and the Workings of Reading) (2014)Muajahat Thaqafiyyah/CulturalEncounters (Arabic and English Texts on culture and the Arts) (2014).Translations into Arabic:Muslims in American History (by Jerald Dirx) (2010)Globalectics (by Ngugi wa Thiong'o) (2014)Refereed papers published inEnglish:\" The Orientalist Discourse in Anglo-American Literary Criticism,\" Alef journal, 9, (1989), American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.- Realms of the Wasteland: Hijazi and the Metropolis, World Literature Today,University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA, (Spring, 1993) 67:2.\"Elegies Within Culture: Auden and Abu Risha,\" Proceedings of the International Conference: Comparative Literature In the Arab World, Centre forComparative Linguistics and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, 20–22 December 1995 (Cairo, The Egyptian Society of Comparative Literature, 1998)\"The Antithetical Arab: Leo Africanus and Yeats,\"(1996) Studies in English, (Riyadh: Research Center, College of Arts, King Saud University).\"Books and Terror: Anxieties of the Infinite in Wordsworth, Borges and Stevens,\" The Arab Journal for the Humanities, KuwaitUniversity, Kuwait, (Autumn, 1997) no. 60.\"The Revulsion against Islam: Romanticist Critics and the East,\" Abhath Al-Yarmouk Journal, Jordan (1997), 15: 1.- \"A Mythical Rape: Rilke, Yeats, Abu-Risha,\" Alef journal,American University in Cairo, (1999), no. 19.- \"Tension in the House: The Contemporary Poetry of Arabia,\" World Literature Today, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA, (Spring, 2001) 75:2.Passage 6:WesleyBarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021,Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC)named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, thetournament was cancelled.Passage 7:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moorewas born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers,Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to NewZealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, whoalso died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handedmiddle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his firstmatch for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"veryfine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Mooreled the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touringAustralians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 8:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born FirstNations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artistfocuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community.Hillhas been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the CanadaCouncil, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the InternationalMuseum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage9:Brodie CroftBrodie Croft (born 14 July 1997) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a scrum-half or stand-off for the Salford Red Devils in the Super League.He previously played for theMelbourne Storm and Brisbane Broncos in the NRL.Early lifeCroft was born in Dalby, Queensland, Australia. He was educated at St. Joseph's College, Toowoomba and later Anglican Church Grammar School, Brisbane.Heplayed his junior rugby league for the Highfields Eagles and was a member of the 2014 Churchie First XV alongside Kalyn Ponga, and Jaydn Su'a before being signed by the Melbourne Storm.He played for theToowoomba Clydesdales in the Cyril Connell Cup during 2013, before moving to Brisbane, to join the Eastern Suburbs Tigers in the Mal Meninga Cup. The following year, he was named 18th man for the Queensland"}
{"doc_id":"doc_132","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince Christian of HessePrince Christian of Hesse (Danish: Christian af Hessen; German: Christian von Hessen) (14 August 1776 – 14 November 1814) was a German prince and member of the House ofHesse-Kassel. As a son of the Danish Field Marshal Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Louise of Denmark, he was a member of the extended Danish Royal Family and spent his entire life in Denmark.EarlylifePrince Christian was born at Gottorp Castle, Schleswig as the third son of Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, royal governor of the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and Princess Louise of Denmark, herself adaughter of King Frederick V of Denmark.As a member of the extended Danish Royal Family, Christian was destined for a military career in Denmark from a young age. He was appointed Colonel in 1783, Major Generalin 1789 and in 1790 Commander of a Regiment. In 1803 he was appointed knight of the Order of the Elephant. In 1805 he was put in charge of a cavalry brigade in Holstein, and as such accompanied his cousin KingFrederick VI of Denmark to Copenhagen. In 1808 he assisted in suppressing the unrest of the Spanish auxiliary troops in Roskilde and was appointed Lieutenant General the following year. In 1809 he was appointedcommanding General on the island of Funen. Finally, in 1812 he was made a General in the cavalry.EngagementIn September 1812, Christian was engaged to his niece, Princess Caroline of Denmark, daughter of KingFrederick VI of Denmark and Christian's sister, Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel.DeathAlready at the time of his engagement, Prince Christian was weakened. A year after the engagement, he suffered a breakdown inOdense Palace. Shortly after it became clear that he was mentally ill, suffering from frequent fits. He died on 14 November 1814 at the age of 38 in Odense Palace, Denmark. He was buried in the Church of Saint John inOdense, but in 1862 his remains were transferred to Schleswig Cathedral.Passage 2:Princess Feodora of DenmarkPrincess Feodora of Denmark (Feodora Louise Caroline-Mathilde Viktoria Alexandra Frederikke Johanne)(3 July 1910 – 17 March 1975) was a Danish princess as a  daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark and granddaughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark.As the wife of Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe she became aPrincess of Schaumburg-Lippe by marriage.Early lifePrincess Feodora was born on 3 July 1910 at the Jægersborghus country house in Gentofte north of Copenhagen, Denmark.She was the first child and daughter ofPrince Harald of Denmark, son of King Frederick VIII of Denmark and Princess Louise of Sweden. Her mother was Princess Helena of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, daughter of Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke ofSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and Princess Karoline Mathilde of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.Marriage and issueFeodora married her first cousin, Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe on9 September 1937 at Fredensborg Palace, Zealand, Denmark. Prince Christian was a son of Prince Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Louise of Denmark who was a sister of Feodora's father, Prince Harald.Prince Christian was the head of a junior line of the House of Schaumburg-Lippe which resided at Náchod in Bohemia.Feodora and Christian had four children:Prince Wilhelm of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 19 August1939).Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1971); married Lena Giese in 2009.Princess Desiree of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1974); married Michael Iuel and have three children.Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe(b. 19 December 1940 - d. 11 August 2020).Princess Eleonore-Christine Eugenie Benita Feodora Maria of Schaumburg-Lippe (born 22 December 1978 in Hørsholm, Denmark)Mario-Max Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe(b.  23 December 1977), adult foster-sonPrincess Marie of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 December 1945).Prince Harald of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 March 1948).Later lifePrince Christian died in 1974. Princess Feodoradied on 17 March the following year in Bückeburg, Lower Saxony, Germany.AncestryPassage 3:Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (1898–1974)Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (German: Christian zuSchaumburg-Lippe; 20 February 1898 – 13 July 1974) was a German prince and head of the Náchod branch of the princely house of Schaumburg-Lippe.Early lifeHe was born on 20 February 1898 in Sopron, Hungary asthe only son and second child of Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and his first wife Princess Louise of Denmark, younger sister of King Christian X of Denmark.Marriage and issueIn 1927, his engagement toPrincess Irene of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Constantine I of Greece was announced. Nothing ever came of these plans, however. She later married Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta.He was also briefly consideredas a marriage candidate for Princess Juliana, the heiress to the Dutch throne. They had met each other in 1932 in Mecklenburg, the home of Juliana’s paternal relations. His reputation as a womanizer, his previous calledoff engagement and his German heritage did not make him a popular choice, but he was reconsidered after other candidates were rejected by the Queen or Juliana herself.These plans, however, did not prove fruitfuleither.On 9 September 1937, he married his cousin, Princess Feodora, daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark, a younger brother of King Christian X and Princess Louise, at Fredensborg Palace, Zealand, Denmark; theyhad four children.Prince Wilhelm of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 19 August 1939)Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe (19 December 1940 – 11 August 2020)Princess Marie of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 December1945)Prince Harald of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 March 1948)Later lifeHe died aged 76 on 13 July 1974 at Bückeburg, a year before his wife.His four children live in Germany and Denmark.AncestryPassage 4:PrincessLouise of Denmark (1750–1831)Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway (Danish: Louise af Danmark og Norge; 20 January 1750 – 12 January 1831) was born to Frederick V of Denmark and Louise of Great Britain. Hereldest daughter, Marie of Hesse-Kassel, was the wife of Frederick VI of Denmark.Early lifePrincess Louise was born on 20 January 1750 at Christiansborg Palace, the principal residence of the Danish Monarchy in centralCopenhagen. She was a daughter to Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway, and his first wife Louise of Great Britain. At birth, Louise had two older sisters, Princess Sophia Magdalena and Princess WilhelminaCaroline, and an older brother Crown Prince Christian. In 1751, one year after Louise's birth, her mother Queen Louise died during her sixth pregnancy, just aged 27 years. The following year her father remarried toDuchess Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who gave birth to Louise's half-brother, Prince Frederick in 1753.Princess Louise was considered the most beautiful and spirited of Frederick V's children, but also themost reserved. She was Christian VII's favorite sister, and he was already from childhood strongly attached to his \"Louison,\" as he called her.Marriage and issueIn 1756, Queen Louise's sister, Mary, who was estrangedfrom her husband, Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel, moved to Denmark to take care of her deceased sister's children. She brought her three sons with her, who were brought up at the Danish court with theirDanish cousins. On 30 August 1766 at the Christiansborg Palace Chapel, Louise married the second eldest of them, Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel. The marriage took place with her brother King Christian VII'sconsent, despite advice given against it, due to many accusations of debauchery by Landgrave Charles and the poor influence he had on the King. This, however, did not last, as Christian VII's warm feelings for himsoon evaporated, and in the spring 1767, the couple left Copenhagen to live in Hanau.She had six children with Charles of Hesse-Kassel: Marie Sophie, Princess of Hesse (20 October 1767 – 21 March 1852), married on31 July 1790 to the future King Frederik VI of Denmark and NorwayWilhelm, Prince of Hesse (15 January 1769 – 14 July 1772)Prince Frederik of Hesse (24 May 1771 – 24 February 1845)Juliane, Princess of Hesse (19January 1773 – 11 March 1860), Protestant Abbess of ItzehoePrince Christian of Hesse (14 August 1776 – 14 November 1814)Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (28 September 1789 – 13 March 1867), marriedon 28 January 1810 to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgLater lifeShe would have her first child in Hanau, Marie Sophie, Princess of Hesse on 20 October 1767 and then her second,Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse on 20 January 1769. The family would then move to Gottorp Castle after her spouse was appointed governor of Schleswig Holstein. In 1770, King Christian VII gave his sister a parish and landin Güby, Schleswig-Holstein, which was named Louisenlund in her honour. In the summer of 1770, Louise and Charles hosted the king and queen during their tour of the Duchies on their way to the Germanborder.    During their stay, rumors circulated about the affair between the queen and Struensee because of their manner, and it was observed that the queen was anxious not to be near Struensee in the presence ofLouise.    When the royal couple left, Louise was reportedly disappointed that she was not asked to accompany them on their journey.She would have her third child Prince Frederik of Hesse on 24 May 1771.After theremoval and execution of Johann Friedrich Struensee on 28 April 1772 her husband found favour with the King again and with it, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army. in September 1772.  Itwas said that Charles planned to raise support in Norway for a coup to take the regency power over the king from prince Frederick and queen dowager Juliana.  Louise did not initially accompany him there, but when hereturned to Denmark in April 1773, she returned with him to Norway in June.  They were very well received in Christiania, and upon their arrival in Trondhjem, one aristocrat, Nordahl Brun, welcomed them as the\"heavenly couple\", and greeted Louise with a poem.   In the Landgrave's own words, he became so popular that the Norwegians would gladly have him as King. This was clearly an illusion, and the people of Christianiasoon found the cost of constantly entertaining the couple, a huge burden on town expenses.  Expensive demands, such as new golden chairs to sit in during church service, and a triumphal arch for the official entry ofLouise in to Christiania where examples of the standard the royal couple demanded for their standard during their stay and created antipathy among the population.  On 4 September, Louise and Charles hosted a balland a court reception in honor of the birthday of queen Juliana Maria and departed on 8 September 1773.With her husband's larger income, he had Hermann von Motz build Louisenlund Castle on the land in Güby as asummer residence for the couple. The Princess would have her fourth child Juliane, Princess of Hesse on 19 January 1773 before leaving Norway and moving into Louisenlund Castle in 1774. Her husband was also madeField Marshal the same year but would stay away from political circles and remain at Louisenlund till the 14th change of government in April 1784. The new change brought a close friendship with Crown Prince Frederik,who would also marry their daughter Princess, Marie Sophie. They would later become King Frederick VI of Denmark and Queen Marie Sophie of Denmark.Princess Louise would have two more children, Prince Christianof Hesse, born 14 August 1776 and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel, born 28 September 1789. Her husband continued as commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army until 1814 and governor of SchleswigHolstein all her life. She died at Gottorp Castle on 12 January 1831 and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral.AncestryPassage 5:Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-LippePrince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe (German:Waldemar Stephan Ferdinand Wolrad Friedrich Karl Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe; 19 December 1940 – 11 August 2020) was a German-born banker and member of the House of Schaumburg-Lippe. He was a twicegreat-grandson of Frederick VIII of Denmark; as such, he was a twice second cousin of Margrethe II of Denmark.LifePrince Waldemar was born in Germany in 1940. Queen Alexandrine of Denmark was among hisgodparents. At the age of five, he moved to Denmark to live with his maternal aunt and uncle, Princess Caroline-Mathilde and Prince Knud. At the age of 10, he returned to West Germany. He later trained as a banker.In1977, he moved to Denmark once again and became a Danish citizen upon marrying Anne-Lise Johansen, the court photographer of his twice second cousin, Margrethe II. Prince Waldemar died on 11 August 2020 inthe United States at the age of 79.Marriage and issuePrince Waldemar first married Anne-Lise Johansen (Copenhagen, 8 August 1946 - Dronningmølle, 27 July 1994) in Karlebo on 10 September 1977. They divorced in1991. They had one daughter: Princess Eleonore-Christine Eugenie Benita Feodora Maria of Schaumburg-Lippe (born 22 December 1978 in Hørsholm, Denmark)He married secondly Karin Grundmann (9 December1962) in Hamburg on 15 May 2001. They divorced in 2002. They had no children. He married thirdly Ruth Schneidewind (4 August 1949) in Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony, in 2002. They divorced in 2003. They had nochildren. Prince Waldemar married fourthly Gertraud Antonia Schöppl (21 September 1956) on 20 September 2008 at Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna. They had one son: Mario Max Prince Antonius Adolf Alber Edward OliverGertraud Edith Helga Magdalena Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe.AncestryNotesCitationsBibliographyExternal linksPrince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe at IMDbPassage 6:Alessandra de OsmaPrincess Christian of Hanover(née Alessandra Lisette de Osma Foy, born 21 March 1988) is a Peruvian attorney, handbag designer, and former model. She is a member of the Hanoverian royal family through her marriage to Prince Christian ofHanover.AncestryAlessandra de Osma was born in San Borja, Lima, Peru. She is daughter of Felipe Juan Luis de Osma Berckemeyer, Executive and Central Commercial Manager of Hermes Transportes Blindados, aPeruvian cash management firm, and wife Elizabeth María Foy Vásquez, a former model.CareerWhen de Osma was sixteen she signed with Ford Models in New York City. She has modeled for Missoni and BottegaVeneta. She studied law at the University of Lima and has a master's degree in fashion and business management from the University of Navarra. In 2018 she launched her own fashion brand Moi & Sass with MoiraLaporta.Personal lifeDe Osma met Prince Christian of Hanover in 2005 when she served as his tour guide when he was vacationing in Peru. They started dating in 2011. The couple became engaged in April 2017. Theymarried in a civil service at the Chelsea and Westminster register office in London. They married religiously in a Catholic ceremony at the Basilica of San Pedro in Lima, Peru, on 16 March 2018. The groom's youngerhalf-sister, Princess Alexandra, served as her bridesmaid. De Osma wore the Hanover floral tiara, which had previously been worn by Caroline, Princess of Hanover. Wedding guests at the religious ceremony includedPrincess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie of York, Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark, Count Nikolai von Bismarck, and Kate Moss. The wedding celebrations lasted for three days.The couple lives in Madrid,near the club Puerta de Hierro. Alessandra gave birth to twins on 7 July 2020 at Quirón Clinic in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid.Passage 7:Prince Christian of Hesse-Philippsthal-BarchfeldPrince Christian ofHesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (Christian Ludwig Friedrich Adolf Alexis Wilhelm Ferdinand; 16 June 1887 – 19 October 1971) was a member of the House of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld and a German naval officer until heresigned his commission during the First World War in protest at Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.As a member of the House of Hesse, he was styled His Highness Prince Christian ofHesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. To distinguish between the various branches of the house, the designation -Philippsthal-Barchfeld was sometimes added to the end of the princely title.Early lifePrince Christian, theyoungest of Prince Wilhelm of Hesse's ten children, was born at Louisenlund Castle in Güby, Schleswig-Holstein. He was the only child from his father's fourth marriage with Princess Auguste ofSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, the eldest daughter of Duke Friedrich. Prince Christian was closely related to the British, Danish, Greek and Russian royal families through his mother, who was a first cousinof Queen Alexandra, King Frederik VIII, King George I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. His half-sister Princess Bertha was married to Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe.In 1905, Prince Christian's elder half brother PrinceChlodwig inherited the family's wealth and assets when he succeeded their uncle Landgrave Alexis as head of the House of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld because the children of their father's first morganatic marriage,the Princes and Princesses von Ardeck, were excluded from the succession. As a younger son, Prince Christian was not particularly wealthy and had to live off the money that his family granted him.Prince Christianjoined the Imperial German Navy on 20 March 1905. In the summer of 1912, he was a Lieutenant Commander on the SMS Stettin when the ship made an official visit to the United States as part of a squadron,commanded by Admiral Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz.During the First World War, Prince Christian wrote an open letter to Emperor Wilhelm II that criticised Germany's campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. Hethen resigned his commission in protest.First marriagePrince Christian was a relative of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, their mothers being first cousins, and before the outbreak of the war, a marriage between theprince and the Emperor's oldest daughter Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna had been speculated on, the match being seen as a way to increase German influence in Russia. However, nothing would ever come of that,and in December 1914, Prince Christian's engagement with Elizabeth Reid Rogers, the daughter of Richard Reid Rogers, was announced. The couple had first met about a year earlier at a ball in Cairo after which herfamily travelled to Berlin for an extended stay and enabled the prince to renew his courtship. Unlike other American society girls who had married European royalty and nobility in the 19th and 20th centuries, PrinceChristian's fiancée was not particularly wealthy but was born of an influential father.Prince Christian and Elizabeth were married on 14 January 1915 at the Holy Trinity Church in Berlin. As Elizabeth was not of equalbirth, the marriage was morganatic and so she and any future children would be unable to share Prince Christian's title and rank. To compensate, on the day of the wedding Prince Christian's kinsman the reigning GrandDuke of Hesse bestowed the title Baroness von Barchfeld on Elizabeth.Prince Christian and Elizabeth went on to have four children: Elisabeth Auguste (1915–2003), married in 1949 with Jacques Olivgetti (div. in 1956); Richard Christian (1917–1985), married in 1953 avec Maria Lafontaine ; Waldemar (1919–2002), married in 1952 with Ellen Hamilton (two sons : Alexander, born in 1956, and Heinrich, born in 1963) and Marie LouiseOlga (1921–1999), married in 1952 with Michel Savich. With the permission of his brother Landgrave Chlodwig, on 14 November 1921 it was declared that Prince Christian's wife and children were permitted to titlethemselves Prinz/Prinzessin von Hessen (Prince/Princess of Hesse).Later lifeAfter the war, Prince Christian and his family lived for a time in Switzerland and the United States before they acquired a villa in Cannes. Theprince was close to the British Royal Family both before and after the First World War. In 1925, after attending the funeral of his cousin Queen Alexandra, he became the first person of German origin to dine after thewar with King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace.With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, a number of Prince Christian's Hessian relatives, including various nephews and nieces, joined the Nazi Party.However, the prince and his family were not among them, and in 1941, the Nazis stripped Prince Christian, his wife and their children of their German citizenship although no reason was given in the announcement.Prince Christian would later acquire Swiss nationality.On 2 February 1957, Prince Christian's wife, Elizabeth, died at Cannes. He was married for a second time in Cannes on 25 June 1958 to a fellow widow, Ann Pearl"}
{"doc_id":"doc_133","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Stein Erik GullikstadStein Erik Gullikstad (born 6 February 1952) is a Norwegian Nordic combined skier. He was born in Røros, and represented the club Røros IL. He competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics inInnsbruck, where he placed 22nd.Passage 2:Roar EngelbergRoar Engelberg (born 26 July 1964 in Hamar, Norway) is the first international Norwegian artist on Panpipes, known for his long lasting and productivecooperation with Stein-Erik Olsen.CareerEngelberg became interested in panpipes as a 12-year-old when he heard the Romanian panpipe player Georghe Zamfir on the radio. He then taught himself to play theinstrument, and later studied in Hilversum with Nicolai Pirvu (1985–88). After his debut in London in 1986, he toured with Iver Kleive and Stein-Erik Olsen in Norway and around the world.He received the 2007 award\"Meritul Cultural în gradul de Cavaler\" of the Romanian state for his many years of effort for the music of Romania.Honors«Meritul Cultural în gradul de Cavaler\" awarded by the Romanian stateDiscography1985:Alveland, with Iver Kleive1986: Panorama, with Iver Kleive og Stein-Erik Olsen1988: Julefred1989: Mosaic, with Stein-Erik Olsen1989: Herdens flöjt – Julesånger på pan-flöjt1990: Doina1991: Masterpieces of theBeatles1992: Café Europa 1992, with the Orchestra Primas1994: Balletto, with Stein-Erik Olsen1999: Har en drøm2000: O pasâre strâinâ2001: Fløyelstoner, with Stein-Erik Olsen2002: Julefryd2007: Inim\u0000 del\u0000utar2010: Suite Latina, with Stein-Erik Olsen2011: Willie Nickerson's Egg, guest soloist with Jon Larsen and Tommy MarsPassage 3:Stein Erik LauvåsStein Erik Lauvås (born 3 May 1965) is a Norwegian politician forthe Labour Party.He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold during the terms 2001–2005 and 2005–2009.On the local level Lauvås is the mayor of Marker municipality since2003.Passage 4:Mille-Marie TreschowMille-Marie Treschow (3 April 1954 – 29 September 2018) was a Norwegian landlord and  businessperson. She was known for her previous marriage to Stein Erik Hagen, well knownas \"Rimi-Hagen\", being the former owner of the Rimi chain of low-cost discount stores.FamilyTreschow was the daughter of estate owner Gerhard Aage Treschow (1923–2001) and Nanna, née Meidell (born 1926). Shewas named for her paralyzed aunt Marie Treschow (1913–1952). She belonged to the Treschow family, which was formerly noble, having bought the status of untitled lower nobility (cf. Briefadel) in the 19th century inDenmark.She was married three times and had two children in her second marriage (1984–2000), with Andreas Stang. In 2004 she married businessman Stein Erik Hagen. In 2012 they announced theirseparation.Education and businessTreschow was a pupil at Croft House School in Dorset, England. She also had Norwegian examen artium. She received a Master of Business Administration in Switzerland, and hadadditional economic studies in the United States of America and home economics studies in France.Based in Larvik, Treschow managed Treschow Fritzøe, an extensive consortium consisting of properties and forest. Sheowned a private estate and resided at Fritzøehus Manor in Larvik. Succeeding her father in 1986, she was of the 6th generation owning and running the family industry.Treschow had an estimated private fortune of 1.5billion Norwegian kroner (NOK) or about US$250 million. She was as such one of the wealthiest women in Norway. Her husband, Stein Erik Hagen, is worth about 10 billion NOK or about US$2 billion.DeathTreschowdied aged 64 on 29 September 2018 at Tønsberg hospital of an undisclosed illness.See alsoTreschow (noble family)Passage 5:Kiplangat SangKiplangat Sang (born 14 April 1981) is a Kenyan judoka.He competed at the2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg.Passage 6:Erik HagenErik Hagen (born 20 July 1975) is a retired Norwegian footballer who played as a centre-back in Norway and Russia, as well as for theNorwegian national team, earning 28 caps.CareerClubDuring his time with Vålerenga, Hagen received the nickname \"Panzer\" from the club's fans. Amongst other things he created a \"hate list\" of Norwegian footballersin the club magazine Vål'enga Magasin, containing the likes of Vidar Riseth.Hagen won the Kniksen Award as Defender of the Year, and as Kniksen of the Year in 2004. The Kniksen award is the highest individual awardfor a Norwegian footballer.In December 2004 Hagen was sold to Zenit Saint Petersburg, becoming the first Norwegian footballer to play in Russia. In 2005, he played 28 league matches for Zenit, receiving 12 cautions.In January 2006 he was elected vice-captain by the team.On 31 January 2008, it was announced that Hagen would be joining Premier League club Wigan Athletic, signing on loan until the end of the English season.However, he only made one appearance for the team, in the away defeat at Portsmouth.On 28 July 2008, Hagen appeared at the Vålerenga home game against Tromsø, where it was announced he had re-signed for theclub until the end of the 2010 season. The return of one of Vålerenga's most popular players was well received with supporters.During an interview in April 2014, Hagen admitted to bribing a referee in a European matchduring his time with Zenit Saint Petersburg.International careerHagen made his debut, aged 29, for the Norwegian national team away to Scotland on 9 October 2004. Norway won 1–0.Personal lifeHagen has a twinbrother, Rune Hagen, who also plays professional football. He signed for Vålerenga at the same time as his brother.Career statisticsClubSource:InternationalSource:International goalsPassage 7:Catherine I ofRussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr.Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said tohave been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from theeastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a BalticGerman woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect.Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. Accordingto one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann ErnstGlück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach herto read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. Atthe age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg.When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Martaworked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may haveworked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part ofthe household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, asMenshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew histastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, andgave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their militaryexcursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two ofwhom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peter had moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, whereshe did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstratingthe strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to doso.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkishtroops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed theretreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburgon 9 February 1712.  She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of herhusband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of theirwedding.IssueCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Elizabeth:Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancyPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died ininfancyCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May 1728)Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)Grand Duchess MaryNatalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June 1715)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January1717–14 January 1717)Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)SiblingsUpon Peter'sdeath, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian:Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: Симон Гейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.Anna Skowrońska, renamed AnnaSamuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the Counts Efimovsky.Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the RussianEmpire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, a Russian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of CountPaul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.Fryderyk Skowroński, renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and wasmarried twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without having children by either of them.Reign as empress regnantCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peterand Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine'ssecretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great deal of influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling theirinfluence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sisterMatryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming asuccessor. Catherine represented the interests of the \"new men\", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change of government was likely to favor theentrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popularproclaimed her the ruler of Russia. Supporting evidence was \"produced\" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both \"new men\" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however,lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council.Catherine viewed the deposed empress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg tobe put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner.DeathCatherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress.Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise.Before her death she recognized Peter II, the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor.Assessment and legacyCatherine was thefirst woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continuedPeter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia.  At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe.  However,the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue.  Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce militaryexpenditure.  For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers.  However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way.  The resulting tax relief on thepeasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler.The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantlyjoined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain.Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges inthe new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name.The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of hername.She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning \"Catherine's Valley\"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses thePresidential Palace of Estonia. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President.In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious.  The story of her humbleorigins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.See alsoBibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)Rulers of Russia family treeNotesPassage 8:Stein Erik HagenStein Erik Hagen (born 22 July1956) is a Norwegian businessman. He is chairman of Orkla, where he is a major shareholder, and holds large stakes in Steen & Strøm, Jernia and Komplett through his family company Canica. According to the newsmagazine Kapital, Hagen is worth NOK 24 billion, making him the second richest person in Norway.BiographyHagen is educated at Kjøpmannsinsituttet (now part of the BI Norwegian Business School). He founded theRIMI discount store chain along with his father in the 1970s, and retained ownership until the 2000s, when he sold to Swedish ICA and Ahold. Most of the money was ploughed into Orkla. Hagen reportedly owns one ofthe biggest sailboats in Europe and used to own his own island in the Caribbean.He provided financial support to the Liberal Party in the 2005 Norwegian election and to the Liberal Party, Christian Democratic Party,Conservative Party and Progress Party in 2006.Private lifeStein Erik Hagen has three children from his first marriage, and a son from a later relationship. In 2004 he married Mille-Marie Treschow, the couple announcedin 2012 that they were separating.In October 2015, Hagen came out on the Norwegian-Swedish talk show Skavlan. Later the same day he added that he was bisexual, and that his ex-wives and family have knownabout his sexuality for many years.Passage 9:Peter Arne RuzickaPeter Arne Ruzicka (born 16 April 1964) is a Norwegian businessman.Ruzicka's father was Czech, migrated to Norway in 1951 and ultimately becameprofessor of chemistry. Ruzicka earned siv.øk. and MBA degrees at Oslo Business School. In 1990 he was hired in Hakon Gruppen by Stein Erik Hagen. He became director of markets in RIMI after nine months, andsuccessively became CEO of RIMI and Hakon Gruppen. From 2000 to 2003 Ruzicka was the CEO of Ahold in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He then left the conglomerate together with Stein Erik Hagen. Instead,Ruzicka became CEO of Jernia in 2003 and Canica in 2006.Since February 2014, Mr. Ruzicka has been president and CEO of Orkla.Passage 10:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) wasa Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life and songsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 hewon a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements.By theend of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, living in London, turned hisattention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with Howard Talbotthe successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, \"The Proms\", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet"}
{"doc_id":"doc_134","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George ClooneyGeorge Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a British Academy Film Award, four Golden GlobeAwards, and two Academy Awards; one for his acting and the other as a producer. He has been honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2015, the Honorary César in 2017, AFI Life Achievement Award in 2018, andthe Kennedy Center Honors in 2022.Clooney started his career in television, gaining wide recognition in his role as Dr. Doug Ross on the NBC medical drama ER from 1994 to 1999, for which he received two PrimetimeEmmy Award nominations. He expanded to leading roles in films, with his breakthrough role in From Dusk till Dawn (1996). followed by superhero film Batman & Robin (1997), Steven Soderbergh's Out of Sight (1998),David O. Russell's Three Kings (1999), Wolfgang Petersen's The Perfect Storm (2000), and the Coen brothers' O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). Greater stardom came from his starring role in Soderbergh's Ocean'sfilm series from 2001 to 2007. Clooney made his directorial debut with the spy drama Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), and has since directed the historical drama Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), thepolitical drama The Ides of March (2011), the war film The Monuments Men (2014), and the science fiction film The Midnight Sky (2020). Clooney won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the thrillerSyriana (2005), and earned Best Actor nominations for the legal thriller Michael Clayton (2007), and the comedy-dramas Up in the Air (2009) and The Descendants (2011). He received the Academy Award for BestPicture for co-producing the political thriller Argo (2012). He has also starred in Burn After Reading (2008), The American (2010), Gravity (2013), Hail, Caesar! (2016), and Ticket to Paradise (2022).As of 2023, Clooneyis one of two people to have been nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories, a position shared with Walt Disney. Clooney was included on Time's annual Time 100 list, which identifies the most influentialpeople in the world, every year from 2006 to 2009. He is also noted for his political and economic activism, and has served as one of the United Nations Messengers of Peace since 2008. Clooney is also a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations. He is married to human rights lawyer Amal Clooney. Outside of acting, Clooney is known for cofounding Casamigos tequila, which was one of the best-selling spirits of 2022.Early lifeClooneywas born on May 6, 1961, in Lexington, Kentucky. His mother, Nina Bruce (née Warren), was a beauty queen and city councilwoman. His father, Nick Clooney, is a former anchorman and television host, including fiveyears on the AMC network. Clooney is of Irish, German, and English ancestry. His maternal great-great-great-great-grandmother, Mary Ann Sparrow, was the half-sister of Nancy Lincoln, mother of President AbrahamLincoln, making Clooney and Lincoln half-first cousins five times removed. Clooney has an older sister named Adelia (known as Ada). Cabaret singer and actress Rosemary Clooney was an aunt. Through Rosemary, hiscousins include actors Miguel Ferrer, Rafael Ferrer, and Gabriel Ferrer, who is married to singer Debby Boone.Clooney was raised a strict Roman Catholic but said in 1998 that he did not know if he believed \"in Heavenor even God.\" He has said, \"Yes, we were Catholic, big-time, whole family, whole group.\" He began his education at the Blessed Sacrament School in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. He attended St. Michael's School inWorthington, Ohio; then Western Row Elementary School (a public school) in Mason, Ohio, from 1968 to 1974; and St. Susanna School in Mason, where he served as an altar boy. The Clooneys moved back to Kentuckywhen George was midway through the seventh grade. In middle school, Clooney developed Bell's palsy, a medical condition that partially paralyzes the face. The malady went away within a year. In an interview withLarry King, he stated that \"yes, it goes away. It takes about nine months to go away. It was the first year of high school, which was a bad time for having half your face paralyzed.\" He also described one positiveoutcome of the condition: \"It's probably a great thing that it happened to me because it forced me to engage in a series of making fun of myself. And I think that's an important part of being famous. The practical jokeshave to be aimed at you.\"After his parents moved to Augusta, Kentucky, Clooney attended Augusta High School. He has stated that he earned all As and a B in school, and played baseball and basketball. He tried out toplay professional baseball with the Cincinnati Reds in 1977, but he did not pass the first round of player cuts and was not offered a contract. He attended Northern Kentucky University from 1979 to 1981, majoring inbroadcast journalism, and very briefly attended the University of Cincinnati, but did not graduate from either. He earned money selling women's shoes, insurance door to door, stocking shelves, working in construction,and cutting tobacco.CareerEarly work (1978–1993)Clooney's first role was as an extra in the television mini-series Centennial in 1978, which was based on the novel of the same name by James A. Michener and waspartly filmed in Clooney's hometown of Augusta, Kentucky. Clooney's first major role came in 1984 in the short-lived CBS sitcom E/R (not to be confused with ER, the long-running medical drama). He played ahandyman on the series The Facts of Life and appeared as Bobby Hopkins, a detective, on an episode of The Golden Girls. His first prominent role was a semi-regular supporting role in the sitcom Roseanne, playingRoseanne Barr's supervisor Booker Brooks, followed by the role of a construction worker on Baby Talk, a co-starring role on the CBS drama Bodies of Evidence as Detective Ryan Walker, and then a year-long turn asDet. James Falconer on Sisters. In 1988, Clooney played one of the lead roles in the comedy-horror film Return of the Killer Tomatoes. In 1990, he starred in the short-lived ABC police drama Sunset Beat. During thisperiod, Clooney was a student at the Beverly Hills Playhouse acting school for five years.Breakthrough and stardom (1994–1999)Clooney rose to fame when he played Dr. Doug Ross, alongside Anthony Edwards,Julianna Margulies, and Noah Wyle, on the hit NBC medical drama ER from 1994 to 1999. After leaving the series in 1999, he made a cameo appearance in the 6th season and returned for a guest spot in the show'sfinal season. For his work on the series, Clooney received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1995 and 1996. He also earned three Golden Globe Awardnominations for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 1995, 1996, and 1997 (losing to co-star Anthony Edwards).Clooney began appearing in films while working on ER. His first major Hollywood role was in the horrorcomedy-crime thriller From Dusk till Dawn, directed by Robert Rodriguez and co-starring Harvey Keitel. He followed its success with the romantic comedy One Fine Day with Michelle Pfeiffer, and the action-thriller ThePeacemaker with Nicole Kidman. Clooney was then cast as Batman in Joel Schumacher's Batman & Robin, which was a modest box office performer, but a critical failure (with Clooney himself calling the film \"a waste ofmoney\"). In 1998, he co-starred in the crime-comedy Out of Sight opposite Jennifer Lopez, marking the first of his many collaborations with director Steven Soderbergh. He also starred in Three Kings during the lastweeks of his contract with ER.Established leading man (2000–2004)After leaving ER, Clooney starred in commercially successful films including Wolfgang Petersen's disaster film The Perfect Storm (2000) which was abox office success. The same year he starred in the Coen brothers adventure comedy O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) alongside John Turturro, Tim Blake Nelson, and John Goodman. The film, a modern satire, isloosely based on Homer's epic Greek poem the Odyssey and the Preston Sturges 1941 classic film Sullivan's Travels. This film is set in 1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression. He plays escaped convictUlysses Everett McGill. He received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination for his performance. Variety film critic Todd McCarthy compared Clooney to Clark Gable writing,\"Not for the first time recalling Clark Gable in his looks and line delivery, Clooney clearly delights in embellishing Everett's vanity and in delivering the Coens’ carefully calibrated, high-toned dialogue\".The following yearIn 2001, Clooney reunited with Soderbergh for the heist comedy Ocean's Eleven, a remake of the 1960s Rat Pack film of the same name, with Clooney playing Danny Ocean, originally portrayed by Frank Sinatra. Thefilm starred Clooney, Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts, Matt Damon, and Andy Garcia. The film cemented Clooney as a leading film star. It is Clooney's most successful film with him in the lead role, earning $451 millionworldwide (he appeared, but did not star, in Gravity, which has a $723 million worldwide box office). Ocean's Eleven inspired two sequels starring Clooney, Ocean's Twelve in 2004 and Ocean's Thirteen in 2007. In2001, Clooney and Soderbergh co-founded Section Eight Productions, for which Grant Heslov was president of television.The following year he would work with Soderbergh yet again in the science fiction drama Solaris(2002) an adaptation of the acclaimed 1972 film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky. Famed critic Roger Ebert praised the film and Clooney writing, \"Clooney has successfully survived being named People magazine's sexiestman alive by deliberately choosing projects that ignore that image. His alliance with Soderbergh, both as an actor and co-producer, shows a taste for challenge.\" That same year Clooney made his directorial debut in the2002 film Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, based on the autobiography of TV producer Chuck Barris. The film premiered out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim. Though the film did not do wellat the box office, critics stated that Clooney's directing showed promise.In 2003, Clooney reunited with the Coen brothers in the romantic comedy Intolerable Cruelty opposite Catherine Zeta-Jones. Elvis Mitchell of TheNew York Times praised their chemistry and the casting of Clooney in the role writing, \"the good work comes from George Clooney, who happens to have the Art Deco profile fit for a 1930's comedy. He scores with hiswillingness to mock his above-average charisma level and the chiseled chin, cover-guy good looks\".Directorial debut and acclaim (2005–2013)In 2005, Clooney starred in Syriana, which was based loosely on formerCentral Intelligence Agency agent Robert Baer's memoirs of his service in the Middle East. Clooney suffered an accident on the set of Syriana, which caused a brain injury with complications from a punctured dura. Thesame year he directed, produced, and starred in Good Night, and Good Luck, a film about 1950s television journalist Edward R. Murrow's famous war of words with Senator Joseph McCarthy. At the 2006 AcademyAwards, Clooney was nominated for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Good Night, and Good Luck, as well as Best Supporting Actor for Syriana. He won the Oscar for his role in Syriana.Clooney nextappeared in The Good German (2006), a film noir directed by Soderbergh that is set in post-World War II Germany. In August 2006, Clooney and Heslov started the production company Smokehouse Pictures. InOctober 2006, Clooney received the American Cinematheque Award, which honors someone in the entertainment industry who has made \"a significant contribution to the art of motion pictures\". On January 22, 2008,Clooney was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for Michael Clayton (2007) losing to Daniel Day-Lewis who won for Paul Thomas Anderson's drama There Will Be Blood (2007).Later that year, he directedhis third film, Leatherheads, in which he also starred. On April 4, 2008, Variety reported that Clooney had quietly resigned from the Writers Guild of America over a dispute concerning Leatherheads. Clooney, who is thedirector, producer and star of the film, claimed that he had contributed in writing \"all but two scenes\" of it, and requested a writing credit alongside Duncan Brantley and Rick Reilly, who had worked on the screenplayfor 17 years. Clooney lost an arbitration vote 2–1, and withdrew from the union over the decision. He became a \"financial core status\" non-member, meaning he no longer has voting rights, and cannot run for office orattend membership meetings, according to the Writers Guild of America's constitution.In 2009, he starred in the war comedy The Men Who Stare at Goats alongside Ewan McGregor, Jeff Bridges and Kevin Spacey. Thefilm was directed by Heslov and released in November 2009. The film premiered at the Venice International Film Festival to positive reviews. Also in November 2009, he voiced the title character opposite Meryl Streepas Mrs. Fox in Wes Anderson's animated feature Fantastic Mr. Fox. The same year, Clooney starred in the Jason Reitman directed comedy-drama Up in the Air, which was initially given limited release, and thenwide-released on December 25, 2009. Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter praised Clooney's performance writing, \"Boasting one of George Clooney’s strongest performances, the film seems like a surefire awardscontender\". For his performance in the film he was nominated for a Golden Globe, a Screen Actors Guild Award, BAFTA, and an Academy Award. The following year Clooney produced and starred in the dark crime dramaThe American (2010), based on the novel A Very Private Gentleman by Martin Booth and directed by Anton Corbijn.As of 2011, Clooney is represented by Bryan Lourd, co-chairman of Creative Artists Agency (CAA). In2011 Clooney starred in The Descendants as a husband whose wife has an accident that leaves her in a coma. He earned critical praise for his work, and won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actorand the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. Also, he was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor, and the Academy Award for Best Actor. He wasnominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for the political drama The Ides of March.In 2013, Clooney won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, the BAFTA Award for BestPicture and the Academy Award for Best Picture for producing Argo. The following year Clooney co-starred with Sandra Bullock in Gravity (2013), a space thriller directed by Alfonso Cuarón.In 2013, Clooney co-foundedCasamigos Tequila with Rande Gerber and Michael Meldman. It was sold to Diageo for $700 million in June 2017, with an additional $300 million possible depending on the company's performance over the next tenyears. According to Forbes annual ranking, he was the world's highest-paid actor for 2017–2018, earning $239 million between June 1, 2017, and June 1, 2018.Career slump and resurgence (2014–present)In 2014,Clooney co-wrote, directed and starred in The Monuments Men, an adaptation of The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History by Robert M. Edsel. The film starred anensemble cast of A-list stars including Matt Damon, Cate Blanchett, Bill Murray, John Goodman, and Bob Balaban as well as European stars Hugh Bonneville, and Jean Dujardin. The film was a critical misfire and a boxoffice failure. Many historians were critical of the film for its historical inaccuracies. The Guardian film critic Andrew Pulver, panned the film writing, that the film was \"filled with unearned patriotic sentiment, sketchy tothe point of inanity, and interrupted every few minutes with neurotic self-justification\". That same year Clooney produced August: Osage County (2013), an adaptation of the play of the same name. The film stars MerylStreep and Julia Roberts.His next film was Tomorrowland (2015), a science fiction adventure film in which he played Frank Walker, an inventor. Later in the year, he was featured as himself in the Netflix Christmasmusical comedy A Very Murray Christmas, starring Bill Murray. The following year he starred in Hail, Caesar!, a comedy from the Coen brothers set in the Hollywood film industry in the 1950s, which premiered inFebruary 2016. Clooney portrayed Baird Whitlock, a Robert Taylor-type film star who is kidnapped during the production of a film. Josh Brolin co-starred as fixer Eddie Mannix. Clooney reunited with Julia Roberts for theJodie Foster-directed thriller Money Monster (2016), playing the host of a television show that investigates conspiracies on commerce and Wall Street, who is taken hostage by a bankrupt viewer given a bad tip.InOctober 2017, his directorial project Suburbicon a 1950s-set crime comedy was released. It stars Matt Damon, Julianne Moore, and Oscar Isaac, from a script written by the Coen brothers in the 1980s, that they hadoriginally intended to direct themselves. He received the 2018 AFI Life Achievement Award on June 7, 2018. The award was presented to him by Shirley MacLaine, and was honored by Julianna Margulies, CateBlanchett, Bill Murray, Anna Kendrick, Jimmy Kimmel, Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox and his wife Amal Clooney.In 2019, Clooney returned to television, starring, directing, and producing the Hulu historical miniseriesCatch-22 based upon the novel of the same name by Joseph Heller. Clooney was initially cast in a main role in the series; however, he opted to take a smaller supporting role instead. The series premiered on May 31,2019, to critical acclaim.After a four year absence from acting in film Clooney starred in the science fiction film,The Midnight Sky a film he also directed, and produced based upon the Lily Brooks-Dalton debut novel,Good Morning, Midnight, for Netflix. He also directs The Tender Bar adaptation for Amazon Studios with Ben Affleck in the lead. It will have a limited release in Los Angeles and New York theatres on December 17, 2021,followed by a nationwide premiere on December 22, 2021. The coming-of-age film will be streaming on Amazon Prime Video from January 7, 2022.In February 2021, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Clooney'sSmokehouse Pictures would be teaming with Sports Illustrated Studios and 101 Studios to produce a docuseries about the Ohio State University abuse scandal, and that the series would be based on an October 2020Sports Illustrated article by Jon Wertheim.In September 2021, Clooney reteamed with Brad Pitt for an untitled thriller film written and directed by Jon Watts.In 2022, he reunited with Julia Roberts for a romantic comedyfilm Ticket to Paradise directed by Ol Parker. It was initially set to release in theatres on September 30, 2022, but was pushed by a month to October 21, 2022.In 2023, Clooney reprised the role of Bruce Wayne /Batman in a cameo in The Flash.Activism and public advocacyPolitical viewsClooney supported both of Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns. Clooney endorsed Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidentialelection. Clooney endorsed Joe Biden for the 2020 presidential election, and he hosted a virtual fundraiser for Biden together with Obama on July 28, 2020.He has also made humorous statements against RepublicanParty figures. In 2006, Clooney sarcastically thanked Jack Abramoff at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards before concluding with \"Who would name their kid 'Jack' with 'off' at the end? No wonder the guy's screwed up\".Clooney has also described Republican donor Steve Wynn as an \"asshole\" and a \"jackass\", after the two had a heated disagreement over the Affordable Care Act.Humanitarian workClooney is involved with Not On OurWatch Project, an organization that focuses global attention and resources to stop and prevent mass atrocities, along with Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, David Pressman, and Jerry Weintraub. In February 2009,he visited Goz Beida, Chad, with New York Times columnist Nicholas D. Kristof. In January 2010, he organized the telethon Hope for Haiti Now, which collected donations for the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims.In March2012, Clooney starred with Martin Sheen and Brad Pitt in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play '8'—a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage—asattorney David Boies. The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights. In September 2012, Clooney offered to take anauction winner out to lunch to benefit the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN). GLSEN works to create a safe space in schools for children who are or may be perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or"}
{"doc_id":"doc_135","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louis IV, Count of ChinyLouis IV the Young (1173 – 7 October 1226), count of Chiny from 1189 to 1226, son of Louis III, count of Chiny, and Sophie.  Louis was the last of the first dynasty of counts of Chiny.Having no son, he prepared his eldest daughter Jeanne as his successor. Louis marked his reign by issuing the first postage stamp in the county.He succeeded as count in 1189 when his father died on the ThirdCrusade, but was under the supervision of his mother and uncle Thierry, Lord of Mellier, because of his young age. He likely participated in the Albigensian Crusade, where he died in Cahors.He married Matilda ofAvesnes, widow of Nicolas IV, Lord of Rumigny, and daughter of James, Lord of Avesnes and Conde, and Adele, Lady of Guise. They had three children:Jeanne, Countess of Chiny, married to Arnold IV, Count ofLoozAgnes, Lady of Givet and AbemontIsabelle, married to Otto, Lord of Trazegnies.Isabelle was referred to as Madame de Florenville during the Tournament of Chauvency in 1285, hosted by Louis' grandson Louis V,successor Count of Chiny,Upon Louis’ death, his daughter Jeanne became Countess of Chiny until her marriage to Arnold IV, when he became the first Count of Chiny of the second dynasty as Arnold II.Louis IV was alsoa direct paternal descendant of Charlemagne.SourcesSettipani, Christian, La Préhistoire des Capétiens (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste maison de France, vol. 1), Villeneuve d'Ascq, éd. Patrick vanKerrebrouck, 1993, 545 pg.Arlette Laret-Kayser, Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986Passage2:Louis, Count of VerdunLouis I (murdered September 29, 1025), Count of Chiny (987–1025) and Count of Verdun (as Louis) (1024–1025), son of Otto I, Count of Chiny, and an unknown mother.Upon Otto’s death,Louis became the second Count of Chiny. Virtually nothing is known about his rule in Chiny.In 1024, Reginbert, the Bishop of Verdun, appointed Louis as Count of Verdun when Count Herman of Ename, son of Godfreythe Prisoner, retired to a monastery. Herman's nephew, Godfrey the Bearded, coveted the position, and Gothelo (Herman’s brother and Godfrey’s father) invaded the city and murdered Louis.Louis married Adelaide (d.after 1025), of unknown parentage. They had two children:Louis II, Count of ChinyLiutgarde (born 1002), married to Richer de Sancy (died before 1084). Luitgarde and Richer had four sons:  Hughes (died after 1109),Louis (died after 1084), Roderic (d. after 1109) and Richwin (killed before 1084). Nothing further is known about them.Louis’ son Louis II assumed the position of Count of Chiny after his father’s death, and Godfrey theBearded was appointed Count of Verdun.Passage 3:Albert, Count of ChinyAlbert (Albert I) (before 1131 – 29 September 1162), Count of Chiny, son of Otto II, Count of Chiny, and Adélaïs of Namur.  He succeeded hisfather before 1131 and spent most of his time in Chiny, not taking part in the various conflicts which shook the region.He married Agnes, daughter of Renaud I, Count of Bar and Gisèle Vaudémont, daughter of Gerard,Count of Vaudémont.  Their children were:Louis III, Count of ChinyThierry (d. after 1207), Lord of Mellier, married ElizabethArnulf of Chiny-Verdun (killed in 1181), Bishop of Verdun, 1172–1181Alix (d. after 1177),married to Manasses of HiergesIda of Chiny, married to Gobert V, Lord of Aspremont (see Fredelon and the House of Esch for a discussion of their descendants)A daughter, mother of Roger WalehemHughes, married toa daughter of Renaud de DonchéryA daughter, Abbess of Givet.Arnulf was killed by an arrow to the head in front of the castle of Saint Manehulde during an attack on the bishopric of Verdun.Alix and Mannases were theparents of Albert II of Hierges, Bishop of Verdun (1186–1208). Ida and Gobert were the grandparents of John I of Aspremont, Bishop of Verdun (1217–1224).Albert was succeeded as Count of Chiny by his sonLouis.Passage 4:John I, Count of LoozJohn I (Jean) (d. 1278 or 1279), Count of Looz and Count of Chiny, eldest son of Arnold IV, Count of Looz and Chiny, and Jeanne, Countess of Chiny. He succeeded his father in1272 or 1273, as the Count of Looz and Chiny.  Virtually nothing is known about his reign.He first married, in 1258, Matilda, daughter of William IV, Count of Jülich, and Matilda of Gelderland.  Their children were:ArnoldV, Count of Looz and Count of Chiny (as Arnold II)Louis de LoozWilliam, Seigneur of Neufchatel and Ardenne.Widowed, he married secondly, in 1269, Isabelle de Conde (d. after 1280), daughter of Jacques, Seigneur ofConde and Bailleul, and his wife Agnes of Rœulx.  Their children were:John II (1270-1311), Seigneur of Agimont, Givet and Warcq, married Marie, daughter of Raoul de Nesle and Alix de Roye (see House ofNesle)Jacques (Jacquemin) (d. February 27, 1330), Canon of Liege.Upon his death, he was succeeded as Count of Chiny by his brother Louis, and as Count of Looz by his son Arnold.SourcesSettipani, Christian, LaPréhistoire des Capétiens (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste maison de France, vol. 1), Villeneuve d'Ascq, éd. Patrick van Kerrebrouck, 1993, 545 p.Thonissen, JJ., Arnold IV, Royal Academy of Belgium,National Biography, Vol. 1, Brussels, 1866Arlette Laret-Kayser, Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72),1986Passage 5:Otto II, Count of ChinyOtto II (1065 – after 1131), Count of Chiny, son of Arnold I, Count of Chiny, and Adélaïs.He succeeded his father in 1106 and completed the construction of the Abbey of Orval thathis father had started in 1070, installing the canons in 1124. The installation of a Cistercian community in Orval in 1131 marked his last appearance in any proceedings.He married Adelaide (Alix) (1068–1124), daughterof Albert III, Count of Namur and Ida of Saxony (widow of Frederick of Lower Lorraine). Their children were:Ida (died before 1125), married to Godfrey I, Count of LeuvenOda (died after 1134), married to Giselbert II,Count of DurasHugues, probably died youngAlbert of Chiny (before 1131–1162)Frederick, (died after 1124), Provost at Reims from 1120Adalbero II of Chiny-Namur (died 26 March 1145), Bishop of Liège,1135–1145Eustache (died after 1156), married to a daughter of Wiger de Waremme, Avoué of Liège Saint-Lambert and Hesbaye. His son Louis de Lumaine was also Avoué of Hesbaye.Ida (also known as Ida of Namur)and Godfrey I (also known as Godfrey the Bearded, not to be confused with the uncle of his father Henry II, Godfrey) were parents of Adeliza of Louvain, wife of Henry I of England.  Oda’s husband Gislebert was son ofOtto, Count of Duras and therefore the grandson of Giselbert, the first Count of Looz, whose family would eventually be merged with the Counts of Chiny with the marriage of Otto's great-great granddaughter Jeanne,Countess of Chiny, with Arnold IV of Looz.After his death, Otto was succeeded as Count of Chiny by his son Albert.Passage 6:Louis II, Count of ChinyLouis II (died before 1066), Count of Chiny (from 1025 until hisdeath), son of Louis I, Count of Chiny and Verdun, and Adélaïde de Saint Varme.  He left very few traces in history and nothing is known about his reign.Louis was married to Sophie. They had two children:Arnold I,Count of ChinyManasses (died 1068), a monk at the Church of St. Hubert.Legend has it that Louis held hunting parties in his huge game park.  Here, Thibault of Champagne established a hermitage and found a sourceof holy springs, and Louis built a shrine to the spring's healing powers. The shrine became famous, with many pilgrims who came to implore the grace of Saint-Thibault. Later, monks from Calabria, Italy, founded amonastery nearby at Orval at the invitation of Louis’ son Arnold.Upon Louis' death, his son Arnold became Count of Chiny.Passage 7:Arnold VI of Rummen, Count of LoonArnold VI de Rumigny (died May 1373), Count ofLooz and Count of Chiny (as Arnold IV) (1362–1364), son of William of Oreye, Lord of Rumigny (by donation of Louis IV, Count of Looz in 1331), and Jeanne de Looz, daughter of Arnold V, Count of Loon and Chiny, and,Marguerite Vianden, Lady of Perwez and Grimbergen.In 1336, at the death of his uncle, Louis IV, Count of Loon and Chiny, Arnold laid claim to the estates, but without success.  Instead, the estates passed to anothernephew, Thierry de Heinsberg. Finally, on January 25, 1362, he bought the rights to the counties from his cousin Godfrey, Count of Looz and Chiny.  Looz, however, was still occupied by the troops of Engelbert III of theMarck, Prince-Bishop of Liege.On December 25, Arnold approached the Emperor Charles IV for his help in financing the reconquest of Looz, but he failed in that endeavor.  Without options, he sold the countiesto  Wenceslaus, Duke of Luxembourg, on June 16, 1364. On September 23, 1366, he entered into a transaction with John of Arkel, Prince-Bishop of Liège, receiving some financial compensation for the occupation of thecountiesIn 1346, Arnold married Elizabeth of Flanders, illegitimate daughter of Louis of Flanders, Count of Nevers.  No children are recorded.SourcesArlette Laret-Kayser, Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chinydes Origines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986Passage 8:Arnold I, Count of ChinyArnold I (died 16 April 1106), Count of Chiny, son of Louis II, Count of Chiny,and his wife Sophie. He succeeded his father as count before 1066.Arnold is best known for his many clashes with the authorities.  The only known positive action of his was the founding of the Abbey of Orval withConrad I, Count of Luxembourg. In addition he began other religious institutions, apparently as atonement for his many crimes. He had many run-ins with the clergy, particularly with Henry, Bishop of Liège, a relative ofGodfrey the Bearded, no doubt due to the murder of his grandfather by Godfrey’s father. There were also issues with Henry's successor Otbert.A convenient story is that Arnold regularly confronted Godfrey’s grandsonCount Godfrey of Bouillon, a leader of the First Crusade and nephew of Countess Mathilda of Tuscany, but that they eventually became friends. Because of this newly-found friendship, he allegedly entrusted Godfreywith his sons Otto and Louis to take part in the crusade. The reality is that this is likely a story concocted by Count Louis V, much like the rest of his version of the history of Chiny (see the discussion in the Counts ofChiny), to enhance his standing at the Tournament of Chauvency in 1285, which included such royalty as Rudolf I, King of Germany.It is clear that Otto and Louis never actually joined the crusade, as their names arenot listed among the participants in the Holy quest. The reality of the situation appears that Godfrey's army included relatively few of the major nobles of the duchy, especially those of comital rank. The nobles of LowerLotharingia were not all vassals of the Duke (and later Defender of the Holy Sepulchre) and felt no obligation to follow him, despite the seriousness of the taking of the cross. Notable absentees were Arnold, Albert III ofNamur and Henry of Arlon and Limburg. These were all part of the coalition that had waged war on Godfrey and his principal allies Henry of Verdun and his successor Otbert, Prince-Bishops of Liège. There is someuncertainty as to his sons' whereabouts during the crusade, but upon their return, Otto, who became the next Count of Chiny, found Orval falling in ruins. The Calabrian monks left in 1108, and the Cistercians revivedOrval with Otto's help.Apparently unable to abide by normal legal traditions, Arnold attempted to capture Richilde, Countess of Hainaut, widow of Baldwin VI the Good, Count of Flanders, and her son Baldwin II, Count ofHainaut. Like most of his ventures, he failed in this. In 1082, Richilde and her son went on a pilgrimage to Rome, but on her return in 1084, she learned as she approached Chiny that Arnold was planning to kidnap her.She escaped by taking refuge in Benedictine Abbey of Amdain, in the present-day Saint Hubert.He married Adélaïs (Adelaide), daughter of Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier, Roucy and Ramerupt, and Alix de Roucy.  Theyhad six children:Otto II, Count of ChinyLouis, founder of the priory of Saint-Valpurge at ChinyHalide (Hadvide, Hadwida), married to Dodo of Cons (Dudo of Konz-Saarburg), who took the cross and became a Crusader inthe army of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1096. He was one of two sons of Adelon de Cons.Clemence, married to Hugel de Waha, Châtelain de Mirwart, who was son of Hériman de Duras, who in turn was son of Otto I, Count ofDuras, and grandson to Giselbert I, Count of Duras.Beatrix, mother of Arnulf, Archdeacon of Trier.Unnamed daughter, mother to Arnoul and Conon.Arnold's second wife was Ermengarde (d. 1081), a union for which nochildren are recorded.  Arnold and his third wife Agnes had one child:Adelbero III of Chiny, Bishop of Verdun (1131-1156)Upon his death, Arnold’s son Otto assumed the title of Count of Chiny.Passage 9:Joan, Countessof ChinyJoan (c. 1205 – 17 January 1271) was the Countess of Chiny. Joan was the daughter of Louis IV, Count of Chiny, and Matilda of Avesnes, and became ruler of the county upon her father’s death on 7 October1226. She married Arnold IV, Count of Loon, son of Gerard III, Count of Rieneck, and Kunigunde von Zimmern, in 1228, whereupon he assumed the role of Count of Chiny.Joan and Arnold had the followingchildren:John I, Count of Chiny and LoonArnaul II (died 1273), Bishop of Châlons (1272–73)Henry, Seigneur d’AgimontGerard (died after April 1284), Seigneur de Chauvency le-Château, married Marguerite deMeursElisabeth (died before 1251), married Thomas III of Coucy, Seigneur of Vervins, and Albert, Seigneur of VoorneAdelaide (died after 1268), married to Thierry II, Seigneur of ValkenburgJuliana, married to Nicolas,Seigneur of QuiévrainLouis V, Count of ChinyMargaret (died 1292)?, married William IV, Lord of HornShe was succeeded as ruler of Chiny by her husband, Arnold II, Count of Chiny.Passage 10:Louis III, Count ofChinyLouis III (d. August 12? 1189), Count of Chiny, son of Albert, Count of Chiny, and his spouse Agnes of Bar.He succeeded his father in 1162 and continued the family's support of the Abbey of Orval. He entered theThird Crusade alongside Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, dying in transit in Belgrade.He married Sophie (d. 1207), whose family is unknown. Their children were:Louis IV, Count of ChinyGertrude, married to Thierry II,Seigneur de Walcourt, Count of Montaigu.Upon his death, his son Louis assumed the role of Count of Chiny."}
{"doc_id":"doc_136","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Karel ZichKarel Zich (10 June 1949 – 13 July 2004) was a Czech singer, guitarist and composer whose voice was often compared with that of Elvis Presley.LifeKarel Zich was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia,into a musical family. His grandfather was Otakar Zich, composer and professor of music aesthetics, and his uncle was the composer Jaroslav Zich. Karel attended the Prague State Conservatory (Státní konzervatořPraha) for three years and later graduated from Charles University in sociology.Between 1964 and 1965 he performed with the band Framus as a singer. In 1968 Zich joined Spirituál kvintet and stayed with them until1973. His main interest was in rock'n'roll, and he is sometimes called the \"Czech Elvis\".After his successes in the Czech pop scene with various bands, Zich decided to start his solo career. In 1974 he left Spirituál kvintetand in 1976 released his first album, Dům č.5 (House No. 5). Although he sang his own songs, he also worked with famous composers Karel Svoboda, Petr Janda, and others.In 1975 Zich reached the top of his careerby winning 4th place in Zlatý Slavík. In 1979 he founded the band Flop and recorded 50 singles and 15 albums, one with the legendary Wanda Jackson. During his career Zich sold over one million discs and performedat thousands of concerts in most European countries, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Chile and elsewhere. His most famous songs are Paráda (Awsome) and Měla na očích brýle. Twice took 2nd place in the country'stop music festival and song contest, Bratislavská lýra, in 1977 and 1983.In his last years he often performed guitar solos and sometimes performed with his band. In 1992 he joined Spirituál kvintet again.DeathKarelZich died of complications following a heart attack during a diving holiday in Porto-Vecchio, Corsica.Selected discographyLet's Have a Party in Prague (with Wanda Jackson) – 1988Passage 2:Karol HochbergKarolHochberg (1911–1944, also Karl or Karel) was a collaborator during the Holocaust, who led the \"Department for Special Affairs\" within the Ústredňa Židov, the Judenrat in Bratislava which was created by the Nazis todirect the Jewish community of Slovakia.LifeHochberg was born in Hungary in 1911 and studied in Vienna and Prague. He moved to Slovakia in 1939. In 1940, the Slovak Jews were forced to form the Ústredňa Židov(ÚŽ), a Judenrat, to implement Nazi orders. Most of the members of the ÚŽ had been prominent in Jewish public life before the Holocaust, and worked on public relief for Jews who had been dispossessed by anti-Jewishmeasures. However, the ÚŽ's reputation was harmed by the Jews within it who informed or collaborated, of whom Hochberg was the most notorious, according to YIVO (Institute for Jewish Research). In early 1941, thefirst head of the ÚŽ was deposed and arrested for sabotaging a census of Jews in eastern Slovakia with an aim to remove them to the west of the country. His replacement was an ineffectual schoolteacher named ArpadSebestyen, who took a position of complete collaboration with the Germans. Hochberg was appointed to lead the \"Department for Special Affairs\",  which was created to ensure the prompt implementation of DieterWisliceny's orders; he promptly organized the census and removal, tarnishing the ÚŽ's reputation in the Jewish community. Due to Sebestyen's ineffectuality, Hochberg's department came to dominate the operations ofthe ÚŽ.In 1942, Hochberg's department worked on categorizing Jews for deportation, but it did not actually draw up the lists. About 57,000 Jews, two-thirds of the population, were deported that year; only a fewhundred survived. Later, Hochberg played an important role in negotiations between the Bratislava Working Group, the resistance group within the ÚŽ, and Wisliceny. Hochberg, who made regular visits to Wisliceny'soffice, was the only feasible option because contact with Wisliceny had to be done clandestinely. The Working Group employed him as an intermediary despite its intense dislike and distrust of Hochberg, its fear thatassociating with him would harm their reputations, and its belief that he was unreliable.In November 1942, as the Working Group began to negotiate the Europa Plan with Wisliceny in an effort to save all European Jewsfrom deportation and death, Hochberg was arrested for bribery and corruption. According to the Slovak police records, Hochberg had an illegal account in which large bribes were deposited in return for the cessation oftransports. Andrej Steiner, a member of the Working Group, distrusted Hochberg and had provided the Slovak police with evidence against him. However, his colleague Michael Dov Weissmandl advocated that theWorking Group try to get Hochberg released; Weissmandl believed that he was useful and was concerned that he would reveal the negotiations. The leader of the Working Group, Gisi Fleischmann, sided with Steiner,and the Working Group did not intervene on Hochberg's behalf. Imprisoned at Nováky labor camp and later Ilava prison, Hochberg escaped during the Slovak National Uprising and joined the partisans. He was executedas a collaborator by Jewish partisans.Passage 3:Maximus of TyreMaximus of Tyre (Greek: Μάξιμος Τύριος; fl. late 2nd century AD), also known as Cassius Maximus Tyrius, was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher wholived in the time of the Antonines and Commodus, and who belongs to the trend of the Second Sophistic.  His writings contain many allusions to the history of Greece, while there is little reference to Rome; hence it isinferred that he lived longer in Greece, perhaps as a professor at Athens. Although nominally a Platonist, he is really a sophist rather than a philosopher, although he is still considered one of the precursors ofNeoplatonism.WritingsThe DissertationsThere exist 41 essays or discourses on theological, ethical, and other philosophical subjects, collected into a work called The Dissertations. The central theme is God as thesupreme being, one and indivisible though called by many names, accessible to reason alone:In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord, you will see one according law and assertion in all the earth, that there is oneGod, the king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of God, ruling together with him.As animals form the intermediate stage between plants and human beings, so there exist intermediaries between God andman, viz. daemons, who dwell on the confines of heaven and earth. The soul in many ways bears a great resemblance to the divinity; it is partly mortal, partly immortal, and, when freed from the fetters of the body,becomes a daemon. Life is the sleep of the soul, from which it awakes at death. The style of Maximus is superior to that of the ordinary sophistical rhetorician, but scholars differ widely as to the merits of the essaysthemselves.Dissertation XX discusses \"Whether the Life of a Cynic is to Be Preferred\". He begins with a narrative of how Prometheus created mankind, who initially lived a life of ease \"for the earth supplied them withaliment, rich meadows, long-haired mountains, and abundance of fruits\" – in other words, a Garden of Eden that resonates with Cynic ideas. It was \"a life without war, without iron, without a guard, peaceful, healthfulunindigent\".Then, taking perhaps from Lucretius, he contrasts that Garden to mankind's \"second life\", which started with the division of the earth into property, which they then enclosed into fortifications and walls, andstarted to wear jewellery and gold, built houses, “molested the earth by digging into it for metals”, and invaded the sea and the air (killing animals, fish and birds), in what he described as a “slaughter and all-variousgore, pursuing gratification of the body”. Humans became unhappy and, to compensate, sought wealth, “fearing poverty...dreading death...neglecting the care of life...They blamed base actions but did not abstain fromthem and “the hated to live, but dreaded to die”.He then contrasts the two lives – that of the original Garden and of the “second life” he has just described and asks, which man would not choose the first, who “knowsthat by the change he shall be liberated from a multitude of evils” and what he calls “a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined to a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined in a dark recess, with large iron fettersround their feet, a great weight about their neck…passing their time in filth, in torment, and in weeping”. He asks, “Which of these images shall we proclaim blessed”? He goes on to praise Diogenes of Sinopeus, theCynic, for choosing his ascetic life, but only because he avoided the often fearful fates of other philosophers – such as Socrates being condemned. But there is no mention of he himself taking up the ascetic life himself;rather he only talks about how the Garden would be preferable to the life mankind has made for itself. So it is unlikely he was a Cynic, but was just envious of that idealised pre-civilisation Life in the Garden.Maximus ofTyre must be distinguished from the Stoic Claudius Maximus, tutor of Marcus Aurelius.Ancient Greek TextMaximus Tyrius, Philosophumena, Dialexeis - Edited by George Leonidas Koniaris, Publisher Walter de Gruyter,1995, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882568 - this critical edition presents the Ancient Greek text of Maximus of Tyre.TranslationsTaylor, Thomas, The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius. C. Wittingham(1804)Trapp, Michael. Maximus of Tyre: The Philosophical Orations, (NY: Oxford University Press, 1997)Passage 4:Charles Emmanuel BisetCharles Emmanuel Biset or Karel Emmanuel Biset (1633 in Mechelen –between 28 September 1693 and 1713) was a Flemish painter who had a peripatetic career working in various cities and countries including his hometown Mechelen, Paris, Annonay, Brussels, Antwerp and Breda.  Heworked in many genres including genre scenes of interiors with merry companies and gallery paintings, history painting, still life and portraiture.LifeCharles Emmanuel Biset was born on 26 December 1633 in Mechelenas Karel Emmanuel Biset.  He was the son of the decorative painter Joris Biset who had trained under Michiel Coxie III, a grandson of the great Renaissance painter Michiel Coxie.  Charles Emmanuel Biset likely trainedunder his father.He worked in Mechelen from about 1640 until the early or mid-1650s. He was subsequently active in Paris where he is presumed to have worked for the court. Thereafter he is recorded for a while inBrussels before moving to Antwerp. Here he was active from 1661 to 1687.He became a master in Antwerp's Guild of Saint Luke in 1662 and was its dean in 1674.  He was also appointed a director of the Academy ofAntwerp.He married in 1662 with the painter Maria van Uden who was the daughter of the landscape painter Lucas van Uden.  After her death in 1665, he began a relationship with her sister Anna.  In 1670 he marriedAnna Cleymans.  Their children were the painters Jan Andreas (also called Jan Baptist) and Jan Karel Biset. He enjoyed the patronage of Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count of Monterrey, and later the Governorof the Habsburg Netherlands for whom he may have worked on a quasi-exclusive basis for a while.In 1687 he is recorded in Breda.  It is possible he stayed there for the rest of his life while visiting Antwerpoccasionally.  The last record of his life dates to 28 September 1693 when he was in Antwerp.The place and date of his death are not clear but he is believed to have died between 28 September 1693 and 1713.He wasthe master of his nephew Jan Anthonie Coxie, who was the son of his sister Joanna and fellow Mechelen painter Jan Coxie.Biset was highly regarded as an artist in his time as is attested by the fact that both the earlyFlemish biographer Cornelis de Bie and the Dutch biographer Jacob Campo Weyerman included him in their artist biographies.WorkGeneralBiset was a very versatile artist and the range of his work is very diverse: hepainted genre scenes with merry companies, gallery paintings, portraits, history paintings and still lifes. Because of this diversity and the specific genres and themes he worked in, it is believed he may have receivedsome training from Gonzales Coques who also painted in such diverse areas.Biset is regarded by some art historians as a follower of Coques. In fact, some works now ascribed to Biset were formerly attributed toCoques.  This is for instance the case with the composition A Family Seated at a Table in an Elegant Garden Exterior (Sotheby's, 6 December 2006 in New York, lot 7), which was originally regarded as a collaborationbetween Gonzales Coques and some specialist artists such as Peeter Gijsels and Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg but is regarded by the RKD specialists as entirely by Biset's hand.As was the custom in Antwerp in the17th century Biset regularly collaborated with other painters who were specialists in a particular genre.  Collaborations with the landscape painters Philips Augustijn Immenraet and Cornelis Huysmans and thearchitecture painter Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg are recorded.PortraitsBiset painted individual as well as family and group portraits, including merry companies.  The Hermitage collection holds a beautiful Portrait ofa Musician.  It depicts a musician standing next to a column with some sheet music and a theorbo and viola da gamba resting against the column.  The figure dressed in black is set off against the velvet curtain behindhim.  A stool placed next to the musician indicates that he has just finished or is about to commence a musical performance.The headmen of the Antwerp schutterij De Oude Voetboog are known to have ordered a groupportrait from Biset. It is likely that this work is the large composition referred to as The Legend of William Tell shown to the Antwerp Schutterij of St Sebastian.  This work, which is now in the Royal Museums of Fine Artsof Belgium, was made for the hall of the Antwerp schutterij pursuant to a contract made before a notary on 28 April 1672.  The work is a collaboration with Philips Augustijn Immenraet and Wilhelm Schubert vanEhrenberg. The architecture is painted by Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg and the landscape by Philips Augustijn Immenraet and the rest by Charles Emmanuel Biset.  The composition uses the tale of William Tell tocreate a group portrait of the leading members of the schutterij.The  Portrait of a family in an interior (Sold at Christie's on 19 April 2007 in New York, lot 31) was originally attributed to Gerard Pietersz van Zijl but isnow attributed to Biset. This composition follows the model of the merry companies with its informal setting which includes children and musicians.  A less informal rendering of the same subject is in the Musée desBeaux-Arts de Nantes.Genre scenesGenre subjects involving indoor scenes of playing persons were quite popular in Flemish and Dutch painting in the 17th century and in particular among the so-calledCaravaggists.  Biset painted similar genre scenes an example of which is his composition the Tric-trac players (Statens Museum for Kunst).The composition shows an interior with two standing men playing tric-trac andthree onlookers. One of the onlookers is engaged in a lively exchange with a maid who is handing him a glass of wine.  A young male servant is pouring drinks for the company at a table on which also food is placedincluding oysters, a few of which have fallen on the floor.  The overall setting seems to point to a company that is actively enjoying itself but may be on the verge of losing control.Gallery paintingsBiset worked also inthe genre of the 'gallery paintings'.  The 'gallery paintings' genre is native to Antwerp where Frans Francken the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Elder were the first artists to create paintings of art and curiosity collectionsin the 1620s. Gallery paintings depict large rooms in which many paintings and other precious items are displayed in elegant surroundings.  The earliest works in this genre depicted art objects together with other itemssuch as scientific instruments or peculiar natural specimens.  The genre became immediately quite popular and was followed by other artists such as Jan Brueghel the Younger, Cornelis de Baellieur, Hans Jordaens,David Teniers the Younger, Gillis van Tilborch and Hieronymus Janssens.  The art galleries depicted were either real galleries or imaginary galleries, sometimes with allegorical figures.An example of Biset's work in thisgenre is the Interior of an Imaginary Picture Gallery (Alte Pinakothek, Munich) dated to 1666.  This composition falls into the category of allegorical picture galleries, which can be considered a sub-category of theimaginary art gallery type. This composition depicts a large imaginary gallery in which are present a number of persons admiring and scrutinizing artworks and, on the right hand side, figures representing gods andallegorical figures. Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg painted the architecture as well as the ceiling (which is made up of copies of Rubens' works for the Carolus Borromeuskerk in Antwerp) (later destroyed in a fire). Thefigures are believed to be by Charles Emmanuel Biset. The painting is a collaboration with each of the individual painters whose work is depicted in the painting and have signed their own work: Theodoor Boeyermans(Daughters of Cecrops and Erychtonius), Pieter Boel (Animal Piece), Jan Cossiers (Diana and Actaeon), Cornelis de Heem (Fruit Still Life), Robert van den Hoecke (Winter Landscape), Philips Augustijn Immenraet(Italianate Landscape), Jacob Jordaens (Gyges and Kandaules and Allegory of Painting), Pieter Thijs (Adoration of the Shepherds), Lucas van Uden (Landscape) and the monogrammists missed PB (Fish Still Life) andPVI or PVH (Satyr and Nymph). This type of painting can be regarded as a carefully crafted advertisement of the present talent and past legacy of the Antwerp school of painting.Still lifesA number of still lifes with booksare attributed to Biset.  These still lifes stand in a tradition of vanitas still lifes with books that was popular in Flemish and Dutch still life painting in the 17th century.  An example is the Still life with books and a skull(Sold at Alain Truong, 18 December 2008 in Paris).  The composition depicts a table on which rest a number of writing implements, some sealed letters and old books.  On top of one book which is opened and appearsto be handwritten rests a human skull.  The message of the work appears to be that human endeavours as expressed in personal writings are futile as death is the ultimate outcome.Book illustrationsBiset providedsome designs for illustrations for a number of publications in Antwerp.  This includes the book on mushrooms by the priest Franciscus van Sterbeeck entitled Theatrum fungorum oft het toneel der campernoelien ...vergaedert ende beschreven door Franciscus van Sterbeeck, which was published by Joseph Jacobs in Antwerp in 1675 and by the same author and publisher the Citricultura oft Regeringhe der uythemsche boomen teweten oranien, citroenen, limoenen, granaten, laurieren en andere on the cultivation of non-native trees, published in 1682 in Antwerp.Passage 5:Rita BlumenbergRita Blumenberg (born 23 June 1936) is a WestGerman retired pair skater.  With her husband Werner Mensching, she won the silver medal at the 1958 German Figure Skating Championships.  The pair finished 7th at the 1960 Winter Olympics and 4th at theEuropean Figure Skating Championships in 1961.Results(with Mensching)Passage 6:Werner MenschingWerner Mensching (23 December 1933 – 21 June 1997) was a West German pair skater.  With his wife RitaBlumenberg, he won the silver medal at the 1958 German Figure Skating Championships.  The pair finished 7th at the 1960 Winter Olympics and 4th at the European Figure Skating Championships in 1961.Results(withBlumenberg)Passage 7:Karl von CzyhlarzKarl Ritter von Czyhlarz, or Karel Cihlář (August 17, 1833, Lovosice, Bohemia - July 21, 1914, Vienna) was a Bohemian-Austrian jurist, politician.He taught as a professor at theCharles University in Prague (1858-1892), University of Vienna (1892-1904).He was a specialist of the Roman law.Karl was a member of an assembly of Bohemia (1866-1886), and a member of the Upper Chamber ofthe Austrian Reichsrat (1898-).Literary worksLehrbuch der Institutionen des römischen Rechts, 1933External linksDas weltweite Österreich Journal - für Österreicherinnen und Österreicher in aller Welt atoe-journal.atRepresentatives of Viennese Scholarship at www.univie.ac.atAEIOUhttp://epub.oeaw.ac.at/oebl/oebl_C/Czyhlarz_Karl_1833_1914.xmlPassage 8:Carel BescheyCarel Beschey or Karel Beschey (1706,Antwerp – c. 1770, likely Antwerp) was a Flemish painter and draughtsman who mainly painted landscapes that were in the style of, or inspired by, the Flemish masters of the previous century and in particular JanBrueghel the Elder (1568 – 1625).LifeCarel Beschey was born in Antwerp the son of Jacob Beschey and Maria-Theresia Huaert.  Carel had three brothers who all became painters.  The best known was Balthasar who"}
{"doc_id":"doc_137","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:David AldusDavid Aldus (born 18 September 1941) is a Welsh painter known for his landscape and maritime scenery.Personal lifeAldus was born and spent much of his life in the Garrison town of Brecon. Hisfather, John Macdonald Aldus, was a Company Sergeant Major in the South Wales Borderers, as was his father, who was killed in action in the Khyber pass. His grandfather on his maternal side, William Godfrey, was aminer of the Blaenavon pit.ArtAldus developed a realist style, influenced in part by the French artist Jules Bastien-Lepage and the colourful primitivism of Cézanne.His painting \"A Tribute to the people of Malta\" resides inthe Museum at Valletta, many of landscapes are views of his Buckinghamshire/Oxfordshire and its surrounding countryside. He was a finalist in the Garrick/Milne Prize exhibition held at London's Christies. He exhibitedat the Lambeth Palace under the auspices of the Royal Society of Marine Artists. Other Aldus accolades include full membership election in 1994 to UA United Artists.In that same year, he was awarded the AcrylicPainting prize at Westminster Central Hall, London. In 1995 David Aldus won the Oil paintings prize at UA annual exhibition.In 1995, he had work displayed at the Royal Institute of Oil Painters (R.O.I.) in their annualexhibition held at the Mall Galleries, London.Aldus has exhibited with the Royal Society of British Artists (R.B.A.) He also had work displayed at the Royal Society of Marine Artists (R.S.M.A.) at their annual exhibition. InNovember the Royal Society of Marine Artists asked him to display his work at Lambeth Palace where again he sold all his paintings.In December 1995, he had his work selected by the Discerning eye exhibition. JudgeEdward Lucie-Smith and another art critic chose his work for the same exhibition. One of his Landscape paintings was purchased by the town of Brecon and presented to their twin town of Saline in the U.S.A.Alduscompleted commissions for actor David Jason and ice skater Christopher Dean. In 1984, Aldus was also commissioned to paint Britain's first black female mayor Lydia Simmons in Slough. Aldus has also done work forFreddie Starr, the Duchess of Devonshire, Lord Carrington and rock star Jamiroquai.External linksThe Discerning Eye - home pagedavidaldus.comPassage 2:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writerof children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popularteaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religiousfundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?,What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote anessay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled andpublished by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to GetYour Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of theBuddha.Passage 3:Terence RobinsonTerence D. Robinson (date of birth and death unknown) was a male wrestler who competed for England.Wrestling careerHe represented England and won a bronze medal, in thebantamweight category of -57 kg , at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.Passage 4:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred'sconsecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 5:Alfonso FadriqueDon Alfonso Fadrique (English: Alfonso Frederick; Catalan: N'Anfós Frederic d'Aragó; died 1338) was theeldest and illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily. He served as vicar general of the Duchy of Athens from 1317 to 1330.He was first proclaimed vicar general by his father in 1317 and sent off to govern Athens onbehalf of his younger half-brother Manfred. He arrived in Piraeus with ten galleys later that year, but Manfred had died and was succeeded by another brother, William II. In the year of his arrival, Fadrique marriedMarulla, the daughter of Boniface of Verona, thus allying himself with the chief lord of Euboea. By this marriage, also, he acquired rights to the castles of Larmena, Karystos, Zetouni, and Gardiki.Over the next twoyears, Fadrique warred with the Republic of Venice and stormed the city of Negroponte with Turks after Boniface of Verona died. In 1318, John II Ducas, the sebastokrator of Neopatras, died and Fadrique invadedThessaly. He took possession of his castles at Zetouni and Gardiki and conquered Neopatras, Siderokastron, Loidoriki, Domokos, and Pharsalus. He conquered the palace of the Ducae at Neopatras and took the title ofVicar General of the Duchy of Neopatras. He built a tower at Neopatras.In 1330, Alfonso was relieved of his duties as vicar general and replaced by Odo de Novelles. He was compensated with the Sicilian  counties ofMalta and Gozo. He died in 1338 and left five sons, Peter; James, father of Louis Fadrique; William, lord of Livadeia; Boniface, lord of Aigina, Piada and Karystos; John, lord of Salamina and two daughters, Simona, whowed George II Ghisi and Jua.Passage 6:Brian Saunders (weightlifter)Brian Saunders (date of birth and death unknown) was a male weightlifter who competed for England.Weightlifting careerSaunders was the lastperson to be both the British Amateur Weight Lifters' Association (BAWLA) weightlifting champion and BAWLA powerlifting champion; the latter of which he won in 1970 and 1974.He represented England in the superheavyweight category of +110 kg Combined, at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.Passage 7:Frederick III of SicilyFrederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was the regent ofthe Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon and served in the War of the Sicilian Vespers on behalf of his father andbrothers, Alfonso ΙΙΙ and James ΙΙ. He was confirmed as king by the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302. His reign saw important constitutional reforms: the Constitutiones regales, Capitula alia, and Ordinationesgenerales.NameAlthough the second Frederick of Sicily, he chose to call himself \"Frederick III\" (being one of the rare medieval monarchs who actually used a regnal number) – presumably because only some fifty yearsbefore, his well-known and remembered great-grandfather had ruled Sicily and also used an official ordinal: Fridericus secundus, imperator etc.. Thus, Fridericus tertius was better in line with the precedent of hisancestor's ordinal. However, an anecdote attributes Frederick's choice of numeral to him being the third son of Peter. The next man called Frederick to occupy the Sicilian throne was dubbed by later generations ofhistorians as Frederick III: Frederick III the Simple, though he himself did not use an ordinal.BiographyEarly yearsFrederick was born in BarcelonaWhen his father died in 1285, he left the Kingdom of Aragon to hiseldest son, Alfonso, and that of Sicily to his second son, James. When Alfonso died in 1291, James became king of Aragon and left Frederick as regent in Sicily. The war between the Angevins, who contested the title toSicily from their peninsular possessions centred on Naples (the so-called Kingdom of Naples), and the Crown of Aragon for the possession of the island was still in progress, and although the Crown of Aragon wassuccessful in Italy, James’ position in Spain became very insecure due to internal troubles and French attacks. Peace negotiations were begun with Charles II of Naples, but were interrupted by the successive deaths oftwo popes. At last, under the auspices of Pope Boniface VIII, James concluded a shameful treaty, by which, in exchange for being left undisturbed in the rest of the territories belonging to the Crown of Aragon andpromised possession of Sardinia and Corsica, he gave up Sicily to the Church, for whom it was to be held by the Angevins (Treaty of Anagni, 10 June 1295). The Sicilians refused to be made over once more to the hatedFrench they had expelled in 1282 (in the Sicilian Vespers), and found a national leader in the regent Frederick. In vain the pope tried to bribe him with promises and dignities; he was determined to stand by hissubjects, and was crowned king by the nobles at Palermo in 1296.When Frederick heard that James was preparing to go to war with him, he sent a messenger, Mountainer Pérez de Sosa, to Catalonia in an effort to stirup the barons and cities against James in 1298. Mountainer carried with him an Occitan poem, Ges per guerra no.m chal aver consir, intended as a communication with his supporters in Catalonia. This communiquéseems to have had in mind Ponç Hug as a recipient, for the count penned a response (under the title con d'Empuria), A l'onrat rei Frederic terz vai dir, in which he praised Frederick's tact and diplomacy, but told himbluntly that he would not abandon his sovereign. This poetic transaction is usually dated to January–March, Spring, or August 1296, but Gerónimo Zurita in the seventeenth century specifically dated the embassy ofMountainer to 1298.ReignFrederick reformed the administration and extended the powers of the Sicilian parliament, which was composed of the barons, the prelates, and the representatives of the towns.His refusal tocomply with the pope's injunctions led to a renewal of the war. Frederick landed in Calabria, where he seized several towns, encouraged revolt in Naples, negotiated with the Ghibellines of Tuscany and Lombardy, andassisted the house of Colonna against Pope Boniface. In the meanwhile James, who received many favours from the Church, married his sister Yolanda to Robert, the third son of Charles II. Unfortunately for Frederick,a part of the Catalan-Aragonese nobles of Sicily favoured King James, and both John of Procida and Roger of Lauria, the heroes of the war of the Vespers, went over to the Angevins, and the latter completely defeatedthe Sicilian fleet off Capo d'Orlando. Charles's sons Robert and Philip landed in Sicily, but after capturing Catania were defeated by Frederick, Philip being taken prisoner (1299), while several Calabrian towns werecaptured by the Sicilians.For two years more the fighting continued with varying success, until Charles of Valois, who had been sent by Boniface to invade Sicily, was forced to sue for peace, his army being decimated bythe plague. In August 1302 the Treaty of Caltabellotta was signed, by which Frederick was recognized king of Trinacria (the name Sicily was not to be used) for his lifetime, and was to marry Eleanor of Anjou, daughterof Charles II of Naples and Maria Arpad of Hungary. At Frederick's death, the kingdom was to revert to the Angevins (this clause was inserted chiefly to allow Charles to save face) and Frederick's children would receivecompensation elsewhere. Boniface tried to induce King Charles to break the treaty, but the latter was only too anxious for peace. Finally, in May 1303, the pope ratified the treaty, albeit with changes and additions,which included Frederick agreeing to pay him a tribute.For a few years Sicily enjoyed peace, and the kingdom was reorganized. However, on the descent of the emperor Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor into Italy,Frederick entered into an alliance with him, and in violation of the pact of Caltabellotta made war on the Angevins again (1313) and captured Reggio. He set sail for Tuscany to cooperate with the emperor, but on thelatter's death he returned to Sicily. Robert, who had succeeded Charles II in 1309, made several raids into the island, which suffered much material injury. A truce was concluded in 1317, but as the Sicilians had helpedthe north Italian Ghibellines in the attack on Genoa, and Frederick had seized some Church revenues for military purposes, Pope John XXII excommunicated him and placed the island under an interdict (1321) whichlasted until 1335. An Angevin fleet and army, under Robert's son Charles, was defeated at Palermo by Giovanni da Chiaramonte in 1325, and in 1326 and 1327 there were further Angevin raids on the island, until thedescent into Italy of the next Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Bavarian distracted their attention. The election of Pope Benedict XII (1334), who was friendly to Frederick, promised a respite; but after fruitlessnegotiations the war broke out once more, and Chiaramonte went over to Robert, owing to a private feud.In 1337 Frederick died at Paternò, and in spite of the Peace of Caltabellotta his son Peter II of Sicily succeededhim.FamilyFrom his marriage (1303) with Eleanor of Anjou were born:Peter (1304–1342), successorRoger (1305–died young).Manfred (1306–1317), Duke of Athens and NeopatriaConstance (1307 – after 19 June1344), married in 1317 to Henry II of Cyprus; on 29 December 1331 to Leo V of Armenia; and in 1343 to John of Lusignan, brother of Peter I of Cyprus. She died childless.Elisabeth (1310–1349), married (1328)Stephen II of BavariaWilliam (1312–1338), Prince of Taranto, Duke of Athens and NeopatriaJohn (1317–1348), Duke of Randazzo, Duke of Athens and Neopatria, Regent of Sicily (from 1338)Catherine (1320–1342),Abbess of Santa Chiara at Messina.Margaret (1331–1377), married (1348) Rudolf II of the PalatinateNotesSourcesThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).\"Frederick III., King of Sicily\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.Bozzo, Stefano V. (1882), Note storiche siciliane del secolo XIV. Avvenimenti e guerre che seguirono ilVespro, dalla pace di Caltabellotta alla morte di re Federico II l'Aragonese (1302-1337), PalermoBackman, Clifford R. (1995), The Decline and Fall of Medieval Sicily: Politics, Religion, and Economy in the Reign ofFrederick III, 1296–1337, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressColletta, Pietro (2007), \"Saggio critico di aggiornamento bibliografico\", Declino e caduta della Sicilia medievale. Politica, religione ed economia nel regnodi Federico III d'Aragona Rex Siciliae (1296-1337), by Clifford R. Backman, translated by Iole Turco, Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali, pp. 333–364, ISBN 978-88-88615-65-3 (a comprehensive bibliography ofFrederick III's reign up to 2007)Riquer, Martí (1975), Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos, Barcelona: Planeta (3 vols.)Hohenstaufen, Frederick II (1961). The Art of Falconry. Translated by Wood, Casey A.; Fyfe, F.Marjorie. Stanford University Press.Passage 8:Les RichardsLachlan Adrian Russell Richards (21 December 1900 – 9 April 1930) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the VictorianFootball League (VFL).In 1930 Richards was working for the British Phosphate Commission on Ocean Island when he died after being hit by a runaway truck whilst waiting to return to Australia.NotesExternallinksLachlan Richards's playing statistics from AFL TablesLachlan Richards at AustralianFootball.comPassage 9:Politics of MaltaThe politics of Malta takes place within a framework of a parliamentary representativedemocratic republic, whereby the President of Malta is the constitutional head of state. Executive Authority is vested in the President of Malta with the general direction and control of the Government of Malta remainingwith the Prime Minister of Malta who is the head of government and the cabinet. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament of Malta which consists of the President of Malta and the unicameral House ofRepresentatives of Malta with the Speaker presiding officer of the legislative body. Judicial power remains with the Chief Justice and the Judiciary of Malta. Since Independence, the party electoral system has beendominated by the Christian democratic Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista) and the social democratic Labour Party (Partit Laburista).The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Malta a \"flawed democracy\" in 2022.Politicaldevelopments since IndependenceSince independence, two parties have dominated Malta's polarized and evenly divided politics during this period: the centre-right Nationalist Party and the centre-left Labour Party.From the pre-independence 1962 general election until 2017 third parties failed to score any electoral success. In the 2013 election, the Democratic Alternative (a green party established in 1989), had managed tosecure only 1.8% of the first preference votes nationwide.The 1996 elections resulted in the election of the Labour Party, by 8,000 votes, to replace the Nationalists who had won in 1987 and 1992. Voter turnout wascharacteristically high at 96%, with the Labour Party receiving 50.72%, the Nationalist Party 47.8%, the Democratic Alternative 1.46%, and independent candidates 0.02%. In 1998, the Labour Party's loss in aparliamentary vote led the Prime Minister to call an early election. The Nationalist Party was returned to office in September 1998 by a majority of 13,000 votes, holding a five-seat majority in Parliament. Voter turnoutwas 95%, with the Nationalist Party receiving 51.81%, the Labour Party 46.97%, the Democratic Alternative 1.21%, and independent candidates 0.01%.By the end of 2002 the Nationalist government wrapped upnegotiations for European Union membership. A referendum on the issue was called in March 2003 for which the Nationalists and the Democratic Alternative campaigned for a \"yes\" vote while Labour campaignedheavily for \"no\" vote, invalidate their vote or abstain. Turnout was 91%, with more than 53% voting \"yes\".The Labour Party argued that the \"yes\" votes amounted to less than 50% of the overall votes, hence, and citingthe 1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendum as an example, they claimed that the \"yes\" had not in fact won the referendum. The then MLP Leader Alfred Sant said that the General Election which was to beheld within a month would settle the affair. In the General Elections the Nationalists were returned to office with 51.79% of the vote to Labour's 47.51%. The Democratic Alternative polled 0.68%. The Nationalists werethus able to form a government and sign and ratify the EU Accession Treaty on 16 April 2003.On 1 May 2004 Malta joined the EU and on 1 January 2008, the Eurozone with the euro as the national currency. The firstelections after membership were held in March 2008 resulting in a narrow victory for the Nationalist Party with 49.34% of first preference votes. In May 2011, a nationwide referendum was held on the introduction ofdivorce. This was the first time in the history of parliament that Parliament approved a motion originating outside from the Cabinet.In March 2013, the Labour Party returned to Government after fifteen years inOpposition with a record-breaking lead of 36,000 votes leading to the resignation of the Nationalist leader Lawrence Gonzi, and Joseph Muscat became Prime Minister.  In June 2017, the Labour Party called in a snapelection on its May Day celebrations and increased its vote disparity to around 40,000 votes. The then leader of the opposition Simon Busuttil announced his resignation shortly thereafter. This election saw the first thirdparty elected to Malta's Parliament since its Independence, with the election of Marlene Farrugia in the 10th District representing the Democratic Party. Joseph Muscat continued to be Prime Minister In January 2020, hestepped down after the 2019 Malta political crisis surrounding the carbombing of investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. Robert Abela - the son of Malta's former President George Abela - elected a new leaderof Labour Party and new prime minister of Malta in January 2020.Democratic Alternative and the Democratic Party merged into a new party, AD+PD, on 17 October 2020.In March 2022, the ruling Labour party, led byPrime Minister Robert Abela, won its third successive election. It gained even bigger victory than in 2013 and in 2017.Executive branchUnder its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within theCommonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was sovereign of Malta, and a Governor-General exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_138","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mona Hopton BellMona Hopton Bell (1867–1940) was a British artist, best known for her portraits of civic figures.She was the grandmother of the painter Jean H. Bell.Passage 2:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 3:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 4:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 5:Diana GuardatoDiana Guardato was a member of the aristocratic Patrician Guardato family. She had at least two children with King Ferdinand I. Her first child was Ferdinando d' Aragona y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto who married 1st, Anna Sanseverino, 2nd, Castellana de Cardona whose daughter Maria d'Aragona, married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III.Her second child was Giovanna d’ Aragona, who married Leonardo della Rovere, Duke of Arce and Sora, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and brother of Pope Julius II.Passage 6:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married his first wife Anne in 1629, and she died about six months later after catching smallpox. His second wife, Frances was about 21 upon her marriage.Edward Hyde had risen rapidly in his profession. When King Charles was at Oxford, he was knighted on 22 February 1642–3, and was then made Lord Chancellor and Privy Councillor at the age of 34. Upon King Charles' death, he had to flee from Puritan vengeance. He was with King Charles II in exile in Flanders, and in Bruges on 29 January 1657–58, he was again appointed Lord Chancellor in prospectu. With the restitution of the monarchy, Edward and Frances Hyde were now in high favour. For his long service to the King, and his fidelity to the Crown, Edward was created Baron Hyde of Hindon, Wiltshire in 1660. In 1661, he was raised to be Viscount Cornberry (in which year Frances died). He was later created Earl of Clarendon (1662), taking his title from the Estate and Park of Clarendon, near Salisbury.Edward and Frances had six children. Their daughter Lady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VII.Death and burialAnne Denman is interred in the Hyde family vault in Westminster Abbey. She seems to have secured the regard of her grandson-in-law, James, Duke of York, as Samuel Pepys notes in his Diary that, in 1661, The Duke of York was in mourning for his wife's grandmother, who (he adds) was thought of with a great deal of fondness — and which grandmother was Anne Denman, of the Old Manor House, West Retford, Notts, now the Trinity Hospital.Queen Anne portraitAnne Denman's childhood home, the Old Hall in Retford, was given by her nephew John Darrell in his will to become a hospital for old men of good repute. As the last member of the Denman-Darrell family, he carried out the wishes of his father, Edward, in this respect. The Old Hall became Trinity Hospital, on Hospital Road, Retford. It is administered by a Trust which owns considerable property around Retford. A portrait of Queen Anne in Trinity Hospital was recently attributed (1999) by the auctioneers Phillips to Sir Godfrey Kneller. John was the nephew of Anne Denman, the first cousin of Frances Hyde, and therefore a cousin twice removed of Queen Anne.== Notes ==Passage 7:Seleucus V PhilometorThe Seleucid king Seleucus V Philometor (Greek: Σέλευκος Ε΄ \u0000 Φιλομήτωρ; 126/125 BC), ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, was the eldest son of Demetrius II Nicator and Cleopatra Thea. The epithet Philometor means \"mother-loving\" and in the Hellenistic world usually indicated that the mother acted as co-regent for the prince.BiographyJust before Antiochus VII Sidetes died fighting the Parthians in late 129, the Parthian king Phraates II had released Demetrius II, who entered Syria in ca. September 129. This forced Seleucus V's half-brother Antiochus IX to flee to Cyzicus. Cleopatra Thea remarried Demetrius and reunited him with his two sons, Seleucus V and Antiochus VIII.Antiochus VII had taken a son, also named Seleucus, and Seleucus V's sister, Laodice, on his campaign against Parthia, and when Antiochus was killed, this Seleucus and Laodice were captured. Phraates married Laodice and showed this Seleucus (not to be confused with Seleucus V) great favor. As Demetrius II fought a civil war against the usurper, Alexander II Zabinas, Phraates sent this Seleucus back to Syria with the body of his father, Antiochus VII, to claim the Seleucid throne as puppet king of the Parthians. Yet this Seleucus failed and returned to Parthia, where he later died.Instead, after his father was murdered outside of Tyre in 125, Seleucus V claimed the throne as the eldest son of Demetrius II; however, he was soon killed by his own mother. According to Appian, Cleopatra Thea had aided in the death of Demetrius, and therefore, she was afraid that Seleucus V might avenge the assassination of his father. This encouraged Cleopatra Thea to remove Seleucus in favor of his younger brother, Antiochus VIII.See alsoList of Syrian monarchsTimeline of Syrian historyPassage 8:Purnima (Hindi actress)Purnima Das Verma (born Meherbhano Mohammad Ali; 2 March 1934 — 14 August 2013) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi-language films. She was the aunt of director Mahesh Bhatt and grandmother of actor Emraan Hashmi.Personal lifeMeherbano Mohammad Ali was born on 2 March 1934. Her elder sister, Shirin, is the mother of directors Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt. Meherbano's first husband was a journalist named Syed Shauqat Hashmi, who moved to Pakistan during the end of colonial rule in South Asia when Pakistan and India were created as new states by the British as they decolonized. Her son from this first marriage, Anwar Hashmi (father of Emraan Hashmi), acted in Baharon Ke Manzil (1968) opposite Farida Jalal. In 1954, she married for the second time with filmmaker Bhagwan Das Varma. Meherbano took the screen name 'Purnima' when she entered the film industry.CareerPurnima acted in more than 80 Bollywood films. She was a popular actress in Hindi films from late '40s to '50s. She appeared in many films including Patanga (1949), Jogan (1950), Sagai (1951), Jaal (1952), Aurat (1953), a role in Ajay Devgan's debut film Phool Aur Kaante, and the role of Sanjay Dutt's on-screen grandmother in Naam which was directed by Mahesh Bhatt (Purnima's elder sister's son). She also played the role of Amitabh Bachchan's mother in the film Zanjeer.DeathPurnima had Alzheimer's disease during the last few years of her life and died on 14 August 2013. Mahesh Bhatt later revealed on Twitter, \"My aunt Purnima, the first star of our family and who happens to be Emraan Hashmi's grandmother has entered the sunset moments of her life.\".Selected filmographyPassage 9:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 10:Demetrius II NicatorDemetrius II (Ancient Greek: Δημήτριος Β`, Dēm\u0000trios B; died 125 BC), called Nicator (Ancient Greek: Νικάτωρ, Nikátōr, \"Victor\"), was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter. His mother may have been Laodice V, as was the case with his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes. Demetrius ruled the Seleucid Empire for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in Hyrcania in Parthia, first from September 145 BC to July/August 138 BC, and again from 129 BC until his death in 125 BC. His brother Antiochus VII ruled the Seleucid Empire in the interim between his two reigns.BiographyEarly lifeWhen he was a young boy, Demetrius' father Demetrius I fought Alexander Balas for control of the Seleucid throne.  Somewhat surprisingly, Balas won, and Demetrius' father, mother, and older brother were all killed.  The young Demetrius II fled to Crete, where he was raised by his guardians.First reign (147–139 BC)Victory over Alexander BalasAbout 147 BC he returned to Syria with a force of Cretan mercenaries led by a "}
{"doc_id":"doc_139","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Donnie ElbertDonnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s. His U.S. hits included \"Where DidOur Love Go?\" (1971), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by \"A Little Piece of Leather\", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice.CareerElbert was born in New Orleans,Louisiana, but when aged three his family relocated to Buffalo, New York. He learned to play guitar and piano as a child, and in 1955 formed a doo-wop group, the Vibraharps, with friend Danny Cannon. Elbert acted asthe group's guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and background vocalist, making his recording debut on their single \"Walk Beside Me\". He left the group in 1957 for a solo career, and recorded a demonstration record thatearned him a recording contract with the King label's DeLuxe subsidiary. His solo debut \"What Can I Do?\" reached #12 in the U.S. R&B chart, and he followed it up with the less successful \"Believe It or Not\" and \"Have ISinned?\", which became a regional hit in Pittsburgh.He continued to release singles on DeLuxe, but with little commercial success, and also played New York's Apollo Theater and toured the Chitlin' Circuit ofAfrican-American owned nightclubs. After completing an album, The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings, he left DeLuxe in 1959, joining first Red Top Records, where in 1960 he recorded \"Someday (You'll Want Me to WantYou)\", and then Vee-Jay Records, where he had another regional hit with \"Will You Ever Be Mine?\", which reportedly sold 250,000 copies in the Philadelphia area but failed to take off nationwide. His career was alsointerrupted by a spell in the US Army, from which he was discharged in 1961. He then recorded singles for several labels, including Parkway, Cub and Checker, but with little success. However, although the 1965Gateway label release of \"A Little Piece of Leather\" failed to chart in the US, the record became a #27 pop hit when released on the London label in the UK several years later in 1972, and remains a Northern soulfavorite.Elbert relocated to the UK in 1966, where he married. There, he recorded \"In Between The Heartaches\" for the Polydor label in 1968, a cover version of the Supremes' hit \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" and analbum of Otis Redding cover versions, Tribute To A King. His 1969 Deram release \"Without You\" had a rocksteady rhythm, and went to the top of the Jamaican charts.He returned to the US the same year and had hisfirst US chart hit in over a decade with the Rare Bullet release, \"Can't Get Over Losing You\", which reached #26 on the Billboard R&B chart. The track and its b-side, \"Got To Get Myself Together\", both written by Elbert,were released several times on different labels in subsequent years. After the success of that record, Elbert moved labels for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" on All Platinum. It becamehis biggest hit, reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK. Its follow-up, \"Sweet Baby\" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early 1972.Elbert then signed withAvco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi. His cover of the Four Tops' \"I Can't Help Myself\" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as highas #2 on the alternative Cashbox R&B chart. Elbert baulked at the label's insistence that he record material associated with Motown and departed with only a few tracks left to record for an album. Even so, the albumwas released after Avco sold it on to a budget label, Trip.He returned to All Platinum and had a run of minor R&B hits, but left after a disagreement over the claimed authorship of Shirley & Company's R&B chart-topper\"Shame Shame Shame\", which was credited to label owner Sylvia Robinson. Elbert was also involved in a copyright wrangle over Darrell Banks' major R&B and pop hit in 1966, \"Open The Door To Your Heart\". He hadoriginally written the song as \"Baby Walk Right In\" (still its alternative legal title) and given it to Banks, but received no writing credit on the original record. Eventually, the matter was resolved by BMI with a disgruntledElbert awarded joint authorship with Banks. \"Open The Door\" has since been given award-winning status by BMI and is one of over 100 songs written or co-written by Elbert.For 1975's \"You Keep Me Crying (With YourLying)\", Elbert formed his own label and \"I Got to Get Myself Together\", appeared on an imprint bearing his surname, but it was among his final recordings.By the mid-1980s, Elbert had retired from performing andbecame director of A&R for Polygram's Canadian division. He suffered a massive stroke and died in 1989, at the age of 52.DiscographyChart singlesAlbumsThe Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings (King, 1959)Tribute to aKing (1968)Where Did Our Love Go? (All Platinum, 1971) U.S. #153, R&B #45Have I Sinned? (Deluxe, 1971)Stop in the Name of Love (Trip, 1972)A Little Bit of Leather (1972)Roots of Donnie Elbert (Ember,1973)Dancin' the Night Away (All Platinum, 1977)See alsoList of disco artists (A-E)Passage 2:Sarah ScullinSarah Maria Scullin (née McNamara; 21 April 1880 – 31 May 1962) was the wife of James Scullin, the 9th PrimeMinister of Australia.Early life and marriageScullin was born in Ballarat, Victoria, to Sarah (née Simcocks) and Michael McNamara. Her mother was born in County Kerry, Ireland, and her father was born in Bodyke,County Clare. She was educated at local Catholic schools, and was known as a skilled dressmaker and a talented artist. She married James Scullin at St Patrick's Cathedral, Ballarat, on 11 November 1907. The couplehad no children.Public lifeScullin accompanied her husband on his election campaigns, but did not make speeches herself. According to his biographer John Robertson, she was \"significant politically in an indirectmanner, for she provided a serene domestic haven as a base for her husband's political activities\". When her husband became prime minister in 1929, the couple chose to live in the Hotel Canberra rather than TheLodge, as an economy during the Great Depression. She nursed him during his bouts of ill health, and during the four-hour \"sickroom cabinet\" meeting of August 1930 \"stood guard at the door, refusing entrance to allunwanted visitors\".Later lifeScullin was widowed in January 1953. Her husband had been seriously ill and frequently bed-ridden for about two years, during which she was his primary caregiver. She died at their houseon Park Avenue, Kew, in May 1962, aged 82. She was buried alongside her husband in the Catholic section of Melbourne General Cemetery.Passage 3:Joseph J. Sullivan (vaudeville)Joseph J. Sullivan was a blackfacecomedian and acrobat in New York.  He composed the song Where Did You Get That Hat? and first performed it in 1888.  It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter.Passage 4:Andrew Allen(singer)Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia. He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released five top ten singles, and written and recorded many others, includingWhere Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen. He also records covers and posts them on YouTube.BackgroundRaised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, his acoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mrazand Jack Johnson.CareerAndrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmas cracked the Top Ten in his native Canada. He was honored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finaleon the internationally broadcast Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia. Allen continued building an international profile in 2010, and released his biggest singleLoving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for 22 weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him arecord deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road. Because of the song's attention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some of the world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, TheBarenaked Ladies, Train, Matt Nathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others.Loving You Tonight was also featured on the soundtrack of Abductionstarring Taylor Lautner.CollaborationsAndrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artists like Meghan Trainor, Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, MattSimons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, Eric Rosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), Brian West and Josh Cumbee. Numerous songs he has beena part of writing have been released by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat. DJ Project 46, Ad Occhi Chiusi which was on the Double Platinumrelease by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensation Daniel Skye, as well as many others.SinglesI Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)Loving YouTonight (2010)I Want You (2011)Where Did We Go? (2012)Satellite (2012)Play with Fire (2013)Thinking About You (2014)What You Wanted (2016)Favorite Christmas Song (2017)Maybe (2017)DiscographyThe LivingRoom Sessions (2008)Andrew Allen EP (2009)The Mix Tape (2012)Are We Cool? (2013)All Hearts Come Home (2014)The Writing Room (2020)12:34 (2022; pre-released on vinyl in 2021)Songwriting creditsLast Chancereleased by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere.Ad Occhi Chiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinum record.Reasons released by Project 46.No Ordinary Angelreleased by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany.Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany.Maybe released by Daniel Skye.Passage 5:Nancy BaronNancy Baron is an American rock singer whowas active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles \"Where Did My Jimmy Go?\" and \"I've Got A Feeling\".Early lifeBorn into a family of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genresby her family at an early age. Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City. The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her ownfemale singing groups at school. At the age of 11, she heard her first \"Rock and Roll\" song. This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate the style; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female leadsinger. This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer.Recording careerAt the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N.Y. After a while her coach sent her to record ademonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway. Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N.Y.C.; he was impressed by her voice andimmediately signed her to a contract. The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time.Baron became one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s.Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire \"pay for hire\" backup groups for her recordings. This \"sound\" as it is referred to had much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spectorproduced recordings of this genre prolifically. The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number of back up singers.At the time, the troubled label (a small N.Y.C. recordcompany owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's \"I've Got A Feeling\"/\"Oh Yeah\" 45 vinyl and so she eventually signed a contract with Jerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan.\"Where Did My Jimmy Go\"/\"Tra la la, I Love You\" was the result (Diamond).Later lifeBaron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing to enter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days;she eventually received an advanced degree.Baron's \"I've Got a Feeling\" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album as well as being released as a single. AllMusic describes Baron's song as \"anearly-'60s pop/rock obscurity\".Passage 6:Robert Paul SmithRobert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out.What Did You Do? Nothing.BiographyRobert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936. He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels:So It Doesn't Whistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co., Inc., reprint edition ... Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place(1951).The Tender Trap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role. It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds. Aclassic example of the \"battle-of-the-sexes\" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs.Where Did You Go? Out. What DidYou Do? Nothing is a nostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood. It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adultsupervision. He opens by saying \"The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more.\" He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban1950's with reminiscences of his own childhood. He concludes \"I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams. If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit onthe front steps and watch some grass growing.\"Translations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine. The first, \"Translations from the Children,\" may bethe earliest known example of the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e.g. \"I don't know why. He just hit me\") into what is meant (e.g. \"He hit his brother.\")How to Do Nothing WithNobody All Alone By Yourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith. It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses;construct an indoor boomerang, etc. It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books.List of worksEssays and humorWhere Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)Translations from the English (1958) Crank:A Book of Lamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)How to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)Got to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)RobertPaul Smith’s Lost & Found (1973)For childrenJack Mack, illus. Erik Blegvad (1960)When I Am Big, illus. Lillian Hoban (1965)Nothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus. Allan E. Cober (1965)How To Do Nothing With NoOne All Alone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)NovelsSo It Doesn't Whistle (1941) The Journey (1943) Because of My Love (1946)The Time and the Place(1952)Where He Went: Three Novels (1958)TheatreThe Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)VerseThe Man with the Gold-headed Cane(1943)…and Another Thing (1959)External linksAn Interview, by Edward R Murrow on YouTubePassage 7:Benny RubinsteinBenny Rubinstein (\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is an Israeli former footballer and current realestate developer. He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya. At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal.BiographyRubinstein was born in Netanya, Israel.His wife is Sarah Rubinstein. Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya.He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya. At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel,winning a gold medal.Rubinstein then worked as a real estate agent, and now works in real estate development.HonoursIsraeli Premier League (1):1970-71Passage 8:James ScullinJames Henry Scullin (18 September1876 – 28 January 1953) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the ninth prime minister of Australia, from 1929 to 1932, holding office as the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Duringhis tenure he also briefly served as the 13th treasurer of Australia from 1930 to 1931. Scullin was the first Catholic, as well as the first Irish-Australian, to serve as Prime Minister of Australia. His time in office wasprimarily categorised by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 which transpired just two days after his swearing in, which would herald the beginning of the Great Depression in Australia. Despite this Scullin remained a leadingfigure in the Labor movement throughout his lifetime, and was an éminence grise in various capacities for the party until his retirement from federal parliament in 1949.The son of working-class Irish-immigrants, Scullinspent much of his early life as a laborer and grocer in Ballarat. An autodidact and passionate debater, Scullin made the most of Ballarat's facilities — the public library and South Street Debating Society. He joined theAustralian Labor Party in 1903, beginning a career spanning five decades. He was a political organizer and newspaper editor for the party, and was elected to the Australian House of Representatives first in 1910 andthen again in 1922 until 1949. Scullin quickly established himself as a leading voice in parliament, rapidly rising to become deputy leader of the party in 1927 and then Leader of the Opposition in 1928.After Scullin wona landslide election in 1929, events took a dramatic change with the crisis on Wall Street and the rapid onset of the Great Depression around the world, which hit heavily indebted Australia hard. Scullin and his TreasurerTed Theodore responded by developing several plans during 1930 and 1931 to repay foreign debt, provide relief to farmers and create economic stimulus to curb unemployment based on deficit spending andexpansionary monetary policy. Although the Keynesian Revolution would see these ideas adopted by most Western nations by the end of the decade, in 1931 such ideas were considered radical and the plans werebitterly opposed by many who feared hyperinflation and economic ruin. The still opposition-dominated Australian Senate, and the conservative-dominated boards of the Commonwealth Bank and Loan Council,repeatedly blocked the plans.With the prospect of bankruptcy facing the government, Scullin backed down and instead advanced the Premiers' Plan, a far more conservative measure that met the crisis with severecutbacks in government spending. Pensioners and other core Labor constituencies were severely affected by the cuts, leading to a widespread revolt and multiple defections in parliament. After several months ofinfighting the government collapsed, and was resoundingly defeated by the newly formed United Australia Party at the subsequent 1931 election.Scullin would remain party leader for four more years, losing the 1934election but the party split would not be healed until after Scullin's return to the backbenches in 1935. Scullin became a respected elder voice within the party and leading authority on taxation and government finance,and would eventually play a significant role in reforming both when Labor returned to government in 1941. Although disappointed with his own term of office, he nonetheless lived long enough to see many of hisgovernment's ideas implemented by subsequent governments before his death in 1953.Early lifeScullin was born in Trawalla, Victoria on 18 September 1876. His parents, John and Ann (née Logan) Scullin, were bothIrish Catholics from County Londonderry. His father was a railway labourer, who emigrated to Australia in his 20s. His mother joined her husband in Australia later. James was the fourth of eight children, and grew up ina tight-knit and devoutly Catholic home. James attended the Trawalla State School from 1881 to 1887 and earned an early reputation as an active and quick-witted boy, though never physically robust. Thesecharacteristics would remain with him for life.The family moved to Mount Rowan, Ballarat, in 1887, and the young James attended school at Mount Rowan State School until 12. Thereafter he held various manual"}
{"doc_id":"doc_140","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the UnitedStates.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of theHood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to directthe Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the PeabodyEssex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studiedboth art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 2:Scott KalvertScott Kalvert (August 15, 1964 – March 5, 2014) was an American film director, known mainly for his 1995 film The Basketball Diaries, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Mark Wahlberg, and2002's Deuces Wild, starring Stephen Dorff and Brad Renfro.He was also a successful music video director, collaborating with artists such as Cyndi Lauper, Jetboy, Snoop Doggy Dogg, DJ Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince,Bobby Brown, Taylor Dayne, Deep Blue Something, Billy Ocean, Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch, LL Cool J, Samantha Fox, Eric B. & Rakim and Salt 'n' Pepa.Kalvert was found dead in his home in Woodland Hills, LosAngeles on March 5, 2014, from an apparent suicide. He left behind his wife and two daughters.Selected filmographyThe Basketball Diaries (1995)Deuces Wild (2002)Passage 3:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (bornAugust 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse(1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentiethcentury. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  NightmareHoneymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his filmswere often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild ofAmerica.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was alsonominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler awardat the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei andRichard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been marriedthree times, each ending in divorce. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he was the step-father of DavidCassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series)(1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series)(1982–1983)The Car (1977)Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening (1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)Arrestand Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The Dick Powell Theatre (TVSeries) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series)(1960)Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 4:John Caspar WildJohn Caspar Wild (or J.C. Wild) (1804 –August 12, 1846) was a Swiss-American painter and lithographer. He created early city views and landscapes of Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Davenport, Iowa.Wild specialized in hand-colored lithographs.These views, particularly the Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated, were some of the first depictions of the American West.Early lifeWild was born in Richterswil in the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland.CareerHe moved toParis, France. In 1832, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He later moved to St. Louis, Missouri. In summer 1844, he moved a final time, to Davenport, Iowa, a small town in the upper Mississippi River Valley.Wild fell gravely ill with tuberculosis in the summer of 1846, and he was taken in by Davenport millinery businessman George L. Webb. On his deathbed, Wild reflected upon his childhood and said that he yearned to diein homeland in Switzerland, but it was a wish that was to not be fulfilled. Wild died on August 12, 1846. Wild was laid to rest nearly on the banks of the river, which he had painted for years. Wild's grave site wasunmarked for decades.Notable collectionsUniversity of Pennsylvania, 1842, from collection of the Library Company of PhiladelphiaPennsylvania Hospital, circa 1840, Library Company of PhiladelphiaFurther readingReps,John William, and J. C. Wild. 2006. John Caspar Wild: painter and printmaker of nineteenth-century urban America. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press. ISBN 1-883982-55-3 Designed by Steve Hartmanof  Creativille, Inc. [1]Wild, J. C., and Lewis Foulk Thomas. 1948. The valley of the Mississippi: illustrated in a series of views, accompanied with historical descriptions. St. Louis, Mo: Joseph Garnier. (this is a reprint;original edition published 1841–2)Passage 5:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born toM. S. Gopalan Nair and P. Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College,Changanassery.CareerAfter completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995. His next work was BritishMarket, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associate director for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAs associate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam(Malayalam TV series) - pilot episodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 6:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywoodand Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz,this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena.Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed aHindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed filmPatiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men inSaroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’thappen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many filmsand serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistantdirector in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 7:Deuces WildDeuces Wild is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Scott Kalvert and written by Paul Kimatianand Christopher Gambale, who also created the story. The film stars Stephen Dorff, Brad Renfro, James Franco, Matt Dillon, and Fairuza Balk.Martin Scorsese was originally the executive producer (as a favor to PaulKimatian), but he eventually removed his name from this film. It was the final film of cinematographer John A. Alonzo before his death in 2001.PlotLeon and Bobby Anthony are brothers and members of the Deuces, aBrooklyn street gang who protect their neighborhood of Sunset Park. Ever since the death of their youngest brother Alphonse \"Allie Boy\" from a drug overdose at the hands of Marco, the leader of the Vipers, aneighboring rival street gang, they fiercely keep drugs off their turf. This puts them in strong opposition to the Vipers, who want to continue to sell drugs in the neighborhood. On the eve of Marco's return from athree-year stint in prison, a gang war seems imminent, as the Deuces violently retaliate with suspicion against Vipers muscleman and bookie Philly, who ekes out a vacant nightclub to establish business down the block.Marco, along with hoping to re-establish his drug pushing enterprise, plans revenge against Leon, whom he believes ratted him out to the police for selling the killing \"hot shot\" to Alphonse.Bobby falls for a new girl whomoves in across the street, Annie, the uninvolved younger sister of Jimmy \"Pockets\", a Vipers member and heroin dealer, who takes care of their elderly dementia ailing mother. Their attraction for each othercomplicates the gang rivalry, especially with Leon, who mistakenly fears, feels Annie may be using Bobby. After jumping Deuces member Jackie in kind for the earlier attack, causing more gang fights in theneighborhood, Marco begins his activities again and allows the Vipers to rampage and terrorize residents across the block to establish his return for good. Later, Marco and the Vipers intimidate Bobby while on a date atthe beach with Annie, before beating and raping Betsy (Leon's girlfriend) to push him over the edge.After Leon runs a car through the Viper's main hangout, neighborhood Mafioso Fritzy orders Leon and Marco to makeamends; unopposed to Marco's drug dealing, knowing he can profit off of his racket and without appeal to Leon's cause to keep the neighborhood safe, Leon and Marco agree to a gang war, much to Fritzy'sdisappointment. Annie defends her mother from another one of Jimmy's outbursts with a kitchen knife and having enough of their troubled life in Brooklyn, wishes to run away with Bobby and her mother. As the Deuces"}
{"doc_id":"doc_141","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Amaury I de MontfortAmaury I de Montfort (died c. 1053) was Lord of Montfort, son of Guillaume de Montfort of Hainaut, the first Lord of Montfort. The castle of Montfort l'Amaury, of which he started theconstruction, was completed by his son Simon I de Montfort, who succeeded him as Lord of Montfort. He married Bertrade.He and his wife had three children:Simon I de Montfort (died 25 September 1087)Mainier deMontfort, Seigneur d'Épernon (died before 1091)Eva (died 23 Jan 1099), married William Crispin (died 8 January 1074), son of Gilbert I CrispinPassage 2:Beatrice, Countess of MontfortBeatrice de Montfort, Countess ofMontfort-l'Amaury (December 1249 – 9 March 1312) was a ruling sovereign countess of Montfort from 1249 until 1312. She was also countess of Dreux by marriage to Robert IV, Count of Dreux. She was the ancestorof the Dukes of Brittany from the House of Montfort-Dreux which derived its name from her title.LifeBeatrice was born sometime between December 1248 and 1249, the only child of John I of Montfort, Count of Dreuxand Jeanne, Dame de Chateaudun.ReignIn 1249, Beatrice's father died in Cyprus, while participating in the Seventh Crusade. Thus, Beatrice succeeded her father as ruling countess of Montfort at the age of about oneyear old.In 1251, Jeanne married her second husband, John II of Brienne, Grand Butler of France. Jeanne and John had a daughter, Blanche de Brienne, Baroness Tingry (1252–1302); Blanche married William II deFiennes, Baron of Tingry. Jeanne died sometime after 1252, leaving Beatrice and her half-sister Blanche as her co-heiresses.Beatrice was married to Robert IV, Count of Dreux, Braine and Montfort-l'Amaury in 1260,when she was about eleven years old. He was the son of John I, Count of Dreux and Braine, and Marie de Bourbon. As was the custom for female rulers at this point in time, he became the co-ruler with Beatrice andCount of Montfort by right of his wife after their wedding.DeathBeatrice died on 9 March 1312 at the age of around sixty-three. She was buried in the Abbaye de Haute-Bruyère.IssueBeatrice and Robert had:Marie ofDreux (1261/62–1276), in 1275 married Mathieu de MontmorencyYolande de Dreux (1263–1323), Countess of Montfort, married, firstly, on 15 October 1285, King Alexander III of Scotland, and, secondly, in 1292,Arthur II, Duke of BrittanyJohn II of Dreux (1265–1309)Joan of Dreux, Countess of Braine, married, firstly, Jean IV de Roucy, and, secondly, John of BarBeatrice of Dreux, abbess of Port-Royal-des-Champs(1270–1328)Robert of Dreux, seigneur of Chateau-du-Loire.AncestryPassage 3:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of LeicesterSimon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (c. 1175 – 25 June 1218), known as Simon IV (or V) deMontfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and knight of the early 13th century. He is widely regarded as one of the great military commanders of the Middle Ages. He took part in the FourthCrusade and was one of the prominent figures of the Albigensian Crusade. Montfort is mostly noted for his campaigns in the latter, notably for his triumph at Muret. He died at the Siege of Toulouse in 1218. He was lordof Montfort-l'Amaury from 1188 to his death and Earl of Leicester in England from 1204. He was also Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne from 1213, as well as Count of Toulouse from 1215.Early lifeHe was theson of Simon de Montfort (d. 1188), lord of Montfort l'Amaury in France near Paris, and Amicia de Beaumont, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester. He succeeded his father as lord of Montfort in 1181;in 1190 he married Alix de Montmorency, the daughter of Bouchard III de Montmorency. She shared his religious zeal and would accompany him on his campaigns.In 1199, while taking part in a tournament atEcry-sur-Aisne, he took the cross in the company of Count Thibaud de Champagne and went on the Fourth Crusade. The crusade soon fell under Venetian control, and was diverted to Zara on the Adriatic Sea. PopeInnocent III had specifically warned the Crusaders not to attack fellow Christians; Simon opposed the attack and urged a waiting Zara delegation not to surrender, claiming the Frankish troops would not support theVenetians in this. As a result, the delegation returned to Zara and the city resisted. Since most Frankish lords were in debt to the Venetians, they did support the attack and the city was sacked in 1202. Simon did notparticipate in this action and was one of its most outspoken critics. He and his associates, including Abbot Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay, left the crusade when the decision was taken to divert once more to Constantinople toplace Alexius IV Angelus on the throne. Instead, Simon and his followers travelled to the court of King Emeric of Hungary and thence to Acre.His mother was the eldest daughter of Robert of Beaumont, 3rd Earl ofLeicester. After the death of her brother Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester without children in 1204, she inherited half of his estates and a claim to the Earldom of Leicester. The division of the estates waseffected early in 1207, by which the rights to the earldom were assigned to Amicia and Simon. However, King John of England took possession of the lands himself in February 1207, and confiscated its revenues. Later,in 1215, the lands were passed into the hands of Simon's cousin, Ranulph de Meschines, 4th Earl of Chester.Later lifeSimon remained on his estates in France before taking the cross once more, this time againstChristian dissidence.  He participated in the initial campaign of the Albigensian Crusade in 1209, and after the fall of Carcassonne, was elected leader of the crusade and viscount of the confiscated territories of theRaymond-Roger Trencavel family.Simon was rewarded with the territory conquered from Raymond VI of Toulouse, which in theory made him the most important landowner in Occitania. He became feared for hisruthlessness. In 1210 he burned 140 Cathars in the village of Minerve who refused to recant – though he spared those who did. In another widely reported incident, prior to the sack of the village of Lastours, he broughtprisoners from the nearby village of Bram and had their eyes gouged out and their ears, noses and lips cut off. One prisoner, left with a single good eye, led them into the village as a warning.Simon's part in the crusadehad the full backing of his feudal superior, the King of France, Philip Augustus. However, historian Alistair Horne, in his book Seven Ages of Paris, states that Philip \"turned a blind eye to Simon de Montfort's crusade... ofwhich he disapproved, but readily accepted the spoils to his exchequer\". Following the latter's success in winning Normandy from John Lackland of England, he was approached by Innocent III to lead the crusade butturned this down. He was heavily committed to defending his gains against John and against the emerging alliance among England, the Empire and Flanders.However, Philip claimed full rights over the lands of thehouse of St Gilles; some historians believe his dispatch of de Montfort and other northern barons to be, at the very least, an exploratory campaign to reassert the rights of the French Crown in Le Midi. Philip may wellalso have wanted to appease the papacy after the long dispute over his marriage, which had led to excommunication. He also sought to counter any adventure by King John of England, who had marriage and fealty tiesalso with the Toulouse comtal house. Meanwhile, others have assessed Philip's motives to include removing over-mighty subjects from the North, and distracting them in adventure elsewhere, so they could not threatenhis increasingly successful restoration of the power of the French crown in the north.Simon is described as a man of unflinching religious orthodoxy, deeply committed to the Dominican order and the suppression ofheresy. Dominic Guzman, later Saint Dominic, spent several years during the war in the Midi at Fanjeau, which was Simon's headquarters, especially in the winter months when the crusading forces were depleted.Simon had other key confederates in this enterprise, which many historians view as a conquest of southern lands by greedy men from the north. Many of them had been involved in the Fourth Crusade. One was GuyVaux de Cernay, head of a Cistercian abbey not more than twenty miles from Simon's patrimony of Montfort Aumary, who accompanied the crusade in the Languedoc and became bishop of Carcassonne. Meanwhile,Peter de Vaux de Cernay, the nephew of Guy, wrote an account of the crusade. Historians generally consider this to be propaganda to justify the actions of the crusaders; Peter justified their cruelties as doing \"the workof God\" against morally depraved heretics. He portrayed outrages committed by the lords of the Midi as the opposite.Simon was an energetic campaigner, rapidly moving his forces to strike at those who had brokentheir faith with him – and there were many, as some local lords switched sides whenever the moment seemed propitious. The Midi was a warren of small fortified places, as well as home to some highly fortified cities,such as Toulouse, Carcassonne and Narbonne. Simon showed ruthlessness and daring as well as being particularly brutal with those who betrayed their pledges – as for example, Martin Algai, lord of Biron. In 1213Simon defeated Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. This completed the defeat of the Albigensians, but Simon carried on the campaign as a war of conquest. He was appointed lord over all the newly acquiredterritory as Count of Toulouse and Duke of Narbonne (1215). He spent two years in warfare in many parts of Raymond's former territories; he besieged Beaucaire, which had been taken by Raymond VII of Toulouse,from 6 June 1216 to 24 August 1216.Raymond spent most of this period in the Crown of Aragon, but corresponded with sympathisers in Toulouse. There were rumours in September 1216 that he was on his way toToulouse. Abandoning the siege of Beaucaire, Simon partially sacked Toulouse, perhaps intended as punishment of the citizens. Raymond returned in October 1217 to take possession of Toulouse. Simon hastened tobesiege the city, meanwhile sending his wife, Alix de Montmorency, with bishop Foulques of Toulouse and others, to the French court to plead for support. After maintaining the siege for nine months, Simon was killedon 25 June 1218 while combating a sally by the besieged. His head was smashed by a stone from a mangonel, operated, according to one source, by the donas e tozas e mulhers (\"ladies and girls and women\") ofToulouse. He was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Nazaire at Carcassonne. His body was later moved by one of his sons to be reinterred at Montfort l'Amaury. A tombstone in the south transept of the cathedral isinscribed \"of Simon de Montfort\".ChildrenSimon and Alix had:Amaury de Montfort married Beatrix of Viennois, died in 1241 returning from the Barons' CrusadeSimon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester married Eleanor ofEngland, killed at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265Guy de Montfort, Count of Bigorre married Petronille, Countess of Bigorre, on 6 November 1216 and died at the siege of Castelnaudary on 20 July 1220Amiciede Montfort, married Gaucher de Joigny, founded the convent at Montargis and died there in 1252Petronilla, became abbess of the Cistercian nunnery of St. Antoine'sInheritanceHis French estates passed to his eldestson, Amaury, while his second son, Simon, eventually gained possession of the earldom of Leicester and played a major role in the reign of Henry III of England. He led the barons' rebellion against Henry during theSecond Barons' War, and subsequently became the de facto ruler of England. During his rule, de Montfort called the first directly elected parliament in medieval Europe, outside of Italian communes. For this reason, deMontfort is regarded today as one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy.NotePassage 4:Rudolf III von MontfortRudolf III von Montfort (born between 1260 and 1275; died 27 or 28 March 1334 inArbon) was bishop of Chur (1322–1325) and Konstanz (1322–1334). He was born into the young family of Montfort-Feldkirch of the Swabian noble family of Montfort.LifeFamilyRudolf was the son of Rudolf II († 1302),Count of Montfort-Feldkirch, a collateral line of the County palatines of Tübingen. His mother was Agnes von Grüningen, daughter of Count Hartmann II von Grüningen. In 1303, he studied law in Bologna. After the earlydeath of their brother Hugo IV († 1310), Rudolf and his younger brother Ulrich II – himself a cleric († 1350) – became regents for their underage nephews. Rudolf's sister Elisabeth was married to the Steward Eberhardvon Waldburg.Spiritual and Political WorksRudolf's clerical career was largely similar to his uncle Friedrich von Montfort's († 1290): He became canon in 1283 and provost in Chur in 1307. In 1310 he was appointed vicargeneral and deputy of the bishop of Chur. After the death of Chur's bishop Siegfried von Gelnhausen († 1321), Rudolf was appointed his successor and took office on 19 July 1322. However, Pope John XXII appointedhim bishop of Konstanz shortly after, in October of the same year. He retained the position in Chur as administrator until he was replaced by the Konstanz Canon Johann Pfefferhard on 12 July 1325. Between 1330 and1333 he was also administrator of the Abbey of Saint Gall, where some years prior, Rudolf's uncle Wilhelm von Montfort († 1301) had been presiding as prince-abbot between 1281 and 1301.After the split election of1318, the Konstanz episcopate had been vacant for four years. As a result, when Rudolf took office, the financial situation of the bishopric was already badly damaged. Rudolf began to focus on the financial bettermentof the bishopric and the ecclesiastical life in his diocese.In the struggle for the throne between Louis the Bavarian and the Habsburg Frederick the Fair, Rudolf and his brother Ulrich sided – against tradition of the countsof Montfort – with Habsburg. Regarding the dispute between King Louis and the pope, Rudolf and his cathedral chapter sided with the pope. Rudolf was caught in the crossfire when the imperial city of Konstanz sidedwith King Louis and the king made peace with the Habsburgs. He eventually yielded to the pressure in 1332 and agreed to receive the jura regalia. In 1333, the pope placed an anathema on him and lifted him from hisadministrative position in the abbey of Saint Gall. Since he had been excommunicated, after his death, Rudolf was buried in unhallowed ground in Arbon in 1334. Bishop Heinrich III of Brandis had his remains moved tothe Konstanz Minster when he started his tenure in 1357.Reading listMontfort, Rudolf von (Feldkirch) in  German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. in: Historisches Lexikon derSchweiz.Brigitte Degler-Spengler (2005), \"Rudolf von Montfort\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 175–176; (full text online) (NDB) 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005,ISBN 3-428-11203-2, pp. 175–176. (Digitalisat).Alexander Cartellieri (1907), \"Rudolf, Graf von Montfort\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol. 53, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 582–584 (ADB).Band 53, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1907, S. 582–584.Bihrer, Andreas: Rudolf von Montfort. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) 23, Bautz, Nordhausen 2004, ISBN 3-88309-155-3, col.1215–1221.== Notes and references ==Passage 5:Guillaume de Montfort of HainautGuillaume de Montfort, also known as Guillaume of Hainaut, was a French nobleman of the end of the 10th century, the first Lord ofMontfort-l'Amaury.He was succeeded as Lord of Montfort-l'Amaury by his son Amaury I de Montfort.Guillaume is possibly the son of Amaury, Count of Valenciennes.BibliographyHadrot, Marie-Huguette (2002). Montfortl'Amaury: de l'an mil à nos jours (in French). Paris: Somogy. p. 191. ISBN 2-85056-563-6.Dion, Adolphe de (1895). Le comte palatin Hugues de Beauvais. Memoirs of the Archaeological Society of Rambouillet.Tours.Passage 6:John IV, Duke of BrittanyJohn IV the Conqueror KG (in Breton Yann IV, in French Jean IV, and traditionally in English sources both John of Montfort and John V) (1339 – 1 November 1399), was Duke ofBrittany and Count of Montfort from 1345 until his death and 7th Earl of Richmond from 1372 until his death.Ordinal numberHe was the son of John of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders. His father claimed the title Dukeof Brittany, but was largely unable to enforce his claim for more than a brief period. Because his father's claim to the title was disputed, with only the English king recognising it, the subject of this article is oftennumbered in French sources as \"John IV\" and his father as simply \"John of Montfort\" (Jean de Montfort), while in English sources he is known as  \"John V\". However, the epithet of \"The Conqueror\" makes his identityunambiguous.ConquestThe first part of his rule was tainted by the Breton War of Succession, fought by his father against his cousin Joanna of Penthièvre and her husband Charles of Blois. With French military supportCharles was able to control most of Brittany. After his father's death, John's mother Joanne attempted to continue the war in the name of her baby son. She became known as \"Jeanne la Flamme\" (Fiery Joanna) for herfiery personality. However, she was eventually forced to retreat with her son to England to ask for the aid of Edward III. She was later declared insane and imprisoned in Tickhill Castle in 1343. John and his sister Joanof Brittany were taken into the King's household afterwards.John returned to Brittany to enforce his claim, with English help. In 1364, John won a decisive victory against the House of Blois in the Battle of Auray, withthe support of the English army led by John Chandos. His rival Charles was killed in the battle and Charles's widow Joanna was forced to sign the Treaty Guérande on 12 April 1365. In the terms of the treaty, Joannagave up her rights to Brittany and recognized John as sole master of the duchy.Power strugglesHaving achieved victory with English support (and having married into the English royal family), Duke John IV wasconstrained to confirm several English barons in positions of power within Brittany, especially as controllers of strategically important strongholds in the environs of the port of Brest, which gave the English militaryaccess to the peninsula, and which took revenue from Brittany to the English crown.  This English power-base in Brittany was resented by the Breton aristocrats and the French monarchy, as was John's use of Englishadvisers. However, John IV declared himself a vassal to king Charles V of France, not to Edward III of England. Nevertheless, this gesture did not placate his critics, who saw the presence of rogue English troops andlords as destabilizing. Faced with the defiance of the Breton nobility, John IV was unable to muster military support against King Charles V, who took the opportunity to exert pressure over Brittany. Without localsupport, in 1373, he was once more forced into exile to England.However, King Charles V made the mistake of attempting to completely adjoin the duchy of Brittany to France. Bertrand de Guesclin was sent to makethe duchy submit to the French king by force of arms in 1378. The Breton barons revolted against the takeover and invited Duke John IV back from exile in 1379.  He landed in Dinard and took control of the duchy oncemore with the support of local barons. An English army under Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, landed at Calais and marched towards Nantes to take control of the city. However, John IV subsequentlyreconciled with the new French king, Charles VI of France, and paid off the English troops to avoid a confrontation. He ruled his duchy thereafter in peace with the French and English crowns for over a decade,maintaining contact with both, but minimizing open links to England. Between 1380 and 1385, John IV built the Château de l'Hermine (Castle of Hermine) in Vannes, which became a defensive fortress and dwelling forthe Dukes of Brittany. He built it in order to benefit from the central position of the city of Vannes in his duchy. In 1397, Duke John IV finally managed to extricate Brest from English control by using diplomatic pressureand financial inducements.Clisson affairIn 1392 an attempt was made to kill Olivier V de Clisson, the Constable of France, in Paris who was an old enemy of the duke's. The attacker, Pierre de Craon, fled to Brittany.John was assumed to be behind the plot, and Charles VI took the opportunity to attack Brittany once more. Accompanied by the Constable, he marched on Brittany, but before he reached the duchy the king was seizedwith madness. Relatives of Charles VI blamed Clisson, and instituted legal proceedings against him to undermine his political position. Stripped of his status as Constable, Clisson now took refuge in Brittany himself, and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_142","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, andgreat grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She wasinvolved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhminand of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had adaughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies andrituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, anEgyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly,both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tombdiscovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M.Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's largegilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledgerunners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on theother side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb;the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers havingsome difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resinand opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered herwrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly womanof small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision isstitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination ofTutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils werestuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placedinto her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosiswith a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 2:Joan Holland, Duchess of BrittanyLadyJoan Holland (1350 – October 1384) was Duchess of Brittany as the second wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany. She was the daughter of Joan of Kent and Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent. Her mother's second husbandwas Edward the Black Prince, and the child of that marriage was King Richard II of England.Joan Holland's marriage to John IV took place in London in May 1366, but without the approval of King Edward III of England,Joan's step-grandfather, who claimed overlordship of Brittany. The couple had no children.Joan's death, in her thirties, was politically inexpedient. In 1386, two years afterwards, John IV married Joan of Navarre, laterthe queen of King Henry IV of England.Passage 3:Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of BuccleuchLouisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (26 August 1836 – 16 March 1912)was the daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn.  In 1884, she became the Duchess of Buccleuch and Duchess of Queensberry, the wife of William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuchand 8th Duke of Queensberry. She was the paternal grandmother of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and of Marian Louisa, Lady Elmhirst, as well as a maternal great-grandmother of Prince William of Gloucesterand Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and a great-great-grandmother of Sarah, Duchess of York. Diana, Princess of Wales, is one of her great-great-great-nieces.Early life, marriage, and familyLouisa Jane Hamiltonwas born on Friday 26 August 1836 in Brighton, Sussex, England, the third child of fourteen born to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, and the former Lady Louisa Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke ofBedford.She married William Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, on 22 November 1859 in London. Lord Dalkeith was the eldest son of the Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, and his wife, theformer Lady Charlotte Thynne. They had six sons and two daughters:Walter Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (17 January 1861 – 18 September 1886)John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke ofBuccleuch (30 March 1864 – 19 October 1935)Lord George William Montagu Douglas Scott (31 August 1866 – 23 February 1947); married on 30 April 1903 Lady Elizabeth Emily Manners (daughter of John Manners, 7thDuke of Rutland and Janetta Hughan) and had issueLord Henry Francis Montagu Douglas Scott (15 January 1868 – 19 April 1945)Lord Herbert Andrew Montagu Douglas Scott (30 November 1872 – 17 June 1944);married 26 April 1905 Marie Josephine Edwards and had issue, maternal grandfather of Sarah, Duchess of YorkLady Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott (25 March 1875 – 7 March 1951); married Thomas Brand, 3rdViscount Hampden, and had issueLady Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott (10 March 1877 – 7 May 1970); married on 21 January 1908 The Hon. Douglas Halyburton Cairns (son of Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns andMary Harriet McNeill) and had issueLord Francis George Montagu Douglas Scott (1 November 1879 – 26 July 1952); married on 11 February 1915 Lady Eileen Nina Evelyn Sibell Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (daughter ofGilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, and Lady Mary Caroline Grey) and had issueCareerShe served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1885 – 1892 (Conservative), and again from 1895 –1901. She was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Alexandra in 1901, a position in which she served until her death in 1912.DeathThe duchess died on Saturday 16 March 1912, in her 76th year, at DalkeithPalace, Midlothian, Scotland.  She was survived by her husband, and six of her children and their families.She was buried on Wednesday 20 March 1912 in the Buccleuch family crypt in St. Mary's Church, DalkeithPalace, Midlothian, Scotland.Titles, styles, and honours16 April 1884 – 1912: The Duchess of Buccleuch and QueensberryHonours1885: Invested as Lady, Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (VA), 3rd Class1885 – 1892and 1895 – 1901:  Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria1901 – 1912: Mistress of the Robes to Queen AlexandraAncestryPassage 4:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was thegrandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i ofBanu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, accordingto Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar.He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself,Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had thenickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also thegreat-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that directlineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 5:Margaret of France, Duchess of BerryMargaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry (French: Marguerite de Valois) (5 June 1523 – 15September 1574) was Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy. She was the daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany.BiographyEarly lifeMargaret was born at theChâteau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 5 June 1523 the youngest daughter and child of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany. Margaret was very close to her paternal aunt, Marguerite of Angoulême,who took care of her and her sister Madeleine during her childhood, and her sister-in-law Catherine de' Medici.  Near the end of 1538, her father and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed that Margaret should marryCharles' son, the future Philip II of Spain. However, the agreement between Francis and Charles was short-lived and the marriage never took place. In 1557 she appointed as lady in waiting Jacqueline d'Entremont, towhom she would remain close with later in life.On 29 April 1550, at the age of 26, she was created suo jure Duchess of Berry.Duchess consort of SavoyShortly before her 36th birthday, a marriage was finally arrangedfor her by her brother King Henry II of France and her former suitor Philip II as part of the terms stipulated in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis which was signed by the ambassadors representing the two monarchs on 3April 1559. The husband selected for her was Philip's ally, Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont. At the time, Margaret was described as having been a \"spinster lady of excellent breeding and livelyintellect\".The wedding took place in tragic circumstances. On 30 June just three days after her marriage contract had been signed, King Henry was gravely injured during a tournament celebrating the wedding of hiseldest daughter Elisabeth to the recently widowed King Philip. A lance wielded by his opponent the Count of Montgomery accidentally struck his helmet at a point beneath the visor and shattered. The wooden splintersdeeply penetrated his right eye and entered his brain.  Close to death, but still conscious, the king ordered that his sister's marriage should take place immediately, for fear that the Duke of Savoy might profit from hisdeath and renege on the alliance.The ceremony did not take place in Notre Dame Cathedral as had been planned. Instead it was a solemn, subdued event conducted at midnight on 9 July in Saint Paul's, a small churchnot far from the Tournelles Palace where Margaret's dying brother was ensconced. Among the few guests was the French queen consort Catherine de' Medici who sat by herself, weeping. King Henry died the followingday.ChildrenMargaret and her husband had only one surviving child: Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy who was born in January 1562, when Margaret was 38 years of age. He later married Infanta Catherine Michelleof Spain, the daughter of King Philip by his marriage to Margaret's niece, Elisabeth of Valois.DeathMargaret died on 14 September 1574 at the age of 51. She was buried in Turin at the Cathedral of Saint GiovanniBattista.GalleryAncestryPassage 6:Isabella of BrittanyIsabella of Brittany (French: Isabelle; 1411 – c. 1444) was a daughter of John V, Duke of Brittany, and his wife, Joan of Valois. Isabella was a member of the Houseof Dreux.FamilyIsabella's maternal grandparents were Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. Her paternal grandparents were John IV, Duke of Brittany and Joan of Navarre.Isabella was related to three Queens ofEngland. Two of her maternal aunts, Isabella of Valois and Catherine of Valois were queens of England and after the death of her paternal grandfather, John IV, her grandmother, Joan, became queen of England by hermarriage to Henry IV of England. Isabella of Valois was married to Henry's predecessor, Richard II of England. Catherine of Valois was married to Henry IV's son, Henry V of England.MarriageOn 1 October 1430, atRedon, Isabella married Guy XIV de Laval. Guy fought in many different battles in the Hundred Years' War and fought alongside Joan of Arc. Guy had been betrothed to Isabella's younger sister, Margaret, who diedbefore the marriage could take place, so Guy married Isabella instead.Isabella and Guy had three sons and seven daughters:Yolande of Laval (born Nantes 1 October 1431), married firstly 1443 to Alain de Rohan, Countof Porhoet and secondly  Guillaume d'Harcourt, Count of Tancarville.Françoise of Laval (born and died 1432).Jeanne de Laval (10 November 1433, Auray – 19 December 1498, Beaufort-en-Vallée), married to René ofAnjou.Anne of Laval (born and died 1434).François of Laval (16 November 1435, Moncontour – 28 January 1501, Laval), successor of his father as Guy XV, married to Catherine of AlençonJean of Laval (14 February1437, Redon – 14 August 1476), twin with Arthuse; Lord of la Roche-Bernard.Arthuse of Laval (14 February 1437, Redon – 1461, Marseille), twin with Jean; she died unmarried.Hélène of Laval (17 June 1439, Ploërmel– 3 December 1500), married Jean de Malestroit, Baron of Derval.Louise of Laval (born 13 January 1441), married 15 May 1468 Jean III de Brosse, Count of Penthièvre.Pierre of Laval (17 July 1442, Montfort-sur-Meu –1493), archbishop of Rheims.Isabella died around 1444, and she is buried in Nantes. Her husband remarried after her death, to Françoise de Dinan, widow of Isabella's younger brother Gilles, Lord of Chantocé. Herhusband was buried at the collegial church of Saint-Thugal at Laval.House of BrittanyThis family tree shows Isabella's paternal side of her family, her mother and brothers. It shows that after the death of her brothers,her uncle, Arthur became Duke of Brittany.AncestryPassage 7:Joan of France, Duchess of BrittanyJoan of France (French: Jeanne; 24 January 1391 – 27 September 1433) was Duchess of Brittany by marriage to JohnV. She was a daughter of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. She ruled Brittany during the imprisonment of her spouse in 1420.LifeJoan married John V, Duke of Brittany, in 1396. Three years after thewedding, her spouse became duke and she duchess of Brittany.As duchess, Joan is perhaps most known for her role during the conflict between John V and the Counts of Penthièvre. The Penthièvre branch had lost theBreton War of Succession in the 1340s. As a result, they lost the ducal title of Brittany to the Montforts. The conclusion to the conflict took many years to confirm until 1365 when the Treaty of Guérande was signed.Despite the military loss and the diplomatic treaty, the Counts of Penthièvre had not renounced their ducal claims to Brittany and continued to pursue them. In 1420, they invited John V to a festival held atChâtonceaux. He accepted the invitation, but when he arrived, he was captured and kept prisoner.The Counts of Penthiève then spread rumours of his death, and moved him to a new prison each day. Joan of Francecalled upon all the barons of Brittany to respond. They besieged all the castles of the Penthièvre family one by one. Joan ended the conflict by seizing the dowager countess of Penthièvre, Margaret of Clisson, and forcingher to have the duke freed.Joan died in 1433, during her husband's reign.A Book of Hours by the Bedford Master, Heures Lamoignon, was dedicated to her.IssueShe had seven children:Anne (1409 – c. 1415)Isabella(1411 – c. 1442), who in 1435 married Guy XIV of Laval and had 3 children with him.Margaret (1412 – c. 1421)Francis I (1414 – c. 1450), duke of BrittanyCatherine (1416 – c. 1421)Peter II (1418 – c. 1457), duke ofBrittanyGilles (1420 – c. 1450), seigneur of Chantocé.SourcesThe original version of this page was a translation of fr:Jeanne de France (1391-1433). From January 2013 the translation has been refined.Passage8:Isabeau of BavariaIsabeau of Bavaria (or Isabelle; also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – September 1435) was Queen of France from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the House of Wittelsbach as the onlydaughter of Duke Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti of Milan. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young King Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their firstmeeting.Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish coronation ceremony and entry into Paris. In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting inperiodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393 masque for one of Isabeau'sladies-in-waiting—an event later known as Bal des Ardents—ended in disaster with the King almost burning to death.  Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistentlyallowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became regent to the Dauphin of France (heir apparent), and sat on the regency council, allowing far more power than was usual for a medieval queen.Charles' illnesscreated a power vacuum that eventually led to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War between supporters of his brother, Duke Louis I of Orléans, and the royal dukes of Burgundy. Isabeau shifted allegiances as she chosethe most favorable paths for the heir to the throne. When she followed the Armagnacs, the Burgundians accused her of adultery with Louis of Orléans; when she sided with the Burgundians, the Armagnacs removed herfrom Paris and she was imprisoned. In 1407, John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, assassinated Orléans, sparking hostilities between the factions. The war ended soon after Isabeau's eldest son, Charles, had John theFearless assassinated in 1419—an act that saw him disinherited. Isabeau attended the 1420 signing of the Treaty of Troyes, which decided that the English king should inherit the French crown after the death of her"}
{"doc_id":"doc_143","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:War of the Buttons (1994 film)War of the Buttons is a 1994 comedy-drama adventure film directed by John Roberts. It was written by Colin Welland and based on the French novel La Guerre des boutons, byLouis Pergaud. The story, about two rival boys' gangs in Ireland, the Ballys (working class) and the Carricks (middle class), is set in County Cork, where it was filmed on location.The film has been classified as a dramaand comedy, and the tone is frequently light and humorous. It examines issues of conflict and war, the actions and consequences of violence, and how it can divide and oppose people who can be friends as easily asthey can be enemies.PlotIn the Republic of Ireland in the 1960s, more precisely the centre of the bridge over the river that separates the Irish villages of Carrickdowse and Ballydowse, there is a white line that fewyoung people dare cross. The boys of each village spend most of their time trying to upstage the other, whether over the sale of hospital raffle tickets, or something more important, such as deciding who is a \"tosspot\"and who is not, or, for that matter, defining \"tosspot\". This \"War of the Buttons\", in which the buttons from the enemies clothes are captured, has gone on as long as the youths can remember, and \"to the death\",though rarely does either group hurt more than its pride.The leader of the Ballys is Fergus (Gregg Fitzgerald), the son of a pauper family and an unpromising student who lives in a trailer on the edge of Ballydowse withhis mother and abusive stepfather. What Fergus lacks in education, he makes up for in leadership, and the youth of Ballydowse will follow him anywhere. The members of the Ballys include Marie (Eveanna Ryan), thenarrator, who revisits her memories of what happened from her adult viewpoint. The leader of the Carricks is Jerome (John Coffey), the son of a wealthy family. He is nicknamed Geronimo after the Apache tribalchief.The story explores how events escalate, gang class differences (the original and main incentive for their war), Fergus's troubles with his oppressive environment, conflicts that arise when the adults of the villagesdiscover the feud, and conflicts within the Ballys. Their tactics to \"win\" the war, including a nude ambush of their enemies, are shown in great detail. After a series of battles, Fergus denounces Riley (Thomas Kavanagh)as a traitor to the cause before the final showdown which has the Ballys attacking an abandoned castle ruin defended by the Carricks. The Carricks lose, and, taken prisoner, Geronimo himself cuts off his buttons andgives them to Fergus. While the Ballys celebrate in their headquarters, Geronimo, driving Riley's father's tractor like a tank, levels the Bally clubhouse. This puts a bitter end to the War of the Buttons.Finally fed up, thetowns' adults, including Geronimo's father (Colm Meaney) and Fergus' abusive stepfather (Jim Bartley), reclaim their children. Fergus runs off to the mountains, where Geronimo follows him in an unspoken gesture ofsolidarity. After being captured, the two boys are put in the church orphanage, where they put aside their differences and become best friends. Marie narrates the coda, expressing that she married one of the boys, andthat the other became the couple's closest friend, but she does not reveal whom she chose to wed.CastLiam Cunningham as The MasterGregg Fitzgerald as FergusColm Meaney as Geronimo's DadGer Ryan as Fergus'MomBackgroundThe film's story is based on the novel La Guerre des boutons, written by Louis Pergaud and published in 1912. Pergaud's popular book has been reprinted more than 30 times. It has been adapted asfilm for the first time in the French productions La Guerre des gosses (1936) (fr) and La Guerre des boutons (War of the Buttons, 1962), the latter a black and white film directed by Yves Robert.The Irish screenplay waswritten by Colin Welland and the movie was directed by John Roberts. The producer David Puttnam and Welland had worked earlier on the Academy Award-winning Chariots of Fire. This was their second film together.The movie starred a young Alan Maguire, the actor from Corofin, Co. Clare.During the same week in September 2011, two new French film adaptations of the novel were released: War of the Buttons, directed by YannSamuell, set in the 1950s with the Algerian War as backdrop, and War of the Buttons, directed by Christophe Barratier and set during World War II in Occupied France.Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)BrianPatrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museumin Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the NationalGallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy wasborn in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the IrishDepartment of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89).He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitionsand loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-mediasite.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship,the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public disputewith the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported twoacquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigningfor the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\"(scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that anational cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibitionfeatured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, apainting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive,vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it\"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly onthe NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would notseek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for itsexceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership inthe field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives haveincluded baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association(IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has mademajor acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects werestolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large andsmall-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea andthe Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body,toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generousendowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded theAustralian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently,Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 3:War of the Buttons (2011 Christophe Barratier film)War of theButtons (French: La nouvelle guerre des boutons) is a 2011 French film directed by Christophe Barratier.PlotThe story takes place in March 1944 in a small French village. The young people from the neighbouringvillages of Longeverne and Velrans have been waging this merciless war as long as anyone can remember: the buttons of all the little prisoners' clothes are removed so that they head home almost naked, vanquishedand humiliated. Consequently, this conflict is known as the \"War of the Buttons\". The village that collects the most buttons will be declared the winner. Meanwhile, Violette, a young Jewish girl, has caught the eye ofLebrac, the intelligent chief of the Longeverne kids who is coming of age, leading his gang and their rivals to consider putting aside their differences in order to protect her from the Nazis.CastLaetitia Casta asSimoneGuillaume Canet as the teacherKad Merad as Father LebracGérard Jugnot as Father AztecJean Texier as LebracClément Godefroy as Petit (Little) GibusMarc-Henri Wajnberg as VladimirThéophile Baquet as Grand(Big) GibusFrançois Morel as Father BacailléLouis Dussol as BacailléHarold Werner as CriqueNathan Parent as CamusIlona Bachelier as VioletteThomas Goldberg as the AztecDiscographyThe CD soundtrack composed byPhilippe Rombi was released on Music Box Records label.ReceptionAs of June 2020, the film holds a 25% approval rating on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of4.82 out of 10. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 41 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating \"mixed or averagereviews\".Passage 4:Red ButtonsRed Buttons (born Aaron Chwatt; February 5, 1919 – July 13, 2006) was an American actor and comedian. He won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his supporting role in the 1957 filmSayonara.  He was nominated for awards for his acting work in films such as They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, Harlow, and Pete's Dragon.  Buttons played  the lead role of Private John Steele, the paratrooper hung upon the town steeple clock, in the 1962 international ensemble cast film The Longest Day.Early lifeRed Buttons was born Aaron Chwatt on February 5, 1919, in Manhattan, New York City, to Jewish immigrants Sophie(née Baker) and Michael Chwatt. At 16 years old, Chwatt got a job as an entertaining bellhop at Ryan's Tavern in City Island, the Bronx, New York City. The combination of his red hair and the large, shiny buttons on thebellhop uniforms inspired orchestra leader Charles \"Dinty\" Moore to call him \"Red Buttons\", the name under which he would later perform.Later that same summer, Buttons worked on the Borscht Belt; his straight manwas Robert Alda. Buttons was working at the Irvington Hotel in South Fallsburg, New York, when the master of ceremonies became incapacitated, and Buttons asked for the chance to replace him. In 1939, Buttonsstarted working for Minsky's Burlesque; in 1941, José Ferrer chose Buttons to appear in a Broadway show The Admiral Had a Wife, a farce, set in Pearl Harbor at Oahu, Hawaii. It was due to open on December 8, 1941,but never did, as it was deemed inappropriate after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In later years, Buttons would joke that the Japanese only attacked Pearl Harbor to keep him off Broadway.CareerIn September1942, Buttons made his Broadway debut in Vickie with Ferrer and Uta Hagen. Later that year, he appeared in the Minsky's show Wine, Women and Song. This was the last classic burlesque show in New York Cityhistory, as the Mayor La Guardia administration closed it down. Buttons was on stage when the show was raided.Drafted into the United States Army Air Forces, Buttons in 1943 appeared in the Army Air Forces'Broadway show Winged Victory, along with several future stars, including Mario Lanza, John Forsythe, Karl Malden, and Lee J. Cobb. A year later, he appeared in Darryl F. Zanuck's movie version of the play, directed byGeorge Cukor. Buttons also entertained troops in the European Theater in the same Jeep Show unit as Mickey Rooney.After the war, Buttons continued to perform in Broadway shows. He also performed at Broadwaymovie houses with big bands. In 1952, Buttons received his own variety series on television, The Red Buttons Show, which ran for three years on CBS.  It was the number-11 show in prime time in 1952. In 1953, herecorded and had a two-sided hit with \"Strange Things Are Happening\"/\"The Ho Ho Song\", with both sides/songs essentially being the same.His role in Sayonara was a dramatic departure from his previous work. In thisfilm, co-starring with Marlon Brando, he played Joe Kelly, an American airman stationed in Kobe, Japan, during the Korean War, who marries Katsumi, a Japanese woman (played by Miyoshi Umeki), but he is barredfrom taking her back to the US. His moving portrayal of Kelly's calm resolve not to abandon the relationship, and the touching reassurance of Katsumi, impressed audiences and critics alike.  Buttons won the AcademyAward for Best Supporting Actor and Umeki won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film.After his Oscar-winning role, Buttons performed in numerous feature films, including the African adventureHatari! with John Wayne, the adventure Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962) (where he received top billing), the war epic The Longest Day, the biopic Harlow, the disaster film The Poseidon Adventure, the dance-marathondrama They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, the family comedy Pete's Dragon, the disaster film When Time Ran Out with Paul Newman, and the age-reversal comedy 18 Again! with George Burns.In 1966, Buttons againstarred in his own TV series, a spy spoof called The Double Life of Henry Phyfe, which ran for one season. Buttons also made guest appearances on several TV programs, including The Eleventh Hour, Little House on thePrairie, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Knots Landing, and Roseanne. His last TV role was in ER.He became a nationally recognizable comedian, and his \"Never Got a Dinner\" routine was a standard of The Dean MartinCelebrity Roast for many years. He made numerous appearances at Friars Club roasts and Chabad telethons, where he was often brought on and off stage to the tune of \"Hava Nagila\". (He once told an interviewer, \"I'ma Jew who is doing comedy, not a 'Jewish comic'.\")His best-known catchphrase, \"Never got a dinner!\" formed the basis for elaborately eccentric lists of famous people (and their mothers) who had not been honored withcelebrity dinner roasts. Another of his catchphrases was \"I did not come here to be made sport of,\" which was later taken up by radio talk-show host Howie Carr.Buttons received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Famefor television, located at 1651 Vine Street. He was number 71 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time.Personal lifeButtons married actress Roxanne Arlen in 1947, but the marriage soonended in divorce. He married Helayne McNorton on December 8, 1949.  They divorced in 1963. His last marriage was to Alicia Prats, which lasted from January 27, 1964, until her death in March 2001. With Prats he hadtwo children, Amy Buttons and Adam Buttons. He was the advertising spokesman for Century Village, Florida, a retirement community.Buttons was an early member of the Synagogue for the Performing Arts, and at the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_144","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Edmond T. GrévilleEdmond T. Gréville (born Edmond Gréville Thonger; 20 June 1906  – 26 May 1966) was a French film director and screenwriter. He was married to the actress VandaGréville.CareerGréville began his career as a film journalist and critic. In parallel with a few acting performances in some silent films and in the first talkie of René Clair, Sous les toits de Paris (1930), he directed his firstshort films. His first experience of directing had been on the shooting of Abel Gance's Napoléon in 1927. He had then worked as an assistant director, notably on the English film Piccadilly, L'Arlésienne (directed byJacques de Baroncelli), Augusto Genina's  Miss Europe (with Louise Brooks) and  Abel Gance's La Fin du Monde. Between 1930 and 1940 he directed several French films:Le Train des suicidés (1931)Remous (1934) withFrançoise Rosay, a social-realist film on the sensitive sexual issue of impotence, and released in the US in November 1939 under title Whirlpool of Desire after a legal battle over U.S. censorshipTwo comedy musicalfilms Princesse Tam Tam (1935) with Josephine Baker, and Gypsy Melody (1936), with Lupe Vélez.In Britain again, he filmed Under Secret Orders (1937) with Dita Parlo and John Loder (1937), the English-languageversion of G. W. Pabst's Mademoiselle Docteur. Gréville also directed Menaces (1938) with Mireille Balin and Erich von Stroheim, with von Stroheim playing an Austrian refugee who commits suicide following theAnschluss. With a heavy atmosphere charged with eroticism which characterizes his films, Gréville imposed his independence and original style on the cinema of the time.He stopped directing films during the SecondWorld War and the Occupation - xenophobia and anti-Semitism ruined or put a stop to some careers, among film-makers those of Léonide Moguy and Pierre Chenal for example, both French Jews, and the half-BritishGréville, and took away production and distribution companies belonging to Jews like the father and son distributors Siriztky.In 1948 he made a film on the subject of resistance and collaboration in the Anglo-Dutch filmNiet tevergeefs/But Not in Vain. The same year he made a film with Carole Landis, Noose, released in the U.S. as The Silk Noose. In House on the Waterfront (1954) he directed Jean Gabin as a captain confronted by anunscrupulous smuggler and torn by his love for a young woman who is also loved by a younger man.In Gréville's last years he made Beat Girl (1959) with Adam Faith and a horror film The Hands of Orlac (1960) withMel Ferrer. His last film was L'Accident (1963) with Magali Noël based on a Frédéric David novel.Personal lifeGréville was born in June 1906 in Nice, France, the adopted son of Franco-British parents. In May 1966, hedied in hospital in Nice, thought to be the result of complications following a car accident. It was subsequently discovered through the 23andMe genetic testing of his daughter and grandson in 2017, that he wasAshkenazim Jewish, likely from the area of Odessa, based on the present whereabouts of  his closest genetic relations today. Family speculation suggests that his parents fled the 1905 Russian pogrom to Marseilles,where he may have been discovered in the Nice hospital his English father, a Salvation Army colonel and Protestant pastor, was associated with. His true origin and that of his biological parents, remains amystery.Selected filmographyThe Train of Suicides (1931)The Triangle of Fire (1932)Merchant of Love (1935)Gypsy Melody (1936)Brief Ecstasy (1937)Secret Lives (1937)What a Man! (1938)A Woman in the Night(1943)Dorothy Looks for Love (1945)But Not in Vain (1948)The Other Side of Paradise (1953)House on the Waterfront (1955)The Accident (1963)Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film,television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing,James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), AReason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received anEmmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leavethe production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific ResidentTheatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was theCEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and ProfessorAlexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked asa personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut filmCamping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The departmentencouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she alsooversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 5:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) isthe director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in NorthAdams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director ofthe Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine artsfrom the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of theSolomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the FrankGehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan waspresident and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia'scollection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-basedcity of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan alsoworked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest.Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMAtrustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from itsEuropean and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan haswritten, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation orpurchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum(BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibitionscenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in atheatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to designLACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scalepublic artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged infront of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the JurupaValley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammedmuseum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan willsteer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubledMuseum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus'saging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018,and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmentalcollections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of theAhmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separatecuratorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 \"ToRome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from aprevious marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that itwould sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 6:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian andmuseum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of theNorwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 7:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-bornart museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020.He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of theToledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), theEuropean Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughoutAustralia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversawseveral years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained governmentsupport for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection ofIndonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new\"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institutioncannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephantdung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack onreligion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision ofmy professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contractbeyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections ofEuropean and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of arteducation.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby"}
{"doc_id":"doc_145","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Young and Dangerous: The PrequelYoung and Dangerous: The Prequel (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1998 Hong Kong crime film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the second prequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.The film shows Chan Ho-nam (Nicholas Tse), Big Head (Daniel Wu), Chow Pan (Benjamin Yuen), Chicken Chiu (Sam Lee), and their friends being recruited by Uncle Bee (Ng Chi-Hung) and joining the \"Hung Hing\" triad.CastNicholas Tse as Chan Ho-namDaniel Wu as Big HeadFrancis Ng as Ugly KwanShu Qi as FeiSam Lee as ChickenSandra Ng as Sister 13 (cameo)Kristy Yang as Yung (cameo)Benjamin Yuen as Chow PanNotesBecause he was only 17, and born on 29 August 1980, Nicholas Tse is not allowed to watch the movie when the movie opens in Hong Kong cinemas on 5 June 1998 because this movie is classified as Category III, which is a restricted category in the Hong Kong motion picture rating system and the category is strictly for persons aged 18 and above only.The story retcons the flashback from the first film, taking place in 1988 rather than 1985.Awards and nominations18th Hong Kong Film AwardsWon: Best New Performer (Nicholas Tse)External linksYoung and Dangerous: The Prequel at IMDbPassage 2:Hanuman Patal VijayHanuman Patal Vijay (Hindi: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"Hanuman's Victory Over Hell\") is a 1951 Hindi mythological film directed by Homi Wadia for his Basant Pictures banner. Meena Kumari starred in this devotional film with S. N. Tripathi playing Hanuman. Following her career as a child actress, Meena Kumari did heroine roles in mythologies made by Basant Pictures and directed by Homi Wadia. She had an extremely successful career for some years playing goddesses before her big commercial break in Baiju Bawra (1951). S. N. Tripathi, besides acting in the film, also composed the music. His costars were Meena Kumari, Mahipal, Niranjan Sharma, Dalpat and Amarnath.The story was about Hanuman's devotion to Ram and his battle with the two demon brothers Ahiravan and Mahiravan.PlotThe story is about Hanuman and his confrontations with The King of Patal, Ahiravan, and his brother Mahiravan, who have been asked by Ravan to kill Ram and Lakshman. Mahiravana kidnaps Naga princess chandrasena who is devoted to Rama. The film follows Hanuman's encounter with Makari, the daughter of the sea, who wants to marry him, but instead through the swallowing of a bead of his sweat she gives birth to Makardhwaj who guards the gates of Patal (Hell) where Ram and Lakshman are taken when kidnapped. Hanuman gets the better of Makardhwaj and rescues Ram and Lakshman. A major battle ensues and Ahiravan and Mahiravan are killed, but somehow they keep regenerating. Hanuman manages to find out the secret of their regeneration and puts a stop to it with the help of Ahiravan's wife Chandrasena. In the end, Rama tells Chandrasena that he will marry her in Dvapara Yuga when he will incarnate as Krishna and marry her as satyabhama.CastMeena KumariMahipalS. N. TripathiShanta KunwarVimalDalpatH. PrakashKanta KumarNiranjan SharmaBimlaAmarnathMusicSonglist.RemakeIt was remade in 1974 as Hanuman Vijay directed by Babubhai Mistri.Passage 3:Young and Dangerous 3Young and Dangerous 3 (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1996 Hong Kong triad film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the second sequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.  Starting from this movie, it is distributed by Golden Harvest Company.PlotWeeks after Chan Ho Nam (Ekin Cheng) is elected branch leader of Causeway Bay of the \"Hung Hing\" Society, \"Chicken\" Chiu (Jordan Chan), best friends Banana Skin (Jason Chu), Pou-pei (Jerry Lamb), Dai Tin-yee (Michael Tse) and K.K. (Halina Tam) after joining the Taiwanese \"San Luen\" triad, is reinstated into Hung Hing by Chairman Chiang Tin Sung (Simon Yam). At the same time, rival triad \"Tung Sing\", led by \"Camel\" Lok (Chan Wai Man) begins to make a name for itself, establishing bars and clubs alongside Hung Hing's areas of operations. Things become heated when Tung Sing member \"Crow\" (Roy Cheung) fuels a deep-seated rivalry between him and Ho Nam, with the threat of open war between the two societies. Meanwhile, Ho Nam's stuttering girlfriend Smartie (Gigi Lai), who was critically injured in a vehicular accident and slipped into a coma, reawakens but with no prior memories to her meeting with Ho Nam for the first time. Regardless, Ho Nam assures her he and his friends will protect her. To add in a stick of comedy, Father \"Lethal Weapon\" Lam (Spencer Lam) introduces his daughter Shuk Fan (Karen Mok) to Chicken, having been good friends and a source of advice for him.During a business trip to Amsterdam with his mistress and Ho Nam, Chairman Chiang is assassinated by thugs. While the rest of Hung Hing believes the hit was orchestrated by Ho Nam, it is the deranged Crow who ordered the chairman's death, using Chiang's mistress to falsify evidence, framing Ho Nam. While Ho Nam goes into hiding back in Hong Kong, Crow is reprimanded by Camel; to add to his insanity, Crow kills his own boss and makes it look like a Hung Hing assassination. Drunk with power, Crow wants nothing more than to destroy Hung Hing and orders his men to search frantically for Ho Nam, who is quick to realize the ambush and escapes with Smartie, until Crow's men manages to separate the two. In their attempt, Smartie is captured but suffers a blow to the head, restoring her memories. Crow tells Ho Nam if he wants his name cleared and his woman back, he must meet him alone.Yet, the crazed Crow does not keep his word and kills Smartie in cold blood in front of Ho Nam. Just as Crow is about to finish him, Chicken bursts in and reaches a stalemate with Crow to ensure Ho Nam's safety. The saddened Ho Nam carries Smartie's body out with him and gives her a proper funeral. Now fueled solely on vengeance, Ho Nam decides to march into Tung Sing territory and kill Crow at Camel's funeral haphazardly. Ho Nam's friends and the rest of Hung Hing manage to capture and threaten Tung Sing member \"Tiger\" (Ng Chi Hung), who tells all of Crow's madness in killing both their societies' leaders. Crow is left nowhere to run from his enemies, and in the midst of a Hung Hing/Tung Sing brawl, he is killed in the funeral pyre. With Crow dead, Tung Sing is left in disarray, and Hung Hing re-establishes control in its territories.CastSee alsoYoung and DangerousExternal linksYoung and Dangerous 3 at IMDbPassage 4:Shri Ganesh MahimaShri Ganesh Mahima also called Shri Krishna Vivah is a 1950 Hindi   mythological film directed by Homi Wadia. The film was made under Wadia's Basant Pictures Banner with music composed by S. N. Tripathi. Meena Kumari, after her career as a child artist, started doing adult roles as heroines in mythologicals and fantasy genres before she made it in mainstream cinema with Baiju Bawra (1952). The cast included Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, Amarnath and Dalpat. It's a side story and indirect sequel to Hanuman Patal Vijay.PlotGanesha curses Chandra (Moon) for his vanity when he laughs at him. On asking forgiveness the curse is changed so that the effect occurs  only on the auspicious day of Ganesh Chaturthi.  Anyone looking at the moon will fall prey to false charges. Lord Krishna (Mahipal) looks at the moon and is accused of having stolen the Syamantaka Mani by Satrajit whose daughter Satyabhama (Meena Kumari) is keen on marrying Krishna. The film follows the fight between Lord Krishna and Jambavan for twenty-one days, with the recovery of the jewel and his marriage to Satyabhama.CastMeena Kumari as SatyabhamaMahipal as Lord KrishnaS. N. TripathiIndira BilliMoolchandVimalMangalaDalpatAmarnathBox-OfficeThe film did not strictly adhere to the telling of Ganesha's story from the classics but focused on a particular incident covering Lord Krishna. It attracted media publicity and became successful at the box-office \"breaking box-office records\".RemakesIt was remade in Telugu as Vinayaka Chavithi 1957 with NTR playing his iconic role, character of Krishna and in Hindi once again as Shree Ganesh in 1962 by Babubhai Mistry, with Mahipal reprising his iconic role as Lord Krishna, the actor who had played Satrajit, also reprised his role. The song Surya Dev Dinesh Hai, which played during Satrajit worship of Lord Surya was reused in that movie. In both remakes, Krishna Kumari starred as Rukmini.Ot was remade again in 1977 as Jai Dwarkadheesh, by Sushil Gupta, to serve as sequel to prequel remake Hanuman Vijay which also retained ensemble same cast, starring Ashish Kumar, Kanan Kaushal, Radha Saluja, Jayshree T, Manher Desai, Anita Guha, Hercules, B M Vyas, Bharat Bhushan, S.N.Tripati.Director: .MusicThe film had music directed by S. N. Tripathi and lyrics by Ramesh Pandey. The main singers were Mohammed Rafi and Geeta Dutt.Song listPassage 5:Young and Dangerous 4Young and Dangerous 4 (Chinese: 97\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; Literal Title 97 Wise Guys: No War Cannot Be Won) is a 1997 Hong Kong triad film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the third sequel to the Young and Dangerous film series.SynopsisThe film opens in 1996. It begins with the wedding of Dai Tin Yee and his girlfriend. At the wedding, Chan Ho Nam agrees to travel to Thailand with the other branch leaders of Hung Hing in order to try and recruit Chiang Tin Yeung to lead the Hung Hing triad. While 6 of the 12 branch leaders are in Thailand, Dinosaur, back in Hong Kong, who leads the Tuen Mun area for Hung Hing is assassinated by being thrown over a building by Tiger of rival gang Tung Sing society. The following day, Chan Ho Nam and his fellow leaders in Thailand learn of Dinosaur's demise and agree to elect a new branch leader for the Tuen Mun area. The two nominees are Barbarian (Dinosaur's right-hand man) and Chicken San Gai (Chan Ho Nam's right-hand man). Chan Ho Nam warns Chicken of the dangers of running for branch leader but Chicken chooses to run anyway, causing a feud among their friendship. Meanwhile, Chiang Tin Yeung agrees to head back to Hong Kong to lead the Hung Hing society. He declares that Barbarian and Chicken are given a time period to prove themselves worthy of leading Tuen Muen for Hung Hing. Barbarian gets support from Fatty Lai, the branch leader of North Point, and it's revealed that Fatty Lai's printing studio was once nearly burnt under the orders of Uncle Bee by Chan Ho Nam, which made them enemies. Meanwhile Chicken also gets support from Ben Hon, Sister 13, Tai Fei, and Prince.Back in Hong Kong, Shuk Fan begins her career as a teacher with the worst students in the high school and she is able to temporarily befriend them. She also introduces her colleague Yan Yan to Chan Ho Nam, who lost his girlfriend previously. Chan Ho Nam lies to Yan Yan, saying that he's a tutorial teacher. Meanwhile, Chicken is fighting an uphill battle for his candidacy for Tuen Mun. Barbarian, who is a local of Tuen Mun, already has the upper hand in terms of support from the locals. Chicken tries to throw parties, but no one attends as everyone else is at Barbarian's party. At every turn, Chicken is continuously humiliated by Barbarian. Barbarian even has help from Tiger of rival gang Tung Sing. Tiger provides Barbarian with his wisdom, support, and money. He hopes to gain his own control of the Tuen Muen area with his own society with Barbarian as his puppet.All of Chicken's supporters come under attack and Barbarian's victory is almost in his grasp. Banana who helped run a bar for Chicken is accused of drugging his customers and is arrested. In reality, the drugs were planted by accomplices of Barbarian. Shuk Fan is attacked by her students and Chan Ho Nam substitutes for her. He warns the students of the dangers of the Triad Gangster world, but the students dismiss him. Yan Yan also began feeling suspicious about Chan Ho Nam's identity.Dai Tin Yee attempts to assassinate Barbarian for Chicken as a token of their friendship. However, the assassination fails and Yee is severely injured. He would have died if Tai Fai hadn't intervened and saved Yee. Afterwards, Yee goes into hiding to recover his wounds. Pou Pei is seduced by Barbarian's younger brother's girlfriend and let slip the whereabouts of Yee to her. She relays the information back. Tiger along with Fatty Lai (Who has been working secretly with Tiger), and his men burst into Dai Tin Yee's apartment and rape his wife and throw him over the building, killing him.That night, Chan Ho Nam reprimands Chicken for participating in an unnecessary election as a branch leader. Meanwhile, Yan Yan was also at the scene, which caused her to know about Chan Ho Nam's identity as a Hung Hing branch leader. Chan Ho Nam goes into depression and drinks himself to the ground. Yan Yan carries him into her own home, and the two had relationships unexpectedly.The final moment has arrived and Chicken has to face off against Barbarian in a debate. The debate is extremely heated. Chicken is barely able to fend off the accusations by Barbarian. Barbarian is being directed by Tiger by use of a headphone and mouthpiece who is the source of Barbarian's quick thinking. After the voting, Barbarian is almost declared as the winner when they are interrupted by Sister 13 and Ben Hon. They bring with them an informant. The girl who had seduced Pou Pei had earlier been betrayed by Barbarian's younger brother and now knows all the dirty tricks Barbarian was using. Right when she reveals all the details of Barbarian, she is shot by Tiger. Meanwhile, Barbarian tries to attack her but is subdued. His hat falls off, revealing the headpiece he was using to communicate with Tiger and all see him for what he really is. Tiger meanwhile is cornered by all of Hung Hing. Prince volunteered as Chian Tin Yeung decides to elect someone to fight Tiger, but Chan Ho Nam decides to take the reason to avenge Dai Tin Yee to fight. A fight ensues and Tiger takes out a pocket knife as a dirty trick, suddenly Fatty Lai interferes and kills Tiger with a katana. Afterwards, Fatty Lai announces his loyalty to Hung Hing. Fortunately, Chiang Tin Yeung knows that Fatty Lai is trying to keep his cahoots with Tiger in secret, and as a punishment, Fatty Lai is banished to Albania. Tai Fei replaces Fatty Lai as the branch leader of North Point.With Barbarian exposed and in captive, Chicken is elected to be branch leader of Tuen Mun.In the aftermath, Sister 13 delivers a letter addressed to Chan Ho Nam. Chan Ho Nam reads the letter and found that Yan Yan rejects him due to his identity as a Hung Hing branch leader but will remember the times she spent. The film ends with Chan Ho-Nam and Chicken Chiu as equal branch leaders.CastEkin Cheng - Chan Ho-NamJordan Chan - Chicken ChiuJason Chu - Banana Skin (also played Chow Pan in a flashback)Jerry Lamb - Pou-PanMichelle Reis - Lee Yan-kinRoy Cheung - Lui Yiu-Yeung/Thunder TigerPinky Cheung - K.K.Michael Tse - Dai Tin-yeeKaren Mok - Lam Suk-Fan/WasabiRoland Wong - SupermanAnthony Wong Chau-Sang -  Tai FaiAlex Man - Chiang Tin YeungSandra Ng - Sister 13Vincent Wan - Ben HonSpencer Lam - Father LamLee Siu-kei - KeySamuel Leung - Class StudentKen Lo - PrinceNg Chi Hung - TigerSee alsoYoung and Dangerous (series)External linksYoung and Dangerous 4 at IMDbPassage 6:Young and Dangerous 5Young and Dangerous 5 (simplified Chinese: 98\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: 98\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1998 Hong Kong triad film. It is the fourth sequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.PlotSzeto Ho Nam from the Tung Sing Society attempts to take control of Causeway Bay by causing trouble at Chan Ho Nam's bars in Causeway Bay. Meanwhile, Big Head, a friend of Chan Ho Nam has been released from jail and works on the street as a vendor, attempting to have a peaceful life after being released without getting involved in gangster affairs. The Tung Sing members kept ruining Big Head's peaceful life by forcing him to give them money for protection racket.Chian Tin Yeung, Sister 13, Chan Ho Nam, and many other branch leaders are invited to Malaysia by Chinese-Malaysian governor Chan Ka Nam. Chan Ka Nam fakes a business alliance with Chan Ho Nam, secretly helping Szeto Ho Nam to eliminate Chan Ho Nam. In Malaysia, Chan Ho Nam gets into a romantic relationship with Meiling, who's been forced to work for Chan Ka Nam. After she knows that she's been tricked, she decides to assist Chan Ho Nam in his plans to expose Chan Ka Nam.After a confrontation with Tung Sing members, Banana Peel gets arrested and taken to the police station. There, he gets shot to death by a Tung Sing member whose brother was killed by Banana Peel during the confrontation.Big Head decides to help Chan Ho Nam to fight a boxing match with the Tung Sing Society, whoever loses will need to disappear out of Causeway Bay. Big Head wins the match.Meanwhile, Chan Ho Nam decides to challenge Szeto Ho Nam privately and Chan Ho Nam wins the fight as well.At the end of the film, Chan Ka Nam gets beaten up by Pou Pan before getting arrested by the police, he was exposed with the help of Meiling and Tai Fei, who now runs a publishing office. Meiling and Chan Ho Nam officially begin their dating.Cast and rolesEkin Cheng - Chan Ho NamJason Chu - Banana SkinJerry Lamb - Pou-panChin Kar-lok - Big HeadShu Qi - Mei LingMark Cheng - Szeto Ho NamPaul Chun - Datuk Chan Ka NamAlex Man - Chiang Tin YeungSandra Ng - Sister 13Vincent Wan - Ben HonAnthony Wong Chau-sang - Tai FeiDanny Lee - Inspector LeeChan Chi Fai - Gambler on ShipCheung ManBilly ChowKwan Hoi-Shan - Datuk's FriendLaw Lan - Granny ChanLee Siu-Kei - KeiSimon LuiWang Tian-lin - Uncle SeventhWong Chi YeungWong Man-Wai - Datuk's AccuserSee alsoYoung and Dangerous (series)External linksYoung and Dangerous 5 at IMDbPassage 7:Young and Dangerous 2Young and Dangerous 2 (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u00002\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1996 Hong Kong triad film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the first sequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.PlotIn a flashback to Young and Dangerous, \"Chicken\" Chiu (Jordan Chan) heads into exile and decides to go to Taiwan, after a failed hit. The first part of the movie details the events leading up to his return to Hong Kong, following the death of his boss \"Uncle Bee\" (Frankie Ng). In Taiwan, Chicken's cousin introduces him to the \"San Luen\" Triad, headed by an influential Taiwanese senator. Although the atmosphere in the city is quite different than Hong Kong, Chicken gains the senator's favor by assassinating his rival. Pleased with the youth's initiative, he promotes Chicken to branch leader and does not even mind Chicken having been smitten with his beautiful mistress. Upon hearing news of Bee's death, Chicken returns to Hong Kong and helps best friends Chan Ho Nam (Ekin Cheng), Dai Tin-yee (Michael Tse) and K.K. (Halina Tam) to get rid of corrupt \"Hung Hing\" Chairman \"Ugly Kwan\" (Francis Ng).The second part of the movie deals with returning Hung Hing Chairman Chiang Tin Sang (Simon Yam) trying to ally with San Luen and promote relationships, while trying to find a replacement branch leader of Causeway Bay, a position Bee held. Ho Nam is the most likely candidate, being Bee's must trusted underling, but a rivalry breaks out when another member \"Tai Fei\" (Anthony Wong) wants the position for himself. At the same time, Ho Nam's friend Pou Pan (Jerry Lam) recruits \"Banana Skin\" (Jason Chu), who bewilders Ho Nam and the rest of his friends because of his facial similarity to Pou Pan's deceased brother Chow Pan. During a visit back to Taiwan to see and thank the senator personally for helping them get rid of Kwan, Ho Nam and Chicken find him dead and are accused by San Luen of killing him.In actuality, the culprit is the senator's mistress, who uses this opportunity to lead San Luen and break Hung Hing's grip on their gambling spots in Macau, reinforcing San Luen influence in the area. To that end, Tai Fei willingly allies with her and plots to have Ho Nam's candidacy for the Causeway Bay branch leadership tainted. Ho Nam is barely swayed by Tai Fei's threats, until a car accident cripples his girlfriend Smartie (Gigi Lai), putting her in a coma. Although disheartened at her condition, Ho Nam does not back out of the candidacy, and plans to stage an intervention at a San Luen opening of a new Macau casino, during which an important member of the Macau government will attend. Ho Nam's sabotage of the event is successful, destroying any credibility San Luen has in Macau and to Tai Fei's nomination.In a tense Mexican standoff at town square, the senator's mistress and Tai Fei decides to settle things with Ho Nam and Chicken, summoning hundreds of San Luen and Hung Hing members. While it appears the victory is in the mistress' hands, it is Tai Fei who turns the gun on her: it was all a ploy on Hung Hing's part for him to ally with San Luen and provide a means to weed out any corrupt members in the Taiwanese society. Realizing it was she who killed the senator, San Luen's branch leaders decide "}
{"doc_id":"doc_146","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Goose WomanThe Goose Woman is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Louise Dresser with Jack Pickford as her son. The film was released by UniversalPictures.The Rex Beach short story is based in part on the then already sensational Hall-Mills murder case in which a woman named Jane Gibson is described as a pig woman because of the pigs she raised on herproperty.PlotAs described in a film magazine reviews, opera singer Mary Holmes loses her voice as a result of giving birth to a boy, and develops an intense dislike of her offspring. She becomes a victim of drink, livingalone in a shabby cottage and raises geese. Her son wins the love of Hazel Woods, a young actress, who repulsed the vicious advances of a millionaire theatre-owner. The latter is murdered. To gain publicity, Maryinvents a wild story about having witnessed the murder. The district attorney furnishes her with fine clothes, reveals her identity as a former stage star, and she is the sensation of the day. However, the details sheconcocts about the crime cause her son’s arrest. Confronted with him, she experiences a sudden awakening of mother-love and confesses that her story is false. It transpires that the theatre doorman is the guiltyperson. The son is cleared and faces a happy future with his reformed parent and Hazel.CastReceptionBoth critics and audiences favorably received the film. The Goose Woman was remade in 1933 as The Past of MaryHolmes featuring Helen MacKellar and Jean Arthur.Passage 2:You Can No Longer Remain SilentYou Can No Longer Remain Silent (German: Du darfst nicht länger schweigen) is a 1955 West German romantic drama filmdirected by Robert A. Stemmle and starring Heidemarie Hatheyer, Wilhelm Borchert and Werner Hinz. It is based on the 1929 novel  Morning of Life by Kristmann Gudmundsson. It is set amongst feuding Scandinavianfishing families.It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin with location shooting around in Sweden around Gothenburg. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Helmut Nentwig and KarlWeber.CastPassage 3:The Goose Girl (1957 film)The Goose Girl (German: Die Gänsemagd) is a 1957 West German family film directed by Fritz Genschow and starring Rita-Maria Nowotny, Renée Stobrawa and RenateFischer. It is based on the fairy tale The Goose Girl by the Brothers Grimm.CastRita-Maria Nowotny as Prinzessin RosemargretRenée Stobrawa as Königin-MutterRenate Fischer as Malice - KammermädchenGünter Hertelas Prinz FriedbertAlexander Welbat as Hinz - ReitburscheWolfgang Draeger as Kunz - ReitburscheFritz GenschowTheodor VogelerPeter HackPassage 4:Clarence BrownClarence Leon Brown (May 10, 1890 – August 17,1987) was an American film director.Early lifeBorn in Clinton, Massachusetts, to Larkin Harry Brown, a cotton manufacturer, and Katherine Ann Brown (née Gaw), Brown moved to Tennessee when he was 11 years old.He attended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee, both in Knoxville, Tennessee, graduating from the university at the age of 19 with two degrees in engineering. An early fascination in automobiles ledBrown to a job with the Stevens-Duryea Company, then to his own Brown Motor Car Company in Alabama. He later abandoned the car dealership after developing an interest in motion pictures around 1913. He washired by the Peerless Studio at Fort Lee, New Jersey, and became an assistant to the French-born director Maurice Tourneur.CareerAfter serving as a fighter pilot and flight instructor in the United States Army AirService during World War I, Brown was given his first co-directing credit (with Tourneur) for The Great Redeemer (1920). Later that year, he directed a major portion of The Last of the Mohicans after Tourneur wasinjured in a fall.Brown moved to Universal in 1924, and then to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he remained until the mid-1950s. At MGM he was one of the main directors of their major female stars; he directed JoanCrawford six times and Greta Garbo seven.Brown was nominated six times (see below) for an Academy Award as a director, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for Anna Karenina,starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival.Brown's films gained a total of 38 Academy Award nominations and earned nine Oscars. Brown himself received six Academy Award nominations and in1949, he won the British Academy Award for the film version of William Faulkner's Intruder in the Dust.In 1957, Brown was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguishedcontribution to the art of film. Brown retired a wealthy man due to his real estate investments, but refused to watch new movies, as he feared they might cause him to restart his career.The Clarence Brown Theater, onthe campus of the University of Tennessee, is named in his honor. He holds the record for most nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director without a win, with six.Personal lifeClarence Brown was married fourtimes. His first marriage was to Paula Herndon Pratt in 1913, which lasted until their divorce in 1920. The couple produced a daughter, Adrienne Brown.His second marriage was to Ona Wilson, which lasted from 1922until their divorce in 1927.He was engaged to Dorothy Sebastian and Mona Maris, although he did not marry either of them, with Maris later saying she ended their relationship because she had her \"own ideas ofmarriage then.\"He married his third wife, Alice Joyce, in 1933 and they divorced in 1945.His last marriage was to Marian Spies in 1946, which lasted until his death in 1987.DeathBrown died at the Saint John's HealthCenter in Santa Monica, California from kidney failure on August 17, 1987, at the age of 97. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.On February 8, 1960, Brown received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame at 1752 Vine Street, for his contributions to the motion pictures industry.Selected filmographyDirectorTrilby (1915)The Law of the Land (1917)The Blue Bird (1918)The Great Redeemer(1920)The Last of the Mohicans (1920)The Foolish Matrons (1921)The Light in the Dark (1922)Don't Marry for Money (1923)The Acquittal (1923)ActorThe Signal Tower (1924) – Switch ManBen-Hur (1925) – ChariotRace Spectator (uncredited)Navy Blues (1929) – Roller Coaster Rider (uncredited)Possessed (1931) – Man on Merry-Go-Round (uncredited) (final film role)NotesPassage 5:Bill SalugaWilliam Saluga (September 16,1937 – March 28, 2023) was an American comedian and founding member of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company. He appeared on several television programs, including Seinfeld.Early lifeSalugawas born on September 16, 1937 in Youngstown, Ohio. When Saluga was 10, his father was killed in an industrial accident at the Republic Steel Mill where he worked and his mother supported the family by working asa bookkeeper. Saluga, known as \"Billy\" to his friends and family, was a high school cheerleader and class clown. After graduation, he served two years in the Navy and then began working as a performer in localtheaters.CareerSaluga spent several years performing in Youngstown, Ohio theaters and clubs. He played numerous roles in notable productions, including Guys and Dolls and Inherit the Wind. Saluga became a talentcoordinator for the Steve  Allen show in the late 1960s. in 1969, he created the \"Johnson\" character while a member of the comedic troupe Ace Trucking Company.Saluga's shtick as the character \"Johnson\" would be,when someone would refer to him as \"Mr. Johnson\" or by the common generic nickname \"Johnson,\" to exaggeratedly feign offense and list off all permutations of the name Raymond J. Johnson Jr. and nicknamesthereof that do not mention the word \"Johnson:\"\"NOOO!!! You don't have to call me Johnson! My name is Raymond J. Johnson Jr.  Now you can call me Ray, or you can call me J, or you can call me Johnny, or you cancall me Sonny, or you can call me Junie, or you can call me Junior; now you can call me Ray J, or you can call me RJ, or you can call me RJJ, or you can call me RJJ Jr. . . but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!\" Salugawould then smugly turn away and begin puffing on his cigar. Saluga's routine received more widespread attention in the late 1970s after being used in a series of commercials for Miller Lite beer, and subsequently, inthe early 1980s for Anheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. Saluga appeared alongside comedian/pitchman Norm Crosby echoing (in a roundabout way) Norm's advice to unknowing customers on how to more easily orderthe lengthily-named beer: \"Well, y'doesn't hasta call it Anheuser Busch Natural Light Beer, and y'doesn't hasta call it 'Busch Natural.'  Just say 'Natural!'\" Saluga then later launches into the \"You can call me Ray\"routine after Crosby warns not to ask Johnson his name.From 1977 to 1978, Saluga appeared regularly as Raymond J. Johnson Jr. on Redd Foxx's eponymous variety show. Saluga as Johnson also made appearances onThis Is Tom Jones, Laugh-In  and The David Steinberg Show. He also made appearances on Chuck Barris' The Gong Show during 1977 and 1978.A novelty disco single called \"Dancin' Johnson,\" based around Johnson'sschtick, was released in 1978. a 1978 episode of Good Times contained a scene where Keith (while intoxicated) recited \"You can call me Ray, or you can call me J\" which was at the height of its popularity for thesaying.Bob Dylan referenced the \"you may call me\" schtick in his 1979 hit, \"Gotta Serve Somebody,\" when he sings, \"You may call me Terry, you may call me Timmy / You may call me Bobby, you may call me Zimmy /You may call me R.J., you may call me Ray / You may call me anything, but no matter what you say / You’re gonna have to serve somebody.\" The idea for the verse originated from Jerry Wexler, who suggested itduring the recording sessions for Slow Train Coming.The character's popularity is referenced in multiple episodes of The Simpsons, with Saluga appearing as himself in the 2002 episode \"The Old Man and the Key\".Saluga also appeared as Johnson in the 2010 King of the Hill episode \"Just Another Manic Kahn-Day\".Death and legacySaluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85. Saluga'snephew, Scott Saluga, told the media that his uncle was living in Burbank, California at the time of his death. Saluga did not have any surviving immediate family members.Saluga told friends he didn't mind beingtypecast and known to the public as Raymond Johnson. Comedian David Steinberg said that \"Billy was always doing Ray J. He was relentless with it. I would say 'Mr. Johnson' and Billy would be off. He did iteverywhere. At parties. His timing and delivery were so funny every time.\"In 2017, Saluga said that people never recognized him outside his character and that it gave him great pleasure hearing people perform hisshtick in his presence without knowing who he was.BibliographySaluga, Bill (1982). Bill Saluga's Name Game Book. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0553207545.Passage 6:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 7:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the firstteam at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against NoviPazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the newseason of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squadduring the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against SloveniaU18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 8:The Past of Mary HolmesThe Past of Mary Holmes is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film, directed by Harlan Thompson and Slavko Vorkapich, and released byRKO. The film is a remake of the silent film The Goose Woman (1925), which is based on a short story by Rex Beach, partly based on the Hall-Mills murder case.PlotMary Holmes, once a famous opera star known asMaria di Nardi, now lives in a run-down shanty and suffers from alcoholism. Known for her eccentric behavior, Mary breeds geese, and is thus known in her neighborhood as \"the Goose Woman\". She blames her grownson Geoffrey for the deterioration of her voice and does everything to destroy his life.When Geoffrey, a commercial artist, tells her that he is going to marry actress Joan Hoyt, she becomes torn with jealousy andthreatens to reveal to Joan that he is illegitimate. Not allowing his mother the satisfaction of destroying his life, Geoffrey decides to break the news to Joan himself. Joan, who has just ended an affair with a womanizingtheatre backer, G. K. Ethridge, tells him that she wants to proceed their wedding plans. Geoffrey then breaks ties with his mother and heads out to Chicago on an assignment.Meanwhile, Jacob Riggs, a doorman at theEthridge theatre, shoots and kills his boss on the evening when he is awaiting his final rendezvous with Joan, due to his constant affairs with innocent women. Mary, who lives next to the place where the crime iscommitted, sees opportunity in getting recognition and fame as Maria di Nardi, after hearing the gunshots. She fabricates a sensational story for the press and media, unaware that her story implicates Geoffrey as aprime suspect.Following drunken testimony by Mary, Geoffrey is indicted on circumstantial evidence by a grand jury. Despite denying the testimony when she realizes what she is doing to Geoffrey, he is found guiltyand sent to jail, awaiting the death penalty. Overcome with grief, Mary uses Joan's help to convince Jacob to turn himself in for the crime. Geoffrey is freed from jail and can finally marry Joan. Mary burns down hershanty as a symbolic gesture of leaving her past behind, in order to join Geoffrey and her daughter-in-law in a joyful future.CastHelen MacKellar as Mary Holmes/Maria di NardiEric Linden as Geoffrey HolmesJean Arthuras Joan HoytRichard \"Skeets\" Gallagher as Ben PrattIvan F. Simpson as Jacob RiggsClay Clement as G. K. EthridgeJ. Carrol Naish as Gary KentRoscoe Ates as Bill-poster KlondikeRochelle Hudson as BettyJohn Sheehanas Tom KincaidEdward J. Nugent as FlanaganBackgroundBased on the short story of the same name, the film was initially in production under the title The Goose Woman. Initially, screenwriter Samuel Ornitz was toadapt the story with Marion Dix, but Eddie Doherty later took over.Produced on a low budget, the film was released as a double feature in cinemas along with The Big Cage (1933).Passage 9:Once You're Born You CanNo Longer HideOnce You're Born You Can No Longer Hide (Italian: Quando sei nato non puoi più nasconderti) is a 2005 Italian drama film directed by Marco Tullio Giordana.  The film concerns undocumented migrationto Italy via the Mediterranean Sea.PlotA young Italian boy accidentally falls overboard while yachting with his father on the Mediterranean.  He is rescued by a boatload of undocumented immigrants attempting to reachItaly by sailing across the Mediterranean.  On the ship, he is befriended by a young Romanian man and his sister.  The film follows the relationship of the Italian boy with the Romanian once they reach the Italianshores.CastAlessio Boni - BrunoMichela Cescon - LuciaRodolfo Corsato - PopiMatteo Gadola - SandroEster Hazan - AlinaVlad Alexandru Toma - RaduMarcello Prayer - ToreGiovanni Martorana - BarracanoSimona Solder -MauraAndrea Tidona - Padre CelsoAdriana AstiAwardsPrix François Chalais, 2005 Cannes Film FestivalNastro d'Argento Best ProducersSee alsoMovies about immigration to ItalyPassage 10:Robert A. StemmleRobertAdolf Stemmle (10 June 1903 – 24 February 1974) was a German screenwriter and film director. He wrote for more than 80 films between 1932 and 1967. He also directed 46 films between 1934 and 1970. His 1959film Die unvollkommene Ehe was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival. He was born in Magdeburg, Germany and died in Baden-Baden, Germany.Selected filmographyPublicationsas authorAffäre Blum.Herbig, München 1979, ISBN 3-7766-0968-0.Aus heiterm Himmel. Theater- und Filmanektoden. Herbig, Berlin 1942.Herzeleid auf Leinewand. 7 Moritaten. Bruckmann, München 1962.Hier hat der Spass ein Ende.Verlag der Sternbücher, Hamburg 1957.Ich war ein kleiner PG. Ein Roman. Goverts, Stuttgart 1958.Ja, ja, ja, ach ja, s'ist traurig, aber wahr. Ergreifende Balladen und tragische Moritaten. Verlag Weiß, Berlin 1964.DerMann, der Sherlock Holmes war. Ein heiterer Kriminalroman. Eulenspiegel-Verlag, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-359-00856-1.Onkel Jodokus und seine Erben. Ein heiterer Roman. Herbig, Berlin 1953.Reise ohne Wiederkehr. DerFall Petiot. Verlag das neue Berlin, Berlin 1968.Die Geburt der Komödie. 7 Bilder nach Franz Pocci. Deutscher Laienspiel-Verlag, Rotenburg/Fulda 1950.as editorMarta Adler: Mein Schicksal waren die Zigeuner.Schünemann, Bremen 1957.Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach: Merkwürdige Verbrechen in aktenmässiger Darstellung. Bruckmann, München 1963.Herrmann Mostar: Der neue Pitaval. Sammlung berühmter undmerkwürdiger Kriminalfälle. 15 vols. Desch, München 1963-69"}
{"doc_id":"doc_147","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught atthe  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău(1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\"high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation isconsidered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:PeteTownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (; born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the most influentialrock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and in other projects have earned him critical acclaim.Townshend haswritten more than 100 songs for 12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums, the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such as Who's Next (1971); aswell as dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songs that have appearedon his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.While known primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards, banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bassguitar, and drums; he is self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has also contributedto and authored many newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In 1983, Townshend received the BritAward for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who. Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list of Best Guitarists in The New Book ofRock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He was ranked No. 10 in Gibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50guitarists, and No. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He and Roger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend was born in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital, Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was a professionalalto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance band the Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras. The Townshends had a volatile marriage, asboth drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairs with other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and hewas sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as \"clinically insane\". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together on Woodgrange Avenuein middle-class Acton, and the young Pete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devout Jewish family upstairs shared their housing with them and cooking withthem—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhood reading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island.He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, sparking hisfascination with American rock and roll. Not long thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professional musician;instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At Acton County, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, anexperience that profoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar for Christmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him a couple of chords, Townshend was largelyself-taught on the instrument and never learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjo and Entwistle on horns.The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both became influenced by the increasingpopularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard's debut single, \"Move It\". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchaseda \"reasonably good Czechoslovakian guitar\" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisite grades to attend university, Pete wasfaced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at Ealing Art College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future Rolling Stonesguitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures at the college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.Musicalcareer1961–1964: the DetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as an additional guitarist. In the earlydays of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and trad jazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshend onrhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and Colin Dawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, \"ran things the way he wanted them.\" Dawson quitin 1962 after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the sole guitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the groupobtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a support act for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, Shane Fenton and theFentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963, Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of \"It Was You\", the first song his son ever wrote. The Detours became aware of a group of the same name inFebruary 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with \"The Who\", and Daltrey decided it was the best choice.1964–1982: The WhoNot long after the name change,drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionally with the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicist named Peter Meaden whoconvinced them to change their name to the High Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single (\"I'm the Face/Zoot Suit\"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on by two newmanagers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The band anguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, anddropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performance at the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceiling and proceeded to destroy theentire instrument. The on-stage destruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American record producer Shel Talmy, who hadthe band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, \"I Can't Explain\", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, another group Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, \"I Can't Explain\" was theWho's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-up single (\"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere\"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in the UK. However, it was the release ofthe Who's third single, \"My Generation\", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, \"cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected the feelings of thousands of pissed-offadolescents at the time.\" The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggest hit. The song and its famous line \"I hope I die before I get old\" was \"very much about tryingto find a place in society\", Townshend stated in an interview with David Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was releasedin late 1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successful singles for the band, including \"Pictures of Lily\",\"Substitute\", \"I'm a Boy\", and \"Happy Jack\". Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music for the next album, which became \"A Quick One, While He's Away\". The album was subsequently titled AQuick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its release in December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a stylereminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commenced their first US tour on 22 March 1967. Townshend tookto trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimenting with LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the Monterey Pop Festival on 18June. Released in December, their next album was The Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and mockcommercials between songs, and the Who's biggest US single, \"I Can See for Miles\". Despite the success of \"I Can See for Miles\", which reached No. 9 on the American charts, Townshend was surprised it was not aneven bigger hit, as he considered it the best song he had written up to that point.By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba. He began to develop a musical piece about a deaf, dumb, andblind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The result was the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. Insupport of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complainabout the arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting, \"Fuck off my fucking stage!\"In 1970, the Who released Live at Leeds, which several music critics cite as the best livealbum of all time. Townshend began writing material for another rock opera. Dubbed Lifehouse, it was designed to be a multi-media project that symbolised the relationship between a musician and his audience. Therest of the band were confused by its convoluted plot and simply wanted another album. Townshend began to feel alienated, and the project was abandoned after he suffered a nervous breakdown. Much of the materialintended for Lifehouse was released as a traditional studio album, Who's Next. It became a commercial smash, reaching number one in the UK, and spawned two successful hit singles, \"Baba O'Riley\" and \"Won't GetFooled Again\", that featured pioneering use of the synthesizer. \"Baba O'Riley\" in particular was written as Townshend's ode to his two heroes at the time, Meher Baba and composer Terry Riley.Townshend began writingsongs for another rock opera in 1973. He decided it would explore the mod subculture and its clashes with Rockers in the early 1960s in the UK. Entitled Quadrophenia, it was the only Who album written entirely byTownshend, and he produced the album as well due to the souring of relations with Lambert. It was released in November, and became their highest charting cross-Atlantic success, reaching No. 2 in the UK and US.NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray called it \"prime cut Who\" and \"the most rewarding musical experience of the year.\" On tour, the band played the album along to pre-recorded backing tapes, causing much friction.The tapes malfunctioned during a performance in Newcastle, prompting Townshend to drag soundman Bob Pridden onstage, scream at him and kick over all the amplifiers, partially destroying the malfunctioning tapes.On 14 April 1974, Townshend played his first solo concert, a benefit to raise funds for a London community centre.A film version of Tommy was directed by Ken Russell, and starred Roger Daltrey in the title role,Ann-Margret as his mother, and Oliver Reed as his step-father, with cameos by Tina Turner, Elton John, Eric Clapton, and other rock notables; the film premiered on 18 March 1975. Townshend was nominated for anAcademy Award for scoring and adapting the music in the film. The Who by Numbers came out in November of that year and peaked at No. 7 in the UK and 8 in the US. It featured introspective songs, often with anegative slant. The album spawned one hit single, \"Squeeze Box\", that was written after Townshend learned how to play the accordion. After a 1976 tour, Townshend took a year-long break from the band to focus onspending time with his family.The Who continues despite the deaths of two of the original members (Keith Moon in 1978 and John Entwistle in 2002). The band is regarded by many rock critics as one of the best livebands from the 1960s to the 2000s. The Who continues to perform critically acclaimed sets into the 21st century, including highly regarded performances at The Concert For New York City in 2001, the 2004 Isle ofWight Festival, Live 8 in 2005, and the 2007 Glastonbury Festival.Townshend remained the primary songwriter and leader of the group, writing over 100 songs which appeared on the band's eleven studio albums.Among his creations is the rock opera Quadrophenia. Townshend revisited album-length storytelling throughout his career and remains associated with the rock opera form. Many studio recordings also featureTownshend on piano or keyboards, though keyboard-heavy tracks increasingly featured guest artists in the studio, such as Nicky Hopkins, John Bundrick, or Chris Stainton.Townshend is one of the key figures in thedevelopment of feedback in rock guitar. When asked who first used feedback, Deep Purple guitarist Ritchie Blackmore said:Pete Townshend was definitely the first. But not being that good a guitarist, he used to justsort of crash chords and let the guitar feedback. He didn't get into twiddling with the dials on the amplifier until much later. He's overrated in England, but at the same time you find a lot of people like Jeff Beck andHendrix getting credit for things he started. Townshend was the first to break his guitar, and he was the first to do a lot of things. He's very good at his chord scene, too.Similarly, when Jimmy Page was asked about thedevelopment of guitar feedback, he said:I don't know who really did feedback first; it just sort of happened. I don't think anybody consciously nicked it from anybody else. It was just going on. But Pete Townshendobviously was the one, through the music of his group, who made the use of feedback more his style, and so it's related to him. Whereas the other players like Jeff Beck and myself were playing more single note thingsthan chords.Many rock guitarists have cited Townshend as an influence, among them Slash, Alex Lifeson, and Steve Jones.1972–present: solo careerIn addition to his work with the Who, Townshend has beensporadically active as a solo recording artist. Between 1969 and 1971 Townshend, along with other devotees to Meher Baba, recorded a trio of albums devoted to his teachings: Happy Birthday, I Am, and With Love. Inresponse to bootlegging of these, he compiled his personal highlights (and \"Evolution\", a collaboration with Ronnie Lane), and released his first major-label solo title, 1972's Who Came First. It was a moderate successand featured demos of Who songs as well as a showcase of his acoustic guitar talents. He collaborated with the Faces' bassist and fellow Meher Baba devotee Ronnie Lane on a duet album (1977's Rough Mix). In 1979Townshend produced and performed guitar on the novelty single \"Peppermint Lump\" by Angie on Stiff Records, featuring 11-year-old Angela Porter on lead vocals.Townshend made several solo appearances during the1970s, two of which were captured on record: Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert in January 1973 (which Townshend organized to revive Clapton's career after the latter's heroin addiction), and the PaulMcCartney-sponsored Concerts for the People of Kampuchea in December 1979. The commercially available video of the Kampuchea concert shows the two rock icons duelling and clowning through Rockestramega-band versions of \"Lucille\", \"Let It Be\", and \"Rockestra Theme\"; Townshend closes the proceedings with a characteristic split-legged leap.Townshend's solo breakthrough, following the death of Who drummer KeithMoon, was the 1980 release Empty Glass, which included the top-10 single \"Let My Love Open the Door\", and lesser singles \"A Little Is Enough\" and \"Rough Boys\". This release was followed in 1982 by All the BestCowboys Have Chinese Eyes, which included the popular radio track \"Slit Skirts\". While not a huge commercial success, noted music critic Timothy Duggan listed it as \"Townshend's most honest and introspective worksince Quadrophenia.\" Through the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s Townshend would again experiment with the rock opera and related formats, releasing several story-based albums including White City: A Novel(1985), The Iron Man: A Musical (1989), and Psychoderelict (1993).Townshend also got the chance to play with his hero Hank Marvin for Paul McCartney's \"Rockestra\" sessions, along with other rock musicians such asDavid Gilmour, John Bonham, and Ronnie Lane.Townshend has also recorded several concert albums, including one featuring a supergroup he assembled called Deep End, with David Gilmour on guitar, who performedjust three concerts and a television show session for The Tube, to raise money for his Double-O charity, supporting drug addicts. In 1993 he and Des McAnuff wrote and directed the Broadway adaptation of the Whoalbum Tommy, as well as a less successful stage musical based on his solo album The Iron Man, based upon the book by Ted Hughes. McAnuff and Townshend later co-produced the animated film The Iron Giant, alsobased on the Hughes story.A production described as a Townshend rock opera and titled The Boy Who Heard Music debuted as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater program in July 2007.On 2September 2017 in Lenox, Massachusetts, Townshend embarked with fellow singer and musician Billy Idol, tenor Alfie Boe, and an orchestra on a short (5-date) \"Classic Quadrophenia\" US tour which ended on 16September 2017 in Los Angeles, California.1996–present: latest Who workFrom the mid-1990s through the present, Townshend has participated in a series of tours with the surviving members of the Who, including a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_148","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Popiel IPopiel I was a legendary ruler of Poland, member of the Popielids dynasty. According to the legends reported by Wincenty Kadłubek in his Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, he wasthe son of Leszko III. Father of Popiel II.BibliographyJerzy Strzelczyk: Mity, podania i wierzenia dawnych Słowian. Poznań: Rebis, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7301-973-7.Jerzy Strzelczyk: Od Prasłowian do Polaków. Kraków:Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987. ISBN 83-03-02015-3.Passage 2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department innorth-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 3:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali inthe court of YazidSermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid  are the statements made by Zaynab bint Ali in the presence of Yazid I in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala when the captive family members ofMuhammad, prophet of Islam, and the heads of those murdered were moved to the Levant (equivalent to the historical region of Syria) by the forces of Yazid I. Zaynab delivered a defiant sermon in the court of Yazid inwhich she humiliated Yazid and exposed his army's atrocities while honoring the Ahl al-Bayt and those killed in Karbala and expounding upon the eternal consequences of the battle.Zaynab bint AliZaynab bint Ali(Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was one of the daughters of Ali and Fatimah. Like other members of her family she became a great figure of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam – in both the Sunni andShia sects of the religion. Zaynab married Abdullah ibn Ja'far and had three sons and two daughters. When her brother Husayn defended Islam and opposed the tyranny of Yazid caliph in 680 AD (61 AH), Zaynabaccompanied his companions, 72 men who, together with Husayn, were brutally slain by government forces numbering 30,000 men at the Battle of Karbala. Zaynab played an important role in disclosing the true eventsleading up to the massacre of the third Shia Imam Husayn, and his supporters. She also protected the life of her nephew Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the fourth Shia Imam, as he lay seriously ill and unable to go tothe battlefield. Because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the \"Hero of Karbala\". Zaynab died in 681, and her shrine is located in Damascus, Syria.BackgroundAfter the battle of Karbala the capturedfamily of the prophet and the heads of those who were killed were taken to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. On the first day of the month of Safar, according to Turabi, they arrived in the Levant and the capturedfamily and heads were taken into Yazid's presence. First, the identity of each head was told to him. Then he paid attention to a woman who was objecting. Yazid asked, \"Who is this arrogant woman?\" All the audiencepaused for a moment. The woman rose to answer and said: \"Why are you asking them [the woman]? Ask me. I'll tell you [who I am]. I am Muhammad's granddaughter. I am Fatima's daughter.\" People at the courtwere impressed and amazed by her. According to the narration of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, in Yazid's presence a man with red skin asked Yazid for one of the captured women to be his slave. Yazid hit the lips and teeth ofHussein with his stick while saying: \"I wish those of my clan who were killed at Badr, and those who had seen the Khazraj clan wailing (in the battle of Uhad) on account of lancet wounds, were here. At this time,Zaynab bint Ali began to give her sermon.ContextZaynab bint Ali started her sermon with the praise of Allah:In the name of Allah, The most Gracious, the most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds.May praise and salutations be upon my grandfather, the leader of Allah's messengers and upon his progeny.God gives time to disbelieversVerse 178 of chapter of Al Imran was descended about polytheists of Meccasuch as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. Zainab bint Ali once again relates this verse to Yazid, grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. She said: \"Do not be satisfied with this temporal achievement; this time passes quickly and Allahwill punish you. You will be humiliated.\"As we see in the sermon:O Yazid! Do you think that we have become humble and despicable owing to the martyrdom of our people and our own captivity? Do you think that bykilling the godly persons you have become great and respectable and the Almighty looks at you with special grace and kindness? You have, however, forgotten what Allah says: The disbelievers must not think that ourrespite is for their good We only give them time to let them increase their sins. For them there will be a humiliating torment. (Quran 3:178 (Yusuf Ali))Humiliate the enemy and honoring the Ahl al-BaytOne concern ofZaynab bint Ali in the battle of Karbala was the humiliation of the enemy and the honor of the Ahl al-Bayt.O son of the freed ones! Is it justice that you keep your women and slave-girls in seclusion but have made thehelpless daughters of the Holy Prophet ride on swift camels and given them in the hands of their enemies so that they may take them from one city to anotherPosition of those killed in KarbalaZaynab bint Ali told Yazidnot to be happy because of his victory. She named verse 169 of Al Imran and emphasized that those dying for a just cause are victors and that Yazid's happiness will end with the torture of Allah.It will be the day whenAllah will deliver the descendants of the Holy Prophet from the state of being scattered and will bring all of them together in Paradise. This is the promise which Allah has made in the Holy Quran. Do not think of thosewho are slain for the cause of Allah as dead. They are alive with their Lord and receive sustenance from Him.(Quran 3:169 (Yusuf Ali))Referring to the oppressionAt this point in the sermon she referred to all theoppression and injustices of the Umayyad from time of Abu Sufyan till the time of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. She also believed that the Umayyad owed their power to the Islamic Ummah's failure to uphold the Quran and therightful succession to Muhammad. She further stated that:Our blood is dripping from their hands and our flesh is falling down from their mouths.External consequences of the battleZaynab bint Ali stated that the battleof Karbala had a positive effect on history. She believed that jihad, struggle in the path of Allah, had eternal effects.You (Yazid) may employ your deceit and cunning efforts, but I swear by Allah that the shame anddisgrace which you have earned by the treatment meted out to us cannot be eradicated.In the NewsIn his book, Explanations on Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali at the Levant, published by Bustan publications, Ali KarimiJahromi reviews different opinions about this sermon.See alsoBattle of KarbalaSermon of Ali ibn Husayn in DamascusPassage 4:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one'sancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (NatalieMerchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent warfilmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including alist of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person wasborn. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs indifferent countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it'sdetermined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new babylive. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place ofbirth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept offödelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is consideredunimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated,not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice oftenreferred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of thecountries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Someadministrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\".For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takesplace.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Yazid IIIYazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn \u0000Abd al-Malik (701 – 3/4 October 744) (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) usually known simply as Yazid IIIwas the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.Birth and backgroundYazid was the member of the influential Umayyad dynasty.Hisfather, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen, while historian al-Tabari (d. 923) names nineteen. Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother wasWallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya.Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I. His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of Peroz. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet ofYazid's on his own ancestry:I am the son of Chosroes, my ancestor was Marwan,Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khagan.Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome.Downfallof Al-WalidDuring the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against Walid's \"immorality\" which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims, and Yazidreceived further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human free will). Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from thetreasury.According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Abd al-Malik to meet Walid at al-Bakhra'. 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (shura) to decide the future of the realm.Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life. Yazid had Walid's head hoisted \"on a lance and paraded around Damascus\"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and Hakam, whom Walidhad designated as his heirs.AccessionOn accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon theweak. He promised \"to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no money from one province to another\" without reason, \"keep no troops on the field too long\", and not to overtaxthe ahl al-dhimma; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle to al-amr shura – to an electedcaliphate.Tabari records Yazid's nickname \"the Diminisher\" (Naqis), given because he reduced military annuities by 10%, whereas his predecessor had promised a raise. According to Islamic popular tradition, recordedin an apocalyptic style, Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.The city of Homs refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements against him. Another cousin, Marwan ibn Muhammadibn Marwan, governor of Armenia, had initially supported Walid and on Walid's death entered Iraq to avenge him. Marwan eventually rallied around Yazid.ReignYazid appointed Mansur ibn Jumhur to replace Yusuf ibn'Umar as governor of Iraq. On May 15, Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in al-Mada'ini (reproduced in Tabari) and in al-Baladhuri. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including \"the enemy ofAllah\" al-Walid II, at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequentlyimprisoned and later killed by the son of Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, but Nasr refused to accept this. Facing opposition from Juday al-Kirmani,Nasr invited al-Harith ibn Surayj to return from his thirteen-year stay in Turgesh territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had given him and gained the support of many people inKhurasan.DeathYazid ruled the Caliphate from April 744 to 4 October 744. Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour and died on October 3 or 4, 744. Ibrahim duly succeededhim.See alsoUmar ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leaderAbd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leaderAl-Abbas ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military generalBishr ibnal-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military generalSulayman ibn Hisham, an Umayyad military general and cousin of Yazid IIIPassage 7:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by DavidHawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny,Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking atphotos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and PeggyMcCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Passalbum)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song byRosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 8:Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in DamascusThe Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) are the statements of Ali ibn Husayn in the presence of Umayyad caliph Yazid I. After the Battle of Karbala, the captured family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, and the heads of those killed weremoved to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. By order of Yazid, a pulpit was prepared, and a public speaker gave a lecture that placed blame on Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.In reply to the Yazid's speaker, Ali IbnHusayn;introduced himself and his descendants. Also, he recounted the events leading to the death of Husayn ibn Ali.Ali ibn HusaynAli ibn Husayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), also known as Zaynal-Abidin (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"Adornment of the Worshippers\"), was the fourth Shia Imam, after his father Husayn. Ali ibn Husayn survived the Battle of Karbala and was taken, along withenslaved women, to the caliph in Damascus. Eventually, he was allowed to return to Medina, where he led a secluded life with a few intimate companions. Zayn al-Abidin's life and statements were entirely devoted toasceticism and religious teachings, mostly in the form of invocations and supplications. His famous supplications are known as Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.BackgroundAfter the Battle of Karbala, the captured family of theprophet Muhammad and the heads of those killed were moved to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. According to Turabi, on the first day of Safar they arrived in the Levant (Damascus) and were taken into Yazid'spresence.According to Bihar al-Anwar, Yazid ordered a pulpit to be constructed in Damascus. He designated a public speaker to blame Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. The public speaker sat at the pulpit and began his lecture bypraising Allah and insulting Ali and his son, Husayn. Also, he devoted a long time to praising Yazid and his father Muawiyah. In the middle of the lecture, Ali ibn Husayn called out to him and said: \"O you who preach!Woe be to you! You have bought the wrath of the Creator in lieu of the pleasure of the creatures, while your place is hell.\" Then he turned towards Yazid and said: \"Do you permit me to speak that which would beagreeable to Allah and would be a means of reward for those present?\" Yazid refused, but the people said, \"Permit him to ascend the pulpit. Perhaps we may hear something (worthwhile) from him.\" Yazid replied, \"If Ipermit him to mount the pulpit, he shall not descend it until he humiliates me and the progeny of Abu Sufyan.\" They said, \"How could this ailing youth do such a thing?' Yazid replied, \"He comes from a family that hasfrom infancy consumed wisdom along with their milk.\" Yazid finally relented, and Ali ibn Husayn ascended the pulpit and gave his sermon.(According to Kamile Bahai, Ali ibn Husayn asked Yazid to let him give thesermon on Friday.)ContextAli ibn Husayn began his sermon by praising Allah.Praise be to Allah Who has no beginning, and the Everlasting Who has no end. The foremost Whose beginning has no beginning, and the LastWhose end has no end.Then he said about the knowledge, forbearance, munificence, eloquence, valor, and friendship of Ahl al-Bayt and also the name of Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib.O people! Wehave been bestowed six qualities and seven merits (by Allah). Knowledge, forbearance, munificence, eloquence, valor and friendship in the hearts of the believers are present in us. While our merits are that the Prophetin Authority is from amongst us; the Truthful (Imam Ali) is from amongst us; the Flyer (Ja’far at Tayyar) is from amongst us; the Lion of Allah, and that of His Prophet, is from amongst us; while also the two Sibtain(Hasan and Husayn) of this nation are from amongst us. Those who know me, know me, while those who do not know me, I reveal my pedigree and ancestry for them until they recognize me.He drew attention to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_149","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:IwamuraIwamura (written: \u0000\u0000 lit. \"rock village\") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:Akinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball playerNoboru Iwamura, Japanese biologistAi Iwamura, Japanese actressIwamura Michitoshi, Meiji era politicianShunichi Iwamura (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000, born 1940), Japanese sprint canoeistSee alsoIwamura Castle in Gifu Prefecture, JapanIwamura, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan67853 Iwamura, main-belt asteroidPassage 2:Little Rock Trojans women's basketballThe Little Rock Trojans women's basketball team represents the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The school will join the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) on July 1, 2022 after 31 seasons in the Sun Belt Conference.HistoryLittle Rock has won the West Division in the Sun Belt in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. They won the Sun Belt Conference Tournament in 2011, 2012, and 2015. They have made the WNIT in 2008, 2009, and 2013. They made the Second Round of the NCAA Tournament in 2010 beating Georgia Tech 63–53. They lost to Oklahoma 60–44 in the subsequent game. They made the Second Round in 2015 after beating Texas A&M 69–60. They lost 57–54 to Arizona State in the subsequent game. As of the end of the 2015–16 season, the Trojans have an all-time record of 384–485, with a 288–231 record since joining Division I in 1999.NCAA tournament resultsPassage 3:University of Arkansas at Little RockThe University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA Little Rock) is a public research university in Little Rock, Arkansas. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927, the institution became a private four-year university under the name Little Rock University in 1957. It returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The former campus of Little Rock Junior College is now (2019) the campus of Philander Smith College.At 250 acres (100 ha), the UA Little Rock campus encompasses more than 56 buildings, including the Center for Nanotechnology Integrative Sciences, the Emerging Analytics Center, the Sequoyah Research Center, and the Ottenheimer Library Additionally, UA Little Rock houses special learning facilities that include a learning resource center, art galleries, KUAR public radio station, University Television, and a campus-wide wireless network. It is classified among \"R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity\".AcademicsThe university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including graduate certificates, master's degrees, and doctorates, through both traditional and online courses. Students attend classes in one of the university's three new colleges and a law school:College of Business, Health, and Human ServicesCollege of Humanities, Arts, Social Sciences, and EducationDonaghey College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsWilliam H. Bowen School of LawStudent lifeThe student life at UA Little Rock is typical of public universities in the United States. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities and interests. Some of the services offered by the UA Little Rock Office of Campus Life are intramural sports and fitness programs, diversity programs, leadership development, peer tutoring, student government association, student support programs including groups for non-traditional and first generation students, a student-run newspaper, and fraternity and sorority life. The proximity of the UA Little Rock campus to downtown Little Rock enables students to take advantage of a wide array of recreational, entertainment, educational, internship and employment opportunities that are not available anywhere else in Arkansas.Campus livingUA Little Rock provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four residence halls on the eastern side of the campus and the University Village Apartment Complex on the southern side of campus. Six learning communities focusing on criminal justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers, and STEM are available to students.AthleticsUA Little Rock's 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, with almost all teams participating in the Sun Belt Conference. Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football (UT Arlington being the other); UA Little Rock last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rock's main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center. UA Little Rock offers the following sports:Two Little Rock teams that do not compete in the Sun Belt are the women's swimming and diving team (Missouri Valley Conference) and wrestling (Pac-12 Conference), neither of which the Sun Belt sponsors. Wrestling is the school's newest sport, starting in 2019 and is the first Division I program in Arkansas.Little Rock will move to the Ohio Valley Conference for the 2022-23 season.Collections and archivesOn July 1, 2014, the UA Little Rock Collections and Archives division was created. The division encompasses:Ottenheimer LibraryCenter for Arkansas History and CultureSequoyah National Research CenterWeekend programsThe Japanese School of Little Rock (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Ritoru Rokku Nihongo Hoshūkō), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at the University Plaza.Notable students and alumniGovernmentCamille Bennett – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKarilyn Brown – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentJames Richard Cheek (1957) – U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1979–1981), Ethiopia (1985–1988), Sudan (1989–1992) and Argentina (1993–1996)Charlie Daniels (attended) – Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands (1985–2001), Arkansas Secretary of State (2002–2010), Arkansas State Auditor (2001–present)Vivian Flowers (B.S. in political science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKenneth Henderson - Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–present Douglas House (1976) Arkansas House of Representatives, 2013–presentAllen Kerr (attended) – Arkansas Insurance Commissioner (2015–present) and former member of the Arkansas House of RepresentativesMike Ross (1987) – U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2013Bill Sample (attended) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2005–2010; Arkansas Senate 2011–presentRobert William Schroeder III (1989) - U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Nominated June 2014Frank Scott Jr. – current mayor of Little Rock, AR.Vic Snyder (1988) – U.S. House of Representatives, 1997–2011James Sturch – (B.S., Political Science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentEducationJames E. Cofer – Ed.D. alumnus, former UA Little Rock professor, and former president of both Missouri State University and the University of Louisiana at MonroeEntertainmentJulie Adams (1946) – Actress (film & television)Symone (2017) - Drag Performer & Model (winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 13)AthleticsMalik Dixon - basketball player, top scorer in the 2005 Israel Basketball Premier LeagueDerek Fisher – Former Los Angeles Lakers player and New York Knicks head coachRayjon Tucker - Professional basketball player in the NBA with Milwaukee BucksNotesPassage 4:Little Rock Port Authority RailroadThe Port of Little Rock Railroad, sometimes called the Little Rock Port Authority Railroad, provides switching services through a 20-mile system of tracks at the 4,000-acre Little Rock Port Industrial Park at the Port of Little Rock, Arkansas.  It provides port access and railroad interchange services not only to the more than twenty businesses at the park, but also to any business seeking to ship or receive cargo through the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System.HistoryPurchase of 151 acres in July 1967 started the planning process for the dock area at the Port.  Four miles of railroad were constructed by July, 1968, the year in which the port began operations.   In 1970, the railroad connected to what were then the Rock Island Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and started work on a marshalling yard.  By 1974 the marshalling yard was complete.    In 1977, railroad engine storage and maintenance buildings were completed.InterchangeThe line extends from the dock to the interchange point with what is now the Union Pacific (UP) at a junction near Clinton National Airport.  Access to what is now the BNSF is obtained through trackage/haulage rights.OperationsThe port railroad operates with two locomotives and five crew members.  It utilizes a tandem unit with an EMD GP15-1 locomotive owned by the port, and one EMD SW1500 locomotive leased from GATX.  The railroad handles over 20,000 cars annually.Passage 5:Jamal BeygJamal Beyg (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, also Romanized as Jamāl Beyg) is a village in Dezhkord Rural District, Sedeh District, Eqlid County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 76 families.Passage 6:Little Rock Trojans baseballThe Little Rock Trojans baseball team, is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference, which is part of the NCAA Division I. The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock, Arkansas.On July 1, 2015, the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas–Little Rock or \"UALR,\" but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately.Year-by-year resultsReferences:See alsoList of NCAA Division I baseball programsPassage 7:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called \"estate named after Abba\", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that was the main route through the village was by-passed in the 1960s.ChurchesGreat Abington's parish church has been dedicated to St Mary since at least the 16th century and comprises a chancel, nave with south aisle and porch, and west tower. The majority of the present building dates from the 13th century, possibly earlier, including the two-storey tower with short leaded spire.Little Abington's parish church is also dedicated to St Mary, and has been since at least the 16th century. The present building consists of a chancel, nave with north chapel and south porch, and west tower. The nave is believed to date from around 1100, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 13th century. The three-storey tower is probably 14th century.A Protestant chapel was built in Little Abington towards the end of the 19th century. It closed in late 2019 and the land has now been sold. Demolition of the chapel has been confirmed.Village lifeThe village has a vibrant community with a primary school, village shop, pub, football and cricket team and a large number of local businesses, most of them at Granta Park including The Welding Institute which started in Abington Hall in 1946. In 2009 Abington cricket club played a friendly against Babraham cricket club to commemorate 150 years of the cricket team.The village also has a village hall, called The Abington Institute, which has a café, a large main hall with video projection and an audio system allowing the showing of films and presentations. It also has a meeting room, another large room overlooking the cricket pitch and two changing rooms with showers. The Institute is used by many local clubs and organisations and also hosts regular lunches for older Abington residents.The remaining public house, The Three Tuns in Great Abington, is a 17th-century building that was possibly open in 1687 and certainly by 1756. Former pubs in Little Abington include The Crown which closed in the late 20th century, and The Bricklayers' Arms, which opened in the mid-19th century and was sold in 1912. The Princess (later Prince) of Wales in Great Abington opened at the end of the 19th century and closed in about 1963. The King's Arms opened on the Stump Cross to Newmarket road (now the A11) just north of Bourn Bridge in the late 17th century, closing in 1850 with the advent of the railway. The antiquary William Cole was born there while his father was publican. The White Hart opened on the same road just south of the bridge in around 1750, but closed by the end of the century.Passage 8:Little Rock CreekLittle Rock Creek may refer to:Little Rock Creek (Los Angeles County, California)Little Rock Creek (Minnesota River), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Mississippi River), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Red Lake), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Montana)Passage 9:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called \"estate named after Abba\", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that was the main route through the village was by-passed in the 1960s.ChurchesGreat Abington's parish church has been dedicated to St Mary since at least the 16th century and comprises a chancel, nave with south aisle and porch, and west tower. The majority of the present building dates from the 13th century, possibly earlier, including the two-storey tower with short leaded spire.Little Abington's parish church is also dedicated to St Mary, and has been since at least the 16th century. The present building consists of a chancel, nave with north chapel and south porch, and west tower. The nave is believed to date from around 1100, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 13th century. The three-storey tower is probably 14th century.A Protestant chapel was built in Little Abington towards the end of the 19th century. It closed in late 2019 and the land has now been sold. Demolition of the chapel has been confirmed.Village lifeThe village has a vibrant community with a primary school, village shop, pub, football and cricket team and a large number of local businesses, most of them at Granta Park including The Welding Institute which started in Abington Hall in 1946. In 2009 Abington cricket club played a friendly against Babraham cricket club to commemorate 150 years of the cricket team.The village also has a village hall, called The Abington Institute, which has a café, a large main hall with video projection and an audio system allowing the showing of films and presentations. It also has a meeting room, another large room overlooking the cricket pitch and two changing rooms with showers. The Institute is used by many local clubs and organisations and also hosts regular lunches for older Abington residents.The remaining public house, The Three Tuns in Great Abington, is a 17th-century building that was possibly open in 1687 and certainly by 1756. Former pubs in Little Abington include The Crown which closed in the late 20th century, and The Bricklayers' Arms, which opened in the mid-19th century and was sold in 1912. The Princess (later Prince) of Wales in Great Abington opened at the end of the 19th century and closed in about 1963. The King's Arms opened on the Stump Cross to Newmarket road (now the A11) just north of Bourn Bridge in the late 17th century, closing in 1850 with the advent of the railway. The antiquary William Cole was born there while his father was publican. The White Hart opened on the same road just south of the bridge in around 1750, but closed by the end of the century.Passage 10:Little Rock VillageLittle Rock Village was a Native American village of the Potawatomi people located on the north bank of the Kankakee River, at a site close to the current boundary between Kankakee and  Will counties of the state of Illinois in the United States. The location now lies within the present-day Kankakee River State Park, close to the mouth of Rock Creek on Kankakee River."}
{"doc_id":"doc_150","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:Star Quest: The OdysseyStar Quest: The Odyssey is a 2009 low budget American science-fiction film directed by Jon Bonnell, written by Carlos Perez, and starring Aaron Ginn-Forsberg, Davina Joy and Tamara McDaniel. The film was released on November 3, 2009.External linksStar Quest: The Odyssey at IMDbTrailer Star Quest: The Odyssey on YouTubePassage 3:Men's GroupMen's Group is a 2008 Australian drama film. The film is directed by Michael Joy from a screenplay co-written with John L. Simpson.PlotThe film follows the lives of six men over a period of months as they convene weekly in a self-help style group. Meeting at the home of Paul, the men include Freddy, a depressed stand-up comedian; the elderly Cecil; businessman Lucas; the bereaved Anthony; taciturn Moses; and talkative, middle-aged Alex. As trust grows between the men they gradually begin to open up and learn to listen to each other, discovering they are not alone in their fears as they had presumed. When a tragedy befalls the group, the men realize they must take responsibilities for their own lives and those of their loved ones.CastGrant Dodwell as AlexPaul Gleeson as PaulSteve Le Marquand as LucasDon Reid as CecilSteve Rodgers as FreddyPaul Tassone as MosesWilliam Zappa as AnthonyProductionDevelopmentThe concept of the film was conceived by Michael Joy and John L. Simpson, while working together on another project dealing with men's issues and their inability to communicate. At that time, director Michael Joy was experiencing depression and attended a men's support group on the advice of a telephone counsellor. Joy was struck by the pain of the men in the room and the safe environment in which they could express what they were going through.FilmingJoy worked with each of the actors separately, workshopping the script over two months. Using this technique, Michael and John L. would create scenes from key character points and events. Only then was a comprehensive screenplay drafted and delivered to the heads of departments.The actors were not allowed to see the screenplay prior to shooting, and had little or no idea of other characters' story lines. The filmmakers did this to capture the actors' first responses to what was unfolding in front of them. There was only one take for each shot that appears in the film, and the shoot lasted only 14 days. It was shot in sequence, so the filmmakers could not go back to reshoot. Before each scene, Joy spent time talking to the actors quietly and individually about their lives at that point, trying to get them to speak about specific things that needed to happen in the film.The film was a micro-budget production, created on a reverse finance model, with each key crew member and actor taking an equity position in the film.ReceptionThe film was praised and is particularly recognised for the strong performances by the lead actors. Anton Bitel of Eye for Film wrote the film \"represents a refreshing examination of the collective male psyche through pure drama\", and added the improvisational nature of the film results in an \"ensemble performances of searing, warts-and-all realism, so utterly believable that viewers themselves will feel like silent members of the party, compelled by the power of the proceedings to watch, listen, learn – and maybe join in the conversation after the credits have rolled.\" On At the Movies, Margaret Pomeranz awarded the film four stars and David Stratton awarded it three and a half stars.On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Men's Group has an approval rating of 86% based on 7 reviews.AFI Fellowship and TourFollowing the theatrical release of the film by Titan View, John L. Simpson was approached by men's health groups who wished to screen the film and use it as a tool to prompt discussions about men's mental health. With this interest, Simpson proposed to tour the film around Australia to non-theatrical venues for community group screenings, and in the process create a map of all venues in Australia suitable to screen from. For this proposal he was awarded the 2008 AFI Fellowship.The program has allowed the film to tour to towns such as Tamworth, Armidale, Bellingen, Dorrigo, Bowraville, and Bowral.In early March 2009, Men’s Group was screened to men's and women's prisons in Tasmania.Awards and nominationsFilm Critics Circle of Australia2009: Nominated, Best Actor – Grant DodwellInside Film Awards2008: Won, Best Actor – Grant Dodwell2008: Won, Best Feature Film – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Won, Best Script – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Nominated, Best Music – Haydn Walker2008: DigiSPAA AwardPassage 4:Un Soir de JoieUn Soir de Joie (French)  is a Belgian comic film directed by Gaston Schoukens and released in 1955.The film's plot takes place in German-occupied Belgium during World War II and focuses on the so-called Faux Soir, a satirical version of the German-controlled newspaper Le Soir produced by the resistance.The film includes extensive footage of Brussels in the 1950s, where it was filmed on location.Marcel Roels, Roger Dutoit, Jean-Pierre Loriot, Victor Guyau, Madeleine Rivière, Jacques Philippet, Francine Vendel all acted in the film.PlotBased on a true story from November 1943: the Resistance manages to publish a fake edition of the pro-German newspaper 'Le Soir', put on sale by surprise in the newsstands and stuffed full of parodic articles pouring ridicule upon occupying forces. The film faithfully traced the course of this humorous and enterprising attempt to wake up the populace, filling out the basic plot with irreverent patriotic gags.Passage 5:Times of Joy and SorrowTimes of Joy and Sorrow (USA title), The Lighthouse (UK title), or\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 (Yorokobi mo Kanashimi mo Ikutoshitsuki), is a 1957 color Japanese film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, who shot on location at 10 different lighthouses throughout Japan, including opening scenes at Kannonzaki, the site of the country's first lighthouse.PlotIn 1932, a young lighthouse keeper returns from his father's funeral with a new bride, who quickly learns the importance of the marital bond to members of her husband's profession, which is often characterized by the hardships of physical isolation and sudden reassignment. Over the next 25 years they transfer to ten different lighthouses throughout Japan, raising two children and befriending multiple colleagues and their families. They endure wartime attacks on the strategically relevant lighthouses as well as a tragedy involving one of their children, ultimately celebrating the other's marriage and settling together into middle age.CastHideko Takamine as Kiyoko ArisawaKeiji Sada as Shiro ArisawaTakahiro Tamura as Mr. NozuKatsuo Nakamura as KotaroYōko Katsuragi as Fuji TatsukoKōji Mitsui as Mr. KanemakiKuniko Igawa as Itoko SuzukiShizue Natsukawa as Mrs. NatoriMasako Arisawa as YukinoHiroko Itō as MasakoNoboru Nakaya as Shingo NatoriTakeshi Sakamoto as PostmasterRyūji Kita as NatoriMutsuko Sakura as Mrs. KanemakiFeatured LighthousesKannonzaki Lighthouse - Miura Peninsula, KanagawaIshikari Lighthouse - Ishikari, HokkaidoIzu Oshima Lighthouse - Izu Ōshima, Izu IslandsMizunokojima Lighthouse - Bungo Channel, OitaMeshima Lighthouse - Gotō Islands, NagasakiHajiki Saki Lighthouse - Sado Island, NiigataOmaesaki Lighthouse - Omaezaki, ShizuokaAnorisaki Lighthouse - Shima, MieOgijima Lighthouse - Seto Inland Sea, KagawaHiyoriyama Lighthouse - Otaru, HokkaidoLegacyThe highly-popular film has been remade three times for Japanese television, and in 1986 Kinoshita himself reworked it as Big Joys, Small Sorrows, the Western version of its actual title (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), which translates roughly as New Times of Joy and Sorrow.Its rousing, eponymous theme song was a major hit for Akira Wakayama and became a cultural touchstone of 1950s Japan.In 1993 a statue depicting the movie's two stars in an iconic pose from publicity materials was erected at Hajikizaki Lighthouse on Sato Island, one of the filming sites, as a tribute to lighthouse staff nationwide.AvailabilityAlthough the film has not been released on disc or for streaming in the United States, Kinoshita's remake Big Joys, Small Sorrows was among the inaugural films available in Spring 2019 for streaming on The Criterion Channel.Passage 6:Eve's LeavesEve's Leaves is a 1926 American silent romantic comedy film starring Leatrice Joy and William Boyd. The film was produced and distributed by Cecil B. DeMille and directed by Paul Sloane It is based upon the 1925 play of the same name by Harry Chapman Ford.PlotCaptain Corbin (Edeson), who operates the tramp cargo ship Garden of Eden, has raised his daughter Eve (Joy) as a boy. After learning about men after reading some romance novels belonging to the cook Cookie (Harris), she goes ashore in a Chinese port to find her true love and spies American Bob Britton (Boyd), whom she then has kidnapped to augment the ship's crew. Pirate Chang Fang (Long) and his pirates capture the ship seeking passage to his stronghold. With Cookie's help, Eve remakes herself using an outfit made from a curtain and some beads, which draws the interest of both Chang and Bob. In the end, Eve saves the day and she and Bob are married on board by a missionary (Hoyt).CastProductionLeatrice Joy had impulsively cut her hair short in 1926, and DeMille, whom Joy had followed when he set up Producers Distributing Corporation, was publicly angry as it prevented her from portraying traditional feminine roles. The studio developed projects with roles suitable for her “Leatrice Joy bob”, and Eve's Leaves was the second of five films before she regrew her hair. In both Eve's Leaves and The Clinging Vine (1926), Joy's character is mistaken as being male in at least one scene. In 1928, a professional dispute would end the Joy / Demille partnership and she signed with MGM.Intertitles featuring quotes from stereotype Chinese characters are in a racist fictional Asian dialect that today would be considered offensive.PreservationA 16mm print of Eve's Leaves is preserved film at the UCLA Film and Television Archive and the film has been released on DVD.Passage 7:Wasted TimeWasted Time(s) may refer to:Songs\"Wasted Time\" (Fuel song), 2007\"Wasted Time\" (Keith Urban song), 2016\"Wasted Time\" (Kings of Leon song), 2003\"Wasted Time\" (Skid Row song), 1991\"Wasted Time\" (Vance Joy song), 2014\"Wasted Times\" (The Weeknd song), 2018\"Wasted Time\", by Bret Michaels from Custom Built, 2010\"Wasted Time\", by Cloves, 2018\"Wasted Time\", by the Eagles from Hotel California, 1976\"Wasted Time\", by Europe from Wings of Tomorrow, 1984\"Wasted Time\", by Heavenly from Virus, 2006\"Wasted Time\", by Holy Knights from Between Daylight and Pain, 2012\"Wasted Time\", by Lionel Richie from Renaissance, 2000Other usesThe Wasted Times, a 2016 Chinese-Hong Kong filmSee alsoWasting Time (disambiguation)Wasting My Time (disambiguation)\"Waste Time\", a song by the Fire Theft from their self-titled albumPassage 8:City of Joy (2016 film)City of Joy is a 2016 documentary film directed and written by Madeleine Gavin. It follows the first class of students at a leadership center in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo.The film was released by Netflix on September 7, 2018.PremiseThe east of the Democratic Republic of Congo is a region in which being a woman is hard since she often experiences violence in the wake of a 20-year war, driven by colonialism. In the film, women band together at the leadership center to find a way to handle the horrible experiences that they had to live and to come out on the other side to be leaders and inspirations for other women in the region.Passage 9:TalentimeTalentime is a 2009 Malaysian drama film written and directed by Yasmin Ahmad. Yasmin, in her blog, has described it \"as a story full of joy and pain, hope and despair, a host of beautifully-written songs, and rich characters\". A Hindu open cremation and a scene reminiscent of the 2001 Kampung Medan riots are included in the film.The film was released on 26 March 2009 in Malaysia and marks Yasmin's last feature film prior to her death on 25 July 2009.Plot\"The music teacher, who is herself a great performer is organising an inter-school talentime. Through the days of auditions, rehearsals and preparations, running up to the big day of the contest, the characters get embroiled in a world of heightened emotions - ambition, jealousy, human comedy, romance, heartbreak - all of which culminate in a day of great music and performances.\" Yasmin also mentioned that the idea behind Talentime was that as humans, we have to go through a lot of pain and some measure of suffering before we can reach greater heights.A talent search competition has matched two hearts - that of Melur, a Malay-mixed girl and an Indian male student, Mahesh. Melur, with her melodious voice, singing whilst playing the piano is one of the seven finalists of the Talentime competition of her school organised by Cikgu Adibah. Likewise Hafiz, enthralling with his vocalist talent while playing the guitar, dividing his time between school and mother, who is hospitalised for brain tumor.It all started after Mahesh, amongst the students assigned to get the finalists to school for practice, delivered the notice of successful audition to Melur's house. His handsome looks attracted the girl. Early on in their relationship, tragedy struck Mahesh's family when his uncle Ganesh who had been the care-taker of the family since the loss of Mahesh's father, was stabbed to death on his wedding day. Melur thinking that Mahesh's silence was due to his grief over the tragedy became furious when she was continuously ignored. She regretted it however after Hafiz revealed Mahesh's situation.That changed Melur's perception of Mahesh. Likewise Mahesh, who grew comfortable with the presence of the girl who often quotes beautiful poetry. Mahesh, realising that the relationship will be opposed, kept it hidden from his mother, still grieving over the death of Ganesh. At last, the secret was exposed and Mahesh was assaulted before Melur's very eyes. Just a day before the competition, is Melur resilient enough to sing the poetic lyrics of her song when her heart is tormented by the thoughts of Mahesh? What about Mahesh who has found his first love? On Talentime night, everything unfolds.CastMahesh Jugal Kishor as Mahesh, a hearing impaired Indian boy who becomes Melur's love interest.Pamela Chong as Melur, a Eurasian girl in the Talentime finals who sings and plays the piano.Syafie Naswip as Hafiz, a Malay boy in the Talentime finals who sings and plays the guitar.Jaclyn Victor as Bhavani, Mahesh's elder sister who has a penchant for picking on him.Howard Hon Kahoe as Kahoe, a Chinese boy in the Talentime finals who plays the erhu and resents Hafiz.Amelia Henderson as Melati, Melur's younger sister.Adibah Noor as Cikgu Adibah, the teacher in charge of organising the Talentime.Azean Irdawaty as Embun, Hafiz's mother who is diagnosed with terminal brain cancer.Harith Iskander as Harith, Melur's comical father.Sukania Venugopal as Mahesh's mother.Jit Murad as Ismael, A patient who befriends Embun at the hospital during her final days.Mislina Mustaffa as Melur's mother.Tan Mei Ling as Mei Ling, a Chinese Muslim convert who works as a maid for Melur's family.Ida Nerina as Datin Kalsom, a friend of Melur's mother who distrusts Mei Ling.Sharifah Amani was supposed to be cast as Melur in the film. However, due to clash of schedules, she was replaced by Pamela Chong. She did, however, play a role as the 3rd Assistant Director for the film. This would mark the first time that Sharifah Amani has played a behind-the-scene role in Yasmin Ahmad's films.MusicThe film score was composed by Pete Teo. Songs include:O Re Piya by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, taken from the Bollywood movie, Aaja NachleI Go by Aizat Amdan.Just One Boy by Aizat Amdan.Angel by Atilia.Kasih Tak Kembali by Atilia.All songs were written and produced by Teo himself, except Kasih Tak Kembali which was written by Ahmad Hashim.The original soundtrack album was released by Universal Music, which also includes Malay language versions of many of the principal songs in the film. This includes I Go (as 'Pergi'), Angel, and Just One Boy (as 'Itulah Dirimu').ScreeningAs in all of Yasmin's previous works, Talentime opens with the basmalah (Bismillahirahmanirrahim, \"In the name of God, the most Gracious and most Merciful\"). Like Muallaf, the verse is displayed in a language and script different from Arabic in Talentime, i.e. in Tamil - \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000.Awards and nominationsPassage 10:Komaligal\"Komaligal\" (1976) (Tamil: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"The Clowns\") is a Sri Lankan Tamil language film written by S.Ramdas and produced by M.Mohamed.   This was the remake of the most popular radio comedy drama, \"Komaligalin Kummalam\" which was broadcast in Radio Ceylon in the mid 1970s. It was written by S. Ramdas who acted in lead role.DevelopmentM. Mohamed, a businessman, who used to listen this radio drama weekly, was attracted by it. Thus he thought to make it as a film. He expressed his idea to S.Ramdas. He also agreed and film was started.  Story and dialogues were written by S.Ramdas who acted as Marikkar in lead role. Film was directed by Ramanathan, an experienced person in the Sinhala film industry.CastingThe highlight of the film was the performances of S.Ramdas, a Brahmin in real life, who played the role of a Muslim, and B.H.Abdul Hameed, a Muslim in real life, who played a Brahmin role. Also T.Rajagopal acted as a role of \"Appukutty\", S.Selvasekaran as \"Upali\" and Sillaiyur Selvarajan and his wife Kamalini Selvarajan acted as lovers in the film. K.A.Jawahir (Aboo Nana) acted as \"Thanikasalam\" in villain role.SoundtrackMusic - Kannan NesamLyrics - Sillaiyur Selvarajan, Fouzul Ameer and SaathuPlayback singers - Muthazhagu, Kalavathi, Sujatha and S.RamdasBox officeKomaligal was produced in 45 days. On 22 November 1976 the film was screened in 6 places. Film was very successful in box office rather than previous Sri Lankan Tamil movies. Komaligal was running in Central Colombo (Sellamahal) 76 days, in South Colombo (Plaza) 55 days, in Jaffna 51 days, in Trincomalee 33 days and Batticolao 32 days. As per Dominic Jeeva, author of Malligai magazine, \"Viewers returned from Theatre without seeing the movie since it was houseful.\"The financial success of Komaligal gave the belief to other producers that they could produce successful Tamil cinema in Sri Lanka.SourcesIlankai Thamil Cinemavin Kathai, Thambyayah Thevathashttp://www.noolaham.net/project/04/379/379.htmJeyaraj, D. B. S. (25 June 2012). \"For a distinct identity\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2009.\"Komaligal (1976) Srilankan Tamil Movie\". You Tube. Chennai, India. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021."}
{"doc_id":"doc_151","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Chow Ka WaChow Ka Wa (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; Cantonese Yale: Jāu Gāwà ; born 23 April 1986 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong footballer who plays for Hong Kong First Division League club Southern as a right midfielder.Club careerCitizenChow began his professional career at Citizen, a newly promoted First Division club, in the 2004–05 season. However, as a young player, he failed to compete for a place in the starting line-up, only mostly played in the Senior Shield.Loan to Xiangxie PharDuring the season, Xiangxie Phar was rebuilt and players all left the club. To retain their presence in the league, six teams from the First Division league loaned their young players so that they could gain match experiences. Chow was one of them who was loaned from Citizen. However, as he was still a student at that time, he failed to attend every training session and therefore was not given many match-playing chances. He returned to Citizen at the end of the season.Kwun TongAfter spending a season in the top-tier division, he joined Third Division side Kwun Tong, as he had to focus on academic studies. Although he played most of the matches, he failed to help them gain promotion to the Second Division. He left the club at the end of the season.Hong Kong 08Chow made a return to the First Division in the 2006–07 season, joining Hong Kong 08, which was formed by a team of young players to let them gain match experiences before competing in the 2008 Olympics qualifiers. He was given plenty of match-playing chances although there were many wingers at the team. However, the club was relegated and was dissolved after the season.Although many players and coaches joined newly promoted side Workable, Chow did not follow them and joined Third Division side Shatin, meaning he would miss the First Division for the second time.ShatinChow joined Third Division side Shatin in the 2007–08 season. As a third-tier club, however, Shatin had many players with First Division playing experience, including Lee Wai Man who was the current most capped Hong Kong national team record player, Ng Yat Hoi, Kwok Yue Hung and so on. With an exceptionally strong squad in the league, Chow helped Shatin claim the league title without dropping any points in all 15 matches, meaning they had also gained promotion to Second Division. At the same time, Shatin also won the Junior Shield title in the season.Chow stayed at the club as Shatin were aiming at promotion to the First Division for their first time in club history. He continued to make a great impact in the team and eventually helped the club achieve their season goal as they claimed the league title with only losing one match in 18 matches. On the other hand, Shatin successfully defended their Junior Shield title, defeating Sham Shai Po 2–0 in the final. Chow played 90 minutes in the match, providing one assist in the match.He followed the team and made a second return to the First Division in the 2009–10 season. However, since Shatin bought several new players to strengthen their squad, Chow's match-playing chances were therefore reduced. Shatin failed to avoid relegation to the Second Division as they placed 2nd at the bottom of the league. Chow also left the club after the season.PonticChow made his third leave from the First Division as he joined Second Division side Pontic in the 2010–11 season. As a key member in the team, he only missed one game throughout the season, helping the club gain promotion to the First Division.However, since Pontic failed to find sponsors, they lacked sufficient funds to run the club. As a result, Pontic announced they refused to promote to the First Division. Soon later, Pontic was punished and had their club qualification cancelled, meaning that they were not able to compete in every league and cup organised by the Hong Kong Football Association. Chow became Free Agent afterwards.SouthernChow joined Second Division side Southern in the 2011–12 season. Under coaching of Fung Hoi Man, Chow was a usual starter for the club, featuring 20 league matches and scoring 2 goals. Southern successfully gain promotion to the First Division as they placed second in the league.The 2012–13 season was a year of breakthrough for Chow Ka Wa, as his impressive performance and co-operation with fellow team-mates Dieguito, Jonathan Carril and Ip Chung Long attracted people's eyes. He made a great impact on Southern's 8-game unbeaten in the league during the season. Unfortunately, Chow was injured in January and was forced to stay on the sidelines for two months.On 20 April 2013, he scored the winning goal in the 68th minute after being substituted in the 60th minute against South China, not just helping the club to win 3–2, but also helping them to secure the league 4th place. This was also Chow's first game after his recovery on his injury. This goal became more important as Southern qualified for the 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs by finishing fourth in the league, as Kitchee won the FA Cup on 11 May 2013 after they had secure a place in the play-offs by finishing second in the league.Career statisticsClubAs of 5 May 2013.Remarks:1 Others include 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs.2 Hong Kong League Cup only consists of top-tier division clubs.3 Hong Kong League Cup was not held in the 2009–10 and 2012–13 seasons.Passage 2:Kenneth GyangKenneth Gyang is a young filmmaker in Nigeria and was born in Barkin Ladi of Plateau State, Nigeria.He studied Film Production at the National Film Institute in Jos and screenwriting at Gaston Kaboré's IMAGINE in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Two of his short films as well as a script titled \"Game of Life\" were selected for the Berlinale Talent Campus 2006 and \"Mummy Lagos\" was well received as an official competition entry.  \"Mummy Lagos\" was also selected for the Sithengi Talent Campus as part of the Cape Town World Cinema Festival in South Africa.Honors and awardsHis film \"Omule\" won Best Documentary Film at the 1st Nigerian Students International Film Festival in 2006 and \"Mummy Lagos\" also won Best Film at the Nigerian Field Society Awards organised by the German Cultural Centre, Goethe-Institut, in Lagos as well as the Jury Special Mention at the ANIWA festival in Ghana.In 2006 he was profiled by the influential UK-based BFM magazine as the youngest film director in Nigeria.Kenneth has worked with the BBC World Service Trust directing their highly quality TV drama \"Wetin Dey\" which was recently presented at the International Emmy World Television Festival in New York City. He has also worked with Communicating For Change as an Associate Producer on Bayelsian Silhouettes- a series of seven short films on HIV/AIDS.His most recent work is Finding Aisha, a TV series he co-wrote, produced and directed for the Nigerian production company Televista.In 2013, his debut feature film Confusion Na Wa produced by Tom Rowland Rees won the top gong - Best Film - at the Africa Motion Awards in Bayelsa.Kenneth also won The Future Awards 2013 Prize In Arts & Culture.He directed the AMAA award-winning film Blood and Henna about Meningitis in Northern Nigeria.Kenneths Feature Film confusion Na Wa was highly acclaimed and went ahead to win the AMAA Awards 2013 for Best Film and Best Nigerian film, also the film went ahead in 2014 to win Nollywood Movie Award for Best Cinematography (Yinka Edwards) and Nollywood Movie Award for Best Director (Kenneth Gyang).Passage 3:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 4:Confusion Na WaConfusion Na Wa is a 2013 Nigerian dark comedy drama film directed by Kenneth Gyang, starring Ramsey Nouah, OC Ukeje, Ali Nuhu and Tunde Aladese. The title of the film was inspired by the lyrics of the late Afrobeat singer Fela Kuti's song \"Confusion\". Confusion Na Wa won the Best picture at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, it also won the award for Best Nigerian film.The film tells a story on how so many interconnected separate events come together to complicate the lives of people.PlotThe film starts with a monologue by an unnamed narrator explaining the synopsis of the film with images from the end of the film. Emeka Nwosu (Ramsey Nouah) is stuck in a traffic jam caused by the death of a pedestrian, when his concubine, Isabella (Tunde Aladese), sends him a text reminding him to get home early so they can have fun together. City hustlers Charles (OC Ukeje) and Chichi (Gold Ikponmwosa) arrive at the scene, and as a fight breaks out on the crowded road Emeka is knocked down and his phone falls out of his pocket, and after Emeka walks away unknowingly, Charles steals it. Bello (Ali Nuhu) is a diligent and honest civil servant, whose only \"crime\" at the office has been his refusal to partake in any of the corrupt practice by his co-workers. His raucous boss uses every opportunity to disrespect him. During a workday, Bello is given more jobs to do by his colleagues after work hours. He reluctantly accepts and is subsequently abused by his boss for not finishing the job on time despite his explanations.Charles and Chichi review the pictures on the stolen phone and try to reach an agreement on what to do with the phone. The two friends force their entry to the car of a publisher by breaking the wheel-screen, and steal the stereo. They buy some drinks with the money they got and begin discussing on their interpretation of The Lion King as seen by Africans. Emeka notices that his phone has been stolen and tries calling his number, but is told by Charlie that due to \"The Circle of Life\" in The Lion King ownership has been passed on to them from him. He furiously disengages from the conversation on the resistance of the friends to start a meaningful conversation. He is calmed by his concubine Isabella afterwards.Babajide (Tony Goodman) is the head publisher of Righteous Trumpet Newspaper. During a family dinner he explains the car robbery he faced and is surprised that both his wife and kids did not condemn the act by the thieves with complete disdain—instead, a sociological debate starts between him and his son, Kola (Nathaniel Deme) who is shifting the blame from the thieves to the government. His mum introduces another topic to end the heated debate since neither side will let go.Charles persuades Chichi to accompany him to a drug dealer, Muri (Toyin Oshinaike). Charles had previously had sex with Muri's sister but Chichi is negligent and wants to visit another dealer at \"Abbatoir\". He later retires then follows Charles. They buy drugs worth N200, and as Muri's sister walks outside and Muri notices Chichi facial expressions towards her, Muri tells them that his sister is about to get married . Charles and Chichi have a reflective discussion while having a cigar when Chichi informs Charles that he will be relocating to Bauchi State to start a new life with his uncle. Charles gives him the stolen phone as a farewell gift.The two friends interrupt the sexual intercourse between a disturbed Emeka and Isabella with a call, and they start to negotiate a ransom for the recovery of the phone, while Emeka's wife waits for him at home. Kola's sister, Doyin (Yachat Sankey) sneaks out of the house to attend a party and persuades Kola to promise not to tell their parents. At the party, Charles drugs Doyin's friend, Fola (Lisa Pam-Tok) then the power goes out and he rapes her. Chichi refuses to use drugs on Doyin and opts to get her number instead. Police raid the party and arrest many including Charles. At home, Babajide tries motivating Kola with some fatherly advise and explains to him that he needs to start taking responsibility to become a man. He instructs Kola to join him at his office the next day.At home we see that Bello's wife is Isabella, and he questions his wife on her whereabouts the previous day. She feels irritated in the course of their argument, especially at his mention of lack of money as the reason for them not wanting to have a child. On his way to work the next day, Babajide and Kola engage in a father-son conversation, and Babajide narrates his life-story on how he was able to overcome challenges during the civil war and establish his company. He gets distracted then splashes muddy water on Bello, who is walking along the road. Bello reacts angrily by throwing a stone at the car and regrettably breaking the back-screen. Babjide refuses to accept any compensation or apology from him and decides to take him to the Police Station explaining to him that as a good example to his son, whenever crimes are committed, it should always be a matter for the police. As he zooms off with Bello in his car, the sticker on his car reads \"I am an Ideal Citizen, what about you?\". Bello refuses to bribe his way out of jail at the request of the corrupt policemen and is placed in the same cell as Charles. Babajide introduces Kola to his staff at the office and tells him to write an article on the decline of the moral level in the society, using his ordeal (with the thieves and Bello) as a guide, even though he had previously told him to write on the power supply.After some hours, the police release Bello, having encountered difficulty in extorting money from either him or Babajide; however they refuse to help him find his wallet, which is later revealed to have been stolen by Charles in the cell. Afterwards he is set free after his Parole Officer warns him that he will not be given a second chance if he breaks the law again. He sets out to his father's house, where the nagging of his mum about his way of life drove him out. Charles and Chichi meets on a hill, where they discuss the previous night and their encounter with the ladies. They call Emeka and threaten to blackmail him by telling his wife of his extra-marital affairs, if he does not yield to their demands. Doyin informs Kola that her friend is missing and he should come to her rescue. Kola leaves his dad's office to assist her in finding Fola. After searching for some time, they find Fola by the road then take her home to an apprehensive dad, Adekunle (Toyin Alabi) who swore to kill whoever was responsible for the rape. Isabella informs Emeka that she is pregnant, and he refuses the pregnancy and advises her to return to her husband. Babajide consults many of his colleagues to examine if his suspicion that Kola is gay is true. Bello angrily abandons his work after getting fed-up with the kind of treatment he has been subjected to by his boss and colleagues. Adekunle gets the address of Emeka through his phone number (from Chichi). He consults Bello's office and pays his way to get the personal details of the owner of the phone.Emeka narrates his phone theft story to his wife, Irene (Yewande Iruemiobe) and she discourages him from paying the ransom. On his way out to meet Charles and Chichi, he is stopped by Adekunle, who slaps him severely thinking he is Chichi. After some explanations from Irene, Adekunle lets Emeka go but takes the ransom from him. Babajide questions Kola, and stylishly tries to get him to speak about his view of sexuality. Kola's responses suggest that he is unsure about what he feels about his sexual attractions, and so his dad immediately takes him to Muri in order to be cleansed of homosexuality. Bello's wife Isabella tries to impose her pregnancy on him, but he refuses citing \" lack of sex\" as a reason. He later sees messages that implicate Isabella on her phone.Charles and Chichi are discussing with Muri on how they will extort money from Emeka at their meeting in Shayi's. Muri also tells them that he was paid N115,000 by Adekunle for a firearm. Kola and his dad arrive at Muri's bar explaining their ordeal to him. He responds, requesting that his \"nurses\" cleanse Kola of homosexuality. Bello arrives at Shayi's and suspiciously approaches a man, who he mistakenly thought was Emeka. Adekunle also arrives the scene then shoots Chichi (thinking he was Charles) who was seated with Charles close to the entrance of the restaurant.CastRamsey Noah as Emeka NwosuOC Ukeje as CharlesAli Nuhu as BelloTunde Aladese as IsabellaGold Ikponmwosa as ChichiTony Goodman as BabajideNathaniel Deme as KolaYanchat Sankey as DoyinLisa Pam Tok as FolaToyin Alabi as AdekunleReceptionThe film was received with positive reviews with Sodas and Popcorn rating it 4 out of 5, describing it as one of the best movies of 2013 and an inspiration to Nigeria's filmmakers.AccoladesIt won 2 awards at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards. It also went on to win 3 awards at the 2013 Best Of Nollywood Awards.See alsoList of Nigerian films of 2013Passage 5:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 6:Yinka EdwardYinka Edward, born in Jos, Nigeria, is a Nigerian cinematographer best known for his works on the films October 1, 93 Days, A Love Story (winner of BAFTA's Best British Short Animation category, 2017), Confusion Na Wa and Lionheart.CareerIn the early years of his career after graduating from the National Film Institute in Jos, Nigeria in 2006, Edward worked with Nigerian film director, Mak ' Kusare on the movie Ninety Degrees and was part of BBC's production team on the Wetin Dey series. After his work on Wetin Dey, Edward shot The Ties That Bind in Namibia, which was the country's first indigenously produced series.Back in Nigeria, Edward worked on Kunle Afolayan's films The Figurine, Phone Swap and October 1. He also shot Izu Ojukwu's films Alero's Symphony, and '76. In Kenya, he shot the feature film Something Necessary, which was produced by Tom Tykwer and directed by Judy Kibinge. Something Necessary went on to screen at the Toronto International Film Festival, 2013 and was nominated for Audience Choice Award at the Chicago International Film Festival, 2013. One of his most recent works is the Netflix original movie Lionheart a Nigerian feature film, directed by Genevieve Nnaji.Edward is an alumnus of the National Film and Television School Beaconsfield, England, where he received a Master of Arts degree in film and television production, concentrating in cinematography.Passage 7:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_152","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anthony OsorioAnthony Osorio (born April 13, 1994) is a Canadian professional soccer player who last played as a defender and midfielder for the Mississauga MetroStars in the Major Arena SoccerLeague.Club careerOsorio attended St. Edmund Campion where he represented the school team, having grown up in Brampton, Ontario. He was part of the team that won the school's second and third OntarioFederation of Schools Athletic Association Championship in four years.In 2013 after a successful trial in Uruguay Osorio joined the u19 side of Nacional. Then moved up to the reserve team the following year in2014.Toronto FC IIHe joined the Toronto FC Academy in July 2014, and helped the club to become League1 Ontario champions and Inter-Provincial Cup Championship winners. Osorio was rewarded with a USL procontract on December 9, 2015, joining Toronto FC II and going on to make 19 appearances in his inaugural season. The midfielder made his professional debut on April 25, 2015, playing in a match against thePittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL. Osorio would spend three seasons with the club prior to be released at the conclusion of the 2017 season.Post-TFCIn 2018, he played for Vaughan Azzurri in League1 Ontario.  Afterthat he joined the  Mississauga MetroStars of the Major Arena Soccer League.International careerOsorio represented Canada at the 2013 Francophone games in Nice, France. He made his international debut in a friendlyas a halftime substitute vs Cameroon that ended in a 0–0 draw. Osorio made his first international start and recorded his first international goal in a 1–0 win over Rwanda on September 8, 2013.Personal lifeOsorio'sparents are Colombian – his father is a native of Cali, while his mother was born in Medellín. Osorio's older brother, Jonathan Osorio, plays for Toronto FC and represents the Canadian seniors. Osorio's younger brother,Nicholas, previously played in the Toronto FC system and represented the Canadian under-15s.In 2018, Osorio suffered a nasty ACL tear which forced him to undergo surgery and not participate at all in the Metrostars'inaugural season as well as take all of 2019 off on the sidelines to recover from the tragic injury. Osorio was linked to a move to CPL side York 9 FC had the injury not occurred.Career statisticsAs of October 30,2018Passage 2:Etta JonesEtta Jones (November 25, 1928 – October 16, 2001) was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are \"Don't Go to Strangers\" and \"Save Your Love for Me\". She worked with BuddyJohnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and Houston Person.BiographyJones was born in Aiken, South Carolina, and raised in Harlem, New York.Still in her teens, she joined Buddy Johnson's band for a tour although she was not featured on record. Her first recordings—\"Salty Papa Blues\", \"Evil Gal Blues\", \"Blow Top Blues\", and \"Long, Long Journey\"—wereproduced by Leonard Feather in 1944, placing her in the company of clarinetist Barney Bigard and tenor saxophonist Georgie Auld. In 1947, she recorded and released an early cover version of Leon Rene's \"I Sold MyHeart to the Junkman\" (previously released by the Basin Street Boys on Rene's Exclusive label) while at RCA Victor Records. She performed with the Earl Hines sextet from 1949 to 1952.Following her recordings forPrestige, on which Jones was featured with high-profile arrangers such as Oliver Nelson and jazz stars such as Frank Wess, Roy Haynes, and Gene Ammons, she had a musical partnership of more than 30 years withtenor saxophonist Houston Person, who received equal billing with her. He also produced her albums and served as her manager after the pair met in one of Johnny \"Hammond\" Smith's bands.Although Etta Jones islikely to be remembered above all for her recordings on Prestige, her close professional relationship with Person (frequently, but mistakenly, identified as Jones' husband) helped ensure that the last two decades of herlife would be marked by uncommon productivity. Starting in 1976, they began recording for Muse, which later changed its name to HighNote. Mr. Person became her manager, as well as her record producer andaccompanist, in a partnership that lasted until her death in 2001.Only one of her recordings—her debut album for Prestige Records (Don't Go to Strangers, 1960)—enjoyed commercial success with sales of over 1million copies. However, her remaining seven albums for Prestige, and beginning in 1976, her recordings for Muse Records, and for HighNote Records secured her a devoted following. She had three Grammynominations: for the Don't Go to Strangers album in 1960, the Save Your Love for Me album in 1981, and My Buddy (dedicated to her first employer, Buddy Johnson) in 1998. In 2008 the album Don't Go to Strangerswas inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1996, she recorded the jazz vocalist tribute album, The Melody Lingers On, for the HighNote label. Her last recording, a tribute to Billie Holiday, was released on the day ofJones' death.She died in Mount Vernon, New York at the age of 72 from cancer. She was survived by her husband, John Medlock, and a granddaughter.DiscographyThe Jones Girl...Etta...Sings, Sings, Sings (King,1958)Don't Go to Strangers (Prestige, 1960)Something Nice (Prestige, 1961)So Warm: Etta Jones and Strings (Prestige, 1961)From the Heart (Prestige, 1962)Lonely and Blue (Prestige, 1962)Love Shout (Prestige,1963)Hollar! (Prestige, 1963)Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1963)Jonah Jones Swings, Etta Jones Sings (Crown, 1964)Etta Jones Sings (Roulette, 1965)Etta Jones '75 (20th Century/Westbound 1975)Ms. Jones to You(Muse, 1976)My Mother's Eyes (Muse, 1978)If You Could See Me Now (Muse, 1979)Save Your Love for Me (Muse, 1981)Love Me with All Your Heart (Muse, 1984)Fine and Mellow (Muse, 1987)I'll Be Seeing You (Muse,1988)Sugar (Muse, 1990)Christmas with Etta Jones (Muse, 1990)Reverse the Charges (Muse, 1992)At Last (Muse, 1995)My Gentleman Friend (Muse, 1996)The Melody Lingers On (HighNote, 1996)My Buddy: EttaJones Sings the Songs of Buddy Johnson (HighNote, 1997)Some of My Best Friends Are...Singers with Ray Brown (Telarc, 1998)All the Way (HighNote, 1999)Together at Christmas (HighNote, 2000)Easy Living(HighNote, 2000)Etta Jones Sings Lady Day (HighNote, 2001)Don't Misunderstand: Live in New York  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2007)The Way We Were: Live in Concert  with Houston Person (HighNote,2011)Guest appearancesWith Houston PersonThe Real Thing (Eastbound, 1973)The Lion and His Pride (Muse, 1994)Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse, 1994)Passage 3:David JiDavid Longfen Ji is anAmerican businessman who co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer.In 2004, he was arrested in China following a dispute with Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang andthe province of Sichuan. Changhong accused him of defrauding them through bad checks. Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, \"I decide whether you live or die.\" Hehas been held in China without charges.Ji's case highlighted an \"implicit racism\" in dealings with American businessmen. As a U.S. citizen he was not granted the same treatment by authorities as non-ethnically Chinesebusinessmen sharing the same nationality.Passage 4:Luther LindsayLuther Jacob Goodall (December 30, 1924 – February 21, 1972) was an American professional football player and wrestler, known by his ringnameLuther Lindsay or Lindsey, who competed throughout the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance as well as international promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling, Joint Promotions and StampedeWrestling.One of the first African American wrestlers to become a major star, he was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic territory. A frequent rival and tag team partner of Shag Thomas, he alsoteamed with Bearcat Wright, Nick Bockwinkel, Pepper Gomez and was involved in feuds with \"Iron\" Mike DiBiase, Mad Dog Vachon, Beauregarde, Moondog Mayne, Tony Borne and Pat Patterson and The Hangman.Formuch of the early 1950s and '60s, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored (or Negro) Heavyweight Champion and took part in the first interracial professional wrestling matches held in the United States. Between 1953and 1956, he faced NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in a series of matches. Although largely resulting in time limit draws, he was the first African-American to make a challenge to the title and earnedThesz's respect during these bouts publicly praising his wrestling ability.He was considered one of the top submission wrestlers of his day working with Don Leo Jonathan and Stu Hart. Lindsay was one of the few menwho bested him in the infamous \"Hart Dungeon\" and later became one of Hart's best friends. Hart reportedly carried a picture of him in his wallet until his death. He was held in high regard by his fellow wrestlers suchas Lou Thesz, J. J. Dillon, Rip Hawk and Les Thatcher.CareerEarly careerLuther Goodall was born on a farm outside Norfolk, Virginia, on December 30, 1924. He moved to Sedalia but later resided in Gibsonville, NorthCarolina, and later played college football for Norfolk State and nearby Hampton Institute where he was also a CIAA wrestling champion. Although excelling in athletics as an All-American Negro tackle-guard, statesegregation laws prohibited him from playing against white athletes. He played two years of professional football in Hamilton and Victoria for the Canadian Football League. Lindsey began wrestling professionally makinghis debut in 1950 or 1951. Taking the surname of his wife, Gertrude Lindsey, his earliest recorded match was against Al Tucker in Chicago, Illinois, for promoter Leonard Schwartz on November 21, 1951.As early as1953, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored or Negro Heavyweight Champion. He was one of the few African-Americans in professional wrestling and, in accordance with state segregation laws at the time, he was onlyallowed to travel with and compete against other African-American wrestlers during his early career. One of his most frequent opponents was Shag Thomas who he later claimed knew better than any other opponent.During the late 1950s, he became the first African-American south of Washington, D.C., to compete in a wrestling event when he faced Ron Wright in Kingsport, Tennessee. Although the National Guard was brought inamid fears of rioting, the crowd unexpectedly favored Lindsay against Wright. As a result of Lindsay's success in the area, other African-American wrestlers were also brought into the area such as Bearcat Wright andBobcat Brown.Pacific Northwest WrestlingIn early 1953, he appeared in Washington where he faced George Dusette, the Masked Marvel, Carl Engstrom, Walter Kameroff, Jack Kiser, Bronko Lubich, Axel Cadier. He wasinvolved in a battle royal which included Kiser, Lubich, Cadier, Bud Rattal and Paul DeGalles in Yakima on May 12. On July 31, he faced Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in Tacoma and the twofought to a time limit draw. This was the first of several meetings between the two champions and the first time the title was defended against an African-American opponent. A rematch one week later in Tacoma alsoresulted in a draw.On October 10, Lindsay defeated Bronko Nagurski in a best 2-of-3 match during the main event at the Tacoma Armory. Nagurski had pinned him after a series of flying tackles and a full body press,however Lindsay recovered to score the second fall after making Nagurski submit to a neckbreaker. Lindsay was eventually awarded the match when referee Freddie Steele disqualified Nagurski after refusing to break ahold. According to promoter Paavo Ketonen, the winner was to receive a title shot against Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.He was one of several wrestlers who challenged the Seattle Ramblersto a football game known as the \"Muscle Bowl\" at Lincoln Bowl on October 11. The event was attended by 7,265 fans and was successful in raising as much as $5,000 for the Associated Boys' Clubs of the Tacoma-area.Among the wrestlers who participated, a half-dozen were former collegiate football stars including Lindsay, Pepper Gomez and Frank Stojack. Bronko Nagurski also participated in a dozen plays. Other wrestlers includedIvan Kameroff, the Masked Marvel, Dr. John Gallagher, The Ram, Abe Yourist and Glen Detton. Despite the addition of several players loaned by the Seattle Ramblers, most notably Mel Light, they lost the game 20–6.Lindsay injured his right pinky finger during the game, however the wrestlers later celebrated at Steve's Restaurant.On October 16, he took part in a 7-man battle royal involving Don Kindred, Bronko Nagurski, DaleKiser, \"Red\" Vagnone, Jack O’Reilly, Jack Kiser and the eventual winner Carl Engstrom. Lindsay was the fifth man eliminated in the battle royal and, that same night, fought Jack O’Reilly to a draw. He faced Lou Theszagain in a series of matches during late-November. Their first meeting in Tacoma, on November 24, resulted in another draw however he lost to Thesz in Tacoma on November 27 and in Eugene the next night.OnJanuary 10, he won his first major title winning the vacant NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship with Bobby Burns in Honolulu. He faced Thesz again the following spring where they fought to another draw in Portlandon April 29 and Seattle on April 1, 1954. On April 9, he lost to Thesz via disqualification in Yakima.Later that year, he toured Northern Ontario with Ricky Waldo and The Black Panther. He and Jack Claybourne won theNWA Canadian Open Tag Team titles from Tosh Togo and Pat Fraley (substituting for Great Togo) in Toronto on September 28. Later that year, he wrestled for promoter Ed Don George making occasional appearancesat Buffalo Memorial Auditorium where he faced Johnny Molinda, Danno O'Shocker and Danny Malone during the next two months.They lost the titles to Ivan and Karol Kalmikoff in Toronto on December 9. The followingnight he fought Danno O'Shocker to a draw at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. This was his last match in the Buffalo area.During the summer of 1955, he and George Dusette won the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag TeamChampionship from Bulldog Curtis and Tommy Martinez on May 15. While still defending the tag team titles, he fought Lou Thesz to another draw in Portland on June 8. He and Dusette eventually lost the titles to DougDonovan and Ivan Kameroff on June 11.NWA TexasLater that year, Lindsay was brought to Texas by promoter Morris Siegel. As the state began complying with national de-segregation laws, Sigel promoted the firstinterracial wrestling match in the state pitting Lindsay against Duke Keomuka in one of the biggest matches of the year. Lindsay would also face Lou Thesz in Dallas on September 20, 1955 in yet another draw.InJanuary 1956, he entered the Dallas-Fort Worth area then promoted by Ed McLemore. On January 10, he faced Duke Keomuka in a best 2-of-3 falls match at The Sportatorium. Although taking the first pinfall, Keomukapinned Lindsay with the help of outside interference by Tiny Mills. When referee Roy Carter was knocked unconscious outside the ring, wrestler Danny McShain made the count after Lindsay pinned Keomuka. Althoughcontroversial, the third fall was granted to Lindsay by referee decision.A week later, Lindsay met Keomuka in a best 3-of-5 falls match which stipulated that their cornermen, Danny McShain and Tiny Mills, were to belocked in cages to prevent outside interference. However, both men broke out of their cages during the match and began brawling in the ring. The four men were broken up by referees Ray Gunkel and Otto Kuss whowere forced to declare a no-contest. Later during the main event between McShain and Mills, Lindsay appeared to help McShain in his match. He and McShain later took on Duke Keomuka and Tiny Mills for the NWATexas Tag Team Championship in a best-of-3 falls match at The Sportatorium on January 24. He and McShain lost the third fall by disqualification when Lindsay threw Mills over the top rope.He returned to the area fourmonths later teaming with Pepper Gomez in a best 2-of-3 falls match against \"Iron\" Mike DiBiase and Danny Plechas as one of a series of matches for the vacant NWA Texas Tag Team titles on May 22. Plechas pinnedGomez for the third fall and, despite an argument for the match to be awarded to Gomez and Lindsay, Mike DiBiase and Danny Plechas were declared the winners.Both teams claimed the title however and a rematchwas scheduled several days later. He and Gomez were forced to forfeit the match when Lindsay injured his leg during the match. Both Lindsay and Gomez faced Mike and Danny Plechas in singles matches later thatnight. Lindsay defeated Danny Plechas via disqualification when his partner interfered. Gomez lost his bout with Mike DiBiase when he was counted out.He was scheduled to face Duke Keomuka in the opening rounds ofa tournament to meet NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz. However, reportedly flying in from Canada, his plane was grounded due to bad weather and was substituted by Tex Brady. Defeating Duke Keomukaon December 11, Lindsay earned a title shot at then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz. In his tenth meeting with Thesz, the two met in a best 2-of-3 falls match at The Sportatorium on December 18. Theszscored the first pinfall and, while Lindsay rallied to take the second, Thesz took the third fall for the victory. According to The Dallas Morning News, Lindsay posted a $5,000 guarantee to face Thesz. He again met Theszin Houston where they fought to another draw on January 20. Later that year, he also fought to a draw with newly crowned NWA World Heavyweight Champion Whipper Billy Watson in Dayton, Ohio, on October 25,1956. Years later while in Calgary, Watson would refuse to face him.Martinez and McMahonIn late 1957, Lindsay wrestled for promoter Pedro Martinez in Fort Erie, Ontario. Fighting to a draw with Wally Greb onSeptember 21, Lindsay defeated Wild Bill Austin that same day in Buffalo. He later fought to draws with Joe Blanchard and Tiger Tasker. On December 17, he lost to NWA World Heavyweight Champion Dick Hutton inDallas.In early 1959, he appeared in the Capitol Wrestling Corporation for Vince McMahon, Sr. and Toots Mondt where he faced Chris Tolos, Emile Duprée and Hard Boiled Haggerty.Stampede WrestlingIn 1960, Lindsaybegan wrestling for Calgary-based Stampede Wrestling. Feuding with Don Leo Jonathan during his first few weeks in the promotion, he defeated Jonathan at the Sales Pavilion in Edmonton on March 29. Two days later,he also beat Mighty Ursus at the Exhibition Auditorium in Regina. On April 15, he and Oattem Fisher defeated John Foti and Don Kindred for the Stampede International Tag Team Championship at the Victoria Pavilion.While defending the titles with Oattem Fisher, he also teamed with Tarzan Tourville who faced Mighty Ursus, Emile Koverly, Kit Fox, Jim Wright and Gypsy Joe. He and Fisher returned to the Victoria Pavilion defeatedDon Kindred and Kit Fox on May 13. During the next two months, he faced Pat O'Connor for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in Edmonton, Calgary and Regina four times.Later that year, he returned to theCapitol Wrestling Corporation. On October 1, he defeated Swede Hanson at Madison Square Garden. Teaming with Eugenio Marin against Pat and Al Smith two weeks later, he also faced Fritz Wallick the following night.On October 24, he and Rebel II fought to a draw. He and Mr. Puerto Rico teamed up against the Dixie Rebels (Rebel I and Rebel II) on November 14, but lost the match. After a match with Tony Marino in Westchester,New York, Lindsay left the territory.Return to PortlandThe following year, he won the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship from \"Iron\" Mike DiBiase on May 26 as well as the NWA Pacific Northwest TagTeam titles with Bing Ki Lee and Herb Freeman during the summer. On September 25, he lost the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight title to Nikolai Volkoff. Later that year, he traveled to Great Britain. Although hisstay was brief, he scored an impressive KO victory over Mike Marino at the Royal Albert Hall and Josef Zaranoff in a later televised match.In early 1962, he toured Japan with All Japan Pro Wrestling where he and RickyWaldo defeated Toyonobori and Rikidōzan for the All Asia Tag Team Championship on February 3, 1962. After losing the titles back to the former champions, he returned to the United States where he met and lost toNWA World Heavyweight Champion \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers in Seattle on June 18. He teamed with longtime rival Shag Thomas to regain the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team titles defeating Kurt Von Poppenheim"}
{"doc_id":"doc_153","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jacob Le MaireJacob Le Maire (c. 1585 – 22 December 1616) was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615 and 1616. The strait between Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados was namedthe Le Maire Strait in his honour, though not without controversy. It was Le Maire himself who proposed to the council aboard Eendracht that the new passage should be called by his name and the council unanimouslyagreed with Le Maire. The author or authors of The Relation took Eendracht captain Willem Schouten's side by proclaiming:“ ... our men had each of them three cups of wine in signe of ioy for our good hap ... [and thenaming of] the Straights of Le Maire, although by good right it should rather have been called Willem Schouten Straight, after our Masters Name, by whose wise conduction and skill in sayling, the same wasfound.”.Eendracht then rounded Cape Horn, proving that Tierra del Fuego was not a continent.BiographyJacob Le Maire was born in either Antwerp or Amsterdam, one of the 22 children of Maria Walraven of Antwerpand Isaac Le Maire (1558–1624) of Tournai, who was then already a prosperous merchant in Antwerp. Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585 after which they fled to settle inAmsterdam. Jacob is thought to have been the oldest son, born perhaps the same year. Isaac was very successful in Amsterdam, and became one of the founders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). However, in1605 Isaac Le Maire was forced to leave the company after a dispute and for the next decade tried to break the company's monopoly on the trade to the East Indies.By 1615 Isaac had established a new company (theAustralian Company) with the goal to find a new route to the Pacific and the Spice Islands, thereby evading the restrictions of the VOC. He contributed to the outfitting of two ships, the Eendracht and Hoorn, and put hisson Jacob in charge of trading during the expedition. The experienced ship master Willem Schouten was captain of the Eendracht and a participant of the enterprise in equal shares with Isaac Le Maire.On 14 June 1615Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed from Texel in the United Provinces. On 29 January 1616 they rounded Cape Horn, which they named for the Hoorn, which was lost in a fire.  The Dutch city of Hoorn was alsothe birthplace of Schouten. After failing to moor at the Juan Fernández Islands in early March, the ships crossed the Pacific in a fairly straight line, visiting several of the Tuamotus. Between 21 and 24 April 1616 theywere the first Westerners to visit the (Northern) Tonga islands: \"Cocos Island\" (Tafahi), \"Traitors Island\" (Niuatoputapu), and \"Island of Good Hope\" (Niuafo'ou). On 28 April they discovered the Hoorn Islands (Futunaand Alofi), where they were very well received and stayed until 12 May. They then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became known asthe Schouten Islands.They reached the northern Moluccas in August and finally Ternate, the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616. Here they were enthusiastically welcomed by Governor-General LaurensReael, admiral Steven Verhagen, and the governor of Ambon, Jasper Jansz.The Eendracht sailed on to Java and reached  Batavia on 28 October with a remarkable 84 of the original 87 crew members of both ships onboard. Although they had opened an unknown route, Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands. Le Maire and Schouten were arrested and the Eendracht wasconfiscated. After being released, they returned from Batavia to Amsterdam in the company of Joris van Spilbergen, who was on a circumnavigation of the earth himself, be it via the traditional Strait of Magellan.LeMaire was aboard the ship Amsterdam on this journey home, but died en route. Van Spilbergen was at his deathbed and took Le Maire's report of his trip, which he included in his book Mirror of the East and WestIndies. The rest of the crew arrived in the Netherlands on 1 July 1617, two years and 17 days after they departed. Jacob's father Isaac challenged the confiscation and the conclusion of the VOC, but it took him until1622 until a court ruled in his favour. He was awarded 64,000 pounds and retrieved his son's diaries (which he then published as well), and his company was allowed trade via the newly discovered route. Unfortunately,by then, the Dutch West Indies Company had claimed the same waters.FootnotesPassage 2:Éric RohmerJean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer, known as Éric Rohmer (French: [e\u0000ik \u0000om\u0000\u0000];21 March 1920 – 11 January 2010), was a French film director, film critic, journalist, novelist, screenwriter, and teacher.Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established.He edited the influential film journal Cahiers du cinéma from 1957 to 1963, while most of his colleagues—among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut—were making the transition from critics to filmmakers andgaining international attention.Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud's was nominated at the Academy Awards. He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival withClaire's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986. Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival's Career Golden Lion in 2001.After Rohmer's death in 2010, hisobituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as \"the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave\", outlasting his peers and \"still making movies the public wanted to see\" late in his career.Early lifeRohmer wasborn Jean-Marie Maurice Schérer (or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer) in Nancy (also listed as Tulle), Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Lorraine, France, the son of Mathilde (née Bucher) and Lucien Schérer. Rohmer was aCatholic. He was secretive about his private life and often gave different dates of birth to reporters. He fashioned his pseudonym from the names of two famous artists: actor and director Erich von Stroheim and writerSax Rohmer, author of the Fu Manchu series. Rohmer was educated in Paris and received an advanced degree in history, though he seemed equally interested and learned in literature, philosophy, and theology.Careeras a journalistRohmer first worked as a teacher in Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1940s he quit his teaching job and moved to Paris, where he worked as a freelance journalist. In 1946 he published a novel, Elisabeth(AKA Les Vacances) under the pen name Gilbert Cordier. While living in Paris, Rohmer first began to attend screenings at Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française, where he first met and befriended Jean-Luc Godard,François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivette and other members of the French New Wave. Rohmer had never been very interested in film, preferring literature, but soon became an intense lover of films and about1949 switched from journalism to film criticism. He wrote film reviews for such publications as Révue du Cinéma, Arts, Temps Modernes and La Parisienne.In 1950, he co-founded the film magazine La Gazette duCinéma with Rivette and Godard, but it was short-lived. In 1951 Rohmer joined the staff of André Bazin's newly founded film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, of which he became the editor in 1956. There, Rohmerestablished himself as a critic with a distinctive voice; fellow Cahiers contributor and French New Wave filmmaker Luc Moullet later remarked that, unlike the more aggressive and personal writings of younger critics likeTruffaut and Godard, Rohmer favored a rhetorical style that made extensive use of questions and rarely used the first person singular. Rohmer was known as more politically conservative than most of the Cahiers staff,and his opinions were highly influential on the magazine's direction while he was editor. Rohmer first published articles under his real name but began using \"Éric Rohmer\" in 1955 so that his family would not find outthat he was involved in the film world, as they would have disapproved.Rohmer's best-known article was \"Le Celluloïd et le marbre\" (\"Celluloid and Marble\", 1955), which examines the relationship between film andother arts. In the article, Rohmer writes that in an age of cultural self-consciousness, film is \"the last refuge of poetry\" and the only contemporary art form from which metaphor can still spring naturally andspontaneously.In 1957 Rohmer and Claude Chabrol wrote Hitchcock (Paris: Éditions Universitaires, 1957), the earliest book-length study of Alfred Hitchcock. It focuses on Hitchcock's Catholic background and has beencalled \"one of the most influential film books since the Second World War, casting new light on a filmmaker hitherto considered a mere entertainer\". Hitchcock helped establish the auteur theory as a critical method andcontributed to the reevaluation of the American cinema that was central to that method.By 1963 Rohmer was becoming more at odds with some of the more radical left-wing critics at Cahiers du Cinéma. He continuedto admire US films while many of the other left-wing critics had rejected them and were championing cinéma vérité and Marxist film criticism. Rohmer resigned that year and was succeeded by Rivette.Filmcareer1950–1962: Shorts and early film careerIn 1950 Rohmer made his first 16mm short film, Journal d'un scélérat. The film starred writer Paul Gégauff and was made with a borrowed camera. By 1951 Rohmer had abigger budget provided by friends and shot the short film Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak. The 12-minute film was co-written by and starred Jean-Luc Godard. The film was not completed until 1961. In 1952Rohmer began collaborating with Pierre Guilbaud on a one-hour short feature, Les Petites Filles modèles, but the film was never finished. In 1954 Rohmer made and acted in Bérénice, a 15-minute short based on a storyby Edgar Allan Poe. In 1956 Rohmer directed, wrote, edited and starred in La Sonate à Kreutzer, a 50-minute film produced by Godard. In 1958 Rohmer made Véronique et son cancre, a 20-minute short produced byChabrol.Chabrol's company AJYM produced Rohmer's feature directorial debut, The Sign of Leo (Le Signe du lion) in 1959. In the film an American composer spends the month of August waiting for his inheritance whileall his friends are on vacation and gradually becomes impoverished. It included music by Louis Sagver. The Sign of Leo was later recut and rescored by distributors when Chabrol was forced to sell his productioncompany, and Rohmer disowned the recut version. In 1962 Rohmer and Barbet Schroeder co-founded the production company Les Films du Losange (they were later joined by Pierre Coltrell in the late 1960s). Les Filmsdu Losange produced all of Rohmer's work (except his last three features produced by La Compagnie Eric Rohmer).1962–1972: Six Moral Tales and television workRohmer's career began to gain momentum with his SixMoral Tales (Six contes moraux). Each of the films in the cycle follows the same story, inspired by F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927): a man, married or otherwise committed to a woman, istempted by a second woman but eventually returns to the first.For Rohmer, these stories' characters \"like to bring their motives, the reasons for their actions, into the open, they try to analyze, they are not people whoact without thinking about what they are doing. What matters is what they think about their behavior, rather than their behavior itself.\" The French word \"moraliste\" does not translate directly to the English \"moralist\"and has more to do with what someone thinks and feels. Rohmer cited the works of Blaise Pascal, Jean de La Bruyère, François de La Rochefoucauld and Stendhal as inspirations for the series.: 292 He clarified, \"amoraliste is someone who is interested in the description of what goes on inside man. He's concerned with states of mind and feelings.\" Regarding the repetition of a single storyline, he explained that it would allow himto explore six variations of the same theme. Plus, he stated, \"I was determined to be inflexible and intractable, because if you persist in an idea it seems to me that in the end you do secure a following.\": 295 The firstMoral Tale was The Bakery Girl of Monceau (1963). This 26-minute film portrays a young man, a college student, who sees a young woman in the street and spends days obsessively searching for her. He meets asecond woman who works in a bakery and begins to flirt with her, but abandons her when he finally finds the first woman. Schroder starred as the young man and Bertrand Tavernier was the narrator. The second MoralTale was Suzanne's Career (1963). This 60-minute film portrays a young student who is rejected by one woman and begins a romantic relationship with a second. The first and second Moral Tales were never theatricallyreleased and Rohmer was disappointed by their poor technical quality. They were not well known until after the release of the other four.In 1963 Les Films du Losange produced the New Wave omnibus film Six in Paris,of which Rohmer's short \"Place de l'Etoile\" was the centerpiece.: 290 After being driven out of his editor position at Cahiers, Rohmer began making short documentaries for French television. Between 1964 and 1966Rohmer made 14 shorts for television through the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) and Télévision Scolaire. These included episodes of Filmmakers of Our Time on Louis Lumiere and Carl TheodorDreyer, educational films on Blaise Pascal and Stéphane Mallarmé, and documentaries on the Percival legend, the industrial revolution and female students in Paris. Rohmer later said that television taught him how tomake \"readable images\". He later said, \"When you show a film on TV, the framing goes to pieces, straight lines are warped...the way people stand and walk and move, the whole physical dimension...all this is lost.Personally I don't feel that TV is an intimate medium.\" In 1964 Rohmer made the 13-minute short film Nadja à Paris with cinematographer Nestor Almendros.Rohmer and Schroder then sold the rights of two of theirshort films to French television in order to raise $60,000 to produce the feature film La Collectionneuse in 1967, the third Moral Tale. The film's budget went only to film stock and renting a house in St. Tropez as a set.Rohmer described it as a film about l'amour par désoeuvrement (\"love from idleness\"). La Collectionneuse won the Jury Grand Prix at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival and was praised by French film critics,though US film critics called it \"boring\".The fourth Moral Tale was My Night at Maud's in 1969. The film was made with funds raised by Truffaut, who liked the script, and was initially intended to be the third Moral Tale.But because the film takes place on Christmas Eve, Rohmer wanted to shoot the film in December. Actor Jean-Louis Trintignant was not available so filming was delayed for a year. The film centers on Pascal's Wagerand stars Trintignant, Françoise Fabian, Marie-Christine Barrault and Antoine Vitez. My Night at Maud's was Rohmer's first successful film both commercially and critically. It was screened and highly praised at the 1969Cannes Film Festival and later won the Prix Max Ophüls. It was released in the US and praised by critics there as well. It eventually received Oscar nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Foreign Film. JamesMonaco wrote, \"Here, for the first time the focus is clearly set on the ethical and existential question of choice. If it isn't clear within Maud who actually is making the wager and whether or not they win or lose, that onlyenlarges the idea of le pari (\"the bet\") into the encompassing metaphor that Rohmer wants for the entire series.\"The fifth Moral Tale was Le genou de Claire (Claire's Knee, 1970). It won the Grand Prix at the SanSebastián International Film Festival, the Prix Louis Delluc and the Prix Méliès, and was a huge international success. Vincent Canby called it \"something close to a perfect film.\" It was Rohmer's second film in color.Rohmer said, \"the presence of the lake and the mountains is stronger in color than in black and white. It is a film I couldn't imagine in black and white. The color green seems to me essential in that film...This film wouldhave no value to me in black and white.\"The sixth and final Moral Tale was 1972's Love in the Afternoon (released as Chloe in the Afternoon in the US). Molly Haskell criticized the film for betraying the rest of the seriesby making a moral judgment of the main character and approving of his decision in the film.Overall, Rohmer said he wanted the Six Moral Tales \"to portray in film what seemed most alien to the medium, to expressfeelings buried deep in our consciousness. That's why they have to be narrated in the first person singular...The protagonist discusses himself and judges his actions. I film the process.\"1972–1987: Adaptations andComedies and ProverbsFollowing the Moral Tales Rohmer wanted to make a less personal film and adapted a novella by Heinrich von Kleist, La Marquise d'O... in 1976. It was one of Rohmer's most critically acclaimedfilms, with many critics ranking it with My Night at Maud's and Claire's Knee. Rohmer stated that \"It wasn't simply the action I was drawn to, but the text itself. I didn't want to translate it into images, or make a filmedequivalent. I wanted to use the text as if Kleist himself had put it directly on the screen, as if he were making a movie ... Kleist didn't copy me and I didn't copy him, but obviously there was an affinity.\"In 1978 Rohmermade the Holy Grail legend film Perceval le Gallois, based on a 12th-century manuscript by Chrétien de Troyes. The film received mostly poor critical reviews. Tom Milne said that the film was \"almost universally greetedas a disappointment, at best a whimsical exercise in the faux-naif in its attempt to capture the poetic simplicity of medieval faith, at worse an anticlimatic blunder\" and that it was \"rather like watching the animation of amedieval manuscript, with the text gravely read aloud while the images — cramped and crowded, coloured with jewelled brilliance, delighting the eye with bizarre perspectives — magnificently play the role traditionallyassigned to marginal illuminations.\" In 1980 Rohmer made a film for television of his stage production of Kleist's play Catherine de Heilbronn, another work with a medieval setting.Later in 1980 Rohmer embarked on asecond series of films: the \"Comedies and Proverbs\" (Comédies et Proverbes), where each film was based on a proverb. The first \"Comedy and proverb\" was The Aviator's Wife, which was based on an idea that Rohmerhad had since the mid-1940s. This was followed in 1981 with Le Beau Mariage (A Perfect Marriage), the second \"Comedy and Proverb\". Rohmer stated that \"what interests me is to show how someone's imaginationworks. The fact that obsession can replace reality.\" In his review of the film, film critic Claude Baignères said that \"Eric Rohmer is a virtuoso of the pen sketch...[He had not been] at ease with the paint tubes thatPersival required, [but in this film he created] a tiny figurine whose every feature, every curl, every tone is aimed at revealing to us a state of soul and of heart.\" Raphael Bassan said that \"the filmmaker fails to achievein these dialogues the flexibility, the textual freedom of The Aviator's Wife. A Perfect Marriage is only a variation on the spiritual states of the petty bourgeoise who go on and on forever about the legitimacy of certaininstitutions or beliefs confronted by problems of the emotions. Quite simply, this is a minor variation on this central Rohmerian theme.\"The third \"Comedy and proverb\" was Pauline at the Beach in 1983. It won theSilver Bear for Best Director at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival. It was based on an idea that Rohmer had in the 1950s, originally intended for Brigitte Bardot. Rohmer often made films that he had beenworking on for many years and stated \"I can't say 'I make one film, then after that film I look for a subject and write on that subject...then I shoot.' Not at all...these are films that are drawn from one evolving mass,films that have been in my head for a long time and that I think about simultaneously.\"The fourth \"Comedy and Proverb\" was Full Moon in Paris in 1984. The film's proverb was invented by Rohmer himself: \"The onewho has two wives loses his soul, the one who has two houses loses his mind.\" The film's cinematographer Renato Berta called it \"one of the most luxurious films ever made\" because of the high amount of preparationput into it. The film began with Rohmer and the actors discussing their roles and reading from the film's scenario while tape recording the rehearsals. Rohmer then re-wrote the script based on these sessions and shotthe film on Super 8mm as a dress rehearsal. When the film was finally shot, Rohmer often used between two and three takes for each shot, and sometimes only one take. Alain Bergala and Alain Philippon have stated"}
{"doc_id":"doc_154","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom TheInbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up(2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its mainstar, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)TheInbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up(2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders(2020)Passage 2:Santa and the Fairy Snow QueenSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen is a 1951 short fantasy film directed by Sid Davis.PlotSnoopy, (Rochelle Stanton) one of Santa Claus' (Edmund Penney) brownies,introduces herself to the audience, and explains that it is her job to watch little boys and girls, to see if they are behaving well, and to make sure all the toys Santa gives to children on Christmas are being taken care of.If she finds them broken or forgotten, she hauls them off to the Land of Lost and Forgotten Toys. Snoopy then says Santa asked her to tell all the children the story of how the Fairy Snow Queen gave life to toys, so thatthey might be more respectful of their gifts.Snoopy then begins the story: one Christmas Eve, long ago, right after Santa and the brownies had finished making the toys, Santa asked the Fairy Snow Queen to come visitso they can have a sugar cookie. The Fairy Snow Queen came, but discovered Santa deeply asleep in his chair, exhausted from his hard work. At his feet, the queen found several of the toys that he was about todeliver: a rag doll, (Jenny Neal) a musical doll, (Lee Porter) a jack-in-the-box, (Don Oreck) a toy soldier, (Bob Porter) a baby doll, (Audrey Washburn) a doll dressed as a peasant, (Joanna Lamond) and a candy lion(Patrick Clement). Insulted at being forgotten about, the Fairy Snow Queen decided to play a trick on Santa, and brought the toys to life. As the toys take their first steps, the queen dances with the rag doll, and Santawakes up. The toys demonstrate they can sing, and while Santa enjoyed their music, he asked the Fairy Snow Queen to revert them to their inanimate state. The queen protested, saying it's all good fun. The toy soldierand baby doll then show everyone a marching routine, after which the mischievous Jack jumps out of his box and frightens the other toys, until he is coaxed back into his dwelling by the toy soldier. The Fairy Snowqueen then used her magic to calm everyone down, and Santa asked her once again to put the toys back to normal, before the toys fall in love with each other, or break themselves. The queen then reveals that becauseshe'd been irresponsible with her magic, her powers were taken away. She tells Santa she can only change the toys back if they wish to return to their normal states, and they have no such desire, so she cannot. Afterthis, Santa told the toys that if they don't change back, he won't have any gifts to give to the children. The Fairy Snow Queen then offered a compromise: the toys will come to life for one hour, at midnight, each night.The toys agree to this, and Santa appoints Snoopy the caretaker of all the toys. Before she changed them back, the musical doll and the toy soldier reveal they have fallen in love with each other. In remembrance ofher, the soldier gave the doll his golden medal, and Santa decreed all musical dolls will wear golden medals to commemorate their love. The queen returned the toys back to normal, leaving Santa and Snoopy to loadthe toys onto his sleigh.MusicSome of the music used in the short film was from The Nutcracker Suite and The Sleeping Beauty by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ProductionOriginally a one act play written by Porter in 1949,the film wasn't copyrighted until two years later. It was distributed by Encyclopedia Britannia Films for televised broadcasts across the US.CastRochelle Stanton as SnoopyEdmund Penney as SantaMargot von Lou as theFairy Snow QueenJenny Neal as Rag DollLee Porter as Musical DollDon Oreck as Jack-in-the-BoxBob Porter as Toy SoldierAudrey Washburn as Baby DollJoanna Lamond as Peasant DollPatrick Clement as CandyLionLegacyIt was spoofed by RiffTrax three times, the first being as the accompanying short prior to the live riffed version of the 1964 cult classic Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, a film that was previously parodiedon Mystery Science Theater 3000.External linksSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen on Internet Movie DatabaseSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen on YouTubePassage 3:The Snow Queen (1995 film)The Snow Queen is a1995 British animated film directed by Martin Gates and inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale The Snow Queen, featuring Helen Mirren in the titular role. A direct sequel, The Snow Queen's Revenge, wasreleased the following year.In the film, the evil Snow Queen plans to use an enormous magic mirror to so that it will plunge the world into a perpetual winter so she can take it over, but when the mirror shatters and onepiece enters the young Tom's body, she kidnaps him to have all the pieces. Tom's sister Ellie and her friend, Peeps the sparrow, set out to rescue him before it is too late.PlotEllie and her brother Tom listen to theirgrandmother reading them a story about the Snow Queen. When their younger sister Polly asks if she is coming, Tom says that she only exists in the story. However, the Queen really does live in an icy palace in theNorth Pole with her three troll servants: Eric, Baggy, and Wardrobe. Her plan is to set up her huge magic mirror on a mountain to reflect the sunlight away so the entire world will become her kingdom, but the mirrorfalls down the mountain and shatters into pieces. Two of its pieces hit Tom in the eye and the heart and he falls under a curse which turns him dark of spirit.The Snow Queen sends her bats to retrieve the pieces. Asthey cannot take the two that are inside Tom, the Queen goes out to kidnap him herself. Ellie and Tom connect their sleds to a bigger sled that is revealed to be driven by the Queen. She takes Tom to her palace andcuts Ellie off, causing her to fall onto a talking sparrow named Peeps. Ellie goes out to save Tom and Peeps reluctantly decides to go with her. In a snowy forest, they find a house belonging to an old woman, whoappears nice, but is actually a sly witch who traps them to use Ellie's heart for her elixir of life so she can be eternally young. Peeps tricks the witch's cat, Cuddles, into chasing after him and knocking over the elixir oflife, and uses the confusion to unlock Ellie from her cage. Ellie and Peeps escape and trap the old woman and her cat in the basement by putting a box over the trapdoor, so they can avoid being chased by the oldwoman.They then meet two humanoid ravens named Les and Ivy, who, from Ellie's description of Tom, tell her that Tom is going to marry princess Amy, so Ellie becomes a member of the staff to serve the princess herfood. However, she soon discovers that prince Sherman is not Tom. Meanwhile, Tom is rebuilding the Snow Queen's mirror, as he is good at puzzles. The trolls try to warn him that the Queen is going to kill him to getthe last two pieces, but the Queen convinces him otherwise and kisses him, putting him into a hypnotic state while his veins are full of ice, and will cause his death when it reaches his heart.Amy and Sherman give Ellieand Peeps a royal vehicle to ride to the Snow Queen's dominion, but they run into a robber gang of humanoid rats. The Robber King promises his daughter, Angorra, that Ellie can become her slave, but later changes hismind. Ellie is locked in a room with a flying reindeer Dimly who was captured by the robbers. Peeps enters the room and unties Ellie's hands, and she unties Dimly. Angorra enters, but they trap her with a barrel. Dimlyflies them away, but the King grabs onto the rope that is still wrapped around Dimly, resulting in the King slamming into a building and falling over the edge on top of Angorra.Dimly does not know where the SnowQueen is, so he goes to his flying reindeer school and asks Freda, an old Lapland woman who runs the school. Freda has Dimly fly them over to the Queen's castle. There, they meet the three trolls, who ultimatelydecide to help them. Tom does not have much time left, and has finished putting the mirror together except for the two pieces that are inside him. Freda reveals that the pieces inside him will kill him, then makes apotion that will dissolve the mirror. Ellie tells Tom to drink it, but just as he is about to, the Queen blasts the vial away with her magic staff. They fight the Queen, but she freezes Eric and Freda, and Baggy andWardrobe grab her staff just as they are frozen as well. The battle eventually causes the vial to fall on top of the mirror and shatter, dissolving the mirror and forming an icy cyclone that chases after the Queen's flyingcarriage and freezes her solid as she attempts to escape. The mirror pieces inside Tom dissolve and the effects of the Queen's kiss go away, freeing him. Freda and the trolls are unfrozen.Freda warns the Snow Queen isnot dead and might return in the future. She has Dimly take Ellie, Tom, and Peeps back to the village, and then come back for her and the trolls. Dimly crash lands in the village and Ellie, Tom, and Peeps go to listen tothe rest of the story as Dimly heads back to the Queen's palace. The film ends with a close-up shot of the frozen Queen's eyes lighting up.VoicesEllie Beaven as Ellie, a courageous and optimistic girl with a kindheart.Helen Mirren as the Snow Queen, the oppressive monarch of the North and South Poles.Damian Hunt as Tom, the intelligent twin brother of Ellie.Hugh Laurie as Peeps, a house sparrow and Ellie's best friend.GaryMartin as Dimly, a reindeer who struggles with flying.Julia McKenzie as Grandma, the grandmother of Ellie, Tom and Polly who looks after them; Old Woman, a polite woman who is secretly an evil witch; and Freda, theHeadmistress of a flying school for Reindeer.David Jason as Eric, the leader of the trolls and the Snow Queen's army.Colin Marsh as Baggy, a bumbling troll and Wardrobe's best friend.Russell Floyd as Wardrobe, adim-witted troll and the kindest of the three.Scarlett Strallen as Princess Amy, an energetic and playful girl who is a Princess.Rik Mayall as the Robber King, a rat who is the leader of a gang of thieves.Richard Tate asLes, a raven who works for the Royal Household and the husband of Ivy.Imelda Staunton as Ivy, a raven who likes picking flowers and the wife of Les; and Angorra, a rat who is also the spoiled and bratty daughter ofthe Robber King.Rowan D'Albert as Prince Sherman, an immature but clever boy with a big appetite who has recently married Princess Amy.Zizi Vaigncourt Strallen as Polly, the younger sister of Ellie andTom.Production and releaseThe Snow Queen had been in production since 1991, but was completed only in 1995. This was in part due to the legal problems in the Philippines.The movie was released directly to VHS byFirst Independent Films in 1995 and later released as part of a double pack with The Snow Queen's Revenge. On 8 November 2004, it was released on DVD and re-released on VHS by Universal Pictures Video and RightEntertainment, with a later DVD bundle release occurring on 3 October 2005.Outside the United Kingdom, such as the United States and Russia, Warner Bros held the rights, and released it straight to VHS in 1998 andlater on DVD in 2004.ReceptionJack Zipes called it \"highly comic [and] neatly drawn\", praising the \"numerous changes that liven the action and transform the plot in unusual ways\". He wrote that \"there's nothing glitzyin this animated film and yet it sparkles with an unusual approach to a humourless tale\".SequelThe Snow Queen's Revenge is a 1996 sequel in which the Snow Queen returns to life, setting out to seek revenge on thosewho ruined her plans to rule the world, and it is up to young Ellie and her friends to stop her again. Some of the voice cast changed in the second film.Passage 4:The Snow Queen's RevengeThe Snow Queen's Revenge isa 1996 British animated film directed by Martin Gates. It is a sequel to the 1995 film The Snow Queen and has some of the voice cast changed, including Julia McKenzie replacing Helen Mirren as the titular role of theSnow Queen. The animation production was done overseas at Fil-Cartoons in Manila, Philippines, formerly owned by American studio Hanna-Barbera.Vanquished in the first film, the evil Snow Queen returns to life,setting out to seek revenge on those who ruined her plans to freeze and rule the world. It is up to young Ellie and her best friends to stop her again.PlotThe plot is picking up where the previous film left off. With the evilSnow Queen having been defeated, Dimly the flying reindeer returns to the village with Ellie, her brother Tom, and Peeps the sparrow. By now it is almost spring.Back at the Snow Queen's palace, her now uncontrolledthree trolls, Eric, Baggy and Wardrobe, prepare for Dimly to take Freda back to the flying school and return for the trolls. As the trolls try to figure out where to go, the Queen's bats take her magic staff and place it inher hand, setting her free from her frozen form moments after Dimly returns. The furious Queen decides to kidnap Dimly so Ellie will come to her and she can get her revenge. She moves with Dimly and the trolls to theSouth Pole, as it is now too warm in the North Pole.The Snow Queen contacts Ellie, telling her that she has captured Dimly and daring her to rescue him. Ellie does not know where the Queen is now, so Peeps takes herto Brenda, a bird that is said to know everything. Meanwhile, at the Queen’s palace set on a frozen volcano, Elsbeth and Pearl (two humanoid penguins who serve the Queen and clean the South Pole palace) talk aboutthe Queen, about how Elsbeth is proud to serve the Queen while Pearl laments that they never get appreciated. The Snow Queen arrives at the South Pole Palace and locks Dimly away in her stables, near her ferociousreindeers, which attempt to break into his part of the stables and eat him. Brenda takes Ellie and Peeps toward the South Pole. They stop at a restaurant for food, where the proprietor (a greedy humanoid pig) and herminions capture Brenda and try to cook her to serve as food. Ellie and Peeps stop them and escape, destroying the restaurant.The Snow Queen begins work on the final part of her plan, creating a flying magic pterosaurshe names Iceosaurus. Meanwhile, Ellie falls asleep and she and Peeps fall off Brenda and into the ocean, where they are picked up by a humanoid walrus, Clive and his wife Rowena, on a ship named the S.S. Quagmire.When Ellie and Peeps explain how they are on their way to the Snow Queen's palace, they realize that she set the whole thing up to lure Ellie there. Clive and Rowena are revealed to be bounty hunters who decide togive Ellie to the Queen for a big reward, and imprison her and Peeps. When Brenda realizes that they have fallen off, she comes back and rescues them.Brenda, Ellie, and Peeps arrive at the South Pole, but Iceosaurusfreezes Brenda. Ellie and Peeps discover a magic talisman that turns into a magic pepper pot which Ellie uses to unfreeze Brenda. Brenda separates from Ellie to find a high place to take off. Ellie and Peeps encounterPearl and Elspeth, and Ellie traps them inside a bubble using the device when they refuse to let them in. They find Dimly and release him from the stables just in time from the reindeers by turning the device into a key,but locking the Queen's reindeers inside. The group attempts to escape, but Dimly is too weak to fly at the moment. The Queen and Iceosaurus attack them, but Freda's device turns into a kind of shield that Ellie usesto deflect the ice beams the Queen shoots at her, causing one to hit Iceosaurus. It falls and crashes into the ground, creating a massive volcanic eruption. Brenda escapes the flood of lava and gets Ellie, Peeps, andDimly to safety. The panicked Queen attempts to flee on feet, but is unable to escape her crumbling palace and falls down into the lava.As Brenda takes Ellie, Peeps, and Dimly back home, Eric, Baggy, Wardrobe, Pearl,and Elspeth watch as the Snow Queen's castle is destroyed, and walk off once the eruption is over. The final scene shows the Queen drifting through the river of molten magma, her body seemingly intact but nowturned to stone, and still holding her magic staff. As at the end of the first film, her eyes glow ominously before the credits roll.VoicesJulia McKenzie as the Snow Queen, the monarch of the North and South Poles;Freda, the Headmistress of a flying school for Reindeer; and the Proprietor, a greedy pig who runs a restaurant.Ellie Beaven as Ellie, a courageous and optimistic girl with a kind heart.Gary Martin as Dimly, a reindeerwho struggles with flying.Hugh Laurie as Peeps, a house sparrow and Ellie's best friend.Elizabeth Spriggs as Brenda, a very intelligent bird who is friends with Peeps.Tim Healy as Eric, the leader of the Trolls and theSnow Queen's army.Colin Marsh as Baggy, a bumbling troll and Wardrobe’s best friend.Russell Floyd as Wardrobe, a dim-witted troll and the kindest of the three.Patrick Barlow as Clive, a walrus and the Captain of theS.S Quagmire and the husband of Rowena.Imelda Staunton as Elsbeth, a kind and optimistic penguin who is proud and enjoys her job as a Cleaner for the Snow Queen's palace in the South Pole; and Rowena, anambitious walrus and the wife of Clive.Alison Steadman as Pearl, a rude and abrasive penguin who clearly does not enjoy her job as a Cleaner for the Snow Queen's Palace in the South Pole.ReleaseThe movie wasreleased directly to VHS by First Independent Films in 1996 and later released as part of a double pack with The Snow Queen. On 8 November 2004, it was released on DVD and re-released on VHS by Universal PicturesVideo and Right Entertainment, with a later DVD bundle release occurring on 3 October 2005.The film was released internationally by Warner Bros. in 1998.See alsoThe Snow Queen (1995 film)SourcesToonhound - TheSnow Queen's Revenge (1996)Behind The Voice Actors - The Snow Queen's RevengePassage 5:Kenneth OkonkwoKenneth Okonkwo (born November 6, 1968) is a Nigerian actor, lawyer and politician, known for his rolein the movie Living in Bondage as Andy Okeke.CareerIn 2013 he won the African Movie Academy Award on a Special Recognition of Pillars of Nollywood.2015 he was given a special recognition award by the organisersof the City People Entertainment Awards for his contribution to the growth of entertainment in Nigeria.FilmographySee also9th Africa Movie Academy AwardsPassage 6:Sid DavisSidney Davis (April 1, 1916 – October 16,2006) was an American director and producer who specialized in social guidance films.Early lifeDavis was born on April 1, 1916, in Chicago, Illinois. He was born to a housepainter father and a seamstress mother. Thefamily moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1920, when Davis was four years old. That same year, he began working as a child actor; for example, he was featured in a comedy made by Harold Lloyd. He dropped out ofjunior high school to help support his parents. When he was older, he often worked as a stand-in for Leif Erickson and John Wayne.Filmmaking careerIn November 1949 Linda Joyce Glucoft, a six-year-old girl in LosAngeles, California, was molested and murdered by a man named Fred Stroble. The story made front-page news in the Los Angeles Times for a week as police and the FBI searched for Stroble. The story was picked upby Time Magazine and other national media and led to a flurry of reported rapes and attempted rapes. Some media began to speculate that the supposed epidemic of rape was simply media manipulation of publicperception.Davis stated that the tragedy particularly disturbed him because his then-six-year-old daughter Jill did not seem to pay attention to his warnings about strangers. Davis talked to John Wayne saying that afilm about this should be made, and Wayne suggested that Davis make the film. Wayne gave Davis $1,000 ($12299.3 when adjusted for inflation) and used the money to make his first film, The Dangerous Stranger, afilm he would remake at least twice over the next 30 years. The film tells the story of several young children—some of the children are kidnapped and eventually saved, others are kidnapped and never seen again. Davis"}
{"doc_id":"doc_155","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Salin MibayaSalin Mibaya (Burmese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, pronounced [s\u0000l\u0000́\u0000 m\u0000b\u0000já]; also known as Narapati Medaw, (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)) was the chief queen of Viceroy Thado DhammaYaza II of Prome (r. 1551–1588).The second daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and his chief queen Shwe Zin Gon was married three times. Her marriage to her first cousin Min Ba Saw—a son of her maternaluncle—was cut short when her brother King Narapati had him executed. Narapati then married her off to Sithu Kyawhtin, then governor of Salin, a powerful figure in the Confederation of Shan States, in a marriage ofstate in the late 1530s. (Prome was then a de facto vassal state of the Confederation, which controlled all of Ava territories except Toungoo in Upper Burma.) Her stay at Salin lasted until January 1544 when the citywas captured by Toungoo forces under Gen. Bayinnaung. Her husband escaped to Ava (Inwa) but she was captured and sent to Pegu (Bago). In 1545, she was married to Nanda Yawda, a younger brother ofBayinnaung, at the coronation ceremony of Tabinshwehti at the Pegu Palace.She returned to her native Prome as queen in 1551 when her husband was appointed viceroy of the region by King Bayinnaung. She had twodaughters by Nanda Yawda, now styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza II. Their elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of Nawrahta Minsaw, the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughterMin Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.AncestryThe following is her ancestry as reported in the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. Her parents were doublecousins.NotesPassage 2:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\"(anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalusalbum), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 TurkishdramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction dramaseriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containingMotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film),biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series)1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pridediscography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The AlbumFormerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny WayneShepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomasalbum)Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deirel-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the villagenecropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servantin the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin(German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited fromprevious generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipalcitizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions,such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required.This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to aSwiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipalcitizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was ahistorical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed,eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\"instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place theycurrently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francsafter having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent onthe municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place oforigin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan,which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only theirplace of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place ofbirth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact thatpeople can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal ornational matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all theirsocial welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860:59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residentialcommunity.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.SeealsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 6:Valley of DeathValley of Death may refer to:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murderand mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of PlumRunValley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in RussiaTheValley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama),a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film\"Valley of Death\", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of \"TheCharge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital\"The Valley of Death\", a song by theSwedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pages with titles containing Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death(disambiguation)Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place ofdeath of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 8:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called DanseMacabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novelby R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play byFrank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starringErich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris KarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg'splay, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other PlantationFavorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, aJapanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage 9:Thado Dhamma Yaza II of PromeThado Dhamma Yaza II (Burmese:\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, pronounced [ð\u0000dó d\u0000ma\u0000 jàzà]; 1520s–1588) was viceroy of Prome (Pyay) from 1551 to 1588, during the reigns of kings Bayinnaung and Nanda of Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar).Having begun his military career in the service of King Tabinshwehti, the youngest full brother of Bayinnaung was part of the small core group loyal to Bayinnaung, following the assassination of Tabinshwehti in 1550.Alongside his brothers Bayinnaung, Minye Sithu, Minkhaung II, Thado Minsaw and his nephew Nanda, he fought in nearly every campaign between 1550 and 1584 that rebuilt, expanded and defended the ToungooEmpire.Early lifeHe was born in the Toungoo Palace precincts to Mingyi Swe and Shin Myo Myat, royal household servants of Crown Prince Tabinshwehti. He had an elder sister, Dhamma Dewi, two elder brothers,Bayinnaung and Minye Sithu, and two younger half-brothers, Minkhaung II and Thado Minsaw who were born to his aunt (his mother's younger sister) and his father. He grew up in the palace precincts, and received amilitary-style education there.CareerTabinshwehti era (1534–1550)He participated in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–1541), and by 1540 had achieved the rank of regimental commander with the style of NandaYawda (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000). He was appointed governor of Thamyindon (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) in the Irrawaddy delta in 1541 by Tabinshwehti. He served as a regimental commander in Toungoo's campaigns againstProme (1541–1542), led a naval squadron in the Arakan campaign (1546–1547), and commanded an elephant battalion in the invasion of Siam (1548–1549). In January 1550, he joined his brothers Bayinnaung andMinye Sithu on the campaign to suppress the rebellion of Smim Htaw.Bayinnaung era (1550–1581)He was a key member of Bayinnaung's drive to restore the Toungoo Empire which had fallen apart after Tabinshwehtiwas assassinated on 30 April 1550. He led a regiment in Bayinnaung's 1550–1551 assault on the city of Toungoo, whose ruler Minkhaung II was their own half-brother. He was given a royal title of Thado Dhamma Yazaon 11 January 1551 by Bayinnaung after Minkhaung II surrendered and was pardoned on the same day. He commanded the Irrawaddy flank in the Prome campaign (March–August 1551). Prome was taken on 30August 1551, and Bayinnaung appointed him as the viceroy of Prome.Thado Dhamma Yaza II was one of the four deputies of Bayinnaung in the king's campaigns between 1552 and 1565 that greatly expanded theToungoo Empire. The original four were Bayinnaung's four brothers: Minye Sithu, Thado Dhamma Yaza, Minkhaung and Thado Minsaw. After Minye Sithu's death in 1556, Bayinnaung's eldest son Nanda took his place.Thado Dhamma Yaza participated in every campaign except for Manipur (1560) and Lan Xang (1565). Bayinnaung had built the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. After a brief respite, he faced seriousrebellions in Lan Xang and Siam in 1568, later joined by northern Shan states in the 1570s. Thado Dhamma Yaza along with the other three deputies of the king were called upon to suppress the rebellions.The followingis a list of campaigns in which he participated during the reign of Bayinnaung.He proved to be a loyal brother. He built the Prome gate of Pegu (Bago) when the capital was rebuilt between 1565 and 1568. (Each of thetwenty gates of the new capital was built by key vassal rulers.) For their loyal service, Thado Dhamma Yaza II, Minkhaung II and Thado Minsaw were all honored by their brother the king on 3 March 1580.Nanda era(1581–1588)Bayinnaung died on 10 October 1581, and was succeeded by his son Nanda. The new king faced an impossible task of maintaining an empire ruled by autonomous viceroys who were loyal to Bayinnaung,not the kingdom of Toungoo. Nanda particularly distrusted his uncle Thado Minsaw of Ava. When two Chinese Shan states Sanda and Thaungthut revolted in August/September 1582, the high king asked ThadoDhamma Yaza II and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to lead two 8000-strong armies to quell the rebellion. (The king conspicuously did not ask Thado Minsaw to take part in the campaign although Ava contributed troopsand the Shan states were closer to Ava.) The two armies laid siege to Sanda (present-day Baoshan prefecture) for nearly five months until the starving city surrendered. The armies arrived back to Pegu in April1583.Nanda's slight of Thado Minsaw did not go unnoticed. In June/July 1583, Thado Minsaw sent secret embassies to Prome, Toungoo and Chiang Mai to launch a simultaneous revolt against Nanda. He also sentmissions to Shan states for their support. Thado Dhamma Yaza and the other viceroys sided with Nanda. When Nanda marched to Ava in March 1584, he along with the rulers of Toungoo and Chiang Mai also marched toAva. Ava turned out to be Thado Dhamma Yaza's last campaign. He did not participate in the ensuing campaigns against Siam, which revolted in May 1584.Thado Dhamma Yaza II died in November/December 1588. Hewas succeeded by Mingyi Hnaung, one of Nanda's sons, styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome.FamilyHis chief queen was Salin Mibaya, who was a daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and a descendant of Avaroyalty. They were married in 1545 in Pegu at the coronation ceremony of Tabinshwehti. He had two daughters by his chief queen. The elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of Nawrahta Minsaw,the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughter Min Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.He also had seven sons and a daughter by minor queens and concubines. They were:Nanda Yawda (birthname Shin Zin), who married his first cousin Myat Myo Hpone Wai (daughter of Bayinnaung) and became governor of Sagaing. Captured and brought to Mrauk-U in 1600 where he was given the title of MinyeTheinkhathu.Min Shwe Myat, governor of TaingdaMinye Uzana, governor of SalinPrincess of SakuGovernor of Malun, captured and sent to ArakanShin Ne Myo, killed by Yan Naing in 1597Shin Ne Tun, killed by Yan Naingin 1597Pyinsa Thiha, governor of MoulmeinNotesPassage 10:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name anddate of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-borncitizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actualplace of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the placeof birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead usingalternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's"}
{"doc_id":"doc_156","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:1928 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1928 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1928 college football season.SchedulePassage2:Christian ComptonAsbury Christian Compton (October 24, 1929 – April 9, 2006) was an American attorney and judge who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1974 until 2000, and as a Seniorjustice until his death.Compton was a native of Ashland in Hanover County, Virginia, and graduated from Ashland High School in 1946. Compton earned his B.A. in history and politics from Washington and Lee in 1950and his LL.B. from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1953.  While at Washington and Lee, Compton served as president of Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity, class officer and captain of the basketball team.He was also a member of Omicron Delta Kappa, the lacrosse team, Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity, the University Glee Club and the Cotillion Club.Compton served in the U.S. Navy from 1953 to 1956 and the U.S. NavalReserve from 1953 to 1961. He practiced law in Richmond with May, Garrett, Miller, Newman and Compton from 1957 to 1966.In 1966, Gov. Mills Godwin appointed Compton to the Law & Equity Court of the City ofRichmond and then to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1974. The General Assembly re-elected him to another term in 1987. He retired from the Supreme Court in February 2000 and began service as a seniorjustice.Compton maintained strong ties to Washington and Lee throughout his career.  He served as president of the Alumni Association from 1972 to 1973.  He received an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from his almamater in 1975. He served member of the Board of Trustees from 1978 to 1989.  He selected most of his law clerks from the top graduates of Washington and Lee School of Law.Compton was married to BettyStephenson Compton for 52 years until his death.  They had three daughters—Leigh Compton Kiczales, Mary Compton Psyllos, Melissa Compton Patterson; and eight grandsons-Nicholas Kiczales, Luke Kiczales, NoahStephenson Kiczales, Thomas Psyllos, Christian Psyllos, Daniel Patterson, James Patterson, and Henry Patterson.Resolution of the Virginia General Assembly on the Death of A. Christian ComptonPassage 3:1917Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee during the 1917 college footballseason.SchedulePassage 4:Shenandoah (magazine)Shenandoah: The Washington and Lee Review is a literary magazine published Washington and Lee University.HistoryOriginally a student-run quarterly, Shenandoahhas evolved into a biannual literary journal. Since 2018, the magazine has been edited by current English professor Beth Staples. According to Shenandoah's mission statement, the magazine aims to showcase diversevoices because \"reading through the perspective of another person, persona, or character is one of the ways we practice empathy, expand our understanding of the world, and experience new levels ofawareness.\"Shenandoah was founded in 1949 by a group of Washington and Lee University faculty members, including English professor Samuel Ashley Brown, who published the fiction and poetry of undergraduatesincluding Tom Wolfe. In the 1950s Thomas H. Carter became one of the founding student editors.  During his tenure the Shenandoah corresponded with E. E. Cummings, William Carlos Williams, William Faulkner, EzraPound and many other Southern writers and the Shenandoah grew in stature and national prominence. From the 1960s to the 1980s, W&L faculty member James Boatwright expanded the journal and publishedoccasional theme issues, including a 35th anniversary anthology. In 1995, R. T. Smith was selected as the first full-time editor of the journal. In 2018 after twenty-three years as editor, R. T. Smith retired, and BethStaples took over as editor of the magazine.  Today, the magazine publishes biannually in the spring and fall. Shenandoah is funded and supported by Washington and Lee University through the Office of the Dean ofthe College and is located in Mattingly House on W&L's campus. The magazine maintains a board of university advisors who offer guidance and advice, and the current editor maintains an intern program in whichundergraduate students work for the journal and learn the craft of editing as an academic course in the English Department. Recent contributors include Wendell Berry, Joyce Carol Oates, Jacob M. Appel, Speer Morgan,Lee Smith, Claudia Emerson, May-lee Chai, and Rita Dove.  This list complements a long history of literary luminaries who have been published in Shenandoah such as W. H. Auden, James Merrill, J. R. R. Tolkien, T. S.Eliot, Ray Bradbury, and Flannery O'Connor.Since moving away from print in 2011, the magazine can now be found online in its entirety.Fellowships and ContestIn the past, Shenandoah has hosted several prestigiousannual contests:  the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry, the Goodheart Prize for Fiction, the Thomas H. Carter Prize for the Essay, and the Shenandoah/Glasgow Prize for Emerging Writers. Presently, Shenandoahhost the Graybeal-Gowan Prize for Virginia Writers.  In 2021, Shenandoah launched a fellowship for BIPOC editors. Through a competitive application process, the magazine selects one fellow for each issue to aid in theselection of fiction, non-fiction, poems, or comics.Recent honors, awards and reviews2008 Governor's Award for the Arts \"The Worst You Ever Feel\" by Rebecca Makkai was included in The Best American Short Stories2008.\"Souvenir\" by Beth Ann Fennelly was included in The Best American Poetry 2006\"Death Is Intended\" by Linda Pastan was included in The Best American Poetry 2005\"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Stalker\" byKate Osana Simonian was \"noted\" in The Best American Essays 2019\"Volume 68 Number 1: Bodies, Bones, and the Space We Occupy\" was given \"5 Stars\" on \"The Review Review\"See alsoList of literarymagazinesPassage 5:Lee McGeorge DurrellLee McGeorge Durrell  (née McGeorge; born September 7, 1949) is an American naturalist, author, zookeeper, and television presenter. She is best known for her work at theJersey Zoological Park in the British Channel Island of Jersey with her late husband, Gerald Durrell, and for co-authoring books with him.BiographyLee was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and showed an interest in wildlifeas a child. She studied philosophy at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia before enrolling in 1971 for a graduate programme at Duke University, to study animal behaviour. She conducted research for her PhD on thecalls of mammals and birds in Madagascar. She met Gerald Durrell when he gave a lecture at Duke University in 1977, and married him in 1979.Lee Durrell moved to Jersey and became involved with the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust (then the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust). She accompanied Durrell on his last three conservation missions:Mauritius, other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (1982) (account in Gerald Durrell'sArk on the Move)Russia (1986) (account in Durrell in Russia, co-authored with Gerald Durrell)Madagascar (1990) (account in Gerald Durrell's The Aye-Aye and I)She became the honorary director of the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust after the death of her husband in 1995. She was instrumental in getting the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust renamed after Gerald Durrell, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Jersey Zoo.She is also a member of various expert groups on conservation, and is fondly called \"Mother Tortoise\" in certain areas of Madagascar due to her work with the ploughshare tortoise.In December 2005, Lee Durrell handedover a large collection of dead animals (which had originally been collected and bred by her husband Gerald Durrell) to the National Museums of Scotland to aid genetic research of the critically rare species.Lee acted asconsultant for The Durrells, a 2016 ITV six-part dramatisation of My Family and Other Animals.BibliographyDurrell is the author of three books:A Practical Guide for the Amateur Naturalist (with Gerald Durrell) (HamishHamilton (UK) / Alfred A. Knopf (USA), 1982) ISBN 0-241-10841-1Durrell in Russia (with Gerald Durrell) (MacDonald (UK) / Simon & Schuster (USA), 1986)State of the Ark – an atlas of conservation in action (BodleyHead, 1986) ISBN 0-370-30754-2Foreword by Gerald DurrellDedicated \"To GMD for his contribution to conservation, which is greater than most, because he shares his delight in the natural world so well\"She is also theeditor of:The Best of Gerald Durrell (HarperCollins, 1996)The companion book of a TV series documents the series where she was co-presenter: Ourselves and Other Animals – from the TV series with Gerald and LeeDurrell, Peter Evans (1987)HonoursNactus serpeninsula durrelli, or Durrell's night gecko, is the Round Island race of the Serpent Island gecko, named after Gerald and Lee Durrell for their contribution to saving thegecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting Durrell's night gecko.Lee Durrell was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 BirthdayHonours.FilmographyThe Amateur Naturalist, TV series, CBC (Canada) / Channel 4 (UK) (1982)Ourselves & Other Animals, TV series, Primetime Television (1987)Durrell in Russia, TV series, Channel 4 (UK)(1986)Passage 6:1920 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1920 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1920 college footballseason.SchedulePassage 7:Kenneth DubersteinKenneth Marc Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American lobbyist who served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988to 1989.Early life and educationDuberstein was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Jewel (Falb), a teacher, and Aaron Duberstein, a fundraiser for the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Poly PrepCountry Day School and Franklin and Marshall College (A.B. 1965) and American University (M.A. 1966). He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in 1989. While in college he was amember of Zeta Beta Tau.Political careerDuberstein began his public service on Capitol Hill as an intern for Sen. Jacob K. Javits. His other early government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during theGerald Ford Administration and Director of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration.During Reagan's eight years in office, he had two stints in the White House. His firstwas as  Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (1981–83). His major accomplishment of this period was pushing Reagan's economic agenda through a Democratic House, including the  1982 Tax Bill.Duberstein was described as Reagan's invisible link to Congress. He was at the center of the Administrations push for the bill, working on both sides of the political divide.   His second stint was also for two years, first asDeputy Chief of Staff and then for the final six months of the Reagan presidency as White House Chief of Staff (1988–1989). Eight days after Reagan was on TV and acknowledged the Iran-Contra affair, Duberstein tookover as chief of staff. Around that time it had been revealed that Nancy Reagan had used an astrologer to determine dates for the president's public appearances. Reagan's presidency had reached a low point; approvalrating was at 37%. His promotion was called a wake-up call for a \"drowsy White House.\" He came to the job with energy, loyalty, hard work and enthusiasm, having earned the nickname Duderdog; and, he made sureto call Nancy twice a day. He had Reagan give a mea culpa address to the nation; poll numbers went right up and the presidency had been turned around.Duberstein is said to have been the first Jewish person to beWhite House Chief of Staff.Between his White House appointments, he was vice-president and director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development and was a lobbyist as vicepresident of Timmons & Company. Prior to 1987, he served on the Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, succeeded by Betty Heitman, previously co-chairwoman of the Republican NationalCommittee.Later careerIn January 1989, Duberstein was awarded the President's Citizens Medal by President Reagan. He was the chairman of the Ethics Committee for the U.S. Olympic Committee  and served as vicechairman of the independent Special Bid Oversight Reform Commission for the U.S. Olympics Committee. He also appeared on Bloomberg alongside John Podesta, and had 23 appearances on C-SPAN. Beginning inseason five Duberstein was a consultant for the tv show The West Wing.In 2013, Duberstein was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage inthe Hollingsworth v. Perry case. His position succeeded, as the court would go on to effectively legalize same-sex marriage in California.LobbyistDuberstein transitioned from the White House to lobbyist; he wassuccessful, and his insight and advice was sought by leaders of both parties. Duberstein founded The Duberstein Group Inc. in 1987. It is a consulting services company providing corporate consulting and governmentrelations services. Among its client are Amazon, BP and MLB. Duberstein was hired by Russian authorities, via Goldman Sachs, to lobby against the Magnitsky Bill (as known as the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of LawAccountability Act), a bill in the U.S. Congress \"to impose sanctions on persons responsible for the detention, abuse, or death of Sergei Magnitsky, and for other gross violations of human rights in the RussianFederation\". Duberstein showed discretion and did not discuss his work, leading to an \"air of mystery\" about him and what he did for his clients.Education activitiesIn 2020, he established the Public Service InternshipEndowment at his alma mater, Franklin and Marshall, assisting F&M students who secure unpaid internships in public service in Washington, D.C. He was on the college's Board of Trustees from 1994 to 2010, and thenbecame an emeritus trustee. A space at the Franklin and Marshall Patricia E. Harris Center for Business, Government and Public Policy is named for him, the \"Duberstein West Wing\". He spoke at the dedication of thecenter and led fund raising for the building's renovations. At Harvard Kennedy School, he chaired a senior advisory committee and was a “constant and inspiring presence” to students.Political adviserHe was an adviserto former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, according to syndicated columnist Robert Novak, who said that Duberstein was a source for David Corn's and Michael Isikoff's book about the Valerie Plame affairin which Armitage was found to be the one who leaked Plame's CIA status to Novak.Duberstein and Colin Powell became close during his time as chief of staff and Powell's position as National Security Advisor in theReagan White House.  When Powell considered a 1996 presidential run, he was advised by Duberstein. Duberstein guided him to \"play the press\" and win over Republican leaders.  Powell ended up not making therun.  When Powell's reputation was damaged by his role in the 2003 Iraq War, he used Duberstein to act as a consigliere to repair his name.Duberstein guided Supreme Court Justices David Souter and Clarence Thomasthrough their ritualistic confirmation proceedings. Other high level appointees he advised and guided through confirmation hearings included CIA Director Robert M. Gates and Secretary of State George P. Shultz. Hisbusiness partner, Michael S. Berman, a Democrat, performed similar tasks for Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer.BoardsDuberstein enjoyed lucrative posts on countless boards of directors, includingThe Boeing Company, ConocoPhillips, the Fleming Companies, Inc., and The St. Paul Companies, Inc. He was also on the Board of Governors for the American Stock Exchange and NASD, and served on the Board ofDirectors of Fannie Mae. He served on the advisory board for Washington, DC-based non-profit America Abroad Media.PersonalityDuberstein, a \"back-slapping Brooklyn native,\" was one of the most connectedWashington people. \"A permanent Washington fixture,\" he was a regular at Washington parties and network talk shows.  A gregarious and rumpled, wise-cracking ‘people person’ of relentless optimism and energy...theconsummate Washington insider and institutionalist, a big man with an easy smile and a generous laugh who could be hard-nosed, loved gossiping with reporters, believed in bipartisanship and offered his advice toanyone who asked — especially those who succeeded him in the chief of staff job. Duberstein noted that as a Brooklynite he always enjoyed working with people. As a \"cultivator\" of the press he was generally discreet,refusing to be quoted by name, even for articles about himself. He was forever loved by the Washington press for all the leaking he did during the Reagan years; and, \"he loved being Ken Duberstein.\"PoliticalviewsDuberstein was a political moderate Rockefeller Republican, fiscally conservative and socially moderate.Before McCain secured the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, Duberstein made inquiries aboutrunning the transition team; McCain was not interested.  He later broke from his party in the election and supported Obama; commenting on the nomination of Sarah Palin for vice-president, he said: “Even atMcDonald's, you’re interviewed three times before you’re given a job.\"Personal life, health and deathDuberstein was married three times, with his first two marriages, to Marjorie Duberstein and Sydney Duberstein,ending in divorce. He had a daughter from the first marriage and three children from the second. He was then married to Jacqueline Fain, a former TV producer, for 18 years until his death. At their 2003 wedding,Supreme Court Justice David Souter was the officiant and Marvin Hamlisch provided the music.  He had a history of kidney disease, and in 2014, received a kidney transplant; his son was the donor. After a long illness,Duberstein died at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington on March 2, 2022, at the age of 77. The funeral was at Washington Hebrew CongregationPassage 8:Robert HuntleyRobert E. R. Huntley (1929 – December 10,2015) was an American attorney, businessman, retired law professor, and former president of Washington and Lee University.He graduated from Washington and Lee in 1950 and its law school in 1957. He obtained amaster's degree in law from Harvard University in 1962. He joined the law faculty of Washington and Lee in 1958, and served as its dean from 1967 to 1968. In 1968 he was named president of the university, a post heheld for 15 years.He practiced law with the Richmond, Virginia law firm of Hunton & Williams from 1988 until his retirement in 1995. He also served as chairman, president and chief executive officer of Best Products. Healso served on the board of directors of Altria Group.RecognitionWashington and Lee established the endowed Robert E. R. Huntley Professorship in Law in 1988.The building housing the Williams School of Commerce,Economics, and Politics at Washington and Lee was named Huntley Hall in 2004 in his honor.Passage 9:1922 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1922 Washington and Lee Generals football teamrepresented Washington and Lee University during the 1922 college football season.SchedulePassage 10:1950 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1950 Washington and Lee Generals football team was anAmerican football team that represented Washington and Lee University in the Southern Conference during the 1950 college football season. In their second season under head coach George T. Barclay, the Generalscompiled an 8–3 record, won the conference championship, and lost to Wyoming in the 1951 Gator Bowl. The team played its home games at Wilson Field in Lexington, Virginia.Schedule"}
{"doc_id":"doc_157","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Heaven Knows, Mr. AllisonHeaven Knows, Mr. Allison is a 1957 American CinemaScope war film that tells the story of two people stranded on a Japanese-occupied island in the Pacific Ocean during World WarII.The film was adapted by John Huston and John Lee Mahin from the 1952 novel by Charles Shaw and was directed by Huston. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Deborah Kerr)and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.The movie was filmed on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Producer Eugene Frenke later filmed a low-budget variation on the story, The Nun andthe Sergeant (1962), starring his wife Anna Sten.PlotIn the South Pacific in 1944, U.S. Marine Corporal Allison and his reconnaissance party are disembarking from a U.S. Navy submarine when they are discovered andfired upon by the Japanese. The submarine's captain is forced to dive and leave the scouting team behind. Allison reaches a rubber raft and, after days adrift, reaches an island. He finds an abandoned settlement and achapel with one occupant: Sister Angela, a novice Irish nun who has not yet taken her final vows. She has been on the island for only four days, having come with an elderly priest to evacuate another clergyman only tofind that the Japanese had arrived first. The frightened natives who had brought them to the island left the pair without warning, and the priest died soon after.For a while, they have the island to themselves, but then adetachment of Japanese troops arrives to set up a meteorological camp, forcing them to hide in a cave. When Sister Angela is unable to stomach the raw fish that Allison has caught, he sneaks into the Japanese campfor supplies, narrowly avoiding detection. That night, they watch flashes from naval guns being fired in a sea battle over the horizon.The Japanese unexpectedly leave the island and Allison professes his love for SisterAngela, proposing marriage. But she shows him her engagement ring and explains that it is a symbol of her forthcoming final holy vows. Later both in celebration and frustration, Allison gets drunk on sake. He blurtsout that he considers her devotion to her vows to be pointless since they are stuck on the island \"like Adam and Eve.\" She runs out into a tropical rain and falls ill as a result. Allison, now sober and contrite, finds hershivering. He carries her back, but the Japanese have returned, forcing them to retreat to the cave. Allison sneaks into the Japanese camp to get blankets. He kills a soldier who discovers him, alerting the enemy. Toforce him into the open, the Japanese set fire to the vegetation.When a Japanese soldier discovers the cave, Allison and Sister Angela have two choices: surrender or die from a hand grenade thrown inside. An ensuingexplosion is not a grenade, but a bomb; the Americans have begun attacking the island in preparation for a landing. Allison comments that the landing will not be easy because when they returned, the Japanese broughtfour artillery pieces and concealed them well on the island.Responding to what he attributes to a message from God, Allison disables the artillery during the barrage that will precede the American assault while theJapanese are still in their bunkers. He is wounded but sabotages all the guns by removing their breechblocks, saving many American lives. After the landing, the Marine officers are puzzled by the missingbreechblocks.Sister Angela and the wounded Allison then say their goodbyes as the Marines begin occupation. Allison has reconciled himself to Sister Angela's dedication to Jesus, though she reassures him that they willalways be close \"companions.\" After being found, Allison is transferred by the Marines to the ship, with Sister Angela walking beside him.CastProductionFilming took place in Trinidad and Tobago, allowing Huston andFox to use blocked funds in the UK, receive British film finance and qualify for the Eady Levy. The film was set later in the war than it was in the novel, which had Allison escaping from the Battle of Corregidor. In thefilm, the Allies are on the offensive and U.S. Marines capture the island.The screenplay compares the rituals and commitment of the Roman Catholic Church and the United States Marine Corps. The National Legion ofDecency monitored the production of the film closely, sending a representative to watch the filming; knowing this, Kerr and Mitchum ad-libbed a scene (not included in the final print) in which their characters wildlykissed and grabbed at each other.: 306 The Marines provided troops for the invasion climax. Six Japanese persons living in Brazil played some of the leading Japanese characters, while Chinese people from some of thelaundries and restaurants of Trinidad and Tobago played the rest of the Japanese soldiers.Screen Archives Entertainment released Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison on Blu-ray on June 10, 2014.ReceptionAccording toKinematograph Weekly the film was \"in the money\" at the British box office in 1957.Awards and honorsSee alsoList of American films of 1957Passage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop ofCanterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera inNovember 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he madethe highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went onto win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote thebowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIIIagainst the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:Eugene FrenkeEugene Frenke (1 January 1895 – 10 March 1984) was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the directorJohn Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison and The Barbarian and the Geisha.Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of hisfilms.Partial filmographyGirl in the Case (1934)Life Returns (1935)A Woman Alone (1936)Miss Robin Crusoe (1954)As director: Life Returns (1934)Girl in the Case (1935)A Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two WhoDared)Miss Robin Crusoe (1953)Passage 4:The Favor (1994 film)The Favor is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie, and written by Sara Parriott and Josann McGibbon. It stars Harley JaneKozak, Elizabeth McGovern, Bill Pullman, Brad Pitt and Ken Wahl. The original music score was composed by Thomas Newman.PlotKathy has seemingly been happily married to Peter, but their relationship has grownroutine. She cannot help but wonder what would happen if she ever got together with her high school sweetheart, Tom, whom she had never slept with. Being married prevents Kathy from finding out what happened toTom, so she asks her single, permiscuous, commitment-phobic friend Emily to do it for her. She asks her to look him up when she goes to Denver, sleep with him, then tell Kathy what it was like. Emily does this, butwhen she tells Kathy that Tom is awesome and they had sex all night, their friendship suffers, as does Kathy's marriage. Kathy becomes even more distracted, and regularly tries to seduce oblivious Peter. At theopening of Elliot, Emily's young lover, the women again talk about Tom. Emily  storms off, leaving Kathy to comfort him, which Peter observes. Things become even more complicated when Emily learns she is pregnant,and says she is uncertain if Tom or her 'boyfriend' Elliot is the father. Kathy tells Elliot about the pregnancy, simultaneously a work colleague of Peter's convinces him she may be cheating. Secretly following her, itseems like she's having an affair with Elliot.Elliot has a show in Denver, and Kathy ends up on the same flight. She tells him the baby is actually Tom's, so she's going to find out if they still have a spark. As her room inthe Hyatt isn't ready yet, she leaves her bag with Elliot to look for Tom.As Tom has just finished a fishing competition, they go to his cabin so he can shower. In the meantime, Peter shows up at the hotel, hitting Elliotbefore he can explain. He then heads to get his wife Kathy, Emily soon follows. Her taxi beats Peter's, so she can warn Kathy. In the end both women and all three men are at the cabin, the two couples reconciling andTom showing he's not relationship or father material. Kathy helps Emily plan her wedding with Elliot.CastHarley Jane Kozak as Kathy WhitingElizabeth McGovern as Emily EmbryBill Pullman as Peter WhitingBrad Pitt asElliot FowlerKen Wahl as Tom AndrewsGinger Orsi as GinaLeigh Ann Orsi as HannahLarry Miller as Joe DubinGary Powell as FishermenReleaseThe Favor was filmed in 1990, but went into wide release in the UnitedStates and Canada on April 29, 1994, owing to Orion's bankruptcy in 1991. It was released to home video on the DVD format for Region 1 on December 29, 2001, through MGM Home Entertainment.ReceptionThe filmreceived mixed to negative reviews from critics. On the film-critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 27% approval rating based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a51 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating “mixed or average reviews.” Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.Year-end listsHonorable mention – MichaelMacCambridge, Austin American-StatesmanPassage 5:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democraticprocess, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. inPolitical Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor formany newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics inNigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition,he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 6:John HustonJohn Marcellus Huston ( (listen) HEW-st\u0000n;August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor.  He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics, includingThe Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), The Misfits (1961), Fat City (1972), The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and Prizzi's Honor(1985). During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Academy Award nominations, winning twice. He also directed both his father, Walter Huston, and daughter, Anjelica Huston, to Oscar wins.In his early years,Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris. He then moved to Mexico and began writing, first plays and short stories, and later working in Los Angeles as a Hollywood screenwriter, and was nominated forseveral Academy Awards writing for films directed by William Dieterle and Howard Hawks, among others. His directorial debut came with The Maltese Falcon, which despite its small budget became a commercial andcritical hit; he would continue to be a successful, if iconoclastic, Hollywood director for the next 45 years. He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career, sketching each scene on paper beforehand,then carefully framing his characters during the shooting. While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work, Huston instead created his films while they were being shot, with little editingneeded. Some of Huston's films were adaptations of important novels, often depicting a \"heroic quest,\" as in Moby Dick, or The Red Badge of Courage. In many films, different groups of people, while struggling toward acommon goal, would become doomed, forming \"destructive alliances,\" giving the films a dramatic and visual tension. Many of his films involved themes such as religion, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology,colonialism, and war.While he had done some stage acting in his youth and had occasionally cast himself in bit parts in his own films, he primarily worked behind the camera until Otto Preminger cast him in 1963's TheCardinal, for which he was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar. He continued to take prominent supporting roles for the next two decades, including 1974's Chinatown (directed by Roman Polanski), and he lenthis booming baritone voice as a voice actor and narrator to a number of prominent films. His last two films, 1985's Prizzi's Honor, and 1987's The Dead, filmed while he was in failing health at the end of his life, wereboth nominated for multiple Academy Awards. He died shortly after completing his last film.Huston has been referred to as \"a titan\", \"a rebel\", and a \"renaissance man\" in the Hollywood film industry. Author Ian Freerdescribes him as \"cinema's Ernest Hemingway\"—a filmmaker who was \"never afraid to tackle tough issues head on.\" He traveled widely, settling at various times in France, Mexico, and Ireland. Huston was a citizen ofthe U.S. by birth but renounced this to become an Irish citizen and resident in 1964. He later returned to the U.S., where he lived the rest of his life. For his contributions to the American film industry, he received a staron the Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 1960.Early lifeJohn Huston was born on August 5, 1906, in Nevada, Missouri. He was the only child of Rhea (née Gore) and Canadian-born Walter Huston. His father was anactor, initially in vaudeville, and later in films. His mother worked as a sports editor for various publications but stopped after John was born. Similarly, his father ended his stage acting career for steady employment asa civil engineer, although he returned to stage acting within a few years. He later became highly successful on both Broadway and then in motion pictures. He had Scottish, Scots-Irish, English and Welshancestry.Huston's parents divorced in 1913 when he was six years old. For much of his childhood, he lived and studied in boarding schools. During summer vacations, he traveled separately with each of his parents  –with his father on vaudeville tours, and with his mother to horse races and other sports events. Young Huston benefited greatly from seeing his father act on stage, and he was later drawn to acting.Some critics, such asLawrence Grobel, surmise that his relationship with his mother may have contributed to his marrying five times, and seeming to have difficulty in maintaining relationships. Grobel wrote, \"When I interviewed some ofthe women who had loved him, they inevitably referred to his mother as the key to unlocking Huston's psyche.\" According to actress Olivia de Havilland, \"she [his mother] was the central character. I always felt thatJohn was ridden by witches. He seemed pursued by something destructive. If it wasn't his mother, it was his idea of his mother.\"As a child, Huston was often ill; he was treated for an enlarged heart and kidneyailments. He recovered after an extended bedridden stay in Arizona and moved with his mother to Los Angeles, where he attended Abraham Lincoln High School. He dropped out after two years to become a professionalboxer. By age 15 he was a top-ranking amateur lightweight boxer in California. He ended his brief boxing career after suffering a broken nose.He also engaged in many interests, including ballet, English and Frenchliterature, opera, horseback riding, and studying painting at the Art Students League of Los Angeles. Living in Los Angeles, Huston became infatuated with the new film industry and motion pictures, as a spectator only.To Huston, \"Charlie Chaplin was a god.\"Huston returned to New York City to live with his father, who was acting in off-Broadway productions, and had a few small roles. He later remembered that while watching hisfather rehearse, he became fascinated with the mechanics of acting:What I learned there, during those weeks of rehearsal, would serve me for the rest of my life.After a short period of acting on stage, and havingundergone surgery, Huston travelled alone to Mexico. During two years there, among other adventures, he obtained a position as an honorary member of the Mexican cavalry. He returned to Los Angeles and marriedDorothy Harvey, a girlfriend from high school. Their marriage lasted seven years (1926–1933).Early career as writerDuring his stay in Mexico, Huston wrote a play called Frankie and Johnny, based on the ballad of thesame title. After selling it easily, he decided that writing would be a viable career, and he focused on it. His self-esteem was enhanced when H. L. Mencken, editor of the popular magazine American Mercury, bought twoof his stories, \"Fool\" and \"Figures of Fighting Men.\" During subsequent years, Huston's stories and feature articles were published in Esquire, Theatre Arts, and The New York Times. He also worked for a period on theNew York Graphic. In 1931, when he was 25, he moved back to Los Angeles in hopes of writing for the blossoming film industry. The silent films had given way to \"talkies\", and writers were in demand. His father hadearlier moved there and already gained success in a number of films.Huston received a script editing contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions but, after six months of receiving no assignments, quit to work for"}
{"doc_id":"doc_158","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hanro SmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and Television CreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (akaContact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment \"Groeten uit Holland\")Engel en Broer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei(2013)De ontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)De Punt(2009)Roes (2 episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin BearAward at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival, the first place jury prize for \"Best Live Action under 15 minutes\" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, andthe Prix UIP Ghent Award for European Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best ActorAward.  It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 2:Rasul Sadr AmeliRasoul Sadrameli (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 1954 in Isfahan) isan Iranian film director, screenwriter, journalist and film producer. The Managing Director of MILAD FILM (established in 1979, the first company in the distribution and production of Iranian films after revolution) beganhis journalism career when he was just 17. He collaborated with Etela'at Newspaper as a reporter, story writer and editor of Incident page and then as the Editor of Parliamentary Service. He studied sociology at PaulValéry University of Montpellier in France. He began his professional activities in the Cinema by producing a film entitled Blood Raining in 1981. This film is the first cinematic project after the revolution.Filmography (asa director)The Liberation — 1982Deliverance — 1983Chrysanthemum — 1985During Autumn — 1987The Victim — 1991Symphony of Tehran — 1993The Girl in Sneakers — 1999I'm Taraneh, 15 — 2002Aida, I SawYour Father Last Night — 2005Every Night Loneliness - 2008Life With Closed Eyes — 2010Waiting For A Miracle — 2011My Second Year in College — 2019Passage 3:Long PantsLong Pants (also known as JohnnyNewcomer) is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Harry Langdon.  Additional cast members include Gladys Brockwell, Alan Roscoe, and Priscilla Bonner.PlotThe silent tells the storyof Harry Shelby (Langdon) who has been kept in knee-pants for years by his mother. One day, however, Harry finally gets his first pair of long pants.Immediately, his family expects him to marry his childhoodsweetheart Priscilla (Priscilla Bonner).  Yet, Harry soon falls for Bebe Blair (Alma Bennett), a femme fatale from the big city who has a boyfriend in the mob.Harry thinks that Bebe is interested in him as well, so he riskseverything when Bebe ends up in jail. This leads to a lot of trouble for Harry. Throughout the whole ordeal Priscilla waits for Harry to face reality.CastCritical receptionWhen it was released, film critic Mordaunt Hall gavethe film a positive review.  He wrote, \"Some hilarious passages enliven Harry Langdon's latest film oddity, Long' Pants...Although these incidents are acted with consummate skill, except for an occasional repetition, it isquite obvious to any male who has made the decisive change from short to long trousers that the idea offers possibilities far greater and more genuine than those that greet the eye. The answer is that Mr. Langdon hasonce again capitulated to his omnipotent band of gag-men. It may be all very well for Harold Lloyd to rely on mechanical twists, but Langdon possesses a cherubic countenance, which offers him a chance in otherdirections...Mr. Langdon is still Charles Spencer Chaplin's sincerest flatterer. His short coat reminds one of Chaplin, and now and again his footwork is like that of the great screen comedian.\"Film historian David Kalatreports that Buster Keaton, a long-time fan of Langdon's known for his own morbid jokes about death and killings, criticized a scene in which Langdon's character tries to kill Priscilla as \"going too far\" in making light ofmurder.More recently, critic Maria Schneider reviewed Langdon's work and wrote, \"Long Pants (1927), also directed by Capra, was a peculiar change of pace for Langdon, and possibly an attempt to poke fun at hisbaby-faced image by casting him as a would-be lady-killer; sporting little of the ingenuity of The Strong Man, it was a box-office failure that set off the comedian's quick decline into obscurity. An acquired taste, HarryLangdon's gentle absurdities and slow rhythms take some getting used to, but patient viewers will be rewarded.\"Film critic Hal Erikson wrote of the film, \"Few comedies of the 1920s were as bizarre and surreal as HarryLangdon's Long Pants... Written by future director Arthur Ripley, Long Pants is as kinky as any of Ripley's film noirs of the 1940s. Long Pants represents the second and final collaboration between star Harry Langdonand director Frank Capra, who was fired when Langdon wrong-headedly decided to become his own director, resulting in a series of career-destroying flops.\"See alsoList of United States comedy filmsPassage 4:JasonMoore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University.Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed themusical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:Frank CapraFrank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an Italian-born American film director, producer, and writer who became thecreative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer toconsider him the \"American Dream personified\".Capra became one of America's most influential directors during the 1930s, winning three Academy Awards for Best Director from six nominations, along with three otherOscar wins from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), and Mr. Smith Goes toWashington (1939). During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series.After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, suchas It's a Wonderful Life (1946), performed poorly when they were first released. In ensuing decades, however, It's a Wonderful Life and other Capra films were revisited favorably by critics. Outside of directing, Caprawas active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social activities. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Writers Guild of America, and was headof the Directors Guild of America.Early lifeCapra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, a village near Palermo, Sicily, Italy. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a fruit grower, and theformer Rosaria \"Sara\" Nicolosi. Capra's family was Roman Catholic. Frank's siblings wereLuigia, Ignazia, Benedetto,Antonino Giuseppe, Antonia, and  Anne. The name \"Capra\", notes Capra's biographer Joseph McBride,represents his family's closeness to the land, and means \"goat\". He notes that the English word \"capricious\" derives from it, \"evoking the animal's skittish temperament\", adding that \"the name neatly expresses twoaspects of Frank Capra's personality: emotionalism and obstinacy.\"In 1903, when he was five, Capra's family emigrated to the United States, traveling in a steerage compartment of the steamship Germania — thecheapest way to make the passage. For Capra, the 13-day journey remained one of the worst experiences of his life: You're all together—you have no privacy. You have a cot. Very few people have trunks or anythingthat takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag. Nobody takes their clothes off. There's no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. They're all miserable. It's the most degrading place youcould ever be.Capra remembers the ship's arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw \"a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter\". He recalls his father'sexclamation at the sight: Ciccio, look! Look at that! That's the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem! That's the light of freedom! Remember that.The family settled in Los Angeles's East Side (today Lincoln Heights)on avenue 18, which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian \"ghetto\". Capra's father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school.He attended the Manual Arts High School, with Jimmy Doolittle and Lawrence Tibbett as classmates. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college. He worked through college at theCalifornia Institute of Technology, playing banjo at nightclubs and taking odd jobs like working at the campus laundry facility, waiting tables, and cleaning engines at a local power plant. He studied chemical engineeringand graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his college education had \"changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person\".World War I andlaterSoon after graduating from college, Capra was commissioned in the United States Army as a second lieutenant, having completed campus ROTC. In the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point,San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident (1916). In the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U.S. citizenin 1920, taking the name Frank Russell Capra. Living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed.After a year without work, seeing how his siblings had steady jobs, he felt he was a failure, which led to bouts of depression.Chronic abdominal pains were later discovered to have been an undiagnosed burst appendix.After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the next few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains, wandering the Western United States. To support himself, he took odd jobs onfarms, as a movie extra, playing poker, and selling local oil well stocks.During this time the 24-year-old Capra directed a 32-minute documentary film titled La Visita Dell'Incrociatore Italiano Libya a San Francisco. Notonly did it document the visit of the Italian naval vessel Libya to San Francisco, but also the reception given to the crew of the ship by San Francisco's L'Italia Virtus Club, now known as the San Francisco Italian AthleticClub.At 25, Capra took a job selling books written and published by American philosopher Elbert Hubbard. Capra recalled that he \"hated being a peasant, being a scrounging new kid trapped in the Sicilian ghetto of LosAngeles. ... All I had was cockiness—and let me tell you that gets you a long way.\"CareerSilent film comediesDuring his book sales efforts—and nearly broke—Capra read a newspaper article about a new movie studioopening in San Francisco. Capra phoned them saying he had moved from Hollywood, and falsely implied that he had experience in the budding film industry. Capra's only prior exposure in films was in 1915 whileattending Manual Arts High School. The studio's founder, Walter Montague, was nonetheless impressed by Capra and offered him $75 to direct a one-reel silent film. Capra, with the help of a cameraman, made the filmin two days and cast it with amateurs.After that first serious job in films, Capra began efforts to finding similar openings in the film industry. He took a position with another minor San Francisco studio and subsequentlyreceived an offer to work with producer Harry Cohn at his new studio in Los Angeles. During this time, he worked as a property man, film cutter, title writer, and assistant director.Capra later became a gag writer for HalRoach's Our Gang series. He was twice hired as a writer for a slapstick comedy director, Mack Sennett, in 1918 and 1924. Under him, Capra wrote scripts for comedian Harry Langdon and produced by Mack Sennett, thefirst being Plain Clothes in 1925. According to Capra, it was he who invented Langdon's character, the innocent fool living in a \"naughty world\"; however, Langdon was well into this character by 1925.When Langdoneventually left Sennett to make longer, feature-length movies with First National Studios, he took Capra along as his personal writer and director. They made three feature films together during 1926 and 1927, all ofthem successful with critics and the public. The films made Langdon a recognized comedian in the caliber of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. Capra and Langdon later had a falling out following the end of productionon Long Pants (1927), and Capra was fired. During the following years, Langdon's films went into decline without Capra's assistance. After splitting with Langdon, Capra directed a picture for First National, For the Loveof Mike (1927). This was a silent comedy about three bickering godfathers—a German, a Jew, and an Irishman—starring a budding actress, Claudette Colbert. The movie was considered a failure and is a lostfilm.Columbia PicturesCapra returned to Harry Cohn's studio, now named Columbia Pictures, which was then producing short films and two-reel comedies for \"fillers\" to play between main features. Columbia was one ofmany start-up studios on \"Poverty Row\" in Los Angeles. Like the others, Columbia was unable to compete with larger studios, which often had their own production facilities, distribution, and theaters. Cohn rehiredCapra in 1928 to help his studio produce new, full-length feature films, to compete with the major studios. Capra would eventually direct 20 films for Cohn's studio, including many of his classics.Because of Capra'sengineering education, he adapted more easily to the new sound technology than most directors. He welcomed the transition to sound, recalling, \"I wasn't at home in silent films.\" Most studios were unwilling to invest inthe new sound technology, assuming it was a passing fad. Many in Hollywood considered sound a threat to the industry and hoped it would pass quickly; McBride notes that \"Capra was not one of them.\" When he saw AlJolson singing in The Jazz Singer in 1927, considered the first talkie, Capra recalled his reaction: It was an absolute shock to hear this man open his mouth and a song come out of it. It was one of thoseonce-in-a-lifetime experiences.Few of the studio heads or crew were aware of Capra's engineering background until he began directing The Younger Generation in 1929. The chief cinematographer who worked withCapra on a number of films was likewise unaware. He describes this early period in sound for film: It wasn't something that came up. You had to bluff to survive. When sound first came in, nobody knew much about it.We were all walking around in the dark. Even the sound man didn't know much about it. Frank lived through it. But he was quite intelligent. He was one of the few directors who knew what the hell they were doing. Mostof your directors walked around in a fog – —they didn't know where the door was.During his first year with Columbia, Capra directed nine films, some of which were successful. After the first few, Harry Cohn said: \"itwas the beginning of Columbia making a better quality of pictures.\" According to Barson, \"Capra became ensconced as Harry Cohn's most trusted director.\" His films soon established Capra as a \"bankable\" directorknown throughout the industry, and Cohn raised Capra's initial salary of $1,000 per film to $25,000 per year. Capra directed a film for MGM during this period, but soon realized he \"had much more freedom under HarryCohn's benevolent dictatorship\", where Cohn also put Capra's \"name above the title\" of his films, a first for the movie industry. Capra wrote of this period and recalled the confidence that Cohn placed in Capra's visionand directing: I owed Cohn a lot—I owed him my whole career. So I had respect for him, and a certain amount of love. Despite his crudeness and everything else, he gave me my chance. He took a gamble on me.Capradirected his first \"real\" sound picture, The Younger Generation, in 1929. It was a rags-to-riches romantic comedy about a Jewish family's upward mobility in New York City, with their son later trying to deny his Jewishroots to keep his rich, gentile girlfriend. According to Capra biographer Joseph McBride, Capra \"obviously felt a strong identification with the story of a Jewish immigrant who grows up in the ghetto of New York ... andfeels he has to deny his ethnic origins to rise to success in America.\" Capra, however, denied any connection of the story with his own life.Nonetheless, McBride insists that The Younger Generation abounds with parallelsto Capra's own life. McBride notes the \"devastatingly painful climactic scene\", where the young social-climbing son, embarrassed when his wealthy new friends first meet his parents, passes his mother and father off ashouse servants. That scene, notes McBride, \"echoes the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status\".During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin(husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \"most admiredwriter-director team\".Film career (1934–1941)It Happened One Night (1934)Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. It Happened One Night (1934) became the first film to win allfive top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay). Written by Robert Riskin, it is one of the first screwball comedies, and with its release in the Great Depression, criticsconsidered it an escapist story and a celebration of the American Dream. The film established the names of Capra, Columbia Pictures, and stars Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in the movie industry. The film hasbeen called \"picaresque\". It was one of the earliest road movies and inspired variations on that theme by other filmmakers.He followed the film with Broadway Bill (1934), a screwball comedy about horse racing. Thefilm was a turning point for Capra, however, as he began to conceive an additional dimension to his movies. He started using his films to convey messages to the public. Capra explains his new thinking: My films must"}
{"doc_id":"doc_159","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ögedei KhanÖgedei Khagan (also Ogodei; c. 1186 – 11 December 1241) was second khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis Khan, he continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun.Born in c. 1186 AD, Ögedei fought in numerous battles during his father's rise to power. After being granted a large appanage and taking a number of wives, including Töregene, he played a prominent role in the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. When his older brothers Jochi and Chagatai quarrelled over strategies when besieging Gurganj, Genghis appointed Ögedei sole commander; his successful capture of the city in 1221 ensured his military reputation. He was confirmed as heir after further infighting between his elder brothers led to both being excluded from succession plans. Genghis died in 1227, and Ögedei was elected as khagan in 1229, after a two-year regency led by his younger brother Tolui.As khan, Ögedei pursued the expansionist policies of his father. He launched a second invasion of Persia led by Chormaqan Noyan in 1230, which subdued the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din and began to subjugate Georgia. He initiated the Mongol invasions of Korea, and his armies skirmished with the Song dynasty and in India. By the time of his death in 1241, large armies under the command of his nephew Batu Khan and Subutai had subdued the steppes and penetrated deep into Europe. These armies defeated Poland at Legnica and Hungary at Mohi before retreating. It is likely that this retreat was caused by the need to find a successor after Ögedei's death, although some scholars have speculated that the Mongols were simply unable to invade further because of logistical difficulties.As an administrator, Ögedei continued to develop the fast-growing Mongol state. Working with officials such as Yelü Chucai, he developed ortogh trading systems, instituted methods of tax collection, and established regional bureaucracies which controlled legal and economic affairs. He also founded the Mongol capital city, Karakorum, in the 1230s. Although historically disregarded in comparison to his father, especially on account of his alcoholism, he was known to be charismatic, good-natured, and intelligent.BackgroundÖgedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Genghis Khan experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. Ögedei was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield. His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in steppe culture.After Genghis was proclaimed Emperor or Khagan in 1206, myangans (thousands) of the Jalayir, Besud, Suldus, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his appanage. Ögedei's territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became Ögedei's tutor.Ögedei, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the Jin dynasty. He was sent to ravage the land south through Hebei and then north through Shanxi in 1213. Ögedei's force drove the Jin garrison out of the Ordos, and he rode to the juncture of the Xi Xia, Jin, and Song domains.During the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Ögedei and Chagatai massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, Ögedei was appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, Ögedei also pacified Ghazni.Position as heirThe Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis Khan designate an heir before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's younger brother Tolui held the regency until 1229. Ögedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kurultai held at Kodoe Aral on the Kherlen River after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. After ritually declining three times, Ögedei was proclaimed Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai continued to support his younger brother's claim.World conquestsExpansion in the Middle EastAfter destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis Khan was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan but was unable to follow up that success.With Ögedei's consent to launch a campaign, Chormaqan qorchi left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and Khorasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support. Crossing the Amu Darya River in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had further instructions to invade western Afghanistan. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered Tabaristan (modern-day Mazandaran), a region between the Caspian Sea and Alborz mountains, in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area to the south, which was controlled by the Nizari Ismailis (the Assassins).Upon reaching the city of Rey, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan. From there, he sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir Baghatur steadily achieved his goals in capturing Kabul, Ghazni, and Zabulistan. With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire.The fall of the Jin dynastyAt the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi (Mongol general), the Khagan went south to Shanxi province with Tolui, clearing the area of the Jin forces and taking the city of Fengxiang. After passing the summer in the north, they again campaigned against the Jin in Henan, cutting through territory of South China to assault the Jin's rear. By 1232 the Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital of Kaifeng. Ögedei soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the Song dynasty, destroyed the Jin with the fall of Caizhou in February 1234. However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang, and Chang'an, which were now ruled by the Mongols.In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, Ögedei crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Ögedei subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237.Conquest of Georgia and ArmeniaThe Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were breached by catapult and battering ram in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of Möngke Khan was also active in the north Caucasus. After subduing Armenia, Chormaqan took Tiflis. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler, Hasan Jalal, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of Transcaucasia, forcing the Georgian nobles to surrender.KoreaIn 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed in obscure circumstances and Korea stopped paying tribute. Ögedei dispatched Saritai qorchi to subdue Korea and avenge the dead envoy in 1231. Thus, Mongol armies began to invade Korea in order to subdue the kingdom. The Goryeo King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept Mongol overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, however, Choe U moved the capital from Kaesong to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was hit with a stray arrow and died as he campaigned against them.Ögedei announced plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song, the Kipchaks and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol envoys, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. Ögedei appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects. When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, Ögedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages, temporarily ending the war in 1241.EuropeThe Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to subdue the western steppes and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included Volga Bulgaria, almost all of Alania, Cumania, and Rus', along with a brief occupation of Hungary. They also invaded Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Latin Empire, and Austria. During the siege of Kolomna, the Khagan's half brother Khulgen was killed by an arrow.Amid the conquest, Ögedei's son Güyük and Chagatai's grandson Büri ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension. The Khagan harshly criticized Güyük: \"You broke the spirit of every man in your army... Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?\". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and another of Ögedei's sons, Kadan, attacked Transylvania and Poland, respectively.Although Ögedei Khan had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the \"Great Sea\", the Atlantic Ocean, the Mongol advance stopped in East Europe early in 1242, the year after his death. Mongol accounts would later attribute the drive's failure to his untimely demise necessitating Batu's withdrawal to personally participate in the election of Ögedei's successor. Batu, however, never reached Mongolia for such an election and a successor wouldn't be named until 1246. A likely reason the advance stalled and never regained momentum is that European fortifications posed a strategic problem that Mongol commanders were unable to surmount with the resources they had available.Conflict with Song dynastyIn a series of razzias from 1235 to 1245, the Mongols commanded by Ögedei's sons penetrated deep into the Song Dynasty and reached Chengdu, Xiangyang and Yangtze River. But they could not succeed in completing their conquest due to climate and the number of Song troops, and Ögedei's son Khochu died in the process. In 1240, Ögedei's other son Khuden dispatched a subsidiary expedition to Tibet. The situation between the two nations worsened when Song officers murdered Ögedei's envoys headed by Selmus.The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent under the leadership of Ögedei helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road, the primary trading route between East and West.IndiaÖgedei appointed Dayir Baghatur in Ghazni and Menggetu noyan in Qonduz. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the Indus valley and besieged Lahore, which was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate. However, Dayir Baghatur died storming the town, on 30 December 1241, and the Mongols butchered the town before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate.Some time after 1235 another Mongol force invaded Kashmir, stationing a darughachi there for several years. Soon Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency. Around the same time, a Kashmiri Buddhist master, Otochi, and his brother Namo arrived at the court of Ögedei.AdministrationÖgedei began the bureaucratization of Mongol administration. Three divisions constituted his administration: the Christian eastern Turks, represented by Chinqai, the Uyghur scribe, and the Keraites.the Islamic cycle, represented by two Khorazmians, Mahamud Yalavach, and Masud Beg.the North Chinese Confucian circle, represented by Yelu Chucai, a Khitan, and Nianhe Zhong-shan, a Jurchen.Mahamud Yalavach promoted a system in which the government would delegate tax collection to tax farmers who collect payments in silver. Yelu Chucai encouraged Ögedei to institute a traditional Chinese system of government, with taxation in the hands of government agents and payment in a government issued currency. The Muslim merchants, working with capital supplied by the Mongol aristocrats, loaned at higher interest the silver needed for tax payments. In particular, Ögedei actively invested in these ortoq enterprises. At the same time the Mongols began circulating paper currency backed by silver reserves.Ögedei abolished the branch departments of state affairs and divided the areas of Mongol-ruled China into ten routes according to the suggestion of Yelü Chucai. He also divided the empire into Beshbalik and Yanjing administration, while the headquarters in Karakorum directly dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia. Late in his reign, Amu Darya administration was established. Turkestan was administered by Mahamud Yalavach, while Yelu Chucai administered North China from 1229 to 1240. Ögedei appointed Shigi Khutugh chief judge in China. In Iran, Ögedei appointed first Chin-temur, a Kara-kitai, and then Korguz, a Uyghur who proved to be honest administrator. Later, some of Yelu Chucai's duties were transferred to Mahamud Yalavach and taxes were handed over to Abd-ur-Rahman, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. The Ortoq or partner merchants lent Ögedei's money at exorbitant rates of interest to the peasants, though Ögedei banned considerably higher rates. Despite it proving profitable, many people fled their homes to avoid the tax collectors and their strong-arm gangs.Ögedei had imperial princes tutored by the Christian scribe Qadaq and the Taoist priest Li Zhichang and built schools and an academy. Ögedei Khan also decreed to issue paper currency backed by silk reserves and founded a Department responsible for destroying old notes. Yelu Chucai protested to Ögedei that his large-scale distribution of appanages in Iran, Western and North China, and Khorazm could lead to a disintegration of the Empire. Ögedei thus decreed that the Mongol nobles could appoint overseers in the appanages, but the court would appoint other officials and collect taxes.The Khagan proclaimed the Great Yassa as an integral body of precedents, confirming the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, while adding his own. Ögedei codified rules of dress and conduct during the kurultais. Throughout the Empire, in 1234, he created postroad stations (Yam) with a permanent staff who would supply post riders' needs. Relay stations were set up every 25 miles and the yam staff supplied remounts to the envoys and served specified rations. The attached households were exempt from other taxes, but they had to pay a qubchuri tax to supply the goods. Ögedei ordered Chagatai and Batu to control their yams separately. The Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuing paizas (tablets that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs. Ögedei decreed that within decimal units one out of every 100 sheep of the well-off should be levied for the poor of the unit, and that one sheep and one mare from every herd should be forwarded to form a herd for the imperial table.KarakorumFrom 1235–38 Ögedei constructed a series of palaces and pavilions at stopping places in his annual nomadic route through central Mongolia. The first palace Wanangong was constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of the city, Karakorum (Хархорум), was finished in 1235, assigning different quarters to Islamic and North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win Ögedei's favor. Earthen walls with 4 gates surrounded the city. Attached were private apartments, while in front of stood a giant stone tortoise bearing an engraved pillar, like those that were commonly used in East Asia. There was a castle with doors like the gates of the garden and a series of lakes where many water fowl gathered. Ögedei erected several houses of worship for his Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers. In the Chinese ward, there was a Confucian temple where Yelu Chucai used to create or regulate a calendar on the Chinese model.CharacterÖgedei was also known to be a humble man, who did not believe himself to be a genius, and who was willing to listen to and use the great generals that his father left him, as well as those he himself found to be most capable. He was the Emperor (Khagan) but not a dictator. Like all Mongols at his time, he was raised and educated as a warrior from childhood, and as the son of Genghis Khan, he was a part of his father's plan to establish a world empire. His military experience was notable for his willingness to listen to his generals and adapt to circumstances. He was a pragmatic person, much like his father, and looked at the end rather than the means. His steadiness of character and dependability were the traits that his father most valued, and that gained him the role of successor to his father, despite his two older brothers.Ögedei was considered to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a physically big, jovial, and charismatic man, who seemed mostly to be interested in enjoying good times. He was intelligent and steady in character. His charisma was partially credited for his success in keeping the Mongol Empire on the path that his father had set. Ögedei was a pragmatic man, though he made some mistakes during his reign. Ögedei had no delusions that he was his father's equal as a military commander or organizer and used the abilities of those he found most capable.Ögedei was well known for his alcoholism. Chagatai entrusted an official to watch his habit, but Ögedei managed to drink anyway. It is commonly told that Ögedei did so by vowing to reduce the number of cups he drank a day then having cups twice the size created for his personal use. When he died at dawn on 11 December 1241, after a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman, the people blamed the sister of Tolui's widow and Abd-ur-Rahman. The Mongol aristocrats recognized, however, that the Khagan's own lack of self-control had killed him.The sudden death of Tolui in 1232 seems to have affected Ögedei deeply. According to some sources, Tolui sacrificed his own life, accepting a poisoned drink in shamanist ritual in order to save Ögedei who was suffering from illness. Other sources say Ögedei orchestrated Tolui's death with the help of shamans who drugged the alcoholic Tolui.According to Pamela Kyle Crossley, a posthumous Yuan dynasty portrait of Ögodei depicts him as having a stocky build, a red beard, and hazel eyes. Contemporary Chinese authors such as Xu Ting wrote that Ögedei's beard was unusual for a Mongol because most had little facial hair.Alleged mass rapeAccording to Persian chroniclers, Ögedei ordered the rape of four thousand Oirat girls above the age of seven. These girls were then confiscated for Ögedei's harem or given to caravan hostels throughout the Mongol Empire for use as prostitutes. This move brought the Oirat and their lands under Ögedei's control following the death of Ögedei's sister Checheyigen, who previously controlled Oirat lands.Anne F. Broadbridge links an \"infamous alleged mass rape of Oirat girls\" to Ögedei's requisitioning of girls from his uncle Temüge Otchigin's territories without Temüge's approval. Broadbridge notes however that \"with all the evidence suppressed, this can only be a surmise\". The History of the Yuan or Yuanshi and Secret History of the Mongols speak of a forceful requisitioning of women by Ögedei "}
{"doc_id":"doc_160","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre directorDedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. Duringher studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lostand Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his televisionseries credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film creditsinclude Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by hiswife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia ArtFoundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history andfine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate.After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentorat Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries afterits extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited withcatalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly andpermanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists'respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a nationalmonument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has statedthat he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt thatbecause of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a localand international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to theaddition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari todesign an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo.Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ...crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), aseries of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), andMichael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part tothe popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than itcollected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board'sco-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As ofJanuary 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on WilshireBoulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan'stechnically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\".Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries itwill replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could nolonger be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no othermuseum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an\"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided byLACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is nowworth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza atSanta Monica Airport.Passage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum,from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He wasthe director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museumof Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the HoodMuseum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody EssexMuseum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 6:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 7:Neema BarnetteNeema Barnette is an American film director and producer, and the first African-American woman to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_161","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 2:David Hyrum SmithDavid Hyrum Smith (November 17, 1844 – August 29, 1904) was an American religious leader, poet, painter, singer, philosopher, and naturalist. The youngest son of Joseph Smith and Emma Hale Smith, he was an influential missionary and leader in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). He was born approximately five months after the murder of his father. Joseph told Emma before he died what the child's name should be. From December 1847, David was raised by his mother and her second husband, Lewis C. Bidamon.Smith was a highly effective missionary for the RLDS Church. From 1865 to 1873, he conducted missionary trips throughout the Midwest, Utah Territory, and California, debating preachers of different theologies, including representatives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). From 1873 to 1885, Smith was a counselor to his brother Joseph Smith III in the First Presidency of the RLDS Church. Later David's son Elbert A. Smith became a member of the First Presidency and a Presiding Patriarch in the RLDS Church.Smith was called the \"Sweet Singer of Israel\" because many who knew him, who heard him sing and joined him in song, said that he was the most inspiring singer of God they had encountered. The Joseph Smith Historic Site, maintained by the Community of Christ, houses Smith's original paintings of Nauvoo, Illinois.In a 1998 biography of Smith, From Mission to Madness: Last Son of the Mormon Prophet, author Valeen Tippetts Avery describes Smith's mental deterioration, starting with a probable breakdown early in 1870. In an 1869 letter to his mother, Emma Smith Bidamon, Smith had written at age 24:   Mother I must tell you ... I feel very sad and the tears run out of my eyes all the time and I don't know why. ... strive as I will my heart sinks like lead. ... I must tell someone my troubles.Smith was confined to Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane beginning in 1877. He was held there for most of 27 years, dying in the hospital in 1904. Avery's biography draws on a large body of Smith's correspondence and poetry to examine both his personality and his emotional state.NotesPassage 3:John Crockett (frontiersman)John Crockett (circa 1753 – after 1802) was an American frontiersman and soldier, and the father of David \"Davy\" Crockett.Early lifeCrockett was born about 1753 in either Maryland or Frederick County, Virginia. \"Davy\" Crockett said in his autobiography that John Crockett was born either in Ireland or during the journey from Ireland to America; but later scholars disagreed, saying this had been John's father, also named David. His ancestors were of Scotch-Irish and possible Huguenot backgrounds. The Crockett/Crocketague name is a Registered Lineage with the Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakin in the Colony of Virginia (FMCV)  though \"Davy\" Crockett does not mention it in his autobiography.In 1775 or 1780, Crockett married Rebecca Hawkins, from Maryland.Father and family heads westIn 1776, David Crockett and the growing family moved to the Washington District in what is now the northeastern tip of Tennessee, near Rogersville, Tennessee.Father's demiseIn 1777, David Crockett and part of the family were killed in a Chickamauga Cherokee raid, led by Dragging Canoe, at the onset of the Cherokee–American wars. After the attack, the remaining Crocketts sold the property to a new settler in the area, a French Huguenot man, Colonel Thomas Amis.Military careerDuring the American War for Independence, Crockett fought along with the Overmountain Men from west of the Appalachians. The Overmountain Men often crossed the mountains to face the British in the war's southern campaign. Crockett fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780, a major victory for the colonists.Later life and workA respected man in the area, Crockett later became a magistrate, a farmer, and an unsuccessful land speculator. The family lived in what is now Greene County, Tennessee, close to the Nolichucky River and near the community of Limestone. It was here, at a location now commemorated as Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, that David \"Davy\" Crockett was born in 1786. He was the fifth of the nine Crockett children, and was named for his grandfather. At the time of his birth, the area was part of the autonomous State of Franklin. In 1788, Crockett was justice of the court when a young Andrew Jackson received his law license according to some genealogies.After a flood destroyed their house, the Crocketts moved to the Morristown, Tennessee area (1792) and built a tavern on a newly constructed stage road between Abingdon, Virginia and Knoxville, Tennessee. The Crockett Tavern Museum now stands on the site, housed in a reconstruction of the tavern.Young \"Davy\" helps outIn 1798, when David was 12, Crockett hired him out to Jacob Siler to drive cattle. After young David fulfilled his original obligation to Siler, he returned to his father's home. The family sent Davy to a school that had been established nearby, but he did not like school and quit attending after a few days. The elder Crockett was drunk when he learned his son was avoiding school and he punished Davy severely, leading him to flee and stay away for years. David Crockett returned in 1802 and helped pay off his father's debts.DeathIt's not clear when Crockett died, though some genealogies have his year of death as 1834.Crockett family treePassage 4:Jorge TrezeguetJorge Ernesto Trezeguet (born 13 May 1951) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is the father of David Trezeguet.CareerTrezeguet played for Estudiantes (BA), Almagro, Deportivo Español, Sportivo Italiano, El Porvenir and Chacarita Juniors in Argentina, as well as FC Rouen in France. It was while playing for Rouen that his son David was born.He was provisionally banned for failing a doping control in 1974 while playing for Estudiantes (BA) in the second-tier Primera B Nacional along with two teammates. He was subsequently pardoned, but his career was adversely impacted by the allegations.Trezeguet later in his career worked as a physical trainer. Currently he is the agent for his son David as well as a European scout for Juventus.Passage 5:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 6:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 7:AnacyndaraxesAnacyndaraxes (Greek: \u0000νακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria.Notes This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Anacyndaraxes\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 157-158.Passage 8:Joseph SmithJoseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. Publishing the Book of Mormon at the age of 24, Smith had attracted tens of thousands of followers by the time of his death fourteen years later. The religion he founded continues to the present day, with millions of global adherents and several churches claiming Smith as their founder, the largest being The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).Born in Sharon, Vermont, Smith moved with his family to the western region of New York State, following a series of crop failures in 1816. Living in an area of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening, Smith reported experiencing a series of visions. The first of these was in 1820, when he saw \"two personages\" (whom he eventually described as God the Father and Jesus Christ). In 1823, he said he was visited by an angel who directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published the Book of Mormon, which he described as an English translation of those plates. The same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian Church. Members of the church were later called \"Latter Day Saints\" or \"Mormons\".In 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communal Zion in the American heartland. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, which was intended to be Zion's \"center place\". During the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the Kirtland Temple. Because of the collapse of the church-sponsored Kirtland Safety Society, violent skirmishes with non-Mormon Missourians, and the Mormon extermination order, Smith and his followers established a new settlement at Nauvoo, Illinois, of which he was the spiritual and political leader. In 1844, when the Nauvoo Expositor criticized Smith's power and his practice of polygamy, Smith and the Nauvoo City Council ordered the destruction of its printing press, inflaming anti-Mormon sentiment. Fearing an invasion of Nauvoo, Smith rode to Carthage, Illinois, to stand trial, but was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse.During his ministry, Smith published numerous documents and texts, many of which he attributed to divine inspiration and revelation from God. He dictated the majority of these in the first-person, saying they were the writings of ancient prophets or expressed the voice of God. His followers accepted his teachings as prophetic and revelatory, and several of these texts were canonized by denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement, which continue to treat them as scripture. Smith's teachings discuss God's nature, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious community and authority. Mormons generally regard Smith as a prophet comparable to Moses and Elijah. Several religious denominations identify as the continuation of the church that he organized, including the LDS Church and the Community of Christ.LifeEarly years (1805–1827)Joseph Smith was born on December 23, 1805, in Vermont, on the border between the villages of South Royalton and Sharon, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Smith Sr., a merchant and farmer. He was one of eleven children. At the age of seven, Smith suffered a crippling bone infection and, after receiving surgery, used crutches for three years. After an ill-fated business venture and three successive years of crop failures culminating in the 1816 Year Without a Summer, the Smith family left Vermont and moved to the western region of New York State, and took out a mortgage on a 100-acre (40 ha) farm in the townships of Palmyra and Manchester.The region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm during the Second Great Awakening. Between 1817 and 1825, there were several camp meetings and revivals in the Palmyra area. Smith's parents disagreed about religion, but the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later recounted that he had become interested in religion by age 12, and as a teenager, may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, he also engaged in religious folk magic, a relatively common practice in that time and place. Both his parents and his maternal grandfather reported having visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that, although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, he was confused by the claims of competing religious denominations.Years later, Smith wrote that he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. He said that in 1820, while he had been praying in a wooded area near his home, God the Father and Jesus Christ together appeared to him, told him his sins were forgiven, and said that all contemporary churches had \"turned aside from the gospel.\" Smith said he recounted the experience to a Methodist minister, who dismissed the story \"with great contempt\". According to historian Steven C. Harper, \" There is no evidence in the historical record that Joseph Smith told anyone but the minister of his vision for at least a decade\", and Smith might have kept it private because of how uncomfortable that first dismissal was. During the 1830s, Smith orally described the vision to some of his followers, though it was not widely published among Mormons until the 1840s. This vision later grew in importance to Smith's followers, who eventually regarded it as the first event in the restoration of Christ's church to Earth. Smith himself may have originally considered the vision to be a personal conversion.According to Smith's later accounts, while praying one night in 1823, he was visited by an angel named Moroni. Smith claimed this angel revealed the location of a buried book made of golden plates, as well as other artifacts including a breastplate and a set of interpreters composed of two seer stones set in a frame, which had been hidden in a hill near his home. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning, but was unsuccessful because Moroni returned and prevented him. He reported that during the next four years he made annual visits to the hill, but, until the fourth and final visit, each time he returned without the plates.Meanwhile, Smith's family faced financial hardship, due in part to the death of his oldest brother Alvin, who had assumed a leadership role in the family. Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period. Smith was said to have an ability to locate lost items by looking into a seer stone, which he also used in treasure hunting, including, beginning in 1825, several unsuccessful attempts to find buried treasure sponsored by Josiah Stowell, a wealthy farmer in Chenango County. In 1826, Smith was brought before a Chenango County court for \"glass-looking\", or pretending to find lost treasure; Stowell's relatives accused Smith of tricking Stowell and faking an ability to perceive hidden treasure, though Stowell attested that he believed Smith had such abilities. The result of the proceeding remains unclear because primary sources report conflicting outcomes.While boarding at the Hale house, located in the township of Harmony (now Oakland) in Pennsylvania, Smith met and courted Emma Hale. When he proposed marriage, her father, Isaac Hale, objected; he believed Smith had no means to support his daughter. Hale also considered Smith a stranger who appeared \"careless\" and \"not very well educated.\" Smith and Emma eloped and married on January 18, 1827, after which the couple began boarding with Smith's parents in Manchester. Later that year, when Smith promised to abandon treasure seeking, his father-in-law offered to let the couple live on his property in Harmony and help Smith get started in business.Smith made his last visit to the hill shortly after midnight on September 22, 1827, taking Emma with him. This time, he said he successfully retrieved the plates. Smith said Moroni commanded him not to show the plates to anyone else, but to translate them and publish their translation. He also said the plates were a religious record of Middle-Eastern indigenous Americans and were engraved in an unknown language, called reformed Egyptian. He told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them.Although Smith had abandoned treasure hunting, former associates believed he had double crossed them and had taken the golden plates for himself, property they believed should be jointly shared. After they ransacked places where they believed the plates might have been hidden, Smith decided to leave Palmyra.Founding a church (1827–1830)In October 1827, Smith and Emma permanently moved to Harmony, aided by a relatively prosperous neighbor, Martin "}
{"doc_id":"doc_162","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mark RockefellerMark Fitler Rockefeller (born January 26, 1967) is a fourth-generation member of the Rockefeller family. He is the younger son of former U.S. Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller(1908–1979) and Happy Rockefeller (1926–2015). Through his father, Rockefeller is a grandson of American financer John D. Rockefeller Jr. and a great-grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He waschairman of the board of directors of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation in 2010.Early lifeRockefeller grew up at Kykuit, the central mansion at his family's estate in Pocantico, Westchester County, in New YorkState. He is an alumnus of the Buckley School, Deerfield Academy (1985), Princeton University (BA 1989), and Harvard University (MBA 1996). He played football, basketball, and baseball at Deerfield, and playedfootball at Princeton as a walk-on.CareerRockefeller and his former wife own South Fork Lodge and South Fork Outfitters, both in Swan Valley, Idaho. Previously, he was an associate in the Acquisition Finance Group atChase Securities, Inc.In 1999 he was elected chairman of the non-profit organization, Historic Hudson Valley, founded by his grandfather, John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1951. Mark Rockefeller's older brother, NelsonRockefeller Jr., has also served on its board.In a 2013 article about federal farm subsidy programs, the New York Post reported that 1,500 affluent New Yorkers had received payments. Among them was Rockefeller,who received $342,634 in farm subsidies over the course of ten years from 2001 to 2011 for allowing farmland to return to its natural condition.Personal lifeIn 1998, Rockefeller married Renee Anne Anisko (born 1968)at the Church of the Magdalene in Pocantico Hills. She has a Juris Doctor degree cum laude from the Temple University Beasley School of Law. They have four children. They divorced in 2020.Passage 2:Where WasI\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I?(film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quizshow with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by RubyNewman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I(Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by SawyerBrown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, SteveFox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 3:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is alate-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L.StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by FrankWedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), anAustrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich vonStroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris KarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play,starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites,a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, a Japanesetraditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage 4:John I, Duke of ClevesJohn I, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (16 February1419 – 5 September 1481). Jean de Belliqueux (warlike), was Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark.LifeJohn was the son of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and Mary of Burgundy. He was raised in Brussels at the Burgundiancourt of his uncle Philip the Good. He ruled Cleves from 1448 from 1481, and Mark since 1461 after the death of his uncle Gerhard who had waged war on his own brother.John fought 3 wars with the Electorate ofCologne and finally defeated Ruprecht of the Palatinate, conquering the cities of Xanten and Soest. In these wars, he was supported by his uncle Philip the Good, bringing Cleves-Mark into the Burgundian sphere ofinfluence. His marriage with Elisabeth Countess of Nevers, from a sideline of the House of Burgundy, only strengthened this influence. John also took sides in the Münster Diocesan Feud supporting the aspirations of theHouse of Hoya to the episcopacy in Münster.John was also made a Knight in the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece in 1451, with which he was depicted by Rogier van der Weyden. In 1473 he helped the BurgundianDuke Charles the Bold conquer the Duchy of Guelders.Marriage and childrenOn 22 April 1455, John married Elizabeth of Nevers, daughter of John II, Count of Nevers.They had:John II, Duke of Cleves (13 April 1458 –15 March 1521); married 3 November 1489 Matilda of HesseAdolf (1461–1498); a canon of LiegeEngelbert, Count of Nevers (26 September 1462 – 21 November 1506); married 23 February 1489 Charlotte deBourbon-VendômeDietrich (1464)Marie of Cleves (1465–1513)Philip of Cleves (1467–1505); Bishop of Nevers, Amiens and AutunAncestryPassage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place wherea person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or acity/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is tobe a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where theparents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registeredin the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used theconcept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is consideredunimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated,not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice oftenreferred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of thecountries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Someadministrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\".For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takesplace.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Dietrich IX, Count of MarkDietrich IX, Count of Mark (1374–1398) was the Count of Mark from 1393 until 1398.Dietrich was the second son of Count Adolf III ofthe Marck and Margaret of Jülich.His father had acquired the County of Cleves in 1368 and reserved this title for his eldest son Adolph to succeed him after his death. Dietrich already received the title of Count of Mark in1393, when his father was still alive. When Dietrich fell in battle in 1398, he was succeeded by his elder brother Adolph, who had become Count of Cleves in 1394. Thus the County of Mark and the County of Cleves werereunited again.Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of deathof Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 8:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the placeof one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland(Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 Britishsilent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TVseries), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia,including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 9:Gerhard, Count of MarkGerhard, Count zur Mark (1378–1461) was the defacto ruler of the County of Mark between 1430 and 1461.  Dietrich was the third son of Count Adolf III of the Marck and Margaret of Jülich.His father had acquired the County of Cleves in 1368 and given this title to hiseldest son Adolf. The second son Dietrich received the title of Count of Mark.When Dietrich fell in battle in 1398, he was succeeded as Count of Mark by his elder brother Adolf. The ambitious Gerhard claimed a part ofhis father's territories for himself. In 1423, it came to an armed conflict between Adolf and Gerhard, who had allied himself with the Archbishop of Cologne.Peace was signed between the two brothers in 1430, andconfirmed in 1437.As a result, Gerhard ruled the largest part of Mark, but was to be succeeded by his nephew John. Gerhard died in 1461 without children and the County of Mark and Duchy of Cleves were reunitedagain in a personal union under John I.Passage 10:Nelson RockefellerNelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979), sometimes referred to by his nickname Rocky, was an American businessman andpolitician who served as the 41st vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford. A member of the Republican Party and the wealthy Rockefeller family, he previously served as the49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. Rockefeller also served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944–1945) as well asunder secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954. A son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller as well as a grandson of Standard Oil co-founderJohn D. Rockefeller, he was a noted art collector and served as administrator of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City.Rockefeller was often considered to be liberal, progressive, or moderate. In an agreementthat was termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, he persuaded Richard Nixon to alter the Republican Party platform just before the 1960 Republican Convention. In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called\"Rockefeller Republicans\". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, Rockefeller's achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York (SUNY), efforts to protect the environment, theconstruction of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts.After unsuccessfullyseeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he was appointed vice president of the United States under President Gerald Ford, who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974resignation of Richard Nixon. Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment, following Ford himself. Rockefeller declined to be placed on the 1976 Republican ticket withFord. He retired from politics in 1977 and died two years later.As a businessman, Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc., and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in1947. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in1954. In the area of philanthropy, he founded the Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1940 with his four brothers and established the American International Association for Economic and Social Development in 1946.Early lifeand education (1908–1930)Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1908, in Bar Harbor, Maine. Named Nelson Aldrich after his maternal grandfather Nelson W. Aldrich, he was the second son and third child of financier andphilanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist and socialite Abigail \"Abby\" Aldrich. He had two older siblings—Abby and John III—as well as three younger brothers: Laurance, Winthrop, and David. Theirfather, John Jr., was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and schoolteacher Laura Spelman. Their mother, Abby, was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail P.Greene.Rockefeller grew up in his family's homes in New York City (mainly at 10 West 54th Street), a country home in Pocantico Hills, New York, and a summer home in Seal Harbor, Maine. The family also travelledwidely. He received his elementary, middle, and high school education at the Lincoln School in Manhattan, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University and funded by the Rockefellerfamily. Nelson was known to disappear on the way to school, and was once found exploring the city's sewer system. As a child, he was the \"indisputable leader\" of his brothers, becoming particularly close toLaurance.Although his parents saw potential for Nelson to succeed in life, he was a poor student. Generally in the lower third of his class, he almost failed ninth grade and had undiagnosed dyslexia. Nelson's biographerJoseph E. Persico wrote that as a child he \"demonstrated a discipline that throughout life would serve him in lieu of brilliance.\" Although Nelson was not accepted into Princeton University, he got into Dartmouth College,arriving on campus in 1926. While in college, he met Mary Todhunter Clark at the summer home in Maine, and the two fell in love. They were engaged in autumn 1929. In 1930, he graduated cum laude with an A.B.degree in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society), Phi Beta Kappa, and Psi Upsilon. Rockefeller and Mary were married after he graduated, on June 23,1930, at Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.Early career (1931–1939)Following his graduation, Rockefeller worked in a number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank; Rockefeller Center, Inc., joining theboard of directors in 1931, serving as president, 1938–1945 and 1948–1951, and as chairman, 1945–1953 and 1956–1958; and Creole Petroleum Corporation, the Venezuelan subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey,1935–1940.Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health from 1933 to 1953. His service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America and he became fluent inthe Spanish language.Mid-career (1940–1958)Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA)In 1940, after he expressed his concern to President Franklin D. Roosevelt over Nazi influence in Latin America, the Presidentappointed Rockfeller to the new position of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA). Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U.S.cooperation with the nations of Latin America to help raise the standard of living, to achieve better relations among the nations of the western hemisphere, and to counter rising Nazi influence in the region. He facilitatedthis form of cultural diplomacy by collaborating with the Director of Latin American Relations at the CBS radio network Edmund A. Chester.The Roosevelt administration encouraged Hollywood to produce films toencourage positive relations with Latin America. Rockefeller required changes in the movie Down Argentine Way (1940) because it was considered offensive to Argentines. It was much more popular in the United Statesthan in Latin America. Charlie Chaplin's satirical The Great Dictator (1940) was banned in several countries.In the spring of 1943, Rockefeller supported extensive negotiations and mission of North American members ofthe Junior Chamber of Commerce to Latin America as Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs of the US State Department, establishing the Junior Chamber International after its first Inter-American Congress in December1944 at Mexico City. After coming back from the Inter-American Congress, Rockefeller convinced his father, John D. Rockefeller Jr., to donate the land to the city of New York to build the foundations of what would laterbecome the United Nations Headquarters.Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic AffairsIn 1944, President Roosevelt appointed Rockefeller Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs. AsAssistant Secretary of State, he initiated the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace in 1945. The conference produced the Act of Chapultepec, which provided the framework for economic, social anddefense cooperation among the nations of the Americas, and set the principle that an attack on one of these nations would be regarded as an attack on all and jointly resisted. Rockefeller signed the Act on behalf of theUnited States.Rockefeller was a member of the U.S. delegation at the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945; this gathering marked the UN's founding. At the Conferencethere was considerable opposition to the idea of permitting, within the UN charter, the formation of regional pacts such as the Act of Chapultepec. Rockefeller, who believed that the inclusion was essential, especially to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_163","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Howard W. KochHoward Winchel Koch (April 11, 1916 – February 16, 2001) was an American producer and director of film and television.Life and careerKoch was born in New York City, the son of Beatrice(Winchel) and William Jacob Koch. His family was Jewish. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. He began his film career as an employee at Universal Studios office inNew York then made his Hollywood filmmaking debut in 1947 as an assistant director. He worked as a producer for the first time in 1953 and a year later made his directing debut. In 1964, Paramount Picturesappointed him head of film production, a position he held until 1966 when he left to set up his own production company. He had a production pact with Paramount for over 15 years.Among his numerous televisionproductions, Howard W. Koch produced the Academy Awards show on eight occasions. Dedicated to the industry, he served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1977 to 1979. In 1990the Academy honored him with The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and in 1991 he received the Frank Capra Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.Together with actor Telly Savalas, Howard Kochowned the thoroughbred racehorse Telly's Pop, winner of several important California races for juveniles including the Norfolk Stakes and Del Mar Futurity.Howard W. Koch suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died inat his home in Beverly Hills, California on February 16, 2001. He had two children from a marriage of 64 years to Ruth Pincus, who died in March 2009. In 2004, his son Hawk Koch was elected to the Board of Governorsof the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.FilmographyDirectorFilm (director)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Untamed Youth (1957)Bop Girl Goes Calypso (1957)Jungle Heat (1957)The Girl inBlack Stockings (1957)Fort Bowie (1957)Violent Road (1958)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Born Reckless (1958)Andy Hardy Comes Home (1958)The Last Mile (1959)Badge 373 (1973)Television (director)Maverick (1957)(1 episode)Hawaiian Eye (1959) (2 episodes)Cheyenne (1958) (1 episode)The Untouchables (1959) (4 episodes)The Gun of Zangara (1960) (TV movie taken from The Untouchables (1959 TV series))Miami Undercover(1961) (38 episodes)Texaco Presents Bob Hope in a Very Special Special: On the Road with Bing (1977)ProducerFilm (producer):War Paint (1953)Beachhead (1954)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A.(1955)Rebel in Town (1956)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Sergeants 3 (1962)The Manchurian Candidate (1962)Come Blow Your Horn (1963)Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)The Odd Couple (1968)On a Clear Day You CanSee Forever (1970)A New Leaf (1971)Plaza Suite (1971)Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975)The Other Side of Midnight (1977)Airplane! (1980)Some Kind of Hero(1982)Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)Ghost (1990)Television (producer)Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973)Passage 2:Robert MulliganRobert Patrick Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was anAmerican director and producer. He is best known for his sensitive dramas, including To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Summer of '42 (1971), The Other (1972), Same Time, Next Year (1978), and The Man in the Moon(1991). He was also known in the 1960s for his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula.Early lifeMulligan served in either the U.S. Navy or the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II as a radio operator. Atwar's end, he graduated from Fordham University, then obtained work in the editorial department of The New York Times, but left to pursue a career in television.CareerTelevisionMulligan began his television career asa messenger boy for CBS television. He worked diligently, and by 1948 was directing major dramatic television shows.In the early 1950s he directed many episodes of Suspense. He followed this directing for The PhilcoTelevision Playhouse, Armstrong Circle Theatre, The Alcoa Hour, The United States Steel Hour, Studio One in Hollywood, Goodyear Playhouse and The Seven Lively Arts.1950s–1960sIn 1957 Mulligan directed his firstmotion picture, Fear Strikes Out, starring Anthony Perkins as tormented baseball player Jimmy Piersall. The film was the first feature he would direct alongside longtime collaborator Alan J. Pakula, then a big-timeHollywood producer. Pakula once confessed that \"working with Bob set me back in directing several years because I enjoyed working with him, and we were having a good time, and I enjoyed the work.\"Mulliganreturned to television to direct episodes of Playhouse 90, Rendezvous, The Dupont Show of the Month, and TV versions of Ah, Wilderness! and The Moon and Sixpence. In 1959 he won an Emmy Award for directing TheMoon and Sixpence, a television production that was the American small-screen debut of Laurence Olivier.Mulligan returned to feature films to make two Tony Curtis vehicles, The Rat Race and The Great Imposter. Hewas going to make a third, The Wine of Youth but it was not made.Mulligan then made two Rock Hudson vehicles, Come September and The Spiral Road.Pakula collaborationIn the early 1960s, Pakula returned toMulligan with the proposition of directing To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Harper Lee. Mulligan accepted the offer despite the awareness that \"the other studios didn't want itbecause what's it about? It's about a middle-aged lawyer with two kids. There's no romance, no violence (except off-screen). There's no action. What is there? Where's the story?\" With the help of a screenplay byHorton Foote as well as the pivotal casting of Gregory Peck in the role of Atticus Finch, the film became a huge hit, and Mulligan was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director.Mulligan and Pakula followed ToKill a Mockingbird with five more films. Love With the Proper Stranger (1963), starred Natalie Wood and Steve McQueen. Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965) starred McQueen. Inside Daisy Clover (1965) starred Wood. Upthe Down Staircase (1967) was based on a humorous novel by Bel Kaufman and starred Sandy Dennis as the schoolteacher Sylvia Barrett. The Stalking Moon (1968), based on a Western novel by T.V. Olsen andreuniting Mulligan and Pakula with Peck, this time in the role of Sam Varner, a scout who attempts to escort a white woman (Eva Marie Saint) and her half-Indian son to New Mexico after they are pursued by abloodthirsty Apache, the boy's father. After this film, Pakula parted company from Mulligan to pursue his own career in directing.1970sMulligan began the 1970s with The Pursuit of Happiness (1971), based on the 1968novel by Thomas Rogers, which had been a finalist for the National Book Award. The film starred Michael Sarrazin as William Popper, a college student (disillusioned with both right-wing and left-wing American politics)whose life is complicated when he accidentally runs over and kills an elderly woman and is quickly sentenced to one year in prison for vehicular manslaughter. He then contemplates breaking out of prison and fleeing thecountry with his girlfriend (played by Barbara Hershey), since neither feels their lives have made any significant difference in America.Also in 1971, Mulligan released Summer of '42 (1971), which was based on thecoming-of-age novel by Herman Raucher and starred Gary Grimes as a teenage stand-in for Raucher who spends a summer vacation in 1942 on Nantucket Island lusting after a young woman (Jennifer O'Neill) whosehusband has shipped off to fight in the war. A box office smash, Summer of '42 went on to gross over $20 million, and Mulligan was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director.Summer of '42 was followed byThe Other (1972), a thriller film scripted by former Hollywood actor Thomas Tryon from his own book. It told the story of two 9-year-old boys, Niles and Holland Perry (played by real-life twins Chris and MartyUdvarnoky), who get involved in a series of grisly murders at their home on Peaquot Landing in the 1930s. Although the film was not an immediate success at the box office, it has since gone on to gain a steady cultfollowing.In the mid-1970s, Mulligan was briefly engaged in talks with producers Julia and Michael Phillips to direct Taxi Driver (1976), with Jeff Bridges to star as the psychotic Travis Bickle. Objections posed byscreenwriter Paul Schrader caused the project to be turned over to Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro instead.Mulligan proceeded by rounding out the 1970s with three films dominated by performances from A-listHollywood actors: Jason Miller as a Los Angeles locksmith threatened by hitmen in The Nickel Ride (1974); Richard Gere as an Italian-American youth trying to break from his working-class family in Bloodbrothers(1978); and Alan Alda and Ellen Burstyn portraying George and Doris, a pair of long-term adulterers, in Same Time Next Year (1978), based on the play by Bernard Slade.1980sAs the 1980s dawned, Mulligan foundwork harder to come by, succeeding in directing only two films by the end of the decade. Mulligan had started directing Rich and Famous for MGM but asked to be replaced after a week of shooting; George Cukorreplaced him.Mulligan was also fired from directing The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper because he allegedly took seven days to shoot a whitewater rapids chase.At another point, according to screenwriter Hampton Fancher,Mulligan was attached to direct Blade Runner; his adaptation would have starred Robert Mitchum. Fancher states that the deal with Mulligan fell apart because of \"ego\" and because the studio at the time, Universal,wanted a happier ending. Mulligan was also briefly attached to direct Cutter's Way; his version would have starred Dustin Hoffman.Kiss Me Goodbye (1982), starring Sally Field, James Caan and Jeff Bridges, was anattempt at a comedic remake of the Brazilian film Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands, and was critically derided, although it was a modest commercial success.Clara's Heart (1988), starring Whoopi Goldberg and a youngNeil Patrick Harris, was released five years later to negative box office numbers and reviews, and was panned on television by Siskel and Ebert. It has, however, received recent praise from film professor RobertKeser.1990sIn the 1990s, at the age of 66, Mulligan would release his final film, The Man in the Moon (1991), starring a 14-year-old Reese Witherspoon, in her film debut. The film was praised by Roger Ebert, whoincluded it at #8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991, declaring, \"Nothing else [Mulligan] has done... approaches the purity and perfection of The Man in the Moon... (with a) poetic, bittersweet tone, and avoid(ing)the sentimentalism and cheap emotion that could have destroyed this story.\"Later in March 1992, Mulligan made headlines when he angrily took his name off of airline cuts of The Man in the Moon, after he had learnedthat the film would be heavily censored by American and Delta flights. In an interview with Ebert, Mulligan explained, \"The airlines demanded so many excessive and unreasonable cuts and changes that I took my nameoff the film... it's the first time I've ever done that.\"Before his death in 2008, Mulligan had commissioned playwright Beth Henley to write a screenplay from the novel A Long and Happy Life by Reynolds Price, whichMulligan had bought the rights to with his own money. The film was never made.Personal lifeMulligan's first wife was Jane Lee Sutherland. Their marriage lasted from 1951 to 1968 and produced three children. Hissecond marriage, to Sandy Mulligan, lasted from 1971 until his death. He was the elder brother of actor Richard Mulligan, whom he cast in Love with the Proper Stranger.Mulligan's career was hurt by his battle withalcoholism. His daughter, Beth Mulligan, later stated that their life at home was \"chaotic and frightening.\"DeathMulligan died of heart disease at his home in Lyme, Connecticut on December 20, 2008, at the age of 83.He was survived by his second wife, Sandy; three children; and two grandchildren. One of Mulligan's surviving grandchildren is Los Angeles music producer Quentin Mulligan, also known as frumhere. One of his musicalbums is entitled \"Same Time, Next Year\". Reminiscing about his grandfather, Quentin has stated, \"Grandpa was a living life.\"StyleMulligan described his role as a director thusly: “Things have to sift through me. That'sme up there on the screen. The shooting, the editing, the use of music—all that represents my attitude toward the material.” In a 1978 interview with the Village Voice, he insisted, \"I don't know anything about 'theMulligan style.' If you can find it, well, that's your job.\"Chicago critic Jonathan Rosenbaum once hailed Mulligan as: one of the only American directors left with a fully achieved style that is commonly (if misleadingly)termed classical... he is a master of carving out dramatic space with liquid camera movements and precise angles, a mastery that's matched by a special sensitivity in handling adolescents.\"Critic and filmmaker FrançoisTruffaut also championed the director's work. Truffaut was, in particular, a fan of Fear Strikes Out and was impressed that it was only Mulligan's first feature, writing, \"It is rare to see a first film so free of faults andbombast.\" Summing up Mulligan's talents as a whole, Truffaut concluded: If there were French directors as lucid as Mulligan, as capable of telling something more than anecdotes, the image of our country on the screenwould be a bit less oversimplified. Another filmmaker who admired Mulligan's work was Stanley Kubrick, who featured a clip from Summer of '42 in The Shining (1980).Of his fellow filmmakers, Mulligan admired IngmarBergman for his \"wonderful use of that simple, honest technique\" of allowing the camera to \"rest on a human face quietly, unobtrusively, and let something happen.\" He championed the films of Satyajit Ray and joinedin a protest with Bergman and David Lean when Ray's film, Charulata, was rejected at the 1961 Cannes Film Festival.Mulligan also had his critics.  Actor James Caan described him as the most incompetent filmmaker hehad ever worked with saying \"A lot of mediocrity was produced\" following their work on Kiss Me Goodbye in 1982.  Caan cited his experiences as a key reason why he made no movies for 5 years from 1982 to1987.Mulligan was also an avid fan of the novels of Charles Dickens, whose work he had devoured in his youth: I read all of it, I don't know how many times. I'm convinced that if Charles Dickens were alive and welland living in Los Angeles, he'd be the best producer-director-writer of movies ever. I think if anybody really wants to learn how to tell a story in images, they should read Dickens. At least once or twice ayear.FilmographyPassage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films.Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of histelevision film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart inHiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, hedirected productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and wasalso an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Brian Johnson (special effects artist)Brian Johnson (born 29 June 1939 or 29 June 1940) is a British designer and director of film and television specialeffects.Life and careerBorn Brian Johncock, he changed his surname to Johnson during the 1960s. Joining the team of special effects artist Les Bowie, Johnson started his career behind the scenes for Bowie Films onproductions such as On The Buses, and for Hammer Films.  He is known for his special effects work on TV series including Thunderbirds (1965–66) and films including Alien (1979), for which he received the 1980Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (shared with H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Ayling and Nick Allder). Previously, he had built miniature spacecraft models for Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A SpaceOdyssey.Johnson's work on Space: 1999 influenced the effects of the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s. Impressed by his work, George Lucas visited Johnson during the production of the TV series to offer himthe role of effects supervisor for the 1977 film. Having already been commissioned for the second series of Space: 1999, Johnson was unable to accept at the time. He worked on the sequel, The Empire Strikes Back(1980), whose special effects were recognised in the form of a 1981 Special Achievement Academy Award (which Johnson shared with Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren and Bruce Nicholson).AwardsJohnson has wonAcademy Awards for both Alien (1979) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980). He was further nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Dragonslayer (1981). In addition, Johnson is the recipient of a SaturnAward for The Empire Strikes Back and a BAFTA Award for James Cameron's  Aliens.FilmographySpecial effectsDirectorScragg 'n' Bones (2006)Passage 5:Sherry HormannSherry Hormann (born 20 April 1960) is aGerman-American film director. Hormann is best known for her movies Guys and Balls (2004), Desert Flower (2009) and 3096 Days (2013).Hormann was born in the United States, but moved to Germany in 1966,when she was six years old. She attended the University of Television and Film Munich (HFF) and mainly works in German cinema.She was married to film director Dominik Graf. In October 2011, she marriedcinematographer Michael Ballhaus; he died in April 2017.Selected filmography1991: Silent Shadow1994: Women Are Simply Wonderful1996: Father's Day1998: Widows – Erst die Ehe, dann das Vergnügen1998: Denkich an Deutschland … – Angst spür’ ich, wo kein Herz ist (TV documentary series episode)2001: Private Lies (TV film)2002: My Daughter's Tears (TV film)2004: Guys and Balls2006: Helen, Fred und Ted (TVfilm)2006–2007: Der Kriminalist (TV series)Am Abgrund (2006)Mördergroupie (2006)Totgeschwiegen (2007)2009: Desert Flower2012: The Pursuit of Unhappiness2013: 3096 Days2016: Tödliche Geheimnisse (TVfilm)2019: A Regular WomanPassage 6:Father's Day (1996 film)Father's Day (German: Irren ist männlich) is a 1996 German comedy film directed by Sherry Hormann.CastHerbert Knaup - ThomasCorinna Harfouch -BettinaRichy Müller - JohannesDominik Graf - LorenzAxel Milberg - PhilippNatalia Wörner - SusanneLena May Graf - GinaRobert Gwisdek - LeoAdele Neuhauser - SchlegelExternal linksFather's Day at IMDbPassage 7:IanBarry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story ofOzploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 8:The Pursuit of Happiness (1971 film)The Pursuit of Happiness is a 1971 American drama film about a student who goes on the run toavoid serving his full prison sentence for vehicular manslaughter. The film was directed by Robert Mulligan. The producer was David Susskind and the associate producer Alan Shayne. The screenplay was written by JonBoothe and George L. Sherman.PlotDisenchanted college student William Popper (Michael Sarrazin) is convicted of vehicular manslaughter for killing a woman with his car. With only a week left on his sentence and thehelp of his girlfriend, Jane (Barbara Hershey), he escapes to Canada, making both of them wanted fugitives.CastMichael Sarrazin as William PopperBarbara Hershey as Jane KauffmanRobert Klein as Melvin LasherSadaThompson as Ruth LawrenceRalph Waite as Detective CromieArthur Hill as John PopperE.G. Marshall as Daniel LawrenceMaya Kenin as Mrs. ConroyRue McClanahan as Mrs. O'MaraPeter White as Terence"}
{"doc_id":"doc_164","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Princess Irene of Hesse and by RhinePrincess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (Irene Luise Marie Anne; 11 July 1866 – 11 November 1953), later Princess Henry of Prussia, was the third child and third daughterof Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Her maternal grandparents were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her paternal grandparents werePrince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Elisabeth of Prussia. She was the wife of Prince Henry of Prussia, a younger brother of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and her first cousin. The SS Prinzessin Irene, a linerof the North German Lloyd was named after her.Her siblings included Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis of Battenberg, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Grand DukeSergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Like her younger sister, the empress, Irene was acarrier of the hemophilia gene, and Irene would lose her sisters Alix and Elisabeth in Russia to the Bolsheviks.Early lifeShe received her first name, which was taken from the Greek word for \"peace\", because she wasborn at the end of the Austro-Prussian War. Alice considered Irene an unattractive child and once wrote to her sister Victoria that Irene was \"not pretty\". She would never be considered a great beauty like her sistersElisabeth and Alix, but she did have a pleasant, even disposition. Princess Alice brought up her daughters simply. An English nanny presided over the nursery and the children ate plain meals of rice puddings and bakedapples and wore plain dresses. Her daughters were taught how to do housework, such as baking cakes, making their own beds, laying fires and sweeping and dusting their rooms. Princess Alice also emphasised theneed to give to the poor and often took her daughters on visits to hospitals and charities.The family was devastated in 1873 when Irene's haemophiliac younger brother Friedrich, nicknamed \"Frittie\", fell through anopen window, struck his head on the balustrade and died hours later of a brain hemorrhage. In the months following the toddler's death, Alice frequently took her children to his grave to pray and was melancholy onanniversaries associated with him. In the autumn of 1878 Irene, her siblings (except for Elisabeth) and her father became ill with diphtheria. Her younger sister Princess Marie, nicknamed \"May\", died of the disease. Hermother, exhausted from nursing the children, also became infected. Knowing she was in danger of dying, Princess Alice dictated her will, including instructions about how to bring up her daughters and how to run thehousehold. She died of diphtheria on 14 December 1878.Following Alice's death, Queen Victoria resolved to act as a mother to her Hessian grandchildren. Princess Irene and her surviving siblings spent annual holidaysin England and their grandmother sent instructions to their governess regarding their education and approving the pattern of their dresses. With her sister Alix, Irene was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of theirmaternal aunt, Princess Beatrice, to Prince Henry of Battenberg.MarriageIrene married Prince Henry of Prussia, the third child and second son of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal on 24May  1888 at the chapel of the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin. As their mothers were sisters, Irene and Henry were first cousins. Their marriage displeased Queen Victoria because she had not been told about thecourtship until they had already decided to marry. At the time of the ceremony, Irene's uncle and father-in-law, the German emperor, was dying of throat cancer, and less than a month after the ceremony, Irene'scousin and brother-in-law ascended the throne as Kaiser Wilhelm II. Heinrich's mother, Empress Victoria, was fond of Irene. However, Empress Victoria was shocked because Irene did not wear a shawl or scarf todisguise her pregnancy when she was pregnant with her first son, the haemophiliac Prince Waldemar, in 1889. Empress Victoria, who was fascinated by politics and current events, also couldn't understand why Heinrichand Irene never read a newspaper. However, the couple were happily married and they were known as \"The Very Amiables\" by their relatives because of their pleasant natures. The marriage produced threesons.ChildrenFamily relationshipsIrene transmitted the haemophilia gene to her eldest and youngest sons, Waldemar and Heinrich. Waldemar's health worried her from early childhood. She was later devastated whenthe youngest child, four-year-old Heinrich, died after he fell and bumped his head in February 1904. Six months after little Heinrich's death, Irene became an aunt to Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, son of her youngestsister, Tsarina Alexandra, who also had hemophilia.Irene, raised to believe in a proper Victorian code of behaviour, was easily shocked by what she saw as immorality. In 1884, the same year that her elder sisterVictoria married Prince Louis of Battenberg, another sister, Elisabeth, married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, and when Elisabeth converted from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy, in 1891, Irene wasdeeply upset. She wrote to her father that she \"cried terribly\" over Elisabeth’s decision.  In 1892, Irene's father, Grand Duke Louis IV, died, and her brother, Ernest, succeeded him as Grand Duke of Hesse. Two yearslater, in May 1894, Ernest Louis was married off by Queen Victoria to a first cousin, Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. It was amidst the wedding festivities that Irene's youngest surviving sister, Alix, accepted themarriage proposal of Tsarevich Nicholas, a second cousin, and when Nicholas' father died prematurely in November 1894, Irene and her husband travelled to St. Petersburg to be present at both his funeral and thewedding of Alix, who had taken the name Alexandra Feodorovna upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, to the new tsar, Nicholas II. Despite the disagreement that she had over the conversion of two of her sisters toRussian Orthodoxy, she remained close with all of her siblings. In 1907, Irene helped arrange what later turned out to be a disastrous marriage between Elisabeth’s ward, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, toPrince Vilhelm, Duke of Södermanland. Wilhelm's mother, the Queen of Sweden, was an old friend of both Irene and Elisabeth. Grand Duchess Maria later wrote that Irene pressured her to go through with the marriagewhen she had doubts. She told Maria that ending the engagement would \"kill\" Elisabeth. In 1912, Irene was a source of support to her sister Alix when Alexei nearly died of complications of haemophilia at the ImperialFamily's hunting lodge in Poland.Later lifeIrene's ties to her sisters were disrupted by the advent of World War I, which put them on opposing sides of the war. When the war ended, she received word that Alix, herhusband and children and her sister Elizabeth had been killed by the Bolsheviks.When Anna Anderson surfaced in Berlin in the early 1920s, claiming to be the surviving Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia,Irene visited the woman, but decided that Anderson could not be the niece she had last seen in 1913. Princess Irene was not impressed.\"I saw immediately that she could not be one of my nieces. Even though I had notseen them for nine years, the fundamental facial characteristics could not have altered to that degree, in particular the position of the eyes, the ear, etc. .. At first sight one could perhaps detect a resemblance to GrandDuchess Tatiana.\"Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, sister of the murdered tsar, commented on the visit of Princess Irene,\"It was an unsatisfactory meeting, but the woman's supporters said that Princess Irene hadnot known her niece very well and all the rest of it.\" Irene's husband, Heinrich, said that the mention of Anderson upset Irene too much and ordered that no one was to discuss Anderson in his presence. Heinrich died in1929. Anna Anderson biographer Peter Kurth wrote that several years later, Irene's son (Prince Sigismund) posed questions to Anderson through an intermediary about their shared childhood and declared that heranswers were all accurate. Irene later adopted Sigismund's daughter, Barbara, born in 1920, as her heir after Sigismund left Germany to live in Costa Rica during the 1930s. Sigismund declined to return to Germany tolive after World War II.HonoursGrand Duchy of Hesse: Dame of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of the Golden Lion, 21 March 1883 Kingdom of Prussia:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st DivisionDame of theWilhelm-OrdenRed Cross Medal, 1st Class, 22 October 1898 Kingdom of Bavaria: Merit Cross for Volunteer Nurses  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Elizabeth, 1900 Russian Empire: GrandCross of the Imperial Order of Saint Catherine United Kingdom:Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal, 1887Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 2nd ClassAncestryPassage 2:Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg andGothaGrand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia  (born Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh; 25 November 1876 – 2 March 1936), was the third child and second daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,and of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. She was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and also of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.Born a British princess, Victoria spent her early life inEngland and lived for three years in Malta, where her father served in the Royal Navy. In 1889 the family moved to Coburg, where Victoria's father became the reigning duke in 1893. In her teens Victoria fell in lovewith her first cousin Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia (the son of her mother's brother, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia) but his faith, Orthodox Christianity, discouraged marriage between firstcousins. Bowing to family pressure, Victoria married her paternal first cousin Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine in 1894, following the wishes of their grandmother, Queen Victoria. The marriage failed –Victoria Melita scandalized the royal families of Europe when she divorced her husband in 1901. The couple's only child, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, died of typhoid fever in 1903.Victoria married GrandDuke Kirill Vladimirovich in 1905. They wed without the formal approval of Britain's King Edward VII (as the Royal Marriages Act 1772 would have required), and in defiance of Russia's Emperor Nicholas II. In retaliation,the Tsar stripped Kirill of his offices and honours, also initially banishing the couple from Russia. They had two daughters and settled in Paris before being allowed to visit Russia in 1909. In 1910 they moved to Russia,where Nicholas recognized Victoria Melita as Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna. After the fall of the Russian monarchy in 1917 they escaped to Finland (then still part of the Russian Empire) where she gave birth to heronly son in August 1917. In exile they lived for some years among her relatives in Germany, and from the late 1920s on an estate they bought in Saint-Briac in Brittany. In 1926 Kirill proclaimed himself Russianemperor in exile, and Victoria supported her husband's claims. Victoria died after suffering a stroke while visiting her daughter Maria in Amorbach (Lower Franconia).Early lifeVictoria was born on 25 November 1876 inSan Anton Palace in Attard, Malta, hence her second name, Melita. Her father, who was stationed on the island as an officer in the Royal Navy, was Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria.Her mother was Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, the only surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Marie of Hesse.As a grandchild of the British monarch, Victoria Melita was styled Her Royal HighnessPrincess Victoria of Edinburgh. Within her family, she was always known as \"Ducky\". At the time of her birth, she was 10th in the line of succession to the British throne. The princess was christened on 1 January 1877at San Anton Palace by a Royal Navy chaplain. Her godparents included her paternal grandmother, who was represented by a proxy.After the Duke's service in Malta was over, the family returned to England, where theylived for the next few years. They divided their time between Eastwell Park, their country home in Kent, and Clarence House, their residence in London facing Buckingham Palace. Eastwell, a large estate of 2,500 acresnear Ashford, with its forest and park was the children's favorite residence. In January 1886, shortly after Princess Victoria turned nine, the family left England when her father was appointed commander-in-chief of theMediterranean naval squadron, based on Malta. For the next three years, the family lived at the San Anton Palace in Malta, Victoria's birthplace.The marriage of Victoria's parents was unhappy. The Duke was taciturn,unfaithful, prone to drinking and emotionally detached from his family. Victoria's mother was independent-minded and cultured. Although she was unsentimental and strict, the Duchess was a devoted mother and themost important person in her children's lives. As a child, Victoria had a difficult temperament. She was shy, serious and sensitive. In the judgment of her sister Marie: \"This passionate child was often misunderstood.\"Princess Victoria Melita was talented at drawing and painting and learned to play the piano. She was particularly close to Marie. The two sisters would remain very close throughout their lives. They contrasted inappearance and personality. Victoria was dark and moody while Marie was blonde and easy-going. Although she was one year younger, Victoria was taller and seemed to be the older of the two.Youth in CoburgAs a sonof Queen Victoria's deceased husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Victoria Melita's father was in the line of succession to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the sovereign German duchy ruled by Albert's elderbrother, Ernest II, until his death in 1893. Prince Alfred became heir presumptive to the duchy when his older brother, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), relinquished his Saxon succession rights in favour of hisyounger brothers. Alfred and his family therefore moved to Coburg in 1889. Their mother immediately began attempting to \"Germanise\" her daughters by installing a new governess, buying them plain clothing, andhaving them confirmed in the German Lutheran church, even though they had previously been raised as Anglicans. The children rebelled and some of the new restrictions were eased.The teenage Victoria was a \"tall,dark girl, with violet eyes ... with the assuredness of an Empress and the high spirits of a tomboy,\" according to one observer. Victoria had \"too little chin to be conventionally beautiful,\" in the opinion of one of herbiographers, but \"she had a good figure, deep blue eyes, and dark complexion.\" In 1891, Victoria travelled with her mother to the funeral of her maternal aunt Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia. ThereVictoria met her first cousin Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. Although the two were deeply attracted to each other, Victoria's mother was reluctant to allow her to marry him because the Russian Orthodox faith forbidsthe marriage of first cousins. She was also suspicious of the morality of the Romanov men. When her teenage daughters were impressed by their handsome cousins, their mother warned them that the Russian granddukes did not make good husbands.Soon after her sister Marie was married to Crown Prince Ferdinand of Romania, a search was made for a suitable husband for Victoria. Her visit to her grandmother Queen Victoria atBalmoral Castle in the autumn of 1891 coincided with a visit by her cousin Prince Ernest Louis of Hesse, heir apparent to the grand ducal throne of Hesse and by Rhine. Both were artistic and fun loving, got along welland even shared a birthday. The Queen, observing this, was very keen for her two grandchildren to marry.Grand Duchess of HesseEventually, Victoria and Ernst bowed to their families' pressure and married on 19 April1894 at Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg. The wedding was a large affair, with most of the royal families of Europe attending, including Queen Victoria, the Empress Frederick, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Prince of Wales.Victoria became Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, Ernest having ascended the throne in 1892. Her wedding is also significant since at the same time the official engagement of the future Tsar Nicholas II of Russiato Ernst's younger sister, Alix, was proclaimed. Together Victoria and Ernst had two children, a daughter, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, whom they nicknamed Ella, born on 11 March 1895, and a stillbornson, born on 25 May 1900.Victoria and Ernst proved incompatible. Victoria despaired of her husband's lack of affection towards her, while Ernst devoted much of his attention to their daughter, whom he adored.Elisabeth, who physically resembled her mother, preferred the company of her father to Victoria. Ernst and Victoria both enjoyed entertaining and frequently held house parties for young friends. Their unwritten rulewas that anyone over thirty \"was old and out.\" Formality was dispensed with and royal house guests were referred to by their nicknames and encouraged to do as they wished. Victoria and Ernst cultivated friends whowere progressive artists and intellectuals as well as those who enjoyed fun and frolic. Victoria's cousin Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark remembered one stay there as \"the jolliest, merriest house party to which Ihave ever been in my life.\"Victoria was, however, less enthusiastic about fulfilling her public role. She avoided answering letters, put off visits to elderly relations whose company she did not enjoy, and talked to peoplewho amused her at official functions while ignoring people of higher standing whom she found boring. Victoria's inattention to her duties provoked quarrels with Ernst. The young couple had loud, physical fights. Thevolatile Victoria shouted, threw tea trays, smashed china against the wall, and tossed anything that was handy at Ernst during their arguments. Victoria sought relief in her love for horses and long gallops over thecountryside on a hard-to-control stallion named Bogdan. While she was in Russia for the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, Victoria's affection for Kirill was also rekindled. She enjoyed flirting with him at the balls andcelebrations that marked the coronation.DivorceHer marriage to Ernst suffered a further blow in 1897, when Victoria returned home from a visit to her sister Queen Marie of Romania and reportedly caught Ernst in bedwith a male servant. She did not make her accusation public, but told a niece that \"no boy was safe, from the stable hands to the kitchen help. He slept quite openly with them all.\" Queen Victoria was saddened whenshe heard of trouble in the marriage from Sir George Buchanan, her chargé d'affaires, but refused to consent to her grandchildren's divorce because of their daughter, Elisabeth. Efforts to rekindle the marriage failedand, when Queen Victoria died in January 1901, significant opposition to the end of the marriage was removed.Ernst, who had at first resisted the divorce, came to believe it was the only possible step. \"Now that I amcalmer I see the absolute impossibility of going on leading a life which was killing her and driving me nearly mad,\" Ernst wrote to his elder sister Princess Louis of Battenberg. \"For to keep up your spirits and a laughingface while ruin is staring you in the eyes and misery is tearing your heart to pieces is a struggle which is fruitless. I only tried for her sake. If I had not loved her so, I would have given it up long ago.\" Princess Louislater wrote that she was less surprised by the divorce than Ernst was. \"Though both had done their best to make a success of their marriage, it had been a failure ... [T]heir characters and temperaments were quiteunsuited to each other and I had noticed how they were gradually drifting apart.\" The divorce of the reigning Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Hesse caused scandal in the royal circles of Europe. Tsar Nicholas wrote tohis mother that even death would have been better than \"the general disgrace of a divorce.\" After her divorce, Victoria went to live with her mother at Coburg and at her house in the French Riviera. She and Ernstshared custody of Elisabeth, who spent six months of each year with each parent. Elisabeth blamed Victoria for the divorce and Victoria had a difficult time reconnecting with her daughter. Ernst wrote in his memoirsthat Elisabeth hid under a sofa, crying, before one visit to her mother. Ernst assured the child that her mother loved her too. Elisabeth responded, \"Mama says she loves me, but you do love me.\" Ernst remained silentand didn't correct the child's impression.Elisabeth died at age eight and a half of typhoid fever during a November 1903 visit to Tsar Nicholas II and his family at their Polish hunting lodge. The doctor advised the Tsar's"}
{"doc_id":"doc_165","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:The Heart of Maryland (1921 film)The Heart of Maryland is a lost 1921 American silent film feature produced and distributed by the Vitagraph Company of America. It is based on DavidBelasco's 1895 play, The Heart of Maryland.When Warner Brothers acquired the Vitagraph Studios in 1925, they obtained the screen rights to this property and remade the story in 1927 as The Heart of Maryland withDolores Costello.CastCatherine Calvert as Maryland CalvertCrane Wilbur as Alan KendrickFelix Krembs as Col. Fulton ThorpeBen Lyon as Bob TelfairWilliam Collier, Jr. as Lloyd CalvertWarner Richmond as TomBooneBernard Siegel as Provost-Sergeant BlountHenry Hallam as General KendrickVictoria White as Nanny McNairMarguerite Sanchez as Mrs. ClaiborneJane Jennings as Mrs. ClaiborneSee alsoThe Heart of Maryland(1915)Passage 3:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 4:The Heart ofMaryland (1915 film)The Heart of Maryland is a lost 1915 silent film drama directed by Herbert Brenon based on David Belasco's play The Heart of Maryland. Mrs. Leslie Carter, who starred in the original play onBroadway in 1895, makes her appearance in this film as the title character.CastMrs. Leslie Carter – Maryland CalvertWilliam E. Shay – Alan KendrickJ. Farrell MacDonald – Colonel ThorpeMatt B. Snyder – General HughKendrickRaymond Russell – Floyd CalvertMarcia Moore – Floyd Calver't SweetheartVivian Reed – Dolly GreyDoris Baker – True BlueHerbert Brenon – Lloyd CalvertBert Hadley – Private BooneJoseph Hazelton – TheSexton (*as Joe Hazelton)See alsoThe Heart of Maryland (1921)The Heart of Maryland (1927)Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973)(short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998)(TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an Americandirector of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a ManySplendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which shereceived an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" buthad to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage7:The Heart of the WorldThe Heart of the World is a short film written and directed by Guy Maddin, produced for the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival. Maddin was one of a number of directors (including AtomEgoyan and David Cronenberg) commissioned to make four-minute short films that would screen prior to the various feature films at the 2000 festival as part of the special Preludes program. After hearing rumours thatother directors were planning films with a small number of shots, Maddin decided that his film would instead contain over 100 shots per minute, and enough plot for a feature-length film. Maddin then wrote and shotThe Heart of the World in the style of Russian constructivism, taking the commission at its literal face value, as a call to produce a propaganda film. Even in its expanded, 6-minute version, The Heart of the World runsat a breakneck speed, averaging roughly two shots per second, a pace intensified by the background music, Time, Forward! by Georgy Sviridov.Plot summaryThe plot of The Heart of the World concerns two brothers,Osip and Nikolai, who compete for the love of the same woman: Anna, a state scientist studying the Earth's core. Anna discovers that the heart of the world is in danger of a fatal heart attack (which would mean the endof the world), and the brothers compete amongst the public panic. Nikolai is a mortician and tries to impress Anna with assembly-line embalming, while Osip is an actor playing Christ in the Passion Play and tries toimpress Anna through his suffering. Anna is instead seduced by an evil capitalist, but has a change of heart and strangles the plutocrat, then slides down into the heart of the world, where she manages to save theworld from destruction by transforming into cinema itself, the world's \"new and better heart — Kino!\"CastLeslie Bais as Anna Caelum Vatnsdal as Osip Shaun Balbar as Nikolai Greg Klymkiw as AkmatovAwards andnominationsGenie Award:Win: Best Live Action Short FilmAspen Shortsfest:Win: Best CinematographyBrussels International Festival of Fantasy Film:Win: Special Mention – Short FilmMiami Film Festival:Win: FIPRESCIPrize, Best Short SubjectNational Society of Film Critics AwardsWin: Best Experimental Film—the same award Maddin won in 1991 for Archangel.San Francisco International Film FestivalWin: Film & Video – ShortNarrative, Golden Gate Award – Guy MaddinPassage 8:A Woman's TriumphA Woman's Triumph is a lost 1914 silent film drama directed by J. Searle Dawley and starring Laura Sawyer. It was produced by DanielFrohman and Adolph Zukor  and based on an 1818 story The Heart of Midlothian by Sir Walter Scott.A rival British film The Heart of Midlothian was released in April 1914.CastLaura Sawyer as Jeanie DeansBetty Harteas Effie DeansGeorge Moss as David DeansHal Clarendon as Georgie RobertsonWellington Playter as Reuben ButlerEmily Calloway as Madge WildfireHelen Aubrey as Dame MurdocksonPassage 9:Guy MaddinGuyMaddin  (born February 28, 1956) is a Canadian screenwriter, director, author, cinematographer, and film editor of both features and short films, as well as an installation artist, from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Sincecompleting his first film in 1985, Maddin has become one of Canada's most well-known and celebrated filmmakers.Maddin has directed twelve feature films and numerous short films, in addition to publishing threebooks and creating a host of installation art projects. A number of Maddin's recent films began as or developed from installation art projects, and his books also relate to his film work. Maddin is known for his fascinationwith lost Silent-era films and for incorporating their aesthetics into his own work. Maddin has been the subject of much critical praise and academic attention, including two books of interviews with Maddin and twobook-length academic studies of his work. Maddin was appointed to the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian honour, in 2012.Maddin first served as a visiting lecturer at Harvard University's Department of Art,Film, and Visual Studies in 2015. Until then, he had always lived in Winnipeg.Life and careerEarly life (1956–84)Guy Maddin was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, to Herdis Maddin (a hairdresser) and Charles \"Chas\"Maddin (grain clerk and general manager of the Maroons, a Winnipeg hockey team). Maddin has three older siblings: Ross (b. 1944), Cameron (1946–63), and Janet (b. 1949). Maddin attended Winnipeg publicschools— the Greenway School (elementary school), General Wolfe (junior high school), and the Daniel McIntyre Collegiate Institute (high school).Maddin's early life was marked by tragedy—in February 1963, hisbrother Cameron killed himself on the grave of his girlfriend, who had died in a car accident. Maddin studied economics at the University of Winnipeg, graduating in 1977 without a plan to become a filmmaker. Thatsame year, Maddin's father died suddenly after a stroke, and Maddin married Martha Jane Waugh. Their daughter, Jilian, was born in 1978, and Maddin and Waugh divorced in 1979.After graduating, Maddin held avariety of odd jobs, including bank manager, house painter, and photo archivist. Maddin began to take film classes at the University of Manitoba. There, Maddin met film professor Stephen Snyder, who held regular filmscreenings of titles from the school's film library at his home. Maddin attended, as did some early collaborators, including his friend John Boles Harvie, the future star of Maddin's first film, and filmmaker John Paizs.Maddin appeared as an actor in two of Paizs' short films, as a student in Oak, Ivy, and Other Dead Elms (1982) and as a transvestite, homicidal nurse in The International Style (1983). Maddin drew early inspirationfrom the films of John Paizs, as well as experimental shorts by Stephen Snyder. Other early influences included L'Age d'Or by Luis Buñuel (in collaboration with Salvador Dalí) and Eraserhead by David Lynch. Maddin hasstated that these films, along with the work of Paizs and Snyder, \"were movies that were primitive in many respects. They were low budget, they used nonactors or nonstars, they used atmospheres and ideas, and wereunbelievably honest, frank, and, therefore, exciting to me. They made moviemaking seem possible to me.\" Maddin also met film professor George Toles, who became Maddin's cowriter on many of his future films.Maddin's core group of friends from this period, who played various roles in the production of his early film projects, were known as \"the Drones\" and included Harvie, Ian Handford, and Kyle McCulloch (now a writer forSouth Park).Maddin joined the Winnipeg Film Group around this time, and also became friends with producer Greg Klymkiw, with whom he began making a cable access television show, Survival (c. 1985–87). Survivalwas a satirical talk show centred around, as its opening credits noted, how \"we must survive the inevitable social/economic collapse and/or nuclear holocaust\". The show became a cult hit in Winnipeg and excerpts werere-released on the compilation DVD Winnipeg Babysitter. Maddin plays a masked character on the show named \"Concerned Citizen Stan\".The Dead Father and Tales from the Gimli Hospital (1985–88)Maddin's first shortfilm (as director, writer, producer, and cinematographer) was The Dead Father, a 25-minute black-and-white film about a young man whose father dies but continues to visit his family and disapprove of his son's life. Itsbudget is estimated at CA$5,000 (equivalent to CA$11,238 in 2021). Maddin began shooting The Dead Father in 1982 and finished the film in 1985. Spurred by the work of Snyder and Paizs, and together with Harvieand Handford, Maddin decided to begin making films and founded a film company called \"Extra Large Productions\" (they first decided on the name \"Jumbo Productions\" and went to get a jumbo pizza to celebrate, butchanged the name when the pizzeria in Gimli, Manitoba, only served \"extra large\" pizzas).Maddin cast John Harvie in the lead role as the son, and University of Manitoba medical professor Dr. Dan P. Snidal as the deadfather. The Dead Father (1985) was shot in black-and-white on sixteen-millimetre film. The style of the film owes much to the work of the Surrealists, with Maddin citing Luis Buñuel and Man Ray as its main influences.Critics routinely cite, as an example of Maddin's dream-like tone, the climactic scene of the film, where the son attempts to resolve his relationship with his dead father by uncovering his corpse (hidden to sleep at nightin some nearby brush) and attempting to devour his father using a large spoon—since the dead father awakens, the son cannot finish eating him and must instead pack his body away into a trunk in the family's attic.Although Maddin did not feel that the film's initial, Winnipeg premiere had gone well, John Paizs convinced him to submit the film to the Toronto Film Festival and the festival accepted the film. At the festival Maddin metAtom Egoyan, Jeremy Podeswa, Norman Jewison, and began to form connections with Canadian filmmakers across the national scene.Maddin next began work on his feature film debut, Tales from the Gimli Hospital(1988), also shot in black-and-white on sixteen-millimetre film. Kyle McCulloch starred in the film as Einar, a lonely fisherman who contracts smallpox and begins to compete with another patient, Gunnar (played byMichael Gottli) for the attention of the young nurses. Maddin had himself endured a recent period of male rivalry and noticed that he found himself \"quite often forgetting the object of jealousy\" and instead becoming\"possessive of my rival\". The film was originally titled Gimli Saga after the amateur history book produced locally by various Icelandic members of the community of   Gimli (Maddin himself is Icelandic byancestry).Maddin's aunt Lil had recently retired from hairdressing, and allowed Maddin to use her beauty salon (also Maddin's childhood home) as a makeshift film studio (Lil appears in the film briefly as a \"bedsidevigil-sitter in one quick shot [taken] just a couple of days before she died\" at the age of 85. After Maddin's mother sold the house/studio, Maddin completed the remaining shots of the film at various locations, includinghis own home, over a period of eighteen months. Maddin received a grant from the Manitoba Arts Council for CA$20,000 (equivalent to CA$39,775 in 2021), and often cites that figure as the film's budget, although hehas also estimated the actual budget to have been between CA$14,000 and CA$30,000.Although Tales from the Gimli Hospital upset some of the residents of Gimli, who believed that the film made light of the historicalsmallpox epidemic that ravaged the community, and was rejected by the Toronto Film Festival, it nevertheless became a cult success and established Maddin's reputation in independent film circles. The film garneredthe attention of Ben Barenholtz, who had successfully distributed other cult films such as the John Waters film Pink Flamingos and David Lynch's debut feature Eraserhead. Tales from the Gimli Hospital consequentlysucceeded on the festival circuit and screened for a full year as a midnight movie at a theatre in New York's Greenwich Village. Maddin received a Genie award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.Archangel, Careful,and Twilight of the Ice Nymphs (1989–97)Having proven himself as a filmmaker and established a reputation outside of Canada, Maddin began work on a series of feature films produced on larger budgets and moretraditional production schedules and processes. His second feature, Archangel (1990), fictionalizes in a general sense historical conflict related to the Bolshevik Revolution occurring in the Arkhangelsk (Archangel) regionof Russia, a basic concept presented to Maddin by John Harvie. Boles, a Canadian soldier suffering from amnesia, arrives in the town of Archangel as World War I is ending (due to the Bolshevik uprising, it appears as ifthe townspeople have, like Boles, contracted amnesia and \"forgotten\" that the war is over). Boles confuses the warrior-woman Veronkha with his lost love Iris and pursues her throughout the fighting. Fellow \"drone\"Kyle McCulloch stars as Boles. The film marks Maddin's first formal collaboration with fellow screenwriter George Toles.Maddin shot Archangel in black-and-white, on 16 mm film, on a budget of CA$430,000 (equivalentto CA$776,633 in 2021). Maddin modeled the film on the style of a part-talkie, an early cinema genre. Film critic J. Hoberman praised the film, and noted that such stylistic approaches were typical of Maddin's growingbody of work: \"Maddin's most distinctive trait is an uncanny ability to exhume and redeploy forgotten cinematic  conventions.\" Archangel premiered at the Toronto Film Festival, and in 1991 was awarded BestExperimental Film by the National Society of Film Critics.Maddin's third feature, Careful (1992), was styled after another early cinema genre, the German mountain picture (or Bergfilm) — a surprising choice, given that(as filmmaker Caelum Vatnsdal has noted), \"Winnipeg's highest peak is, in fact, an artificial hill that had been created by laying sod over a garbage dump.\" Maddin was ordered by the producers to shoot in colour, andso Careful became Maddin's first colour film, shot on 16 mm film with a budget of CA$1.1 million (equivalent to CA$1,854,286 in 2021). the colour style of the film emulated the two colour Technicolor movies of theearly 1930s. Kyle McCulloch again starred, alongside other Maddin regulars such as Brent Neale and Ross McMillan. At one point, Martin Scorsese had agreed to act in the film, as Count Knotkers, but bowed out tocomplete Cape Fear. Maddin pursued casting hockey star Bobby Hull, but ended up casting Paul Cox.Careful, also cowritten by George Toles, is set in the mountain town of Tolzbad, where the townspeople are forced torepress their behaviour pathologically, since the slightest expression of emotion can trigger a devastating avalanche. Brothers Grigorss (McCulloch) and Johann (Neale) seem secure of bright futures as butlers, butJohann becomes incestuously obsessed with their widowed mother (driving him away from his fiancé and towards a dramatic suicide). Grigorss, who is in love with Klara, begins to work for Count Knotkers, who alsoharbours love for Grigorss' mother. Klara convinces Grigorss to duel the Count, resulting in the death of his mother, Klara's father, Klara, and finally Grigorss himself. Careful premiered at the New York Film Festival and,although it was not a commercial success elsewhere, \"single-handedly saved a struggling art-house cinema in Missoula, Montana\" where \"sell-out crowds had filled the house twice every night for two weeks\".For hisnext feature film, written by Toles, Maddin attempted to make an operetta called The Dikemaster's Daughter \"set in a nineteenth-century Holland populated almost entirely by opera singers and dike-building navvies\"about \"a short-lived romance between the titular daughter and a fey opera singer\". The singer is killed and the daughter is forced to marry a dike-builder who is also killed. A local alchemist then constructs anautomaton copy of the latter, which the daughter succeeds in having implanted with two hearts (of both her opera singer love and her dike-builder husband) and a lever that switches control of the mechanical bodybetween the two hearts. The movie was to feature Christopher Lee and Leni Riefenstahl, but Telefilm Canada \"declared the project a 'lateral move'\" for Maddin and the movie could not secure enough funding, so wasaborted.Maddin consequently flirted with the idea of moving to Los Angeles to become a director-for-hire. He met with Claudia Lewis, who worked for Fox Searchlight, but Maddin found himself dispirited with theprojects he was offered: \"I remember one was a love story set in a TB sanatorium. The only thing odd or bizarre about it was the very off-putting sight of people horking up blood and phlegm into little paper cups, andthese paper cups would accumulate in volume until there were moonlit paper cups of phlegm floating on a lake, and it was supposed to be very beautiful, but it was nauseating. I'm making it sound better than it was,actually.\" Maddin also directed the TV film The Hands of Ida (which he \"later repudiated\") and married Elise Moore in 1995 (the marriage ended in 1997), and directed the short film Odilon Redon, or The Eye Like aStrange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity (which was commissioned by the BBC and won a Special Jury Citation at the Toronto International Film festival). In 1995, Maddin also became the youngest recipient ever of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_166","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mordechai RotenbergMordechai Rotenberg (born 1932) (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is an Israeli professor of social work at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.BiographyMordechai Rotenberg was bornin Breslau, Germany (today Wrocław, Poland). His father was from Warsaw, descended from Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, the founder of the Gur Hasidic sect.  His father owned a publishing house in Breslau. In 1939, onthe eve of World War II, the family immigrated to Palestine. Rotenberg's father opened a small printing press in Jerusalem. Rotenberg grew up in a Haredi household, with three brothers and a sister.In 1960, hegraduated from the Hebrew University with a BA in education and sociology from the School of Social Work.  In 1962, he received his MSW from New York University. In 1969, he was awarded a Ph.D. in social welfareand social psychology at University of California, Berkeley.In 1970, Rotenberg joined the faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, becoming a full professor in 1980. He founded a new sub-discipline in psychologyand religion.  He is the author of ten books, which have been translated into English, French, Portuguese and Japanese. Rotenberg has taught at University of Pennsylvania, University of California, Berkeley, the JewishTheological Seminary, City University of New York and Yeshiva University.Clinical approachRotenberg has developed innovative theories based on psychological interpretations of Hasidic and Midrashic concepts. Hedescribes his approach as \"re-biography\", i.e.,  \"rereading one's biography so it becomes possible to live with the text.\" In an interview with Haaretz newspaper he said: \"All of life is a text, and I am proposing a newterm - recomposition, rewriting the melody of life. You do not have to erase the past, but it can be re-composed, and to that end I cite examples from the Gemara.\"Tzimtzum paradigmRotenberg has adopted theKabbalistic-Hasidic tzimtzum paradigm, which he believes has significant implications for clinical therapy. According to this paradigm, God's \"self-contraction\" to vacate space for the world serves as a model for humanbehavior and interaction. The tzimtzum model promotes a unique community-centric approach which contrasts starkly with the language of Western psychology.AwardsIn 2009, Rotenberg was awarded the Israel Prizefor social work, in connection with his research in social welfare.Published worksDamnation and Deviance: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of FailureRewriting the Self: Psychotherapy and MidrashThe Yetzer: AKabbalistic Psychology of Eroticism and Human SexualityHasidic Psychology: Making Space for OthersCreativity and Sexuality: A Kabbalistic ExperienceBetween Rationality and Irrationality: The JewishPsychotherapeutic SystemDialogue With DevianceThe Trance of Terror, Psycho-Religious FundaMentalism: Roots and RemediesDia-logo Therapy: Psychonarration and PaRDeSRe-Biographing and Deviance:Psychotherapeutic Narrativism and the MidrashSee alsoList of Israel Prize recipientsPassage 2:Dave Grossman (game developer)Dave Grossman is an American game programmer and game designer, most known forhis work at Telltale Games and early work at LucasArts. He has also written several children's books, and a book of \"guy poetry\" called Ode to the Stuff in the Sink.Game industry careerGrossman joined LucasfilmGames, later known as LucasArts in 1989. At LucasArts, Grossman wrote and programmed The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge together with Ron Gilbert and Tim Schafer. He laterco-designed Day of the Tentacle.Grossman quit LucasArts in 1994 to begin a freelance career. For Humongous Entertainment, a company co-founded by Ron Gilbert, he helped create many critically acclaimed gamesaimed at children, such as the Pajama Sam series. Later he also wrote children's games for Hulabee Entertainment and Disney.He then designed adventure games at Telltale Games, a company founded by LucasArtsveterans. He joined Telltale in 2005 as lead designer. In 2009, he returned to his Monkey Island roots, as Design Director on Telltale Games' episodic Tales of Monkey Island.He left Telltale in August 2014 and joinedAmazon Alexa gaming specialists, Reactive Studios, in November 2014 as Chief Creative Officer. Reactive Studios has since changed its name to EarPlay.In 2020 he joined Ron Gilbert in developing Return to MonkeyIsland. The game was released in 2022.Children's booksLyrick Publishing published three books written by Grossman that were based on characters from Humongous Entertainment's games. They were Freddi Fish: TheBig Froople Match, Pajama Sam: Mission to the Moon, and Freddi Fish: The Missing Letters Mystery.For Fisher-Price/Nickelodeon, Grossman authored two interactive books, SpongeBob SquarePants: Sleepy Time andFairly OddParents: Squawkers.Other worksGrossman claimed that his interests in other works were often inspired by his father, \"I guess I've inherited a certain restless tinkerer's curiosity from my father (who mainlyworks in words, wood, photography and architecture, often in combination).\" This include his interests in writing, drawing, sculpture, and music.Grossman is the author of \"Ode to the Stuff in the Sink: A Book of GuyPoetry,\" which he self-published in 2002. It contains a selection of illustrated poems dedicated to different aspects of male life, including inability to dance, old stuff in the fridge, and unwillingness to clean anything. Thebook is available from Dave Grossman's personal website, Phrenopolis.com. Many of the poems were first published in his Poem of the Week electronic mailing list.Grossman co-designed a successful robot toy forFisher-Price.Game contributionsGrossman also made contributions to The Dig, Total Annihilation, and Insecticide, and was a script editor on Voodoo Vince. He also designed the trophies / Steam achievements for theremastered version of Day of the Tentacle.Passage 3:Alan McKenzieAlan McKenzie is a British comics writer and editor known for his work at 2000 AD.BiographyMcKenzie worked for Marvel UK during the early 1980s,editing Starburst, Cinema and Doctor Who Monthly magazines. After leaving the Marvel staff in 1985, he wrote several Doctor Who comic stories for the Monthly under the pseudonym Max Stockbridge. He then wrotethree non-fiction books, The Harrison Ford Story (1985), Hollywood Tricks of the Trade (1986) and How to Draw and Sell Comic Strips (1987) before contributing comic scripts to IPC's Battle Action and later 2000 AD.In1987, he joined the editorial team of 2000 AD as a freelancer, and from 1987–1994 he created a number of stories including Bradley, Brigand Doom and Journal of Luke Kirby. He also served in 1994 as the comic'seditor.BibliographyComicsComics work includes:Doctor Who (with John Ridgway):\"War-Game\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #100-101, 1986)\"Funhouse\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #102-103, 1986)\"Kane's Story\" / \"Abel'sStory\" / \"The Warrior's Story\" / \"Frobisher's Story\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #104-107, 1986)\"Exodus\" / \"Revelation\" / \"Genesis\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #108-110, 1986)Tharg's Future Shocks:\"The Star Warriors\"(with Nik Williams, in 2000 AD #517, 1987)\"Some One is Watching Me\" (with Liam Sharp, in 2000 AD #531, 1987)\"Bliss\" (with Mark Farmer, in 2000 AD #571, 1988)Universal Soldier (with Will Simpson & BrettEwins):\"Universal Soldier\" (in 2000 AD #537-543, 1987)\"Universal Soldier II\" (in 2000 AD #672-682, 1990)\"Universal Soldier: The Indestructible Man\" (in 2000 AD #750-759, 1991)The Journal of Luke Kirby:\"SummerMagic\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #571-577, 1988)\"A Winter's Tale\" (with Graham Higgins, in 2000 AD Winter Special 1, 1988)\"The Dark Path\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 1990)\"The NightWalker\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #800-812, 1992)\"Sympathy for the Devil Prologue\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #850-851, 1993)\"Trick or Treat\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD 1994 Yearbook,1993)\"Sympathy for the Devil\" (with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #873-877 and 884-888, 1994)\"The Old Straight Track\" (with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #954 - 963, 1995)\"The Price\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000AD #972, 1995)Moon Runners (with Massimo Belardinelli):\"Moonrunners\" (co-written with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #591-606, 1988)\"Moonrunners: Old Acquaintance\" (in 2000 AD #641-644, 1989)Bradley (withSimon Harrison):\"Bradley Goes Pop\" (in 2000 AD #660-682, 1990)\"Bradley's Bedtime Stories\" (in 2000 AD #795-799, 825-827, 1992–1993)\"Bradley: The Sprog Prince\" (in 2000 AD #885-888, 1994)\"Bradley: Masterof the Martial Arts\" (in 2000 AD #901-903, 1994)Brigand Doom (with Dave D'Antiquis):\"Brigand Doom\" (in 2000 AD #717-722, 1991)\"Voodoo Child\" (in 2000 AD #764-773, 1992)\"Spirits Willing\" (in 2000 AD#815-818, 1992–1993)\"House of Games\" (in 2000 AD #897-899, 1994)\"Account Yorga-Vampire\" (in 2000 AD #932-936, 1995)Tales from Beyond Science (with Rian Hughes, tpb, 88 pages, Image Comics, January2012, ISBN 1-60706-471-5) collects:\"The Music Man\" (in 2000 AD #775, 1992)\"Agents of Mu-Mu\" (in 2000 AD #777, 1992)Mean Arena: \"Mean Arena\" (with Anthony Williams, in 2000 AD #852-863, 1993)Soul GunWarrior (with Shaky Kane):\"Soul Gun Warrior\" (with co-writer M. Coulthard, in 2000 AD #867-872, 1993–1994)\"Soul Gun Assassin\" (with co-writer M. Coulthard, in 2000 AD #920-925, 1994–1995)Tharg's TerrorTales:\"The Last Victim\" (with Mick Austin, in 2000 AD #840, 1993)\"Meat is Meat\" (with Mick Austin, in 2000 AD Yearbook 1994), 1993)\"The Succubus\" (with Paul Johnson, in 2000 AD #894, 1994)Vector 13 (createdformat, with Dave D'Antiquis):\"Case Five: The Henderson Event\" (in 2000 AD #955, 1995)\"Case Five: Assassin\" (in 2000 AD #992, 1996)Chopper: \"Supersurf 13\" (with John Higgins, 2000 AD #964-971,1995)BooksNon-comics work includes:The Harrison Ford Story (Arbor House, 1984, ISBN 0-87795-667-7, Zomba Books, 1985, ISBN 0-946391-64-5, Air Pirate Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-9569149-1-0)How to Draw andSell Comic Strips (1987/1996/2005, Titan Books, ISBN 1-84576-076-X)Hollywood Tricks of the Trade (co-author, Gallery Books, 1987, ISBN 0-8317-4240-2)Passage 4:Joseph L. ArmstrongJoseph L. Armstrong was aprofessor at Duke University (at the time, called \"Trinity College\") best known for reforming Duke's curriculum in the late nineteenth century, changing it to a German research university model with the help of JohnFranklin Crowell. Armstrong did his undergraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and graduate work at the University of Leipzig.Passage 5:David ShuteDavid Shute is a British journalist, best known for his work atthe BBC.CareerShute was educated at Brentwood School in Essex. While working on newspapers in Reading he was auditioned by the BBC in Bristol and immediately signed on contract. He made a reputation forengaging in adventurous broadcasts such as deep sea diving, riding on the back of a Royal Artillery motorcycle during a display and, while covering a story on the changing face of circus life, going on the flying trapeze.David Shute was the first person to broadcast live to the UK while travelling through the sound barrier. He is regularly on BBC Radio Four's Today programme. As a reporter he covered conflicts in Borneo and Sarawakwhich resulted in the Radio Four programme The Quiet Confrontation, produced by Roy Hayward. He also covered the troubles in Aden and the Radfan.He was promoted to the post of Senior Talks Producer at the BBC'sPebble Mill studios. There he built a reputation for mounting outside broadcasts. He maintained a productive association with the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford upon Avon and worked with actors includingIan Richardson, Richard Pasco and Margaret Tyzack. He directed Richardson's memorable radio performance of Nevil Shute's Requiem for a Wren, which was featured as a Book at Bedtime. He gave David Suchet hisfirst broadcast job, reading a \"Morning Story\".Outside the BBC he wrote and produced Warwick Castle Mediaeval Banquet, which ran for more than 17 years. He later founded a Production Company specialising in Videoand Conference Production.RetirementLiving in retirement in Spain, Shute works as a lecturer on cruise ships covering such topics as \"broadcasting\" and \"the musical theatre\", accompanied by recordings of his work asa reporter. Ashore he finds himself in demand as an after dinner speaker.Passage 6:Christopher ShinnChristopher Shinn (born 1975) is an American playwright. His play Dying City (2006) was a finalist for the 2008Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and Where Do We Live (2004) won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting.Early lifeShinn was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1975 and lives in New York. He earned a BFA, Dramatic Writing, fromNew York University.The Royal Court Theatre in London produced his first play Four and commissioned several plays from him. Shinn said: \"The fifteen years I was embraced by the Court allowed me to become theartist I am today.\"CareerIn an article about Shinn, Rob Weinert-Kendt observed: \"If playwright Christopher Shinn has a signature character, it is the manipulative victim — the half-sympathetic, half-deplorable sort ofperson whose suffering is real but who uses it as rationale for bad behavior.\" As an example, in Dying City, \"Shinn conjured twin terrors: a pair of brothers, one a straight soldier shipping off to Iraq, the other asuccessful gay actor.\"Four was produced by the Royal Court Theatre in their Young Writers' Festival in 1998. The play was produced by the Worth Street Company at the TriBeCa Playhouse, New York City, in July 2001,directed by Jeff Cohen. It was produced by the Manhattan Theatre Club at Stage II in association with the Worth Street Company in January 2002.Other People premiered at the Royal Court Theatre, Jerwood TheatreUpstairs in March 2000, directed by Dominic Cooke and featuring Daniel Evans, Doraly Rosen, James Frain, and Neil Newbon. The play opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizonss New Theater Wing in October 2000.The play takes place in the East Village in 1997 shortly before Christmas, and involves roommates, current and former, all artists in various fields.Where Do We Live opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre,running from May 11, 2004, to May 30, 2004. Directed by Shinn, the cast featured Emily Bergl, Daryl Edwards, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Luke MacFarlane, Burl Moseley, Jacob Pitts, Aaron Stanford, Liz Stauber and AaronYoo. The play won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting and was nominated for the 2005 GLAAD Media Awards, Outstanding New York Theater: Broadway and Off-Broadway. It was first produced at the Royal Court in May2002.His play Dying City was produced Off-Broadway by Lincoln Center Theater at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theatre, from February 15, 2007, in previews, officially on March 4, 2007, to April 29, 2007. Directed by JamesMacdonald the cast starred Rebecca Brooksher and Pablo Schreiber. The play had its world premiere in 2006 at the Royal Court Theatre in London. The play was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.Shinn'splay Now or Later premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London from 3 September 2008 to 1 November 2008. Directed by Dominic Cooke, the cast featured Eddie Redmayne, Matthew Marsh, Adam James, DomhnallGleason, Nancy Crane and Pamela Nomvete. The play takes place during a U.S. presidential election and focuses on the crisis that the gay son of the Democratic candidate is undergoing. The play had its US premiere atthe Huntington Theatre Company, Boston in October 2012. Adriane Lenox, Tom Nelis and Grant MacDermott are featured, with direction by Michael Wilson.His adaptation of Hedda Gabler premiered on Broadway at theRoundabout Theatre Company American Airlines Theatre, from January 6, 2009, to March 29, 2009. The play was directed by Ian Rickson and starred Mary-Louise Parker as Hedda Tesman, Michael Cerveris as JorgenTesman, Peter Stormare as Judge Brack, and Paul Sparks as Ejlert Lovborg.Teddy Ferrara was commissioned by the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, and premiered there from February 2, 2013, to March 3, 2013, directedby Evan Cabnet. The play involves a gay college student, Gabe, whose life is complicated by a tragedy on campus. The play was produced in London at the Donmar Warehouse in October 2015, directed by DominicCooke.An Opening in Time premiered at Hartford Stage, running from September 17 to October 11, 2015, directed by Oliver Butler. The play is set in New England and focuses on Anne, in her 60s, seeking to reconnectwith a man from her past.Against premiered at the Almeida Theatre, running from August 12 to September 30, 2017, directed by Ian Rickson and starring Ben Whishaw. The play is about a Silicon Valley billionaire whogoes on a quest to try to get America to address its problem with violence.His adaptation of Judgment Day premiered at Park Avenue Armory on December 5, 2019.The Narcissist premiered at Chichester FestivalTheatre, running from August 26 to September 24, 2022, directed by Josh Seymour and starring Harry Lloyd and Claire Skinner. The play is about a political consultant who is being courted by a Senator as his personallife faces crisis.Other workHe wrote Sandcastle for \"The 24 Hour Plays\" which was performed on September 24, 2001, starring Liev Schrieber and Lili Taylor. He wrote Dance of Life for the 2003 version of \"The 24 HourPlays\", which was performed at the American Airlines Theatre in September 2003 and starred Rachel Dratch, Catherine Kellner and Sam Rockwell.He participated in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six Bookswhere he wrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.He wrote a short play for Headlong's 2011 project Decade about the impact and legacy of 9/11.He has also written short plays for Naked Angels, andthe New York International Fringe Festival.Shinn's plays are published in collections from Theatre Communications Group and Methuen, and in acting editions from Dramatists Play Service.Shinn teaches playwriting atThe New School for Drama.BibliographySource: Internet Off-Broadway DatabaseFour—1998, Royal Court TheatreOther People—2000, Royal Court TheatreThe Coming World—2001, Soho Theatre, LondonWhere Do WeLive—2002, Royal Court TheatreWhat Didn't Happen—2002, Playwrights HorizonsOn the Mountain—2005, Playwrights HorizonsDying City—2006, Royal Court TheatreNow or Later—2008, Royal Court TheatreHeddaGabler (adaptation)—2009, Roundabout Theatre Company, American Airlines TheatrePicked—2011, Vineyard TheatreTeddy Ferrara—2013, Goodman TheatreAn Opening in Time—2015, Hartford StageAgainst—2017,Almeida TheatreJudgment Day (adaptation)—2019, Park Avenue ArmoryThe Narcissist—2022, Chichester Festival TheatreAwards and honorsFor Dying City, Shinn was a 2008 Pulitzer Prize finalist, was nominated forthe 2007 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play, and was nominated for the TMA Award for Best New Play (2006). Shinn won the Obie Award in Playwriting (2005) for Where Do We Live and was nominated for anOlivier Award for Most Promising Playwright (2003) for Where Do We Live He was shortlisted for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Play (2008) for Now or Later and the South Bank Show Award for Theatre(2008) for Now or Later. In 2020, he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Adaptation for Judgment Day.He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Playwriting (2005). He has received grants from theNEA/TCG Residency Program and the Peter S. Reed Foundation, and he is a recipient of the Robert Chesley Award for Lesbian and Gay Playwriting.He was a 2019-2020 Radcliffe Fellow at Harvard. In 2020–2021, he wasa Cullman Fellow at New York Public Library.Personal lifeShinn is openly gay. In 2012, Shinn was diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer, and had part of his left leg amputated.Passage 7:JaneWymanJane Wyman ( WY-m\u0000n; born Sarah Jane Mayfield; January 5, 1917 – September 10, 2007) was an American actress. She received an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards and nominations for twoPrimetime Emmy Awards.Wyman's professional career began at age 16 in 1933, when she signed with Warner Bros. A popular contract player, she frequently played the leading lady, appearing in films such as PublicWedding (1937), Brother Rat (1938), its sequel Brother Rat and a Baby (1940), Bad Men of Missouri (1941), Stage Fright (1950), So Big (1953), Magnificent Obsession (1954), and All That Heaven Allows (1955). Shereceived four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress, winning for Johnny Belinda (1948). In her later years, she achieved continuing success on the soap opera Falcon Crest (1981–1990), portraying the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_167","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 2:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 3:Roman PolanskiRaymond Roman Thierry Polański (né Liebling; 18 August 1933) is a French and Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, nine César Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, as well as the Golden Bear and a Palme d'Or.His Polish Jewish parents moved the family from his birthplace in Paris back to Kraków in 1937. Two years later, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany started World War II, and the family found themselves trapped in the Kraków Ghetto. After his mother and father were taken in raids, Polanski spent his formative years in foster homes, surviving the Holocaust by adopting a false identity and concealing his Jewish heritage. Polanski's first feature-length film, Knife in the Water (1962), was made in Poland and was nominated for the United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. After living in France for a few years, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he directed his first three English-language feature-length films: Repulsion (1965), Cul-de-sac (1966), and The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his status in the film industry by directing the horror film Rosemary's Baby (1968).In 1969, Polanski's pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, was murdered with four friends by members of the Manson Family. He made Macbeth (1971) in England and Chinatown (1974) back in Hollywood. Polanski was arrested and charged in 1977 with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, upon learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, Polanski fled to Paris and has since been a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system. After fleeing to Europe, Polanski continued directing. His other critically acclaimed films include Tess (1979), The Pianist (2002) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, The Ghost Writer (2010), Venus in Fur (2013), and An Officer and a Spy (2019).Early lifePolanski was born in Paris. He was the son of Bula (aka \"Bella\") Katz-Przedborska and Mojżesz (or Maurycy) Liebling (later Polański), a painter and manufacturer of sculptures, who after World War II was known as Ryszard Polański. Polanski's father was Jewish and originally from Poland; Polanski's mother, born in Russia, had been raised Catholic but was half Jewish. His mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette survived Auschwitz, where her mother was murdered, and left Poland forever for France.  Polanski's parents were both agnostics. Polanski later stated that he was an atheist.World War II and the HolocaustThe Polański family moved back to Kraków, Poland, in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the invasion of Poland. Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and the racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the city's Jews. Around the age of six, Polanski attended primary school for only a few weeks, until \"all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled\", writes biographer Christopher Sandford. That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification. After he was expelled, Polanksi would not be allowed to enter another classroom for six years.: 18 Polanski witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to German death camps. He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:I had just been visiting my grandmother ... when I received a foretaste of things to come. At first, I didn't know what was happening. I simply saw people scattering in all directions. Then I realized why the street had emptied so quickly. Some women were being herded along it by German soldiers. Instead of running away like the rest, I felt compelled to watch.One older woman at the rear of the column couldn't keep up. A German officer kept prodding her back into line, but she fell down on all fours ... Suddenly a pistol appeared in the officer's hand. There was a loud bang, and blood came welling out of her back. I ran straight into the nearest building, squeezed into a smelly recess beneath some wooden stairs, and didn't come out for hours. I developed a strange habit: clenching my fists so hard that my palms became permanently calloused. I also woke up one morning to find that I had wet my bed.Polanski's father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to Mauthausen, a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother, who was four months pregnant at the time, was taken to Auschwitz and killed in the gas chamber soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto, a real-life backdrop to Polanski's film The Pianist (2002). Polanski, who was then hiding from the Germans, saw his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and got within a few yards. His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), \"Get lost!\": 24 Polanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with the help of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy.: 21 Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one-on-one about the catechism, and ultimately said, \"You aren't one of us\". The punishment for helping a Jew in German-occupied Poland was death.As Polanski roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being \"forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice\". The author Ian Freer concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the \"tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film\". By the time the war ended in 1945, a fifth of the Polish population had been killed, the vast majority being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, Polanski would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for Faye Dunaway's character in his film Chinatown (1974).: 13After the warAfter the war, Polanksi was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:They were really simple Catholic peasants. This Polish village was like the English village in Tess. Very primitive. No electricity. The kids with whom I lived didn't know about electricity ... they wouldn't believe me when I told them it was enough to turn on a switch!Polanski stated that \"you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be. Then you will appreciate capitalism.\" He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as Roma Ligocka, Ryszard Horowitz and his family.Introduction to moviesPolanski's fascination with cinema began very early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:Even as a child, I always loved cinema and was thrilled when my parents would take me before the war. Then we were put into the ghetto in Krakòw and there was no cinema, but the Germans often showed newsreels to the people outside the ghetto, on a screen in the market place. And there was one particular corner where you could see the screen through the barbed wire. I remember watching with fascination, although all they were showing was the German army and German tanks, with occasional anti-Jewish slogans inserted on cards.After the war, he watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. Polanski writes, \"Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film.\" As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:Movies were becoming an absolute obsession with me. I was enthralled by everything connected with the cinema—not just the movies themselves but the aura that surrounded them. I loved the luminous rectangle of the screen, the sight of the beam slicing through the darkness from the projection booth, the miraculous synchronization of sound and vision, even the dusty smell of the tip-up seats. More than anything else though, I was fascinated by the actual mechanics of the process. He was above all influenced by Sir Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) – \"I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ... I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do.\"Early career in PolandPolanski attended the National Film School in Łódź, the third-largest city in Poland. In the 1950s, Polanski took up acting, appearing in Andrzej Wajda's Pokolenie (A Generation, 1954) and in the same year in Silik Sternfeld's Zaczarowany rower (Enchanted Bicycle or Magical Bicycle). Polanski's directorial debut was also in 1955 with a short film Rower (Bicycle). Rower is a semi-autobiographical feature film, believed to be lost, which also starred Polanski. It refers to his real-life violent altercation with a notorious Kraków felon, Janusz Dziuba, who arranged to sell Polanski a bicycle, but instead beat him badly and stole his money. In real life, the offender was arrested while fleeing after fracturing Polanski's skull, and executed for three murders, out of eight prior such assaults which he had committed. Several other short films made during his study at Łódź gained him considerable recognition, particularly Two Men and a Wardrobe (1958) and When Angels Fall (1959). He graduated in 1959.Film director1960sKnife in the Water (1962)Polanski's first feature-length film, Knife in the Water, was also one of the first significant Polish films after the Second World War that did not have a war theme. Scripted by  Jerzy Skolimowski, Jakub Goldberg, and Polanski, Knife in the Water is about a wealthy, unhappily married couple who decide to take a mysterious hitchhiker with them on a weekend boating excursion. Knife in the Water was a major commercial success in the West and gave Polanski an international reputation. The film also earned its director his first Academy Award nomination (Best Foreign Language Film) in 1963. Leon Niemczyk, who played Andrzej, was the only professional actor in the film. Jolanta Umecka, who played Krystyna, was discovered by Polanski at a swimming pool.Polanski left then-communist Poland and moved to France, where he had already made two notable short films in 1961: The Fat and the Lean and Mammals. While in France, Polanski contributed one segment (\"La rivière de diamants\") to the French-produced omnibus film, Les plus belles escroqueries du monde (English title: The Beautiful Swindlers) in 1964. (He has since had the segment removed from all releases of the film.) However, Polanski found that in the early 1960s, the French film industry was xenophobic and generally unwilling to support a rising filmmaker of foreign origin.Repulsion (1965)Polanski made three feature films in England, based on original scripts written by himself and Gérard Brach, a frequent collaborator. Repulsion (1965) is a psychological horror film focusing on a young Belgian woman named Carol (Catherine Deneuve).The film's themes, situations, visual motifs, and effects clearly reflect the influence of early surrealist cinema as well as horror movies of the 1950s—particularly Luis Buñuel's Un chien Andalou, Jean Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet, Henri-Georges Clouzot's Diabolique and Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho.Cul-de-sac (1966)Cul-de-sac (1966) is a bleak nihilist tragicomedy filmed on location in Northumberland. The tone and premise of the film owe a great deal to Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, along with aspects of Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party.The Fearless Vampire Killers/Dance of the Vampires (1967)The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967) (known by its original title, \"Dance of the Vampires\" in most countries outside the United States) is a parody of vampire films. The plot concerns a buffoonish professor and his clumsy assistant, Alfred (played by Polanski), who are traveling through Transylvania in search of vampires. The Fearless Vampire Killers was Polanski's first feature to be photographed in color with the use of Panavision lenses, and included a striking visual style with snow-covered, fairy-tale landscapes, similar to the work of Soviet fantasy filmmakers. In addition, the richly textured color schemes of the settings evoke the paintings of the Belarusian-Jewish artist Marc Chagall, who provides the namesake for the innkeeper in the film. The film was written for Jack MacGowran, who played the lead role of Professor Abronsius.Polanski met Sharon Tate while making the film; she played the role of the local innkeeper's daughter. They were married in London on 20 January 1968. Shortly after they married, Polanski, with Tate at his side during a documentary film, described the demands of young movie viewers who he said always wanted to see something \"new\" and \"different\".Rosemary's Baby (1968)Paramount studio head Robert Evans brought Polanski to America ostensibly to direct the film Downhill Racer, but told Polanski that he really wanted him to read the horror novel Rosemary's Baby by Ira Levin to see if a film could be made out of it. Polanski read it non-stop through the night and the following morning decided he wanted to write as well as direct it. He wrote the 272-page screenplay in just over three weeks. The film, Rosemary's Baby (1968), was a box-office success and became his first Hollywood production, thereby establishing his reputation as a major commercial filmmaker. The film, a horror-thriller set in trendy Manhattan, is about Rosemary Woodhouse (Mia Farrow), a young housewife who is impregnated by the devil. Polanski's screenplay adaptation earned him a second Academy Award nomination.On 9 August 1969, while Polanski was working in London, his pregnant wife, Sharon Tate, and four other people were murdered at the Polanskis' residence in Los Angeles by cult leader Charles Manson's followers.1970sMacbeth (1971)Polanski adapted Macbeth into a screenplay with the Shakespeare expert Kenneth Tynan. Jon Finch and Francesca Annis played the main characters. Hugh Hefner and Playboy Productions funded the 1971 film, which opened in New York and was screened in Playboy Theater. Hefner was credited as executive producer, and the film was listed as a \"Playboy Production\". It was controversial because of Lady Macbeth's being nude in a scene, and received an X rating because of its graphic violence and nudity. In his autobiography, Polanski wrote that he wanted to be true to the violent nature of the work and that he had been aware that his first project following Tate's murder would be subject to scrutiny and probable criticism regardless of the subject matter; if he had made a comedy he would have been perceived as callous.What? (1973)Written by Polanski and previous collaborator Gérard Brach, What? (1973) is a mordant absurdist comedy loosely based on the themes of Alice in Wonderland and Henry James. The film is a rambling shaggy dog story about the sexual indignities that befall a winsome young American hippie woman hitchhiking through Europe.Chinatown (1974)Polanski returned to Hollywood in 1973 to direct Chinatown (1974) for Paramount Pictures. The film is widely considered to be one of the finest American mystery crime movies, inspired by the real-life California Water Wars, a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century.It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including those for actors Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway. Robert Towne won for Best Original Screenplay. It also had actor-director John Huston in a supporting role, and was the last film Polanski directed in the United States. In 1991, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" and it is frequently listed as among the best in world cinema.The Tenant (1976)Polanski returned to Paris for his next film, The Tenant (1976), which was based on a 1964 novel by Roland Topor, a French writer of Polish-Jewish origin. In addition to directing the film, Polanski also played a leading role of a timid Polish immigrant living in Paris. Together with Repulsion and Rosemary's Baby, The Tenant can be seen as the third installment in a loose trilogy of films called the \"Apartment Trilogy\" that explores the themes of social alienation and psychic and emotional breakdown.In 1978, Polanski became a fugitive from American justice and could no longer work in countries where he might face arrest or extradition.Tess (1979)He dedicated his next film, Tess (1979), to the memory of his late wife, Sharon Tate. It was Tate who first suggested he read Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which she thought would make a good film; he subsequently expected her to star in it. Nearly a decade after Tate's death, he met Nastassja Kinski, a model and aspiring young actress who had already been in a number of European films. He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was Klaus Kinski, a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films.Because the role required having a local dialect, Polanski sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite Peter Firth and Leigh Lawson.Tess was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France up to that time. Ultimately, it proved a financial success and was well received by both critics and the public. Polanski won France's César Awards for Best Picture and Best Director and received his fourth Academy Award nomination (and his second nomination for Best Director). The film received three Oscars: best cinematography, best art direction, best costume design, and was nominated for best picture.At the time, there were rumors that Polanski and Kinski became romantically involved, which he confirmed in a 1994 interview with Diane Sawyer, but she says the rumors are untrue; they were never lovers or had an affair. She admits that \"there was a flirtation. There could "}
{"doc_id":"doc_168","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paul BrookePaul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004), and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.CareerBrooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch \"The Library\". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the Classic and New series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.FilmographyFilmTelevisionExternal linksPaul Brooke at IMDbPassage 2:Peter HamelPeter Hamel (1911–1979) was a German screenwriter and a director of film and television. He appeared as himself in the 1948 comedy Film Without a Title. He is the father of the composer Peter Michael Hamel.Selected filmographyFilm Without a Title (1948)Artists' Blood (1949)Oh, You Dear Fridolin (1952)The Daring Swimmer (1957)Passage 3:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 4:Oskar RoehlerOskar Roehler (born 21 January 1959) is a German film director, screenwriter and journalist. He was born in Starnberg, the son of writers Gisela Elsner and Klaus Roehler. Since the mid-1980s, he has been working as a screenwriter, for, among others, Niklaus Schilling, Christoph Schlingensief and Mark Schlichter. Since the early 1990s, he has also been working as a film director. For his film No Place to Go he won the Deutscher Filmpreis. His 2010 film Jew Suss: Rise and Fall was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.Partial filmographyGentleman (1995)Silvester Countdown (1997)Gierig (1999)Latin Lover (1999, TV film)No Place to Go (2000)Suck My Dick (2001)Beloved Sister (2002, TV film)Angst (2003)Agnes and His Brothers (2004)The Elementary Particles (2006)Lulu and Jimi (2009)Jew Suss: Rise and Fall (2010)Sources of Life (2013)Punk Berlin 1982 (2015)Subs (2017)Enfant Terrible (2020)Passage 5:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the \"Chōshū Five\":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue MasaruPassage 6:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 7:Yasuichi OshimaYasuichi Oshima (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Ōshima Yasuichi, born 24 March 1954 in Kyoto) is a Japanese manga artist. In 1984, he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Bats & Terry.He is the father of manga artist Towa Oshima.Selected worksKenkaku Shōbai (2008–2021)Passage 8:Sources of LifeSources of Life (German: Quellen des Lebens) is a 2013 German film directed by Oskar Roehler.CastJürgen Vogel as Erich FreytagMoritz Bleibtreu as Klaus FreytagKostja Ullmann as Young Klaus FreitagMeret Becker as Elisabeth FreytagSonja Kirchberger as Marie FreytagLavinia Wilson as Gisela EllersLeonard Scheicher as Robert Freytag, 13–17 yearsLisa Smit as Laura, 13–17 yearsMargarita Broich as Hildegard EllersThomas Heinze as Martin EllersRolf Zacher as ErwinPassage 9:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 10:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson."}
{"doc_id":"doc_169","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olivier BarouxOlivier Baroux (born 5 January 1964) is a French actor, comedian, writer and director who has acted both on stage and on screen. He first became known in forming with Kad Merad, the duoKad & Olivier then went solo, while finding Kad regularly. Baroux's movies on Le Tuche is inspired by the hurdles of the American dream. He is married to his wife Coralie since 2009. Baroux is set to appear in Les Tuche3, with filming beginning in August 2018.FilmographyActorWriter & DirectorVoiceExternal linksOlivier Baroux at IMDbPassage 2:Terence RobinsonTerence D. Robinson (date of birth and death unknown) was a malewrestler who competed for England.Wrestling careerHe represented England and won a bronze medal, in the bantamweight category of -57 kg , at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh,Scotland.Passage 3:Les TucheLes Tuche is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. A sequel, Les Tuche 2, was released on 3 February 2016.PlotThe Tuche family is the stereotypical unemployed lowerclass French family.Jeff (the father) is the proud descendant of the unemployment welfare inventor, and has never worked a day in his life. Out of his 3 kids, the youngest one seems to be extremely intelligent. This willcome in handy when all of a sudden, they win €100 million in the lottery, and will attempt to fit in the Monaco's upper class.CastJean-Paul Rouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaire Nadeau as GrandmaSuzeThéo Fernandez as Donald TucheSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottin as Wilfried TucheFadila Belkebla as MounaKarina Testa as SalmaPhilippe Lefebvre as BickardRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufJérômeCommandeur as HermannValérie Benguigui as ClaudiaOmar Sy as Bouzolles's monkKad Merad as Bouzolles's fishmongerPierre Bellemare as Bouzolles's mayorOlivier Baroux as MonnierRemakeAn Italian remake entitledPoveri ma ricchi (lit. 'Poor but rich') was released in December 2016.Passage 4:Les Tuche 2Les Tuche 2 - Le rêve américain is a 2016 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. It is the sequel to Les Tuche. Itearned over US$32.5 million and was the highest-grossing domestic film in France in 2016, with 4,619,884 tickets sold.CastJean-Paul Rouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaire Nadeau as GrandmaSuzeThéo Fernandez as Donald TucheSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottin as Wilfried TucheRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufDarrell Dennis as IndianReleaseLes Tuche 2 was distributed by Pathé inFrance.ReceptionThe Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, finding the films comedy as \"puerile and naive whenever it’s not straightforwardly moronic\", noting a list of American clichés and that \"like inlocal box-office monsters Intouchables and Serial (Bad) Weddings, what passes for crude humor in France can be perceived as racially insensitive in the U.S. and elsewhere\". The review commented on the writing as\"staggeringly lazy and unfocused\".Passage 5:Théo FernandezThéo Fernandez (born in Toulouse on 18 September 1998) is a French film actor. He is best known for playing the role of Donald Tuche in Les Tuche (2011),Les Tuche 2 - Le rêve américain (2016) and Les Tuche 3 (2018). He plays the lead role of Gaston in the 2018 film Gaston Lagaffe, the main character in the comics Gaston created by the Belgian cartoonist AndréFranquin. Fernandez has also appeared in a number of TV films and TV series.Passage 6:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, butthe date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 7:Les Tuche 3Les Tuche 3, also known as The Magic Tuche, is a 2018 French comedy film co-written by Olivier Baroux, Nessim Chikhaoui, JulienHervé, Philippe Mechelen and Jean-Paul Rouve and directed by Olivier Baroux. It is a sequel of Les Tuche and Les Tuche 2: Le Rêve américain. It was released in January 2018 and was a commercialsuccess.SynopsisJeff Tuche (played by Jean-Paul Rouve) is initially delighted with the news that the new TGV is passing near his village Bouzolles, but then discovers to his horror that the TGV will not have a stopin  Bouzolles. He pleads with the French President of the Republic to reconsider the itinerary of the new TGV so that his village doesn't remain in isolation from the world. But not hearing from the Élysée, he decides torun for the French presidential election and succeeds becoming the French President, leaving him with the daunting task of how to govern France.CastJean-Paul Rouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaireNadeau as Mamie SuzeSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottin as Wilfried TucheThéo Fernandez as Donald TucheMarc Duret as Laurent DupuisRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufPassage 8:Etan BoritzerEtanBoritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character educationand difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book hascaused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?,What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York Citypublic school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authorsto get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an eruditespeaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 9:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction(1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)NotQuite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 10:Brian Saunders (weightlifter)Brian Saunders (date of birth and death unknown) was a maleweightlifter who competed for England.Weightlifting careerSaunders was the last person to be both the British Amateur Weight Lifters' Association (BAWLA) weightlifting champion and BAWLA powerlifting champion; thelatter of which he won in 1970 and 1974.He represented England in the super heavyweight category of +110 kg Combined, at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland."}
{"doc_id":"doc_170","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Princess Florestine of MonacoPrincess Florestine Gabrielle Antoinette of Monaco (22 October 1833 – 4 April 1897) was the youngest child and only daughter of Florestan I, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, MariaCaroline Gibert de Lametz. Florestine was a member of the House of Grimaldi and a Princess of Monaco by birth and a member of the House of Württemberg and Duchess consort of Urach and Countess of Württembergthrough her marriage to Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach.Marriage and issueFlorestine married Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (later Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach), son of Duke Wilhelm of Württemberg and his morganaticwife Baroness Wilhelmine von Tunderfeldt-Rhodis, on 15 February 1863 in Monaco. Florestine and Wilhelm had two sons:Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius (1864–1928), Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke ofUrach, and nominally King of Lithuania as Mindaugas II of Lithuania∞ 1892 Duchess Amalie in Bavaria (1865-1912), eldest daughter of the Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria∞ 1924 Princess Wiltrud Alix Marie of Bavaria(1884-1975), sixth daughter of Ludwig III of BavariaJosef Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius (1865–1925), Prince of UrachFlorestine's husband Wilhelm had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1841, for his firstmarriage to Théodolinde de Beauharnais, who died in 1857.Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918Florestine, according to the rules governing succession to the throne of Monaco, was able to marry without relinquishing herrights. When her grandnephew Louis II, Prince of Monaco, ascended to the Monegasque throne, Florestine's son Wilhelm claimed his rights for his succession to the princely throne of Monaco and the Grimaldi nobletitles. However, France had undergone two wars against Germany and did not wish to see German princes ruling the Principality of Monaco. Therefore, France reached an agreement with the principality allowing theillegitimate daughter of Louis II, Charlotte, to be his heir presumptive to the princely throne and Grimaldi noble titles. Charlotte renounced and ceded her rights to the princely throne on 30 May 1944 to her son Rainierwho became Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.HonoursWürttemberg: Dame of the Order of Olga, 1871 -  Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria LuisaAncestryPassage 2:Charles III, Prince of MonacoCharles III (CharlesHonoré Grimaldi; 8 December 1818 – 10 September 1889) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 20 June 1856 to his death. He was the founder of the famous casino in Monte Carlo, as his title inMonegasque and Italian was Carlo III. He was born in Paris, the only son of Florestan, Prince of Monaco, and Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz.Marriage and reignWhile he was Hereditary Prince, Charles was married on28 September 1846 in Brussels to Countess Antoinette de Mérode-Westerloo.He succeeded his father Prince Florestan in 1856.During his reign, the towns of Menton and Roquebrune, constituting some 80 percent ofMonegasque territory, were formally ceded to France, paving the way for formal French recognition of Monaco's independence. Rebellions in these towns, aided by the Kingdom of Sardinia, had exhausted Monaco'smilitary resources for decades.The Principality was in dire need of cash flow, so Prince Charles and his mother, Princess Caroline, had the idea of erecting a casino. The Monte Carlo Casino was designed, according to thePrince's liking, in the German style and placed at the site of Les Spélugues. Monte Carlo (in English, Mount Charles) itself takes its name from Charles, after all its founder. Charles established a society (business) to runthe Casino; this society is today the Société des bains de mer de Monaco.Under Charles III, the Principality of Monaco increased its diplomatic activities; for example, in 1864, Charles III concluded a Treaty of Friendshipwith the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad III as-Sadiq, which also regulated trade and maritime issues.HonoursMonte Carlo is named after Charles III. It stands for the \"Mount Charles\" in Italian.The Order of Saint-Charles wasinstituted on 15 March 1858, during the reign of Prince Charles III.He received the following decorations and awards: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, with Collar, 27 March 1863 (Sweden-Norway)Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, in Brilliants, 16 February 1865 (Denmark) Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Ludwig, 17 April 1865 (Grand Duchy of Hesse) Grand Cross of the Royal andDistinguished Order of Charles III, 17 February 1867 (Spain) Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 7 July 1869 (Kingdom of Prussia) Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 1869 (Grand Duchy of Baden)Officer of the Legion d'Honneur, for his service in the French Navy in the Franco-Prussian War (French Empire) Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil division), 30 August 1874 (Belgium) Grand Cross of the RoyalHungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1882 (Austria-Hungary) Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the White Eagle (civil division), 29 May 1883 (Kingdom of Serbia) Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ (Holy See) GrandCross of the Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword (Kingdom of Portugal)DeathIn his middle years his sight greatly weakened, and by the last decade of his life he had become almost totally blind. In fact, Dr.Thomas Henry Pickering wrote in 1882: \"So far back as 1860, Prince Charles lost his eyesight....\"He died at Château de Marchais on 10 September 1889. He was succeeded by his son Albert I of Monaco.CoinOn 1 June2016, fifteen thousand 2 euro coins were issued by Monaco; commemorating the 150th anniversary of the foundation of Monte Carlo by Charles IIIIn literatureCharles III is referenced, as Prince Charles Honoré, in afictional entitled, The Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco, by the British politician Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke. This work was one of satire and parody on a number of political characters of the day. It centered around aCambridge-educated, half-Württemberg nephew of Charles III who comes to the throne by way of Charles III and the next two heirs being wiped out of existence. The upstart \"Florestan II\", a radical republican, boldlyattempts to democratize Monaco. He fails and then is forced to leave the country.AncestryPassage 3:Marian Shields RobinsonMarian Lois Robinson (née Shields; born July 29, 1937) is the mother of Michelle Obama,former First Lady of the United States, and Craig Robinson, a basketball executive. She is the mother-in-law of 44th U.S. President Barack Obama.Ancestry and early lifeMarian Shields was born in Chicago in 1937, thefourth of seven children—five girls, followed by two boys—born to Purnell Nathaniel Shields, a house painter and carpenter, and his wife Rebecca Jumper, a licensed practical nurse. Both parents had multi-racialancestry. Her mother's grandfather, Dolphus T. Shields (c. 1860–1950), was a direct descendant of slavery, with his mother a slave and his white father the heir of the slaveowner; he had moved from rural Georgia toBirmingham, Alabama, where he established his own carpentry and tool sharpening business. His descendants would eventually move to Chicago during the Great Migration.Personal lifeShields married Fraser RobinsonIII on October 27, 1960, in Chicago. They had two children together, Craig Malcolm and Michelle LaVaughn, named after Fraser's mother. She worked as a secretary for mail-order retailer Spiegel, the University ofChicago, and a bank. In the late 60's, Shields lived with her family in a rented second floor apartment of a brick bungalow the South Side of Chicago that belonged to her aunt Robbie and her husband Terry. This iswhere she raised her two children, Michelle and Craig, and continued to live until she eventually moved to the White House with the Obamas. Michelle Obama, in her book Becoming, describes her mother's strongattachment to her Chicago home and her commitment to raising her children as a stay at home mother. Shields resumed work as an executive assistant at a bank when her daughter Michelle started highschool.Relationship with Michelle ObamaMichelle describes her mother as forthright and honest, and speaks of her implacability and her silent support as a child and beyond. Shields used to take her daughter Michelle tothe library long before she started school and used to sit beside her as she learned to read and write. Usually the kind of mother who expected her children to settle their own disputes, Shields was quick to see realdistress and stepped in to help when needed. For example, when Michelle was in second grade and was distressed because of being devalued by a teacher, Shields advocated for her and was instrumental in getting herdaughter better learning opportunities at school. Shields encouraged her children to communicate with her about all subjects by being available when needed and giving practical advice. She entertained Michelle'sschool friends when they visited and enabled her to make her own choices in important matters.Obama campaign and life in the White HouseWhile Michelle and Barack Obama campaigned for his candidacy as presidentin 2008, Robinson helped them by providing support to her granddaughters, Malia and Sasha Obama. During Barack Obama's presidency, Robinson was living at the White House with the First Family.Passage4:Florestan I, Prince of MonacoFlorestan (Tancrède Florestan Roger Louis Grimaldi; 10 October 1785, in Paris – 20 June 1856) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 2 October 1841 until his death. He wasthe second son of Prince Honoré IV and Louise d'Aumont Mazarin and succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother, Honoré V.Early life, education, and military careerBrought up by his mother, he showed anearly and strong aptitude for literature. At the age of eleven, he enrolled in the School of Fontainebleau, but did not stay there long. He entered the military, where he had many struggles and barely achieved the rank ofCorporal. He was taken prisoner during the French invasion of Russia. He was not freed to return to France until 1814.Marriage and childrenPrince Florestan, age 29, married Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz inCommercy on 27 November 1816. Apparently, his family disapproved of the union, so they had to marry \"quietly and modestly.\" Florestan received only a small income from his family, so, as it turned out, his marriageto an upper-bourgeois family member of the province of Champagne was, in fact, \"financially favorable.\"The marriage produced the following:Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1818–1889)Princess Florestine of Monaco(1833–1897)ReignFlorestan was ill-prepared to assume the role of Sovereign Prince. Indeed, the British historian H. Pemberton wrote that, upon accession to the throne, Florestan was \"a man utterly unsuited for thetask before him.\" He had been an actor in the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. The real power during his reign lay in the hands of his wife, Princess Caroline, who possessed great intelligence and \"excelled at social skills.\"According to the historian Gustave Saige, Princess Caroline's intelligence was required to figure out the affairs of state, which Honoré V had handled absolutely by himself, not trusting anyone to advise or assist him. Forsome time, she was able, by tax reform, to alleviate the difficult economic situation stemming from the Congress of Vienna assigning Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia rather than France. At the timeMonaco was surrounded by the Sardinian controlled County of Nice.As unprepared as Florestan was for the affairs of the Principality, his ascendance to power upon the death of his brother was largely welcomed by thepopulace. \"He was given a particularly warm reception by the people of Menton,\" wrote Saige in French. Saige attributed the cause for this to the relief widely felt at having a prince who was not invisible to the public;unlike Honoré V, Florestan went out in public. He even established a school in Menton, albeit an expensive one from which the princely couple attempted to meet local demands for democratic reforms and offered twoconstitutions to the local population, but these were rejected, particularly by the people of Menton, who were offered something better by King Charles Albert of Sardinia. When the Prince and Princess of Monaco sawthat their efforts were doomed to failure, they handed over power to their son Charles (later Prince Charles III). This was, however, too little, too late. Encouraged by the French Revolution of 1848, the towns of Mentonand Roquebrune revolted and declared themselves independent. Worse, the King of Sardinia garrisoned Menton, Florestan was dethroned, arrested, and imprisoned. Florestan was restored to the throne in 1849, butMenton and Roquebrune were lost forever.Death and succession, 1856Despite his good intentions, by the time of Florestan's death in Paris in 1856, Monaco was a country divided with few prospects for financialprosperity. His son Charles succeeded him.AncestryPassage 5:Maria Caroline Gibert de LametzMarie Caroline Gibert de Lametz, (18 July 1793 – 25 November 1879), was a French stage actress and a Princess Consortand regent de facto of Monaco by marriage to Florestan I, Prince of Monaco.LifeShe was the daughter of Charles-Thomas Gibert (b. 1765), who was a lawyer, and Marie-Françoise Le Gras de Vaubercey (1766–1842).The marriage of her parents ended in divorce, and she became the adopted stepdaughter of Antoine Rouyer de Lametz (1762–1836), Chevalier d'Empire and Knight of the Legion of Honour.Marie Caroline was originallya stage actress, as was her future spouse, Florestan.  Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz and Prince Florestan of Monaco, at that time both actors, married in Commercy on 27 November 1816 and had two children: PrinceCharles III, and Princess Florestine. She was described as a skillful businesswoman: she handled the economy of the family, and successfully managed the fortune her spouse inherited from his mother (who hadexcluded her eldest son from her will because of his illegitimate issue) in 1826.Princess of MonacoFlorestan ascended to the throne in Monaco in 1841, but he was never prepared to assume the role of prince — he hadbeen an actor in the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique — and the real power during his reign lay in the hands of his wife, who reportedly possessed great intelligence and \"excelled at social skills.\"According to the historianGustave Saige, Princess Caroline's intelligence was required to figure out the affairs of state, which Honoré V had handled absolutely by himself, not trusting anyone to advise or assist him.   By introducing a tax reform,she was able  to alleviate the difficult economic situation stemming from the Congress of Vienna assigning Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia rather than France.   Her involvement in state politics,however, gave bad publicity to Florestan.  When their son once reproached her for her de facto regent position, she replied that she ruled simply because she wanted to take responsibility for the welfare of thefamily.The couple attempted to meet local demands for greater democracy and offered two constitutions to the local population, but these were rejected, particularly by the people of Menton, who were given a betteroffer by King Charles Albert of Sardinia.    The Prince and Princess of Monaco then handed over power to their son Charles (later Prince Charles III).  Encouraged by the Revolutions of 1848, however, the towns ofMenton and Roquebrune revolted and declared themselves independent.    The crisis worsened when the King of Sardinia garrisoned Menton,   Florestan was dethroned, arrested, and imprisoned.   Florestan wasrestored to the throne in 1849, but Menton and Roquebrune were lost forever.  They had hoped to be annexed by Sardinia, but this did not occur, and the towns remained in a state of political limbo until they werefinally ceded to France in 1861.Later lifeAfter her husband's death in 1856, her son, Prince Charles III took over control of the throne, after having been well prepared to assume power by his mother.  Together, theyworked towards laying the foundation for Monaco as a major resort destination. She died on November 25, 1879.AncestryArms and emblemsPassage 6:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was themother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she receivedinheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verballyand physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 andthe estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. Thecouple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674),Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina wasthe only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors.Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (TheLittle Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimatelyinherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Beforeher marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thinswas an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamedTrijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thoughtthat Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the femalemembers of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was herguardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft.William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received halfof her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of thecapital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of livingof 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, hispregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been"}
{"doc_id":"doc_171","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Albertine, baroness Staël von HolsteinHedvig Gustava Albertina, Baroness de Staël-Holstein or simply Albertine (1797–1838), was the daughter of Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein and Madame de Staël, the granddaughter of Jacques Necker and Suzanne Curchod, wife to Victor de Broglie (1785–1870), and mother to Albert, a French monarchist politician, and Louise, a novelist and biographer. Her biological father may have been the author Benjamin Constant.LifeAlbertina, still very much part of the de Staël circle, shared her grandfather's anglomania, and introduced her husband to the \"erudite society that centred around that family.\" Victor de Broglie Souvenirs recall their married life and the political storms that surrounded it.Her letters were collected and edited by her son Albert and published in French and in English by Robert Baird as Transplanted flowers, or memoirs of Mrs. Rumpff, daughter of John Jacob Astor, Esq. and the Duchess de Broglie, daughter of Madame de Stael (1846).Passage 2:George Bogislaus Staël von HolsteinGeorge Bogislaus Staël von Holstein (born 6 December 1685 in Narva; died 17 December 1763 in Malmö) was a Swedish baron and field marshal. He was the Governor of Malmöhus County from 1754 to 1763.FamilyGeorge Bosiglaus Staël von Holstein was born on 6 December 1685, the son of Lt. Col. Johan Staël von Holstein and Julia Helena von der Pahlen. He was a member of the Staël von Holstein noble house which had then only recently joined the Swedish nobility.During his captivity in Russia he married the Countess Ingeborg Christina Horn af Rantzien in 1710, a daughter of the Field Marshal Henning Rudolf Horn von Rantzien, who had been taken captive with his daughters by the Russians during the Great Northern War.In 1722 Staël von Holstein planned a marriage with Sofia Elisabeth Ridderschantz. However, the marriage was broken off because his wife Ingeborg from Russia, where she had been held captive to that point, returned. In 1731 Staël von Holstein was raised to the rank of baron.In 1761 his first wife died, and Staël married Sofia Elisabeth Ridderschantz. Anna Helena Juliana, the daughter of George Bogislaus Staël von Holstein, died at the age of five. With her this branch of the Staël von Holstein noble family died out.Military careerStaël von Holstein began his military career on 20 February 1700 as a volunteer in the Swedish household guard. He was promoted to Unteroffizier (roughly equivalent to corporal) in the artillery. Staël von Holstein became a cornet in the Dragoon regiment of the province Ingria which was under the command of Otto Vellingk. He participated in the campaign in Livonia against the Russian and Saxon armies. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1702 and a year later to Captain in the infantry regiment of Adam de la Gardie. This regiment was used in 1704 to free the besieged city of Narva from Russian troops. In April he was appointed commander of the grenadier company of this regiment.The Swedish attack failed and Staël von Holstein was captured. He was held captive in prison camps in Siberia and later in the region of Moscow. Staël von Holstein succeeded in being exchanged for a Russian officer in 1711. His wife, her sisters and his father-in-law were not allowed to leave Russia, however. After his return Staël von Holstein was under the direct command of the Swedish King Charles XII, who was in exile in Bender and was dispatched by him to the Skaraborg regiment.In 1713 Staël von Holstein was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and in 1715 he invaded Schonen with the Skaraborg regiment. Two years later he was appointed colonel. In 1718 he participated with his regiment in the campaign against Norway and took part in the Siege of Frederiksten.In 1719 the Skaraborg regiment was garrisoned in Göteborg. The attack of the Danish captain Peter Wessel Tordenskiold on the fortress of Nya Elfsborg was repulsed by his commander Johan Abraham Lillie with all his forces. The artillery division of the Skaraborg regiment began a counter-attack on the Danish navy on 24 July. They were so taken by surprise by artillery fire from land that the fleet withdrew and repulsed the attack.In 1720 Staël parted from the Swedish army and served in the following years under Duke Karl Friedrich von Holstein. He was a major general and commander in his bodyguard.In 1733 Staël von Holstein was appointed colonel and commandant of Kalmar Castle. A year later he was governor of Kalmar.Staël was appointed major-general in 1734. In 1742 he was the leader of the political group the Caps.In 1743 Staël von Holstein was promoted to lieutenant general. He was also a Knight in the Royal Order of the Seraphim. In 1754 he was appointed governor of Malmöhus län and commandant of Malmö. He remained in this position until his death.Civilian lifeIn 1737 Staël built a textile factory in Kalmar. In 1742 he founded the glasswork company Kosta Glasbruk together with the governor of Kronobergs län, Anders Koskull Kosta. Later Staël bought in the province of Halland a large property as a family seat. This was situated in the neighborhood of Vapnö and is still in the property of his family.Passage 3:Mathilda Staël von HolsteinChristina Mathilda Staël von Holstein (1876–1953) was a Swedish lawyer. She was the second woman to become a lawyer in Sweden, the first being Eva Andén. She was known as a feminist throughout her lifetime.BiographyShe was born in Kristianstad as the daughter of the nobleman and Colonel Axel Staël von Holstein and Cecilia Nordenfeldt and grew up in Värmland. She was orphaned early and left with responsibility for her eleven siblings, and never married.She was a correspondent at a law firm, then an assistant and an accountant at the Stockholm City Health Board. She became a Candidate of Law in Stockholm in 1918. She was also a member of the Fredrika Bremer Association and chairman of the Stockholm Women's Association. From 1919 to 1923 she was a partner in Eva Andén's law firm. As a lawyer, she primarily worked on family law and property issues.One of the biggest problems for women to obtain government office during this time was that the law defined the applicant for such jobs as a \"Swedish man\". The Ministry of Justice formed a committee in 1919 to investigate and remove this barrier from the law through a change of constitution. The chairman of the committee was Emilia Broomé, the first woman to chair a government committee. Staël von Holstein was a committee member. The committee's work resulted in the Competence Law of 1923.Staël von Holstein was awarded the Illis quorum by the King of Sweden in 1946.She died in Stockholm.See alsoAnna Pettersson, Swedish lawyerSourcesFurther readingMathilda Staël von Holstein at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikonPassage 4:Boris BogoslovskyBoris Basil Bogoslovsky (29 April 1890, in Ryazan – 2 December 1966, in Charleston, Illinois) was a Russian-American teacher and United Nations official.Bogoslovosky emigrated to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen. He married a Swedish teacher, Christina Staël von Holstein, and the pair taught at the Cherry Lawn School, a progressive boarding school in Darien, Connecticut. In 1933 they became co-directors of the school. Bogoslovosky taught science there until 1945, when he joined the United Nations as a translator in the UN's Russian Language Section. He was also an observer for the US government at the Nuremberg Trials.WorksThe technique of controversy: principles of dynamic logic, 1928. In the series The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method.The ideal school, 1936.Passage 5:Elin LauritzenElin Maria Lauritzen (born 11 July 1916 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died 17 September 2006) was for many years one of Sweden's foremost family law attorneys.She was a member of the Board of Directors of the Pension Board in 1944 as well as Deputy Attorney at the lawyers Mathilda Staël von Holstein, Valborg Lundgren and Eva Andén 1945–1953. She became a member of the Swedish Bar Association in 1949.Passage 6:Monte Carlo (composer)Hans von Holstein, better known as Monte Carlo (14 July 1883 — 9 June 1967), was a Danish-born American Broadway composer and author.LifeVon Holstein was born in Skamlingsbanken, Gravenstein, Denmark, on 14 July 1883.He came to the U.S. in 1906 to avoid studying medicine.  He changed his name to Hans Carlo, and soon began using Monte Carlo as his name. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1914. He received pre-medical training in Chicago, with songwriting as chief avocation. He started writing music with Alma Sanders, whom he met at Jerome H. Remick's music publishing firm.  She eventually became his wife. They collaborated on a number of shows and a large number of songs.  He joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 1923.In 1930, he was living with his wife at 10 Williams Avenue in Mount Vernon, New York. In 1942, he was living at 145 West 55th Street, New York.After the death of his wife in 1956, he moved to Houston, Texas. There he became vice-president of Carsen Music Publishing, founded by his step-son, Edward C. Benjamin Sr. He died in Houston on June 9, 1967.Songs with music or lyrics by Monte Carlo\"Little Town in the old County Down\"\"Dinny Danny; The Irish Yacki Hula\"\"That Tumble-Down Shack in Athlone\"\"Every Tear Is a Smile in an Irishman's Heart\"\"By the waters of Killarney\"\"Just a bit of Irish lace\"\"Two Blue Eyes, One Little Green Isle\"\"My Home in the County Mayo\"\"The Hills of Connemara\"\"The Old Wooden Bridge in Athlone\"Several songs became very popular after being recorded by John McCormack in the early 1920s.ShowsThe Voice of McConnell by George M. Cohan, (1918; supplied songs)Tangerine (1921)Elsie (1923)The Chiffon Girl (1924)Bye Bye Barbara (1924)Princess April (1924)Oh! Oh! Nurse (1925)Houseboat on the Styx (1928; supplied songs)Mystery Moon (1930)Louisiana Lady (1947)Passage 7:Auguste-Théodore-Paul de BroglieAbbé Auguste-Théodore-Paul de Broglie (June 18, 1834 – May 11, 1895) was professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique in Paris, and writer on apologetic subjects.He was the son of Achille-Victor, Duc de Broglie, and his wife, Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein, a Protestant and the daughter of Madame de Staël. After the death of his mother, who died young, he was brought up by the Baroness Auguste de Staël, née Vernet. This aunt, although also a Protestant, exerted herself \"to make a large-minded Christian of him in the Church to which she did not belong\" (Monseigneur d'Hulst in Le Correspondant, 25 May 1895).Broglie studied at the École Polytechnique, leaving in 1855. Still young, he entered the navy; he was appointed ensign in 1857 and soon after lieutenant. After a voyage to New Caledonia in which he came in contact with active missions, he felt himself called to the religious life. He entered the Seminary of Saint Sulpice in Paris in 1867. After completing his studies there he was ordained priest on 18 October 1870. He was named professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique in 1879. His teaching, which included philosophical, theological, biblical and historical themes, were intended to defend the Catholic faith from perceived attacks from Positivism and Rationalism. He maintained the harmony and autonomy of the two spheres of knowledge, religion and reason.In his numerous publications the Abbé de Broglie was always a faithful defender of Catholic dogma. At the time of his death, which resulted from the violence of an insane person he had taken under his protection, he was preparing a book on the agreement of reason and faith.His most important work is Problèmes et conclusions de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1886). Of his other writings, some of which were pamphlets or articles in reviews, the following may be mentioned:Le positivisme et la science expérimentale (2 vol., París 1880-81)Cours d’apologétique chrétienne (1883)La Morale évolutionniste (1885)La Morale sans Dieu (1886)La Réaction contre le positivisme (1894)\"Religion de Zoroastre et religion védique\"\"Le bouddhisme\"\"Religions neo-brahmaniques de l'Inde\"\"L'islamisme\"; \"La vraie définition de la religion\"\"La transcendence du christianisme\"\"L'histoire religieuse d'Israël\"\"Les prophètes et les prophéties, d'après les travaux de Kuenen\"\"L'idée de Dieu dans l'Ancien et le Nouveau Testament\"\"Le présent et l'avenir du catholicisme en France\"Two posthumous publications, Religion et critique (1896) and Questions bibliques (1897)  were edited by the Abbé Piat.Passage 8:Alexander von Staël-HolsteinAlexander Wilhelm Freiherr Staël von Holstein (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000, January 1, 1877, in Testama manor, Livonia, Russian Empire – March 16, 1937, in [[Beiping]], China); was a Baltic German aristocrat, Russian and Estonian orientalist, sinologist, and Sanskritologist specializing in Buddhist texts.LifeRelated to Germaine de Staël's husband, the future baron was born in the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire (present-day Estonia),in an aristocratic family (with widespread relations in other German Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire, Sweden and Northern Germany) on New Year's Day. He was educated at home during his childhood. When he reached 15, he was sent to a Gymnasium in the town of Pernau (now Pärnu). He pursued his higher education at the Dorpat University (Tartu), where some of his families had studied, majoring in comparative philology. After his graduation, he left for Germany, studying oriental languages in the Berlin University.Prussian public records of 1898 show that the young Baron was involved in a duel in Berlin, which he apparently survived. In his second year in Berlin, as the only male heir he inherited the family estate in Testama (now Tõstamaa) and the baronage. In 1900, he gained his doctorate with his dissertation Der Karmapradīpa, II. Prapāthaka from the University of Halle-Wittenberg. The first Prapā\u0000haka of the Karmapradīpa had been translated in 1889 by   Friedrich Schrader, also as a dissertation in Halle. The supervisor of both dissertations was Professor Richard Pischel, at that time the world's leading expert on Prakrit, the ancient form of Sanskrit, and long-time head of the \"Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft\", the German Orientalist Society.During the following years, Baron de Stael traveled widely and studied with the best oriental scholars in Germany, England and India.He started his academic career in 1909 when he was appointed assistant professor of Sanskrit in the University of St. Petersburg and the member of the Russian Committee for the Exploration of Central and Eastern Asia. In 1912, he visited the US and lived in Harvard for some time to study Sanskrit.He was in the Republic of China when the October Revolution broke out. The government of the new Estonian Republic, established in 1918 after the Treaty of Versailles, left him only a small part of his inherited estate. He then accepted an Estonian citizenship but remained in Beijing. With the recommendation of his friend Charles Eliot, the then principal of the University of Hong Kong, he was invited by Hu Shih to teach Sanskrit, Tibetan, and the History of Indian Religion at Peking University as lecturer from 1918 to 1921 and as professor from 1922 to 1929. He helped set up the Sino-Indian Institute in Beijing in 1927. In 1928 he was a visiting scholar at Harvard University, helping the Harvard-Yenching Institute to collect books. In 1932, he was selected an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of History and Philology (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), Academia Sinica.Besides his works on Indian and Tibetan religions, he also contributed to the field of historical Chinese phonology. His influential \"The Phonetic Transcription of Sanskrit Works and Ancient Chinese Pronunciation\" was translated by Hu Shih into Chinese and was published in Guoxue Jikan (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) in 1923.Selected worksThe Kāçyapaparivarta: a Mahāyānasūtra of the Ratnakū\u0000a class, edited in the original Sanskrit, in Tibetan and in Chinese, Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1926On a Tibetan text translated into Sanskrit under Ch'ien Lung (XIII cent.) and into Chinese under Tao Kuang (XIX cent.), Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, 1932On two Tibetan pictures representing some of the spiritual ancestors of the Dalai Lama and of the Panchen Lama, Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, 1932A commentary to the Kāçcyapaparivarta, edited in Tibetan and in Chinese, Peking: published jointly by the National Library and the National Tsinghau University, 1933On a Peking edition of the Tibetan kanjur which seems to be unknown in the West, Peking: Lazarist Press, 1934On two recent reconstructions of a Sanskrit hymn transliterated with Chinese characters in the X century A.D, Peking: Lazarist Press, 1934Two Lamaistic pantheons, edited with introduction and indexes by Walter Eugene Clark from materials collected by the late Baron A. von Staël-Holstein, Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series 3 and 4, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1937See alsoList of Baltic German scientistsNotesPassage 9:Erik Magnus Staël von HolsteinBaron Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, (25 October 1749, Loddby, Sweden – 9 May 1802, Poligny, France) was a Swedish diplomat, soldier and courtier best known for being Sweden's Ambassador to France during the end of the Ancien Regime and the early years of the French Revolution, as well as being the husband of Madame de Staël. Erik Magnus assisted Gustav III during the Swedish Revolution of 1772 and was later named Chamberlain to Queen Sophia Magdalena. In 1783, he was appointed chargé d'affaires to the Court of France, and in 1785 he was named Ambassador. On 21 January 1786, he married the daughter of the French Minister of Finance, Jacques Necker, mademoiselle Anne Louise Germaine Necker, who was to achieve fame as \"Madame de Staël\".Early lifeErik Magnus was born on 25 October 1749 as the seventh child of Mathias Gustav Staël von Holstein, the scion of an ancient noble family originally from the Rhineland. As a young officer, Staël participated in the 1772 coup that brought Gustav III to power. For his services, he was made a knight of the Order of the Sword and chamberlain to the Queen. He was later assigned to the Swedish embassy to France, serving under the ambassador, Gustaf Philip Creutz. Staël's charming manners, good looks and affable disposition soon impressed Creutz and many members of the French court, including Queen Marie Antoinette herself.Life and marriageAfter five years of negotiation between Staël, the King of Sweden, Marie Antoinette, and Jacques Necker, Staël agreed to marry Germaine. He obtained a dowry of 650,000 livres, was made permanent Swedish ambassador to the Court of Louis XVI, and was invested with the Order of the Polar Star.The marriage solved Staël’s financial problems (he was a prolific gambler) but was largely loveless, although not acrimonious. Baron and Madame de Staël pursued other love interests, and were often at odds over politics, but remained friendly to each other. Staël remained ambassador to France through the early convulsions of the French Revolution. Staël had a stormy relationship with Gustav III and he often found himself caught between the interests of his politically active and liberal wife, the ever-changing government of Republican France, and the counter-revolutionary position of the King of Sweden. Staël was dismissed as ambassador to France in 1795 by the young Gustav IV Adolf. For the remainder of his life, Staël ran up enormous debts due to his gambling and relied financially on the Neckers.In early 1802, Staël fell ill. His wife invited him back to the Necker family retreat at Coppet in the hopes that he would recover. In the late spring of 1802, Staël suffered a stroke on his way to Switzerland. Madame de Staël faithfully looked after him until he died, on the night of 8 May 1802. Though they were never really close, his death greatly affected his wife and she had him buried at Coppet.Staël was described by his wife and his contemporaries as a handsome man of polished manners, possessed of great wit and charm, kind-hearted, generous, and cultured with a great knowledge of history, fine wines and politics. He was a consummate and talented diplomat, who so greatly impressed the future-First Lady of the United States, Abigail Adams, who accompanied her husband John Adams, then US minister plenipotentiary to France, that she described him in letters home as: \"The Baron de Staël, the Swedish ambassador, comes nearest to that character, in his manners and personal appearance, of any gentleman I ever saw. The first time I saw him I was prejudiced in his favor, for his countenance commands your good opinion; it is animated, intelligent, sensible, affable and, without being perfectly beautiful, is perfectly agreeable; add to this a fine figure and who can fail in being charmed with the Baron de Staël?\" However, he could also be weak-willed and lacking in self-control. Staël successfully negotiated the cession of "}
{"doc_id":"doc_172","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Satellite tournamentA satellite tournament is either a minor tournament or event on a competitive sporting tour or one of a group of such tournaments that form a series played in the same country orregion.PokerA satellite tournament in poker is a qualifying event. Winners of these satellites usually win the buy-in fee to a larger, more prestigious tournament like the World Series of Poker Main Event. Although thereare some land-based satellite tournaments (usually for very high-stakes tournaments), most of them are online-based. Some sites, like PokerStars, maintain several tiers of satellites. A player can thus start out at onetier (not necessarily the lowest one) and play his way to a higher tier. The entry fee for each tier is always higher than the fee for the tier below it, with the first tier being the cheapest.TennisIn professional tennis,satellite circuits were four-week tournaments (five before 1987), typically organised by a country's national tennis association and overseen by the International Tennis Federation. They were played by players whowere ranked outside the top few hundred by the Association of Tennis Professionals, with openings for unranked players in the qualifying draw. Total prize money ranged from $25,000 to $75,000 per circuit.  ATP pointswere awarded on the basis of a player's ranking within the circuit and from 1987 onwards on the basis of the conversion of a player's circuit points into ATP points. Players successful at this level of pro tennis wouldmove on to play ATP Challenger Series or even top-flight ATP Tour events. The men's satellite tournaments were discontinued following the 2006 season as the circuit moved exclusively to one-week Futurestournaments.PinballA satellite tournament in pinball is modeled after those in poker. It is a smaller tournament that leads up to a major pinball championship, where participants have the opportunity to win their entryinto the larger tournament. Applying the satellite tournament concept to pinball was first done by Northwest Pinball and Arcade Show in 2013 to promote both the show and the tournaments at the show. Since then,some other major tournaments have begun using the concept.Passage 2:Tunstall, VirginiaTunstall is an unincorporated community in New Kent County, Virginia, United States.Foster's Castle and Hampstead, bothlocated in Tunstall, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Passage 3:Telephone numbers in Ascension IslandCountry Code: +247International Call Prefix: 00Ascension Island does not share the samecountry code (+290) with the rest of St Helena.Calling formatsTo call in Ascension Island, the following format is used:yxxxx      Calls inside Ascension Island+247 yxxxx  Calls from outside Ascension IslandAscensionIsland numbering planAccording to ITU Communication of 08.V.2015, Sure South Atlantic Limited, Jamestown, announced the following update to the numbering plan for Ascension.The length of geographical numbersincreased from four (4) to five (5) digits and prefixed with the number \"6\".The 4XXXX range  reserved for mobile services.The change to five-digit numbering to be implemented on 1 June 2015.   1: New 5-digitnumbering2: 6-digit numberingSee alsoTelephone numbers in the United KingdomTelephone numbers in Saint Helena and Tristan da CunhaPassage 4:LubnowyLubnowy is part of the name of two villages, both locatedin Gmina Susz, within Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland:Lubnowy MałeLubnowy WielkieSee alsoLiebenauPassage 5:BrevilleBreville is an Australian brand of small home appliances, founded inSydney in 1932. It is best known for its home appliances, specifically blenders, coffee machines, toasters, kettles, microwaves and toaster ovens. As of 2016, the brand also manufactured \"Creatista\" coffee machines forNespresso, and distributed other Nespresso products in Australia, New Zealand and the USA and Canada, including the \"Inissia\", \"Vertuo\" and \"Citiz\" series of machines.HistoryIn 1932, Bill O'Brien and Harry Norville(born Charles Henry Norville) mixed their last names together and the Breville brand was created. The company started by making radios. During World War II, it made mine detectors. By 1953, the radio business hadbeen taken over by A.W. Jackson Industries Pty. Ltd., which manufactured radiograms and, later, television sets under the Breville brand. After that, Breville turned its attention to manufacturing householdappliances.The O'Brien family continued developing the Breville business for three generations, with Bill's son, John, setting up the Breville Research and Development centre in the late 1960s, and his daughter,Barbara, running the marketing department throughout the 1990s. John O'Brien continued to lead many product development initiatives for the Breville brand until his death in December 2003. Breville's R&D team hastaken out over 100 active patents and has been awarded more than 40 international design awards. In 1974, Breville released the toasted sandwich maker, which was a huge success, selling 400,000 units in its firstyear, and making the Breville brand a household name in Australia. Soon after this, the Breville toasted sandwich maker was launched in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, where it was met with similarsuccess.OwnershipIn 2001, the Breville companies of Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong transferred ownership of the brand to Housewares International Limited. The acquisition of the Breville companies causedthe group to shift its focus to the electrical business and cease its Australian homewares and cleaning businesses in March 2007. In 2008, Housewares International Limited officially changed its name to the BrevilleGroup Limited. The Breville Group Limited also owns the Kambrook and Sage brands. It markets most of its product under the Sage brand in the UK and Europe, since the Breville brand is owned by the unrelated Jardencompany in the UK.Global presenceBreville trades in over 70 countries including China, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico, and Israel. In 2002, the Breville brand was launched in Canada and the United States.Passage6:JawtyJawty (German: Jauth) is part of the name of two villages, both located in Gmina Susz, within Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland:Lubnowy MałeLubnowy WielkiePassage 7:JakabIndustriesJakab Industries was an Australian coachbuilder in Tamworth, New South Wales.HistoryJakab Industries built its first bus body in July 1973, a Ford R226. It mainly made bodies for buses for the defenceforces, but also built some for commercial operators, before withdrawing from the market in late 1995. It also built bodies for ambulances and postal vans. In the 1990s it also overhauled Mercedes-Benz and Scaniabuses for the State Transit Authority.Following the collapse of Clifford Corporation in 1998, Volvo arranged for Jakab to take over the Ansair plant in Tamworth and complete the work of providing Orana-style bodies for60 State Transit Authority Volvo B10BLE buses. The subsidiary company set up to do the work was named Phoenix Bus.Jakab Industries was placed in administration in 2002.Passage 8:RadziceRadzice is part of thename of two villages, both located in Gmina Drzewica, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland:Radzice DużeRadzice MalePassage 9:Limestone CoastThe Limestone Coast is a name used since the earlytwenty-first century for a South Australian government region  located in the south east of South Australia which immediately adjoins the continental coastline and the Victorian border.  The name is also used for atourist region and a wine zone both located in the same part of South Australia.ExtentThe Limestone Coast is a South Australian Government Region which consists of land within the following local government areaslocated in the south east of the state: the City of Mount Gambier and the District Councils of Grant, Kingston, Robe, Tatiara and Naracoorte Lucindale and the Wattle Range Council, and the extent of \"coastal waters\" upto three nautical miles seaward of the low water mark between the border with Victoria in the east and  the northern boundary of the Kingston District Council in the north-west.Industry regions with the samenameLimestone Coast Tourism RegionThe words 'Limestone Coast' also used in the name of a  tourism region which occupies a similar part of South Australia.  The tourism region consists of the following localgovernment areas: the City of Mount Gambier, The Coorong District Council, the District Councils of Grant, Kingston, Robe, Tatiara and Naracoorte Lucindale, and the Wattle Range Council.Limestone Coast WineZoneThe words 'Limestone Coast' also used in the name of a wine zone which occupies a similar part of South Australia.  The wine zone is the land south of a line located at appropriately 36 degrees 50 minutes south,i.e. in line with Cape Willoughby at the east end of Kangaroo Island.  The zone includes the following wine-growing regions: Coonawarra, Mount Benson, Mount Gambier, Padthaway, Robe and Wrattonbully.Location anddescriptionFrom the Victoria border to the Younghusband Peninsula this area has been settled since colonisation by  mainly European settlers in the 1840s, displacing an indigenous population that had resided in theregion for thousands of years. The region currently supports farming, viticulture, forestry and tourism. Towns include Bordertown, Keith, Millicent, Mount Gambier, Penola, and Naracoorte and the coastal resorts ofBeachport, Kingston SE and Robe.Much of the Limestone Coast is low-lying, and was inundated by sea as recently as 2 million years ago. It had previously also been flooded 15–20 million years ago.  The plains are linedby rows of low sandhills parallel to the coast, created at times when the coastline was at that level. Prior to European settlement, much of the land between the sandhills was swamp fed by streams and subject toinundation. A network of drains totalling 1450 km has been constructed to channel the water away through the sandhills to the ocean. Important areas of wetland remain including the lakes and lagoons such as thesouthern end of the Coorong and Bool Lagoon. Meanwhile, areas of upland in the Limestone Coast include the volcanic craters of Mount Gambier.The Mediterranean climate of this coast is cool and moist with wetwinters.HistoryThere are deep limestone deposits created from the coral and other sealife. The limestone in Victoria Fossil Cave and the other Naracoorte Caves contains are Australia's biggest source of fossils and aWorld Heritage Site.EcologyFloraThe natural vegetation was woodland of River Red gum and other eucalyptus trees.FaunaAlthough there are few purely endemic species the coast is rich in wildlife including possums,Cercartetus pygmy possums, Petaurus Gliding possums, and other marsupials many of which do not spread further west than here. Endemic species include reptiles such as the striped legless lizard (Delma impar) andinvertebrates like an endemic cave cricket. The Naracoorte caves are occupied by the common bent-wing bat.The lakes and lagoons are particularly important habitats for waterbirds such as black swan, grey teal,Pacific black duck, and especially the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) which winters here along with many other birds including the red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis), sharp-tailedsandpiper (Calidris acuminata), and curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea).Most of the original habitat has been cleared for agriculture and only fragments remain (particularly in areas of wetland) with Coorong NationalPark and Canunda National Park being the largest areas. Therefore, most indigenous wildlife has also disappeared or been severely reduced in number with introduced species of animals an ongoing threat to that whichremains.See alsoRegions of South AustraliaSouth Australian Forestry CorporationKanawinka GeoparkExternal linksRegional website - local weather, street maps, events etc* Official tourist websiteSouthAustralia.comLimestone Coast - travel guides, accommodation, online bookingLimestone Coast - National ParksPassage 10:Alexander Mathieson & SonsThe firm of Alexander Mathieson & Sons was one of the leading makers of handtools in Scotland. Its success went hand in hand with the growth of the shipbuilding industries on the Firth of Clyde in the nineteenth century and the emergence of Glasgow as the \"second city of the Empire\". It alsoreflected the firm's skill in responding to an unprecedented demand for quality tools by shipyards, cooperages and other industries, both locally and far and wide.Early yearsThe year 1792 was deemed by the firm to bethat of its foundation; it was in all likelihood the year in which John Manners had set up his plane-making workshop on Saracen('s) Lane off the Gallowgate in the heart of Glasgow, not far from the Saracen's Head Inn,where Dr. Johnson and James Boswell had stayed on their tour of Scotland in 1773.Alexander Mathieson (1797–1851) is recorded in 1822 as a plane-maker at 25 Gallowgate, but in the following year at 14 Saracen'sLane, presumably having taken over the premises of John Manners. The 1841 national census described Alexander Mathieson as a master plane-maker at 38 Saracen Lane with his son Thomas Adam working as ajourneyman plane-maker.Thomas Adam MathiesonGradually business grew and became more diversified, the Post-Office Glasgow Annual Directory recording that by 1847/8 Alexander Mathieson was a \"plane, brace,bit, auger & edge-tool maker\".EdinburghIn 1849 the firm of James & William Stewart at 65 Nicolson Street, Edinburgh was taken over and Thomas was put in charge of the business, trading under the name Thomas A.Mathieson & Co. as plane and edge-tool makers. Thomas's company acquired the Edinburgh edge-tool makers Charles & Hugh McPherson and took over their premises in Gilmore Street. In the Edinburgh directory of1856/7 the business is recorded as being Alexander Mathieson & Son, plane and edge-tool makers at 48 Nicolson Street and at Paul's Work, Gilmore Street.Growth of the Glasgow businessThe 1851 census records thatAlexander was working as a tool and plane-maker employing eight men. Later that year Alexander died and his son Thomas took over the business. Under the heading of edge-tool maker in the 1852/3 Post-OfficeGlasgow Annual Directory the firm is now listed as Alexander Mathieson & Son, with further lines as \"turning-lathe and vice manufacturers\" added. By the early 1850s the business had moved to 24 Saracen Lane. Thedirectory for 1857/8 records that the firm had moved again only a few years later to East Campbell Street, also off the Gallowgate, and that through further diversification was also manufacturing coopers' and tinmen'stools. The ten-yearly censuses log the firm's growth: in 1861 Thomas was a tool manufacturer employing 95 men and 30 boys; in 1871 he had 200 men working for him; and in 1881 300 men. By 1899 the firm hadbeen incorporated as Alexander Mathieson & Sons Ltd, notwithstanding the fact that only Alexander's son Thomas appears ever to have joined the firm.Trade-markIn September 1868 Thomas Mathieson put a notice inthe Sheffield & Rotherham Independent and the Sheffield Daily Telegraph stating that his firm had used the trade-mark of a crescent and star \"for some time\" and that \"using or imitating the Mark would be proceededagainst for infringement\". The firm had acquired its interest in the crescent-and-star mark from the heirs of Charles Pickslay, the Sheffield cutler who had registered it with the Cutlers' Company in 1833 and had died in1852. The year 1868 seems also to be the one in which the name Saracen Tool Works was first adopted; not only does it figure at the foot of the notice in the Sheffield press, it also makes its first appearance in thefirm's entry in the Post-Office Glasgow Annual Directory in the 1868/9 edition.Public lifeAs Thomas Mathieson's business grew, so too did his involvement in local public life and philanthropy. One of the representativesof the third ward on the town council of Glasgow, he became a river bailie in 1868, a magistrate in 1870 and a preceptor of Hutcheson's Hospital in 1878. He had a passion for books and was an \"ardent Ruskinian\". Heserved on the committee handling the bequest for the setting up of the Mitchell Library in Glasgow. When he died at Coulter Maynes near Biggar in 1899, he left an estate worth £142,764. He is buried at the GlasgowNecropolis next to the cathedral.Later years of the firmBoth Thomas's sons, James Harper and Thomas Ogilvie, were involved in the continuing life of the firm. James followed in his father's footsteps in becoming a localpublic figure. He was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the County of the City of Glasgow and was made a deacon of the Incorporation of the Hammermen of Glasgow in 1919. His brother Thomas Ogilvie was recorded astool manufacturer and employer in the 1911 census. Thomas Ogilvie's son Thomas Alastair Sutherland Ogilvie \"Taso\" Mathieson born in 1908 took a rather different approach to engineering, however, by becoming aracing driver. In 1947 he wed the French film actress Mila Parély.Awards at world's fairsGreat Exhibition, London, 1851. Prize medal for joiners' tools in the class of Cutlery & Edge ToolsGreat London Exposition, 1862.Prize medal honoris causaInternational Exhibition, Melbourne, 1880. Gold medalInternational Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art, Edinburgh, 1886. Prize medal== Notes =="}
{"doc_id":"doc_173","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:David A. GanongDavid A. Ganong,  (born September 14, 1943 in St. Stephen, New Brunswick) is a Canadian business executive.BiographyGanong is the former president and current chairman of the board of Ganong Bros., the oldest chocolate manufacturing company in Canada. He graduated with a BA degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1965 then earned his MBA degree University of Western Ontario.In 1977 he replaced his uncle, R. Whidden Ganong, as president of the company. In 1984-85, David Ganong served as chairman of the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council. In 1990 he oversaw the building of a modern new plant. Its success was followed by a further expansion in 2003. He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 2005 and was inducted into the Canadian Professional Sales Association Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2008 David Ganong stepped down as president, but has maintained an advisory role as chairman on the company's board and remains the controlling shareholder. Two of his children have moved into executive positions with the company, representing the fifth generation of Ganong overseeing the company; daughter Bryana Ganong as president and CEO, and son Nicholas Ganong as Vice President of Sales and Business Development.David Ganong is a member of the board of governors of the University of New Brunswick and he and his wife Diane have provided financial support to the university. In recent years, David has taken an active role in a number of community development groups, most recently with Future St. Stephen.NotesFolster, David. The Chocolate Ganongs of St. Stephen, New Brunswick (1991) Goose Lane Editions ISBN 0-86492-115-2Craigs, Melodie. Ganong, The Candy Family (1984) Literacy Council of Fredericton ISBN 0-920333-16-8David and Diane Ganong's donation to the University of New BrunswickFebruary 2003 Candy Industry article on David Ganong and Ganong Bros.Profile of David Ganong, The Governor General's Canadian Leadership ConferencePassage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:John Templeton (botanist)John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the \"Father of Irish Botany\". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.FamilyTempleton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner. The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class. Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude \"drudgery and fear\" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning. Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life.In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill. Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813.The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history.United IrishmanLike many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament. But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish \" test\" or pledge. In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago.She hoped his sisters would \"soon follow him.\" Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish \"Cranmore\" (crann mór, 'big tree').Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence. He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr. James MacDonnell. MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend. (While unable to \"forget the amiable Russell\", time, he conceded,  \"softened a little my feelings\": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands).GardenThe garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: \"Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today.\" \"Box from Mr. Taylor\".Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm.for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden.BotanistJohn Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens. Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary. An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there. This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists. He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast).[1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton. The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued. Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48. Others were in The Queen's University Belfast. All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334.Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society.Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants. His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr. John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs. Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal. I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force. The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledgeBotanical ManuscriptsThe MSS. left by Templeton consist of seven volumes. One of these is a small 8vo. half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp. of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities. In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F. M. More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr. Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast. It was lent by his son, Dr. R. Templeton, to my brother, Alex. G. More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards.\" The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species. They are now lent to the Belfast Museum. About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them.Vol. 1.—Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text.Vol. Il.—Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured.Vol.IIl.—Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures. At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced.Vol. IV Fungi, 112 folios.Vol. V.—Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text. *Vol. VI.—Mosses and Hepatics. 117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text.All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good. Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast. The earliest published reference to his MSS. is in the \"* Flora of Ulster,\" by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr. Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript.\" The MS. was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library. In the introduction to the \"*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland\"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS. However, in a ‘‘ Supplement\" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper.\" This fixes the approximate date of the MSS. being loaned to the Belfast Museum. They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’\"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS. in R.1.A. Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A.L.S.Notable plant findsAntrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort : Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J. persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept. 1812 – Journal of J. Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825Down:Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting   Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough NeaghFermanagh: Marsh HelleborineNatural History of IrelandJohn Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham. He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808. John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially \"Zoophytes\") and insects, notably garden pest species. He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'. This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq. of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836.  Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq. Mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 9–14 [3].and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late. John Templeton Esq Mag. Nat. Hist . 1: (n. s.): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton). Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation.DublinTempleton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society.By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin \"with the following sections:1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants.2. Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu. 3. Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus. 4. Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany. 5. Medicinal plants. 6. Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle. 7. Plants used in rural economy. 8. Plants used in dyeing. 9. Rock plants. 10. Aquatic and marsh plants. - For which an artificial marsh has been formed. 11. Cryptogamics. 12. Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics\".Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library.\"Second Room. Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes. 1. Mammalia. 2. Aves. 3. Amphibia. 4. Pisces. 5. Insectae. 6. Vermes. Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species\" and the Leske collection.The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; \"amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, \"Gramitia Austriaca\" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host\".Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the Kirwanian Society   founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden. Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum.Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons.Death and legacyNever of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, \"leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death\". The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him.In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution. With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum).Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much. Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as \"the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced\".Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods. Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and TopographicalContactsThomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary.George ShawJames Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora BritannicaJames LeeSamuel GoodenoughAylmer Bourke LambertJames SowerbyWilliam CurtisJoseph BanksRobert Brown.Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804).John WalkerFrancis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of HastingsJohn Foster, 1st Baron OrielJonathan StokesWalter WadeOtherJohn Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets. His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses. He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon. His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811.Gallery|See alsoLate EnlightenmentJames Townsend MackayPassage 4:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In "}
{"doc_id":"doc_174","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Herbert J. RayRear Admiral Herbert James Ray (1 February 1893 – 3 December 1970) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in World War I and World War II. A 1914 graduate of the NavalAcademy, he served on the submarines USS H-2 and N-3 during World War I. In March 1942, as Chief of Staff and Aide to the Commandant of the Sixteenth Naval District, Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell, heparticipated in General Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines. In Australia, he served with MacArthur's General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area staff. In September 1943, he became Captain of thebattleship USS Maryland, which he commanded in the Battle of Tarawa, Battle of Kwajalein, Battle of Saipan and the Battle of Peleliu. In October 1944, he participated in the Battle of Surigao Strait, in which Marylandjoined the other battleships in engaging the Japanese battleships Fusō and Yamashiro and their escorts. Ray left Maryland in December 1944, and was promoted to Commodore and appointed deputy director of theNaval Division of the US Control Group Council for Germany. After VE Day, he became the Junior United States Member of the Tripartite Naval Commission in Berlin. He retired from the Navy on 30 June 1949, andreceived a tombstone promotion to rear admiral due to his combat decorations.Early lifeHerbert James Ray was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on 1 February 1893, the son of James Herbert Ray and his wife Mary néeRosseler. He was educated at Rhea County High School. In 1910, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, from which he graduated on 6 June 1914.On graduation, he was commissioned asan ensign, and joined the crew of the battleship USS Minnesota. In July 1915, he became an instructor for enlisted ratings in Norfolk, Virginia. He then became part of the crew that was assembled for the new battleshipUSS Nevada in January 1916, and served on it when it was commissioned in March 1916. After the United States declared war on Germany, he underwent submariner training on board the submarine tender USS Fultonfrom June to November 1917. During the war he served on the submarines USS H-2 and N-3.Between the warsAfter the war, Ray was posted to the battleship USS Pennsylvania in March 1919, the submarine tenderUSS Savannah in July 1919, and the destroyer USS Meyer February 1920. He then became the Executive Officer of the destroyer USS Walker. In November 1920, he helped fit out the destroyer USS Young, and servedon it until April 1921, when he was transferred to the crew of another new destroyer, the USS Macdonough. He helped fit it out, and then served with it until September 1921.Ray returned to Annapolis as an instructorwith the Electrical Engineering and Physics Department from September 1921 to June 1923. He then served on the transport USS Argonne until December 1924, when he became the Executive Officer of the destroyerUSS Wood. In 1926, he assumed command of the destroyer USS Farenholt. In July, he became Officer in Charge of the Branch Hydrographic Office in Honolulu. He was Aide and Flag Secretary to the Commander LightCruiser 2 from May 1928 to June 1930; Light Cruiser Divisions, Scouting Fleet from June to September 1930; and Light Cruiser 3 from September 1930 to July 1931. Ray married Helen Louise Jacobs from La Plata,Maryland in 1930. They had two daughters and two sons.Ray was the Navy Representative on the Joint Army-Navy Selective Services Committee at the War Department in Washington, D.C., from July 1931 toSeptember 1933. He then helped fit out the new cruiser USS New Orleans, and became first he First Lieutenant and Damage Control Officer, and then, in February 1935, he Executive Officer. Following the usual patternof alternating duty afloat and ashore, he returned to Annapolis in July 1936 for a second two-year tour as an instructor, this time in the Department of English and History. In June 1938 he entered the Naval WarCollege at Newport, Rhode Island. After graduating in June 1939, he became the Executive Officer of the USS Quincy.World War IISouthwest PacificIn March 1941, Ray became Chief of Staff and Aide to theCommandant of the Sixteenth Naval District, Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell, at Cavite, where he was promoted to captain on 1 July 1941. He was serving in this capacity when the Pacific War began. He was awardedthe Legion of Merit for his part in the fighting. His citation read:For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Chief of Staff in the SixteenthNaval District at the outbreak of World War II. Captain Ray continuously performed duties of great responsibility during and after the bombing and destruction of Cavite Navy Yard on 10 December 1941. In the directionof fire fighting at Cavite, in the evacuation of personnel and material to Corregidor, and in the administration of Mariveles Naval Section Base, a Naval Facility at Mariveles on Bataan Peninsula, he displayed courage andmarked leadership. His close personal contact with the personnel of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three and constant concern with their problems was an outstanding example of leadership and exceptional efficiency inhis profession. During this entire period of great stress, he performed exceptionally meritorious service to the government in duties of great responsibility. Captain Ray was sent to Mariveles on 14 December tosupervise the work there and Commander Grandfield temporarily assumed the duties of Chief of Staff. On completion of a reorganization at Mariveles, Captain Ray was ordered to Queen Tunnel Corregidor and resumedhis duties as Chief of Staff.In March 1942, he participated in General Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines, for which Ray was awarded the Silver Star. His citation read:For extraordinary heroism anddistinguished service in the line of his profession while serving on the Staff of Rear Admiral Francis Rockwell, Commandant, Sixteenth Naval District, during the period 11 to 13 March 1942, in the Philippine Islandsduring an extraordinary action a retrograde maneuver involving General Douglas MacArthur. Captain Ray made detailed plans involving exacting preparations for a movement of major strategic importance and of themost hazardous nature, then executed the mission with marked skill and coolness in the face of greatly superior enemy forces.In Australia, Ray served with MacArthur's General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area.One of his sons, Lieutenant James H. Ray, was on the destroyer USS Jarvis when it was lost with all hands on 9 August 1942. When Ray was ordered back to the United States in January 1943, MacArthur awarded himthe Army Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:For exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility in the Southwest Pacific Areaduring the period from 18 April 1942 to 26 April 1943. Captain Ray was assigned to General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, upon its establishment, 18 April 1942, serving as Naval Advisor to the Operations andIntelligence sections of the General Staff from 18 April 1942 to 9 January 1943. Upon the establishment of the Planning Section of G-3, 9 January 1943, he was assigned as Chief of that section. The accomplishment ofthe service for which this award is recommended has been completed. This officer has been transferred to another assignment. The entire service of Captain Ray has, since the rendering by him of the service uponwhich this recommendation is based, been honorable.USS MarylandRay served in the office of the Commander in Chief United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King from April to September 1943. He then became Captainof the battleship USS Maryland. The ship had been damaged in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 but returned to service. Maryland participated in the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943 as theflagship of Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill's V Amphibious Force and Southern Attack Force, and her guns participated in the shore bombardment. In February 1944, she joined in the Battle of Kwajalein, firing at pillboxesand blockhouses on Roi Island. Maryland's guns supported the Battle of Saipan, silencing a pair of coastal guns. On 22 June, she was torpedoed by a Mitsubishi G4M \"Betty\" bomber, but was repaired in time to join RearAdmiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's Western Fire Support Group in the Battle of Peleliu. Still with Oldendorff's group, but now part of the Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid's Seventh Fleet, Maryland participated in the Battle ofLeyte in October. In the Battle of Surigao Strait, it joined the other battleships in engaging the Japanese battleships Fusō and Yamashiro and their escorts. Ray was awarded a second Silver Star. His citation read:forgallantry and intrepidity in action as Commanding Officer of the USS Maryland (BB-46), which contributed materially to the annihilation of enemy surface forces, including two battleships, on 25 October 1944, in SurigaoStraits, Philippine Islands. Captain Ray, by his capable direction, caused his ship to deliver prolonged and effective gunfire against the enemy's ships.On 29 November, Maryland was attacked and severely damaged bykamikaze aircraft, and forced to return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. For his services as captain, he was awarded the Bronze Star.GermanyRay left Maryland in December 1944. He was appointed deputy director of theNaval Division of the US Control Group Council for Germany. After VE Day, he became the Junior United States Member of the Tripartite Naval Commission in Berlin. He was promoted to the wartime rank of commodoreon 26 June 1945. He returned to the United States in April 1946. For his services in Europe, he was awarded a second Legion of Merit. His citation read:For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance ofoutstanding services to the Government of the United States in Germany from 1 March 1945 to 20 December 1945. Commodore Ray distinguished himself by unusually meritorious accomplishments as Deputy Directorof the Naval Division, U.S. Group Control Council for Germany, and later, as Deputy Naval Advisor to the Office of Military Government for Germany (U.S.), and as junior member of the Tri-Partite Naval Commissionmeeting in Berlin from 15 August 1945 until 8 December 1945. In this duty, he contributed in a high degree to the successful conclusion to the Tri-Partite Naval Commission. He was instrumental in coordinating theNaval work of the U.S. Group Control Council, and other divisions of the U.S. Group Control Council, and in coordinating the efforts of the four powers represented on the Naval Directorate of the Group Control Councilfor Germany.Later lifeRay became Commander of the San Francisco Group of the Nineteenth Fleet in June 1946. On 10 July, like many other commodores, he was reduced in rank to captain again. He served in thiscapacity until he retired on 30 June 1949, at which point he received a tombstone promotion to rear admiral due to his combat decorations. He died on 3 December 1970 at Beale Air Force Base Hospital inCalifornia.NotesPassage 2:Robert Paul SmithRobert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic evocation of childhood, Where Did You Go? Out. What Did YouDo? Nothing.BiographyRobert Paul Smith was born in Brooklyn, grew up in Mount Vernon, NY, and graduated from Columbia College in 1936. He worked as a writer for CBS Radio and wrote four novels: So It Doesn'tWhistle (1946) (1941, according to Avon Publishing Co., Inc., reprint edition ... Plus Blood in Their Veins copyright 1952); The Journey, (1943); Because of My Love (1946); The Time and the Place (1951).The TenderTrap, a play by Smith and Dobie Gillis creator Max Shulman, opened in 1954 with Robert Preston in the leading role. It was later made into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds. A classic example of the\"battle-of-the-sexes\" comedy, it revolves around the mutual envy of a bachelor living in New York City and a settled family man living in the New York suburbs.Where Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing is anostalgic evocation of the inner life of childhood. It advocates the value of privacy to children; the importance of unstructured time; the joys of boredom; and the virtues of freedom from adult supervision. He opens bysaying \"The thing is, I don't understand what kids do with themselves any more.\" He contrasts the overstructured, overscheduled, oversupervised suburban life of the child in the suburban 1950's with reminiscences ofhis own childhood. He concludes \"I guess what I am saying is that people who don't have nightmares don't have dreams. If you will excuse me, I have an appointment with myself to sit on the front steps and watchsome grass growing.\"Translations from the English (1958) collects a series of articles originally published in Good Housekeeping magazine. The first, \"Translations from the Children,\" may be the earliest known exampleof the genre of humor that consists of a series of translations from what is said (e.g. \"I don't know why. He just hit me\") into what is meant (e.g. \"He hit his brother.\")How to Do Nothing With Nobody All Alone ByYourself (1958) is a how-to book, illustrated by Robert Paul Smith's wife Elinor Goulding Smith. It gives step-by-step directions on how to: play mumbly-peg; build a spool tank; make polly-noses; construct an indoorboomerang, etc. It was republished in 2010 by Tin House Books.List of worksEssays and humorWhere Did You Go? Out. What Did You Do? Nothing (1957)Translations from the English (1958) Crank: A Book ofLamentations, Exhortations, Mixed Memories and Desires, All Hard Or Chewy Centers, No Creams(1962)How to Grow Up in One Piece (1963)Got to Stop Draggin’ that Little Red Wagon Around (1969)Robert Paul Smith’sLost & Found (1973)For childrenJack Mack, illus. Erik Blegvad (1960)When I Am Big, illus. Lillian Hoban (1965)Nothingatall, Nothingatall, Nothingatall, illus. Allan E. Cober (1965)How To Do Nothing With No One AllAlone By Yourself, illus Elinor Goulding Smith (1958) Republished by Tin House Books (2010)NovelsSo It Doesn't Whistle (1941) The Journey (1943) Because of My Love (1946)The Time and the Place (1952)Where HeWent: Three Novels (1958)TheatreThe Tender Trap, by Max Shulman and Robert Paul Smith (first Broadway performance, 1954; Random House edition, 1955)VerseThe Man with the Gold-headed Cane (1943)…andAnother Thing (1959)External linksAn Interview, by Edward R Murrow on YouTubePassage 3:Julius RockwellJulius Rockwell (April 26, 1805 – May 19, 1888) was a United States politician from Massachusetts, and thefather of Francis Williams Rockwell.Rockwell was born in Colebrook, Connecticut, and educated at private schools and then Yale, where he studied law, graduating in 1826. He was admitted to the bar and in 1830commenced practice in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1834 and served four years, three of them as Speaker. Rockwell was appointedcommissioner of the Bank of Massachusetts from 1838 to 1840.In 1842 he successfully ran as a Whig candidate for the House of Representatives and was re-elected three times, serving from 1843 to 1851. He did notseek renomination in 1850. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1853, and was appointed to the Senate in 1854 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward Everett, serving from June3, 1854, to January 31, 1855, when his successor Henry Wilson was elected. Rockwell voted in the electoral college for the Republican candidate John C. Frémont in the presidential election of 1856.Rockwell returned tohis old post of Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1858, until his appointment to the Massachusetts Superior Court in 1859. He retired as a judge in 1886 and died May 19, 1888, in Lenox,Massachusetts, where he is buried.See also56th Massachusetts General Court (1835)79th Massachusetts General Court (1858)Passage 4:Francis W. RockwellFrancis W. Rockwell may refer to:Francis W. Rockwell(politician)Francis W. Rockwell (admiral)Passage 5:Andrew Allen (singer)Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia. He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released fivetop ten singles, and written and recorded many others, including Where Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen. He also records covers and posts them on YouTube.BackgroundRaised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley,his acoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mraz and Jack Johnson.CareerAndrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmas cracked the Top Ten in his native Canada. He washonored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finale on the internationally broadcast Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia. Allen continued buildingan international profile in 2010, and released his biggest single Loving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for 22weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him a record deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road. Because of the song's attention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some ofthe world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, The Barenaked Ladies, Train, Matt Nathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others.Loving YouTonight was also featured on the soundtrack of Abduction starring Taylor Lautner.CollaborationsAndrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artists like Meghan Trainor,Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, Matt Simons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, Eric Rosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), BrianWest and Josh Cumbee. Numerous songs he has been a part of writing have been released by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat. DJ Project46, Ad Occhi Chiusi which was on the Double Platinum release by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensation Daniel Skye, as well as manyothers.SinglesI Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)Loving You Tonight (2010)I Want You (2011)Where Did We Go? (2012)Satellite (2012)Play with Fire (2013)Thinking About You (2014)What You Wanted (2016)FavoriteChristmas Song (2017)Maybe (2017)DiscographyThe Living Room Sessions (2008)Andrew Allen EP (2009)The Mix Tape (2012)Are We Cool? (2013)All Hearts Come Home (2014)The Writing Room (2020)12:34 (2022;pre-released on vinyl in 2021)Songwriting creditsLast Chance released by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere.Ad Occhi Chiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinumrecord.Reasons released by Project 46.No Ordinary Angel released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany.Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany.Maybe released by Daniel Skye.Passage6:Benny RubinsteinBenny Rubinstein (\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is an Israeli former footballer and current real estate developer. He played soccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya. At the 1969 MaccabiahGames, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal.BiographyRubinstein was born in Netanya, Israel. His wife is Sarah Rubinstein. Benny's son, Aviram also played football for Maccabi Netanya.He playedsoccer for Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Netanya. At the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Rubinstein played soccer for Israel, winning a gold medal.Rubinstein then worked as a real estate agent, and now works in real estatedevelopment.HonoursIsraeli Premier League (1):1970-71Passage 7:Yaya SoumahoroYaya Alfa Soumahoro (born 28 September 1989) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder.Having begun his career with Séwé Sports in his native country, he joined Thai club Muangthong United in 2008. His good performances earned him a move to K.A.A. Gent in 2010. He spent five and a half seasons withGent but was plagued by recurring injuries throughout his time there. Following a half-season loan to Sint-Truidense V.V., he returned to Muangthong United where did not feature. In 2018, he joined the Egyptian sideWadi Degla SC.Early lifeSoumahoro grew in the Ivorian capital Abidjan. He learned to play football in the streets and he decided to play for Séwé Sports. Soumahoro lost both parents at an early age and was taken care"}
{"doc_id":"doc_175","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Robert L. Simpson (film editor)Robert Laughlin Simpson, A.C.E. (July 31, 1910 – June 26, 1977), was an American film editor with more than 100 feature film credits.BiographyBorn in St. Louis, Missouri,Simpson began his career at Paramount Pictures in 1935. By the end of the decade, he had joined 20th Century Fox, where he remained for more than 35 years.During a 55-year career, Simpson edited one hundredfilms, including Drums Along the Mohawk (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), The Pride of St. Louis (1952), Call Me Madam, The King and I (1956), South Pacific (1958), Fate is the Hunter (1964), and Tony Rome(1967). He collaborated with director George Seaton on several projects, including Miracle on 34th Street, The Shocking Miss Pilgrim, Apartment for Peggy, and Chicken Every Sunday. He also worked with John Ford,Sidney Lanfield, and Walter Lang.Simpson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for The Grapes of Wrath.Partial filmographyHer Master's Voice (1936)Love and Hisses (1937)Josette (1938)DrumsAlong the Mohawk (1939)Public Deb No. 1 (1940)The Grapes of Wrath (1940)Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943)Miracle on 34th Street (1947)The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)Apartment for Peggy (1948)Chicken EverySunday (1949)The Big Lift (1950)The Pride of St. Louis (1952)Call Me MadamThe King and I (1956)South Pacific (1958)Move Over, Darling (1963)Fate is the Hunter (1964)Tony Rome (1967)See alsoList of film directorand editor collaborations. From 1940 to 1960, Simpson edited ten films directed by Walter Lang; The King and I (1956) was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Academy Award for BestDirector.Passage 2:Jean-Luc LemoineJean-Luc Marie Lemoine (born 6 March 1970) is a French humourist, media personality and stand-up comedian.Early lifeA native of Paris, Lemoine grew up in Morangis, Essonne. Hisfirst scene was on his high school stage, in front of 800 fellow students.In 1993, he played at the Théâtre des Blancs-Manteaux in Paris for 15 days and later worked as a columnist for the satirical weekly Infos duMonde, based upon Weekly World News in the United States. He started his television career on local Téléssonne channel. The following year, he played a show during 10 months, directed by FranckDubosc.CareerLemoine was a regular guest on On a tout essayé on France 2 from 2001 to 2006, when he joined On n'est pas couché for two seasons.From 2011 until 2018, Lemoine was part of the slate of regularguests on Touche pas à mon poste! on France 4 and then D8, when the talk show hosted by Cyril Hanouna switched channels in 2012. He also had a weekly segment called Les Questions en 4/3. In 2015, his segmentbecame a TV special for one prime time.In 2013, he joined Hanouna on his radio programme Les pieds dans le plat broadcast on Europe 1. From 2016 to 2017 and in 2017 respectively, he hosted the game shows GuessMy Age and Couple or Not? on C8, both of which were created by Vivendi Entertainment and have spawned numerous international versions.Lemoine quit C8 in 2018. He has hosted Samedi d'en rire on France 3 since2019. He has also been a regular guest on Les Grosses Têtes since 2019.Passage 3:Robert Simpson (writer)Robert Simpson (1886 - January 7, 1934) was a writer and editor.Early lifeIn 1886, Simpson was born inStrathy, Scotland. Simpson's father was Robert Simpson and his mother was Mary Ann Smith Simpson.CareerIn about 1905, Simpson started working in the palm-oil business, trading with West Africa.In 1907, Simpsonemigrated to the United States. In 1916, Simpson became an editor at the Frank A. Munsey Company.  In 1917, Simpson was promoted to managing editor of The Argosy, and stayed in that role for three years.  He leftin 1920 to become a free-lance writer, and returned to editing in 1925, becoming the editor of Mystery Magazine.Simpson's novels include The Bite of Benin, Swamp Breath, The Grey Charteris, Eight Panes of Glass,and Calvert of Allobar.Personal lifeSimpson was married to Marie A. Simpson, née Socin, and they had a daughter and two sons.Passage 4:Thomas Wykes (MP for Cambridgeshire)Thomas Wykes (died c. 1430), ofStetchworth, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in March 1416.Passage 5:Robert Simpson (brewer)Robert Simpson was a Canadianbrewer and politician who served as the first mayor of Barrie from 1871 to 1872, and again as its third mayor in 1876. He also founded the Simcoe Steam Brewery, and the 21st-century Robert Simpson BrewingCompany (now The Flying Monkeys Craft Brewery) was named in his honour.Prior to becoming mayor, the head of the governing body for Barrie was known as the reeve of Barrie. Simpson first served as the fifth reevefrom 1858 to 1859, and was succeeded by Thomas David McConkey. Simpson later succeeded the seventh and final reeve, William Davis Ardagh, in 1871, to become Barrie's first mayor.Passage 6:Thomas Wykes(chronicler)Thomas Wykes (11 March 1222 – c. 1292), English chronicler, was a canon regular of Oseney Abbey, near Oxford.He was the author of a chronicle extending from 1066 to 1289, which is printed among themonastic annals edited by Henry Richards Luard for the Rolls Series. He gives an account of the Second Barons' War from a royalist standpoint, and is a severe critic of Montfort's policy. His work regarding the reign ofEdward I is especially useful. His chronicles are connected with the Oseney Annals, which are printed parallel with his work by Luard, but Wykes is an independent authority between 1258 and 1278.Passage 7:Lambertof St-BertinLambert of Saint-Bertin (c. 1060 – 22 June 1125) was a French Benedictine chronicler and abbot.BiographyLambert was born about 1060 of a distinguished family, and, when still young, entered the FrenchBenedictine abbey of St-Bertin. He afterwards visited several famous schools in France, having first laid the foundation of his subsequent learning by the study in his own monastery of grammar, theology and music. Forsome time he filled the office of prior, and in 1095 was chosen abbot at once by the monks of St-Bertin and by the canons of St-Omer. He was thus drawn into closer relations with Cluny, and instituted through theCluniac monks many reforms in his somewhat deteriorated monastery. Needless to say, he encountered no little opposition to his efforts, but, thanks to his extraordinary energy, he finally secured acceptance for hisviews, and rehabilitated the financial position of the monastery. He was a friend of St. Anselm and exchanged verses, still extant, with the poet Reginald of Canterbury (ed. Libermann in \"Neues Archiv der Gesellschaftfur altere Geschichte\", XIII, 1888, pp. 528; 531-34).  He died on 22 June 1125, at St-Bertin.WorksEven during his lifetime, Lambert was lauded in glowing terms for his great learning by an admirer —not a monk ofSt-Bertin— in the \"Tractatus de moribus Lamberti Abbatis S. Beretini\" (ed. Holder-Egger in \"Monumenta German. Histor. SS.\", XV, 2, 946-53). This work mentions several otherwise unknown writings of Lambert, e.g.\"Sermones de Vetere Testamento\", also studies on free will, the Divine prescience, original sin, origin of the soul and questions of physical science.Although the two are often confused, he is not identical with Lambert,the Canon of St. Omer who wrote the famous \"Liber Floridus\", a kind of encyclopedia of Biblical, chronological, astronomical, geographical, theological, philosophical and natural history subjects, which was completed in1120.Sources and references Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Lambert of St-Bertin\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.POTTHAST, Bibl. Histor. Medii Aevi. I, 705; Biogr. Nat. De Belgigue,XI (1891), 162-66WATTENBACH, Geschichtsquellen, II (1894), 170 sq. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Lambert of St-Bertin\". CatholicEncyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Passage 8:Thomas Wykes (MP)Thomas Wykes may refer to:Thomas Wykes (chronicler) (1222–1291/93), English chroniclerThomas Wykes (MP for Leominster) (fl.1554), MP for LeominsterThomas Wykes (MP for Cambridgeshire) (died c. 1430), MP for CambridgeshirePassage 9:Bobby Simpson (golfer)Robert S. Simpson was a Scottish professional golfer who achieved success inwinning two Western Opens in 1907 and 1911, as well as finishing fourth in the U.S. Open in 1904. Simpson was from Carnoustie, Scotland. He apprenticed under Robert Simpson, a Scottish golf club-maker and golfcourse architect, who was also from Carnoustie and part of a famous golf family of six brothers. The two Simpsons however were not related. Bobby Simpson did apprentice in Scotland as a club-maker under the otherRobert Simpson prior to leaving for the United States to become a golf professional.Professional careerSimpson was part of the \"Scottish Invasion\" of golf professional of the late 1890s and 1900s. He secured positionsat multiple courses in the Midwest including The Country Club of Oconomowoc, Hinsdale Country Club (Chicago, Illinois), Kent Country Club (Grand Rapids, Michigan), Memphis Country Club (Memphis, Tennessee),Kenosha Country Club (Kenosha, Wisconsin), Blue Mound Country Club (Wauwatosa, Wisconsin), Omaha Country Club (Omaha, Nebraska) and many years at Riverside Country Club (Chicago, Illinois). Many of the earlygolf professionals from Scotland earned an income in various ways as greenskeepers, part-time course architects, club-makers, teaching professionals, tournament players and exhibition golf players. His most notablevictories came with victories in the Western Open in 1907 and 1911.1900 U.S. OpenAt the 1900 U.S. Open held at the Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, Simpson carded rounds of 84-84-88-87 for a total of 343and tied for 14th place.1901 U.S. OpenAt the 1901 U.S. Open held at the Myopia Hunt Club in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, Simpson carded rounds of 88-87-87-87 for a total of 349 and again tied for 14thplace.1904 U.S. OpenThe 1904 U.S. Open was held July 8–9, 1904, at the Glen View Club in Golf, Illinois. Scottish professional Willie Anderson won his second consecutive, and third overall, U.S. Open title by fivestrokes over Englishman, Gilbert Nicholls. Simpson carded rounds of 82-82-76-76 for a total of 316 and finished tied in sixth place with Stewart Gardner and Percy Barrett. He won $53 in prize money.1907 WesternOpenSimpson won the 1907 Western Open at the Hinsdale Country Club in Clarendon Hills, Illinois, where he defeated fellow Scotsmen, Willie Anderson and Fred McLeod, by two strokes, in Match Play.1908 WesternOpenAt the 1908 Western Open at the Beverly Country Club Simpson finished third (153) behind Willie Anderson (152) and Stewart Gardner (151), with the lowest round of the tournament (73).1909 U.S. OpenAt the1909 U.S. Open held at the Englewood Golf Club in Englewood, New Jersey, Simpson carded rounds of 84-76-77-84 for a total of 321 and tied for 46th place.1911 Western OpenIn 1911 Simpson won his secondWestern Open at the Kent Country Club, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He defeated Thomas McNamara, two up and one to play.Passage 10:Robert Simpson (meteorologist)Robert Homer Simpson (November 19, 1912 –December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955 to 1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the NationalHurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.Early lifeBorn in Corpus Christi, Texas, Robert Simpson survived thedevastating landfall of the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane at age six; one of his family members drowned. Simpson graduated with honors from the Corpus Christi high school in 1929. Fascinated by the weather, he wenton to get a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Southwestern University in 1933, and a Master of Science degree in physics from Emory University in 1935. Finding no work as a physicist during the GreatDepression, he taught music in Texas high schools.Early careerOn April 16, 1940, he was hired by the United States Weather Bureau. First assigned as a junior observer of meteorology at Brownsville, Texas, he wasthen temporarily assigned to Swan Island. After the Pearl Harbor attack, he was promoted to forecaster at the New Orleans office. As part of a United States Weather Bureau scholarship, he did graduate work at theUniversity of Chicago in 1943 and 1944. After a stint as a hurricane forecaster in Miami under Grady Norton, he was assigned to help create the Army Air Force weather school in Panama. There he had his first flight intoa tropical cyclone. After the war, he persuaded Air Force Hurricane Hunters to allow him to fly along on what he called 'piggy back missions', where he would take scientific observations using the primitiveinstruments.Following VJ day and the dissolution of the weather school, Simpson returned to Miami. He was then assigned to Weather Bureau headquarters, working directly for Dr. Francis Reichelderfer. In 1949Reichelderfer assigned Simpson to Hawaii to be in charge of consolidating the Weather Bureau's Pacific operations. There he founded a weather observation station on Mauna Loa, studied Kona lows, and flew a researchmission into Typhoon Marge aboard a specifically equipped Air Force weather plane. He continually urged Weather Bureau management to fund modest levels of hurricane research, but budgets during the early 1950sdidn't allow this. Then the devastating 1954 Atlantic hurricane season changed the minds of several New England congressmen, and a special appropriation was passed to improve the Weather Bureau's hurricanewarning system. Reichelderfer appointed Bob Simpson to head up the National Hurricane Research Project in 1955.Late careerFor the next four years, Simpson navigated NHRP through the shoals of bureaucraticuncertainty. Once NHRP was assured longevity in 1959, Simpson left the Project to finish his doctorate in meteorology at the University of Chicago, studying under his friend Dr. Herbert Riehl. On completing his degreein 1962, he returned to Washington to become the Weather Bureau's Deputy Director of Research (Severe Storms), where he helped establish the National Severe Storms Project (later to become the National SevereStorms Laboratory). In 1961 he obtained a National Science Foundation grant to study seeding hurricanes with silver iodide. He put together an experiment using NHRP and United States Navy aircraft to seed HurricaneEsther. The encouraging results led the Weather Bureau and the Navy to start Project Stormfury in 1962, with Simpson as Director. He headed up the Project for the next three years, including the seeding of HurricaneBeulah in 1963. He married Joanne Malkus in 1965 and persuaded her to take over as Director of Stormfury for the next two years as he became Director of Operations for the Weather Bureau.In 1967 Simpson becameDeputy Director of the National Hurricane Center. Simpson reorganized NHC, making it separate  from the Miami Weather Bureau office, and established the position of 'hurricane specialist' for NHC's senior forecasters.He directed NHC from 1968 to 1974, during which time he co-developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS) with Herbert Saffir, established a dedicated satellite unit at NHC, studied neutercanes, and beganissuing advisories on subtropical storms. His controversial remarks to Vice President Spiro Agnew in the wake of Hurricane Camille led to an upgrade of the Air Force and Navy Hurricane Hunter squadrons, andpersuaded NOAA (then ESSA) to improve their hurricane research aircraft.RetirementHe retired from government service in 1974, turning NHC over to his Deputy Director Neil Frank. The Simpsons returned toWashington, where they established a weather consulting firm, Simpson Weather Associates in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this time he became a Certified Consulting Meteorologist.  Both he and his wife joined thefaculty of the University of Virginia in the Environmental Sciences department.  In that capacity, he participated in several international scientific experiments, such as GATE, MONEX, ITEX, and Toga COARE. Heco-authored the book \"The Hurricane and Its Impacts\" with Herbert Riehl, and recently was senior editor and contributing author to \"HURRICANE! Coping with Disaster.\"He was an Honorary Member of the AmericanMeteorological Society (AMS) and a Fellow of the Explorers Club of New York. He is the recipient of Gold Medals from both the U.S. and from France, and of the Cleveland Abbe Award from the AMS. Simpson, whose wifedied in 2010, resided in Washington, D.C. until his death after a stroke on December 18, 2014.BibliographyRobert Simpson, \"Structure of an Immature Hurricane,\" Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 35No. 8 (October 1954): 335-350.Robert Simpson, \"Hurricanes,\" Scientific American (1954): 32-37.Robert Simpson, \"Liquid Water in Squall Lines and Hurricanes at air temperatures lower than -40°C,\" Mon. Wea. Rev.(1963): v.91 687-693.Robert Simpson and Joanne Malkus, \"Why Experiment on Tropical Hurricanes?,\" Trans. NY Acad of Sci (1966): v.28 n.8.Robert Simpson and Neal Dorst, Hurricane Pioneer: Memoirs of BobSimpson (2014), Boston: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-935704-75-1"}
{"doc_id":"doc_176","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1886–1964)Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (14 February 1886 – 6 June 1964) was a member of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. He was heir to hisrelative William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until 1909, when he was disinherited of his royal status. From that point onwards, Hermann was commonly referred to with the lesser style, Graf vonOstheim (Count of Ostheim).Early lifePrince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was born on 14 February 1886 in Düsseldorf. He was educated by a tutor until deemed old enough to enter the Imperial German Army.He joined the Cuirassiers of the Guard in Berlin, where he was separated from the guidance of his family and tutor, and began to build up a reputation as a spendthrift like his father. He was given $10,000 a year tospend, and he and those he bought items from realized that any debts contracted would eventually be paid by his family, thus increasing the amount Hermann could spend. By the end of the year, Hermann was aquarter of a million dollars in debt, which his family duly paid; he was sent to a small town as a disciplinary measure. He persuaded his family that he was ill, and was able to travel to Paris, racking up more debts alongthe way; one rumor said he sold his mother's jewels en route to France.Heir to Saxe-Weimar-EisenachWilliam Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach remained childless for much of his early life, fuelingspeculation of the succession to his duchy. As a descendant of Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach through a younger son, firstly Hermann and secondly his brother were heir presumptives until thebirth of Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1912.Loss of inheritanceA lifelong spendthrift, Prince Hermann was heir presumptive to the duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until hisdisinheritance on 2 August 1909. The ducal family forced him to renounce his rights of succession to the Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach throne, as well as his royal status, title and prerogatives, granting him a lesser, nobletitle, Count Ostheim, along with a small allowance on the grounds that he stay out of the duchy. Herman was not the only member of his family to have a bad reputation; his father Prince William as well as their cousinPrince Bernhard were all viewed with displeasure, so much so, that the still-living Prince William had been overlooked concerning the duchy's succession. Hermann had a younger brother, Prince Albert, who took up hisposition as next-in-line to the duchy. Hermann was also driven out of the German army \"for all sorts of unsavory scrapes\", as he was wanted in both England and Austria for debts, and for being a \"common swindler\".His Austrian arrest warrant was issued soon after his younger sister Princess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was denied permission to enter into a morganatic marriage; she committed suicide soon after, on 18September 1913.In 1921 Count Hermann claimed in a lawsuit with Grand Duke William Ernest that he and his mother were induced by a ruse and told that he would be forcibly expelled from Paris unless he agreed totravel from there to Germany; instead Hermann was confined in an insane asylum. He was only freed after signing documents renouncing all claims to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and assuming the style Count Ostheim.Hermann went on to claim that the Grand Duke was guilty of usury, as he was lent certain sums of money to pay off his debts in exchange for renouncing 48,000 marks appanage in favor of William Ernest. During thattime, the German government had been completing negotiations for a settlement on the former royal family (their titles had been abolished in 1918); thus had Hermann not been disinherited, he would have stood toinherit quite a large bit of money.MarriageBefore he became disinherited, Prince Hermann desired to marry Princess Marie Bonaparte, a great heiress; he might have succeeded but for his unsavory reputation. Thoughthere was a chance he would succeed to the Grand Ducal throne, Marie's father disliked Hermann for possessing an \"evil\" reputation, and consequently allowed her instead to marry Prince George of Greece andDenmark. Before her refusal, however, Hermann was able to obtain a great deal of money, as it was assumed he would soon have a great deal of wealth to spend; when it became clear there was to be no marriage, a\"crash\" came. It was these money troubles, along with other problems, that led to his disinheritance.Despite being disinherited, Hermann openly boasted he would travel to the United States in search of a wealthy wife,and then return to Germany and pay off his debts within a year; all this was said while staying in Zurich awaiting funds from his family. Instead, Hermann, now Count Ostheim, morganatically married Wanda PaolaLottero, an Italian stage actress, on 5 September 1909 in London. They visited the United States on several occasions. They were divorced two years later, on 22 June 1911 after Wanda grew tired of supporting himwith her earnings and divorced him on the grounds of financial \"non-support\", \"cruelty\", and \"infidelity\". Wanda later gained notoriety for having a short-lived affair with King Konstantínos I of the Hellenes in 1912.On 4August 1918, Hermann married secondly to Suzanne Aagot Midling at Heidelberg. They had one surviving child before her death on 16 October 1931:Alexander Kyrill Graf von Ostheim (born 7 August 1922); he diedunmarried in Stockholm on 28 March 1943On 16 November 1932, Hermann's engagement with Isabel Neilson, daughter of former British MP and prominent actor and author Francis Neilson, was announced. Hermannand Isabel were married civilly and religiously in Paris on 28 November 1932. A small family luncheon accompanied the wedding; afterwards, the couple honeymooned to Spain and North Africa. They had nochildren.Hermann died in London on 6 June 1964 at the age of 78.AncestryPassage 2:Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachPrince Wilhelm Karl Bernhard Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (21 December 1853 – 15December 1924) was a member of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.LifePrince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was born on 21 December 1853 in Stuttgart. He was the eldest son of the Prince Hermann ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Princess Augusta of Württemberg (1826-1898). Prince Wilhelm also has had his own financial problems, and has been forced by the Grand Duke to live outside Weimar. Wilhelm is heirpresumptive to the throne as the young Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst is a widower. His wife, Karoline of Reuss died in January 1905.Prince William had a problem with his eldest son. Prince Hermann morganaticallymarried Wanda Paola Lottero on 5 September 1909 in London. Lottero was an Italian stage actress, and due to Hermann's rollicking lifestyle, the ducal family forced him to renounce his rights of succession to theSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach throne, as well as his royal status, title and prerogatives, granting him a lesser, noble title, Count Ostheim, along with a small allowance on the grounds that he stay out of the duchy. PrinceWilhelm also had a bad reputation. His behavior aroused the dissatisfaction of the head of the family. Prince Wilhelm fled to the United States in his youth, served as a riding master, clerk, book agent and even as arestaurant waiter in New York City, but was finally persuaded to return to Germany, marry his second cousin, and live on a small pension from the head of the house.Marriage and familyPrince Wilhelm married GertaPrincess of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1863-1945), daughter of Ferdinand Maximilian I, Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1824-1903) and Auguste Marie Gertrude Princess of Hanau and Horowitz (1829-1887), on 11April 1885 at Wächtersbach, Germany. Augusta Marie Gertrude was daughter of Frederick William, Elector of Hesse. Wilhelm and Gerta had three children:Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (14 February 1886 –6 June 1964)Prince Albrecht of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (23 December 1886 - 9 September 1918), killed in action during World War IPrincess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (25 July 1888 - 18 September1913)Honours and armsHe received the following orders and decorations: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1853   Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1878Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1871AncestryPassage 3:Michael, Prince ofSaxe-Weimar-EisenachMichael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  (German: Michael Prinz von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach; born 15 November 1946) is the current head of the Grand Ducal House ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach, as well as the most senior agnate of the entire House of Wettin.Prince of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachPrince Michael was born in Bamberg, Bavaria, the only son of Hereditary Grand Duke CharlesAugustus of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Baroness Elisabeth von Wangenheim-Winterstein (1912–2010). Among his godparents were Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russiaimposter, Anna Anderson, who was living with his aunt Princess Luise of Saxe-Meiningen.When his father died on 14 October 1988, Prince Michael succeeded him as Head of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. On 13February 1991, he inherited the leadership in the House of Saxe-Altenburg, as that line became extinct, and since 23 July 2012 he regards the Albertine royal Saxon line to be extinct. However, Prince Michael has alsostated that he \"[does not] believe in historical carnival\" and that \"Germany should have done it like Austria long ago and abolished all titles.\"In 2004, he withdrew his claim for restitution of numerous properties,archives (partly including those of Schiller and Goethe) as well as priceless artwork in a settlement with the Free State of Thuringia and acquired some forest estates in exchange.Since Prince Michael has no sons, thecurrent heir to the headship of the grand ducal house is his elder (by age) first cousin, Prince Wilhelm Ernst (b. 10 August 1946), whose only son Prince Georg-Constantin (13 April 1977 – 9 June 2018), a banker whowas married but without issue, was killed in a horse riding accident on 9 June 2018 while riding with Jean Christophe Iseux von Pfetten. Therefore, the Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach will most likelybecome extinct in the male line.MarriagesPrince Michael married Renate Henkel (b. Heidelberg, 17 September 1947), daughter of industrialist Konrad Henkel and wife Jutta von Hülsen and sister of Christoph Henkel, ina civil ceremony on 9 June 1970 at Hamburg-Eimsbüttel, and religiously on 4 July 1970 at Linnep bei Breitscheid. The marriage was childless and dissolved by divorce at Düsseldorf on 9 March 1974.He was marriedsecondly to Dagmar Hennings (b. Niederpöcking, 24 June 1948), daughter of Henrich Hennings and wife Margarethe Schacht, in London on 15 November 1980. They have one daughter: Leonie Mercedes Augusta SilvaElisabeth Margarethe of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. Frankfurt, 30 October 1986). She graduated with her Abitur from high school at Schule Schloss Salem, where she became involved in theatre and hockey and was aStudent Representative (Schulsprecher), between 2001 and 2006, after which she obtained a Bachelor's degree in Media and Cultural Studies from the University of the Arts London from 2007 to 2010. Meanwhile, shewas employed as an Intern Photographer of Contemporary Art for Sotheby's London between January and June 2007, as an Intern for \"BILD\" at Axel Springer SE at Frankfurt and surrounding area in September 2008,as an Intern at \"Tatler\" in April 2009 and then as an Intern for \"Vogue Russia\" in June 2009 both at Condé Nast International, and then again at Axel Springer SE as an Intern at the Editorial Team of \"ICON Welt amSonntag\" at Berlin and surrounding area in September 2009. After graduating, she worked at n-tv The News Channel - Der Nachrichtensender, firstly as an Intern between August and December 2010 and then as a TitleEditor and Reporter between January 2011 and December 2013, both of the Editorial Office \"5th Avenue\", after which she went to Media Group RTL Germany, where she worked firstly as an Editor and Reporter at theRTL \"Punkt 12 VIP\" between January and October 2014 and afterwards as an Editor and Reporter at the RTL \"Capital Studio People\" and Lifestyle Editorial Office at Berlin and surrounding area since November2014.Honours and awardsNongovernmental organizationsSlovakia, Servare et Manere Memorial Medal of Tree of Peace, Special class with rubies, (May 12, 2022).AncestryPassage 4:Princess Amalia ofSaxe-Weimar-EisenachPrincess Amalia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Amalia Maria da Gloria Augusta; 20 March 1830 – 1 May 1872) was a Dutch princess as the first wife of Prince Henry of the Netherlands, son of kingWilliam II of the Netherlands.LifeFamilyShe was the daughter of Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Princess Ida of Saxe-Meiningen.Princess of the NetherlandsShe first met Henry, alongside his brotherAlexander on the island of Madeira in 1847. She married Henry in Weimar on 19 May 1853. They divided their time between Walferdange Castle in Luxembourg, where Henry was stadhouder, and the Soestdijk Palaceduring the summer.The marriage remained childless but was described as a happy one, with Amalia acting as the confidante, support and adviser of Henry, and as an intermediary during family conflicts. She may haveinfluenced Henry's defense of the independent position of Luxemburg during the conflict of 1866–1870.As she had been before her marriage, she had a great interest in charity, which made her popular in Luxemburg. Itwas thanks to her that kindergartens (initiated by Friedrich Fröbel) were introduced into the area.On her death in 1872 she was buried in the Nieuwe Kerk at Delft. In 1876 the city of Luxembourg unveiled a statue ofher in Henry's presence.Passage 5:Ernest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachErnest Augustus I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (German: Ernst August I; 19 April 1688 – 19 January 1748), was a duke of Saxe-Weimarand, from 1741, of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.BiographyHe was the second but eldest surviving son of Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and his first wife Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst.When his father died in1707, Ernst August became co-ruler (Mitherr) of Saxe-Weimar, along with his uncle Wilhelm Ernst, but his title was only nominal, since Wilhelm Ernst was the actual ruler of the duchy. Only when Wilhelm Ernst died in1728 did Ernst August begin to exercise true authority over Saxe-Weimar.ExcessesErnst August was a splendor-loving ruler, and his extravagances contributed to the eventual financial ruin of his duchy. Desperately inneed of funds, he resorted to the practice of arresting wealthy subjects without cause, and setting them free only after they had renounced their fortunes to the duke, or had paid exorbitant ransoms. Some of thevictims, who considered this behaviour illegal, made claims against the duke at the Imperial Court in Vienna or in the Imperial Chamber Court of Appeal in Wetzlar. Ernst August lost all the legal proceedings mountedagainst him. The process lasted for many years and eventually led to the duchy's bankruptcy.The duke maintained a standing army that was disproportionately large for the duchy's population or financial resources.Some of the soldiers were rented to the Electorate of Saxony or to the Holy Roman Emperor. Ernst August's mania for building led to the construction of the Kleinode, the small Schloss Belvedere and the Rococo Schlossof Dornburg, a lavish residence for the duke. His passion for the hunt was likewise extravagant; when he died, Ernst August left 1,100 dogs and 373 horses. The duke maintained a standing \"harem,\" in which two noble\"Ladies of Honour\" (Ehrenfräulein) and three \"Chamber Women\" (Kammerfrauen) of low birth attended to his desires.Marriages and childrenIn Nienburg on 24 January 1716, Ernst August married Eleonore Wilhelmineof Anhalt-Köthen, daughter of Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. They had eight children:William Ernest (b. Weimar, 4 July 1717 – d. Halle, 8 June 1719), Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Weimar.WilhelmineAuguste (b. Weimar, 4 July 1717 – d. Weimar, 9 December 1752), twin of Wilhelm Ernst.John William (b. Weimar, 10 January 1719 – d. Weimar, 6 December 1732), Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Weimar.Charlotte AgnesLeopoldina (b. Weimar, 4 December 1720 – d. Weimar, 15 October 1724).Johanna Eleonore Henriette (b. Weimar, 2 December 1721 – d. Weimar, 17 June 1722).Ernestine Albertine (b. Weimar, 28 December 1722 – d.Alverdissen, 25 November 1769), married on 6 May 1756 to Philipp II, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.Bernhardina Christina Sophia (b. Weimar, 5 May 1724 – d. Rudolstadt, 5 June 1757), married on 19 November 1744to John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.Emmanuel Frederick William Bernard (b. Weimar, 19 December 1725 – d. Weimar, 11 June 1729).After the death of his first wife in 1726, the duke decided to notmarry again, choosing to live quietly with his Ladies of Honor and Chamber Women. But in 1732 the situation changed unexpectedly: his only surviving son, the hereditary prince (Erbprinz) Johann Wilhelm, died. Thismade it necessary for him to find a new wife and sire sons in order to perpetuate the dynasty.In Bayreuth on 7 April 1734, Ernst August married his second wife, Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, daughter ofGeorge Frederick Charles, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. They had four children:Charles Augustus Eugen (b. Weimar, 1 January 1735 – d. Weimar, 13 September 1736), Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Weimar.ErnstAugust II Konstantin, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. Weimar, 2 June 1737 – d. Weimar, 28 May 1758).Ernestine Auguste Sophie (b. Weimar, 4 January 1740 – d. Hildburghausen, 10 June 1786), married on 1 July1758 to Ernst Frederick III Karl, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.Ernest Adolph Felix (b. and d. Weimar, 23 January 1741 / b. Weimar, 1742 – d. Weimar, 1743) [?].The duke also had an illegitimate son with Friederikevon Marschall:Ernest Frederick (b. 1731 - d. 1810), created Freiherr von Brenn; married to Beate Helene Bormann, his line died out in the male line in 1849.Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and absolutismIn 1741 the branch ofSaxe-Eisenach-Jena became extinct with the death of Wilhelm Heinrich, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. As the only surviving kinsman of the late duke, Ernst August inherited his estates; the union between Saxe-Weimar andSaxe-Eisenach-Jena now became permanent. One of the duke's few wise decisions was the institution of primogeniture in Saxe-Weimar (confirmed in 1724 by the Emperor Karl VI); this stopped further land divisions inthe future. From 1741 his new duchy took the name of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Jena was merged by Eisenach), but the union was by this time only personal. The new state consisted of two larger areas around the twoofficial residences in Weimar and Eisenach, which were not connected, and a patch of smaller areas and towns between them.The annexation of Saxe-Eisenach was favorable to the hunt-loving duke; he possessed alarge swath of woods in the Eisenach region, which seemed suitable to him for hunting. He left the Hereditary Prince in Weimar in the Schloss Belvedere, under the guardianship of his Hofmarschall, and movedpermanently to Eisenach. After this, the duke rarely asked for his son, and sent the most unreasonable written instructions from Eisenach to Weimar in order to supervise his son's education. The Hereditary Prince sawhis father for the last time in 1743.Ernst August tried to implement Absolutism in Saxe-Weimar on the French model. The secret Ratskollegium —a consultative organ national formed by nobles— was dissolved. In 1746the citizens of Eisenach presented the duke a memorandum detailing national prerogatives, in which he was denounced for constant offences against traditional rights. The gesture demonstrated that the citizens of theduchy were resisting the introduction of absolutism, thus certain policies that Ernst August had planned could not be completely carried out. The duke's death prevented a terrible controversy between the nationalnobles and the citizens of Eisenach.DeathUpon his death, Ernst August left a financially ruined duchy, and a successor to the throne (Ernst August II) who was still under age.AncestorsPassage 6:Prince Henry of theNetherlands (1820–1879)Prince William Frederick Henry of the Netherlands (Dutch: Willem Frederik Hendrik; 13 June 1820 – 13 January 1879) was the third son of King William II of the Netherlands and his wife, Grand"}
{"doc_id":"doc_177","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Come on DangerCome on Danger is a 1942 American Western film directed by Edward Killy. It was a remake of a 1932 Tom Keene film. The story was bought for Holt in June 1941.Plot summaryCastTim Holtas Jack MasonFrances E. Neal as Ann Jordan (as Frances Neal)Ray Whitley as SmokeyLee 'Lasses' White as WhopperKarl Hackett as Ott RamseyMalcolm 'Bud' McTaggart as RussGlenn Strange as Henchman SloanEvelynDockson as Aunt Fanny (as Evlynn Dockson)Davison Clark as Ranger Captain BlakeJohn Elliott as SaundersSlim Whitaker as Sheriff (as 'Slim' Whitaker)Kate Harrington as MaggieHenry Roquemore as JedPassage2:Come On Danger!Come On Danger! is a 1932 Pre-Code Western film, and the first film Tom Keene would make at RKO Studios. It made a profit of $30,000.It was remade in 1942 under the similar title, Come onDanger.PlotJim Madden, a Texas Ranger, is gunned down while investigating the murder of a local rancher. His younger brother, Larry, vows to track down the suspected killer, another rancher named Joan Stanton.While looking into the murders, he stumbles on a battle between Stanton and a group of men working for another rancher, Frank Sanderson. Stanton takes money from Sanderson that she feels is due to her.RescuingStanton from the altercation, he keeps his identity as a Ranger secret, while attempting to learn the truth of what is going on. Through talks with Stanton, Madden learns that Sanderson has been setting her up for boththe murder of the other rancher, and Jim's death.Convinced by Stanton's story, Madden tells Stanton she must turn herself in, and she agrees. Before they can reach the Rangers, they are captured by Sanderson's men.Sanderson plans to kill Madden, and take Stanton to Mexico. With the help of the Rangers' cook, Rusty, as well as several of Stanton's men, Madden overcomes Sanderson and his men, and takes a vindicated Stantonback to the Rangers.Cast(cast list as per AFI database)Tom Keene as Larry MaddenJulie Haydon as Joan StantonRosco Ates as RustyRobert Ellis as Frank SandersonWilliam Scott as Jim MaddenFrank Lackteen asPiuteWade Boteler as TexRoy Stewart as Inspector ClayHarry Tenbrook as BillPassage 3:Sam White (film producer)Sam White (October 16, 1906 – August 8, 2006) was an American film producer, film director andactor.White was born in Los Angeles on October 16, 1906 to parents who had immigrated from Austria and Hungary.  In 1937, he  married  Claretta Ellis, a studio contract dancer.  They were married for 65 years untilher death in 2002.For much of the 1930s, Sam White directed numerous musical sequences in films such as Roberta with Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers and Irene Dunne; Old Man Rhythm with Betty Grable and BuddyRogers; Top of the Town with George Murphy; and Hooray for Love, with Ann Sothern.During World War II, Sam made six training films for the U.S. Armed forces.  Also in the 1940s, the feature films he produced anddirected included Reveille with Beverly, starring Ann Miller (Frank Sinatra's first film); People Are Funny, starring Jack Haley and Rudy Vallée; The Return of the Vampire, starring Bela Lugosi; The Girl in the Case,starring Edmund Lowe; After Midnight with Boston Blackie, starting Chester Morris; Louisiana Hayride, starring Judy Canova; and Tahiti Nights, starring Jinx Falkenburg for RKO, Columbia, Universal and ParamountStudios.During the next two decades, Sam directed commercials and produced and directed early television series such as Perry Mason, The Outer Limits, Oh! Those Bells, My Friend Flicka, Boston Blackie, PhilipMarlowe, and Big Town, among many others.  In 1969 he produced and directed White Comanche with William Shatner and Joseph Cotten.  He was also a successful businessman with his production facility in PioneerTown and commercial real estate ventures in Los Angeles.Throughout his later years, Sam remained interested in world affairs and traveled extensively as a valued ombudsman for the Directors Guild to cementrelations between foreign and American filmmakers. In 1990, the Directors Guild of America published an oral history entitled The White Brothers which tells the history of the family as well as the history of early moviemaking in Los Angeles.Sam White, one of the famous White Brothers film and television pioneers, died peacefully at his Encino home just short of his 100th birthday.  A retrospective was held in 2003 at the MotionPicture and Television Home where a wall of honor was dedicated to him. His professional memorabilia was positioned alongside those of his renowned brothers, Jack White and Jules White.SelectedfilmographyLouisiana Hayride (1944)Swing Out the Blues  (1944)Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)Passage 4:I Live on DangerI Live on Danger is a 1942 film noir thriller film directed by Sam White and starring ChesterMorris and Jean Parker.PlotJeff Morrell is an ambitious radio reporter. The news of the day is the prison release of gambler Eddie Nelson, who was the fallguy for a criminal named Joey Farr.While exclusively covering aship's fire, Jeff falls for Susan Richards, and knows her to be Eddie's companion. It turns out she's Eddie's sister, not his girl, and Susan resents it when Jeff's reporting gets Eddie arrested and convicted on a newcharge.District Attorney Lamber is in cahoots with the crooks. Farr tries to flee, and is tracked to a Pennsylvania coal mine. Jeff gets there first and manages to broadcast Farr's confession, then barely gets away whenFarr sets off a blast of TNT. Susan loves Jeff for heroically rescuing her brother.CastChester Morris as Jeff MorrellJean Parker as Susan RichardsElisabeth Risdon as Mrs. MorrellEdward Norris as Eddie NelsonDick Purcellas Norm ThompsonRoger Pryor as Bert JanningsDouglas Fowley as Joey FarrRalph Sanford as Angie MossEdwin Maxwell as Wingy KeefePatsy Nash as DillyJoe Cunningham as Inspector ConlonBernadene Hayes asJonesyBilly Nelson as George \"Longshot\" HarrisonVickie Lester as Keefe's secretaryWilliam Bakewell as MacCharlotte Henry as NurseAnna Q. Nilsson as Mrs. ShermanProductionThe film was based on a story called I'll BeBack in a Flash by Alex Gottlieb. He sold it to Pine Thomas Productions in August 1941. They bought it as the second in a three-picture deal Chester Morris had with Pine-Thomas Productions. Lewis Foster was assignedto write the script.Morris' 38-year-old brother Arthur was meant to play a role in the film but died shortly before filming of a brain haemorrhage.Jean Parker signed to make the film as the first in a three-picture deal shehad with Pine Thomas.Filming took place in December 1941. Anna Q. Nilsson had her first role in 13 years.ReceptionThe Los Angeles Times called it \"a pretty good B\".The New York Times said the film showed \"very littlethan what we have already seen.\"Passage 5:Sirak M. SabahatSirak M. Sabahat (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born December 5, 1981) is an Israeli actor. He is known for his role in the film Live andBecome.FilmographyLive and Become (2005)Comme au cinéma (2005)The Children of СССР (2007)Further readingRosen, Steve (2006-12-19). \"\"Inland Empire\" and \"Volver\" Keep Top Spots; \"Live and Become\" OpensBig\". IndieWireBot. Archived from the original on 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2006-12-19.\"The Evening Class: 2006 SFJFF—The Evening Class Interview with Sirak M. Sabahat\". Theeveningclass.blogspot.com. 2006-08-04.Retrieved 2010-08-03.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and worksin the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was thedirector of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO ofthe Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin,where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of theIrish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.NationalGallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at themuseum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantlyaltered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy builton the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and theAustralian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to thebuilding project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decisionwas due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn.Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against theexhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning wasfinally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizenin 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 7:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 8:Logan SandlerLogan Sandler is an American writer and director who is best known for his first feature film Live Cargo.Early life and educationSandler graduated from SFTVwithin Loyola Marymount University's Film School in 2011 with a B.A. in Film Production, and three years later, while earning an M.F.A. from AFI in Film Directing, he developed his first feature film, Live Cargo. Hedeveloped the script with the late Seth Winston and co-writer Thymaya Payne. In 2015, Sandler was awarded the Institute's Franklin J. Schaffner Fellow Award for his short film, Tracks.CareerSandler's senior thesis, AllIt Will Ever Be premiered at the Bermuda International Film Festival in 2012. Sandler's second short film Tracks screened at various festival around the world, including AFI FEST, Marfa Film Fest, Cambridge FilmFestival, and the Miami International Film Festival. The film won the Lexus Audience Award for Best Short film at the Miami International Film Festival and best actor for Keith Stanfield at the 24 FPS International FilmFestival.Sandler's debut feature film Live Cargo was filmed in the Bahamas, and premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2016. The film stars Dree Hemingway, Keith Stanfield, and Robert Wisdom. In addition to the2016 Tribeca Film Festival, Live Cargo had its European premiere at the Warsaw International Film Festival, then went on to screen at the American Film Festival in Poland, the São Paulo International Film Festival, theDenver Film Festival, the Key West Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Bahamas International Film Festival, and AFI FEST.Sandler has collaborated with Stanfield on music videos, co-directing the group MOORS’single Gas. The music video premiered on Vice’s music channel Noisey.IONCINEMA.com chose Sandler as their IONCINEPHILE of the Month for April 2017, a feature that focuses on an emerging filmmaker from theworld of cinema. When asked about his favorite films of his formative years Sandler said, \"I fell in love with Jean Luc Godard’s Contempt and Weekend. I was blown away by Agnes Varda’s Cleo from 5 to 7. MichelangeloAntonioni’s films really struck a chord with me as well. After seeing L’Avventura and Blowup, I went online and ordered every film of his I could find. The Passenger’s penultimate shot blew me away. I watched that 7minute shot over and over. It’s probably my favorite shot in the history of cinema.\"Critical receptionAngelica Jade Bastien for Roger Ebert wrote of the film, \"In 'Live Cargo,' director/co-writer Logan Sandler strives to tella story that finds poetry in the commonplace by shirking narrative conventions.\"Chuck Wilson for The Village Voice wrote, \"The well-acted Live Cargo, which also features Robert Wisdom and Sam Dillon, is at its bestwhen it observes character acting silently against landscape, as when Nadine goes snorkeling and uses a spear gun to jab at sharks, a juxtaposition of natural beauty and human fury typical of Sandler’s poeticapproach.” Wilson as well called Sandler \"a filmmaker to watch.\"Katie Walsh in her IndieWire review wrote, ”Anchored by a quartet of equally strong and understated performances, LIVE CARGO proves itself to be a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_178","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Born into BrothelsBorn into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids is a 2004 Indian-American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in Sonagachi, Kolkata's red light district. The widely acclaimedfilm, written and directed by Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman, won a string of accolades including the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2005.PlotBriski, a documentary photographer, went to Kolkata tophotograph prostitutes. While there, she befriended their children and offered to teach the children photography to reciprocate being allowed to photograph their mothers. The children were given cameras so they couldlearn photography and possibly improve their lives. Their photographs depicted a life in the red light district through the eyes of children typically overlooked and sworn off to do chores around the house until they wereable to contribute more substantially to the family welfare.  Much of their work was used in the film, and the filmmakers recorded the classes as well as daily life in the red light district. The children's work was exhibited,and one boy was even sent to a photography conference in Amsterdam. Briski also recorded her efforts to place the children in boarding schools although many of the children did not end up staying very long in theschools they were placed in. Others, such as Avijit and Kochi, not only went on to continue their education but were graded well.AftermathThere is debate about the extent to which the documentary has improved thelives of the children featured in it.The filmmakers claim that the lives of children appearing in Born into Brothels have been transformed by money earned through the sale of photos and a book on them. Ross Kauffman,co-director of the documentary, says that the amount earned is $100,000 (about Rs.4.5 million), which will pay for their tuition and for a school in India for children of prostitutes. Briski has started a non-profitorganization to continue this kind of work in other countries, named Kids with Cameras. A film is being made on the life story of a high-profile trio of call girl sisters, Shaveta, Khushboo and Himani, born in one of thebrothels of Haryana.In November 2006, Kids with Cameras provided an update on many of the children's conditions, asserting that they had entered high schools or universities in India and the United States or foundemployment outside of prostitution. Kids with Cameras continues to work toward improving the lives of children from the Calcutta red light district with the plan to build a Hope House. Updates for 2010 and 2009  werealso published.In 2004, REACT to FILM organized a screening for Born into Brothels  at the SoHo House in Manhattan, NY.  In 2010, the film's director, Zana Briski, joined the advisory board of REACT toFILM.CriticismsThe Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a prostitutes' organization active in Sonagachi, has criticized the film for presenting the children's parents as abusive and for ignoring the prostitutes' efforts toprovide  education programs and career building activities for their children. In addition, the film has been criticized in India for perceived racist stereotyping, and has also been viewed as exploiting the children for thepurposes of Indophobic propaganda in the West. A review in Frontline, India's national magazine, summarized this criticism, remarking:IF Born Into Brothels were remade as an adventure-thriller in the tradition ofIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, its posters might read: \"New York film-maker Zana Briski sallies forth among the natives to save souls.Some critics joined the Sonagachi prostitute-advocacy groups in condemningthe film for exploitation of the plight of the prostitutes for profit. Other criticisms were raised about \"ethical and stylistic\" problems, by Partha Banerjee, interpreter between the filmmakers and thechildren.ReceptionCritical responseBorn into Brothels has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 108 reviews, and an average rating of 7.83/10. The website's criticalconsensus states, \"A powerful and uplifting documentary\". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Awards2004 BermudaInternational Film Festival Audience Choice Award - Briski, Kauffman; Documentary Prize - Briski, Kauffman2004 Cleveland International Film Festival Best Film - Briski, Kauffman2004 Full Frame Documentary FilmFestival Audience Award - Briski, Kauffman (tied with Word Wars)2004 International Documentary Association Award for Feature Documentaries - Briski, Kauffman, Geralyn Dreyfous-White, Pamela Boll (tied withFahrenheit 9/11)2004 National Board of Review Award for Best Documentary Feature - Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman2004 Seattle International Film Festival Golden Space Needle Award for Best Documentary - Briski,Kauffman2004 Sundance Film Festival Audience Award, Documentary - Kauffman2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Briski, Kauffman2005 Raindance Film Festival Closing Night FilmNominations2005Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentary - Briski, Kauffman2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Motion Picture, Documentary2004 Los Angeles Film Critics AssociationAwards for Best Documentary/Non-Fiction Film - Kauffman, Briski2004 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, Documentary - Kauffman, Briski2013 Calcutta Film Festival (funded by Walt Disney Pictures),Documentary - Spielberg, Steven. Lucas, George. Abrams, J. J.PreservationBorn into Brothels was preserved and restored by the Academy Film Archive and the UCLA Film & Television Archive in conjunction with theSundance Institute from a D5, a DigiBeta, a 35mm print and a Magneto Optical Disk. Restoration funding provided by the Sundance Institute and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The restoration had itsU.S. West Coast premiere at the UCLA Festival of Preservation in 2022.Passage 2:Antonio Rinaldi (cinematographer)Antonio Rinaldi was an Italian cinematographer and camera operator.  He worked exclusively fordirector Mario Bava on several films, including Planet of the Vampires (1965), Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs (1966), and Danger: Diabolik (1968).FilmographyPlanet of the Vampires (1965)Knives of the Avenger(1966)Kill, Baby, Kill! (1966)Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs (1966)Danger: Diabolik (1968)Five Dolls for an August Moon (1970)Roy Colt and Winchester Jack (1970)Four Times That Night (1971)Baron Blood(1972)External linksAntonio Rinaldi at IMDbPassage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village inPunjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because hisfather believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It wasthen that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for womenwho were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessedhow his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment andgender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He gothis medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrantcustoms and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came tomarrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of abeautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and KyleLowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Franciscowho promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 4:Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini MachineDr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine is a 1965 Pathécolor comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and distributed by AmericanInternational Pictures. Starring Vincent Price, Frankie Avalon, Dwayne Hickman, Susan Hart and Jack Mullaney, and featuring Fred Clark, the film is a parody of the then-popular spy trend (the title is a spoof of twoJames Bond films: the 1962 film Dr. No and the 1964 hit Goldfinger), made using actors from AIP's beach party and Edgar Allan Poe films. The film was retitled Dr G. and the Bikini Machine in England due to athreatened lawsuit from Eon, holder of the rights to the James Bond series.Despite its low production values, the film has achieved a certain cult status for the appearance of horror legend Price and AIP's beach partyfilm alumni, its in-jokes and over-the-top sexuality, the claymation title sequence designed by Art Clokey, and a title song performed by The Supremes. Its success led to a sequel, produced in 1966, entitled Dr.Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs.PlotPrice plays the titular mad scientist who, with the questionable assistance of his resurrected flunky Igor, builds a gang of female robots who are then dispatched to seduce and robwealthy men. Avalon and Hickman play the bumbling heroes who attempt to thwart Goldfoot's scheme. The film's climax is an extended chase through the streets of San Francisco.CastCast notesFrankie Avalon andDwayne Hickman play the same characters they did in the previous year's Ski Party, except that the characters' names were swapped.Annette Funicello makes a brief cameo appearance as a girl locked in medievalstocks in Dr. Goldfoot's lair. Frankie Avalon lifts her head, then looks at the camera and says, \"It can't be!\"  Pregnant with her first child at the time, Funicello was placed in the stocks in order to hide herstomach.Harvey Lembeck also makes a cameo appearance as his Eric Von Zipper character, enchained along with his motorcycle in Goldfoot's lair. Lembeck also appeared as Goldfoot's assistant, Hugo, in the TV specialThe Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot.Among the girls who play Goldfoot's robots are Deanna Lund, three years before joining the cast of Irwin Allen's science fiction series Land of the Giants; China Lee, a formerPlayboy Playmate married to Mort Sahl; Luree Holmes and Laura Nicholson, the daughters of James H. Nicholson; and Alberta Nelson, who was also in all seven of AIP's Beach Party films as a member of Eric VonZipper's motorcycle gang, The Rat Pack.ProductionDevelopmentThe original idea for this motion picture came from James H. Nicholson, the President of American International Pictures, who wanted to showcase theversatile talents of AIP contract player Susan Hart. Nicholson provided the story, and is credited as \"James Hartford\". He hired Robert Kaufman to write the first draft. Director Norman Taurog hired Elwood Ullman to doa rewrite, and Taurog remained intimately involved with the content. Deke Heyward later claimed, without substantiation, that he completely rewrote Robert Kaufman's script.The original title was announced as DrGoldfoot and the Sex Machine, and the film was to be directed by William Asher. Taurog shortly thereafter assumed the helm as director, and Dwayne Hickman joined the cast. Filming began in late summer 1965, withone of AIP's largest-ever budgets. It was the first AIP movie to cost over a million dollars.Vincent Price stated in a 1987 interview with David Del Valle that the original script was a camp musical, comparing it to LittleShop of Horrors. Price stated, \"It could have been fun, but they cut all the music out\", though it is not clear whether the footage was actually shot or the idea was abandoned during production. According to SusanHart:One of the best scenes I've seen on film was Vincent Price singing about the bikini machine – it was excellent. And I was told it was taken out because Sam Arkoff thought that Vincent Price looked too fey. But hischaracter was fey! By taking that particular scene out, I believe they took the explanation and the meat out of that picture... It was a really unique explanatory scene and Vincent Price was beautiful in it, right on themoney.According to Norman Taurog's biographer:The original plan had been to follow the AIP formula and have songs integrated throughout the film, but Norman brought in Elwood Ullman to do a rewrite ... and thefinal script read like a good-natured spoof on the James Bond films with no songs. This apparently disappointed Vincent Price, who had been looking forward to singing.ShootingThe film is notable for its scenicphotography of San Francisco. The streetcar scene was filmed at the West Portal tunnel. Filming went for over 30 days, taking place on location in San Francisco and on the backlots at the Producers Studio andMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. The day after the company returned from San Francisco, rioting broke out in Watts in South Los Angeles. On August 30, the unit moved to MGM Studios Lot 2 to shoot on their \"New YorkStreet\" set for a couple of days before returning to the Producers Studio.The climactic chase sequence was filmed in the Bay Area. The stuntmen included Carey Loftin, Paul Stader, Troy Melton, Jerry Summers, RonnieRon-dell, Bob Harris, Louis Elias, David Sharpe, Harvey Parry, and Bill Hickman.When designing Goldfoot's lair, Daniel Haller re-used some of his designs from 1961's The Pit and the Pendulum.  Stock footage ofbattleships from another AIP release, Godzilla vs. The Thing appears during the climax.Susan Hart's hair was done by Jon Peters.AccidentDuring filming in Los Angeles, the city was gripped by a heatwave. Sometimestemperatures on one of the sound stages reached over 100 °F (38 °C) by mid-afternoon. On the afternoon of August 15, 1965, the company was returning from lunch when one of the electricians, Roy Hicks, passed outfrom the heat and fell to his death from a catwalk.Theme songThe theme song was recorded by The Supremes as a single-sided unreleased promotional single.ReceptionThe film had its premiere at the Golden GateTheatre in San Francisco, where Nicholson had been a manager. The key cast members embarked on a 30-day tour of 18 cities in 13 countries to promote the film.Box officeAccording to Norman Taurog's biographer,the film \"was a moderate success in the United States, but did quite well in Europe, particularly in Italy\".Critical responseThe Los Angeles Times said the film \"has enough fresh, amusing gags to make it entertaining...Price is splendid\".SequelAIP Television produced a musical TV special episode promoting Doctor Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine that appeared for one night in temporary place of the ABC scheduled show Shindig! Thisshow, called The Wild Weird World of Dr. Goldfoot, starred Vincent Price, Tommy Kirk and Susan Hart, and featured many songs that may have been cut from the cinema release. Louis M. Heyward and Stanley Rosswrote the 30-minute short comedy musical TV special which aired Nov 18, 1965 on the ABC network.In July 1965, a sequel was announced to be made the following year called Dr. Goldfoot for President, to beginfilming on May 14, 1966, for a September 14 release. Vincent Price returned for the 1966 sequel, Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs, directed by Mario Bava.See alsoList of American films of 1965Passage 5:ZanaBriskiZana Briski (born 25 October 1966) is a British photographer and filmmaker, best known for Born into Brothels, the 2004 Oscar winner of the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, which she directed.She founded Kids with Cameras, a non-profit organization that teaches the art of photography to marginalized children in communities throughout the world. Her interest in photography began at age 10.After earning amaster's degree at the University of Cambridge, she studied documentary photography at International Center of Photography in New York. In 1995, she made her first trip to India, producing a story on femaleinfanticide. In 1997, Briski returned to India and began her project on the prostitutes of Calcutta's red-light district, which led to her work with the children of prostitutes.Her latest project Reverence is an experientialmultimedia exhibit about transformation. Inspired by dreams of a praying mantis, she was led around the world to collaborate with living insects, taking their portraits in photographs and film. \"My work is a tribute toinsects, to their intelligence, personality and elegant beauty,\" she says. The project raised initial funds through the crowdsourcing site Kickstarter in 2010.Briski has won numerous awards and fellowships including theOpen Society Institute Fellowship, the Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship in 2000 to research and photograph in the Brothels of India, a New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship, the Howard Chapnick Grant and1st Prize in 1999 in the World Press Photo foundation competition in the category \"Daily Life stories\". Briski and co-director Ross Kauffman were awarded grants from the Sundance Institute, the Jerome Foundation, andthe New York State Council on the Arts for Born into Brothels.Passage 6:Dr VictorVictor Khojane, better known as Dr Victor or Dr Vic, is a reggae and R&B musician, who was born in Kimberley, SouthAfrica.CareerKhojane began playing when he was a student, in a band called CC Beat, mainly influenced by afropop stars such as Blondie and Papa, Harare Mambo Band and Jonathan Butler, as well as someAfro-American acts (mainly the Jackson Five). In 1984, CC Beat began playing nightclubs in Johannesburg; at the time, they managed to sign with label CCP Records (an affiliate of EMI), but the contract was laterdismissed. Another label, Dephon Records, put them under contract shortly thereafter. CC Beat changed their name to 'Taxi' and did sessions for Lucky Dube and other bands.In 1991, the band changed label again,signing for independent label CSR. They recorded their first album, an Eddy Grant tribute entitled The Rasta Rebels. This work was highly successful, to the point that they decided to change the name of the band toRasta Rebels. At about the same time, Khojane adopted the pseudonym Dr Victor.Dr Victor then recorded a few solo albums, such as Badayo, Hello Afrika, and One Goal, One Wish. All these works were quite successfulin South Africa, and Dr Victor was invited to open for international stars such as Paul Simon, Gloria Estefan and Janet Jackson. In 1997, Dr Victor's album Faya was his first work to get international attention, selling wellin France, Mexico, Japan and the Middle East.At the end of the 1990s, Dr Victor reunited the Rasta Rebels, and a collection, The Best of the Rasta Rebels with one unreleased track, \"I Love to Truck\", was released. Boththe collection and the new song, published as a single, sold well. In the following years, Dr Victor has alternated solo productions (such as Sunshine Daze in 2003 and If You Wanna Be Happy in 2004) and Rasta Rebelsalbums (When Somebody Loves You Back, 2006).DiscographyThe Rasta Rebels (1991)BadayoHello AfrikaFaya (1997)The Best of the Rasta Rebels (raccolta)Stress (2000)Sunshine Daze (2003)If You Wanna Be Happy(2004)When Somebody Loves You Back (2006), ElectromodePassage 7:Micheline BernardiniMicheline Bernardini (born 1 December 1927) is a French former nude dancer at the Casino de Paris who agreed to model, on5 July 1946, Louis Réard's two-piece swimsuit, which he called the bikini, named four days after the first test of an American nuclear weapon at the Bikini Atoll.Réard's bikiniDesigner Louis Réard could not find a runway"}
{"doc_id":"doc_179","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Battle for BrooklynBattle for Brooklyn is a 2011 documentary that follows the stories of a Brooklyn neighborhood as the residents fight to save their homes from being destroyed by an impending real estateproject. The film attempts to show the unjust outcomes that are possible when moneyed interests partner up with government entities to outweigh the rights of citizens.Film contentSet in the years between 2003 and2011, the story follows graphic designer Daniel Goldstein, the last defiantly remaining homeowner in his building, as he battles Bruce Ratner's Forest City real estate company and their plans to complete the AtlanticYards Project in the Prospect Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. The massive building project – according to the filmmakers, the densest real estate development in U.S. history – required the procurement of 22 acres ofland, and would bring a sports complex to house the New Jersey Nets along with 16 high-rise buildings to the heart of Brooklyn. Initially tasked with filling the behemoth 22 acre complex was architect Frank Gehry, whoNPR calls \"American architecture's prince of wasted space\". The film documents that the land was obtained by the developers through various means including the controversial declaration of the buildings in the area as\"blighted\", and the utilization of eminent domain to seize land from businesses and homeowners in the proposed project area.Director Michael Galinsky explained that it was their intention to create an immersiveexperience devoid of excessive commentary by \"talking heads\" in order to allow the viewer some latitude to experience the events of the film for themselves.  The result of this immersive experience after 7 years offilming can be seen as a character study of Daniel Goldstein – in the background of the story of the formation of Develop Don't Destroy Brooklyn and the fight against the development, Goldstein, through the course ofthe filming, experiences personal triumphs and great sadness, including the death of his mother, the breakup with his fiancée, the formation of a new relationship, and the birth of his child. The film documents his\"evolution from a bewildered property owner to sophisticated spokesman and property rights activist.\"The formation of the community activism group Develop Don't Destroy Brooklyn (DDDB) with the help of NYCCouncilmember Letitia James helped bring Goldstein's cause into the public eye, quickly gaining the support of Brooklyn-based actors like Steve Buscemi, Rosie Perez and John Turturro, and conservative columnistGeorge Will.ProductionThe film, which was shortlisted for an Academy Award in 2012 for the 84th Academy Awards, was produced and directed by Michael Galinsky and Suki Hawley. Hawley and Galinsky beganproduction in 2003, when they came across a flyer explaining the protest. Galinsky started shooting the very same afternoon. The film's importance extends beyond Goldstein's fight against the abuse of eminentdomain, Galinsky describes the film as being \"really about the people retaking narratives from the media which is faltering ... in these situations.\"  The film received its initial financing from the New York-basednon-profit Moving Picture Institute.In a 2011 interview, Galinsky described the events that led to the start of filming:I saw an article in the paper that said, \"A development project is coming to Brooklyn. Hooray!\" Ithought, \"This seems a little bit weird.\" I knew the area it was coming to. It seemed it was impossible. It's in the middle of playgrounds and neighborhoods. My daughter went to daycare a block from there. So, when Isaw a flyer saying, \"stop the project,\" I immediately picked it up, called the number on the flyer, and the woman who answered was Patti Hagan, who I could tell right away was an interesting character. So I startedshooting that afternoon. That was eight years ago.On April 30, 2011, Battle for Brooklyn premiered in Toronto at the HotDocs Film Festival.Critical receptionAndrew O'Hehir of Salon says of the film's appeal, \"No doubt\"Battle for Brooklyn\" will be of most interest to New Yorkers, and particularly to people who live or work in the city's most populous borough. But the film's basic situation — local residents and community activists vs.the development schemes of major politicians and big business — is an archetypal element of urban life, one that can be found in almost any city, large or small, from Maine to California.\"S. James Snyder of Time OutNew York writes, \"Nothing propels a documentary like injustice, and Michael Galinsky and Suki Hawley's infuriating chronicle of an outer-borough David-versus-Goliath saga plays like a marathon of inequity.\"GaryGoldstein of the Los Angeles Times said that although the film is \"not exactly even-handed, the movie proves a deft look at a reluctant crusader and how financial sway and political override can so effectively trump thepower of the average citizen.\"Awards and recognition2011 Best Documentary & Best Film – Brooklyn Film FestivalNew York Times Critics' PickFilm Festivals2011 Chicago Underground Film Festival2011 Rooftop FilmsSummer Series2011 Brooklyn Film Festival (United States Premiere)2011 HotDocs (World Premiere)Passage 2:List of artists from BrooklynBrooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, New York. Manyartists have originated from Brooklyn or have relocated there.Brooklyn-based fine artistsPaintersRuth Abrams (1912 – 12 March 1986) – New York School painter who was born in Brooklyn. As a painter, she belonged tothe New York School. After her death, a critic from The New York Times remarked that she was \"a woman unfairly neglected in a macho era.\" Her papers are held at the Yeshiva University Museum and the SmithsonianArchives of American Art.Alexander Brook (July 14, 1898 – February 26, 1980) – American artist and critic who was born in Brooklyn. During his twenties, Brooks painted still lifes and posed figures with vigor andsensuality. He later began to emulate the style of Jules Pascin. From 1924 to 1927 he was the assistant director of Whitney Studio Club. His realist painting was exhibited widely and he won multiple awards. GeorgiaJungle won the Carnegie Prize at the Carnegie International art exhibition. Unfortunately for Brook, the realist style fell out of favor late in the 1940s.Marion Greenwood (April 6, 1909 – August 20, 1970) – painter andengraver who had lived in Brooklyn.Breuk Iversen (born July 25, 1964) – lived in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and is the founding member of the art collaborative known as \"Offalists\", using common refuse as a medium.NellChoate Jones (1879–1981) – artist who had lived in Brooklyn Jones was awarded an honorary doctorate by the State University of New York in 1972 and received the Distinguished Citizen Award from the BrooklynMuseum of Art in 1979. She exhibited regularly across North America in the 1940s and 1950s as well as overseas in France, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece, and Japan. Her work can be found in many museums,including the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia and the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta, Georgia.Tim Okamura (born 1968) – painter based in Brooklyn Okamura is known for his depiction of African-Americanand minority subjects in urban settings, and his combination of graffiti and realism. His work has been featured in several major motion pictures and in London's National Portrait Gallery. He was also one of severalartists to be shortlisted in 2006 for a proposed portrait of Queen Elizabeth of England.Michael Anthony Pegues (born May 11, 1962) – artist and designer, born and raised in Brooklyn. Self-taught, modern-day Fauve,Expressionist as well as Pop artist, contemporary of Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, his work is strongly influenced by Hip Hop and Graffiti.David Salle (born September 28, 1952) – painter and leadingcontemporary figurative artist, Salle helped define postmodern sensibility. His paintings and prints comprise what appear to be randomly juxtaposed images, or images placed on top of one other with deliberatelyham-fisted techniques.Walter Satterlee (January 18, 1844 – May 28, 1908) – American figure and genre painter who was born in Brooklyn. He was a member of the American Water Color Society and of the New YorkEtching Club, and was an excellent teacher. Satterlee died in Brooklyn in 1908.Susan Sills – drawings and portraits.Danny Simmons (born August 17, 1953) – abstract-expressionist painter who was a Brooklyn residentin 2009 Simmons is the co-founder and Chairman of Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation (since 1995), which provides disadvantaged urban youth with arts access and education. Simmons also founded Rush Arts Galleryand soon thereafter converted part of his loft in Brooklyn into the Corridor Gallery. Both galleries provide exhibition opportunities to early and mid-career artists who do not have commercial representation throughgalleries or private dealers.Andrea Zittel (born September 6, 1965) – installation artist who has lived in Brooklyn Zittel produced her first \"Living Unit\"—an experimental structure intended to reduce everythingnecessary for living into a simple, compact system—as a means of facilitating basic activities within her 200-square-foot (19 m2) Brooklyn storefront apartment.Photographers and video artistsStephen Shames (born1968) – photographer who was living in Brooklyn in 2008Ka-Man Tse – photographer, video artist, and educator based in Brooklyn.See alsoList of people from BrooklynLists of artists by nationalityPassage 3:Battle forRomeBattle for Rome may refer to:The title under which the series Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire was transmitted on the Discovery ChannelOne of the alternative names for what is now more commonlyreferred to as the Battle of Monte CassinoSee alsoCapture of Rome (1870) by the Kingdom of SardiniaBattle of Rome (disambiguation)Siege of Rome (disambiguation)Sack of Rome (disambiguation)Fall of Rome(disambiguation)Battle (disambiguation)Rome (disambiguation)Passage 4:Battle for EarthBattle for Earth may refer to:Alien invasionTransformers: Battle for Earth, a book in the Transformers franchise.MarvelAvengers: Battle for Earth, a 2012 motion-controlled fighting video game.Planet of the Apemen: Battle for Earth, a 2011 BBC documentary.Maelstrom: The Battle for Earth Begins, a 2007 real-time strategygame.Godzilla vs. Mothra, or Godzilla and Mothra: The Battle for Earth, a 1992 Japanese kaiju film.Battle for Terra, a 2007 animated science fiction film.Battle for Earth (Wing Commander), a fictional event in the WingCommander novel series.Passage 5:John Nelson PartridgeJohn Nelson Partridge (1838 – April 8, 1920)  was the Police Commissioner for Brooklyn and Fire Commissioner for Brooklyn in the 1880s before the merger intoNew York City. He was the New York Superintendent of Public Works, and the New York City Police Commissioner from 1902 to 1903.BiographyHe was born in 1838 In Leicester, Massachusetts. From 1886 to 1887 hewas president of the Brooklyn City and Newtown Railroad.He was the New York City Police Commissioner from 1902 to 1903. During his tenure he wanted to move the New York City police headquarters from MulberryStreet to Times Square.In 1906 he married Charlotte Held.They then moved to Westport, Connecticut. He died on April 8, 1920, in Westport, Connecticut.Passage 6:CrimebusterCrimebuster or crime busters orvariation, may refer to:ComicsCrimebuster (Boy Comics), alter-ego of Chuck Chandler, fictional boy hero of the 1940s-1950sCrimebuster (Marvel Comics)Crimebusters (DC Comics), a short-lived team appearing inWatchmenFilmsThe Crimebusters, a 1961 crime filmCrimebusters (film), a 1976 crime filmCrime Busters, a 1977 action-comedy filmCrimebuster: A Son's Search for His Father (2012 film) award-winning documentaryfilm by Lou DematteisTelevisionCrime Buster (television series), 1968 UK television series\"Crimebusters\" (1989 TV episode), season 4 number 12 episode 62 of Perfect Strangers\"Crimebusters\" (1992 TV episode),season 5 number 2 episode 56 of ChuckleVision\"Crimebusters\" (2009 TV episode), season 19 number 13 episode 434 of Law & Order,Other uses\"CRIME BUSTER\", cover art for the Evil Empire (1996) albumcoverCrimebusters, fictional characters from Mighty Mouse: The New AdventuresCrimebusters FC, a soccer team from Eugu, Nigeria; from the Nigeria Nationwide LeagueThe American series of The ThreeInvestigators#Crimebusters (1989–1990)See alsoAll pages with titles containing crime bustersAll pages with titles containing crime busterAll pages with titles containing crimebustersAll pages with titles containingcrimebusterCrime Busters x 2, a 2008 Singaporean Chinese dramaCrimebusters + Crossed Wires: Stories from This American Life, a compilation albumBuster (disambiguation)Crime (disambiguation)LawenforcementPassage 7:1908 in organized crime== Events ==A gang war breaks out between Paul Kelly's Five Points Gang and \"Kid Twist\" Max Zwerbach's Eastman Gang.By the end of the year Johnny Torrio's twodozen Brooklyn brothels earn over $5,000 a week.Frankie Yale is allowed to join Johnny Torrio's Black Hand organization in New York.Hymie Weiss is first arrested for burglary. It is this incident that, while caughtrobbing a perfume store, he is dubbed the \"Perfume Burglar\" by Chicago reporters.Joseph Petrosino arrests Neapolitan camorrista Enrico Costabili, who is later deported to Italy.Sicilian mafiosi Raffaele Palizzolo, wantedfor murder, escapes Sicily and  arrives in New York. He later leaves the city before Joseph Petrosino can arrest him.Then 17-year-old Salvatore Sabella, future boss of the Philadelphia crime family, is sentenced to threeyears imprisonment in Milan for the murder of a local butcher, of which he was an apprentice, in 1905.April 25 – Frank Costello is arrested for assault and robbery but is released.May 14 – Eastman Gang leader MaxZwerbach and lieutenant Vach Lewis are killed in an ambush by members of the Five Points Gang after an argument between Zwerbach and Louis Pioggi over Coney Island dance hall girl Carrol Terry.July 23 – Laborracketeer Cornelius Shea is sentenced to six months in prison for abandoning his wife and two young children.BirthsErnest Rupolo, Genovese crime family assassinMarch 17 – Raymond L. S. Patriarca, boss of thePatriarca crime familyMay 24 – Sam (Salvatore) Giancana, boss of the Chicago OutfitJune 30 – Samuel \"Teets\" Battaglia, member of the Chicago OutfitSeptember 6 – Anthony Joseph Biase, leader of the Omaha factionof the National Crime SyndicateOctober 7 – Harry \"Happy\" Maione, Murder, Inc. hitmanDeathsMay 14 – Max Zwerbach, leader of New York City's Eastman GangMay 14 – Vach Lewis, Eastman Gang lieutenantPassage8:Crime in the StreetsCrime in the Streets is a 1956 film about juvenile delinquency, directed by Don Siegel and based on a television play written by Reginald Rose. The play first appeared on the Elgin Hour and wasdirected by Sidney Lumet.The film, starring James Whitmore and John Cassavetes, also featured actor Sal Mineo, who had previously appeared in Rebel Without A Cause.  From his role in Crime in the Streets, Mineoearned a Hollywood nickname, \"The Switchblade Kid.\" Malcolm Atterbury, Virginia Gregg and future director Mark Rydell had prominent roles.Siegel adapted the play to a film by expanding some sequences but keepingmuch of the same cast.  His credited dialogue coach on the film was Sam Peckinpah.PlotAfter a rumble between New York City street gangs, the Hornets and Dukes, a youth is taken captive and threatened with a zipgun by Lenny Daniels, one of the Hornets. The act is witnessed by a neighbor, McAllister, who tells the cops.Lenny is arrested and sentenced to a year in jail. Hornets leader Frankie Dane decides to get even. Seeminglyincorrigible, 18-year-old Frankie resists all efforts to get through to him by social worker Ben Wagner or his worried mother, who was abandoned by Frankie's father when he was eight.Frankie threatens McAllister, whoisn't afraid of Frankie. McAllister even slaps him, then walks away. An angry Frankie then enlists friends Lou Macklin and Angelo \"Baby\" Gioia to assist in killing McAllister, which frightens Frankie's 10-year-old brotherRichie, who overhears the plotting.Baby is slapped by his father who orders, then pleads, with him to stop hanging out with the no-good Frankie. An effort is made by Wagner to understand the boys rather than beangry with them, and Richie tells him of Frankie's plans to commit a murder. Wagner talks to Frankie, seemingly to no avail. The three conspirators go to bed, to later use as their alibi, and wait until the agreed upontime to act. McAllister is trapped in an alley at 1:30 in the morning by the three. Richie stops his brother just-in-time, but ends up with a knife held to his throat by angry Frankie, while McAllister and other two run off,as the intended victim yells for help.Wagner appears due to the commotion, and watches as Frankie finally comes to his senses and lets his brother go. He is then accompanied by Wagner to the approachingpolice.CastJames Whitmore as Ben WagnerJohn Cassavetes as Frankie DaneSal Mineo as Angelo \"Baby\" GioiaVirginia Gregg as Mrs. DaneMalcolm Atterbury as McAllisterMark Rydell as Lou MacklinDenise Alexander asMaria GioiaPeter J. Votrian as Richie DaneHome mediaWarner Bros. released the film on DVD on July 13, 2010, in its Film Noir Classic Collection, Vol. 5.Passage 9:The Wrong DoyleThe Wrong Doyle is a mystery crimenovel by Robert Girardi.Plot summaryTim Doyle returns to the Eastern Shore of Virginia after the death of his Uncle Buck.  He meets the keeper of Uncle Buck's inheritance, Maggie Peach."}
{"doc_id":"doc_180","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:I Believe in Miracles (film)I Believe in Miracles is a 2015 film directed by Jonny Owen.PlotThe film tells the story of football club Nottingham Forest's rise, under Brian Clough and Peter Taylor, to becomingEnglish champions in 1978 and European champions in 1979 and 1980. The film features documentary footage of matches and interviews with many of the former Forest players who played at the time.The film'ssoundtrack includes funk and soul music from the 1970s, including the song from which its title is based, featuring versions from The Jackson Sisters and Mark Capanni.A book of the same name to accompany therelease of the film was written by Daniel Taylor, chief football writer of The Guardian.Passage 2:Saturday Night at the Movies (disambiguation)Saturday Night at the Movies was a Canadian weekly television series.Saturday Night at the Movies may also refer to:NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, an American weekly prime time network television series\"Saturday Night at the Movies\" (song), a song by The Drifters, released in1964, written by Barry Mann and Cynthia WeilSaturday Night at the Movies (album), a 2017 album by Joe McElderrySaturday Night at the Movies, a 2013 album by The OvertonesPassage 3:A Month of Sundays (2015film)A Month of Sundays is a 2015 film starring Anthony LaPaglia.PlotReal estate agent Frank Mollard won't admit it, but he can't move on. Divorced but still attached, he can't sell a house in a property boom - muchless connect with his teenage son. One night Frank gets a phone call from his mother. Nothing out of the ordinary. Apart from the fact that she died a year ago.Thus blossoms a charming and unusual friendship with anelderly woman which inspires Frank to reconnect with life.CastAnthony LaPaglia as Frank MollardJulia Blake as SarahJohn Clarke as Phillip LangWayne Anthoney as Noel LangJustine Clarke as Wendy McKinnonTerenceCrawford as StuartGary Sweet as Gary SweetReceptionOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on reviews from 19 critics.Luke Buckmaster of The Guardian wrote \"Situations, subplots andeven barely seen characters are unified with an almost cosmic sense of fate.\" David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews wrote \"One can only hope that this marks a temporary stumble for an otherwise talented filmmaker.\" PaulByrnes in the Sydney Morning Herald said \"A Month of Sundays is a small miracle of a film – an odd combination of modesty and ambition.\"Passage 4:Manhattan AngelManhattan Angel is a 1949 American comedymusical film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and starring Gloria Jean, Patricia Barry and Thurston Hall.It was originally called Sweetheart of the Blues. It was made after I Surrender Dear.PlotGloria Cole and Eddie Swensonare working to keep an old house, now being used as a youth center, from being razed to make room for a new skyscraper in Manhattan. Gloria enters a friend in a beauty contest with a $25,000 first prize and, aftersome iffy-maneuvering, her friend wins the contest and the money goes to preserving the youth center.CastGloria Jean as Gloria ColeRoss Ford as Eddie SwensonPatricia Barry as Maggie Graham (as PatriciaWhite)Thurston Hall as Everett H. BurtonAlice Tyrrell as Queenie WaltersBenny Baker as Aloysius DuffRussell Hicks as J.C. RaylandFay Baker as Vi LangdonJimmy Lloyd as ElmerToni Harper as ToniThe SweetheartChoristers as SingersSee alsoList of American films of 1949Passage 5:Amy (2015 film)Amy is a 2015 British documentary film directed by Asif Kapadia and produced by James Gay-Rees. The film covers Britishsinger-songwriter Amy Winehouse's life and her struggle with substance abuse, both before and after her career blossomed, and which eventually caused her death. In February 2015, a teaser trailer based on the life ofWinehouse debuted at a pre-Grammys event. David Joseph, CEO of Universal Music UK, announced that the documentary titled Amy would be released later that year. He further stated: \"About two years ago wedecided to make a movie about her—her career and her life. It's a very complicated and tender movie. It tackles lots of things about family and media, fame, addiction, but most importantly, it captures the very heart ofwhat she was about, which is an amazing person and a true musical genius.\"Amy premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, being shown in the Midnight Screenings section. Distributed by the Altitude and A24, it wasreleased theatrically on 3 July 2015. The film received critical acclaim, garnering 33 nominations and winning a total of 30 awards, including Best Documentary at the 28th European Film Awards, Best Documentary atthe 69th British Academy Film Awards, Best Music Film at the 58th Grammy Awards and the Best Documentary Feature at the 88th Academy Awards. The success of Amy and the music of its soundtrack also ledWinehouse to her second posthumous nomination at the 2016 BRIT Awards for British Female Solo Artist.SynopsisThe film narrative is focused on the life of singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse, who was found dead on 23July 2011 from alcohol poisoning, at the age of 27 at her home in Camden, North London.The film starts with a 1998 home movie depicting a 14-year-old Winehouse singing along with her long-time friend, JulietteAshby, at the birthday party of their mutual friend, Lauren Gilbert, at a home in Southgate, London. The rest of the documentary shows the songwriter's life, in a chronological order from her early childhood, to hermusic career, which attained commercial success through her debut album, Frank (2003), and second, final album Back to Black (2006), to her troubled relationships, self-harm, bulimia, the controversial mediaattention, and her downfall with her drug and alcohol addiction, all until her death in 2011. Winehouse is featured throughout the film talking about her early influences and how she felt about fame, love, depression,family and her music career.Kapadia conducted more than 100 interviews with Winehouse's friends and family that combine to provide a narrative around the star's life and is billed as \"the singer in her own words.\" Thefilm shows extensive unseen footage and unheard tracks Winehouse had recorded in the years before she died. Unheard tracks featured in the film are either rare live sessions, such as \"Stronger Than Me\", \"In My Bed\",\"What Is It About Men?\" and Donny Hathaway's \"We're Still Friends\", a cover of Johnny Mercer's \"Moon River\" from when Winehouse attended the National Youth Jazz Orchestra at the age of 16 in 2000 or never-beforeheard songs the star wrote, such as \"Detachment\" and \"You Always Hurt The Ones You Love\".There are various pieces of extensive, unseen archive footage of Winehouse, such as when she is video-recorded in a cabwith friend Tyler James in January 2001 and driving to tours and on her long-term friend, Lauren Gilbert's holiday tape in Majorca, Spain in August 2005. The film also shows various interviews, such as with JonathanRoss, Tim Kash, and a funny video of when Winehouse is interviewed and talked to about singer Dido in 2004, when she promoted her debut album. The documentary also includes when Winehouse performed live fromLondon on the Grammy Awards in 2008, and won the award for \"Record of the Year\".The film also features footage from when she was filmed with her ex-husband Blake Fielder-Civil, various performances, and whenshe auditioned at Island Records in February 2003, singing \"I Heard Love Is Blind\". Also included is footage from when she was recording her second album in March 2006 and a duet single, \"Body and Soul\", with TonyBennett in March 2011 as her last recording before her death. Some outtakes are also featured of her last shambolic performance in Belgrade, Serbia, a month before she died. The film concludes with long-term friendJuliette Ashby talking about her last phone call with Winehouse, footage of Winehouse's body being taken out of her home after her death, and Bennett stating: \"Life teaches you really how to live it, if you live longenough.\" It then shows scenes from three days later of footage from Winehouse's funeral at Edgwarebury Cemetery and Golders Green Crematorium in North London. Closing clips end the film with videos of Winehousefrom her early years until her death, with Antonio Pinto's composition, \"Amy Forever\".ContributorsThe following heavily contributed in the documentary through archive footage andrecorded interviews:ProductionIn2012, Universal Music first approached film producer James Gay-Rees if the team behind the documentary film about Ayrton Senna would be interested in creating a project on Amy Winehouse.On 25 April 2013, it wasconfirmed and announced that the team behind the documentary film Senna (2010), including director Asif Kapadia and Universal Music, were making a film about the late singer-songwriter. It was revealed that thefilm would be very similar to Senna, and that unseen footage of Winehouse would be shown. Kapadia and Gay-Rees stated: \"Everyone fell under her spell. But tragically, Amy seemed to fall apart under the relentlessmedia attention, her troubled relationships, her global success and precarious lifestyle.\" They introduced the project at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, and it was said the documentary film would be released in2015.MusicThe documentary features various unheard tracks Winehouse had completed from when her career began in 2003 until her death. The film includes live sessions, such as: \"There Is No Greater Love\",\"Stronger Than Me\", \"In My Bed\", \"Rehab\" and \"What Is It About Men\", covers of Johnny Mercer's \"Moon River\" from when Winehouse was 16 at the National Youth Jazz Orchestra in 2000 and Donny Hathaway's \"We'reStill Friends\" and never-before heard songs the star wrote, such as \"Detachment\" and the lyrics to \"You Always Hurt The Ones You Love\", combined with Pinto's composition \"Amy Lives\". Winehouse is recorded in March2006 when she is recording her 2007 single \"Back to Black\" and there are also cuts and edits of her well-known tracks, which helps unveil every piece of footage in the film.SoundtrackOn 8 October 2015, Island Recordsannounced that the soundtrack for the film would be released on 30 October 2015. The soundtrack includes various tracks that were included in the documentary; including classic tracks from Winehouse andcompositions that were featured in the film by composer Antonio Pinto. The soundtrack was later released for the second time on vinyl in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2016.The twenty-three track albumincludes well-known tracks by Winehouse, such as \"Stronger Than Me\", \"Tears Dry on Their Own\", and \"Back to Black\", live sessions of \"What Is It About Men\", \"Rehab\", \"We're Still Friends\", and \"Love Is a LosingGame\", demo tracks; \"Some Unholy War\" and \"Like Smoke\"; a cover of The Zutons' \"Valerie\" performed by Winehouse and Mark Ronson and a 2011 version of \"Body and Soul\" performed by Winehouse and TonyBennett. The soundtrack is also the second posthumous compilation album of Winehouse's music.The commercial success and music behind the film earned Winehouse her second posthumous nomination at the 2016BRIT Awards for \"British Female Solo Artist\", won by singer Adele and the film won a Grammy Award for \"Best Music Film\" at the 2016 Grammy Awards. This was the ninth indication of Amy's career to this award andthe third posthumous. In December 2016, the nominations for the 2017 Grammy Awards were announced, and Amy was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media.ReleaseAmy wasreleased on 3 July 2015 in the United Kingdom, New York, and Los Angeles and worldwide on 10 July.The film had its world premiere at the midnight screenings section at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on 16 May 2015.Musicians such as HAIM, Leona Lewis, and Emeli Sandé were in attendance and gathered for the event, as well as the film crew. The film received its UK premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June2015.The film received a special screening in cinemas around the United Kingdom on 30 June, which was broadcast live from the London GALA Premiere at the Picturehouse. The screening provided questions from thepublic on Facebook, Twitter and from the audience. The film director Asif Kapadia, producer James Gay-Rees, and friend Nick Shymansky answered them and concluded with a tribute to Winehouse with her 2007 musicvideo \"Love Is a Losing Game\".MarketingOn 8 February 2015, a teaser trailer of Amy debuted at the pre-Grammy event in the build-up to the 2015 Grammy Awards. A teaser theatrical poster for the documentary filmwas released on 18 March 2015 on Twitter, and the first trailer was released on 2 April 2015, with receiving more than two million views Altitude Film's channel on YouTube. Footage from the teaser trailer showsWinehouse as a young woman at the beginning of her music career answering questions about how she sees herself as an artist and how she felt about fame.Various official teaser clips from the film were released onYouTube to the buildup and throughout the documentary's release in July by Altitude Film and A24, including clips of Winehouse talking about how she felt about depression, how she thinks she would have handled famefrom her early years, when she was recording her album Back to Black with her record producer Mark Ronson in March 2006 and when she was videotaped singing the \"Happy Birthday\" song at the fourteenth birthdayparty of her friend, Lauren Gilbert, in 1998 which received over one million views after 48 hours. In May 2015, the first teaser clip from the film was released. The short clip features a candid moment of Winehousemessing around with the camera and singing, while Nick Shymanksy, a member of her management team, recalls the beginning of her songwriting process; the video concludes with an unheard track Winehouse hadrecorded, \"Detachment\", which was arranged to be on her album Back To Black (2006).On 18 May 2015, the official theatrical poster was released on the film's Twitter page. On 20 May 2015, the first official full-lengthtrailer was released by Altitude Film. The trailer features the song \"Back To Black\", which was released in 2007. The video shows footage of Winehouse from her childhood to her early interviews, the rigorous mediaattention from the paparazzi, performances, various award winnings, her troubled relationship with her husband Blake Fielder-Civil and her statement of how she felt about him: \"I fell in love with someone I would diefor\". The trailer also contains voices from people Winehouse knew and how they felt about her, such as Tony Bennett and Mos Def. The video concludes with \"Love Is a Losing Game\" with footage of Winehouse, variousfive star reviews, and Winehouse saying: \"I don't think I'm going to be at all famous\", and, \"I'm not a girl trying to be a star... I'm just a girl that sings\". The trailer received more than one million views after 24 hourson A24's channel on YouTube. After the film's release, a second official trailer was released that captures the controversial fame of Winehouse's celebrity lifestyle and how she struggled with it throughout her career. On16 September 2015, another unseen clip was released of Winehouse videoed messing around with friend Nicky Shymansky in New York City in 2004, after the release of Frank (2003).Home mediaOn 16 September2015, it was announced by Universal Music that Amy would be released on DVD/Blu-ray and digital download on 2 November 2015 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was released in the United States on 1 December2015. The two-disc package includes the film feature along with special features; such as a selection of previously unseen footage of Winehouse, as well as rare performances at Metropolis Studios, the film trailers andthe making of the documentary. In November 2015, a special limited edition box set of Amy was released only in France, in which provides the film feature DVD, as well as a special booklet, a film poster, a selection ofAmy Winehouse photographs and a T-shirt themed on the film.ReceptionBox officeAmy has broken the UK box office record for the highest opening weekend of a British documentary film, grossing at £519,000 from 133cinemas three days after its release on 3 July. It also enjoyed success in the US, earning £142,000 from just six cinemas before it expanded in the following weeks. The film scored a $37,002 site average in the US inthree days. The film opened with $222,015 across six sites, with a location average of $37,002 – $10,000 more than Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) managed on its first weekend and even beating March of the Penguins(2005) 's $44,373 and the film has increased its box office peak after its initial release nationally on 10 July.Critical responseAmy received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 95% rating based on 222reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The site's consensus reads, \"As riveting as it is sad, Amy is a powerfully honest look at the twisted relationship between art and celebrity—and the lethal spiral of addiction.\"Metacritic reports an 85 out of 100 rating based on 41 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".Robbie Collin from The Telegraph rated the film as four out of five stars and praised the fact that \"Amy Winehouse's gloriousrise and heartbreaking fall is movingly documented by the director of Senna. Guy Lodge from Variety stated that: \"The rise and devastating fall of the gifted British soul singer is chronicled in this deeply felt doc from'Senna' director Asif Kapadia.\" Heat and Stylist both also rated the film five out of five, describing the film as \"brilliant\" and \"unmissable\". Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian gave the film five out of five, describing it as\"a tragic masterpiece\", and saying, \"This documentary about the late British soul singer is an overwhelmingly sad, intimate—and dismaying—study of a woman whose talent and charisma helped turn her into a target\".Geoffrey Macnab from The Independent also rated the documentary five out of five, reviewed it as \"brilliant\" and \"unutterably sad\", and stated: \"There were many, many contributory factors to Amy Winehouse going offthe rails, which are explored in the effect of Amy\". According to The Guardian, Amy has been placed at no. 3 out of \"The 50 Best Films of 2015 in Australia\" at the end of the year and has been placed at no. 6 out of \"The50 Best 2015  Films in the UK\".Family's responseThe film has been heavily criticised by Winehouse's father, Mitch Winehouse. He has distanced himself from the documentary, stating the film is \"misleading\" and\"contains some basic untruths\", according to his spokesman. On 7 May 2015, Winehouse's father Mitch appeared on This Morning and described the film as \"preposterous\". He further stated:\"The film is representing mein a not very good way. There is no balance, there's nothing about the foundation. It's portraying me and Amy in not a very good light.\"However, he also said that the film contains \"superb\" and \"beautiful\" footage ofWinehouse. He then added: \"Half of me wants to say don't go see it.  But then the other part of me is saying maybe go see the videos, put your headphones in and listen to Amy's music while they're watching thevideos.  It's the narrative that's the problem.\"Universal Music instigated the documentary but they only secured the cooperation of the singer's parents, Mitch and Janis Winehouse, when they signed up Kapadia as thedirector for the film. Winehouse's father, who was a fan of the director's previous documentary film Senna (2010), wanted the same treatment to be given to his late daughter's documentary. However, upon watchingthe completed film about Winehouse, Mitch was unhappy with how the film portrayed him. Feeling he had been portrayed as the villain, Mitch threatened legal action until limited changes were made to the film.However, he has still publicly condemned the final cut of the film, claiming that Kapadia had an agenda to make him the anti-hero from the start.Mitch requested that he wants the film to be further edited, but the filmcrew have declined his wish, adding: \"When we were approached to make the film, we came on board with the full backing of the Winehouse family, and we approached the project with total objectivity.\" They said thefilm reflects findings from around \"100 interviews with people that knew Amy\". On 3 July 2015 (the day Amy was initially released), the singer's father, Mitch appeared on Loose Women to defend his place against thefilm and announced that he and Winehouse's former boyfriend, Reg Traviss, are making an alternative film, entitled A Letter To Amy, so it's a \"more accurate\" project, to \"correct all the wrongs and omissions\" that werein Kapadia's film. On 24 February 2016, Winehouse's father, Mitch reappeared on This Morning once again and stated that he would prefer Adele to win the award that his late daughter was posthumously nominated for"}
{"doc_id":"doc_181","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Joshua SinclairJoshua Sinclair (born May 7, 1953) is an American writer, producer, actor and director born in New York City.FilmographyPassage 2:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a French film director born inParis.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc.Festival de Cannes1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, DominiquePinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma françaisCompetition selections:Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries \"Laurel Wreath\"Competition selections: Rotterdam,Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, CairoPaula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 -with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huître boudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLe quinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984- FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films\"militants\"TelevisionSeries of seven dramas in GermanNumerous documentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)Contemplatives... et femmes (TF1 -1976)Suzel Sabatier (FR3)Un autre Or Noir (FR3)Vivre en GéorgiePortrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)Television documentariesLa porte de Sarpest ouverte (1998)Une histoire balbynienne (2002)Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)Hana et Khaman (unfinished)En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)Le Lucernaire, une passion dethéâtreLes quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autreHistoire du peuple kurde (in development)Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)Réalisation de films institutionnels et industrielsPassage 3:Day of the PainterDayof the Painter is a 1960 American short film directed by Robert P. Davis. It was filmed at Mamaroneck Harbor in Mamaroneck, NY.Plot and critical responseTime magazine:An extremely funny 15-minute film, may betaken as a solemn leg-pull of the recent vogue for dribble-and-splotch painters, those athletic canvas-coverers whose style owes less to Van Gogh's brush technique than to Stan Laurel's custard pie stance.  Or it maybe taken as an explicit set of instructions for getting rich.The film, a first-time effort by three ex-admen, begins with a loving shot of wharfs, fishing shacks and sounding sea-the sort of vista once sketched avidly byartists and now appreciated chiefly by retired couples who tour Cape Cod in late September.  The artist is a burly fellow (Ezra Reuben Baker), recognizably aesthetic in paint-smeared dungarees, scurrilous red sweaterand combat boots.  He trundles a cart filled with paint buckets along a dock, then throws an enormous sheet of wallboard down on a mud flat ten feet below.Soberly, with exquisite skill, using first a vigorous forehand,then a precisely executed backhand, the painter slops color from buckets.  Clearly he is a master, for his stroke with the long-handled hoe is sure and strong, his touch with the dribble-stick more than Japanese in itsdelicacy.  And when he fills a flare pistol with paint and fires the last accent of orange at his abstraction, he does not pull the trigger.  He squeezes.When the thing dries, he hacks it up in random rectangles with a powersaw, then carefully signs each fragment.  A seaplane, labeled \"Galerie des Abstracts, Paris-New York,\" touches down.  A man debarks whose rich, dark overcoat obviously proclaims him an art dealer.  He strokes his jawas he examines the paintings, eventually selects a small one, shakes hands with the painter and takes off.  Pleased with himself, the painter matter-of-factly shoves the remaining works of art into the ocean.  This, asthe screen truly proclaims, is the end.New York Herald Tribune:A hilarious good - natured spoof of abstract-expressionist painting has been made the subject of a colored film-short called \"Day of the Painter.\".........Without sound or sub-titles (except for a delightful musical score somewhat reminiscent of that which accompanied the Alex Guinness film, \"The Horse's Mouth\") the film begins with the artist's awakening in acrumbling shack on a rickety pier reaching out over a picturesque stream.  His \"Wall Street Journal\" is delivered by boat, and, having ascertained that his investments are doing well, he loads a wheelbarrow withassorted cans of paint, long sticks, and a spray gun, has two helpers carry his enormous blank canvas, and sets off to his muddy \"studio\" by the side of the stream.  All day long he flings, scatters, shoots, pushes paintall over his canvas and himself.  The picture grows, and, actually, turns out to be quite handsome-in the Jackson Pollock manner, of course, but attractive for all it imitativeness.  Sea gulls and swans waddle by, theirexpressions rather suggesting that of critics.At last the painter is finished, carefully studies his work-and then proceeds to cut the enormous canvas up into pieces.At the end of the day a small seaplane comes by, docksalongside the pier, while the passenger-pilot, looking like any 57th St. dealer you care to name, surveys the day's work.  He examines carefully, he ponders, and he finally selects one small segment of the canvas,places it in the plane, and takes off.The painter takes all the other pieces, tosses them into the stream, and they float away with the gulls and swans, not unlike the unforgettable Gulley Jimson, in \"The Horse's Mouth,\"floating gallantly out to sea in his battered tugboat.Audiences, apparently, are enjoying the film-except for a group the other night who were plainly pro-abstract-expressionism, and hissed when the rest of the houseapplauded.  None of it was ill-natured, however, probably because the abstract-expressionism picture being kidded looks so agreeable.AwardsDay of the Painter won an Oscar at the 33rd Academy Awards in 1961 forBest Short Subject.Passage 4:Jacques DécombeJacques Décombe is a French author, actor and director born in 1953.BiographyAfter he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of theshows of Les Inconnus at the request of Didier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show. (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991. He also directed shows by Charlotte de Turckheim,Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel...Passage 5:Robert P. DavisRobert P. Davis (October 8, 1929 – November 7, 2005) was an American author, screenwriter, and film director whose works areprimarily centered on aviation.His 1960 short film, Day of the Painter, won an Academy Award in 1961 for Best Short Subject.Davis's 1976 novel The Pilot, about an alcohol-abusing airline captain, served as the sourcematerial for his screenplay for the motion picture of the same title, released in 1980, in which Cliff Robertson acted out the lead role and which Robertson also directed.Movies and TVDay of the Painter (short film)(1960)The Pilot (1980)Final Descent (TV) (1997), based on The Glass CockpitBooksThe Pilot (New York: Morrow, 1976)Cat Five (New York: Pocket Books, 1977)Control Tower (New York: Putnam's, 1980)The GlassCockpit (1991)Passage 6:Yolonda RossYolonda Ross is an American actress, writer and director.Life and careerRoss was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska. She began her acting career in New York, appearing in theepisodes of television series New York Undercover and Third Watch. Before landing the leading role in the independent drama film, Stranger Inside (2001). The movie produced by HBO, first premiered on television, butRoss was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance. She later had supporting roles in a number of independent productions and guest-starred on Law & Order and Law & Order: CriminalIntent, and in 2011 had a recurring role of HBO's Treme.Ross co-starred alongside LisaGay Hamilton in the critically acclaimed 2013 independent drama film, Go for Sisters. She received Independent Spirit Award forBest Supporting Female nomination for her performance in film. She later was cast opposite Viola Davis in Lila & Eve. In 2015, Ross played Robyn Crawford, the friend, assistant, and reported girlfriend of WhitneyHouston, in the Lifetime movie, Whitney directed by Angela Bassett.In 2017, Ross had a recurring role opposite Viola Davis in the ABC legal thriller How to Get Away with Murder. The following year she was cast in aseries regular role in the Showtime drama series, The Chi.FilmographyFilm and TV MoviesTelevisionAwards and nominationsPassage 7:Kurt LandKurt Landesberger (19 February 1913, Vienna, Austria – 13 July 1997New York City) was an Austrian born Argentine film director of the 1950s and 1960s.Born in Vienna, Land moved to Argentina in the 1930s and began as a film editor, editing for some 20 films in the 1940s. However, bythe early 1950s he became interested in directing and directed a number of popular Argentine films in the 1950s such as the 1955 film Adiós problemas starring Enrique Muiño and the 1957 picture Alfonsina whichstarred actress Amelia Bence. He also worked regularly with classic Argentine actress Olga Zubarry.He directed his last film in 1970 in Buenos Aires. He died in New York City in 1997.Selected filmographyEditorMadameBovary (1947)Stella (1943) Credited as Kurt Land.La casta Susana (1944) Credited as Kurt Land.Villa Rica del Espíritu Santo (1945) Credited as Kurt Land.Lauracha (1946) Credited as Kurt Land.ProducerSeven Women(1944)DirectorHoy canto para ti (1950)¡Qué hermanita! (1951)Vuelva el primero (1952)Como yo no hay dos (1952)Asunto terminado (1953)Mercado negro (1953)La telaraña (1954)Los problemas de papá (1954)Adiósproblemas (1955)La Delatora (1955)Bacará (1955)Surcos en el mar (1956)Estrellas de Buenos Aires (1956)Alfonsina  (1957)Dos basuras  (1958)Evangelina (1959)El asalto  (1960)La Culpa  (1969)El sátiro  (1970)ElHombre del año  (1970)External linksKurt Land at IMDbPassage 8:Sepideh FarsiSepideh Farsi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 1965) is an Iranian director.Early yearsFarsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris tostudy mathematics.  However, eventually she was drawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films. A main theme of her works is identity. She still visits Tehran eachyear.Awards/RecognitionFarsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009. She won the FIPRESCI Prize (2002), Cinéma du Réel and Traces de Vie prize (2001) for\"Homi D. Sethna, filmmaker\" and Best documentary prize in Festival dei Popoli (2007) for \"HARAT\".Recent NewsOne of her latest films is called Tehran Bedoune Mojavez (Tehran Without Permission).  The 83-minutedocumentary shows life in Iran's crowded capital city of Tehran, facing international sanctions over its nuclear ambitions and experiencing civil unrest.  It was shot entirely with a Nokia camera phone because of thegovernment restrictions over shooting a film.  The film shows various aspects of city life including following women at the hairdressers talking of the latest fads, young men speaking of drugs, prostitution and othersocietal problems, and the Iranian rapper “Hichkas”.  The  dialogue is in Persian with English and Arabic subtitles. In December 2009, Tehran Without Permission was shown at the Dubai International FilmFestival.FilmographyRed Rose (2014)Cloudy Greece (2013)Zire Âb / The house under the water (2010)Tehran bedoune mojavez / Tehran without permission (2009)If it were Icarus (2008)Harat (2007)Negah / TheGaze (2006)Khab-e khak / Dreams of Dust (2003)Safar-e Maryam / The journey of Maryam (2002)Mardan-e Atash / Men of Fire (2001)Homi D. Sethna, filmmaker (2000)Donya khaneye man ast / The world is myhome (1999)Khabe Âb / Water dreams (1997)Bâd-e shomal / Northwind (1993)Passage 9:Fred Roy KrugFred R. Krug is an American film and television producer-director born in Bern, Switzerland.Passage 10:DosbasurasDos basuras is a 1958 Argentine film. This black and white production was directed by Kurt Land and the script by Jose Maria Fernandez, Alfredo Unsain Ruanova, José María Fernández Unsain. It premiered onMay 2, 1958, and starred Amelia Bence, Luis Prendes, Naomi Laserre and Luis Tasca as protagonists.SynopsisA prostitute and Cloaquista try to put their lives together but a former wife complicates the relationship.Cast"}
{"doc_id":"doc_182","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Y asíAustria participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song \"Y así\" written by Christof Spörk and Edi Köhldorfer. The song was performed by the group Global Kryner. The Austrian broadcasterÖsterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) organised the national final Song.Null.Fünf in order to select the Austrian entry for the 2005 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine. Five artists and ten songs competed in a televised show where apublic vote consisting of regional televoting and mobile phone voting exclusively selected \"Y así\" performed by Global Kryner as the winner.Austria competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest, which tookplace on 19 May 2005. Performing as the opening entry for the show in position 1, \"Y así\" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was laterrevealed that Austria placed twenty-first out of the 25 participating countries in the semi-final with 30 points.BackgroundPrior to the 2005 contest, Austria has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-one timessince its first entry in 1957. The nation has won the contest on one occasion: in 1966 with the song \"Merci, Chérie\" performed by Udo Jürgens. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the 2004 contest, Austria hasfeatured in only one final. Austria's least successful result has been last place, which they have achieved on seven occasions, most recently in 1991. Austria has also received nul points on three occasions: in 1962, 1988and 1991.The Austrian national broadcaster, Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), broadcasts the event within Austria and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. ORF confirmed their intentions to participateat the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest on 17 September 2004. From 1995 to 2000, ORF has held an internal selection to choose the artist and song to represent Austria at the contest, while the broadcaster had set upnational finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision for Austria from 2002 to 2004. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster also announced that theAustrian entry for the 2005 contest would be selected through a national final.Before EurovisionSong.Null.FünfSong.Null.Fünf (Song.Zero.Five) was the national final that selected Austria's entry for the Eurovision SongContest 2005. The competition took place on 25 February 2005 at the ORF Center in Vienna, hosted by Mirjam Weichselbraun and Christian Clerici and broadcast on ORF eins. The national final was watched by 630,000viewers in Austria.FormatFive artists with two songs each competed in the competition where the winner was selected by exclusively by public voting. Viewers were able to cast their votes via landline and the votingresults of each of the nine Federal States of Austria created an overall ranking from which points from 1-8, 10 and 12 were distributed. Viewers were also able to vote from mobiles via telephone or SMS and the overallranking of the entries was also assigned scores from 1-8, 10 and 12. After the combination of all scores, the entry with the highest number of points was selected as the winner.Competing entriesORF invited allinterested artists with a contract to a record company to apply to the broadcaster between 17 September 2004 and 30 September 2004. All applications were reviewed by a team of music professionals who nominatedfour artists to each submit two songs for the national final. On 20 October 2004, DJ Ötzi revealed that he had initially been selected for the competition but later withdrew after issues with creating his two candidateEurovision songs. An additional artist was nominated by the talent scout organisation Projekt Pop after an additional submission period was opened for interested artists without a contract to a record company to submittwo songs to the organisation between 4 November 2004 and 25 November 2004. The five artists and songs were revealed on 5 January 2005 and among the competing artists was former Austrian Eurovisionrepresentative Alf Poier who represented Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003.FinalThe televised final took place on 25 February 2005. Each of the five artists competed with two songs where regional televotingand mobile phone voting selected \"Y así\" performed by Global Kryner as the winner.ControversyThe national final caused controversy due to the format that was amended shortly before the show (the original formatwas to include two rounds of public voting where one song per artist would be selected in the first round to advance to the second round). When the results were published, 80% of the 337,179 votes registered weresubmitted via mobiles but distributed just as many points as each federal state did. It was also revealed that \"Good Old Europe Is Dying\" performed by Alf Poier received the most overall votes (45,000 votes more than\"Y así\") but placed second due to the voting system. Poier's manager René Berto stated: \"We prefer to be the moral winner rather than winning a cheap victory. Global Kryner did not win because of the fans, butbecause of ORF's last-minute change of the voting system.\"At EurovisionAccording to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the \"Big Four\" (France, Germany, Spain and the UnitedKingdom), and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2004 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 19 May 2005 in order to compete for the final on 21 May 2005; the top ten countries from the semi-finalprogress to the final. On 22 March 2005, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final and Austria was set to open the show and perform in position 1, before the entry fromLithuania. At the end of the show, Austria was not announced among the top 10 entries in the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Austria placed twenty-first in thesemi-final, receiving a total of 30 points.The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Austria on ORF 2 with commentary by Andi Knoll and via radio on Ö3 with commentary by Martin Blumenau. The Austrianspokesperson, who announced the Austrian votes during the final, was Dodo Roscic.VotingBelow is a breakdown of points awarded to Austria and awarded by Austria in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. Thenation awarded its 12 points to Croatia in the semi-final and to Serbia and Montenegro in the final of the contest.Points awarded to AustriaPoints awarded by AustriaPassage 2:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is thestage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recordedand donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music forfamilies until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to consider making music that \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nurseryrhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own. The first album, Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began to perform solo as CasparBabypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator RonHippe as a keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were the Caspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo. The reasons for the change were to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns couldcontinue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballew has made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballewruns the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, and masters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants hasreleased a total of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020. His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album. All 17 of the albums feature cover artby Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUN FAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am!(Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah ThomasMore Please! (Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe,Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Specialguests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)RiseAnd Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby! (Released 09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)SleepTight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)Easy Breezy! (Released11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) – Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up,Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep Hoping Machine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released2013) – vocals on Monkey LoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog KidPassage 3:BernieBonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rocksinger and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the lastsongs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 4:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist andbassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the careerof future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front,for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction(M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 5:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by TheDecemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defendthe singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as theB-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans tocomplete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen,brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar soloshowdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows acharacter named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member ChrisFunk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is aneon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of thehotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to takedown one member from each team, before they gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrickto watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previousassassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could getaway, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introducecharacters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"SixteenMilitary Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, withthe TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 6:Eric PapilayaAustria participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 with the song \"Get a Life – Get Alive\" written by Greg Usek and AustinHoward. The song was performed by Eric Papilaya. In October 2006, the Austrian broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) announced that they would be returning to the Eurovision Song Contest after a one-yearabsence following their withdrawal in 2006 due to poor results in the 2005 contest. On 20 February 2007, ORF announced that they had internally selected Eric Papilaya to compete at the 2007 contest in Helsinki,Finland, while \"Get a Life – Get Alive\" was presented to the public on 7 March 2007.Austria competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 10 May 2007. Performing during the show inposition 27, \"Get a Life – Get Alive\" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Austria placed twenty-seventh out of the28 participating countries in the semi-final with 4 points.BackgroundPrior to the 2007 contest, Austria has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-two times since its first entry in 1957. The nation has won thecontest on one occasion: in 1966 with the song \"Merci, Chérie\" performed by Udo Jürgens. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the 2004 contest, Austria has featured in only one final. Austria's least successfulresult has been last place, which they have achieved on seven occasions, most recently in 1991. Austria has also received nul points on three occasions; in 1962, 1988 and 1991.The Austrian national broadcaster,Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), broadcasts the event within Austria and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Following the 2005 contest, the Austrian broadcaster announced in June 2005 that thecountry would not participate in 2006 citing poor results in the 2005 contest as the reason for their decision. Following their one-year absence, ORF confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2007 Eurovision SongContest on 21 October 2006. From 2002 to 2005, ORF had set up national finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision for Austria. For the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest,ORF held an internal selection to choose the artist and song to represent Austria at the contest. This method had last been used by ORF in 2000.Before EurovisionInternal selectionOn 20 February 2007, ORF announcedthat they had internally selected Eric Papilaya to represent Austria in Helsinki. Papilaya participated in the third season of the talent show Starmania where he was a finalist. On 7 March 2007, the song \"Get a Life – GetAlive\", written by Greg Usek and Austin Howard was presented as the Austrian entry for the contest at an ORF press conference as well as via radio on Ö3. \"Get a Life – Get Alive\" was also announced as the official 2007theme song of the AIDS charity event Life Ball, continuing the historical relationship between the Austrian Eurovision entry and the Life Ball event.PromotionPrior to the contest, Eric Papilaya specifically promoted \"Get aLife – Get Alive\" as the Austrian Eurovision entry during his Get a Life bus tour, which departed from Vienna on 20 April and arrived in Helsinki for the contest on 4 May. The tour covered 15 cities across Europe andincluded several international television and radio appearances. In addition to his international appearances, Eric Papilaya performed \"Get a Life – Get Alive\" as a musical guest during the ORF eins programme DancingWith Stars on 20 April, while a farewell concert was held at the Heidenplatz on 20 April before the bus tour.At EurovisionAccording to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the \"Big Four\"(France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2006 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 10 May 2007 in order to compete for the final on 12 May 2007.On 12 March 2007, a special allocation draw was held which determined the running order for the semi-final. As one of the five wildcard countries, Austria chose to perform in position 27, following the entry from Turkeyand before the entry from Latvia.The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Austria on ORF 2 with commentary by Andi Knoll. The Austrian spokesperson, who announced the Austrian votes during the final, was EvaPölzl.Semi-finalEric Papilaya took part in technical rehearsals on 4 and 6 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 9 and 10 May. The Austrian performance featured Eric Papilaya performing on stage in a silver suit designedby British designer Vivienne Westwood with 2,000 Swarovski crystals attached, with the words \"Get Alive\" scrolling horizontally and vertically on the LED screens. The performance began with Papilaya coming out fromthe loop of a 700 meter red feathered AIDS ribbon prop attached with 14,000 Swarovski crystals, of which four dancers/backing vocalists in red skin-tight feathered costumes were on. The performers later came offfrom the prop to the front of the stage to perform a dance routine accompanied by pyrotechnic effects. In regards to the performance, organiser of the Life Ball event Gery Keszler stated: \"With this show we will conquerEurope and put the issue of AIDS in the spotlight but in an optimistic way.\" Eric Papilaya was also joined on stage by guitarist Thommy Pilat, while the four backing performers were: Cedric Lee Bradley, Jerome Knols,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_183","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Earlylife and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute ofTechnology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named anIEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby?(1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: TheWild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museumdirector who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was thedirector of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrianKennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art.On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A.(1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels(1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at theNational Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows ofAustralian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significantprivate donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project wasnot delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 4:Elizabeth Barlow RogersElizabeth Barlow Rogers (born 1936) is an environmentalist, landscape preservationist, author of numerous books and essays, and a former park administrator.Her most notable achievement was her role in the revitalization of New York City's Central Park in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1980, Rogers helped found the Central Park Conservancy, a not-for-profit corporation formedto organize private sector support for the restoration and renewed management of the park. She served as the Conservancy's first president from its founding until 1995.Early life and educationElizabeth “Betsy”Browning was born in San Antonio, Texas to Caleb Leonidas Browning (1902–1970), a general contractor and cattle rancher, and his wife, Elizabeth (Ewing) Browning (1904–1992). She grew up in Alamo Heights andprepared for college at Saint Mary's Hall. In 1952, she enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in art history (BA 1957), and in the summer following her graduation married Edward L. Barlow, a graduate ofLawrenceville and Yale (BA 1956). They lived in Washington DC, where he was a naval officer stationed at the Pentagon, but in 1960 returned to Yale where he studied law (LLB 1964) and she studied urban planning(MA 1964). After completion of their studies, they moved to New York City.CareerCentral ParkIn 1979, Mayor Ed Koch appointed Rogers to the newly created position of Central Park Administrator. At the time, the843-acre (341 ha) public space was strewn with trash and long neglected with virtually no funding allocated to improving its condition. Working with then NYC Parks commissioner Gordon J. Davis, Rogers conceived of amaster plan to reinstate the Greensward Plan design by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, while also keeping in mind the public purpose of the greensward and practical considerations. Rogers' aim was \"therenewal of the physical beauty of the park as originally envisioned by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, yet integrated with contemporary social and recreational uses.\"Rogers recruited friends and volunteers toassist her in reclaiming discrete sections of the park. One of these colleagues was Lynden Miller. In 1982, Rogers asked Miller to tackle Central Park's Conservatory Garden.Cityscape InstituteIn 1995. Rogers foundedthe Cityscape Institute with a mission to improve the design of the entourage of New York City's sidewalks: the benches, telephone booths, trash cans, street lights, traffic signs, and stop lights. The institute was unableto accomplish its goals, however, for unlike Central Park, where Rogers had managerial authority and widespread public support, the city's streetscape was the subject of, in Rogers's words, “general indifference to thevisual blight that has grown with the progressive coarsening of the environment as it has been allowed to become dominated by highway engineers and commercial interests.” According to one newspaper reporter, whointerviewed Rogers in 2001, Cityscape has made only fitful progress in achieving its goal, as Ms. Rogers concedes. The institute and its founder have become mired in dozens of messy battles with city bureaucrats overdesigns for light poles, plans to reroute traffic and other issues.The institute formally ceased operating in 2006.Bard Graduate CenterIn 2001, Rogers founded a program in Garden History and Landscape Studies at theBard Graduate Center, New York, which she directed until 2005.Foundation for Landscape StudiesIn 2005, Rogers established the Foundation for Landscape Studies, whose mission was, according to its website, \"tofoster an active understanding of the importance of place in human life.\" Among its activities was the publication of thirty-five issues of the biannual journal Site/Lines, edited by Rogers. The foundation ceased operatingin 2021.BibliographyBooksElizabeth Barlow (author); Rene Dubos (foreword). The Forests and Wetlands of New York City (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971), a recipient of the John Burroughs Medal.Jason Epsteinand Elizabeth Barlow. East Hampton: A History and Guide (Sag Harbor, NY: Medway Press, 1975).Elizabeth Barlow, with Vernon Gray, Roger Pasquier, and Lewis Sharp. The Central Park Book (New York: Central ParkTask Force, 1977).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers (principal author) with Marianne Cramer, Judith L. Heintz, Bruce Kelly, Philip N. Winslow, and John Berendt (editor). Rebuilding Central Park: A Management and RestorationTool (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. Learning Las Vegas: Portrait of aNorthern New Mexican Place (Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2013).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers (author); Tony Hiss (preface). Green Metropolis: the Extraordinary Landscapes of New York City as Nature,History, and Design (New York: Alfred A. Knoph, 2016).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. Saving Central Park: A History and a Memoir (New York: Alfred A. Knoph, 2018).Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. Writing the City: Essays onNew York (Amherst, MA: Library of American Landscape History, 2022.Exhibition cataloguesElizabeth Barlow (essay); William Alex (illustrative portfolio). Frederick Law Olmsted's New York (New York: Praeger, 1972).The book accompanied an exhibition (from October 19 to December 3, 1972) at the Whitney Museum of American Art.Elizabeth Barlow Rogers (essay), Elizabeth S. Eustis (contributor), John Bidwell (contributor).Romantic Gardens: Nature, Art and Landscape Design (New York: David R. Godine, 2010). The book accompanied an exhibition (from May 21 through September 5, 2010) at the Morgan Library & Museum in New YorkCity.Writing in journals (partial list)Elizabeth Barlow. \"Keeping Jamaica Bay for the Birds,\" New York, Vol. 2, No. 49 (December 8, 1969), pp. 58–62.Elizabeth Barlow. \"The New York Environmental Teach-in,\" New York,Vol. 3, No. 13 (March 30, 1970), p. 24.Elizabeth Barlow. \"Cut the Garbage,\" New York, Vol. 4, No. 3 (January 18, 1971), pp. 40–42.Elizabeth Barlow. \"New York: A Once and Future Arcadia,\" New York, Vol. 4, No. 48(November 29, 1971), p. 50.Elizabeth Barlow. \"The Hudson River: Then and Now,\" New York, Vol. 5, No. 22 (May 29, 1972), pp. 38–48.Elizabeth Barlow. \"The City Politic: The Battle for Southampton,\" New York, Vol. 6,No. 39 (September 24, 1973) pp. 10–11.Elizabeth Barlow. \"The City Politic: A Little Less Night Music, Please,\" New York, Vol. 8, No. 9 (March 3, 1975) pp. 7–8.Elizabeth Barlow. \"Page of Lists: The Desert Isles of NewYork,\" New York, Vol. 11, No. 41 (October 9, 1978), p. 9.Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. \"The Landscapes of Robert Moses,\" Site/Lines, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 2007). pp. 3–18.Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. \"Time and Place: DeepThoughts on a Journey Down the Colorado River,\" Site/Lines, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Spring 2015). pp. 3–6.Elizabeth Barlow Rogers. \"Olmsted as author,\" The New Criterion, Vol. 34, No. 7 (March 2016), p. 13.Elizabeth BarlowRogers. \"Home on the Range: A Texas Childhood,\" Site/Lines, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Fall 2018). pp. 3–5.Awards and honorsWellesley College: Alumnae Achievement Award, 1989.The American Society of Landscape Architects:LaGasse Medal, 2005.The National Audubon Society: The Rachel Carson Award (recognizing female environmental leaders), 2008, awarded jointly to Rogers, Jean Clark, Norma Dana, Marguerite Purnell, and PhyllisWagner, who were among the founders of the Central Park Conservancy.The Rockefeller Foundation: Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership, 2010. Rogers donated the $80,000 prize to the Foundation for LandscapeStudies.Green-Wood Historic Fund: DeWitt Clinton Award for Excellence (in the arts, literature, preservation, and historic research), 2010.University of Notre Dame: Henry Hope Reed Award, 2012.Preservation Leagueof New York State: Pillar of New York Award, 2013.New York Botanical Garden: Gold Medal, 2016.Central Park, New York City: A bronze plaque on a boulder on the slope above the Diana Ross Playground in honor of herservice to the park.Personal lifeIn July 1957, Rogers married Edward L. Barlow, with whom she had two children, Lisa Barlow Tobin, a photographer and David Barlow, an actor. They divorced in 1979. In 1984, shemarried Theodore C. Rogers.Passage 5:The Central Park FiveCentral Park Five refers to the defendants in the 1989 Central Park jogger case.Central Park Five may also refer to:The Central Park Five (film), a 2012 filmabout the caseThe Central Park Five (opera), a 2019 opera about the caseThe Central Park Five (miniseries), a 2019 TV series about the case, retitled When They See UsPassage 6:Sarah Burns (writer filmmaker)SarahBurns is an American author, public speaker, and filmmaker. She is the author of The Central Park Five: A Chronicle of a City Wilding. She is also the co-producer and director for the documentary film The Central ParkFive which she co-produced and directed with her husband David McMahon and her father Ken Burns.CareerBurns became aware of the case of the Central Park Five while working on an undergraduate thesis. The topicof the thesis was racism in media coverage of the Central Park Five.  In 2011, Burns wrote the book The Central Park Five: The Untold Story Behind One of New York City’s Most Infamous Crimes. The film and the bookre-examine the 1989 case of the Central Park Five, and the wrongful convictions of five teenagers for the rape of the Central Park Jogger. In 2012, the City of New York filed a subpoena demanding the filmmakers andFlorentine Films, the production company, provide interviews and footage not used in the film arguing the film was not documentary but advocacy. A judge later ruled in Burns' favor.In 2016, Burns produced anddirected, along with David McMahon and Ken Burns, a two-part, four-hour series titled Jackie Robinson.Awards and nominations2012 - Best Non-Fiction film of 2012 by the New York Film Critics Circle2013 - PeabodyAward, Alliance of Women Film Journalists2013 - Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary ScreenplayAwards for Central Park FiveOutstanding Achievement by a Woman in the Film Industry (SarahBurns)Black Film Critics Circle Awards - Best Documentary, (Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, David MacMahon)Black Reel Awards - Black Reel Award for Outstanding Documentary (Sarah Burns, Ken Burns, DavidMcMahon)Critics Choice Award -  Best Documentary Feature; (Sarah Burns, Ken Burns, David McMahon)Chicago Film Critics Association Award; Best Documentary (Sarah Burns, Ken Burns, David McMahon)ChicagoInternational Film Festival; Audience Choice Award - Best Documentary Feature (Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, David McMahon)Passage 7:Linda FairsteinLinda Fairstein (born May 5, 1947) is an American author, attorney,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_184","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 4:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 5:Norah JonesNorah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won several awards for her music and, as of 2023, had sold more than 50 million records worldwide. Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000's decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on Billboard magazine's artists of the 2000s decade chart.In 2002, Jones launched her solo music career with the release of Come Away with Me, which was a fusion of jazz with country, blues, folk and pop. It was certified diamond, selling over 27 million copies. The record earned Jones five Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best New Artist. Her subsequent studio albums—Feels Like Home (2004), Not Too Late (2007), and The Fall (2009)—all gained platinum status, selling over a million copies each. They were also generally well received by critics. Jones's fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, was released on April 27, 2012; her sixth, Day Breaks, was released on October 7, 2016. Her seventh studio album, Pick Me Up Off the Floor, was released on June 12, 2020. Jones made her feature film debut as an actress in My Blueberry Nights, which was released in 2007 and was directed by Wong Kar-Wai.Jones is the daughter of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar and concert producer Sue Jones, and is the half-sister of fellow musicians Anoushka Shankar and Shubhendra Shankar.Early lifeJones was born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar on March 30, 1979, in Manhattan, New York City, to American concert producer Sue Jones and Indian Bengali musician Ravi Shankar.After her parents separated in 1986, Jones lived with her mother, growing up in Grapevine, Texas. As a child, Jones began singing in church and also took piano and voice lessons. She attended Colleyville Middle School and Grapevine High School before transferring to Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Dallas. Her music took its first form early on in the local Methodist Church where she regularly sang solos. While in high school, she sang in the school choir, participated in band, and played the alto saxophone. At the age of 16, with both parents' consent, she officially changed her name to Norah Jones, removing the Indian elements from her name.Jones always had an affinity for the music of Bill Evans and Billie Holiday, among other \"oldies\". She once said, \"My mom had this eight-album Billie Holiday set; I picked out one disc that I liked and played that over and over again\".She attended Interlochen Center for the Arts during the summers. While at high school, she won the Down Beat Student Music Awards for Best Jazz Vocalist (twice, in 1996 and 1997) and Best Original Composition (1996).Jones attended the University of North Texas (UNT), where she majored in jazz piano and sang with the UNT Jazz Singers. During this time, she had a chance meeting with future collaborator Jesse Harris. She gave a ride to a band playing at the university whose members happened to be friends of Harris. He was on a cross-country road trip with friend and future Little Willies member Richard Julian, and stopped to see the band play. After meeting Jones, Harris started sending her lead sheets of his songs.In 1999, Jones left Texas for New York City. Less than a year later, she started a band with Harris, and her recordings with them were bestsellers.Musical careerJones was a lounge singer before becoming a recording artist. Before releasing her first studio album, she performed with Wax Poetic, Peter Malick, and jazz guitarist Charlie Hunter.2000–2001: New York City, First SessionsAs Peter Malick states in the liner notes, \"I started looking for a singer who might be open to recording [my latest songs] for me. On a Tuesday night, I walked into the Living Room just as the singer announced the last song of the set. The Dinah Washington classic 'Since I Fell for You' filled the room and I was struck breathless. Here, in the tradition of Billie Holiday, was a stunningly beautiful, blues infused voice. This was my first contact with Norah Jones.\" Malick asked her to participate in sessions at Room 9 from Outer Space in South Boston, during August and September 2000. They recorded Malick's songs \"New York City\", \"Strange Transmissions\", \"Deceptively Yours\" and \"Things You Don't Have to Do\" in addition to cover versions of \"All Your Love\" by Sam Maghett and \"Heart of Mine\" by Bob Dylan. These songs became the album New York City (Koch, 2003) by the Peter Malick Group Featuring Norah Jones.After moving to New York City, Jones signed to Blue Note, a label owned by EMI Group. The signing came as an indirect result of her performing as lead singer for the JC Hopkins Biggish Band. Shell White, who was the wife of J. C. Hopkins, worked for EMI Publishing and gave Jones's three-track demo to Bruce Lundvall, the label's president, and Brian Bacchus, its artists and repertoire agent (A&R). The demo contained two jazz standards and a song by Jesse Harris. The two executives agreed that Jones had potential. Despite their misgivings about the direction of her music, they signed her to the label. Bacchus told HitQuarters, \"We let her find her own direction ... We knew that if she could develop her songwriting and we could find great songs, it would work.\"2002: Come Away with MeBacchus thought producer and engineer Jay Newland's experience in jazz, blues, rock, country, and folk music would give a \"feeling for her sound.\" Jones and Newland recorded nine demo tracks. Four appeared on the sampler First Sessions (2001). The rest were set aside for her debut album. Come Away with Me (2002) was praised for its blend of acoustic pop with soul and jazz. Debuting at No. 139, it reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The single \"Don't Know Why\" hit No. 1 on the Top 40 Adult Recurrents in 2003 and No. 30 in the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. At the 45th Grammy Awards in 2003, Jones was nominated for eight Grammy Awards and won five: Best New Artist, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Record of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Don't Know Why\". This tied Lauryn Hill and Alicia Keys for most Grammy Awards received by a female artist in one night. Jesse Harris won Song of the Year for \"Don't Know Why\" while Arif Mardin won Producer of the Year. The album won Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Come Away with Me was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for having sold one million copies. In February 2005, it was certified diamond for selling ten million copies.2004: Feels like HomeFeels like Home (2004) debuted at No. 1 in at least 16 countries. At the 47th Grammy Awards in 2005, the album was nominated for three Grammys, winning one, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Sunrise\". For \"Here We Go Again\", a duet with Ray Charles, she won Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Time magazine named Jones one of the most influential people of 2004.2007: Not Too LateJones released her third album, Not Too Late, on January 30, 2007. The album was the first for which she wrote or co-wrote every song. She has said some of these songs are much darker than those on her previous albums. Not Too Late was mostly recorded at Jones's home studio. It is her first album without producer Arif Mardin, who died in the summer of 2006. Jones described the sessions as \"fun, relaxed and easy\" and without a deadline; Blue Note executives reportedly did not know she was recording an album. The song \"My Dear Country\" is political commentary; she wrote it before the United States Presidential election day in 2004. Not Too Late reached the No. 1 position in twenty countries. Not Too Late had the third-best first week of sales in 2007, behind Avril Lavigne's The Best Damn Thing and Linkin Park's Minutes to Midnight. It reached No. 1 in the U.S., selling 405,000 copies. EMI announced that Not Too Late reached gold, platinum or multi-platinum in 21 countries as of February 2007. The album has sold 4 million copies worldwide. That same year she sang \"American Anthem\" for the Ken Burns documentary The War.2009: The FallJones's fourth studio album, The Fall, debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 in November 2009, selling 180,000 copies in its first week. Although it was her first album that did not reach No. 1 in the United States it did receive critical acclaim. As part of the promotional drive for the album, Jones performed on Dancing with the Stars, Late Show with David Letterman, Good Morning America and other television programs. The Fall featured a St. Bernard on the cover; his name is Ben. The album's lead single, \"Chasing Pirates\", peaked at No. 13 on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and No. 7 on Jazz Songs. Billboard's 2000–2009 decade awards ranked Jones as the top jazz recording artist, at No. 60 best Artist. Come Away With Me was elected the No. 4 album and No. 1 jazz album. Jones earned a platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 1 million copies of The Fall. The album sold 1.5 million copies worldwide and was certified gold or platinum in 14 countries as of 2010. \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\", a duet with Willie Nelson, was nominated in the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals category. In 2009, Jones performed \"Come Away With Me\" and \"Young Blood\" at the end of the Apple Inc.'s It's Only Rock and Roll press conference on September 9 in San Francisco, for the release of iTunes 9 and video camera-equipped iPods, among other items She also made a guest appearance and performed with other artists on the season three finale of the NBC series 30 Rock Jones started her fourth world tour on March 5, 2010.2012: Little Broken HeartsAfter working with Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi on some of the tracks for their album Rome, Jones worked with Danger Mouse again on her fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, which was released on May 1, 2012. She played the album in its entirety at SXSW 2012. American Songwriter called Little Broken Hearts the \"most dramatic and rewarding departure she's made in her career.\" On May 25, 2012, she began her fifth world tour in Paris, with performances in Europe, North America, Asia, South America, and Australia. She performed in London at the Roundhouse on September 10, 2012, as part of the iTunes Festival which was broadcast on the internet. She toured three cities in India for the first time because her father wanted her to do so. She also performed a headlining performance at Summer's Day, music festival produced by Only Much Louder. The tour started at Summer's Day in Mumbai on March 3 and included stops in New Delhi on March 5 and Bangalore on March 8.2016: Day BreaksHer sixth studio album, Day Breaks, which included nine new songs and three cover versions, was released on October 7, 2016. \"Carry On\", the album's lead single, was released to digital outlets on the same day. The album marked a return to her piano after dabbling in folk and pop on the last two records. Jones said the goal of this record was to do everything live. She said in an interview with Billboard, \"When you have great musicians, there's no reason to overdub. That strips the soul out of the music.\"2020-present: Pick Me Up Off the Floor and I Dream of ChristmasHer seventh studio album, Pick Me Up Off the Floor, was released on June 12, 2020. It debuted at number 87 on the US Billboard 200, making it Jones's first album not to debut in the top three.In 2023, Jones was featured on rapper  Logic’s song “Paradise II” from his first independent studio album College Park.Additional projects and collaborationsJones made a cameo appearance as herself in the 2002 movie Two Weeks Notice, which starred Hugh Grant and Sandra Bullock. The film shows her briefly at the piano, singing for a charity benefit.In 2003, The Peter Malick Group and Jones released an album, New York City. Jones appeared on OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below album, on \"Take Off Your Cool\". This album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year (Jones was not credited). Also in 2003, Jones appeared on Joel Harrison's album of jazz interpretations of country and folk songs, Free Country, as lead vocalist on \"I Walk the Line\" and \"Tennessee Waltz\".Jones formed The Little Willies in 2003, alongside Richard Julian on vocals, Jim Campilongo on guitar, Lee Alexander on bass, and Dan Rieser on drums. The alt country band released its eponymous first album in 2006 and For the Good Times in 2012.Jones appeared in the 2004 special, Sesame Street Presents: The Street We Live On. Jones appeared in the concert and DVD \"Return to Sin City – A Tribute to Gram Parsons\". Jones performed the song \"She\" and then, together with Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, sang \"Love Hurts\".In 2005, Jones appeared on the Foo Fighters' album In Your Honor, performing piano and vocals on the song \"Virginia Moon\". The track was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, in 2006.Jones appeared on Ryan Adams' & The Cardinals' 2005 album, Jacksonville City Nights, on the track \"Dear John\", which she co-wrote with Adams. In 2011, Jones also played piano and vocals on numerous tracks on Ryan Adams' 2011 studio album Ashes & Fire.Jones worked with Mike Patton in 2006, providing vocals on the track \"Sucker\" on the Peeping Tom project. The song attracted attention as it was the first time Jones used profanity in a recording.In 2007, Jones made her acting debut as the protagonist in a film directed by Wong Kar-wai. The film, My Blueberry Nights, opened for the 2007 Cannes Film Festival as one of the 22 films in competition. She wrote and performed a song, \"The Story\", for the movie.In January 2007, Jones recorded a live session at Abbey Road Studios for Live from Abbey Road. The episode, on which John Mayer and Richard Ashcroft also appeared, was aired on UK Channel 4 and on the Sundance Channel. She appeared twice on the PBS series Austin City Limits, on November 2, 2002, and October 6, 2007. The latter appearance was the season opener.In a change of direction predating The Fall, Jones (referring to herself as \"Maddie\" and virtually anonymous in a blond wig) sang and played guitar with rock band El Madmo. The band consists of Jones, Daru Oda and Richard Julian and released an eponymous album on May 20, 2007.In 2008, she recorded a duet with A Tribe Called Quest front man Q-Tip, titled \"Life Is Better\" from his \"Renaissance\" LP.Jones appears in Herbie Hancock's 2007 release River: The Joni Letters, singing the first track, \"Court and Spark\". This album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards in 2008; Jones was credited as a featured artist, her ninth Grammy win.Jones is one of the participants in the so-called \"Hank Williams Project\" overseen by Bob Dylan, and reportedly including contributions from Willie Nelson, Jack White, Lucinda Williams, and Alan Jackson. On March 31, 2008, Jones commemorated the 20th anniversary of The Living Room with a midnight performance at the intimate Manhattan music venue where the singer got her start. She played a new song entitled \"How Many Times Have You Broken My Heart\" and explained that it originated from newly found Hank Williams lyrics she was asked to put to music. Jones also performed the song in late 2008 on Elvis Costello's talk/music television series, Spectacle: Elvis Costello with....Jones was a judge for the 5th annual Independent Music Awards, supporting independent artists' careers.In 2010, Jones contributed \"World of Trouble\" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voices for peace in Congo.Jones released ...Featuring, a "}
{"doc_id":"doc_185","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Polly of the MoviesPolly of the Movies is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Scott Pembroke and starring Jason Robards, Gertrude Short and Corliss Palmer. It is loosely based on Harry LeonWilson's 1922 novel Merton of the Movies and its various film adaptations.SynopsisA small town girl goes to Hollywood with ambitions of becoming major dramatic star. However, the melodrama she appears in isunintentionally amusing and becomes a comedy hit.CastJason Robards as Angus WhitcombGertrude Short as Polly PrimroseCorliss Palmer as Lisa SmithStuart Holmes as Benjamin Wellington FairmountJack Richardsonas Rolland HarrisonRose Dione as Lulu FairmountMary Foy as Mrs. BeardsleyPassage 2:The Muppets Go to the MoviesThe Muppets Go to the Movies is a one-hour television special starring Jim Henson's Muppets. It firstaired May 20, 1981 on ABC as promotion for The Great Muppet Caper, which was released in the United States a month later.PlotWith the aid of Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin, Kermit the Frog and the Muppets showspoofs of different movies at the Muppet Theatre.The special opens with a 20th Century Frog logo. The Announcer (Jerry Nelson) provides an introduction over clips from the special.Kermit comes onstage to introducethe show, informing the audience that the Muppets plan on paying tribute to some of their favorite movies.The Muppet company perform \"Hey, a Movie!\" from The Great Muppet Caper.Fozzie Bear introduces a spoof ofThe Three Musketeers. Statler and Waldorf attempt to leave, but are stopped by elastic ropes tied around their ankles. Gonzo the Great, Scooter and Link Hogthrob play Athos, Porthos and Gummo, out to defeat TheScarlet Pimpernel. Link flies on a chandelier, thus landing him backstage, and onto Miss Piggy, who reacts with her famous karate chop, thus sending him flying back onstage, and onto Kermit during an introduction forthe next parody.The sketch Invasion of the Unpleasant Things from Outer Space has Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin facing giant alien rats. In addition to sci-fi films, the parody also pokes fun at international cinema.Moore speaks in a foreign language, accompanied by English subtitles.Janice introduces her favorite film The Wizard of Oz. She mentions that she likes the Land of Oz and might move there. When Janice is about tomention the part of Dorothy Gale, Piggy's voice is heard saying \"I'm not ready.\" Janice attempts to fill in, but Piggy arrives just in time. As the scene begins, Piggy (as Dorothy) and Foo-Foo (as Toto) start out in blackand white. Piggy sings \"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\". When it changes to color, she is joined by Scooter as the Scarecrow, Gonzo as the Tin Man, and Fozzie Bear as the Cowardly Lion in a rendition of \"If I Only Had aBrain/a Heart/the Nerve\" and \"We're Off to See the Wizard\".Gonzo introduces Metro-Goldwyn-Bear's The Fool of the Roman Empire. Moore portrays a jazz piano-playing Julius Caesar. Moore plays a melody on thepiano, while Gonzo, Beauregard and Lew Zealand have a chariot race. Gonzo's chariot is pulled by a chicken, Beauregard's by rats, and Lew's by a shark.Backstage, Rizzo complains to Kermit about the previous sketch,claiming that it was an insult to rats. Rizzo and his rat buddies try to convince Kermit to put them in a glamorous rat production number. Kermit tells the rats that the Muppets have already done a similar productionnumber in The Great Muppet Caper, showing a clip, featuring \"The First Time It Happens\".Lily Tomlin attempts to flirt with Kermit, but Piggy interrupts them. Kermit suggests that Tomlin introduce the horror genre.Despite Tomlin's insistence that she's not a fan, she's attacked by a group of Muppet monsters. In J. Arthur Link's The Nephew of Frankenstein, Fozzie visits his uncle (played by Dr. Julius Strangepork) who is workingon a comedian monster (played by Mulch). They attempt to do a \"Hot Cross Bunnies\" joke. The experiment blows Mulch up and burns the film screen. Firefighters are called, but joke that they are unable to put out a firethat was caused in the 19th Century as \"our hoses won't reach!\". The segment ends with Kermit parodying Porky Pig's \"That's all folks!\" line.Rowlf the Dog presents a silent film featuring Kermit and Sopwith the Camel.Mulch drops in, finally getting the \"Hot Cross Bunnies\" joke.Sam Eagle comes to translate a film by famed Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Floyd Pepper informs Sam that the film isn't by Ingmar, but by his brotherGummo. The film Silent Strawberries parodies Bergman's filmography. It features The Swedish Chef, Beaker (as \"The Angel of Death\"), Fozzie and Kermit. As the film is not in English, Sam has to translate. Much toSam's disgust, the translations make absolutely no sense. The film ends with a rendition of \"Hooray for Hollywood\". Waldorf claims he doesn't believe in \"The Angel of Death\", but is automatically frightened by someoneover his shoulder (a popcorn girl).A spoof of Casablanca: Kermit bids his goodbyes to Piggy among the harsh wind of an airplane.Backstage, Floyd and Janice sing \"Act Naturally\".Dudley Moore tells the audience abouthis love for artistic French films. He then explains that because of this fondness, he asked the Muppets not to parody them, but instead to do a \"tasteless tribute to the Western\". In Tantamount Picture's Small in theSaddle, a couple of cowboys, their horses, two outlaws, and the outlaws' cows sing \"Ragtime Cowboy Joe.\" Lew shows up paddling a boat. Much to Statler's shock, Waldorf has apparently turned into a cow.Kermitintroduces a spoof of Tarzan with Gonzo as Tarzan and Lily Tomlin as Jane.Backstage, Kermit tells Beauregard that it is time for his tribute to the Hollywood stuntman. A clip, featuring Beauregard driving Kermit, Fozzieand Gonzo in a taxi is shown.Kermit introduces the next musical number: Piggy performs \"Heat Wave\" in the style of Marilyn Monroe and is backed up by a penguin chorus.Backstage, Kermit congratulates Piggy on herperformance. Piggy wants everyone to see what a great performer Kermit is, by showing a Fred Astaire tribute that he did in The Great Muppet Caper, succeeded by a clip, featuring the song \"Steppin' Out with a Star\".Afterwards, Statler does his own \"tap dance\" routine.In Goon with the Wind, Dudley Moore and Piggy portray Rhett and Scarlett as they watch a fire in the background. The sketch is interrupted by the firefighters fromearlier on. Statler and Waldorf decide to give the sketch three big cheers. Three big chairs are thrown at the two.An introduction by Lew Zealand leads into Cholesterol Pictures' A Frog Too Far, starring Kermit as a WorldWar II air force pilot and Tomlin playing various love interests.The full company performs \"We'll Meet Again\".During the credits, the Muppets leave the Muppet Theatre as Kermit secures the stage door, unaware that hehas locked Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin in.NotesThe same sets from The Muppet Show are used for this special.Later syndicated alongside The Muppet Show.This is the first time a camera shot of the entrance to theMuppet Theatre is shown at the end of the special.Taped between March 9 and 17 of 1981.Muppet performersJim Henson as Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Link Hogthrob, The Swedish Chef, Waldorf, and GladiatorPigFrank Oz as Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the EagleJerry Nelson as Floyd Pepper, Lew Zealand, Mulch, Dr. Julius Strangepork, Pops, Announcer, Deputy, Gladiator Pig, Firefighter, and RatRichard Hunt asScooter, Janice, Beaker, Statler, Sheriff, Rat, and CowDave Goelz as Gonzo the Great, Beauregard, Joe, Firefighter, Trumpet Blower, Rat, and HorseSteve Whitmire as Rizzo the Rat, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Jed,Firefighter, and HorseLouise Gold as Popcorn GirlAdditional Muppets performed by Kathryn Mullen, Brian Muehl, Bob Payne, and Rollie Krewson.Passage 3:La Chair de l'orchidéeLa Chair de l'orchidée (The Flesh of theOrchid) is a 1975 film by Patrice Chéreau as his directorial debut, adapted by him and by Jean-Claude Carrière from the 1948 book The Flesh of the Orchid by British writer James Hadley Chase, \"a pulp-novel sequel toNo Orchids for Miss Blandish\" (1939). The film stars Charlotte Rampling, Simone Signoret, Bruno Cremer, Edwige Feuillère and, in a cameo, Alida Valli.PlotClaire is locked up in an isolated building in the grounds of apsychiatric hospital, where the gardener comes in regularly to rape her. Obtaining a knife, she stabs his eyes out and flees. Getting a lift in a lorry, it crashes when the driver has his eyes stabbed out; Emerging from thewreckage, she is rescued by Louis who, with an unstable colleague Marcucci, is on his way to a business meeting in a hotel. While Louis is in the meeting, Marcucci tries to rape Claire and gets his eyes stabbed out.Claire flees and Marcucci, unable to defend himself, is then knifed to death by contract killers, the Berekian brothers.Louis rescues Claire and takes her back to his isolated house, where they spend the night makinglove. However the Berekians are waiting outside and, when the couple emerge, get a knife into Louis. Claire rescues him, leaving him in a safe place while she goes in search of a doctor. She is recognised by a nursefrom the psychiatric hospital, who alerts her aunt who placed her there. In fact she is the heiress to a business empire, which her aunt controls so long as Claire is mentally unfit. Locked up by the nurse, Claire is foundby the Berekians, who abduct her as a bargaining counter. The aunt finds the wounded Louis, who she locks up as a bargaining counter.The Berekians lock Claire up in the care of Lady, a colleague from the days whenall three were circus performers. Feeling sorry for the girl, Lady tells her that she is the result of her dead mother's affair with a circus artiste and lets her escape; As she waits for a train, she is told by an older womanthat she is recognisably insane. She goes to her aunt's house, where Louis is a prisoner, and reunites with him. The accountant of the family firm tells her it is going downhill through the aunt's mismanagement andthat, as the rightful owner, she should take charge.The Berekians sneak in and manage to murder Louis, but Claire stabs out the eyes of one of them. The police arrive and, wounded in her struggle, Claire is taken to ahospital. Lady sneaks in to her with a bunch of flowers, but the two are found by the surviving Berekian. He kills Lady and, after a flashback to a moment of horror when he accidentally killed the woman he loved,commits suicide. With the two bodies on either side of her hospital bed, Claire gets on the phone to the accountant to start running her business.Passage 4:Highway PickupChair de poule (French for \"goosebumps\") is a1963 French crime film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Robert Hossein, Catherine Rouvel, Jean Sorel and Georges Wilson. The screenplay is based on the 1960 novel Come Easy, Go Easy by James HadleyChase, which took several plot elements from the 1934 novel The Postman Always Rings Twice by James M Cain. The film was released in the United States as Highway Pickup.PlotIn Paris, Daniel and Paul work installingsafes by day and robbing them by night. When a raid goes wrong and a man is killed, Daniel is shot down by the police and jailed. He escapes and, heading south, is given a job and a room by Thomas, who runs anisolated café and garage with his much younger wife Maria. She scorns the drifter her husband has hired until, by chance, she sees an old newspaper that reports his escape. She tells Daniel she will turn him in unlesshe opens the safe where Thomas keeps his cash.When Thomas is out one night, Daniel starts work; but Thomas returns early and after an argument Maria shoots him dead. Once Daniel has buried the body, the two tryto run the place as before, except that they now share a bed. After Daniel rings Paris to tell Paul where he is, Paul joins them and Maria switches her attentions to him, thinking he will be easier to deal with if he opensthe safe that Daniel refuses to touch again. Intruders then wound Daniel so that he is immobilised and, while Maria is out, Paul opens the safe. But she returns early and after an argument he shoots her dead. LeavingDaniel to his fate, he is making off with the money when he is caught at a police roadblock and shot dead.CastRobert Hossein as Daniel BoissetCatherine Rouvel as MariaJean Sorel as Paul GenestGeorges Wilson asThomasLucien Raimbourg as RouxNicole Berger as SimoneJacques Bertrand as MarcJean-Jacques Delbo as JoubertSophie Grimaldi as StarletArmand Mestral as CorenneJean Lefebvre as PriestRobert Dalban asBrigadierExternal linksHighway Pickup at IMDbHighway Pickup at AllMovieChair de poule at “Cinema-francais“ (French)Passage 5:Works of Rachid Taha== Discography ==Albumsas part of Carte de SéjourSolo StudioAlbumsCompilation AlbumsOther AlbumsSinglesas part of Carte de SéjourSoloVideographyas part of Carte De Séjour1984: Bleu De Marseille1987: Douce FranceSolo1991: Barbès1993: Voilà, Voilà1993: Indie1995: NonNon Non1995: Indie (1+1+1)1997: Ya Rayah1998: Ida1999: 1,2,3 Soleils2000: Hey Anta2001: Rachid Taha En Concert Live Paris2004: Tékitoi2004: Rock El Casbah2006: Écoute-Moi Camarade2006: Agatha2007: MaParabole D'Honneur2009: Bonjour2012: Voilà, Voilà2013: Now or Never (feat. Jeanne Added)2019: Je suis africainPassage 6:Our Agent TigerLe tigre se parfume à la dynamite (Our Agent Tiger) is a 1965 secret agentspy film directed by Claude Chabrol and starring and written by Roger Hanin as the Tiger. It is a sequel to the 1964 film Le Tigre aime la chair fraiche.PlotThe Tiger is sent to oversee the excavation of a sunken ship.While busy retrieving the gold treasure inside the vessel, The Tiger is constantly thwarted by international enemies. Among them is an old Nazi named Hans von Wunchendorf who dreams of world domination. He hidesbehind the codename \"The Orchid\" and needs the treasure to sustain a worldwide network of exiled former comrades. Once sanified by the gold his organisation plans to realise the endsieg after all.CastRoger Hanin asLouis Rapière, \"le Tigre\"Margaret Lee as Pamela Mitchum / Patricia JohnsonMichel Bouquet as Jacques VermorelMicaela Pignatelli as Sarita SanchezCarlos Casaravilla as Ricardo SanchezJosé Nieto as Pepe NietoJoséMaría Caffarel as Colonel PontarlierGeorge Rigaud as Commander DamerecBibliographyBlake, Matt; Deal, David (2004). The Eurospy Guide. Baltimore: Luminary Press. ISBN 1-887664-52-1.Passage 7:Je suis timidemais je me soigneJe suis timide mais je me soigne is a French comedy film directed by Pierre Richard released in 1978.PlotPierre Renaud, receptionist in a big hotel, suffers from a crippling shyness. When he falls in lovewith Agnès, winner of a contest, he decides to overcome his shyness and follows Agnès during all her trip.CastPierre Richard as Pierre RenaudAldo Maccione as Aldo FerrariMimi Coutelier as AgnèsJacques François asMonsieur HenriCatherine Lachens as the female truck driverRobert Dalban as the garagistJacques Fabbri as the truck driverRobert Castel as TrinitaJean-Claude Massoulier as GillesFrancis Lax as the wine waiterHélèneManesse as IrèneAdditional informationThe film was a commercial success, Pierre Richard reformed his collaboration with Aldo Maccione the next year in the film C'est pas moi, c'est lui.The film took place in Vichy in thedepartment of Allier, in Nice on the Promenade des Anglais and at the Hotel Negresco, and at Deauville during winter.External linksJe suis timide mais je me soigne at IMDbPassage 8:Je suis un sentimentalJe suis unsentimental is a 1955 French crime film directed by John Berry.PlotBarney Morgan is a reporter who works for a French journal. His editor-in-chief Rupert finds his lover Alice murdered. His boss is the main suspect butBarney doesn't believe his boss could possibly be a murderer. Subsequently he tries to prove the man's innocence.Barney suspects Alice's husband and gathers enough circumstantial evidence to make his point. But thewidower's lawyer can prove he didn't do it neither. Barney concedes he was wrong and commences a new investigation.Digging deeper he discovers something about the journal's publisher and especially about thepublisher's son Oliver. While finding the real killer and proving his guilt Barney wins the heart of beautiful Marianne.CastEddie Constantine as Barney MorganBella Darvi as Marianne ColasOlivier Hussenot as MichelGérardWalter Chiari as Dédé la CouleuvreRobert Lombard as Olivier de VilleterreAndré Versini as Armand Sylvestre, the comedianAlbert Rémy as LedouxPaul Frankeur  as  Jacques RupertAimé Clariond  as Madame deVilleterreCosetta Greco as  Alice GérardAlbert Dinan  as  HenriRené Hell  as  RaymondCharles Bouillaud  as PolicemanPaul Azaïs  as  InspectorJackie Sardou as The conciergePassage 9:Je suis né d'une cigogneJe suis néd'une cigogne (English: Children of the Stork) is a 1999 French road movie directed by Tony Gatlif, starring Romain Duris, Rona Hartner, Ouassini Embarek, Christine Pignet and Marc Nouyrigat. Following its Frenchrelease, it received mixed reviews but was nominated for a Golden Bayard at the International Festival of Francophone Film in Namur, Belgium.The film deals with themes like social exclusion and illegal immigration,along with references to the Romani, as in the other films by the director. Gatlif has also employed the French director Jean-Luc Godard's New Wave techniques in this film.PlotTwo French pals, one an unemployedyoung man named Otto (Romain Duris) living with his mother in state housing, and the other his girlfriend Louna (Rona Hartner), who is a hairdresser and has the bailiffs after her, reflect on the lack of meaning in theirlives, their society and the system. In a spirit of rebellion against everything, they hit the road and what follows is an anarchic adventure. A teenage Arab immigrant named Ali (Ouassini Embarek) enters the story. Ali'sfamily tries to hide its ethnic origins by going to extreme measures in switching to French customs.The trio start wreaking havoc, robbing shops and stealing cars. On their way, they come across an injured stork with abroken wing. The stork speaks to them and says that it is an Algerian refugee, on its way to Germany to reunite with its family. The trio adopt the stork as their father, name it Mohammed, and forge a passport toenable the stork to cross the French–German border.Casting and characterisationThe film's four main characters represent the \"most vulnerable sections\" of society, in tune with Gatlif's earlier films portraying \"socialoutcasts and racial minorities\".  Otto represents the section of unemployed youth who are neither rich nor qualified, with no hopes for a job in the future. Louna represents the underpaid who are exploited by theiremployers. The above characters are played by the same duo, Romain Duris and Rona Hartner, who played the leading roles in Gatlif's previous film, Gadjo dilo.  The third character, the Arab immigrant, Ali (played byOuassini Embarek), is going through an identity crisis and has run away from his family, who are trying to distance themselves from their ethnic origins by, for example, adopting French names. Ali is shown to beinterested in current affairs and is also shown reading Karl Marx. The other character, the stork, represents illegal immigrants.The film encountered production problems due to a quarrel between Rona Hartner and Gatlifwhich led to her walking out midway. This resulted in her abrupt disappearance from the plot in the middle until they patched up much later.Themes and analysisThe film adopts the \"New Wave\" technique of early filmsby Godard, to explore themes of border crossings and social alienation.Gatlif's take on the New WaveThe reviewer in Film de France remarked that with its themes like absurdity and nonconformity, making use ofcharacters like a speaking stork,  and also its filming techniques like jump cuts and multiple exposures, the film feels like \"a blatant homage to the works of Jean-Luc Godard\", and the plot \"looks like a crazy mélange ofGodard's À bout de souffle, Pierrot le Fou and Weekend\". In the reviewer's opinion, Gatlif has overdone these techniques, leading to the film's ending up \"far more substantial and worthy than a shameless appropriationof another director's technique\". ACiD remarked that with his boldness and unconventional style, Gatlif has started a new New Wave trend, which would serve as a notice for both amateur filmmakers and professionalfilm-makers. Chronic'art remarked that the film can be placed between the worse and the better among the works inspired by Godard. Though the filming techniques are similar to Godard's, the film falls short in itsdealing with the unconventional themes, avoiding providing solutions, and rather ending up being a mere \"passive acquiescence\" reflecting on the works of revolutionaries of the era, which is far from rising up to revoltas one would expect in a Godard movie. Time Out London was also critical of Gatlif's attempts at Godard, calling it \"offbeam\".Satirical elementsThe film is packed with a number of references to \"social issues and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_186","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the UnitedStates.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of theHood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to directthe Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the PeabodyEssex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studiedboth art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association ofArt Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for thebuilding proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered designcompleted some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on theestablished collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 2:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 hewas the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 3:MichaelDominicMichael Dominic (born June 18, 1970) is an American filmmaker and photojournalist who grew up in New York City. He is best known for his documentary Sunshine Hotel, which won three awards for bestdocumentary.Early lifeDominic was born in Washington D.C., the son of Stephanie and Joseph Dominic. In 1971 his family moved to the Riverdale section of the Bronx, New York.He studied film at School of Visual Artsin New York City from 1990 to 1993.CareerDominic has made several films, most notably the feature-length documentaries Sunshine Hotel and Clean Hands, and the narrative short \"Tulips for Daisy\".Sunshine Hotel, adocumentary about one of the last flophouses on New York City's Bowery, won three best documentary awards and was nominated for another dozen or so. After its festival run of almost 30 film festivals it aired on theSundance Channel from 2002 to 2004.\"Tulips for Daisy\", a narrative film set in Amsterdam, was also nominated for several awards, most notably in the Akira Kurosawa Memorial Short Film Competition.As aphotojournalist Dominic has traveled to places including Haiti, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. His photography has appeared in dozens of outlets including The Sunday Telegraph, Tribune De Geneve,France-Amérique, The New York Daily News, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Post, Playboy, Redbook, Le Figaro, Le Parisien, Bilan, Chåtelaine, and L'actualité.In July 2012 Dominic was recognized as a finalist forThe New York Foundation for the Arts 2012 fellowship.In January 2019 Dominic completed the feature documentary Clean Hands, about the Lopez family surviving against the backdrop of Central America’s largestgarbage dump, La Chureca in Managua, Nicaragua. The film debuted at the 29th Annual Cinequest Film Festival April 9, 2019, where it won Best Documentary Feature. It went on to win a total of 11 awards.Filmographyas directorSoup & the Dead (1994)Sunshine Hotel (2001)Tulips for Daisy (2006)Clean Hands (2019)Passage 4:Veigar MargeirssonVeigar Margeirsson (born 1972) is a film score composer from Iceland. He composedthe original score for Eric Schaeffer's 2004 film Mind the Gap. He was also one of the composers who arranged and orchestrated Clint Mansell's Lux Aeterna from Requiem for a Dream for full orchestra and choir for TheLord of the Rings: The Two Towers trailer. The piece, named \"Requiem for a Tower\", was made exclusively for the trailer and was featured in neither Requiem for a Dream nor The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.SeealsoTrailer musicPassage 5:Requiem for DominicRequiem for Dominic (German: Requiem für Dominik) is a 1991 Austrian drama film directed by Robert Dornhelm. The film was selected as the Austrian entry for the BestForeign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.CastGeorg Hoffmann-OstenhofGeorg MetzenradFelix MittererWerner PrinzAntonia RadosAugust SchmölzerNikolas VogelSeealsoList of submissions to the 63rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language FilmList of Austrian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language FilmPassage 6:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an Americandirector of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a ManySplendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which shereceived an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" buthad to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage7:Antony DominicJustice Antony Dominic (Malayalam: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 30 May 1956) was the Chief Justice at the High Court of Kerala. The High Court, headquartered at Ernakulam, is the highestcourt in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.  He was the Chairman of the State Human Rights Commission of Kerala.EducationDominic obtained his degree in law from S.D.M. LawCollege, Mangalore.CareerHe started his practice in Munsiff's Court and JFCM, Kanjirappally in 1981. Later, Dominic shifted to Kerala High Court at Ernakulam in 1986. He acquired extensive experience in Company,Labour and Constitutional laws. Dominic was appointed Additional Judge of the Kerala High Court in January 2007 and promoted to be a Permanent Judge in December 2008. He was elevated to the post of Chief Justice,High Court of Kerala from 6 February 2018 and his tenure ended on 29 May 2018. Currently he is the Chairman of State Human Rights Commission of Kerala.Passage 8:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2,1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. Hereceived bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationallyoutstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 9:Robert DornhelmRobertDornhelm (born 17 December 1947 in Temesvár, Romania) is an Austrian  film and television director.BiographyDornhelm is of Jewish descent. He has worked on numerous television programmes and has also releasedsuch movies as Echo Park, The Venice Project, The Unfish, and A Further Gesture. In 1998 The Unfish won the Citizen's Choice Award at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.He directed the 1977documentary film The Children of Theatre Street, which was nominated for an Academy Award.Dornhelm directed the television miniseries Anne Frank: The Whole Story (2001), for which he was nominated for anEmmy Award. He also directed the new TV adaptation Spartacus (2004) and the 2011 film The Amanda Knox Story.Decorations and awards1978: Nominations for Academy Award for Best Documentary for The Childrenof Theatre Street2007: Romy Award for Best Director for Kronprinz Rudolfs letzte Liebe (The Crown Prince)2006: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and ArtSelected filmographyThe Children of Theatre Street(1977)She Dances Alone (1981)Echo Park (1986)Cold Feet (1989)Requiem für Dominik (1991)Fatal Deception: Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald (1993, TV film)The Unfish (1997)A Further Gesture (1997)The Venice Project(1999)Anne Frank: The Whole Story (2001, TV miniseries)Sins of the Father (2002, TV film)RFK (2002, TV film)Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story (2003, TV film)Spartacus (2004, TV film) by novel of Howard FastSuburbanMadness (2004, TV film)Identity Theft: The Michelle Brown Story (2004, TV film)The Ten Commandments (2006, TV film)Kronprinz Rudolfs letzte Liebe (The Crown Prince) (2006, TV film)War and Peace (2007, TVminiseries) by novel of Leo TolstoyLa Bohème (2008)Udo Proksch: Out of Control (2010)Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy (2011, TV film)Die Schatten, die dich holen (2011, TV film)K2 - La montagna degli italiani(2012, TV miniseries)Das Sacher (2016, TV film)Maria Theresa (2017, miniseries)Passage 10:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone(1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TVmovie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_187","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jack Shea (director)Jack Shea (August 1, 1928 – April 28, 2013) was an American film and television director. He was the president of the Directors Guild of America from 1997 to 2002.Life and careerBornJohn Francis Shea, Jr., Shea's father was a traveling salesman and his mother a bookkeeper. He received a parochial high school education, later attaining a degree in history from Fordham University. Shea broke intothe entertainment industry in 1951, initially as a stage manager for the TV series Philco Playhouse, and, following two years of service with the United States Air Force, serving from 1952 to 1954, during the KoreanWar, making instructional films in Los Angeles, and later becoming an associate director.Among the TV shows he contributed to during this period include The Jerry Lewis Show and The Bob Hope Specials, where helater shared a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for in 1961. By the late 1950s, Shea had become instrumental in forming the Radio and Television Directors Guild (merged with the Screen Directors Guild in 1960 toform The Directors Guild of America) and was a strong voice for the hiring of minorities in the industry. During the 1970s, he began an association with producers Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear, directing episodes fromtwo of their projects in the 1970s, the series Sanford and Son and The Jeffersons (110 episodes for the latter). Among his other credits include The Waltons, Silver Spoons (91 episodes), Growing Pains and DesigningWomen, the last earning him a second Primetime Emmy Award nomination. From 1997 until 2002, he served as president of the Directors Guild.A lifelong Catholic, Shea was a co-founder, with his wife Patt and otherprominent Catholics in the Hollywood entertainment community, of the Hollywood-based Catholics in Media Associates (CIMA), which he was also past president of. Shea and Patt Shea jointly received the CIMA LifetimeAchievement Award in 2002 from the organization of Catholic entertainment industry professionals which celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2013. Shea was also a former member of the United States Conference ofCatholic Bishops Committee for Communications.Personal life and familyOn January 2, 1954, Shea married the former Patricia C. Carmody, who, later known as Patt Shea, became a three-time HumanitasAward-nominated screenwriter whose credits include the CBS-TV series All in the Family, story editor and/or writer for 38 episodes of Archie Bunker's Place, in addition to screenwriter for episodes of Lou Grant, Valerie,Cagney & Lacey, In The Heat of The Night, Bagdad Café, and the CBS pilot for Gloria, Sally Struthers’ spin-off from the popular All In The Family TV series, among many other television series. The couple, who residedin Studio City, CA for over 30 years, have five children, three of whom are currently DGA members* and 1st Assistant Directors*: Shawn Shea*; Elizabeth (now deceased); William (“Bill”) Shea*; Michael J. Shea* andJohn Francis (“Jay”) Shea III.DeathShea died of complications from Alzheimer's disease.Passage 2:Mark Lewis (filmmaker)Mark Lewis is an Australian documentary film and television producer, director and writer. He isfamous for his film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History and for his body of work on animals. Unlike many other producers of nature films, his films do not attempt to document the animals in question or their behaviorsbut rather the complex relationships between people and society and the animals they interact with.His films have earned him many awards, including a British Academy Award nomination, a nomination from theDirectors Guild of America, two Emmy's for Outstanding Direction in documentary film, and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Science Program on American Television.As a student Lewis helped planning Philippe Petit'sfamous 1974 high-wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. He talks about his involvement in the acclaimed documentary Man on Wire (2008).Filmography(2010) Cane Toads: The Conquest(2007)The Pursuit of Excellence(2006) The Floating Brothel(2006) The Standard of Perfection: Show Cats(2006) The Standard of Perfection - Show Cattle(2000) The Natural History of the Chicken(1999) Animalicious(1998)Rat(1994) Gordy.(1990) The Wonderful World of Dogs(1989) Round the Twist(1988) Cane Toads: An Unnatural HistoryPassage 3:John WatersJohn Samuel Waters Jr. (born April 22, 1946) is an American filmmaker,writer, actor, and artist. He rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films, including Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972) and Female Trouble (1974). He wrote and directed the comedy filmHairspray (1988), which became an international success and was later adapted into a hit Broadway musical and a 2007 musical film. He has written and directed other films, including Polyester (1981), Cry-Baby(1990), Serial Mom (1994), Pecker (1998), and Cecil B. Demented (2000). His films contain elements of post-modern comedy and surrealism. Waters often worked with actor and drag queen Divine and his regular castof the Dreamlanders.As an actor, Waters has appeared in Sweet and Lowdown (1999), Seed of Chucky (2004), 'Til Death Do Us Part (2007), Mangus! (2011), Excision (2012), and Suburban Gothic (2014). Morerecently, he performs in his touring one-man show This Filthy World.Waters also works as a visual artist and across different media, such as installations, photography, and sculpture. In 2016, he received an honorarydegree from the Maryland Institute College of Art. The audiobooks he narrated for his books Carsick and Mr. Know-It-All were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2015 and 2020,respectively. In 2018, Waters was named an officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in France.Early lifeWaters was born on April 22, 1946, in Baltimore, Maryland, one of four children born to Patricia Ann (née Whitaker)and John Samuel Waters, a manufacturer of fire-protection equipment. He was raised Roman Catholic by his mother, though his father was not Roman Catholic. Through his mother, who immigrated to the United Statesfrom Victoria, British Columbia, Canada as a child, he is the great-great-great-grandson of George Price Whitaker of the Whitaker iron family. Waters grew up in Lutherville, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore. His boyhoodfriend and muse, Glenn Milstead, later known as Divine, also lived in Lutherville. Waters lived at 313 Morris Avenue in Lutherville from his early teenage years until he moved out in his early twenties. Waters andMilstead shot many of their early films at the house, dubbing the front lawn the \"Dreamland Lot\".The film Lili inspired an interest in puppets in the seven-year-old Waters, who proceeded to stage violent versions ofPunch and Judy for children's birthday parties. Biographer Robrt L. Pela says that Waters's mother believes the puppets in Lili had the greatest influence on Waters's subsequent career (though Pela believes tacky filmsat a local drive-in, which the young Waters watched from a distance through binoculars, had a greater effect).Cry-Baby was also a product of Waters's boyhood, because of his fascination as a seven-year-old with the\"drapes\" then receiving intense news coverage because of the murder of Carolyn Wasilewski, a young \"drapette\", and his admiration for a young man living across the street who had a hot rod.Waters was privatelyeducated at the Calvert School in Baltimore. After attending Towson Jr. High School in Towson, Maryland, and Calvert Hall College High School in nearby Towson, he graduated from Boys' Latin School of Maryland. Whilestill a teen, he made frequent trips into downtown Baltimore to visit Martick's, a beatnik bar, where he and Milstead met many of their later film collaborators. He was underage and couldn't enter the bar proper, butloitered in the adjacent alley, where he relied on the kindness of patrons to slip him drinks.CareerEarly careerWaters's first short film was Hag in a Black Leather Jacket.MGM's The Wizard of Oz (1939) had a profoundeffect on Waters' creative mind, He said about it:I was always drawn to forbidden subject matter in the very, very beginning. The Wizard of Oz opened me up because it was one of the first movies I ever saw. It openedme up to villainy, to screenwriting, to costumes. And great dialogue. I think the witch has great, great dialogue.Waters has stated that he takes an equal amount of joy and influence from high-brow \"art\" films andsleazy exploitation films.In January 1966, Waters and some friends were caught smoking marijuana on the grounds of NYU, and he was soon kicked out of his dormitory. He returned to Baltimore, where he completedhis next two short films, Roman Candles and Eat Your Makeup. They were followed by the feature-length films Mondo Trasho and Multiple Maniacs.Waters's films became Divine's primary star vehicles. All of Waters'searly films were shot in the Baltimore area with his company of local actors, the Dreamlanders—which, in addition to Divine, included Mink Stole, Cookie Mueller, Edith Massey, David Lochary, Mary Vivian Pearce, SusanWalsh, and others. Waters met Edith Massey while she was a bartender at Pete's Hotel.Waters's early campy movies present exaggerated characters in outrageous situations with hyperbolic dialogue. Pink Flamingos,Female Trouble and Desperate Living, which he labeled the Trash Trilogy, pushed hard at the boundaries of conventional propriety and censorship.Move toward the mainstreamWaters's 1981 film Polyester starredDivine opposite former teen idol Tab Hunter. It was the first time that Waters was not the primary camera operator for his own work, as he had started collaborating with local film student David Insley. Since then, hisfilms have become less controversial and more mainstream, although works such as Hairspray, Cry-Baby, Serial Mom, Pecker and Cecil B. Demented still retain his trademark inventiveness. Hairspray, the last film heproduced, became a hit Broadway musical that swept the 2003 Tony Awards; and a film adaptation of the Broadway musical was released in theaters on July 20, 2007 to positive reviews and commercial success.Cry-Baby, itself a musical, also became a Broadway musical.In 2004, the NC-17-rated A Dirty Shame marked a return to Waters' earlier, more controversial work of the 1970s. Currently, it is the most recent film hedirected.In 2007, Waters became the host (\"The Groom Reaper\") of 'Til Death Do Us Part, a program on America's Court TV network.In 2008, he planned to make a children's Christmas film, Fruitcake starring JohnnyKnoxville and Parker Posey. Filming was set for November 2008, but the project was shelved in January 2009. In 2010, Waters told the Chicago Tribune that \"Independent films that cost $5 million are very hard to getmade. I sold the idea, got a development deal, got paid a great salary to write it—and now the company is no longer around, which is the case with many independent film companies these days.\"In October 2022, itwas announced that Waters will adapt his novel, Liarmouth, into a film. Village Roadshow Pictures will produce, and Waters will write and direct.Waters has often created characters with alliterated names for his films,such as Corny Collins, Cuddles Kovinsky, Donald and Donna Dasher, Dawn Davenport, Fat Fuck Frank, Francine Fishpaw, Link Larkin, Motormouth Maybelle, Mole McHenry, Penny and Prudy Pingleton, Ramona Ricketts,Sandy Sandstone, Sylvia Stickles, Todd Tomorrow, Tracy Turnblad, Ursula Udders, Wade Walker and Wanda Woodward.Other venturesWaters is a bibliophile, with a collection of over 8,000 books. In 2011, during a visitto the Waters house in Baltimore, Andrew Edgecliffe-Johnson observed:Bookshelves line the walls but they are not enough. The coffee table, desk and side tables are heaped with books, as is the replica electric chair inthe hall. They range from Taschen art tomes such as The Big Butt Book to Jean Genet paperbacks and a Hungarian translation of Tennessee Williams with a pulp fiction cover. In one corner sits a doll from the horrorspoof Seed of Chucky, in which Waters appeared. It feels like an eccentric professor's study, or a carefully curated exhibition based on the life of a fictional character. Waters has had his fan mail delivered to AtomicBooks, an independent bookstore in Baltimore, for over 20 years.Puffing constantly on a cigarette, Waters appeared in a short film, shown in film art houses, announcing that \"no smoking is permitted\" in the theaters.The spot was directed by Douglas Brian Martin and produced by Douglas Brian Martin and Steven M. Martin. They also created two other short films, for the Nuart Theatre (a Landmark Theater) in West Los Angeles,California, in appreciation for their showing Pink Flamingos for many years. It is shown immediately before any of Waters' films, and before the midnight showing of The Rocky Horror Picture Show.Waters played aminister in Blood Feast 2: All U Can Eat, directed by Herschell Gordon Lewis.Waters is a board member of the Maryland Film Festival, and has selected and hosted a favorite film there each year since its launch in 1999.He is also on the advisory board of the Provincetown International Film Festival, and has hosted events and presented awards there every year since it was founded in 1999.He is a contributor to Artforum magazine andauthor of its year-end Top Ten Films list.Waters hosts an annual performance, \"A John Waters Christmas\", which was launched in 1996 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco, and in 2018 toured 17 cities over 23days.In 2014, Waters began hosting an annual \"Camp John Waters\" event in Kent, Connecticut. Adult fans from as far away as Australia and Chile \"relive their sleepaway camping days\" with an \"extra-campy themeweekend.\" Notable guests have included Debbie Harry, Patricia Hearst, Kathleen Turner, Mink Stole and Randy Harrison.In 2019, the Film Society of Lincoln Center celebrated its 50th anniversary at a gala where JohnWaters spoke in tribute to the Center along with Martin Scorsese, Dee Rees, Pedro Almodovar, Tilda Swinton, Jake Gyllenhaal, Michael Moore, Paul Dano and Zoe Kazan.Fine artSince the early 1990s, Waters has beenmaking photo-based artwork and installations that have been internationally exhibited in galleries and museums. In 2004, the New Museum in New York City presented a retrospective of his artwork curated by MarvinHeiferman and Lisa Phillips. His most recent exhibition John Waters: Indecent Exposure was exhibited at the Baltimore Museum of Art from October 2018 to January 2019 and later traveled to the Wexner Center for theArts. Prior to that, Waters exhibited Rear Projection in April 2009, at the Marianne Boesky Gallery in New York and the Gagosian Gallery in Los Angeles. Waters has been represented by C. Grimaldis Gallery in Baltimore,Maryland, since 2002 and by Marianne Boesky Gallery in New York since 2006.Waters's pieces are often comical, such as Rush (2009), a super-sized, tipped-over bottle of poppers (nitrite inhalants), and Hardy Har(2006), a photograph of flowers that squirts water at anyone who traverses a taped line on the floor. Waters has characterized his art as conceptual: \"The craft is not the issue here. The idea is. And the presentation.\"InNovember 2020, Waters promised to donate 372 artworks from his personal collection, including some of his own work as well as pieces by 125 artists, including Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Cy Twombly, CindySherman and more, to the Baltimore Museum of Art. In recognition of the donation, the museum named its rotunda after Waters, but Waters also insisted the museum name an all-gender bathroom after him. Both therotunda and the bathroom were renamed for Waters in time for the opening of the first exhibition of his bequeathed collection, Coming Attractions: The John Waters Collection on November 20, 2022. Waters, whoserves on the museum's board of directors, has stated the museum will fully acquire all of his art after his death.CarsickWith the motif \"My life is so over-scheduled, what will happen if I give up control?\", Waterscompleted a hitchhiking journey across the United States from Baltimore to San Francisco, turning his adventures into a book titled Carsick. On May 15, 2012, while on the hitchhiking trip, Waters was picked up by20-year-old Myersville, Maryland, councilman Brett Bidle, who thought Waters was a homeless hitchhiker standing in the pouring rain. Feeling bad for Waters, he agreed to drive him four hours to Ohio.The next day,indie rock band Here We Go Magic tweeted that they had picked John Waters up hitchhiking in Ohio. He was wearing a hat with the text \"Scum of the Earth\". In Denver, Colorado, Waters reconnected with Bidle (whohad made an effort to catch up with him); Bidle then drove him another 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to Reno, Nevada. Before parting ways, Waters arranged for Bidle to stay at his San Francisco apartment: \"I thought, youknow what, he wanted an adventure, too ... He's the first Republican I'd ever vote for.\"Bidle later said: \"We are polar opposites when it comes to our politics, religious beliefs. But that's what I loved about the whole trip.It was two people able to agree to disagree and still move on and have a great time. I think that's what America's all about.\"Personal lifeAlthough he maintains apartments in New York City and (since 2008) in SanFrancisco's Nob Hill, as well as a summer home in Provincetown, Waters mainly resides in Baltimore. All his films are set and shot there. He is recognizable by his trademark pencil moustache.An openly gay man, Watersis an avid supporter of gay rights and gay pride. In a 2019 interview, he said that he dislikes publicly discussing his personal life, adding that he had a partner but that they both preferred to keep the relationshipprivate.Waters was a great fan of the music of Little Richard when growing up. He has said that, ever since he shoplifted a copy of the Little Richard song \"Lucille\" in 1957, at the age of 11, \"I've wished I could somehowclimb into Little Richard's body, hook up his heart and vocal cords to my own, and switch identities.\" In 1987, Playboy magazine employed Waters, then aged 41, to interview his idol, but the interview did not go well,with Waters later remarking: \"It turned into kind of a disaster.\"In 2009, Waters advocated the parole of former Manson family member Leslie Van Houten. He devotes a chapter to Van Houten in his book Role Models(2010).Throughout his life, Waters has been open about his recreational drug use, including marijuana and LSD, particularly in regards to his creative process. Waters began using LSD as a teenager, \"tak[ing] LSD andsee[ing]…movies all the time\". Waters was often on LSD while making his early films, claiming in a 2016 interview \"I was on LSD [during Multiple Maniacs], I don't remember [how long it took to shoot the film]!\" Even inhis 70s, Waters used LSD recreationally.Waters was a smoker before quitting around 2004, saying \"the only thing I've ever regretted in my whole life [was] smoking cigarettes. Because it was a nightmare giving up. It'sthe only thing the government ever told me that was true: It does kill you!\" In 2022, Waters said that if he were to write his younger self a letter, he would say \"quit smoking [cigarettes] and do everythingelse\".FilmographyAs actorTelevisionDocumentary appearancesOther creditsThis Filthy World –  Waters's touring one-man show, made into a feature film directed by Jeff GarlinA John Waters Christmas –  A CD ofChristmas songs compiled by WatersMommie Dearest (1981) –  Audio commentary on film's \"Hollywood Royalty Edition\" DVD release (2006)The Little Mermaid Special Edition DVD (2006) –  Interview on 'making of'documentary about Howard Ashman, the theatre (i.e. Little Shop of Horrors), and the inspiration behind the character Ursula: DivineA Date with John Waters (2007), a CD collection of songs Waters findsromanticChristmas Evil DVD release (2006) –  Audio commentaryBreaking Up with John Waters –  Waters's third CD compilation is currently in the worksThe Other Hollywood –  Commentary and opinions aboutpornography throughout the book\"The Creep\" (featuring Nicki Minaj) –  Appeared on a television set in The Lonely Island's music video \"The Creep\", which made its debut on Saturday Night Live. Waters gives theintroduction to the song and he is credited as a featured artist on the album.Art:21 –  Introducing Host for Season Two, \"Stories\" episode –  PBS DVD seriesPublished worksWaters, John (1981). Shock Value. New York:Dell Pub. Co. ISBN 0-440-57871-X.Waters, John (1986). Crackpot: The Obsessions of John Waters. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-02-624440-3.Waters, John; Hainley, Bruce (2003). Art: A Sex Book. New York: Thames &Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28435-0.Waters, John (2010). Role Models. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-25147-5.Waters, John (2014). Carsick: John Waters Hitchhikes Across America. New York:"}
{"doc_id":"doc_188","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised inFort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism ofcolonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America andabroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, theCity of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketerwho played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted bySurrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs atThe Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the followinggame, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handedbatsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split thefirst finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey tojoin Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinnerJohnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since theretirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantlybecame a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, afterwhich he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton,did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finishwith match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahonthis time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eightKent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in whichhe exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutiveChampionship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only asingle end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon'ssacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on:\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in secondeleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and thenpresenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case therehad been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahonto be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articlesto cricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democraticprocess, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. inPolitical Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor formany newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics inNigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition,he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:Nil Tun MaungNil Tun Maung (born 30 September 1931)is a Burmese weightlifter. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.Passage 5:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African bornfirst-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, butreturned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named inthe Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, hewas selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 6:Hartley LobbanHartley WLobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to Englandat the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster CricketClub in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made hisfirst-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for aone-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) inwhat was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the firstinnings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successfulgames: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He alsomade his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In hisfinal game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XIgame, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher inBurnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 7:Selahattin SeyhunSelahattin Seyhun (born 28 June 1999) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a forward forÇatalcaspor on loan from Bucaspor 1928.Professional careerOn 5 December 2019, Seyhun signed his first professional contract with Kayserispor for 5 years. Seyhun made his professional debut for Kayserispor in a 6–2Süper Lig loss to Trabzonspor on 28 December 2019.Passage 8:Tom DickinsonThomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, EnglandThomas R. Dickinson,United States Army generalJ. Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomerTom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in EnglandTom Dickinson (American football), American football playerPassage9:Tun Maung KyweTun Maung Kywe (born 15 October 1931) is a Burmese weightlifter. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.Passage 10:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry WalterMoore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the ReverendEdward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather wasJohn Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He marriedHenrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78,playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on thefirst day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterburywere all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Rightfrom the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in eachinnings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team."}
{"doc_id":"doc_189","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 :  707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 3:Guillaume WittouckGuillaume Wittouck (1749 - 1829) was a Belgian lawyer and High Magistrate. He was the Grandfather of industrialist Paul Wittouck and of Belgian navigator Guillaume Delcourt.BiographyGuillaume Wittouck, born in Drogenbos on 30 October 1749 and died in Brussels on 12 June 1829, lawyer at the Brabant Council, became Counselor at the Supreme Court of Brabant in 1791. During the Brabant Revolution, he sided with the Vonckists, who were in favor of new ideas. When Belgium joined France, he became substitute for the commissioner of the Directory at the Civil Court of the Department of the Dyle, then under the consulate, in 1800, judge at the Brussels Court of Appeal, then from 1804 to 1814, under the Empire, counselor at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, then advisor to the Superior Court of Brussels. He married in Brussels (Church of Saint Nicolas) on 29 June 1778, Anne Marie Cools, born in Gooik on 25 January 1754, died in Brussels on 11 April 1824, daughter of Jean Cools and Adrienne Galmaert descendants of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels.Guillaume Wittouck acquired on 28th Floreal of the year VIII (18 May 1800) the castle of Petit-Bigard in Leeuw-Saint-Pierre with a field of one hundred hectares. Petit-Bigard will remain the home of the elder branch until its sale in 1941.Passage 4:Nia SegamainNia Segamain, son of Adamair, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Conall Collamrach. Geoffrey Keating says his mother was the presumed woodland goddess Flidais of the Tuatha Dé Danann, whose magic made wild does give milk as freely as domesticated cattle during his reign. He ruled for seven years, until he was killed by Énna Aignech. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in Egypt (145–116 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 226–219 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 320–313 BC. His name means \"sister's son or champion of Segamon\", and is perhaps related to Segomo, an ancient Gaulish deity equated in Roman times with Mars and Hercules. A slightly more historical Nia Segamain occurs in early Eóganachta pedigrees, and this is sometimes interpreted as evidence for the Gaulish origins of the dynasties.See alsoDeirgtineMug NuadatPassage 5:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 6:Prithvipati ShahPrithvipati Shah (Nepali: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom in the South Asian subcontinent, present-day Nepal. He was the grandfather of Nara Bhupal Shah and reigned from 1673–1716.King Prithvipati Shah ascended to the throne after the demise of his father. He was the longest serving king of the Gorkha Kingdom but his reign saw a lot of struggles.Passage 7:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 8:Rudraige mac SithrigiRudraige mac Sithrigi (Irish: Ruairí; English: Rory mac Sitric), was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. The son of Sitric, he took power after killing his predecessor, Crimthann Coscrach, and ruled for thirty or seventy years, after which he died of plague in Airgetglenn. He was succeeded by Finnat Már, son of Nia Segamain. He is the ancestor of Clanna Rudraige.Time frameThe Lebor Gabála synchronises the start of his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon (145–116 BC), and his death with that of Ptolemy X Alexander I (110–88 BC) in Egypt. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 184–154 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 289–219 BC. The poem \"Druim Cet céide na naomh\" states the convention of Druim Cet (held c.590 AD) was 700 years after the reign of Rudraige, which would imply a floruit of c.110 BC.IssueRudraige was particularly associated with the northern part of Ireland: the Ulaid, who later formed a confederation in eastern Ulster in the early Middle Ages, traced their descent from him, and the Lebor Gabála Érenn names him as the grandfather of the Ulaid hero Conall Cernach. John O'Hart lists the following issue in his Stem of the Irish Nation:Bresal Bó-Díbad, High King of IrelandCongal Cláiringnech, High King of IrelandConrach (father of Elim mac Conrach)Fachtna Fáthach (father of Conchobar mac Nessa)Ros Ruadh (father of Fergus mac Róich)Cionga (supposed ancestor of Conall Cernach)Resting placeIt is claimed that some traditions of the Clanna Rudraige assign the Bay of Dundrum in modern County Down, as the resting place of Rudraige. This is the location of the Tonn Rudraige (wave of Rory) one of the \"Three Waves of Erin\" mentioned in the Annals of the Four Masters, and believed to be named after Rudraige.Passage 9:AdamairAdamair (Adammair, Adhamair, Amadir), son of Fer Corb, was, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, a High King of Ireland. He came from Munster, killed the previous incumbent, Ailill Caisfhiaclach, and reigned for five years, "}
{"doc_id":"doc_190","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mona Hopton BellMona Hopton Bell (1867–1940) was a British artist, best known for her portraits of civic figures.She was the grandmother of the painter Jean H. Bell.Passage 2:Purnima (Hindi actress)Purnima Das Verma (born Meherbhano Mohammad Ali; 2 March 1934 — 14 August 2013) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi-language films. She was the aunt of director Mahesh Bhatt and grandmother of actor Emraan Hashmi.Personal lifeMeherbano Mohammad Ali was born on 2 March 1934. Her elder sister, Shirin, is the mother of directors Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt. Meherbano's first husband was a journalist named Syed Shauqat Hashmi, who moved to Pakistan during the end of colonial rule in South Asia when Pakistan and India were created as new states by the British as they decolonized. Her son from this first marriage, Anwar Hashmi (father of Emraan Hashmi), acted in Baharon Ke Manzil (1968) opposite Farida Jalal. In 1954, she married for the second time with filmmaker Bhagwan Das Varma. Meherbano took the screen name ' Purnima' when she entered the film industry.CareerPurnima acted in more than 80 Bollywood films. She was a popular actress in Hindi films from late '40s to '50s. She appeared in many films including Patanga (1949), Jogan (1950), Sagai (1951), Jaal (1952), Aurat (1953), a role in Ajay Devgan's debut film Phool Aur Kaante, and the role of Sanjay Dutt's on-screen grandmother in Naam which was directed by Mahesh Bhatt (Purnima's elder sister's son). She also played the role of Amitabh Bachchan's mother in the film Zanjeer.DeathPurnima had Alzheimer's disease during the last few years of her life and died on 14 August 2013. Mahesh Bhatt later revealed on Twitter, \"My aunt Purnima, the first star of our family and who happens to be Emraan Hashmi's grandmother has entered the sunset moments of her life.\".Selected filmographyPassage 3:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 4:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 5:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne ' may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married his first wife Anne in 1629, and she died about six months later after catching smallpox. His second wife, Frances was about 21 upon her marriage.Edward Hyde had risen rapidly in his profession. When King Charles was at Oxford, he was knighted on 22 February 1642–3, and was then made Lord Chancellor and Privy Councillor at the age of 34. Upon King Charles' death, he had to flee from Puritan vengeance. He was with King Charles II in exile in Flanders, and in Bruges on 29 January 1657–58, he was again appointed Lord Chancellor in prospectu. With the restitution of the monarchy, Edward and Frances Hyde were now in high favour. For his long service to the King, and his fidelity to the Crown, Edward was created Baron Hyde of Hindon, Wiltshire in 1660. In 1661, he was raised to be Viscount Cornberry (in which year Frances died). He was later created Earl of Clarendon (1662), taking his title from the Estate and Park of Clarendon, near Salisbury.Edward and Frances had six children. Their daughter Lady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VII.Death and burialAnne Denman is interred in the Hyde family vault in Westminster Abbey. She seems to have secured the regard of her grandson-in-law, James, Duke of York, as Samuel Pepys notes in his Diary that, in 1661, The Duke of York was in mourning for his wife's grandmother, who (he adds) was thought of with a great deal of fondness — and which grandmother was Anne Denman, of the Old Manor House, West Retford, Notts, now the Trinity Hospital.Queen Anne portraitAnne Denman's childhood home, the Old Hall in Retford, was given by her nephew John Darrell in his will to become a hospital for old men of good repute. As the last member of the Denman-Darrell family, he carried out the wishes of his father, Edward, in this respect. The Old Hall became Trinity Hospital, on Hospital Road, Retford. It is administered by a Trust which owns considerable property around Retford. A portrait of Queen Anne in Trinity Hospital was recently attributed (1999) by the auctioneers Phillips to Sir Godfrey Kneller. John was the nephew of Anne Denman, the first cousin of Frances Hyde, and therefore a cousin twice removed of Queen Anne.== Notes ==Passage 6:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 7:Diana GuardatoDiana Guardato was a member of the aristocratic Patrician Guardato family. She had at least two children with King Ferdinand I. Her first child was Ferdinando d' Aragona y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto who married 1st, Anna Sanseverino, 2nd, Castellana de Cardona whose daughter Maria d'Aragona, married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III.Her second child was Giovanna d’ Aragona, who married Leonardo della Rovere, Duke of Arce and Sora, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and brother of Pope Julius II.Passage 8:CaligulaGaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, Augustus' granddaughter. Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty.Although Gaius was named after Gaius Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname \"Caligula\" ('little boot'), the diminutive form of caligae, a military boot, from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19, Agrippina returned with her six children to Rome, where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius, Germanicus' uncle. The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. In 26, Tiberius withdrew from public life to the island of Capri, and in 31, Caligula joined him there. Following the former's death in 37, Caligula succeeded him as emperor. There are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversion, presenting him as an insane tyrant.While the reliability of these sources is questionable, it is known that during his brief reign, Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor, as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and he initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania as a province. In early 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. However, the conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted. On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, the next emperor. Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line, though the Julio-Claudian dynasty continued to rule until the demise of his nephew, Nero.Early lifeCaligula was born in Antium on 31 August AD 12, the third of six surviving children born to Germanicus, a grandson of Mark Antony, and his second cousin Agrippina the Elder, who was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, making her the granddaughter of Augustus. He was also a nephew of Claudius, Germanicus' younger brother and future emperor. He had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus, and three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. At the age of two or three, he accompanied his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in the north of Germania. He wore a miniature soldier's outfit, including army boots (caligae) and armour. The soldiers thus nicknamed him Caligula (\"little boot\"). He reportedly grew to dislike the nickname.Germanicus died at Antioch, Syria province, in AD 19, aged only 33. Suetonius claims that Germanicus was poisoned by an agent of Tiberius, who viewed Germanicus as a political rival. After the death of his father, Caligula lived with his mother, Agripinna the Elder, until her relations with Tiberius deteriorated. Tiberius would not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival. Agrippina and Caligula's brother, Nero, were banished in the year 29 on charges of treason. The adolescent Caligula was sent to live with his great-grandmother (Tiberius' mother), Livia. After her death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia Minor. In the year 30, his brother Drusus was imprisoned on charges of treason, and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. Suetonius writes that after the banishment of his mother and brothers, Caligula and his sisters were nothing more than prisoners of Tiberius under the close watch of soldiers. In the year 31, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius. Roman historians describe Caligula as an excellent natural actor who recognized the danger he was in, and hid his resentment towards Tiberius. An observer said of Caligula, \"Never was there a better servant or a worse master!\"Caligula claimed to have planned to kill Tiberius with a dagger to avenge his mother and brother, however, having brought the weapon into Tiberius' bedroom he did not kill the Emperor but threw the dagger down on the floor. Supposedly Tiberius knew of this plot but did nothing about it. Suetonius claims that Caligula was by this time already cruel and vicious; he writes that when Tiberius brought Caligula to the island of Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he \"prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman people and a Phaethon for the world.\" In 33, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a position he held until his rise to emperor. Meanwhile, both Caligula's mother and his brother Drusus died in prison. Caligula was briefly married to Junia Claudilla in the year 33, though she died in childbirth the following year. Caligula spent time befriending the Praetorian prefect, Naevius Sutorius Macro, an important ally. Macro spoke well of Caligula to Tiberius, attempting to quell any ill will or suspicion the Emperor felt towards Caligula. In the year 35, Caligula was named joint heir to Tiberius' estate along with Tiberius Gemellus.EmperorEarly reignTiberius died on 16 March AD 37, a day before the Liberalia festival. Rumors circulated that Caligula, possibly assisted by Macro, smothered Tiberius with a pillow, recorded both by Suetonius and Tacitus. However, Philo, who both wrote during Tiberius' reign, as well as Josephus, record Tiberius as having died a natural death. Caligula assumed the leadership of the domus Caesaris and this was ratified by the senate, which acclaimed him imperator two days later on 18 March. Ten days later, Tiberius' will, naming two heirs, was nullified with the standard justification that he had been insane.Caligula is described as the first emperor who was admired by everyone in \"all the world, from the rising to the setting sun.\" Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus and because he was not Tiberius. Suetonius said that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign. Philo mentions widespread sacrifice, but no estimation on the degree. He describes the first seven months of Caligula's reign as completely blissful.Caligula's first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. Overriding Tiberius' will, which left a legacy of 500 sesterces to each praetorian, he instead doubled it; further bonuses were granted to the city troops and the army outside Italy. Coinage indicates that donations to the praetorians may have been repeated through Caligula's reign. A further distribution of 75 sesterces per citizen in Rome was given from 1 June to 19 July; Caligula wasted no time putting on lavish games, immediately requesting from the senate exemption from sumptuary laws limiting the number of gladiators. He also restored the right to elect praetors to the comitia, which meant in practice that aediles had incentives to spend money to put on lavish spectacles to win popularity. Building projects on the Palatine hill and elsewhere were also announced, which would have been the largest of these expenditures.Caligula also took action to win the support of the aristocracy. He made a public show of burning Tiberius' secret papers, falsely claiming that he had not read "}
{"doc_id":"doc_191","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor. He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s. His television roles include AllyMcBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since 2018, he has played PoliceSergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film TheWood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones wasborn in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California. He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing forthe Nankai Hawks in Osaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as a high school basketball coach. They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season. Hisparents later divorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and televisionproductions.His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams. That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvinvan Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey'sAnatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017).His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in RickFamuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywoodblockbuster Godzilla (2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in theABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion.Personal lifeJoshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to itsefforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Lamman RuckerLamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor. Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles inThe Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation. In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah WinfreyNetwork drama series, Greenleaf. Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University. As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons.Early lifeRucker was born in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker. He has partial ancestry from Barbados. Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area. He first had an interest in acting afterhe was placed in many child pageants.  His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade. He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts inWashington, D.C. Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University.On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University footballteam.CareerHis major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T. Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie. He left the series the following year andportrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005. He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half.Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films. Heco-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010). He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns. He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his roleas Will from 2009 to 2011. The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode. He later had roles in anumber of small movies and TV movies. Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell.In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Networkdrama series, Greenleaf. He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAward nominationsPassage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is aNorwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been thedirector of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 5:Erle C. KentonErle C. Kenton (August 1, 1896 – January 28, 1980) was anAmerican film director. Kenton was  director of B films, with his most famous film being Island of Lost Souls starring Charles Laughton.BiographyPrior to filmwork, Kenton was a school teacher and later decided tobecome an animal exhibitor. After working with various dog, pony and other animal shows, he entered the vaudeville circuit as a comedian. This led to him entering the film industry working on the Keystone Cops seriesof films making various short comedies.Kenton began as a writer for Mack Sennett in 1914 and would direct feature films for Columbia Pictures,  Tiffany Pictures, Paramount Pictures, RKO Pictures, Republic Pictures. Heworked for Universal Pictures between 1941 and 1946 making films such as The Ghost of Frankenstein, House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula and The Cat Creeps and several films featuring comedians Abbott &Costello. Kenton was replaced by Charles Lamont on Hit the Ice after problems with Lou Costello.Producer Paul Malvern stated later that Kenton and him \"got along beautifully\" and that \"He was one director whothought everything out and made sure that he came in on budget and on time. He wasn't real fond of directing the Abbott and Costello films so he got a kick out of the monster films.\" Kenton spoke about directinghorror films in a 1944 interview, stating \"They give us a chance to let our imagination run wild. The art department can go to town on creep sets. Prop men have fun with cobwebs. The cameraman has fun with tricklighting and shadows. The director has fun. We have more fun making a horror picture than a comedy.\"Kenton and Edward Ludwig were the principal directors of the 1958–1960 CBS television series, The Texan. Kentondied on January 28, 1980, of Parkinson's disease in Glendale, California. Malvern recalled that when he visited Kenton before his death, Kenton did not recognize him.Selected filmographyPassage 6:Brian Kennedy(gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of thePeabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art atDartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life andcareer in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history andhistory.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), andDepartment of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historiansfrom 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedyexpanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw thedevelopment of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing\"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the buildingproved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completedsome years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the establishedcollections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print WorkshopArchive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 7:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 8:Disgraced!Disgraced! is a 1933 American pre-Code mystery film directed by Erle C. Kenton and written by Francis Martinand Alice D. G. Miller. The film stars Helen Twelvetrees, Bruce Cabot, Adrienne Ames, William Harrigan, Ken Murray, Charles Middleton and Adrienne D'Ambricourt. The film was released on July 7, 1933, by ParamountPictures.CastHelen Twelvetrees as Gay HollowayBruce Cabot as Kirk Undwood, Jr.Adrienne Ames as Julia ThorndykeWilliam Harrigan as Captain HollowayKen Murray as Jim McGuireCharles Middleton as DistrictAttornAdrienne D'Ambricourt as Madame MaximeAra Haswell as Miss PeckDorothy Bay as FlynnPassage 9:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre andtelevision.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in duringits original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at theJohn Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at CarnegieHall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory"}
{"doc_id":"doc_192","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tomáš HudečekTomáš Hudeček (born 10 May 1979 in Olomouc) is a Czech university (assoc.) professor and former politician. He is currently the head of the Department of Public Administration and RegionalStudies at the Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies of the Czech Technical University in Prague, a former local (non-party) politician and the Mayor of the Capital City of Prague. He is married, has three sons, livesalternately in Prague and Ostrava.In 2010 he was elected to the Municipal Assembly in Prague as a candidate of the TOP 09 party.  On 24 November 2011 he became a member of the executive council of Prague andthe Deputy Mayor of Bohuslav Svoboda. Hudeček was elected deputy mayor of Prague between 24 November 2011 and 23 May 2013, then deputy mayor with the responsibilities of Mayor during the flooding of May andJune 2013 days in Prague, and Mayor of Prague between 20 June 2013 and 26 October 2014.Passage 2:A Trial in PragueA Trial in Prague is an 83 min colour documentary film directed by Zuzana Justman, about theSlánský trial, a high-profile show trial in 1952 Communist Czechoslovakia.ContentAt the height of the Cold War, an infamous political show trial, known as the Slánský trial, took place in Czechoslovakia. In 1952, 14leading Communists, including Rudolf Slánský, the second most powerful man in the country, were tried on charges of high treason and espionage. Although they were innocent of the charges, they confessed and wereconvicted. Most of the men were hanged, but three received life sentences. Eleven of the fourteen were Jews.The film tells the story of the trial and the paranoia of the period through testimonies, trial footage, archivalfilms and extensive documentation. Among the people who appear in the film are Lise London, whose late husband Artur London was one of the defendants and wrote about the trial in a widely published memoir \"TheConfession;\" Eduard Goldstucker, a Kafka scholar and the first Czech ambassador to Israel who was jailed and forced to testify at the trial; and Jan Kavan, the former Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs, whose father, alsoa trial witness, died shortly after his release from prison.What led these men to their passionate belief in Communism and why did they publicly confess to crimes they did not commit?  The film explores the questions,as well as the role of Moscow, the motives for the trial and its anti-Semitic thrust. It deals with the personal stories of the condemned men and the legacy they left their children, who \"feel a need to live out theinterrupted lives of their fathers\".Comments\"Sensitive, intelligent & moving … shows the human face of both communism and its victims\" - New York Times \"Harrowing and enlightening, a tale that even Kafka wouldfind hard to imagine\" (Boston Phoenix).\"Measured, informative…neatly structured\" (Variety).“The film is as compelling for these painful details as for the tough-minded analysis that ties them together.” ( The VillageVoice)“Powerful, important and refreshingly straightforward documentary.” (New York Post)SourcesSlánská, Josefa (1969). Report On My Husband. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-097320-8.London, Artur (1971).Confession. USA: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-22170-2.Margolius, Ivan (2006). Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th century. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02219-1.Kaplan, Karel (1990). Report on theMurder of the General Secretary. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-85043-211-2.Heda Margolius Kovaly (1997) Under a Cruel Star: A life in Prague 1941-1968 (ISBN 0-8419-1377-3).Passage 3:VojtěchPetráčekVojtěch Petráček (born 17 February 1964 in Prague) is a Czech nuclear physicist and University Lecturer. Since February 2018, He has also been the rector of the Czech Technical University in Prague (CVUT) inPrague.EducationAfter attending the Nad Štolou Grammar School in the Letnány, Petráček studied mathematics and physics from 1982 at the Charles University, obtaining a doctorate in 1987.CareerIn 2014 heunsuccessfully ran in the Rectorate election of the ČVUT, but in 2017 he was elected and at the end of January, 2018 he was appointed to this position by the Czech President Miloš Zeman with effect from 1. February2018.PublicationsVojtěch Petráček, as of 2018, has published 117 articles.Passage 4:Henry Kolowrat Jr.Henry Kolowrat (Czech: Jindřich Kolowrat; August 25, 1933 – March 16, 2021) was an American fencer. He wasborn in Prague into a noble Kolowrat family. He moved with his parents to the United States in 1948 after the communist coup d'état in Czechoslovakia. He became a U.S. citizen in 1956. He competed in the team épéeevent at the 1960 Summer Olympics.Passage 5:Zuzana JustmanZuzana Justman, born Zuzana Pick (born 20 June 1931), is a Czech-American maker of documentary films and writer. She was born in formerCzechoslovakia, which she left in 1948 with her mother after surviving two years at Theresienstadt concentration camp during World War II. She went to New York state for college and graduate school, and settled inNew York City afterward. After working as a writer and translator, in the late 1980s, she started filmmaking. She has filmed most of her documentaries in the Czech Republic and other European countries, and her topicshave been the Holocaust of World War II and postwar history.Early lifeShe was born into a Jewish family as Zuzana Pick, the second child of Viktor and Marie Pick in Prague, Czechoslovakia. She had an older brother, JiříRobert Pick, who became a writer and playwright. During World War II Zuzana, her brother and her parents, Viktor and Marie Pick, were imprisoned for two years in the Terezín concentration camp. Her father wasdeported to the Auschwitz extermination camp, where he was killed; she, her mother and brother were among the survivors of Theresienstadt. They returned to Prague.After the communist putsch (\"VictoriousFebruary\") of 1948, Zuzana and her mother emigrated to Argentina. Jiří remained in Prague.Zuzana left Buenos Aires in 1950 to study at Vassar College. She received a B.A. from Vassar and later a Ph.D. in SlavicLinguistics from Columbia University in New York.CareerAfter working as a writer and translator, in 1986 Pick began to make her first film Terezin Diary (completed in 1989). The documentary is about the World WarII-era Theresienstadt concentration camp in occupied Czechoslovakia.In 1993, she wrote, produced and directed Czech Women: Now We Are Free.Her documentary Voices of the Children (1997), which tells the story ofthree concentration camp survivors, received the 1999 Emmy Award for best historical program, the Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International Film Festival, in 1998 the Gold Plaque at the Chicago InternationalTelevision Competition, in 1998 Best Documentary and Audience Choice for Best Documentary awards at Film Fest New Haven, in 1997 the Silver Apple from National Educational Media Network.Justman's film A Trial inPrague (2001) is about a 1952 show trial in Communist Czechoslovakia (known as the Slansky Trial). It was released theatrically in a great number of venues and it was uniformly well-received both critically andcommercially.Her 2006 adaptation of her brother's 1982 play The Unlucky Man in the Yellow Cap (in original Czech Smolař ve žluté čepici ), was performed at the FringeNYC festival in August 2006.Her play Waiting forFather premiered at a staged reading at the Czech Center New York on November 16, 2018.Her story My Terezin Diary was published in The New Yorker on September 9, 2019. It was also published in Germantranslation in Switzerland in Das Magazin in January 2020.Marriage and familyShe was married for nearly 50 years to the late Daniel Justman, a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She has two sons Philip and David, from aprevious marriage to the late writer David Boroff. She has two stepchildren, Alexander and Jessica Justman, from Daniel's first marriage. Her first husband was Miles/Milos Glaser.Film documentariesA Trial in Prague,2000 – director, producer, screenwriter Voices of the Children, 1997 – director, screenwriterCzech Women: Now We Are Free, 1993 – director, screenwriter (with J. Becker, L. Studničková)Terezin Diary, 1989(screenwriter, executive producer), directed and produced by Dan WeissmanTheatreThe Unlucky Man in the Yellow Cap, directed by Marcy Arlin, lyrics, translation and cooperation Alex Zucker, other lyrics by Peter Fish(also music), Zuzana Justman, J.R. Pick, performed at the FringeNYC festival, August 2006Justman's play Waiting for Father premiered at a staged reading at the Czech Center New York on November 16, 2018.Passage6:Karel WellnerKarel Wellner (5 March 1875, in Unhošť – 14 June 1926, in Olomouc) was a Czech graphic artist, painter, cartoonist, illustrator, art historian and critic. He was also a secondary school teacher andprofessor.He graduated from high school in Prague, and then studied industrial engineering and art  in Prague. He moved to Olomouc in 1902 and was active in illustrating professional literature and as an art historian.Some of his works were published in Germany. As a painter he took part in exhibitions in Prague and with the Association of Visual Artists in Moravia. He was active mainly in  graphic art. He has published severallithographs and etchings of the old city of Olomouc.See alsoList of Czech paintersPassage 7:Petr HájekPetr Hájek (Czech pronunciation: [\u0000p\u0000tr\u0000 \u0000\u0000a\u0000j\u0000k]; 6 February 1940 – 26 December 2016) was a Czechscientist in the area of mathematical logic and a professor of mathematics. Born in Prague, he worked at the Institute of Computer Science at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and as a lecturer at thefaculty of mathematics and physics at the Charles University in Prague and at the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague.AcademicsPetr Hájek studied at thefaculty of mathematics and physics of the Charles University in Prague. Influenced by Petr Vopěnka, he specialized in set theory and arithmetic, and later also in logic and artificial intelligence. He contributed toestablishing the mathematical fundamentals of fuzzy logic. Following the Velvet Revolution, he was appointed a senior lecturer (1993) and a professor (1997). From 1992 to 2000 he held the position of chairman of theInstitute of Computer Science at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. From 1996 to 2003 he was also president of the Kurt Gödel Society.Later, he graduated from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague,where he studied the pipe organ under Jiří Reinberger to become an organ player in a church.Awards2002, Medal of the Minister of Education of the Czech Republic2006, Medal of Merit, third grade, in the area ofsciences by President of the Czech Republic Václav Klaus2008, doctor honoris causa from Silesian University in OpavaPapersHájek, Petr; Kalášek, Pavel; Kůrka, Petr (1960). O dynamické logice. Praha:Academia.Vopěnka, Petr; Hájek, Petr (1972). The Theory of Semisets. Trans. Jech, T. and Rousseau, G. Praha: Academia.Hájek, Petr; Havránek, Tomáš; Chytil, Metoděj K. (1983). Metoda GUHA: automatická tvorbahypotéz. Praha: Academia.Hájek, Petr; Pudlák, Pavel (1993). Metamathematics of First-Order Arithmetic. Berlin: Springer.See alsoSemisetPassage 8:Three StrangersThree Strangers is a 1946 American film noir crimedrama directed by Jean Negulesco, written by John Huston and Howard Koch, starring Sydney Greenstreet, Geraldine Fitzgerald, and Peter Lorre, and featuring Joan Lorring and Alan Napier.PlotCrystal Shackleford(Geraldine Fitzgerald) lures two strangers, solicitor Jerome K. Arbutny (Sydney Greenstreet) and charming and erudite drunkard Johnny West (Peter Lorre) to her London flat on Chinese New Year in 1938 because of herbelief that if three strangers make the same wish to an idol of Kwan Yin, Chinese goddess of fortune and destiny, the wish will be granted.  Since money will make their dreams come true, the three go in on asweepstakes ticket for the Grand National horse race together and agree that they will not sell the ticket if it is chosen, but will hold on to it until the race is run.  Shackleford would use the money to try to win herestranged husband back, Arbutny to smooth the way for his selection to the prestigious Barrister's Club, and Johnny to buy a bar and live in it.The stories of the three strangers are revealed. Shackleford's husbandDavid (Alan Napier) moved to Canada and fell in love with Janet Elliott (Marjorie Riordan). He returns, just after Johnny and Arbutny take their leave of Crystal, and demands a divorce, but she refuses. She sees to itthat he loses a promotion. She also lies to Janet, telling her that David still loves her and that she is pregnant. The trusting woman believes her and returns to Canada.With the help of an adoring Icey Crane (JoanLorring), Johnny has been hiding out after his drunken participation in a botched robbery that resulted in the death of a policeman. Icey commits perjury in order to provide an alibi for the murderer and ringleader,Bertram Fallon (Robert Shayne). When a second witness is discredited, Fallon confesses to the robbery but blames the murder on West and the third man involved, Timothy Delaney, who is nicknamed Gabby (PeterWhitney). Johnny is caught and sentenced to death, but Gabby finds Fallon on his way to prison and stabs him.  As he dies in the railway carriage, Fallon clears Johnny.Arbutny has been speculating in stocks withmoney from the trust fund of Lady Rhea Belladon (Rosalind Ivan), an eccentric widow who believes she can talk with her dead husband.  When the stock falls and his margin is called, a desperate Arbutny proposes toLady Belladon.  After consulting with her dead husband, she turns him down. Worse, she says that Lord Belladon wants to have the books checked.  Arbutny contemplates suicide, is about to shoot himself but glances inthe newspaper and discovers their sweepstakes ticket \"Kwan Yin\" was drawn in the Grand National.The three strangers converge on Crystal's flat.  Arbutny wants to sell his share of the ticket immediately so he canreplace the funds he stole before his crime can be uncovered.  Johnny is willing, but Shackleford is adamant that they stick to their original agreement.  Arbutny becomes enraged and accidentally kills her with herstatue of Kwan Yin. Ironically, they hear on the radio that their horse wins.  Johnny points out to Arbutny that the winning ticket has to be destroyed because their agreement and signatures on it would provide a motivefor Crystal's murder. They leave the flat, but Arbutny is overcome by guilt, and panics and runs out into the middle of the busy street.  Arbutny stops traffic and attracts a crowd, including a policeman, where heconfesses to the murder. David Shackleford arrives, intending to shoot his estranged wife for  driving Janet away from him, but leaves, shaken, upon discovering that she's already dead.Johnny returns to the pub,where Icey finds him.  Content with having her, he sets the ticket on fire.CastProductionThree Strangers was in production from early January to mid-February 1945.  Its original title was Three Men and a Girl, andBette Davis and George Brent were originally to be the leads.  At one point, the story was considered for a sequel of sorts to The Maltese Falcon, and Humphrey Bogart, Sydney Greenstreet and Mary Astor were to star.However, according to Robert Osborne of Turner Classic Movies, Warner Bros. discovered the rights to the characters had reverted to Dashiell Hammett. Because Warners had owned the rights since 1937, actorsconsidered for the role of \"Jerome K. Arbutny\" were Lionel Atwill, Donald Crisp, Ian Hunter and Claude Rains, while Miriam Hopkins and Kay Francis were considered to play \"Crystal Shackelford\".  For the third starringrole, that of \"Johnny West,\" Errol Flynn, David Niven, Leslie Howard, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Robert Montgomery were considered.  Director Jean Negulesco was a fan of Lorre's work and fought hard to give him therole.John Huston was inspired to write the story by a wooden figure he bought in an antique shop while working in London. Later, events at a party in his flat suggested to Huston the story of three strangers sharing asweepstakes ticket.  Alfred Hitchcock was at the gathering, and liked the story when Huston told it to him, but nothing came of it.  Huston returned to Hollywood, and Warners bought the treatment in 1937.  Hustonwent on to write the script with his friend Howard Koch. When the film finally went into production, Huston was not available to direct it, because he was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Signal Corps.Two American releasedates for Three Strangers can be found: 28 January 1946 and 16 February 1946.  It's possible that the first date is the premiere, and the later one the actual date of general release.ReceptionIn its 1946 review, Varietywrote:Greenstreet overplays to some extent as the attorney who has raided a trust fund, but he still does a good job. Lorre is tops as a drunk who gets involved in a murder of which he's innocent, while Fitzgerald ratesas the victim.Bosley Crowther in The New York Times wrote that same year:[T]he action [...] is full-bodied melodrama of a shrewd and sophisticated sort. Never so far away from reason that it is wholly incredible butobviously manufactured fiction, it makes a tolerably tantalizing show, reaching some points of fascination in a few of its critical scenes.According to Warner Bros. records, the film earned $1,033,000 in the U.S. and$614,000 in other markets.Passage 9:Jean NegulescoJean Negulesco (born Ioan Negulescu; 13 March [O.S. 29 February] 1900 – 18 July 1993) was a Romanian-American film director and screenwriter. He first gainednotice for his film noirs and later made such notable films as Johnny Belinda (1948), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), Titanic (1953), and Three Coins in the Fountain (1954).He was called \"the first real master ofCinemaScope\".BiographyEarly lifeBorn in Craiova, Negulesco was the son of a hotel keeper and attended Carol I High School.When he was 15, he was working in a military hospital during World War I. George Enescu,the Romanian composer, came to play the violin to the war wounded; Negulesco drew a portrait of him, and Enesco bought it. Negulesco decided to be a painter and studied art in Bucharest.Negulesco went to Paris in1920, and enrolled in the Académie Julian. He sold one of his paintings to Rex Ingram.AmericaIn 1927, he visited New York City for an exhibition of his paintings and settled there.He then made his way to California, atfirst working as a portraitist.He became interested in movies and made an experimental feature film, financed as well as written and directed by himself, called Three and a Day. Through his contact with the film's star,Mischa Auer, he managed to get a job at Paramount.ParamountHe did the opening montage for the film musical Tonight We Sing and worked on The Story of Temple Drake and A Farewell to Arms (1932).He worked hisway to assistant producer, second unit director.Warner BrothersNegulesco went to Warner Brothers in 1940. He made his reputation at Warner Bros by directing short subjects, particularly a series of band shortsfeaturing unusual camera angles and dramatic use of shadows and silhouettes.Negulesco's first feature film as director was Singapore Woman (1941). In 1948, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Directing forJohnny Belinda.20th Century FoxIn 1948 Negulesco went to work for 20th Century Fox. He was the first director to make two films in Fox's CinemaScope - How to Marry a Millionaire and Three Coins in the Fountain; theformer receiving a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Film.His 1959 movie The Best of Everything was on Entertainment Weekly's Top 50 Cult Films of All-Time.During his Hollywood career and in his 1984autobiography Things I Did and Things I Think I Did, Negulesco claimed to have been born on 29 February 1900; he apparently was motivated to make this statement because birthdays on leap year day arecomparatively rare (and even though 1900 was not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, it was under the Julian calendar, which applied in Romania at that time).He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6212Hollywood Blvd.DeathFrom the late 1960s Negulesco lived in Marbella, Spain, where he died, at age 93, of heart failure. He is buried in the Virgen del Carmen cemetery in Marbella.FilmographyShortsFeaturefilmsArchiveMany of Negulesco's home movies are held by the Academy Film Archive; the archive has preserved a number of them, including behind-the-scenes footage of Negulesco's films.NotesPassage 10:St. VitusMadonnaThe St. Vitus Madonna (c. 1395–1415) comes from the treasure of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague and is exhibited in its original frame in the permanent collection of the National Gallery in Prague.History of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_193","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Sarre Anglo-Saxon cemeterySarre Anglo-Saxon cemetery is a place of burial that was used in the sixth and seventh centuries CE.BackgroundWith the advent of the Anglo-Saxon period in the fifth century CE,the area that became Kent underwent a radical transformation on a political, social, and physical level. In the preceding era of Roman Britain, the area had been administered as the civitas of Cantiaci, a part of theRoman Empire, but following the collapse of Roman rule in 410 CE, many signs of Romano-British society began to disappear, replaced by those of the ascendant Anglo-Saxon culture. Later Anglo-Saxon accountsattribute this change to the widescale invasion of Germanic language tribes from northern Europe, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Archaeological and toponymic evidence shows that there was a great deal ofsyncretism, with Anglo-Saxon culture interacting and mixing with the Romano-British culture.The Old English term Kent first appears in the Anglo-Saxon period, and was based on the earlier Celtic-language nameCantii. Initially applied only to the area east of the River Medway, by the end of the sixth century it also referred to areas to the west of it. The Kingdom of Kent was the first recorded Anglo-Saxon kingdom to appear inthe historical record, and by the end of sixth century, it had become a significant political power, exercising hegemony over large parts of southern and eastern Britain. At the time, Kent had strong trade links withFrancia, while the Kentish royal family married members of Francia's Merovingian dynasty, who were already Christian. Kentish King Æthelberht was the overlord of various neighbouring kingdoms when he converted toChristianity in the early seventh century as a result of Augustine of Canterbury and the Gregorian mission, who had been sent by Pope Gregory to replace England's pagan beliefs with Christianity. It was in this contextthat the Polhill cemetery was in use.Kent has a wealth of Early Medieval funerary archaeology. The earliest excavation of Anglo-Saxon Kentish graves was in the 17th century, when antiquarians took an increasinginterest in the material remains of the period. In the ensuing centuries, antiquarian interest gave way to more methodical archaeological investigation, and prominent archaeologists like Bryan Faussett, James Douglas,Cecil Brent, George Payne, and Charles Roach Smith \"dominated\" archaeological research in Kent.Archaeological investigationThe existence of Sarre was not noted by any of the early antiquarians who studied theAnglo-Saxon cemeteries of Kent. Sarre cemetery was discovered in 1843, and re-examined in 1860, when a number of artefacts were discovered during construction work at Sarre windmill, subsequently beingpurchased by the British Museum. It was excavated in 1863 by the Kent Archaeological Society, in a project directed by John Brent, who published his findings in the Archaeologia Cantiana journal. Aided by twoworkmen, he used a metal probe to determine the locations of the graves.After this excavation, which was believed to have been total, the cemetery was relegated to \"the history of archaeology\", being considered“arguably the richest Anglo-Saxon burial ground yet discovered”. It was not scheduled as an Ancient Monument.In 1982, an excavation of the supposed site of St. Giles took place under the directorship of D.R.J.Perkins, revealing Anglo-Saxon graves around 50 metres away from Brent's excavated area. This led Perkins to review the original cemetery plan, and undertake aerial photography of the site; this suggested that therewere various features that Brent had not revealed, and that the cemetery was larger than previously believed. It was decided that further excavation of the site was necessary, with the cooperation of the landowners,Church Commissioners, as well as the local farmer, Michael Baxter.In May 1991, Southern Water commenced a sewage construction near the site, and funded a rescue excavation of the area from the Trust for ThanetArchaeology.See alsoList of Anglo-Saxon cemeteriesBuckland Anglo-Saxon cemeteryFinglesham Anglo-Saxon cemeteryMill Hill Anglo-Saxon cemeteryPassage 2:William Rockhill NelsonWilliam Rockhill Nelson (March 7,1841 – April 13, 1915) was an American real estate developer and co-founder of The Kansas City Star in Kansas City, Missouri.  He donated his estate (and home) for the establishment of the Nelson-Atkins Museum ofArt.He is buried at Mt. Washington Cemetery with his wife, daughter and son-in-law.Early lifeNelson was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. His father was publisher Isaac De Groff Nelson (1810–1891) and his mother wasElizabeth Rockhill (1816–1889), the daughter of William R. Rockhill, an important farmer and politician in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For a short time, Isaac Nelson owned The Sentinel newspaper (which became the FortWayne News Sentinel). But I.D.G. Nelson, as he was fondly known for many years in Fort Wayne, was much more renowned as a nursery owner. His own estate, \"Elm Park\", was considered \"the showplace of AllenCounty.\"Nelson, as a 15-year-old attended the University of Notre Dame (which accepted high school students) at the time for two years which he described as \"Botany Bay for bad boys.\" Notre Dame was reported tohave asked that he not return.He was admitted to the bar in 1862 and was a campaign manager for Democratic presidential nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden told him: \"While it is a great thing to lead armies, it is agreater thing to lead the minds of men.\"Nelson attempted to run a store in Savannah, Georgia but it failed. The southern sojourn was to earn him the nickname \"The Colonel\" even though he never served in themilitary. William Allen White said later: \"Not that he was ever a colonel of anything...He was just coloneliferous.\"NewspapersNelson formally took over the Sentinel with Samuel Morss in 1879. In 1880 they moved toKansas City and started the Star. At the time there were three daily competitors – the Evening Mail; The Kansas City Times; and the Kansas City Journal. Nelson took over sole ownership of the paper within a fewmonths.Nelson's business strategy called for cheap advance subscriptions and an intention to be \"absolutely independent in politics, aiming to deal by all men and all parties with impartiality and fearlessness.\"Hepurchased the Kansas City Evening Mail and its Associated Press franchise in 1882 and started the Weekly Kansas City Star in 1890 and the Sunday Kansas City Star in 1894. Nelson bought the Times in 1901, puttingThe Morning Kansas City Star on it.Nelson had portraits of Tilden, Grover Cleveland, and Theodore Roosevelt in his office. Roosevelt stayed with Nelson at Oak Hall.In one encounter, Kansas City Mayor Joseph J.Davenport was thrown down a stairwell at the Star building by editors (including William Allen White) when he was believed to have physically threatened Nelson. Nelson said afterwards, \"The Star never loses!\"OtherinterestsIn addition to his newspaper duties, Nelson developed an area of farmland south of downtown Kansas City into a neighborhood of more than 100 houses, including his own mansion called Oak Hall. The area,which became known as the Rockhill District, was noted for its use of limestone in both the houses and in stone walls that stood beside the streets  Nelson also acquired more than 2,400 acres (9.7 km2) in what ispresently Grain Valley, Missouri, for the establishment of Sni A Bar Farm.  The farm's mission was the development of improved breeding methods and livestock.  It served as one of the world's leaders in animal healthfor more than 30 years.He campaigned for Kansas City's George Kessler-designed park and boulevard system and the 1900 “Kansas City Spirit” to build Convention Hall in 90 days in order to host the 1900 DemocraticNational Convention after the original (and new) convention hall had burned in April 1900.LegacyNelson provided in his will that following the death of his wife and daughter his Oak Hill mansion be torn down and its30-acre (120,000 m2) estate turned into an art museum.  Proceeds from his $6 million estate were used to build the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City.  Nelson's will also established a trust for Sni A BarFarm, with Presidents from the University of Missouri, the University of Kansas, and the University of Oklahoma charged with selecting its trustees.The Art Gallery originally contained a recreation of Nelson's oakpaneled room from Oak Hall (and namesake of the estate). The room contained Nelson's red plush easy chair and bookcases.  The room was dismantled in 1988 to make way for a photography studio. His memorial islocated in a mausoleum located at Mount Washington Cemetery in Independence, Missouri, between Truman Road and US Route 24.Passage 3:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, theplace of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called\"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland(1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the SecondNagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of severalpolitical groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 4:Meritites IMeritites I was anancient Egyptian queen of the 4th Dynasty. Her name means \"Beloved of her Father\". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (Pyramid G1b).Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu and his consort of unknown name. Meritites married her (half?-)brother, King Khufu. With Khufu, she was the mother of the Crown Prince Kawab, and possibly Djedefre.Both Queen Hetepheres II and Pharaoh Khafre have been suggested as children of Meretites I and Khufu as well, and it is possible that Meritites II was a daughter of Meritites I as well.Auguste Mariette recorded a stelaat Giza in which Meritites is said to be a favorite of both Sneferu and Khufu:King’s wife, his beloved, devoted to Horus, Mertitytes. King’s wife, his beloved, Mertitytes; beloved of the Favorite of the Two Goddesses; shewho says anything whatsoever and it is done for her. Great in the favor of Snefr[u]; great in the favor of Khuf[u], devoted to Horus, honored under Khafre. Merti[tyt]es. [Breasted]Meritites held the titles: \"great one ofthe hetes-sceptre of Khufu\" (Weret-hetes-net-Khufu, wrt-hetes-nt-khwfw), great one of the hetes-sceptre of Snofru (Weret-hetes-net-snofru, wrt-hetes-nt-snfrw), king’s wife, his beloved (Hemet-nesu Meritef, hmt-nswmeryt.f), attendant of Horus (Khet-heru, kht-hrw) and consort and beloved of the Two Ladies (Semayt-meri-nebti, sm\u0000yt-mry-nbty).PyramidPyramid G1-b is thought to be the tomb of Meritites. The queen's pyramidswere often constructed to the south of the king's pyramid, but a quarry located to the south of Khufu's pyramid caused the location of the smaller pyramids to shift to the east. Reisner placed the construction of thepyramid of Meritites in circa year 15 of the reign of Khufu. The construction of her pyramid would have started very soon after the construction of Pyramid G1-a. The queen's pyramids are part of the East Field at Giza,which also includes some royal mastabas.Pyramid G1-a (the northernmost of three small pyramids east of the Great Pyramid of Giza) was at first thought to belong to Meritites, but it is now thought to belong to Khufu’smother, Hetepheres I. More recently, Pyramid G1-b is thought to be the tomb of Meritites. It had a small mortuary temple and a boat pit associated with it. No boat was found in the rock-cut boat pit however. Themortuary temple was decorated with scenes. Relief fragments from a false door and walls were recovered during excavations. The title of queen was preserved in a fragment now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston(27.1321). Further fragments include parts of an offering list, men bringing offerings and animals, and a boatbeing paddled.== Sources ==Passage 5:Meritites IIMeritites II (Merytiotes, Meritetes) or Meritites A(\"beloved of her father\") was a 4th Dynasty princess of ancient Egypt, probably a daughter of King Khufu. She may have been a daughter of Meritites I based on the fact that this queen is mentioned in mastaba G 7650.She married the Director of the Palace, Akhethotep (a non-royal court official), and she had several children with her husband. Meritites and her husband shared a mastaba G 7650 in Giza.Family and early lifeMeritites IIwas probably a daughter of Khufu, as she was said to be a King's daughter of his body and as the location of her tomb indicates a relation to Khufu. She was a Prophetess of Khufu, Hathor and Neith.Meritites wasmarried to Akhethotep, who was a director of the palace. Further titles of Akhethotep include Sole friend, Priest of the Bas of Nekhen, and Overseer of fishers/ fowlers. In the tomb several children are depicted. A blockformerly in the McGregor collection, but now in Lisbon shows two daughters. One daughter is named Hetepheres and only a partial name has been preserved for the second girl: Khufu[...].BurialAkhethotep and Merititeswere buried at Giza in tomb G 7650. The mastaba is stone built and the interior offering room is decorated. Akhethotep is depicted with his wife Meritites and attendants in some of the scenes. In one scene Akhethotepis accompanied by two daughters. A red granite sarcophagus with a palace facade was discovered in shaft C. Meritites died during the reign of her brother Khafre.== Literature ==Passage 6:Place of birthThe place ofbirth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this placeshould be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect topassports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is notnecessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that thebirth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. Forexample, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or otherphysical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name,so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, theholder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality ofthe baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jussanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a persondepends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters orairspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place ofbirth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in whichthe actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 7:KhufuKhufu or Cheops was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the OldKingdom period (26th century BC). Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu as king. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but manyother aspects of his reign are poorly documented.The only completely preserved portrait of the king is a three-inch high ivory figurine found in a temple ruin of a later period at Abydos in 1903. All other reliefs andstatues were found in fragments, and many buildings of Khufu are lost. Everything known about Khufu comes from inscriptions in his necropolis at Giza and later documents. For example, Khufu is the main characternoted in the Westcar Papyrus from the 13th dynasty.Most documents that mention king Khufu were written by ancient Egyptian and Greek historians around 300 BC. Khufu's obituary is presented there in a conflictingway: while the king enjoyed a long-lasting cultural heritage preservation during the period of the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom, the ancient historians Manetho, Diodorus and Herodotus hand down a very negativedepiction of Khufu's character. Thanks to these documents, an obscure and critical picture of Khufu's personality persists.Khufu's nameKhufu's name was dedicated to the god Khnum, which might point to an increase ofKhnum's popularity and religious importance. In fact, several royal and religious titles introduced at this time may point out that Egyptian pharaohs sought to accentuate their divine origin and status by dedicating theirofficial cartouche names to certain deities. Khufu may have viewed himself as a divine creator, a role that was already given to Khnum, the god of creation and growth. As a consequence, the king connected Khnum'sname with his own. Khufu's full name (Khnum-khufu) means \"Khnum protect me\". While modern Egyptological pronunciation renders his name as Khufu, at the time of his reign his name was probably pronounced asKha(w)yafwi(y), and during the Hellenized era, Khewaf(w).The pharaoh officially used two versions of his birth name: Khnum-khuf and Khufu. The first (complete) version clearly exhibits Khufu's religious loyalty toKhnum, the second (shorter) version does not. It is unknown as to why the king would use a shortened name version since it hides the name of Khnum and the king's name connection to this god. It might be possiblethough, that the short name was not meant to be connected to any god at all.Khufu is well known under his Hellenized name Χέοψ, Khéops or Cheops (, KEE-ops, by Diodorus and Herodotus) and less well known underanother Hellenized name, Σο\u0000φις, Súphis (, SOO-fis, by Manetho). A rare version of the name of Khufu, used by Josephus, is Σόφε, Sofe (, SOF-ee). Arab historians, who wrote mystic stories about Khufu and the Gizapyramids, called him Saurid (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) or Salhuk (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000).FamilyKhufu's originThe royal family of Khufu was quite large. It is uncertain if Khufu was actually the biological son of Sneferu. Egyptologistsbelieve Sneferu was Khufu's father, but only because it was handed down by later historians that the eldest son or a selected descendant would inherit the throne. In 1925 the tomb of queen Hetepheres I, G 7000x, wasfound east of Khufu's pyramid. It contained many precious grave goods, and several inscriptions give her the title Mut-nesut (meaning \"mother of a king\"), together with the name of king Sneferu. Therefore, it seemedclear at first that Hetepheres was the wife of Sneferu, and that they were Khufu's parents. More recently, however, some have doubted this theory, because Hetepheres is not known to have borne the title Hemet-nesut"}
{"doc_id":"doc_194","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hermann GöringHermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; German: [\u0000h\u0000\u0000man \u0000v\u0000lh\u0000lm \u0000\u0000ø\u0000\u0000\u0000ŋ] (listen); 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convictedwar criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.A veteran World War I fighter pilot ace, Göring was a recipient of the Pour le Mérite (\"The Blue Max\"). Hewas the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG I), the fighter wing once led by Manfred von Richthofen. An early member of the Nazi Party, Göring was among those wounded in Adolf Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch in1923. While receiving treatment for his injuries, he developed an addiction to morphine which persisted until the last year of his life. After Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Göring was named as ministerwithout portfolio in the new government. One of his first acts as a cabinet minister was to oversee the creation of the Gestapo, which he ceded to Heinrich Himmler in 1934.Following the establishment of the Nazi state,Göring amassed power and political capital to become the second most powerful man in Germany. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe (air force), a position he held until the final days of the regime.Upon being named Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan in 1936, Göring was entrusted with the task of mobilizing all sectors of the economy for war, an assignment which brought numerous government agencies underhis control. In September 1939, Hitler designated him as his successor and deputy in all his offices. After the Fall of France in 1940, he was bestowed the specially created rank of Reichsmarschall, which gave himseniority over all officers in Germany's armed forces.By 1941, Göring was at the peak of his power and influence. As the Second World War progressed, Göring's standing with Hitler and with the German public declinedafter the Luftwaffe proved incapable of preventing the Allied bombing of Germany's cities and resupplying surrounded Axis forces in Stalingrad. Around that time, Göring increasingly withdrew from military and politicalaffairs to devote his attention to collecting property and artwork, much of which was stolen from Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Informed on 22 April 1945 that Hitler intended to commit suicide, Göring sent a telegramto Hitler requesting his permission to assume leadership of the Reich. Considering his request an act of treason, Hitler removed Göring from all his positions, expelled him from the party, and ordered his arrest. After thewar, Göring was convicted of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. He was sentenced to death by hanging but committed suicide by ingestingcyanide hours before the sentence was to be carried out.Early life and educationGöring was born on 12 January 1893 at the Marienbad Sanatorium in Rosenheim, Bavaria. His father, Heinrich Ernst Göring (31 October1839 – 7 December 1913), a former cavalry officer, had been the first governor-general of German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia). Heinrich had three children from a previous marriage. Göring was the fourthof five children by Heinrich's second wife, Franziska Tiefenbrunn (1859–15 July 1943), a Bavarian peasant. Göring's elder siblings were Karl, Olga, and Paula; his younger brother was Albert. At the time that Göring wasborn, his father was serving as consul general in Haiti, and his mother had returned home briefly to give birth. She left the six-week-old baby with a friend in Bavaria and did not see the child again for three years, whenshe and Heinrich returned to Germany.Göring's godfather was Hermann Epenstein, a wealthy Jewish physician and businessman his father had met in Africa. Epenstein provided the Göring family, who were surviving onHeinrich's pension, first with a family home in Berlin-Friedenau, and then a small castle called Veldenstein, near Nuremberg. Göring's mother became Epenstein's mistress around this time, and remained so for somefifteen years. Epenstein acquired the minor title of Ritter (knight) von Epenstein through service and donations to the Crown.Interested in a career as a soldier from a very early age, Göring enjoyed playing with toysoldiers and dressing up in a Boer uniform his father had given him. He was sent to boarding school at age eleven, where the food was poor and discipline was harsh. He sold a violin to pay for his train ticket home, andthen took to his bed, feigning illness, until he was told he would not have to return. He continued to enjoy war games, pretending to lay siege to the castle Veldenstein and studying Teutonic legends and sagas. Hebecame a mountain climber, scaling peaks in Germany, at the Mont Blanc massif, and in the Austrian Alps. At age 16, he was sent to a military academy at Berlin Lichterfelde, from which he graduated withdistinction.Göring joined the Prince Wilhelm Regiment (112th Infantry, Garrison: Mülhausen) of the Prussian Army in 1912. The next year his mother had a falling-out with Epenstein. The family was forced to leaveVeldenstein and moved to Munich; Göring's father died shortly afterwards. It was in Bavaria where Göring developed his \"romantic sense of Germanness\" that further evolved under National Socialism. When World WarI began in August 1914, Göring was stationed at Mülhausen with his regiment.World War IDuring the first year of World War I, Göring served with his infantry regiment in the area of Mülhausen, a garrison town lessthan 2 km from the French frontier. He was hospitalized with rheumatism, a result of the damp of trench warfare. While he was recovering, his friend Bruno Loerzer convinced him to transfer to what would become, byOctober 1916, the Luftstreitkräfte (transl. air combat forces) of the German army, but his request was turned down. Later that year, Göring flew as Loerzer's observer in Feldflieger Abteilung 25 (FFA 25); Göring hadinformally transferred himself. He was discovered and sentenced to three weeks' confinement to barracks, but the sentence was never carried out. By the time it was supposed to be imposed, Göring's association withLoerzer had been made official. They were assigned as a team to FFA 25 in the Crown Prince's Fifth Army. They flew reconnaissance and bombing missions, for which the Crown Prince invested both Göring and Loerzerwith the Iron Cross, first class.After completing the pilot's training course, Göring was assigned to Jagdstaffel 5. Seriously wounded in the hip in aerial combat, he took nearly a year to recover. He then was transferredto Jagdstaffel 26, commanded by Loerzer, in February 1917. He steadily scored air victories until May, when he was assigned to command Jagdstaffel 27. Serving with Jastas 5, 26 and 27, he continued to win victories.In addition to his Iron Crosses (1st and 2nd Class), he received the Zähringer Lion with swords, the Friedrich Order, the House Order of Hohenzollern with swords third class, and finally, in May 1918, the coveted Pour leMérite. According to Hermann Dahlmann, who knew both men, Göring had Loerzer lobby for the award. He finished the war with 22 victories. A thorough post-war examination of Allied loss records showed that only twoof his awarded victories were doubtful. Three were possible and 17 were certain, or highly likely.On 7 July 1918, following the death of Wilhelm Reinhard, successor to Manfred von Richthofen, Göring was madecommander of the \"Flying Circus\", Jagdgeschwader 1. His arrogance made him unpopular with the men of his squadron.In the last days of the war, Göring was repeatedly ordered to withdraw his squadron, first toTellancourt airdrome, then to Darmstadt. At one point, he was ordered to surrender the aircraft to the Allies; he refused. Many of his pilots intentionally crash-landed their planes to keep them from falling into enemyhands.Like many other German veterans, Göring was a proponent of the stab-in-the-back myth, the belief which held that the German Army had not really lost the war, but instead was betrayed by the civilianleadership: Marxists, Jews, and especially the republicans, who had overthrown the German monarchy. Atop the frustration of military defeat, Göring also experienced the personal disappointment of being snubbed byhis fiancée's upper-class family, who broke off the engagement when he returned penniless from the front.After World War IGöring remained in aviation after the war. He tried barnstorming and briefly worked at Fokker.After spending most of 1919 living in Denmark, he moved to Sweden and joined Svensk Lufttrafik, a Swedish airline. Göring was often hired for private flights. During the winter of 1920–1921, he was hired by CountEric von Rosen to fly him to his castle from Stockholm. Invited to spend the night, Göring may at this time have first seen the swastika emblem, which Rosen had set in the chimney piece as a family badge.This was alsothe first time that Göring saw his future wife; the count introduced his sister-in-law, Baroness Carin von Kantzow (née Freiin von Fock). Estranged from her husband of 10 years, she had an eight-year-old son. Göringwas immediately infatuated and asked her to meet him in Stockholm. They arranged a visit at the home of her parents and spent much time together through 1921, when Göring left to study political science at theUniversity of Munich. Carin obtained a divorce, followed Göring to Munich, and married him on 3 February 1922. Their first home together was a hunting lodge at Hochkreuth in the Bavarian Alps, near Bayrischzell,some 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Munich. After Göring met Adolf Hitler and joined the Nazi Party in 1922, they moved to Obermenzing, a suburb of Munich.Early Nazi careerGöring joined the Nazi Party in 1922 afterhearing a speech by Hitler. He was given command of the Sturmabteilung (SA) as the Oberster SA-Führer in 1923. He was later appointed an SA-Gruppenführer (Lieutenant general) and held this rank on the SA rollsuntil 1945. At this time, Carin—who liked Hitler—often played hostess to meetings of leading Nazis, including her husband, Hitler, Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, and Ernst Röhm. Hitler later recalled his early associationwith Göring:I liked him. I made him the head of my SA. He is the only one of its heads that ran the SA properly. I gave him a dishevelled rabble. In a very short time he had organised a division of 11,000 men.Hitler andthe Nazi Party held mass meetings and rallies in Munich and elsewhere during the early 1920s, attempting to gain supporters in a bid for political power. Inspired by Benito Mussolini's March on Rome, the Nazisattempted to seize power on 8–9 November 1923 in a failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Göring, who was with Hitler leading the march to the War Ministry, was shot in the groin. Fourteen Nazis and fourpolicemen were killed; many top Nazis, including Hitler, were arrested. With Carin's help, Göring was smuggled to Innsbruck, where he received surgery and was given morphine for the pain. He remained in hospitaluntil 24 December. This was the beginning of his morphine addiction, which lasted until his imprisonment at Nuremberg. Meanwhile, the authorities in Munich declared Göring a wanted man. The Görings—acutely shortof funds and reliant on the good will of Nazi sympathizers abroad—moved from Austria to Venice. In May 1924 they visited Rome, via Florence and Siena. Sometime in 1924, Göring met Mussolini through his contactswith members of Italy's Fascist Party; Mussolini had also expressed an interest in meeting Hitler, who was by then in prison. Hitler penned his infamous tome Mein Kampf while incarcerated, before being released inDecember 1924.Meanwhile, personal problems continued to multiply for Göring. By 1925, Carin's mother was ill. The Görings—with difficulty—raised the money in the spring of 1925 for a journey to Sweden via Austria,Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Danzig (now Gdańsk). Göring had become a violent morphine addict; Carin's family were shocked by his deterioration. Carin, who was ill with epilepsy and a weak heart, had to allow thedoctors to take charge of Göring; her son was taken by his father. Göring was certified a dangerous drug addict and was placed in Långbro Asylum on 1 September 1925. He was violent to the point where he had to beconfined in a straitjacket, but his psychiatrist felt he was sane; the condition was caused solely by the morphine. Weaned off the drug, he left the facility briefly, but had to return for further treatment. He returned toGermany when an amnesty was declared in 1927 and resumed working in the aircraft industry. Carin Göring, ill with epilepsy and tuberculosis, died of heart failure on 17 October 1931.Meanwhile, the Nazi Party was ina period of rebuilding and waiting. The economy had recovered, which meant fewer opportunities for the Nazis to agitate. The SA was reorganised, but with Franz Pfeffer von Salomon as its head rather than Göring, andthe Schutzstaffel (SS) was founded in 1925, initially as a bodyguard for Hitler. Membership in the party increased from 27,000 in 1925 to 108,000 in 1928 and 178,000 in 1929. In the May 1928 elections the Nazi Partyonly obtained 12 seats out of an available 491 in the Reichstag. Göring was elected as a representative from Bavaria. Having secured a seat in the Reichstag, Göring gained a more prominent place in the Nazimovement, since Hitler saw him as a public relations officer for Nazism in this capacity. Göring continued to be elected to the Reichstag in all subsequent elections during the Weimar and Nazi regimes. Electoral successalso afforded Göring with access to powerful sympathizers to the Nazi cause, such as Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia and the conservative-minded businessmen, Fritz Thyssen and Hjalmar Schacht. The GreatDepression led to a disastrous downturn in the German economy, and in the 1930 election, the Nazi Party won 6,409,600 votes and 107 seats. In May 1931, Hitler sent Göring on a mission to the Vatican, where he metthe future Pope Pius XII.In the July 1932 election, the Nazis won 230 seats to become far and away the largest party in the Reichstag. By longstanding tradition, the Nazis were thus entitled to select the President of theReichstag, and elected Göring to the post. He would retain this position until 23 April 1945.Reichstag fireThe Reichstag fire occurred on the night of 27 February 1933. Göring was one of the first to arrive on the scene.Marinus van der Lubbe, a Communist radical, was arrested and claimed sole responsibility for the fire. Göring immediately called for a crackdown on Communists.The Nazis took advantage of the fire to advance theirown political aims. The Reichstag Fire Decree, passed the next day on Hitler's urging, suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. Activities of the German Communist Party were suppressed, and some4,000 Party members were arrested. Göring demanded that the prisoners should be shot, but Rudolf Diels, head of the Prussian political police, ignored the order. Some researchers, including William L. Shirer and AlanBullock, are of the opinion that the Nazi Party itself was responsible for starting the fire.At the Nuremberg trials, General Franz Halder testified that Göring admitted responsibility for starting the fire. He said that, at aluncheon held on Hitler's birthday in 1942, Göring said, \"The only one who really knows about the Reichstag is I, because I set it on fire!\" In his own Nuremberg testimony, Göring denied this story.SecondmarriageDuring the early 1930s, Göring was often in the company of Emmy Sonnemann, an actress from Hamburg. They were married on 10 April 1935, in Berlin. The wedding was celebrated on a huge scale. A largereception was held the night before at the Berlin Opera House. Fighter aircraft flew overhead on the night of the reception and the day of the ceremony, at which Hitler was best man. Göring's daughter, Edda, was bornon 2 June 1938.Nazi potentateWhen Hitler was named chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Göring was appointed as Reichsminister without portfolio and Reichskommissar of Aviation. This was followed on 11April 1933 by his appointment as Minister-President of Prussia, Prussian interior minister and chief of the Prussian police. On 25 April 1933, Hitler also delegated his powers as Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) ofPrussia to Göring. On 18 May 1933, Göring secured passage of an enabling act through the Landtag of Prussia that conferred all legislative powers on the cabinet. Utilizing this authority, on 8 July 1933 Göring enacted alaw abolishing the Prussian State Council, the second chamber of the Prussian legislature that represented the interests of the Prussian provinces. In its place, he created a revised non-legislative Prussian State Councilto serve merely as a body of advisors to him. Göring would serve as President of the Council. It would consist, ex officio, of the Prussian cabinet ministers and state secretaries, as well as hand-picked Nazi Party officialsand other industry and society leaders selected solely by Göring. In October 1933, Göring was made a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting. In July 1934, he was appointedReichforstmeister, with the rank of a Reichsminister, as the head of the newly created Reich Forestry Office.Wilhelm Frick, the Reich interior minister, and the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, hoped to create a unifiedpolice force for all of Germany, but Göring on 26 April 1933 established a special Prussian police force, with Rudolf Diels at its head. The force was called the Geheime Staatspolizei (transl. Secret State Police), orGestapo. Göring, thinking that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934. By this time, the SAnumbered over two million men.Hitler was deeply concerned that Ernst Röhm, the chief of the SA, was planning a coup. Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich plotted with Göring to use the Gestapo and SS to crush the SA.Members of the SA got wind of the proposed action and thousands of them took to the streets in violent demonstrations on the night of 29 June 1934. Enraged, Hitler ordered the arrest of the SA leadership. Röhm wasshot dead in his cell when he refused to commit suicide; Göring personally went over the lists of prisoners—numbering in the thousands—and determined who else should be shot. At least 85 people were killed in theperiod of 30 June to 2 July, which is now known as the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler admitted in the Reichstag on 13 July that the killings had been entirely illegal, but claimed a plot had been under way to overthrowthe Reich. A retroactive law was passed making the action legal. Any criticism was met with arrests.One of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which had been in place since the end of World War I, stated thatGermany was not allowed to maintain an air force. After the 1928 signing of the Kellogg–Briand Pact, police aircraft were permitted. Göring was appointed Air Traffic Minister in May 1933. Germany began to accumulateaircraft in violation of the Treaty, and in 1935 the existence of the Luftwaffe was formally acknowledged, with Göring as Reich Aviation Minister.During a cabinet meeting in September 1936, Göring and Hitler announcedthat the German rearmament programme must be sped up. On 18 October, Hitler named Göring as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan to undertake this task. Göring created a new organisation to administer the Planand drew the ministries of labour and agriculture under its umbrella. He bypassed the Economics Ministry in his policy-making decisions, to the chagrin of Hjalmar Schacht, the minister in charge. Huge expenditureswere made on rearmament, in spite of growing deficits. Schacht resigned on 26 November 1937, and Göring took over the Economics Ministry on an interim basis until January 1938. He then managed to install WaltherFunk in the position, who also took control of the Reichsbank when Schacht was forced out of that post as well in January 1939. In this way, both of these institutions effectively were brought under Göring's controlunder the auspices of the Four Year Plan. In July 1937, the Reichswerke Hermann Göring was established under state ownership – though led by Göring – with the aim of boosting steel production beyond the level whichprivate enterprise could economically provide.In 1938, Göring was involved in the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, which led to the resignations of the War Minister, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg, and the armycommander, General Werner von Fritsch. Göring had acted as witness at Blomberg's wedding to Margarethe Gruhn, a 26-year-old typist, on 12 January 1938. Information received from the police showed that the youngbride was a prostitute. Göring felt obligated to tell Hitler, but also saw this event as an opportunity to dispose of Blomberg. Blomberg was forced to resign. Göring did not want Fritsch to be appointed to that position and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_195","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-EinbeckAnna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck (1414 – 4 April 1474) was a daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and his wife, Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen.Anna's first marriage was with Duke Albert III of Bavaria.  They had the following children:John IV (1437–1463), Duke of BavariaErnest (1438–1460)Sigismund of Bavaria (1439–1501)Albert (1440–1445)Margaretha (1442–1479), married in 1463 with Marquess Frederick I of Mantua (1441–1484)Elisabeth (1443–1484), married in 1460 with Elector Ernest of Saxony (1441–1486)Albert IV (1447–1508)Christopher (1449–1483)Wolfgang (1451–1514)Barbara, a nun in MunichAfter Albert's death, she married Duke Frederick III of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen.  This marriage remained childless.== Ancestors ==Passage 2:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of BrunswickCharles William Ferdinand (German: Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources.He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of his uncle, Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, the eldest sister of George III of Great Britain. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a Field Marshal in the Prussian Army. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806.Early lifeCharles William Ferdinand was born in the town of Wolfenbüttel on 9 October 1735, probably in Wolfenbüttel Castle. He was the first-born son of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Philippine Charlotte.His father Charles I was the ruling prince (German: Fürst) of the small state of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the imperial states of the Holy Roman Empire. Philippine Charlotte was the favourite daughter of King Frederick William I of Prussia and sister of Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). As the heir apparent of a sovereign prince, Charles William Ferdinand received the title of Hereditary Prince (German: Erbprinz).He received an unusually wide and thorough education, overseen by his mother. In his youth he travelled in the Netherlands, France and various parts of Germany. In 1753, his father moved the capital of the principality back to Brunswick (German: Braunschweig), the state's largest city. (Wolfenbüttel had been the capital since 1432.) The royal family moved into the newly built Brunswick Palace.Early military careerCharles William Ferdinand entered the military, serving during the Seven Years' War of 1756–63. He joined the allied north-German forces of the Hanoverian Army of Observation, whose task was to protect Hanover (in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain) and the surrounding states from invasion by the French. The force was initially commanded by the Anglo-Hanoverian Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. At the Battle of Hastenbeck (1757) Charles William Ferdinand led a charge at the head of an infantry brigade, an action which gained him some renown.The subsequent French Invasion of Hanover and Convention of Klosterzeven of 1757 temporarily knocked Hanover out of the war (they were to return the following year). Cumberland was recalled to Britain and the remaining allied north-German forces were placed under the command of Ferdinand of Brunswick, brother of Charles I, who easily persuaded his nephew Charles William Ferdinand to renew his military service as a general officer.Charles William Ferdinand was part of the allied Anglo-German force at the Battle of Minden (1759), and the Battle of Warburg (1760). Both were decisive victories over the French, during which he proved himself an excellent subordinate commander. He continued to serve in the army commanded by his uncle for the remainder of the war, which was generally successful for the north German forces. The hereditary prince's reputation improved throughout, and he became an acknowledged master of irregular warfare. Peace was restored in 1763.Marriage and travelsThe royal houses of the former Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had traditionally married within the family, to avoid further division of their family lands under Salic law. By the time, Brunswick-Lüneburg had consolidated back into two states, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover). The electorate was ruled by the Hanoverian branch of the family in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was therefore arranged for Charles William Ferdinand to marry a British-Hanoverian princess: Princess Augusta of Great Britain, daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and his wife, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and sister of the reigning King George III.In 1764, shortly after the Seven Years' War had ended, he travelled to London (landing at Harwich) to marry Princess Augusta. He received a rapturous welcome from the British people, thanks to his service with allied British troops during the war. The Parliament of Great Britain showed its gratitude by voting him a lump sum of £80,000 and an annual income of £3,000 as a wedding gift. However George III was less welcoming, and sought to express his displeasure through numerous small insults e.g. by lodging the prince at Somerset House, instead of one of the royal palaces; not providing him with a military guard; and instructing the servants at the wedding to wear old clothes. This merely served to exacerbate the enthusiasm of the public, particularly when the prince was suspected of turning his back on the unpopular monarch whilst attending an opera (a breach of social protocol). Charles William Ferdinand defied royal displeasure by meeting William Pitt the Elder (who had been prime minister during the war but resigned in 1761) and the other leaders of the parliamentary opposition. The wedding was completed, but as a result of these machinations the prince remained in Britain for only thirteen days.Over the next few years the couple embarked on a wide-ranging tour of Europe, visiting many of the major states. In 1766 they went to France, where they were received by both his allies and recent battlefield enemies with respect. In Paris he made the acquaintance of Marmontel. The couple next proceeded to Switzerland, where they met Voltaire. The longest stop on their travels was Rome, where they remained for a long time exploring the antiquities of the city under the guidance of Johann Winckelmann. During their travels the couple also met Pietro Nardini and in 1767 the prince had his portrait painted by Pompeo Batoni. After a visit to Naples they returned to Paris, and thence to Brunswick.Ruler of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelRestoration of state financesHis father, Charles I, had been an enthusiastic supporter of the war, but nearly bankrupted the state paying for it. As a result, in 1773 Charles William Ferdinand was given a major role in reforming the economy with the assistance of the Geheimrat, Féronce von Rotenkreuz. They were highly successful, restoring the state's finances and improving the economy. This made the prince hugely popular in the duchy.When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Charles William Ferdinand saw an opportunity to replenish the state's treasury by renting its well-trained army to Great Britain. In 1776, Charles I signed a treaty supporting Britain in the war, the first prince to do so. Under the terms of this treaty, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel supplied 4,000 troops for service with the British armies in America, under the command of general Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. Riedesel was given command of all the German troops serving in the Saratoga campaign, under British general John Burgoyne. Burgoyne was defeated in the Battles of Saratoga (1777), and his troops were taken captive as the Convention Army. Although the terms of surrender allowed the Convention Army to give their parole and return to Europe, the American Continental Congress revoked the convention. The Convention Army was kept in captivity until the war ended in 1783.ReignCharles I died in 1780, at which point Charles William Ferdinand inherited the throne. He soon became known as a model sovereign, a typical enlightened despot of the period, characterized by economy and prudence.The duke's combination of interest in the well-being of his subjects and habitual caution led to a policy of gradual reforms, a successful middle way between the conservatism of some contemporary monarchs and the over-enthusiastic wholesale changes pursued by others. He sponsored enlightenment arts and sciences; most notably he was patron to the young mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, paying for him to attend university against the wishes of Gauss' father.He resembled his uncle Frederick the Great in many ways, but he lacked the resolution of the king, and in civil as in military affairs was prone to excessive caution. He brought Brunswick into close alliance with the king of Prussia, for whom he had fought in the Seven Years' War; he was a Prussian field marshal, and was at pains to make the regiment of which he was colonel a model one.The duke was frequently engaged in diplomatic and other state affairs. In August 1784 he hosted a secret diplomatic visit from Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach (Goethe was a member of Karl August's entourage). The visit was disguised as a family visit, but was in fact to discuss the formation of a league of small- and mid-sized German states as a counterbalance within the Holy Roman Empire to Habsburg monarchy's ambitions to trade the Austrian Netherlands for the Electorate of Bavaria. This Fürstenbund (League of Princes) was formally announced in 1785, with the Duke of Brunswick as one of its members and commander of its military forces. The league was successful in forcing the Austrian Joseph II to back down, and thereafter became obsolete.The Swedish princess and diarist Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte visited Brunswick in 1799; she described the Duke as \"witty, literal and a pleasant acquaintance but ceremonial beyond description. He is said to be quite strict, but a good father of the nation who attends to the needs of his people.\"In 1803 the process of German Mediatisation led to the acquisition of the neighbouring imperial abbeys of Gandersheim and Helmstedt, which were secularised.Military commanderHe was made a Prussian general in 1773.War of the Bavarian SuccessionFrom 1778 to 1779 he served in the War of the Bavarian Succession. Frederick II praised the prince personally for his conduct during the war.Invasion of the NetherlandsIn 1787 the Duke was made Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) in the Prussian army. Frederick William II of Prussia appointed him as commander of a 20,000-strong Prussian force which was to invade the United Provinces of the Netherlands (The Dutch Republic). The goal was to suppress the Patriots of the Batavian Revolution, restoring the authority of the stadtholder William V of the House of Orange. Much of the country was in open revolt against William, whose personal troops were unable to quell the Patriot militias and the various Dutch provinces refused to aid him.The Encyclopædia Britannica described the Duke's invasion: \"His success was rapid, complete and almost bloodless, and in the eyes of contemporaries the campaign appeared as an example of perfect generalship\". The Patriots were out-manoeuvred and overwhelmed: their militias were unable to put up any real resistance, were forced to abandon their insurrection, and many Patriots fled to France.The Duke's forces entered the Netherlands on 13 September and occupied Nijmegen that day. The largest Patriot force, 7,000 men under the Rhinegrave of Salm, was quickly out-manoeuvred and forced to abandon Utrecht, which the Duke occupied on 16 September. The Prussian force captured Gorcum on the 17th after a short artillery bombardment, followed by Dordrecht on the 18th and Delft on the 19th. They entered The Hague on the 20th, from which the Patriots had been forced to withdraw following a loyalist insurrection on the 17th. Amsterdam, the last city occupied by the Patriots, surrendered on 10 October. The campaign had taken less than a month. William V was restored to power, which he was to hold until 1795.Both contemporaries and historians have praised the Duke's decisive campaign, in which he manoeuvred to concentrate his forces and achieve overwhelming local superiority, before moving on to the next city. He also received credit for the low number of casualties; one British observer suggested that \"the sap of the trees was the only blood shed\" (an exaggeration), referring to the wooden palisades and batteries constructed by both sides.War of the First CoalitionAt the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition in the early summer of 1792, Ferdinand was poised with military forces at Coblenz. After the Girondins had arranged for France to declare war on Austria, voted on 20 April 1792, the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and the Protestant King of Prussia Frederick William II had combined armies and put them under Brunswick's command.The Brunswick ProclamationThe \"Brunswick Proclamation\" or \"Brunswick Manifesto\" that he now issued from Coblenz on 25 July 1792, threatened war and ruin to soldiers and civilians alike, should the Republicans injure Louis XVI and his family. His avowed aim was:to put an end to the anarchy in the interior of France, to check the attacks upon the throne and the altar, to reestablish the legal power, to restore to the king the security and the liberty of which he is now deprived and to place him in a position to exercise once more the legitimate authority which belongs to him.Additionally, the manifesto threatened the French population with instant punishment should they resist the Imperial and Prussian armies, or the reinstatement of the monarchy. In large part, the manifesto had been written by Louis XVI's cousin, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, who was the leader of a large corps of émigrés in the allied army.It has been asserted that the manifesto was in fact issued against the advice of Brunswick himself; the duke, a model sovereign in his own principality, sympathized with the constitutional side of the French Revolution, while as a soldier he had no confidence in the success of the enterprise. However, having let the manifesto bear his signature, he had to bear the full responsibility for its consequences. The proclamation was intended to threaten the French population into submission; it had exactly the opposite effect.In Paris, Louis XVI was generally believed to be in correspondence with the Austrians and Prussians already, and the republicans became more vocal in the early summer of 1792. Rather than assuring the continued existence of the French monarchy, Brunswick's proclamation would instead ensure its downfall; the manifesto was rapidly distributed in Paris on 28 July, apparently by monarchists, who badly misjudged the effect it would have. The Brunswick Manifesto seemed to furnish the agitators with a complete justification for the revolt that they were already planning. When news spread of a combined Austrian and Prussian army led by Brunswick marching into French soil on the days after the Manifesto was publicized, the Paris populace, already incensed by the threat against the city, exploded into violence. The first violent action was carried out on August 10, when the Tuileries Palace was stormed.Invasion of FranceThe Duke was disappointed that the British remained neutral. His initial advance into France was slowed by poor weather, the rough terrain of the Forest of Argonne, and an outbreak of dysentery among his troops.The Duke was less successful against the French citizens' army that met him at Valmy. Having secured Longwy and Verdun without serious resistance, he turned back after a mere skirmish in Valmy, and evacuated France.Initially the Duke intended to winter in the fortress of Verdun, before resuming the campaign in France the following spring. However, Kellerman's forces outflanked him by advancing up the Rhine, recapturing French possessions there. The Duke abandoned Verdun on 8 October and Longwy on 22 October, before retreating back into Germany.When he counterattacked the Revolutionary French who had invaded Germany, in 1793, he recaptured Mainz after a long siege, but resigned in 1794 in protest at interference by Frederick William II of Prussia.War of the Fourth CoalitionPrussia did not take part in the Second Coalition or Third Coalition against Revolutionary France. However, in 1806 Prussia declared war on France, beginning the War of the Fourth Coalition. Despite being over 70 years old, the Duke of Brunswick returned to command the Prussian army at the personal request of Louise, Queen of Prussia.By this stage the Prussian army was regarded as backward, using outdated tactics and with poor communication. The structure of the high command has been particularly criticised by historians, with multiple officers developing differing plans and then disagreeing on which should be followed, leading to disorganisation and indecision.The duke commanded the large Prussian army at Auerstedt during the double Battle of Jena–Auerstedt on 14 October 1806. His forces were defeated by Napoleon's marshal Davout, despite the Prussians outnumbering the French around Auerstedt by two to one. During the battle he was struck by a musket ball and lost both of his eyes; his second-in-command Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau was also mortally wounded, causing a breakdown in the Prussian command. Severely wounded, the Duke was carried with his forces before the advancing French. He died of his wounds in Ottensen on 10 November 1806.The duke's body was provisionally laid to rest in the Christianskirche at Ottensen in 1806. It was later transferred for reburial in Brunswick Cathedral on 6 November 1819.FamilyOn 16 January 1764, Charles married Princess Augusta of Great Britain, eldest sister of King George III. The couple were second cousins to each other, being great-grandchildren of George I of Great Britain. As such, they were not related in a particularly close degree, yet there had been many bonds of marriage between the House of Brunswick-Bevern and the House of Hanover, themselves both branches of the House of Welf. Some commentators have pointed to inbreeding as a possible cause for the fact that many of the couple's children had physical, mental or psychological disabilities. Indeed, the duke was once moved to describe his children to von Massenbach as \"mostly cripples in mind and body.\"Shortly after they married, the prince had the Schloss Richmond built for his wife. It was in English architectural style and with an English landscape garden, to remind her of her home.The duke and his wife Augusta had four sons and three daughters. Three of their four sons had major debilities. Their eldest son, Karl Georg August (1766–1806) was named heir apparent, but had a significant learning disability and was regarded as \"well-nigh imbecile.\"Nevertheless, he was married in 1790 to Frederika of Orange-Nassau, daughter of William V, Prince of Orange, a gentle, good-hearted woman who remained devoted to him to the end. He died childless at the age of 40 in 1806, shortly before his father. The second son, Georg Wilhelm Christian (1769–1811), had an even more severe learning disability than his elder brother. He was declared incapacitated and excluded from the succession. He never married. The couple's third son was August (1770–1822). He was blind and also excluded from the succession. He, too, never married. The fourth son, Friedrich Wilhelm (1771 – 16 June 1815), was sound of mind and body. He eventually succeeded his father, married and sired two sons.Frederick and Augusta also had three daughters, two of whom reached adulthood. Neither of them was disabled, but both of them had similar, disastrous trajectories in life. Both of them were married to future kings, both made extreme failures of their marriages, both had extremely acrimonious relations with their husbands, and both were accused by them of similar faults: adultery, uncouth behavior, absence of dignity, falsehood and utter fecklessness. The elder daughter, Auguste Caroline Friederike (1764–1788), was the wife of the future king Frederick I of Württemberg and mother of the future William I of Württemberg. She separated from her husband and died in Russia from complications that arose while giving birth in secret to an illegitimate child.The younger daughter, Caroline of Brunswick, was married in 1795 to her first cousin, the future George IV of the United Kingdom, and bore him a daughter, the ill-fated Princess Charlotte of Wales. On "}
{"doc_id":"doc_196","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:CRD (film)CRD is a 2016 drama-romance Indian film by National Award Winning Director Kranti Kanade written with Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award Winning DramatistDharmakirti Sumant. Set in the world of College Theatre, it probes fascism and fierce competition in arts.PlotA Young Dramatist rebels against his fascist Tutor to form his troop of misfits – aiming to win a prestigioustheatre competition and trying to find the hardest thing of all: his voice. Inspired by real life event 'Purushottam' Theatre Competition in Pune, India.CastMrinmayee Godbole as PersisVinay Sharma as MayankSaurabhSaraswat as ChetanAbhay Mahajan as NetraIsha Keskar as DiptiGeetika Tyagi as VeenaMohit Takalkar as SeniorProductionThe preparation and improvisation of the actors went on for 4 months before the principalphotography began in November 2014 and continued over the next six months resulting in 63 days of shooting. The editing took eight months and the music and sound design took further six months. The film wasentirely shot on locations in Pune. It was executive and line produced by Ashwini Paranjape for Kanade Films and Chaitra Arts. Director of photography was Daniel Katz whose short film Curfew had won Oscar.CriticalresponseCRD has received favourable critical reception around the world.Robert Abele in The Los Angeles Times says,\"Indian film 'CRD' enchanting, audacious, indefinable and infectious.\" Sheri Linden in The HollywoodReporter says, \"CRD is entrancing, vibrant, irreverent and category-defying! Kanadé an assured visual stylist!\" LA Weekly says, \"Allusive, elusive and by turns funny, romantic and tragic, CRD is a film tuned to the pitchof the artist's heart.\" ScreenAnarchy says, \"CRD, An Ethereal Exercise In Art.” Film critic Namrata Joshi, in The Hindu says, “Subversive and fearless, Kanadé breaks all rules of filmmaking in creating CRD, which boldlygoes where no Indian film has gone before.” Author and critic Naman Ramachandran says, \"This astonishing film heralds the arrival of a bold new voice in world cinema where all limits are breached and boundariescrossed. Be prepared for a breathtaking journey, the likes of which you've never been on before.\" Saibal Chatterjee, NDTV says “A path-breaking film. Refreshingly original and delightfully whimsical. CRD is classy,satisfying and magnificently inventive package.” Nandini Ramnath, Scroll says “Outstanding, a superbly performed drama about theatre art and life.\" Trisha Gupta, Firstpost says “Masterful and sharp, CRD displays bothpolitical and aesthetic courage, constantly moving between lyrical intensity and playful subversion.” Rahul Desai, Film Companion says “CRD is hypnotic. The less sense it makes, the more we can’t stop watching it(Roger Ebert’s words apply here). May be this is what auteurs are about.” Reza Noorani in The Times of India says \"CRD is brave with a twisted sense of humour.\" Business Standard says \"CRD redefines cinema space.\"Hindustan Times says \"CRD is vibrant and appealing.\" Shubhra Gupta in The Indian Express says \"CRD is spectacular and refreshing in its willingness to go down paths less trodden.\" CRD is mentioned in Scroll's list of\"The movies of the decade that dared to dream differently.\"Furtherreadinghttps://deadline.com/2016/10/exclusive-trailer-for-acclaimed-indian-drama-crd-1201837045/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/big-little-films-get-going-485010Passage 3:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was theCEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and ProfessorAlexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked asa personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut filmCamping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The departmentencouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she alsooversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 4:Kranti KanadeKranti Kanade is a NationalAward winning Indian filmmaker. His films include Peepal Tree, CRD (film), Gandhi of the Month, Mahek and Chaitra. He studied at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) and FTII (Film and Television Institute ofIndia).FilmsPeepal TreeBased on true events, it deals with the issue of illegal tree killings in India. When a Police Academy cuts Sacred Trees, a concerned Family confronts them only to learn it is a non-cognizableoffense without penal provision. They approach a Tree Activist who saves trees by all means. The community gathers under the tree at night to protect it but it is not that simple.\"CRDSet in the world of College Theatre,CRD probes fascism and fierce competition in arts with a wildly innovative narrative style. It released theatrically in US and India to major critical acclaim and commercial success gaining 100% rating on RottenTomatoes. Los Angeles Times called it \"Enchanting, audacious and infectious\"  and acclaimed film critic Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called it \"Brilliant, subversive and fearless, it boldly goes where no Indian film hasgone before.\" It was in the top Ten Best Hindi films of 2017 list by The Hindu, Top Ten list of Huffington Post critic Murtaza Ali Khan,  and was included in the top ten films of the decade list of Scroll.in critic NandiniRamnath calling it \"The decade in Bollywood: The movies that dared to dream differently. Most enduring and endearing films made between 2010 and 2019.\"Gandhi of the MonthGandhi of the Month stars legendaryactor Harvey Keitel, Neeraj Kabi and other major Indian actors. It is about an American schoolmaster in India struggling to protect his students from fundamentalists. The screenplay, earlier called 'Against Itself' wonthe Film Fund Grant by the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. The jury included Gill Dennis (Walk The Line), Anurag Kashyap (Gangs Of Wasseypur) and Sooni Taraporevala (Salaam Bombay). The script was mentoredby Oscar winner Danis Tanovic (No Man's Land), Bernd Lichtenberg (Good Bye Lenin!), Olivia Hetreed (Girl With A Pearl Earring) and Anjum Rajabali (Rajneeti).MahekMahek, a children's film, is about 11-yr old girl whodreams of becoming the very best at everything, but is unsure of how to achieve her goals. It premiered at the BFI London Film Festival to affectionate reviews. Film Scholar & Writer Rachel Dwyer called it \"A Gem of afilm\", Critic & Writer Maithili Rao called it \"A rare combination of sensitivity and gentle humour.\" Invited to festivals around the world, it received awards in Hollywood and Houston. It was Best Children's Film Nominee atthe Asia Pacific Screen Awards in Australia  and shown as part of syllabus at Otterbein University in US.ChaitraChaitra, is based on a story by legendary Marathi author G. A. Kulkarni. Set in the traditional haldi-kunkufestival, it intertwines themes of poetic justice and destiny. It won five National Film Awards including Best Short Film, Best Music for Short Film (Pt Bhaskar Chandavarkar) and Special Jury Award for Acting (SonaliKulkarni). It won two National Awards at MIFF Film Festival.Passage 5:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore wasborn in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son ofFayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival ofSteel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore,Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, Californiain May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebookswith Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Feyand Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding(2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 6:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La SeptièmeCompagnie au clair de lune) is a 1977 French comedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenri Guybet -TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Le commandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, le passeurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 7:Brian Kennedy (gallerydirector)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the PeabodyEssex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010,and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at DartmouthCollege. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career inIrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.Heworked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department ofFinance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded thetraveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of anextensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\"exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed someyears later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections atthe museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He wasalso notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellationof the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close tothe market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raisedsimilar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was ChrisOfili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit ofthe works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government'sSenate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum ofArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admissionand is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted theInternational Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy hasexpressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have beenacquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects fromits collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug toItaly (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, heimplemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America,Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons,and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions weremade with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_197","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy,he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.Passage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman,which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Nocturne (Britten)Nocturne, Op. 60, is a song cycle by BenjaminBritten, written for tenor, seven obbligato instruments and strings. The seven instruments are flute, cor anglais, clarinet, bassoon, harp, French horn and timpani.Nocturne was Britten's fourth and final orchestral songcycle, after Our Hunting Fathers (Op. 8, 1936), Les Illuminations (Op. 18, 1939) and Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (Op. 31, 1943). It was dedicated to Alma Mahler.Nocturne was premiered in the Leeds TownHall at the centenary Leeds Festival on 16 October 1958 by Peter Pears and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz. Britten conducted a recording at Walthamstow Assembly Hall in 1960 with Pears,the London Symphony Orchestra and William Waterhouse (bassoon), Alexander Murray (flute), Gervase de Peyer (clarinet), Roger Lord (cor anglais), Osian Ellis (harp), Barry Tuckwell (horn), and Denis Blyth(timpani).The theme of the piece, as its name Nocturne suggests, is sleep and darkness, both in the literal and figurative sense. In this respect, the work is reminiscent of Britten's earlier Serenade. Unlike Serenade,Nocturne is presented as a continuous piece rather than separate movements. This is emphasised by a number of figures which occur throughout, most notably the 'rocking' string motif which opens the work. Theconflicting tonal relationship between C and D-flat is also evident throughout, reflecting the contrast between the untroubled and the more perturbed aspects of sleep which are also described by Britten's choice ofpoems.StructureThe piece sets eight sections of poetry to music, each accompanied by strings and (with the exception of the first) by an obbligato instrument:Shelley – \"On a Poet’s Lips I Slept\" from PrometheusUnboundTennyson – \"The Kraken\", with bassoonColeridge – \"Encinctured with a twine of leaves\" from The Wanderings of Cain, with harpMiddleton – \"Midnight Bell\" from Blurt, Master Constable, with FrenchhornWordsworth – \"But that night when on my bed I lay\" from The Prelude (1805), with timpaniOwen – \"The Kind Ghosts\", with cor anglaisKeats – \"Sleep and Poetry\", with flute and clarinetShakespeare – Sonnet XLIII,with all the obbligato instrumentsNotesExternal linksWork details, Boosey & HawkesPassage 4:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fuscoand the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of theBorgias (1959)Passage 5:Benjamin BrittenEdward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten  (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces. His best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes (1945), the War Requiem (1962) and theorchestral showpiece The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945).Born in Lowestoft, Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age. He studied at the Royal College of Music in London andprivately with the composer Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame. Overthe next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas, establishing himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre. In addition to large-scale operas for Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden, he wrote chamberoperas for small forces, suitable for performance in venues of modest size. Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw (1954). Recurring themes in his operas include the struggle of an outsider against ahostile society and the corruption of innocence.Britten's other works range from orchestral to choral, solo vocal, chamber and instrumental as well as film music. He took a great interest in writing music for children andamateur performers, including the opera Noye's Fludde, a Missa Brevis, and the song collection Friday Afternoons. He often composed with particular performers in mind. His most frequent and important muse was hispersonal and professional partner, the tenor Peter Pears; others included Kathleen Ferrier, Jennifer Vyvyan, Janet Baker, Dennis Brain, Julian Bream, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Osian Ellis and Mstislav Rostropovich.Britten was a celebrated pianist and conductor, performing many of his own works in concert and on record. He also performed and recorded works by others, such as Bach's Brandenburg Concertos, Mozartsymphonies, and song cycles by Schubert and Schumann.Together with Pears and the librettist and producer Eric Crozier, Britten founded the annual Aldeburgh Festival in 1948, and he was responsible for the creationof Snape Maltings concert hall in 1967. In his last year, he was the first composer to be given a life peerage.Early yearsBritten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22November 1913, the feast day of Saint Cecilia. He was the youngest of four children of Robert Victor Britten (1877–1934) and his wife Edith Rhoda, née Hockey (1874–1937). Robert Britten's youthful ambition tobecome a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure. While studying at Charing Cross Hospital in London he metEdith Hockey, the daughter of a civil service clerk in the British Government's Home Office. They were married in September 1901 at St John's, Smith Square, London.The consensus among biographers of Britten is thathis father was a loving but somewhat stern and remote parent. Britten, according to his sister Beth, \"got on well with him and shared his wry sense of humour, dedication to work and capacity for taking pains.\" EdithBritten was a talented amateur musician and secretary of the Lowestoft Musical Society. In the English provinces of the early 20th century, distinctions of social class were taken very seriously. Britten described hisfamily as \"very ordinary middle class\", but there were aspects of the Brittens that were not ordinary: Edith's father was illegitimate, and her mother was an alcoholic; Robert Britten was an agnostic and refused toattend church on Sundays. Music was the principal means by which Edith Britten strove to maintain the family's social standing, inviting the pillars of the local community to musical soirées at the house.When Brittenwas three months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died. The illness left him with a damaged heart, and doctors warned his parents that he would probably never be able to lead a normal life. He recovered morefully than expected, and as a boy was a keen tennis player and cricketer. To his mother's great delight he was an outstandingly musical child, unlike his sisters, who inherited their father's indifference to music, while hisbrother, though musically talented, was interested only in ragtime. Edith gave the young Britten his first lessons in piano and notation. He made his first attempts at composition when he was five. He started pianolessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola. He was one of the last composers brought up on exclusively live music: his father refused to have a gramophone or, later, a radio inthe house.EducationLowestoftWhen he was seven Britten was sent to a dame school, run by the Misses Astle. The younger sister, Ethel, gave him piano lessons; in later life he said that he remained grateful for theexcellence of her teaching. The following year he moved on to a prep school, South Lodge, Lowestoft, as a day boy. The headmaster, Thomas Sewell, was an old-fashioned disciplinarian; the young Britten was outragedat the severe corporal punishments frequently handed out, and later he said that his lifelong pacifism probably had its roots in his reaction to the regime at the school. He himself rarely fell foul of Sewell, amathematician, in which subject Britten was a star pupil. The school had no musical tradition, and Britten continued to study the piano with Ethel Astle. From the age of ten he took viola lessons from a friend of hismother, Audrey Alston, who had been a professional player before her marriage. In his spare time he composed prolifically. When his Simple Symphony, based on these juvenilia, was recorded in 1956, Britten wrotethis pen-portrait of his young self for the sleeve note:Once upon a time there was a prep-school boy. ... He was quite an ordinary little boy ... he loved cricket, only quite liked football (although he kicked a pretty\"corner\"); he adored mathematics, got on all right with history, was scared by Latin Unseen; he behaved fairly well, only ragged the recognised amount, so that his contacts with the cane or the slipper were happily rare(although one nocturnal expedition to stalk ghosts left its marks behind); he worked his way up the school slowly and steadily, until at the age of thirteen he reached that pinnacle of importance and grandeur, never tobe quite equalled in later days: the head of the Sixth, head-prefect, and Victor Ludorum. But – there was one curious thing about this boy: he wrote music. His friends bore with it, his enemies kicked a bit but not forlong (he was quite tough), the staff couldn't object if his work and games didn't suffer. He wrote lots of it, reams and reams of it.Audrey Alston encouraged Britten to go to symphony concerts in Norwich. At one ofthese, during the triennial Norfolk and Norwich Festival in October 1924, he heard Frank Bridge's orchestral poem The Sea, conducted by the composer. It was the first substantial piece of modern music he had everencountered, and he was, in his own phrase, \"knocked sideways\" by it. Audrey Alston was a friend of Bridge; when he returned to Norwich for the next festival in 1927 she brought her not quite 14-year-old pupil tomeet him. Bridge was impressed with the boy, and after they had gone through some of Britten's compositions together he invited him to come to London to take lessons from him. Robert Britten, supported by ThomasSewell, doubted the wisdom of pursuing a composing career; a compromise was agreed by which Britten would, as planned, go on to his public school the following year but would make regular day-trips to London tostudy composition with Bridge and piano with his colleague Harold Samuel.Bridge impressed on Britten the importance of scrupulous attention to the technical craft of composing and the maxim that \"you should findyourself and be true to what you found.\" The earliest substantial works Britten composed while studying with Bridge are the String Quartet in F, completed in April 1928, and the Quatre Chansons Françaises, asong-cycle for high voice and orchestra. Authorities differ on the extent of Bridge's influence on his pupil's technique. Humphrey Carpenter and Michael Oliver judge that Britten's abilities as an orchestrator wereessentially self-taught; Donald Mitchell considers that Bridge had an important influence on the cycle.Public school and Royal College of MusicIn September 1928 Britten went as a boarder to Gresham's School, in Holt,Norfolk. At the time he felt unhappy there, even writing in his diary of contemplating suicide or running away: he hated being separated from his family, most particularly from his mother; he despised the music master;and he was shocked at the prevalence of bullying, though he was not the target of it. He remained there for two years and in 1930, he won a composition scholarship at the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London; hisexaminers were the composers John Ireland and Ralph Vaughan Williams and the college's harmony and counterpoint teacher, S P Waddington.Britten was at the RCM from 1930 to 1933, studying composition withIreland and piano with Arthur Benjamin. He won the Sullivan Prize for composition, the Cobbett Prize for chamber music, and was twice winner of the Ernest Farrar Prize for composition. Despite these honours, he wasnot greatly impressed by the establishment: he found his fellow-students \"amateurish and folksy\" and the staff \"inclined to suspect technical brilliance of being superficial and insincere.\" Another Ireland pupil, thecomposer Humphrey Searle, said that Ireland could be \"an inspiring teacher to those on his own wavelength\"; Britten was not, and learned little from him. He continued to study privately with Bridge, although he laterpraised Ireland for \"nurs[ing] me very gently through a very, very difficult musical adolescence.\"Britten also used his time in London to attend concerts and become better acquainted with the music of Stravinsky,Shostakovich and, most particularly, Mahler. He intended postgraduate study in Vienna with Alban Berg, Arnold Schoenberg's student, but was eventually dissuaded by his parents, on the advice of the RCM staff.Thefirst of Britten's compositions to attract wide attention were composed while at the RCM: the Sinfonietta, Op. 1 (1932), the oboe quartet Phantasy, Op. 2, dedicated to Léon Goossens who played the first performance ina BBC broadcast on 6 August 1933, and a set of choral variations A Boy was Born, written in 1933 for the BBC Singers, who first performed it the following year. In this same period he wrote Friday Afternoons, acollection of 12 songs for the pupils of Clive House School, Prestatyn, where his brother was headmaster.CareerEarly professional lifeIn February 1935, at Bridge's instigation, Britten was invited to a job interview by theBBC's director of music Adrian Boult and his assistant Edward Clark. Britten was not enthusiastic about the prospect of working full-time in the BBC music department and was relieved when what came out of theinterview was an invitation to write the score for a documentary film, The King's Stamp, directed by Alberto Cavalcanti for the GPO Film Unit.Britten became a member of the film unit's small group of regularcontributors, another of whom was W. H. Auden. Together they worked on the documentary films Coal Face and Night Mail in 1935. They also collaborated on the song cycle Our Hunting Fathers (1936), radical both inpolitics and musical treatment, and subsequently other works including Cabaret Songs, On This Island, Paul Bunyan and Hymn to St Cecilia. Auden was a considerable influence on Britten, encouraging him to widen hisaesthetic, intellectual and political horizons, and also to come to terms with his homosexuality. Auden was, as David Matthews puts it, \"cheerfully and guiltlessly promiscuous\"; Britten, puritanical and conventional bynature, was sexually repressed.In the three years from 1935 to 1937 Britten wrote nearly 40 scores for the theatre, cinema and radio. Among the film music of the late 1930s Matthews singles out Night Mail and Lovefrom a Stranger (1937); from the theatre music he selects for mention The Ascent of F6 (1936), On the Frontier (1938), and Johnson Over Jordan (1939); and of the music for radio, King Arthur (1937) and The Swordin the Stone (1939).In 1937 there were two events of huge importance in Britten's life: his mother died, and he met the tenor Peter Pears. Although Britten was extraordinarily devoted to his mother and was devastatedat her death, it also seems to have been something of a liberation for him. Only after that did he begin to engage in emotional relationships with people his own age or younger. Later in the year he got to know Pearswhile they were both helping to clear out the country cottage of a mutual friend who had died in an air crash. Pears quickly became Britten's musical inspiration and close (though for the moment platonic) friend.Britten's first work for him was composed within weeks of their meeting, a setting of Emily Brontë's poem, \"A thousand gleaming fires\", for tenor and strings.During 1937 Britten composed a Pacifist March to words byRonald Duncan for the Peace Pledge Union, of which, as a pacifist, he had become an active member; the work was not a success and was soon withdrawn. The best known of his compositions from this period isprobably Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge for string orchestra, described by Matthews as the first of Britten's works to become a popular classic. It was a success in North America, with performances in Toronto,New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco, under conductors including John Barbirolli and Serge Koussevitzky.America 1939–42In April 1939 Britten and Pears sailed to North America, going first to Canada and thento New York. They had several reasons for leaving England, including the difficult position of pacifists in an increasingly bellicose Europe; the success that Frank Bridge had enjoyed in the US; the departure of Auden andhis friend Christopher Isherwood to the US from England three months previously; hostile or belittling reviews of Britten's music in the English press; and under-rehearsed and inadequate performances. Britten andPears consummated their relationship and from then until Britten's death they were partners in both their professional and personal lives. When the Second World War began, Britten and Pears turned for advice to theBritish embassy in Washington and were told that they should remain in the US as artistic ambassadors. Pears was inclined to disregard the advice and go back to England; Britten also felt the urge to return, butaccepted the embassy's counsel and persuaded Pears to do the same.Already a friend of the composer Aaron Copland, Britten encountered his latest works Billy the Kid and An Outdoor Overture, both of whichinfluenced his own music. In 1940 Britten composed Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo, the first of many song cycles for Pears. Britten's orchestral works from this period include the Violin Concerto and Sinfonia daRequiem. In 1941 Britten produced his first music drama, Paul Bunyan, an operetta, to a libretto by Auden. While in the US, Britten had his first encounter with Balinese gamelan music, through transcriptions for pianoduo made by the Canadian composer Colin McPhee. The two met in the summer of 1939 and subsequently performed a number of McPhee's transcriptions for a recording. This musical encounter bore fruit in severalBalinese-inspired works later in Britten's career.Moving to the US did not relieve Britten of the nuisance of hostile criticism: although Olin Downes, the doyen of New York music critics, and Irving Kolodin took to Britten'smusic, Virgil Thomson was, as the music scholar Suzanne Robinson puts it, consistently \"severe and spiteful\". Thomson described Les Illuminations (1940) as \"little more than a series of bromidic and facile 'effects' ...pretentious, banal and utterly disappointing\", and was equally unflattering about Pears's voice. Robinson surmises that Thomson was motivated by \"a mixture of spite, national pride, and professional jealousy.\" PaulBunyan met with wholesale critical disapproval, and the Sinfonia da Requiem (already rejected by its Japanese sponsors because of its overtly Christian nature) received a mixed reception when Barbirolli and the NewYork Philharmonic premiered it in March 1941. The reputation of the work was much enhanced when Koussevitzky took it up shortly afterwards.Return to EnglandIn 1942 Britten read the work of the poet George Crabbefor the first time. The Borough, set on the Suffolk coast close to Britten's homeland, awakened in him such longings for England that he knew he must return. He also knew that he must write an opera based onCrabbe's poem about the fisherman Peter Grimes. Before Britten left the US, Koussevitzky, always generous in encouraging new talent, offered him a $1,000 commission to write the opera. Britten and Pears returned toEngland in April 1942. During the long transatlantic sea crossing Britten completed the choral works A Ceremony of Carols and Hymn to St Cecilia. The latter was his last large-scale collaboration with Auden. Britten hadgrown away from him, and Auden became one of the composer's so-called \"corpses\" – former intimates from whom he completely cut off contact once they had outlived their usefulness to him or offended him in someway.Having arrived in Britain, Britten and Pears applied for recognition as conscientious objectors; Britten was initially allowed only non-combatant service in the military, but on appeal he gained unconditional"}
{"doc_id":"doc_198","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernard HoursBernard Hours, born on 5 May 1956 in Strasbourg, is a French businessman. He was the managing director of Danone and a member of the board of directors of the company. He was also amember of the executive committee of Danone.EducationHours graduated from the École des Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC) in 1978.CareerHours began his career at Unilever in 1979 as Product Manager andBrand Manager. He progressively became an expert in the food sector.In 1985, he joined the Danone marketing group at Kronenbourg. From 1989 and 2001, he  was the Director of Sales of Evian, and then Director ofMarketing for Danone France, later becoming the President of Danone Hungary (1994), Danone Germany (1996) and finally President of LU France in 1998.In November 2001, Hours was named the Vice-President ofthe Fresh Dairy Products division and became the President in March 2002. In November 2006 he also took charge of the Research and Development at Danone.Hours contributed significantly to sales growth between2007 and 2013, which amounted to an increase of 36.4% (from 14 to 22 billion euros) during this period. He exercised is responsible for all activities of Danone, encompassing around 100,000 people in and 100countries.In 2014, at the time of a change of governance,  Hours ended his position as managing director of Danone, by the decision of the Administrative Counsel.In 2015, Hours became president of Medvet  and  ChefSam. He is also Board Member for Verlinvest  and Oatly.Other ActivitiesHours is a member of the Administrative Counsel of Essilor as an independent director and a member of the Administrative Counsel of theinvestment holding Verlinvest and its participation Vita Coco. He is also e member of the Supervisory Board of Somfy.Passage 2:Wee Wee Hours\"Wee Wee Hours\" is a song written and recorded by Chuck Berry in 1955.Originally released as the B-side of his first single, \"Maybellene\", it went on to become a hit, reaching number 10 in the Billboard R&B chart.The song is a twelve-bar blues, described as \"a slow, sensuous blues featuringsome exceptional piano from Johnnie Johnson\".\"Wee Wee Hours\" was on the audition tape submitted by Berry to Leonard Chess in hope of landing a recording contract with Chess Records.  Although it seemed like agood fit with the record company's blues roster, Chess was more interested in the song that became \"Maybellene\", the song that launched Berry's career as a rock and roll star.Berry often performed the song live. It isincluded on the 1969 album Chuck Berry Live in Concert, and in the 1987 film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.Passage 3:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. Heis the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore bandthe Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed anumber of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers ofDeath videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 4:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The CraneWife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song,the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK wasmispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves infront of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with alight saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challengeStephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn,on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayedby the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above thename of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - whosit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to theirplan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They executeFrancesca, while forcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who haslost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having,but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fontsbeing used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore intheir video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a womanand her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 5:Chuck BerryCharles Edward Anderson Berry (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitaristand songwriter who pioneered rock and roll. Nicknamed the \"Father of Rock and Roll\", he refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive with songs such as\"Maybellene\" (1955), \"Roll Over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and \"Johnny B. Goode\" (1958). Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and consumerism, and developing a music style that includedguitar solos and showmanship, Berry was a major influence on subsequent rock music.Born into a middle-class black family in St. Louis, Berry had an interest in music from an early age and gave his first publicperformance at Sumner High School. While still a high school student, he was convicted of armed robbery and was sent to a reformatory, where he was held from 1944 to 1947. After his release, Berry settled intomarried life and worked at an automobile assembly plant. By early 1953, influenced by the guitar riffs and showmanship techniques of the blues musician T-Bone Walker, Berry began performing with the JohnnieJohnson Trio. His break came when he traveled to Chicago in May 1955 and met Muddy Waters, who suggested he contact Leonard Chess, of Chess Records. With Chess, he recorded \"Maybellene\"—Berry's adaptation ofthe country song \"Ida Red\"—which sold over a million copies, reaching number one on Billboard magazine's rhythm and blues chart.By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star, with several hit records andfilm appearances and a lucrative touring career. He had also established his own St. Louis nightclub, Berry's Club Bandstand. He was sentenced to three years in prison in January 1962 for offenses under the MannAct—he had transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines for the purpose of having sexual intercourse. After his release in 1963, Berry had several more successful songs, including \"No Particular Place to Go\", \"YouNever Can Tell\", and \"Nadine\". However, these did not achieve the same success or lasting impact of his 1950s songs, and by the 1970s he was more in demand as a nostalgia performer, playing his past material withlocal backup bands of variable quality. In 1972 he reached a new level of achievement when a rendition of \"My Ding-a-Ling\" became his only record to top the charts. His insistence on being paid in cash led in 1979 to afour-month jail sentence and community service, for tax evasion.Berry was among the first musicians to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on its opening in 1986; he was cited for having \"laid thegroundwork for not only a rock and roll sound but a rock and roll stance.\" Berry is included in several of Rolling Stone magazine's \"greatest of all time\" lists; he was ranked fifth on its 2004 and 2011 lists of the 100Greatest Artists of All Time. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll includes three of Berry's: \"Johnny B. Goode\", \"Maybellene\", and \"Rock and Roll Music\". \"Johnny B. Goode\" is the onlyrock-and-roll song included on the Voyager Golden Record.Early lifeBorn in St. Louis, Berry was the youngest child. He grew up in the north St. Louis neighborhood known as the Ville, an area where many middle-classpeople lived. His father, Henry William Berry (1895–1987) was a contractor and deacon of a nearby Baptist church; his mother, Martha Bell (Banks) (1894–1980) was a certified public school principal. Berry'supbringing allowed him to pursue his interest in music from an early age. He gave his first public performance in 1941 while still a student at Sumner High School; he was still a student there in 1944, when he wasarrested for armed robbery after robbing three shops in Kansas City, Missouri, and then stealing a car at gunpoint with some friends. Berry's account in his autobiography is that his car broke down and he flagged downa passing car and stole it at gunpoint with a nonfunctional pistol. He was convicted and sent to the Intermediate Reformatory for Young Men at Algoa, near Jefferson City, Missouri, where he formed a singing quartet anddid some boxing. The singing group became competent enough that the authorities allowed it to perform outside the detention facility. Berry was released from the reformatory on his 21st birthday in 1947.On October28, 1948, Berry married Themetta \"Toddy\" Suggs, who gave birth to Darlin Ingrid Berry on October 3, 1950. Berry supported his family by taking various jobs in St. Louis, working briefly as a factory worker at twoautomobile assembly plants and as a janitor in the apartment building where he and his wife lived. Afterwards he trained as a beautician at the Poro College of Cosmetology, founded by Annie Turnbo Malone. He wasdoing well enough by 1950 to buy a \"small three room brick cottage with a bath\" on Whittier Street, which is now listed as the Chuck Berry House on the National Register of Historic Places.By the early 1950s, Berry wasworking with local bands in clubs in St. Louis as an extra source of income. He had been playing blues since his teens, and he borrowed both guitar riffs and showmanship techniques from the blues musician T-BoneWalker. He also took guitar lessons from his friend Ira Harris, which laid the foundation for his guitar style.By early 1953 Berry was performing with Johnnie Johnson's trio, starting a long-time collaboration with thepianist. The band played blues and ballads as well as country. Berry wrote, \"Curiosity provoked me to lay a lot of our country stuff on our predominantly black audience and some of our black audience began whispering'who is that black hillbilly at the Cosmo?' After they laughed at me a few times they began requesting the hillbilly stuff and enjoyed dancing to it.\"In 1954, Berry recorded the tracks \"I Hope These Words Will Find YouWell\" and \"Oh, Maria!\" with the group Joe Alexander & the Cubans. The songs were released as a single on the Ballad label.Berry's showmanship, along with a mix of country tunes and R&B tunes, sung in the style ofNat King Cole set to the music of Muddy Waters brought in a wider audience, particularly affluent white people.Career1955–1962: Signing with Chess: \"Maybellene\" to \"Come On\"In May 1955, Berry traveled to Chicago,where he met Muddy Waters who suggested he contact Leonard Chess, of Chess Records. Berry thought his blues music would interest Chess, but Chess was a larger fan of Berry's take on \"Ida Red\". On May 21, 1955,Berry recorded an adaptation of the song \"Ida Red\", under the title \"Maybellene\", with Johnnie Johnson on the piano, Jerome Green (from Bo Diddley's band) on the maracas, Ebby Hardy on the drums and Willie Dixonon the bass. \"Maybellene\" sold over a million copies, reaching number one on Billboard magazine's rhythm and blues chart and number five on its Best Sellers in Stores chart for September 10, 1955. Berry said, \"Itcame out at the right time when Afro-American music was spilling over into the mainstream pop.\"When Berry first saw a copy of the Maybellene record, he was surprised that two other individuals, including DJ AlanFreed had been given writing credit; that would entitle them to some of the royalties. After a court battle, Berry was able to regain full writing credit.At the end of June 1956, his song \"Roll Over Beethoven\" reachednumber 29 on the Billboard's Top 100 chart, and Berry toured as one of the \"Top Acts of '56\". He and Carl Perkins became friends. Perkins said that \"I knew when I first heard Chuck that he'd been affected by countrymusic. I respected his writing; his records were very, very great.\" In late 1957, Berry took part in Alan Freed's \"Biggest Show of Stars for 1957\", touring the United States with the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, andothers. He was a guest on ABC's Guy Mitchell Show, singing his hit song \"Rock 'n' Roll Music\". The hits continued from 1957 to 1959, with Berry scoring over a dozen chart singles during this period, including the US Top10 hits \"School Days\", \"Rock and Roll Music\", \"Sweet Little Sixteen\", and \"Johnny B. Goode\". He appeared in two early rock-and-roll movies: Rock Rock Rock (1956), in which he sang \"You Can't Catch Me\", and Go,Johnny, Go! (1959), in which he had a speaking role as himself and performed \"Johnny B. Goode\", \"Memphis, Tennessee\", and \"Little Queenie\". His performance of \"Sweet Little Sixteen\" at the Newport Jazz Festival in1958 was captured in the motion picture Jazz on a Summer's Day.The opening guitar riff of \"Johnny B. Goode\" is similar to the one used by Louis Jordan in his Ain't That Just Like a Woman (1946). Berry acknowledgedthe debt to Jordan and several sources have indicated that his work was influenced by Jordan in general.By the end of the 1950s, Berry was a high-profile established star with several hit records and film appearancesand a lucrative touring career. He had opened a racially integrated St. Louis nightclub, Berry's Club Bandstand, and invested in real estate. But in December 1959, he was arrested under the Mann Act after allegationsthat he had had sexual intercourse with a 14-year-old Apache waitress, Janice Escalante, whom he had transported across state lines to work as a hatcheck girl at his club. After a two-week trial in March 1960, he wasconvicted, fined $5,000, and sentenced to five years in prison. He appealed the decision, arguing that the judge's comments and attitude were racist and prejudiced the jury against him. The appeal was upheld, and asecond trial was heard in May and June 1961, resulting in another conviction and a three-year prison sentence. After another appeal failed, Berry served one and one-half years in prison, from February 1962 to October1963. He had continued recording and performing during the trials, but his output had slowed as his popularity declined; his final single released before he was imprisoned was \"Come On\".1963–1969: \"Nadine\" andmove to MercuryWhen Berry was released from prison in 1963, his return to recording and performing was made easier because British invasion bands—notably the Beatles and the Rolling Stones—had sustainedinterest in his music by releasing cover versions of his songs, and other bands had reworked some of them, such as the Beach Boys' 1963 hit \"Surfin' U.S.A.\", which used the melody of Berry's \"Sweet Little Sixteen\". In1964 and 1965 Berry released eight singles, including three that were commercially successful, reaching the top 20 of the Billboard 100: \"No Particular Place to Go\" (a humorous reworking of \"School Days\", concerningthe introduction of seat belts in cars), \"You Never Can Tell\", and the rocking \"Nadine\". Between 1966 and 1969 Berry released five albums for Mercury Records, including his second live album (and first recorded entirelyonstage), Live at Fillmore Auditorium; for the live album he was backed by the Steve Miller Band.Although this period was not a successful one for studio work, Berry was still a top concert draw. In May 1964, he hadmade a successful tour of the UK, but when he returned in January 1965 his behavior was erratic and moody, and his touring style of using unrehearsed local backing bands and a strict nonnegotiable contract wasearning him a reputation as a difficult and unexciting performer. He also played at large events in North America, such as the Schaefer Music Festival, in New York City's Central Park in July 1969, and the Toronto Rockand Roll Revival festival in October.1970–1979: Back to Chess: \"My Ding-a-Ling\" to White House concertBerry returned to Chess from 1970 to 1973. There were no hit singles from the 1970 album Back Home, but in1972 Chess released a live recording of \"My Ding-a-Ling\", a novelty song which he had recorded in a different version as \"My Tambourine\" on his 1968 LP From St. Louie to Frisco. The track became his only number-onesingle. A live recording of \"Reelin' and Rockin'\", issued as a follow-up single in the same year, was his last Top 40 hit in both the US and the UK. Both singles were included on the part-live, part-studio album The LondonChuck Berry Sessions (other albums of London sessions were recorded by Chess's mainstay artists Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf). Berry's second tenure with Chess ended with the 1975 album Chuck Berry, afterwhich he did not make a studio record until Rockit for Atco Records in 1979, which would be his last studio album for 38 years.In the 1970s Berry toured on the strength of his earlier successes. He was on the road formany years, carrying only his Gibson guitar, confident that he could hire a band that already knew his music no matter where he went. AllMusic said that in this period his \"live performances became increasingly erratic,... working with terrible backup bands and turning in sloppy, out-of-tune performances\" which \"tarnished his reputation with younger fans and oldtimers\" alike. In March 1972 he was filmed, at the BBC TelevisionTheatre in Shepherds Bush, for Chuck Berry in Concert, part of a 60-date tour backed by the band Rocking Horse. Among the many bandleaders performing a backup role with Berry in the 1970s were Bruce Springsteenand Steve Miller when each was just starting his career. (Springsteen related in the documentary film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll that Berry did not give the band a set list, and expected the musicians to follow his lead aftereach guitar intro. Berry did not speak to the band after the show. Nevertheless, Springsteen backed Berry again when he appeared at the concert for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995.) At the request of JimmyCarter, Berry performed at the White House on June 1, 1979.Berry's touring style, traveling the \"oldies\" circuit in the 1970s (often being paid in cash by local promoters), added ammunition to the Internal RevenueService's accusations that Berry had evaded paying income taxes. Facing criminal sanction for the third time, Berry pleaded guilty to evading nearly $110,000 in federal income tax owed on his 1973 earnings."}
{"doc_id":"doc_199","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben CuraBen Cura is an Argentine-born British actor, musician and director of film, television and theatre.Early lifeJosé Ben Cura was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Argentine tenor/conductor José Cura.When he was a year old, he moved to Santo Stefano Belbo, Italy, where his father's grandfather was from. The family first lived in a convent while his father struggled to find work as an opera singer. He has twoyounger siblings, Yazmín and Nicolás.The family moved to France when he was six and then to Spain when he was 11. During this time, he frequently travelled with his parents around the world.Cura's first acting rolecame at age nine, as a supernumerary in a production of La Forza del Destino at the Opéra de Marseille, France. Whilst living in Paris, he received formal piano and solfège training. He subsequently attended the NewYork Film Academy in Paris before eventually training and graduating from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2011 with a bachelor's degree with honours in professional acting.CareerCura made his filmdebut in a British independent film Comes a Bright Day, appearing shortly after in Comedy Central's series Threesome and Bernard Rose's film The Devil's Violinist.He made his West End debut playing Angel in theoriginal cast of Jennifer Saunders' musical Viva Forever at the Piccadilly Theatre in London, UK. He was later cast as Seve Ballesteros in British golf film Dream On.Aged 24, he made his directorial debut with a filmadaptation of August Strindberg's play Creditors. for which he also wrote the screenplay and played one of the lead characters, Freddie Lynch. Later that year, he starred in the UK premiere of the award-winningAmerican play Next Fall at the Southwark Playhouse in London, UK.In April 2013, he co-founded London-based production company Tough Dance Ltd. with actress and producer Andrea Deck. The company's firstproduction was award-winning feature film Creditors.In 2015, he was cast in the US series The Royals as recurring character Holden. He later went on to star in British film White Island set in Ibiza, and based on thenovel A Bus Could Run You Over written by Colin Butts, alongside Billy Zane and Billy Boyd.Cura's directorial debut, Creditors, world-premiered at the Nordic International Film Festival in New York City on 31 October2015. The festival awarded it with an Honorable Mention in the Best Nordic Narrative Feature category. Latin Post film critic David Salazar called the film \"A triumphant debut.\" Blazing Minds film critic Susanne Hoddersaid the actors \"all give compelling performances, bringing their characters to life and giving them depth\". Screen Relish film critic Stuie Greenfield said that \"Creditors is a beautiful, sometimes angry and surprising filmthat brings with it strong performances from the entire cast as well as an unexpected yet welcome twist\", while Movie Marker film critic Darryl Griffiths said that \"Creditors is an incisive and accomplished piece offilmmaking [...], possessing a rich, powerful psychology that instills an unnerving modern-day relevance to age-old material.\" Creditors received over ten awards from various film festivals, including Best Feature,Leading Actor, and Script/Writer for Cura.Later that year, Cura was cast as a series regular in ITV/Netflix crime noir drama Marcella penned by The Bridge writer Hans Rosenfeldt. The series premiered on UK television inApril 2016, followed by a worldwide release on Netflix in July 2016. and Simon West's action/comedy feature film Gun Shy opposite Antonio Banderas and Olga Kurylenko.In 2017, Cura was cast as CIA operative PhilipShafer in French historical war movie 15 minutes de guerre (renamed L'Intervention), directed by Fred Grivois. Later that year, he played the role of Steve in the screen adaptation of British stage play Life is aGatecrash, renamed Gatecrash and directed by Lawrence Gough, opposite Olivia Bonamy, Anton Lesser, and Sam West.In 2018, Cura guest-starred in Season 2 of CBS's Ransom and the first season of new TV seriesThe Rook, opposite Olivia Munn.In 2019, he was cast in Nicholas Wright's new stage play 8 Hotels directed by Richard Eyre, world-premiering at the Chichester Festival Theatre, playing the lead role of José Ferreropposite Tory Kittles, Emma Paetz, and Pandora Colin, opening August 7 of that year to excellent reviews: \"Joe, played masterfully by Ben Cura, is wonderful as the philanderer who can accept his wife's adultery but nother lover's flaunting of it\"; \"Jose Ferrer [...] Ben Cura, who captures him very well, has a wonderful mutually mistrustful good-pals-act with the impressive Kittles\"; \"Ben Cura is excellent as Ferrer [...] with charisma tospare\"; \"Ben Cura plays José Ferrer as a much disappointed jobbing actor [...] playing Iago for peanuts opposite the better paid Robeson [...] This Ferrer becomes increasingly jealous of Robeson and is convinced thathis wife, Uta Hagen [...] is having an affair with the charismatic Robeson (she is), which fills him with an angry cynicism that he can barely control with his erudite and scathing humour that cannot disguise hisunderlying lack of confidence. Cura's Ferrer is a brilliant creation: a brilliant Iago in fact.\"In 2021, Cura founded production company and music label W.I.P. Media. Later that year, Cura released his debut music singleWater on streaming platforms, accompanied by an official music video on VEVO followed by second single Toutes Les Couleurs and its accompanying VEVO music video and a third single Argento alongside a third VEVOmusic video. On July 30, he released his debut instrumental E.P. Extended Play No.1.In 2022, Cura made his animation debut voicing Rayan in Tad the Lost Explorer and the Emerald Tablet while guest starring in HBOMax and Hulu Japan's Season 2 of The Head as Liam Ruddock, and starring in BFI and BBC short film My Eyes Are Up Here co-produced by his company W.I.P. Media which premiered at the London Film Festival in 2022and Tribeca Film Festival in 2023. He also saw his debut as a film composer, with his original score for feature film Among The Beasts which released that year in the US and other territories. Also that year, he appearedin Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story produced by Shondaland and premiering on Netflix, in the recurring role of Prince Augustus.Personal lifeCura was married to actress Andrea Deck from 2013 until their divorce in2015. He dated actress Olga Kurylenko, but they broke up just before the COVID-19 pandemic.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideo gamesStage2012: Viva Forever by Jennifer Saunders at the Piccadilly TheatreLondon2014: Next Fall by Geoffrey Nauffts at the Southwark Playhouse London2019: 8 Hotels by Nicholas Wright at the Chichester Festival Theatre ChichesterVoice work2012: Swimming with Piranhas RadioDocumentary for BBC Radio 42015: Credit Card Baby Radio Drama written by Annie Caulfield for BBC Radio 4, directed by Mary Ward-Lowery2019: Alien III audiobook by  Audible2020: Trafalgar Audiobook for  Penguinand  Audible2020: Camino De Santiago Sleep story for Calm and Calm France2022: The Limits to Growth Radio drama written by Sarah Woods for BBC Radio 4, directed by Emma Harding2023: Chronicle Of A DeathForetold Audiobook for  Penguin and  Audible2023: Tomás Nevinson Audiobook for  Penguin and  AudibleDiscographyAwards and nominationsPassage 2:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is anAmerican director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of LesMisérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the VineyardTheatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London andthe show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concertof Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musicalpremiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers& Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte,North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as anexecutive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archiemovie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 3:HanroSmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and Television CreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (aka Contact)(2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment \"Groeten uit Holland\")Engel en Broer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)Deontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)De Punt (2009)Roes (2episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the BerlinInternational Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival, the first place jury prize for \"Best Live Action under 15 minutes\" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP GhentAward for European Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best Actor Award.  It also won theReflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 4:Tactical ForceTactical Force is a 2011 Canadian-American action film written and directed by Adamo Paolo Cultraro, andstarring Steve Austin, Michael Jai White, Michael Shanks, Keith Jardine, Michael Eklund, Darren Shahlavi and Lexa Doig.The film concerns a rogue SWAT team sent to an abandoned compound with blank weapons forretraining, only to find themselves caught in the middle of a war between two gangs armed with fully functioning guns, who are both after a mysterious briefcase. It premiered in the United States on 9 August2011.PlotCaptain Frank Tate leads a four-member SWAT team consisting of Tony Hunt, Jannard and Blanco. They manage to stop the robbery of a grocery store and save the hostages, but their reckless methods causesubstantial property damage and emotional distress to the owner. Their superior gets angry and orders them to go through retraining, which they do not take seriously.Ilya Kalashnikova and Demetrius, two Russianmobsters, bring a captive named Kenny to a warehouse outside the city. They demand Kenny recovers the \"item\" he has hidden there. Two members of the Italian mafia, Lampone and Storato, enter the same facilityand start searching on their own. The two parties run into each other. Tate's team arrives on the same premises, and begins training with blank cartridges, not knowing about the events that just transpired.Bothcriminal parties hide from the SWAT team, but tension rises between them. Blanco goes to check on the resulting noise, and is fatally shot, which alerts his colleagues. The Russians and the Italians realize that their lawenforcement counterparts do not have real bullets, and form a fragile alliance to eliminate them. The SWAT team retreats to the upper level, locking the door behind them.It is revealed that Demetrius stole the itemfrom Lampone, before Kenny stole it from the former. Kenny reveals that the item is hidden somewhere beyond the locked door. Demetrius calls for backup. Tate and his squad realize that they must return to theirtruck to retrieve actual ammunition and call in police reinforcements. Kalashnikova and Storato bring the truck inside the warehouse. More members of the Russian mob, headed by a man named Vladimir, arrive.Vladimir decides to attack the upper floor through outside windows. Lampone secretly tells Storato that he has called his own operatives in order to secure the item for themselves.Tate manages to reach the truck butfinds the radio damaged. Hunt and Jannard fight off Vladimir's men. Jannard is nearly overpowered by Vladimir, before Tate returns and kills him. The mafia's reinforcements, led by tough guy Tagliaferro, show up andfind another point of entry on the building's roof.Tate decides to free Kenny, who gives him the briefcase containing the item. Kenny shows the SWAT team a hidden tunnel leading outside the hangar. Tate hides theitem, before the group gets split. Tagliaferro knocks Tate unconscious, and hands him back to Kalashnikova and Demetrius. The others are captured by Storato and taken to another warehouse at the opposite end of thetunnel, where Lampone awaits. Lampone shoots Kenny, apparently killing him, and threatens to do the same to Jannard. Hunt agrees to go fetch the item in exchange for her safety, under escort from Storato. But hemanages to kill Storato, neutralize Lampone and free Jannard.Tagliaferro and his men return to Demetrius, Kalashnikova and Tate with orders to eliminate all three, but they escape in the truck and meet up with Huntand Jannard at the other hangar. Tagliaferro catches up to them, and a final confrontation ensues. Tate kills Tagliaferro while Demetrius, Kalashnikova and Lampone are arrested.Tate, Hunt and Jannard arecongratulated by their superior. Kenny is revealed to be alive and an undercover FBI agent. He implies that Lampone is another undercover agent. The team is ordered to remain silent about the events.CastSteve Austinas SWAT Captain Frank TateMichael Jai White as SWAT Sergeant Tony HuntMichael Shanks as DemetriusKeith Jardine as TagliaferroMichael Eklund as KennyLexa Doig as Police Officer Third Class SWAT MemberJannardDarren Shahlavi as StoratoAdrian Holmes as LamponeSteve Bacic as Police Officer Third Class SWAT Member BlancoCandace Elaine as Ilya KalashnikovaPeter Kent as VladimirProductionThe film was developedindependently by writer/director Cultraro, under the working title of Hangar 14. It was originally slated to star Cuba Gooding, Jr. The film later found financing from Jack and Joseph Nasser, who had inked WWE starSteve Austin to a multi-picture deal in 2008. It marked the fourth collaboration between Austin and the Nasser brothers. Like their other movies, it was shot around Vancouver, British Columbia, under the banner ofNasser Entertainment's Canadian subsidiary. Filming took place during snow season, which greatly contrasted with the light clothing and mild Los Angeles climate depicted in the film.Co-star Michael Jai White enjoyedMichael Eklund's performance as the weaselly Kenny, and asked Universal to cast him as main antagonist Jobe Davis in his 2020 film Welcome to Sudden Death.ReleaseTactical Force was released theatrically in theUnited Arab Emirates on 12 April 2012, ranking fourth at the box office behind Get the Gringo, StreetDance 2 and The Hunger Games.In the United States, the film was released on home video on 9 August 2011 byVivendi Entertainment. Early copies came with a limited slipcover. It reached number 10 in the national DVD sales chart for its week of release. Canadian release followed on 23 August 2011. It was handled byEntertainment One, who also took care of the film in the UK and other international territories.ReceptionTactical Force received mixed reviews. The Movie Scene and Todd Rigney of Beyond Hollywood both deemed thefilm \"absurd\", while mentioning that its implausibility somehow contributed to its entertainment factor.Genre critic Outlaw Vern was let down by the film's mundane locations. Movie Mavericks was more positive, callingit \"well produced\", and Explosive Action praised the inclusion of an extensive car chase in an otherwise stripped-down siege film.Tactical Force's flashy editing was widely criticized, but its high action quotient earned itmoderate praise, with JoBlo calling it \"a step above the rest [of Austin vehicles]\". Jeffrey Kauffman of Blu-ray.com opined that \"Tactical Force looks fantastic. Cultraro the director simply needs to hire a better writerthan Cultraro next time.\"The film earned notice for its inclusion of an Italian character of color, a relatively uncommon occurrence in popular media. It also elicited several comparisons with Walter Hill's 1992 featureTrespass.See alsoRecoil (2011 film), a re-teaming of some of this film's principalsPassage 5:Brian Johnson (special effects artist)Brian Johnson (born 29 June 1939 or 29 June 1940) is a British designer and director offilm and television special effects.Life and careerBorn Brian Johncock, he changed his surname to Johnson during the 1960s. Joining the team of special effects artist Les Bowie, Johnson started his career behind thescenes for Bowie Films on productions such as On The Buses, and for Hammer Films.  He is known for his special effects work on TV series including Thunderbirds (1965–66) and films including Alien (1979), for whichhe received the 1980 Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (shared with H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Ayling and Nick Allder). Previously, he had built miniature spacecraft models for Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film2001: A Space Odyssey.Johnson's work on Space: 1999 influenced the effects of the Star Wars films of the 1970s and 1980s. Impressed by his work, George Lucas visited Johnson during the production of the TV seriesto offer him the role of effects supervisor for the 1977 film. Having already been commissioned for the second series of Space: 1999, Johnson was unable to accept at the time. He worked on the sequel, The EmpireStrikes Back (1980), whose special effects were recognised in the form of a 1981 Special Achievement Academy Award (which Johnson shared with Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren and Bruce Nicholson).AwardsJohnsonhas won Academy Awards for both Alien (1979) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980). He was further nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Dragonslayer (1981). In addition, Johnson is the recipient of aSaturn Award for The Empire Strikes Back and a BAFTA Award for James Cameron's  Aliens.FilmographySpecial effectsDirectorScragg 'n' Bones (2006)Passage 6:JumanjiJumanji is a 1995 American urban fantasyadventure film directed by Joe Johnston from a screenplay by Jonathan Hensleigh, Greg Taylor, and Jim Strain, based on the 1981 children's picture book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. The film is the firstinstallment in the Jumanji film series.  It stars Robin Williams, Kirsten Dunst, David Alan Grier, Bonnie Hunt, Jonathan Hyde, and Bebe Neuwirth. The story centers on a supernatural board game that releasesjungle-based hazards upon its players with every turn they take.Jumanji was released on December 15, 1995, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but was a box-office success,grossing $263 million worldwide on a budget of approximately $65 million. It was the tenth-highest-grossing film of 1995.The film spawned an animated television series, which aired from 1996 to 1999, and wasfollowed by a spin-off film, Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005), and two indirect sequels, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019).PlotIn 1969, Alan Parrish lives with his parents Samand Carol in Brantford, New Hampshire. One day, he escapes a group of bullies and retreats to Sam's shoe factory. He meets his friend, Carl Bentley, who reveals a new shoe prototype he made by himself. Alanmisplaces the shoe and damages a conveyor belt, but Carl takes responsibility and loses his job. After the bullies attack Alan and steal his bicycle, Alan follows the sound of tribal drumbeats to a construction site. He"}
{"doc_id":"doc_200","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Are You? I'm HereWhere Are You? I'm Here (Italian: Dove siete? Io sono qui) is a 1993 Italian drama film directed by Liliana Cavani.The film entered the 50th Venice International Film Festival, where Anna Bonaiuto won the Volpi Cup for best supporting actress. For her role Chiara Caselli was awarded with a Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress and a Grolla d'oro in the same category.PlotFausto's mother refuses to accept the fact that her child is deaf and refuses to send him to a special school where he can learn sign language. His aunt, though, teaches him to communicate and helps him find a place among a group of deaf-mutes. He meets and falls in love with Elena. To their parents' concern, the two find love with each other until a set of difficulties leads them to see their lives in a different light.Main castChiara Caselli as Elena SettiGaetano Carotenuto as  FaustoAnna Bonaiuto as Fausto's MotherGiuseppe Perruccio as Fausto's FatherValeria D'Obici as Fausto's AuntInes Nobili as MariaKo Muroboshi as The MimeDoriana Chierici as Elena's MotherCarla Cassola as Miss MartiniPaola Mannoni as The PrincipalPino Micol as The Bank ManagerSebastiano Lo Monaco as Professor PiniPaco Reconti as UgoMarzio Honorato as The History TeacherSee alsoList of Italian films of 1993Passage 2:Alfonso XII and María CristinaAlfonso XII and María Cristina or Where Are You Going, Sad Man? (Spanish: ¿Dónde vas triste de ti?) is a 1960 Spanish historical drama film directed by Alfonso Balcázar and Guillermo Cases and starring Vicente Parra and Marga López as Alfonso XII of Spain and Maria Christina of Austria.The film is the sequel to Where Are You Going, Alfonso XII? with Vicente Parra, José Marco Davó and Tomás Blanco reprising their roles from the previous film as Alfonso XII, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and the Duque de Sesto respectively. María Fernanda Ladrón de Guevara replaced Mercedes Vecino as Isabella II.Similar in style to the German Sissi film series, it was very popular but led to Vicente Parra's typecasting.The film's sets were designed by the art director Enrique Alarcón.CastPassage 3:Mrs. Dery Where Are You?Mrs. Dery Where Are You? (Hungarian: Déryné hol van?) is a 1975 Hungarian drama film directed by Gyula Maár. It was entered into the 1976 Cannes Film Festival, where Mari Törőcsik won the award for Best Actress, playing the protagonist Mrs. Déry.CastMari Törőcsik - DérynéFerenc Kállai - DéryMária Sulyok - Déry anyjaImre Ráday - IntendánsTamás Major - Jancsó, öreg színészCecília Esztergályos - SchodelnéKornél Gelley - Magyar úr, dilettáns színészAndrás Kozák - Ifjú grófAndrás Schiff - Zongorázó fiúZsuzsa Zolnay - CapuletnéFlóra Kádár - DajkaPassage 4:Where Are YouWhere Are You may refer to:AlbumsWhere Are You? (Frank Sinatra album), 1957Where Are You? (Mal Waldron album), 1989Songs\"Where Are You?\" (1937 song), written by Jimmy McHugh and Harold Adamson, covered by many performers\"Where Are You\" (Bee Gees song), 1966\"Where Are You?\" (Imaani song), 1998\"Where Are You?\", by 16 Bit, 1986\"Where Are You?\", by Cat Stevens from New Masters, 1967\"Where Are You?\", by Days of the New from Days of the New, 2001\"Where Are You?\", by Gotthard from Firebirth, 2012\"Where Are You?\", by Kavana from Kavana, 1997\"Where Are You?\", by Our Lady Peace from Healthy in Paranoid Times, 2005\"Where Are You?\", by Saves the Day from In Reverie, 2003\"Where Are You (B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray)\", by B.o.B from Strange Clouds, 2012FilmsWhere Are You (film), a 2021 American drama filmSee alsoWhere Are You Now (disambiguation)Passage 5:Where Are You My Love?Where Are You My Love? may refer to:\"Where Are You My Love\", a song by Eddie Low\"Où es-tu mon amour? (Where Are You, My Love?)\", a song written by Emile Stern and Henri Lemarchand in 1946¿Dónde estás amor de mi vida que no te puedo encontrar? (Where Are You My Love, That I Cannot Find You?), a 1992 Argentine drama filmSee alsoAre You My Love? (disambiguation)\"Where Are You Now (My Love)\", a 1965 song written by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent\"Where Is My Love\", a song from the 2006 Cat Power album, The GreatestPassage 6:Where Are You Going All Naked?Dove vai tutta nuda?, internationally released as Where Are You Going All Naked?, is a 1969 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile.CastMaria Grazia Buccella: ToninoTomas Milian: ManfredoGastone Moschin: PresidentVittorio Gassman: Rufus ConfortiAngela Luce: ProstituteGiancarlo Badessi: WaiterLea Lander: President's WifePassage 7:Pattanakke Banda PathniyaruPattanakke Banda Pathniyaru (transl. Wives arrived in the city) is a 1980 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by A. V. Sheshagiri Rao and produced by S. D. Ankalagi, B. H. Chandannanawar, M. G. Hublikar and Surendra Ingle. The film stars Srinath, Manjula, Lokesh and Padmapriya. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao. The movie was remade in 1982 in Telugu as Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu. The song Shankara Gangadhara was retained in the Telugu version. The film was also remade in Tamil as Pattanamthaan Pogalaamadi (1990).CastSoundtrackThe music was composed by M. Ranga Rao.Passage 8:Patnam Vachina PativrathaluPatnam Vachina Pativrathalu is a 1982 Telugu film produced by Atluri Radha Krishna Murthy and directed by Mouli in his Telugu debut. The film stars Chiranjeevi, Mohan Babu, Radhika, Geetha, Rao Gopal Rao and Nutan Prasad in important roles. The film is a remake of the 1980 Kannada movie Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru. The song Shankara Gangadhara from the Kannada version was retained in this movie. The film ran for 280 days.PlotGopi (Chiranjeevi) and Mohan Babu are brothers living with their grandmother in a village. Gopi is youngest brother and has a B.Sc. in Agriculture and he is willing to live in the village after marriage, while Mohan Babu is an elder one who is uneducated. Gopi and Mohan Babu marry at the same time, Mohan Babu marries Devi, who is an educated person, while Gopi marries Lalithamba, an uneducated girl. Lalithamba prefers to live in the city after marriage. Lalithamba and Devi try their level best to shift their house to the city, but their husbands Gopi and Mohan Babu disagree. At last, Lalithamba and Devi escape from their house one night, without their husbands' knowledge. Lalithamba has one friend Shakuntala, in the city. Devi and Lalithamba are unable to locate Shakuntala's house in the city; roaming on the streets, they were caught by one woman who attempts to sell them to a brothel owner, Ganga Devi. But their contract does not materialize, and that woman doesn't sell Devi and Lalitamba. Angered, Ganga Devi sends her people to bring Lalithaba and Devi. Here, Ganga Devi's people kill that woman, but could not catch Lalithamba and Devi. But their bad luck chases them and Lalithamba and Devi enter Ganga Devi's house for protection, without knowing her character. But later they understand and plan to escape from there. Meanwhile, Lalithamba finds her friend Shakuntala, and with her help, Lalithamba and Devi try to escape from there, but Ganga Devi's people catch them and lock them in a room. Chiru and Mohan Babu, in search of their wives, land in the city to find Devi and Lalithaba and with much effort, they gather information on their wives' whereabouts. They enter into Ganga Devi's house and save Lalithamba and Devi from her clutches. As usual, police arrive after the climax fight and Ganga Devi is arrested, and these four return to their village.CastChiranjeevi - GopiRaadhika Sarathkumar - LalithambaMohan Babu -Geetha - DeviNirmalamma - Narayanamma, Grand mother of GopiRamaprabha - ArundhatammaNutan PrasadRao Gopal RaoSoundtrack\"Neekunnadhe Kaastha\" -\"SeethaRaama Swamy\" -\"Shankaraa Gangaadharaa\" -\"Vinukondi\" -Passage 9:Where Are We Going, Dad? (film)Where Are We Going, Dad? (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2014 Chinese film based on a television reality show of the same name. A second film, Where Are We Going, Dad? 2, was released on February 19, 2015.ReceptionThe film grossed RMB88.2 million (US$14.6 million) in its opening day, a record for a non-3D Chinese film at the Chinese box office. Its record breaking even caught the attention of the BBC and the LA Times. It grossed RMB308.91 million (US$50.97 million) in the first four days.Passage 10:Where Are You NowWhere Are You Now may refer to:Where Are You Now? (novel), by Mary Higgins Clark, 2008Where Are You Now (Cerrone X), a 1983 album by CerroneSongs\"Where Are You Now\" (2 Unlimited song), 1993\"Where Are You Now\" (Clint Black song), 1991\"Where Are You Now\" (Jimmy Harnen song), 1989\"Where Are You Now\" (Lost Frequencies song), 2021, featuring Calum Scott\"Where Are You Now?\" (Roxus song), 1991\"Where Are You Now\" (Trisha Yearwood song), 2000\"Where Are You Now (My Love)\", by Jackie Trent, 1965\"Where Are Ü Now\", by Jack Ü and Justin Bieber, 2015\"Where Are You Now?\", by Brandy from the Batman Forever film soundtrack, 1995\"Where Are You Now\", by Britney Spears from Oops!... I Did It Again, 2000\"Where Are You Now\", by Donna De Lory from Sky Is Open, 2006\"Where Are You Now\", by Honor Society from Fashionably Late, 2009\"Where Are You Now?\", by ItaloBrothers, 2008\"Where Are You Now\", by J. Holiday from Guilty Conscience, 2014\"Where Are You Now\", by Janet Jackson from Janet, 1993\"Where Are You Now?\", by Justin Bieber from My World 2.0, 2010\"Where Are You Now?\", by Michelle Branch from Hotel Paper, 2003\"Where Are You Now\", by Mumford & Sons from Babel, 2012\"Where Are You Now\", by Nazareth from their album Sound Elixir, 1983\"Where Are You Now?\", by Royal Blood from How Did We Get So Dark?, 2016\"Where Are You Now\", by Union J from Union J, 2013See alsoWAYN (website) (an acronym for \"Where Are You Now?\"), a social networking websiteWhere Are You (disambiguation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_201","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\"If You Want To Sing Out, Sing Out\" is a popular song by Cat Stevens. It first appeared in the 1971 film Harold and Maude.Stevens wrote all the songs in Harold and Maude in 1970–1971, during the time he was writing and recording his Tea for the Tillerman album. However, \"If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\"  and two other songs from that period were not released as singles nor placed on any album at that time.  No official soundtrack was released from the film at that time. The song was finally released later on Stevens' 1984 album, Footsteps in the Dark: Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 along with his other previously unreleased songs. In addition, it appeared on the UK edition of his 2003 album The Very Best of Cat Stevens.Official soundtrack (2007)The first official soundtrack album to the film was released in December 2007, by Vinyl Films Records, as a vinyl-only limited edition release of 2500 copies. It contained a 30-page oral history of the making of the film, the most extensive series of interviews yet conducted on Harold and Maude.Appearances in other mediaThe song features prominently in Hal Ashby's Harold and Maude.In 2007, a rendition of \"Sing Out\" appeared in the film Charlie Bartlett.The song is featured in the TV shows My Name Is Earl and Ray Donovan.It was featured as the 2nd song of Rodney Mullen's skateboarding part in the Plan B video, Questionable.The song is also the theme to the BBC Radio sitcom North by Northamptonshire.As of fall 2016, the song appears in a commercial for the 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee.Cover versionsThe song has been covered by Bloomington, Indiana's folk punk pioneers Ghost Mice under the shortened title \"Sing Out\".The song has been covered by Death By Chocolate in 2001, on their first, self-titled albumIn August 2009, Yusuf Islam approved his original recording of the song for use in a T Mobile television commercial. Wyclef Jean also made an upbeat remix of the song for a later T Mobile commercial that aired in December 2009.Folk music/bluegrass band Rani Arbo and Daisy Mayhem covered the song for their 2010 album Ranky Tanky.The song has also been covered by Amanda Palmer.The song has been covered by Jim Gill on his 1995 children's album Jim Gill Makes It Noisy In Boise, Idaho.German bitpop band Welle: Erdball covered the song on their album Der Kalte Krieg (2011).The song was covered by James Marsden, Ariana Greenblatt and Jacob Collier in the 2021 animated feature The Boss Baby: Family Business.Passage 2:Join the CavalryJoin the Cavalry was a military song popular during the American Civil War. The verses detail various feats performed by Jeb Stuart's troopers, the cavalry arm of the Army of Northern Virginia, while the chorus urges the listener to \"join the cavalry\". Occasionally, the title is recorded as \"Jine the Cavalry\". The song was most common in Virginia.\"Jine the Cavalry!\" was among Stuart’s favorite songs, and became the unofficial theme song of his Confederate cavalry corps. It recounts many of Stuart’s early exploits, including the daring \"Ride around the Army of the Potomac\" in the early summer of 1862, and the Confederate Cavalry raid to Chambersburg, PA in October 1862. One of Stuart’s men, Sam Sweeney, was an accomplished banjo player and often serenaded Stuart and his officers during the Gettysburg Campaign.JINE THE CAVALRY!We're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),Rode around McClellan(ian), Rode around McClellan(ian)!We're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!Ol' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?Come out of The Wilderness, come out of The Wilderness?Ol' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!We're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica), whoCrossed the Potomac(ica), who crossed the Potomac(ica)!We're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica),Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!We're the boys that rode to Pennsylvania,Rode to Pennsylvania, rode to Pennsylvania!We're the boys rode to Pennsylvania,Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!The big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,Hand around the breadium, hand around the breadium!The big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!Lyrics are in the public domain.Stuart's ride around McClellanPassage 3:If You Want My Love (Twenty 4 Seven song)\"If You Want My Love\" is a song recorded by the Dutch band Twenty 4 Seven. It was the tenth single and the sixth song to be taken from the fourth album, Twenty 4 Hours A Day, Seven Days A Week. The song remained a constant area of success only in the Netherlands, the single reached 77 on the (Single Top 100). It did not chart in the United Kingdom. \"If You Want My Love\" was postponed a couple of times, because \"We Are the World\" did successfully well in many other countries, like Spain where it went top 10.ChartsPassage 4:I Want You to Be My Baby\"I Want You to Be My Baby\" is a jump blues song written by Jon Hendricks for Louis Jordan whose recording, made on May 28, 1953, was released that autumn.In the summer of 1955 \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" was remade as the debut disc by comedy musical act Lillian Briggs, resulting in an expedient cover version by veteran vocalist Georgia Gibbs. Producers Hugo & Luigi had Gibbs fly in from her Massachusetts home to New York City on Wednesday 3 August 1955 to cut \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" that same afternoon. New York City disc jockeys were provided with acetates of the Gibbs' version by the following morning with regular jockey copies being shipped out Friday 5 August 1955.  Neither version of the song would reach the Top Ten. Gibbs' version had the higher chart peak at #14 but it was the rough voiced Briggs - whose version peaked at #18 - who had the million seller.Ellie Greenwich versionEllie Greenwich, who as a teenager saw Lillian Briggs sing her hit at Alan Freed's rock and roll shows, chose \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" as the song to launch her career as a solo recording artist. Produced by Bob Crewe, Greenwich's version reached #83 in the spring of 1967, marking her only US chart appearance as a recording artist apart from her singles with The Raindrops. She included the song on her 1968 debut solo album Ellie Greenwich Composes, Produces and Sings.Billie Davis versionThe song became a UK Top 40 hit in the autumn of 1968 via a recording by Billie Davis. Produced by Ready Steady Go! co-host Michael Aldred and arranged by Mike Vickers, Davis' version featured a chorale comprising Madeline Bell, Kiki Dee, Kay Garner, Doris Troy and the Moody Blues. The single's failure to rise no higher than #33 was attributed to a strike at the Decca processing plant, which stopped the pressing of discs.The Jyve Fyve versionIn November 1970 the Jyve Fyve reached #50 on the R&B chart with their remake of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\".Other versionsIn Britain, Annie Ross - John Hendricks' future co-partner in Lambert, Hendricks & Ross - had an October 1955 single release of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" recorded with Tony Crombie & His Orchestra. Neither this disc nor a 1956 UK single release of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" by Don Lang charted. In February 1956, the British music magazine NME reported that Ross's version of the song was banned from airplay by the BBC due to the lyric \"Come upstairs and have some loving\".The song has also been recorded by Jimmy and the Mustangs, Colin James, Lindisfarne, Natasha England, Janis Siegel, and Leslie Uggams. A Finnish rendering - \"Armaani Sä Silloin Oisit\" - was recorded by Wiola Talvikki.  It was also a hit for Chinese singer Grace Chang who performed the song in both Mandarin Chinese (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \"Wo Yao Ni de Ai\" meaning \"I Want Your Love\") and English in the late 1950s. There was another rendition of the song in a classic 1958 Tamil movie Uthama puthiran, entitled \"Yaaradi Ni Mohini\".  The song was turned into the title song of the Italian TV show Canzonissima in 1960, with the title “Tu lei lui voi noi”, sang by Wilma De Angelis and Johnny Dorelli.Passage 5:If You Want to Be My Woman\"If You Want to Be My Woman\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in December 1989 as the third single from his album 5:01 Blues. The song peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and reached number 15 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.The song was Haggard's last top-40 country hit; like most classic country artists, Haggard's chart career was severely damaged by changes in the country industry that hit in the early 1990s. It was co-produced by Mark Yeary, keyboardist of The Strangers.PersonnelMerle Haggard– vocals, guitarThe Strangers:Norm Hamlet – pedal steel guitarClint Strong – guitarBobby Wayne – guitarMark Yeary – hammond organ, piano, electric pianoJimmy Belkin – fiddle, stringsBiff Adams – drumsDon Markham – saxophone, trumpetGary Church – cornet, tromboneChart performancePassage 6:If You Want My Lovin'\"If You Want My Lovin'\" is a song released by American singer Evelyn \"Champagne\" King. Released on April 3, 1981, The song appears on the album I'm in Love. The single version of \"If You Want My Lovin'\" was the follow-up to her charting single \"I'm in Love,\" but less successful.Single version\"If You Want My Lovin'\" was also released as a single.  This version of \"If You Want My Lovin'\" is the less-successful follow-up to Evelyn's charting single \"I'm In Love.\"Track listing12\" version7\" versionPersonnelPercussion – Bashiri JohnsonProducer, arranger, handclaps, lyrics by – Morrie BrownAssistant producer, arranger, keyboards, lyrics by, music by – Lawrence JonesAssistant engineer – Cheryl Smith, Dennis O'DonnellMixed by, recorded by – \"Magic Hands\", Steve GoldmanMastered by – George MarinoAssistant producer, backing vocals, handclaps, keyboards, Moog synthesizer – KashifGuitar – Ira SiegelAdditional engineer – Pete SobelString arrangement – Ralph SchuckettBacking vocals – B.J. Nelson, Evelyn King, Rochele CappelliDrums, handclaps – Leslie MingPassage 7:Merle HaggardMerle Ronald Haggard (April 6, 1937 – April 6, 2016) was an American country music singer, songwriter, guitarist, and fiddler.Haggard was born in Oildale, California, toward the end of the Great Depression. His childhood was troubled after the death of his father, and he was incarcerated several times in his youth. After being released from San Quentin State Prison in 1960, he managed to turn his life around and launched a successful country music career. He gained popularity with his songs about the working class; these occasionally contained themes contrary to the anti–Vietnam War sentiment of some popular music of the time. Between the 1960s and the 1980s he had 38 number-one hits on the US country charts, several of which also made the Billboard all-genre singles chart. Haggard continued to release successful albums into the 2000s.He received many honors and awards for his music, including a Kennedy Center Honor (2010); a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (2006); a BMI Icon Award (2006); and induction into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (1977); Country Music Hall of Fame (1994) and Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame (1997). He died on April 6, 2016—his 79th birthday—at his ranch in Shasta County, California, having recently suffered from double pneumonia.Early lifeHaggard's parents were Flossie Mae (née Harp; 1902–1984) and James Francis Haggard (1899–1946). The family moved to California from their home in Checotah, Oklahoma, during the Great Depression, after their barn burned in 1934.They settled with their two elder children, James 'Lowell' (1922–1996) and Lillian, in an apartment in Bakersfield, while James started working for the Santa Fe Railroad. A woman who owned a boxcar placed in Oildale, a nearby town, asked Haggard's father about the possibility of converting it into a house. He remodeled the boxcar, and soon after moved in, also purchasing the lot, where Merle Ronald Haggard was born on April 6, 1937. The property was eventually expanded by building a bathroom, a second bedroom, a kitchen, and a breakfast nook in the adjacent lot.In 1946 Haggard's father died of a brain hemorrhage. Nine year-old Haggard was deeply affected by the loss, and it remained a pivotal event to him for the rest of his life. To support the family, Haggard's mother took a job as a bookkeeper. Older brother Lowell gave his guitar to Merle when Merle was 12. Haggard learned to play it on his own, with the records he had at home, influenced by Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, and Hank Williams. While his mother was out working during the day Haggard started getting into trouble. She sent him to a juvenile detention center for a weekend to try and correct him, but his behavior did not improve. If anything, he became worse.By the age of 13, Haggard was stealing and writing bad checks. In 1950 he was caught shoplifting and sent to a juvenile detention center. The following year he ran away to Texas with his friend Bob Teague. The two rode freight trains and hitchhiked throughout the state. When they returned later that year the two boys were accused of robbery and sent to jail. This time, they had not actually committed the crime, and were released when the real robbers were found. The experience did not change Haggard much. He was again sent to a juvenile detention center later that year, from which he and his friend escaped and headed to Modesto, California. There he worked a series of laborer jobs, including potato truck driver, short order cook, hay pitcher and oil well shooter. His debut performance was with Teague in a Modesto bar named \"Fun Center\", for which he was paid US$5 and given free beer.In 1951 he returned to Bakersfield, where he was again arrested for truancy and petty larceny and sent to a juvenile detention center. After another escape, he was sent to the Preston School of Industry, a high-security installation. He was released 15 months later but was sent back after beating a local boy during a burglary attempt. After Haggard's release, he and Teague saw Lefty Frizzell in concert. The two sat backstage, where Haggard began to sing along. Hearing the young man from the stage, Frizzell refused to go on unless Haggard was allowed to sing first. Haggard did, and was well received by the audience. After this experience Haggard decided to pursue a career in music. At nights he would sing and play in local bars, while working as a farmhand or in the oil fields during the day.Married and plagued by financial issues, in 1957 he tried to rob a Bakersfield roadhouse, was caught and arrested. Convicted, he was sent to the Bakersfield Jail. After an escape attempt he was transferred to San Quentin Prison on February 21, 1958. There he was prisoner number A45200. While in prison, Haggard learned that his wife was expecting another man's child, which stressed him psychologically. He was fired from a series of prison jobs, and planned to escape along with another inmate nicknamed \"Rabbit\" (James Kendrick) but was dissuaded by fellow inmates.While at San Quentin, Haggard started a gambling and brewing racket with his cellmate. After he was caught drunk, he was sent for a week to solitary confinement where he encountered Caryl Chessman, an author and death-row inmate. Meanwhile, \"Rabbit\" had successfully escaped, only to shoot a police officer and be returned to San Quentin for execution. Chessman's predicament, along with the execution of \"Rabbit\", inspired Haggard to change his life. He soon earned a high school equivalency diploma and kept a steady job in the prison's textile plant. He also played for the prison's country music band. He was released from San Quentin on parole in 1960.In 1972, after Haggard had become an established country music star, then-California governor Ronald Reagan granted Haggard a full and unconditional pardon for his past crimes.CareerEarly careerUpon his release from San Quentin in 1960, Haggard started digging ditches for his brother's electrical contracting company. Soon, he was performing again and later began recording with Tally Records. The Bakersfield sound was developing in the area as a reaction against the overproduced Nashville sound. Haggard's first record for Tally was \"Singing My Heart Out\" backed by \"Skid Row\"; it was not a success, and only 200 copies were pressed. In 1962, Haggard wound up performing at a Wynn Stewart show in Las Vegas and heard Wynn's \"Sing a Sad Song\". He asked for permission to record it, and the resulting single was a national hit in 1964. The following year, he had his first national top-10 record with \"(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers,\" written by Liz Anderson, mother of country singer Lynn Anderson, and his career was off and running. Haggard recalls having been talked into visiting Anderson—a woman he did not know—at her house to hear her sing some songs she had written. \"If there was anything I didn't wanna do, it was sit around some danged woman's house and listen to her cute little songs. But I went anyway. She was a pleasant enough lady, pretty, with a nice smile, but I was all set to be bored to death, even more so when she got out a whole bunch of songs and went over to an old pump organ.... There they were. My God, one hit right after another. There must have been four or five number one songs there....\"In 1967, Haggard recorded \"I'm a Lonesome Fugitive\" with The Strangers, also written by Liz Anderson, with her husband Casey Anderson, which became his first number-one single. When the Andersons presented the song to Haggard, they were unaware of his prison stretch. Bonnie Owens, Haggard's backup singer and then-wife, is quoted by music journalist Daniel Cooper in the liner notes to the 1994 retrospective Down Every Road: \"I guess I didn't realize how much the experience at San Quentin did to him, 'cause he never talked about it all that much ... I could tell he was in a dark mood . .. and I said, 'Is everything okay?' And he said, 'I'm really scared.' And I said, 'Why?' And he said, 'Cause I'm afraid someday I'm gonna be out there ... and there's gonna be ... some prisoner ... in there the same time I was in, stand up—and they're gonna be about the third row down—and say, 'What do you think you're doing, 45200?'\" Cooper notes that the news had little effect on Haggard's career: \"It's unclear when or where Merle first acknowledged to the public that his prison songs were rooted in personal history, for to his credit, he doesn't seem to have made some big splash announcement. In a May 1967 profile in Music City News, his prison record is never mentioned, but in July 1968, in the very same publication, it's spoken of as if it were common knowledge.\"The 1967 album Branded Man with The Strangers kicked off an artistically and commercially successful run for Haggard. In 2013, Haggard biographer David Cantwell stated, \"The immediate successors to I'm a Lonesome Fugitive—Branded Man in 1967 and, in '68, Sing Me Back Home and The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde—were among the finest albums of their respective years.\" Haggard's new recordings showcased his band The Strangers, specifically Roy Nichols's Telecaster, Ralph Mooney's steel guitar, and the harmony vocals provided by Bonnie Owens.At the time of Haggard's first top-10 hit \"(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers\" in 1965, Owens, who had been married to Buck Owens, was known as a solo performer, a fixture on the Bakersfield club scene and someone who had appeared on television. She won the new Academy of Country Music's first ever award for Female Vocalist after her 1965 debut album, Don't Take Advantage of Me, hit the top five on the country albums chart. However, Bonnie Owens had no further hit singles, and although she recorded six solo albums on Capitol between 1965 and 1970, she became mainly known for her background harmonies on Haggard hits such as \"Sing Me Back Home\" and \"Branded Man\".Producer Ken Nelson took a hands-off approach to produce Haggard. In the episode of American Masters dedicated to him, Haggard "}
{"doc_id":"doc_202","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Filmand TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TVseries) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubinperformed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky VanShelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where WasI\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine(Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 2:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10,1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music forthe original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States ArmyAir Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of SamSpade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"LifeUpon the Wicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance fromSeven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for InsideDaisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer),and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage alsocontributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963).He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition toCourage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - TheMusic, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as DanielBoone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides StarTrek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the AaronCopland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith'sprimary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with theBoston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicideElisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United Statesin 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum(son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The familyoriginally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplishedphotographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era,notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career tookprecedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer ofserious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M.Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage washired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\"and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage'stheme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Courage was replacedby composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editors had difficulty finding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic \"whoosh\" soundheard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score two more episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes \"The Enterprise Incident\" and \"Plato's Stepchildren,\" allegedly as acourtesy to Producer Robert Justman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestrated Goldsmith's adaptation of hisoriginal Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme became one of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has beenused in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films based upon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith.DeathCourage had been indeclining health for several years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades, California. He had suffered a series of strokes prior to his death. His mausoleum is inWestwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Passage 3:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which hasbeen recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 4:Hare-Way to the StarsHare-Way to the Stars is a 1958 American animatedscience fiction comedy short film directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on March 29, 1958 as part of the Looney Tunes series, and stars Bugs Bunnyand Marvin the Martian. The title is a play on the song \"Stairway to the Stars.\"PlotThe cartoon starts when Bugs Bunny, feeling the effects of mixing radish juice with carrot juice the night before, unknowingly climbs outof his hole and into a rocket ship that is about to be launched into space. He realizes what has happened once he screws open the tip of the ship, and is immediately hit by the satellite Sputnik and lands on what appearsto be a space station. While there, Bugs meets Marvin the Martian who is trying to blow up the Earth with his Illudium Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator (which is actually a stick of dynamite) because \"Earth obstructs hisview of Venus\".Bugs quietly steals Marvin's explosive, and Marvin quickly discovers what happened. He creates a trio of \"Instant Martians\" (who somewhat resemble the Martians of A Martian Odyssey and Jumpin'Jupiter) by adding water to \"Instant Martian\" pills. The Martians all leave to capture Bugs. Bugs gets on a rocket scooter and is pursued by a Martian. After noticing it mimics his every move to catch up with him, Bugsmimes driving out of the space station, causing the Martian to actually do that. He is then pursued by the Martians and hides behind a door so that he can chase them. The Martians use the same trick to get behind Bugsand chase him, but he uses the same trick again to make the Martians run into a trapdoor and make them fall out of the space station. Bugs then steals a UFO and when Marvin attempts to make more Martians, Bugsswaps the lit Space Modulator for the Instant Martian dispenser. The Modulator explodes in Marvin's hand just after he finishes saying its name, destroying his space station. Standing amid the shattered remains, Marvinconcedes defeat and that it is \"back to the old drawing board\" for his plans to destroy the Earth. Bugs arrives on Earth in the UFO, but crashes into a construction site warning sign and finds himself and the bottle of\"Instant Martians\" falling into the sewer and splashing all the pills. The ground shakes as Bugs climbs out of the sewer, frantically replaces the manhole cover and warns the audience \"Run for the hills, folks, or you'll beup to your arm-pits in Martians!\", before proceeding to take his own advice as Martian antennas poke out of the cracks appearing in the ground.CrewStory: Michael MalteseAnimation: Richard Thompson, Ken Harris &Abe LevitowLayouts: Maurice NobleBackgrounds: Philip DeGuardEffects Animation: Harry LoveFilm: Treg BrownVoice Characterizations: Mel BlancMusic: Milt FranklynProduced by Edward Selzer & John W.BurtonDirected by Chuck JonesHome mediaThe cartoon was featured on the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 Blu-ray box set (released November 15, 2011) with the cartoon restored and in high definition.This cartoon was also made part of the feature film The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (sometimes known as The Great American Chase).Passage 5:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composerof the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu andthe  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boysgymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of theSt. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova,composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 6:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebratedamateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.Passage 7:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto(fl. c. 1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to bewritten in continental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence hewas in Tournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No otherdocumentation on his life has yet come to light.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two may have been oneof the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generationof composers, for it was still being copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it forexactly the features that inspired other composers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus(four voices)Missa sine nomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 8:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1,1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of theearliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with CharlesV, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546,where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying andassembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarrawrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published onDecember 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eightmulti-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listenersare probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos,(popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove MusicOnline ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel BayPublications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAuralCollaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores byAlonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 9:George GershwinGeorge Gershwin (; born JacobGershwine; September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned popular, jazz and classical genres. Among his best-known works are the orchestral compositionsRhapsody in Blue (1924) and An American in Paris (1928), the songs \"Swanee\" (1919) and \"Fascinating Rhythm\" (1924), the jazz standards \"Embraceable You\" (1928) and \"I Got Rhythm\" (1930), and the opera Porgyand Bess (1935), which included the hit \"Summertime\".Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and composition with Rubin Goldmark, Henry Cowell, and Joseph Brody. He began his career as a song pluggerbut soon started composing Broadway theater works with his brother Ira Gershwin and with Buddy DeSylva. He moved to Paris, intending to study with Nadia Boulanger, but she refused him, afraid that rigorousclassical study would ruin his jazz-influenced style; Maurice Ravel voiced similar objections when Gershwin inquired about studying with him. He subsequently composed An American in Paris, returned to New York Cityand wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and DuBose Heyward. Initially a commercial failure, it came to be considered one of the most important American operas of the twentieth century and an American culturalclassic.Gershwin moved to Hollywood and composed numerous film scores. He died in 1937, only 38 years old, of a brain tumor.His compositions have been adapted for use in film and television, with many becomingjazz standards.BiographyAncestorsGershwin was of Jewish ancestry. His grandfather, Jakov Gershowitz, was born in Odesa (Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire) and had served for 25 years as a mechanic for theImperial Russian Army to earn the right of free travel and residence as a Jew, finally retiring near Saint Petersburg. His teenage son Moishe, George's father, worked as a leather cutter for women's shoes. His mother,Roza Bruskina, was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Moishe met Roza in Vilnius, Lithuania where her father worked as a furrier. She and her family moved to New York because of increasing anti-Jewish sentiment inRussia, changing her first name to Rose. Moishe, faced with compulsory military service if he remained in Russia, moved to America as soon as he could afford to. Once in New York, he changed his first name to Morris."}
{"doc_id":"doc_203","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Hungarian Fairy TaleA Hungarian Fairy Tale (original title: Hol volt, hol nem volt) is a 1987 Hungarian film directed by Gyula Gazdag.PlotAndris is a child living in Budapest. He is conceived when his motherMaria is attracted to a mysterious stranger during a performance of The Magic Flute. The stranger disappears after the conception, and as a result Andris does not know his father. The law states that a boy should havehis father's name, even if the father is unknown, to avoid the taint of illegitimacy. When Maria tries to register Andris with the child custody department, Andris is given the name of a fictitious father. She enters onAndris' birth certificate the name of the bureaucrat she is dealing with, Antal Orban.Maria dies when she is hit on the head by a falling brick, an accident resulting from being in the wrong place at the wrong time, leavingAndris suddenly motherless. He then goes off in search of his nonexistent father. Along the way he meets and is helped by The Girl, the young nurse who delivered him, and who is alone like Andris. Meanwhile, thekindly Orban becomes tired of the tyrannical bureaucracy, and decides to destroy the files of children he has helped to legitimize by giving them fictitious fathers. He then sets out to find Andris. Andris and The Girlfinally meet Orban, and they form their own family.They meet scouts being trained as instruments of the state, and the scouts pursue Andris, Orban and The Girl. The three of them climb onto the back of a stone eagle,which takes off in flight.CastDávid Vermes - AndrisFrantišek Husák - Antal OrbanMária Varga - MariaEszter Csákányi - The GirlAccoladesThe film won the following awards:Fantafestival 1988 - Best Actress (MáriaVarga)Locarno International Film Festival 1987 - Bronze Leopard (Dávid Vermes) (Special Grand Prize)Salerno International Film Festival 1989 - Grand Prix (Gyula Gazdag)Sitges Film Festival 1987 - Best Film (GyulaGazdag)External linksA Hungarian Fairy Tale at IMDbPassage 2:The Girl of My DreamsThe Girl of My Dreams is a lost 1918 British silent film romance directed by Louis Chaudet and starring Billie Rhodes.CastBillieRhodes - The WeedJack McDonald - George BassettLamar Johnstone - Kenneth Stewart (*as Lamar Johnston)Golda Madden - Madelin StewartJane Keckley - Ma WilliamsFrank MacQuarrie - Pa WilliamsBen Suslow - JedWilliams (*as Benjamin Suslow)Leo Pierson - Ralph LongPassage 3:The Woman of My Dreams (2010 film)The Woman of My Dreams (Italian: La donna della mia vita, also known as The Woman of My Life) is a 2010Italian comedy-drama film directed by Luca Lucini and starring Alessandro Gassman, Luca Argentero, Stefania Sandrelli, and Valentina Lodovini.PlotLeonardo and Giorgio are two brothers with very different characters.Leonardo is sensitive and reliable, while Giorgio is an unstable womanizer. After a suicide attempt, Leonardo meets Sara, not knowing that she is Giorgio's ex, and in time they fall in love.With difficulty, and only afterthe involvement of Giorgio's mother Alba, they restore their friendship.CastAlessandro Gassman as  GiorgioLuca Argentero as  LeonardoValentina Lodovini as  SaraStefania Sandrelli as  AlbaGiorgio Colangelias  SandroSonia Bergamasco as  CarolinaGaia Bermani Amaral as IreneLella Costa as  Alba's friendFranco Branciaroli as AlbertoFrancesca Chillemi as herselfSee alsoList of Italian films of 2010Passage 4:Arthur MariaRabenaltArthur Maria Rabenalt (25 June 1905 – 26 February 1993) was an Austrian film director, writer, and author. He directed more than 90 films between 1934 and 1978. His 1958 film That Won't Keep a SailorDown was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival. Two years later, his 1960 film Big Request Concert was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. His career encompassed both Nazicinema and West German productions. He also wrote several books on the 1930s and 1940s wave of German cinema.CareerIn his early teens, Rabenalt began his stage career directing operas at theatres in Darmstadt,Berlin and Gera. From then on to the mid-1920s he worked (though uncredited) as a production assistant on several films such including G. W. Pabst's Joyless Street (1925). After Nazi's rise to power, Rabenalt madehis feature film debut directing the musical comedy, What Am I Without You (1934), which was then shortly followed with the release of the comedy Pappi (1934). He continued to work in different genres, including TheLove of the Maharaja (1936), and Men Are That Way and Midsummer Night's Fire which were released in 1939.        Through out the 1940s, Rabaenalt worked with melodramatic dramas and comedy. Some of his earlyfilms in the 1940s, such as Riding for Germany, supported Nazi ideology. In 1989, he said \"I had only made circus films and chamber-type entertainment films since 1941. The only Nazi film I knew was ... rides forGermany (1941), and it was admired. The first films of mine that were distributed again after the war were Circus Renz (1943) and Regimental Music (shot in 1944 under the title The Guilty of Gabriele Rottweil, the filmonly came to the cinemas in 1950). The controversy about ... rides for Germany came much later.After the war he resumed his stage career as a director, beginning with the East German production, Chemistry andLove (1948), satire on anti-capitalism based on a play by Bela Balasz. He continued to work on productions for East German state studio DEFA until 1948. In the 1950s, he moved into more mainstream entertainment,including the Weimar horror remake of Alraune (1952), which starred Hildegard Knef and Erich von Stroheim.            From 1960, Rabanalt worked only in television, adapting classic comedies and operettas for amainstream audience. He also wrote several erotic pulp fiction books as well as memoirs and factual books about Nazi Germany.Selected filmographyPublished booksTanz and Film [1] (1960)Das Theater der Lust(1982)Theater ohne Tabu [2] (Emsdetten, 1970)Der Operetten-Bildband  Bühne Film Fernsehen [3] (1980)Mimus eroticus [4] (Hamburg, 1965/67)Joseph Goebbels und der Grossdeutsche Film [5] (Munich,1985)Gesammelte Schriften [6] (Hildesheim, 1999)Passage 5:Gyula GazdagGyula Gazdag (born 19 July 1947 in Budapest) is a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and actor.FilmographyDirectorThe Long DistanceRunner [Hosszú futásodra mindig számíthatunk...] (1969, documentary short)The Selection [A válogatás] (1970, documentary short)The Whistling Cobblestone [A sípoló macskakő] (1971)The Resolution [A határozat](1972, documentary)Singing on the Treadmill [Bástyasétány hetvennégy] (1974)Swap [A kétfenekű dob] (1978)The Banquet [A bankett] (1982, documentary)Lost Illusions [Elveszett illúziók] (1983)Package Tour[Társasutazás] (1985, documentary)A Hungarian Fairy Tale [Hol volt, hol nem volt...] (1987)Stand Off [Túsztörténet] (1989)Hungarian Chronicles [Chroniques hongroises] (1991, documentary)A Poet on the Lower eastSide [Egy költö a Lower East Side-ról] (1997, documentary)Actor25, Firemen's Street Tüzoltó utca 25. (1973)Dreaming Youth [Álmodó ifjúság] (1974)Confidence Bizalom (1980)Colonel Redl [Oberst Redl] 1985WorkingWest (1992)External linksGyula Gazdag at IMDbPassage 6:Siman-Tov GanehSiman-Tov Ganeh (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000-\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000; 1924–1968) was an Israeli soldier who was rewarded with the Hero ofIsrael.BiographySiman-Tov Ganeh was born in the Old City of Jerusalem to a Georgian-Jewish family, son of a member of the Jewish Battalions and a volunteer in the British army's Expeditionary Force during theSecond World War. When the 1936–1939 Arab revolt broke out, his family was forced to leave the Old City and move to Zikhron Moshe. As a boy he worked in a cigarette factory, and in 1941 his father fell captive inCrete. He also served in the Royal Navy, and served on supply ships. In April 1946, he was discharged and worked as a taxi driver shortly before joining the Lehi underground movement.Ganeh joined the 8th Brigade atthe beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and served in the 89th Battalion. In November 1948, he participated in the Battle of Iraq Suwaydan, in which he continued to treat the wounded and respond to the shootingwhile mortally wounded and under heavy fire. For his part in the operation, he was awarded the Hero of Israel medal.After the battle, Siman-Tov's two legs were cut off and replaced with prosthetic legs. Following thewar he studied carpentry and worked for a while as a taxi driver. He got married in 1950 and was a father of three. His middle son was named Ma'agan, after being born on the day Ganeh was saved from the Ma'agandisaster which he had witnessed. During the Six-Day War he volunteered to gather soldiers from transportation stations. In 1967, he began to work as a contractor in military camps. In March 1968, he was hit by an oldshell that was ignited from the heat and was killed. After his death, mourning orders were held in IDF units.Passage 7:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television creditsinclude the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directedfilms such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended ChetwyndeSchool.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's Houseof Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)ComedyPlayhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 8:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director.He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). Histelevision work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, acomedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work includeddirecting for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned oneOscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival,he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for theDGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical MotionPicture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich AchievementAward from the Directors Guild of America.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His first marriage was to EvelynWard in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired,Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie)(1990)Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)The Car (1977)Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse(1970)The Happening (1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series)(1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series)(1961–62)Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series)(1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 9:Arieh AtzmoniArieh Atzmoni (born Leib Markowicz; Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; 2 November 1926 – 30 March 2005) was a Czech-bornIsraeli soldier and Hero of Israel.Early lifeAtzmoni was born Leib Markowicz in Uzhhorod (then in Czechoslovakia, now in Ukraine). During World War II, when he was 13, he left his parents home and lived alone inBudapest. During the Holocaust, his mother and two younger sisters were murdered, while his father, brother and older sister were saved. Later, he was taken to a labor camp in Yugoslavia and worked in copper mininguntil he was liberated by local partisans, whom he joined in fighting the Germans until his immigration to Palestine in 1944 at age 18. Atzmoni wanted to join the military, but was concerned that his slim figure wouldcause him to be rejected, so he said he was two years older than he was.Military careerAfter immigrating to Palestine, Atzmoni joined the Jewish Settlement Police and dealt with Naharayim. Following an Arab Legionattack, he retreated with the guards and reached the nearby base of the 12th Battalion of the Golani Brigade. He joined the ranks of the brigade and after a sergeant course was stationed as a company sergeant andserved in this position during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Later, He joined the artillery corps, where he served in reserves for many years. In 1969, following severe manpower shortage in the Israel Defense Forces, heresponded to a request by its Chief of General Staff and returned for a year of voluntary service in the artillery corps.DecorationsIn September 1948, Atzmoni cleared a fire-focused ammunition box during battle andreceived a commendation from the brigade commander.In January 1949, Atzmoni's unit was attacked near Rafah. A military car was blocking the artillery's line of sight, preventing an effective response. Atzmoni ran,under heavy fire, and was able to start the car and move it, thus clearing the way for the artillery to act and destroy 18 enemy vehicles. For this he was awarded the Hero of Israel commendation, which is the highestcommendation ever awarded by the IDF, given to only twelve soldiers: On January 4, 1949, in the battle for the cemetery in Rafah, our artillery car was stopped in the field and the entire sector was concealed in front ofour cannon position. The enemy, which attacked tanks and armored vehicles accompanied by infantry, rained fire on the outpost and prevented any action to remove the car from the area. Lt. Col. Arieh Otzmany,whose job was to bring ammunition and digging equipment to the outpost, jumped at the car, managed to start it, and drove it from the front to the rear, enabling our anti-tank cannon to launch an operation thatresulted in the use of nine tanks and other enemy vehicles.Later life and deathFollowing his discharge from the military, Atzmoni settled in the Hadar neighborhood in Haifa with his wife Lea (née Lustig), and worked asa cab driver. Concurrently, he imported and sold car parts. The two then established the Haifa branch of car rental company Hertz, which flourished. They then established their own car rental agency, also successful,allowing him donate some earnings to charity. After decades, the couple retired to the Ahuza retirement home. He died on March 30, 2005, and was buried in Haifa with a military ceremony. He had a son, daughter andfour grandchildren.Passage 10:The Hero of My DreamsThe Hero of My Dreams (German: Der Held meiner Träume) is a 1960 West German romantic comedy film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring CarlosThompson, Heidi Brühl and Peter Vogel.It was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Max Mellin and Karl Weber.CastCarlos Thompson as Robert MoutierHeidi Brühl asMarianne KleinschmidtPeter Vogel as Oliver MartensMaria Perschy as Franziska KleinschmidtMargitta Scherr as Petra MartensKlaus Dahlen as Bernhard KleinschmidtMarte Harell as Frau MartensEdith Mill as FrauKleinschmidtLucie Englisch as HuberbäuerinHans Zesch-Ballot as Günther MartensHans Elwenspoek as Hugo KleinschmidtFranz Fröhlich as HuberbauerErnst BraschBum KrügerSee alsoHappy Days (France, 1941)HappyDays (Italy, 1942)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_204","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alasdair MórAlasdair Mór mac Domhnaill was a younger son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill—the eponymous ancestor of Clan Donald. He first appears on record in 1253, when it is recorded as witnessing acharter by his brother, Aonghus Mór, to Paisley Abbey. According to the 19th century Clan Donald historians Angus and Archibald Macdonald, Alasdair Mór must have been a prominent man as he is the only recordedbrother of Aonghus Mór. He is recorded in the Annals of Connacht, in the year 1299, as being a man noted for being a \"generous and bounteous man\". In that year he was slain in a conflict with Alasdair of Argyll and theMacDougalls. He is said to have had at least five sons: Dòmhnall, Gòraidh, Donnchadh, Eoin and Eachann. Alasdair Mòr was succeeded in the representation of his clan by Dòmhnall. Today he is considered to be theeponymous ancestor of Clan MacAlister.Passage 2:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of SuleymanShah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was adescendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 3:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17,1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish familyon May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen inMontreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, hefounded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothingcompanies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East EuropeanJewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased byHirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president ofthe Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and theUnited Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married RachelFriedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in theWorld War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster ofhis battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 4:Gilbert de InsulaGilbert de Insula (Anglicised: Gilbert of the Isles) was a son of Domhnall macAlasdair, who received a charter for unspecified lands in the Stirlingshire region, in the year 1330. He also received a charter for half the lands of Glorat in the parish of Campsie. Today, Gilbert de Insula is considered tobe a grandson of Alasdair Mór. He is also considered to possibly be the ancestor of the Alexanders of Menstrie.CitationsPassage 5:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was anAmerican football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 6:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David LeDeux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie andattended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to OceanGrove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958,which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married toformer Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 7:Domhnall mac CaileinDomhnall mac Cailein or Donald Campbell was a 13th-14th centuryScottish nobleman and the Sheriff of Wigtown.LifeAccording to Campbell tradition, Domhnall was the second son of Cailean Mór; however, contemporary evidence seems to suggest that Domhnall was the elder brotherto Niall mac Cailein.First mentioned in 1296, when he did homage to King Edward I of England at Dumbarton on 28 August 1296, his name is included on the Ragman Roll. He was on the side of the English in 1304under the orders of John de Botetourt, Justiciar of Galloway, Annan, and the valley of the Nith. Domhnall was part of the jury that, on 31 August 1304, undertook an inquiry as to certain privileges claimed by Robert deBrus, Earl of Carrick. After switching over to the Scottish cause, Domhnall was a signatory to the Declaration of Arbroath. He received a grant of the half lands of Red Castle in the county of Forfar, and also lands ofBenderloch in Lorne.Family and issueDomhnall married Amabilla and had the following known issue;Duncan (d.1367), married the heiress Susanna Crawford of Loudon daughter of Reginald Crawford, and is theancestor of the Campbells of Loudoun. Had issue.NotesPassage 8:Domhnall mac AlasdairDomhnall mac Alasdair was a son of Alasdair Mór mac Domhnaill, and a member of Clann Domhnaill. Domhnall is attested by thefifteenth-century manuscript National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (also known as 1467 MS and 1450 MS). He may be identical to Domhnall of Islay. The latter's attestations suggest that he was a contestant tothe Clann Domhnaill lordship, and may have possessed the chiefship.CitationsPassage 9:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abdal-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis fatherwas Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the BanuNajjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired'because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and herfamily until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused toleave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Uponfirst arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaibasucceeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. Heattained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a disputebetween 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do youpick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours inlustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice,and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between thetwo deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard untilthey gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, thenone of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribeswent on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that theydig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug andeveryone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the otherwells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among theArabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) thecathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be knownas 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of theIslamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent byAbrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leadingmembers of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying,\"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared theKaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 Thisevent is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks,striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or twodecades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib'sonly son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba.Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his sonand demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, hehad to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this byrepeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of theKhuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'atribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstbornand he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving twosons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,:100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed manyleaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and hadchildren named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughtersnamed Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'abint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had thebyname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-lawĀminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina,which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died sixyears after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care ofMuhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery inMakkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 10:Eoin Dubh mac AlasdairEoin Dubh mac Alasdair (Anglicised: John the Black, son of Alexander) was a son ofRanald mac Alasdair, and was a chief of Clan MacAlister.Eoin Dubh created his seat at Ardpatrick, South Knapdale. He was succeeded upon his death by his son Charles, who had been appointed Steward of Kintyre in1483.Citations"}
{"doc_id":"doc_205","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Theodore Roosevelt Sr.Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (September 22, 1831 – February 9, 1878) was an American businessman and philanthropist from the Roosevelt family. Roosevelt was also the father ofPresident Theodore Roosevelt and the paternal grandfather of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. He served as a member of the plate-glass importing business Roosevelt & Son.Roosevelt helped found the New York CityChildren's Aid Society. Related to this, and largely through his initiative,. . . a permanent Newsboys' Lodging house [was] established . . . where nightly several hundred stray  boys . . . were given a clean bed in a warmroom for five cents, a fraction of what was charged by the lowest kind of commercial flophouse.He also helped found the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the New YorkChildren's Orthopedic Hospital. A participant in New York society life, he was described by one historian as a man of both \"good works and good times\". In December 1877, Roosevelt was nominated to be Collector ofthe Port of New York but was rejected by the U.S. Senate.FamilyRoosevelt was born in Albany, New York to businessman Cornelius Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. His four elder brothers were Silas, James, CorneliusJr., and Robert. His younger brother, William, died at the age of one.Roosevelt married Martha Stewart Bulloch of Roswell, Georgia, on December 22, 1853. She was the younger daughter of Major James StephensBulloch and Martha \"Patsy\" Stewart. Mittie was also a sister of the American Civil War's Confederate veteran Irvine Bulloch and half-sister of Civil War Confederate veteran James Dunwoody Bulloch. They married at herfamily's historic mansion, Bulloch Hall in Roswell. Theodore Sr. and Martha had four children:Anna Roosevelt in 1855Theodore Roosevelt Jr. in 1858, who became the 26th president of the United StatesElliott Roosevelt(socialite) in 1860, who was the father of future First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and father-in-law of President Franklin D. RooseveltCorinne Roosevelt in 1861His son's recollectionsOf Theodore Sr., or \"Thee\" as he wasknown, his namesake son, in his autobiography described him in the following words:My father, Theodore Roosevelt, was the best man I ever knew. He combined strength and courage with gentleness, tenderness, andgreat unselfishness. He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty, idleness, cowardice, or untruthfulness. As we grew older, he made us understand that the same standard of clean living was demanded forthe boys as for the girls; that what was wrong in a woman could not be right in a man. With great love and patience, and the most generous sympathy and consideration, he combined insistence on discipline. He neverphysically punished me but once, but he was the only man of whom I was ever really afraid. I do not mean that it was a wrong fear, for he was entirely just, and we children adored him. ...I never knew anyone who gotgreater joy out of living than did my father, or anyone who more whole-heartedly performed every duty; and no one whom I have ever met approached his combination of enjoyment of life and performance of duty. Heand my mother were given to hospitality that at that time was associated more commonly with southern than northern households. ...My father worked hard at his business, for he died when he was forty-six, too earlyto have retired. He was interested in every social reform movement, and he did an immense amount of practical charitable work himself. He was a big, powerful man, with a leonine face, and his heart filled withgentleness for those who needed help or protection, and with the possibility of much wrath against a bully or an oppressor. ... [He] was greatly interested in the societies to prevent cruelty to children and cruelty toanimals. On Sundays, he had a mission class.\" In a 1900 letter, Roosevelt described his father, writing:I was fortunate enough in having a father whom I have always been able to regard as an ideal man. It sounds alittle like cant to say what I am going to say, but he did combine the strength and courage and will and energy of the strongest man with the tenderness, cleanness, and purity of a woman. I was a sickly and timid boy.He not only took great and untiring care of me—some of my earliest remembrances are of nights when he would walk up and down with me for an hour at a time in his arms when I was a wretched mite suffering acutelywith asthma—but he also most wisely refused to coddle me, and made me feel that I must force myself to hold my own with other boys and prepare to do the rough work of the world. I cannot say that he ever put itinto words, but he certainly gave me the feeling that I was always to be both decent and manly, and that if I were manly nobody would laugh at my being decent. In all my childhood he never laid hand on me but once,but I always knew perfectly well that in case it became necessary he would not have the slightest hesitancy in doing so again, and alike from my love and respect, and in a certain sense, my fear of him, I would havehated and dreaded beyond measure to have him know that I had been guilty of a lie, or of cruelty, or of bullying, or of uncleanness or cowardice. Gradually I grew to have the feeling on my account, and not merely onhis.\" To combat his poor physical condition, his father encouraged the young Roosevelt to take up exercise. To deal with bullies, Roosevelt started boxing lessons. Two trips abroad had a permanent impact: family toursof Europe in 1869 and 1870, and of the Middle East 1872 to 1873.Support for the Union during the Civil WarTheodore Sr. was an active supporter of the Union during the Civil War. He was one of the Charter Members ofthe Union League Club, which was founded to promote the Northern cause. He has not been listed as such, probably because his wife was a loyal supporter of the Confederacy, and her brothers Irvine Stephens Bullochand James Dunwoody Bulloch were fighting for the Confederate Army. It was perhaps because of her active support of the Confederate Army that Theodore Sr. hired a replacement to fulfill his draft obligation in theArmy of the Potomac. During the war, he and two friends, William Earl Dodge Jr. and Theodore B. Bronson, drew up an Allotment System, which amounted to a soldier's payroll deduction program to support familiesback home. He then went to Washington, lobbied for, and won acceptance of this system, with the help of Abraham Lincoln himself. Theodore Sr. and Mr. Dodge were appointed Allotment Commissioners from New YorkState. At their expense, the two men toured all New York divisions of the Army of the Potomac in the field to explain this program and sign interested men up, with a significant degree of success. In 1864, the UnionLeague Club recruited money and food to send Thanksgiving Dinner to the entire Army of the Potomac. Theodore Sr. served as Treasurer for this generous outpouring of support for the troops. The elder Rooseveltmeticulously listed every donation received in a Union League Report dated December 1864.Orthopedic HospitalRoosevelt founded the New York Orthopedic Hospital. His younger daughter Corinne wrote this account ofits origins: Bamie was born with a curved spine, and Roosevelt found a young doctor, Charles Fayette Taylor, who had developed groundbreaking methods of treating physical defects in children, including braces andother equipment. Roosevelt then organized what appeared to be a social party for the upper crust of New York City. When the would-be revelers arrived, however, what they saw to their great surprise, were smallchildren in new braces specially constructed for them. Moved to tears by the sight, one of the wealthiest socialites, Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (wife of financier/philanthropist John Jacob Astor III) said, \"Theodore, youare right; these children must be restored and made into active citizens again, and I for one will help you in your work.\" That same day enough money was collected to start the hospital. Friends of Roosevelt used to seehim coming and note the look in his eyes only to say to him, \"How much is it, this time, Theodore?\"Other philanthropic interestsIn addition to contributing large sums to the Newsboys' Lodging-house (as noted above),he also contributed to the Young Men's Christian Association, organized the Bureau of United Charities, and was a commissioner of the New York State Board of Charities. He was a director of the Metropolitan Museum ofArt and of the American Museum of Natural History.Nomination for Collector to the Port of New York, and deathIn October 1877, Roosevelt was nominated by President Rutherford Hayes to the position of Collector ofCustoms at the Port of New York. One of Hayes's main reasons for nominating Roosevelt was to embarrass New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, whom Hayes considered corrupt, and who was demanding therenomination of the incumbent Collector, future President Chester A. Arthur. Conkling, as a member of the Senate committee tasked with considering the appointment, used endless delaying tactics, and the resultingbattle made national headlines and left Roosevelt Sr. feeling humiliated and disillusioned.As the process dragged on, Roosevelt started experiencing severe stomach cramps caused by a gastrointestinal tumor,misdiagnosed as peritonisis. In December, two days after his appointment was finally rejected in the Senate by a vote of 25 to 31, Roosevelt collapsed. Initially he kept the extent of his illness hidden from his elder son,who was away attending Harvard. In February, however, 19-year-old Theodore Jr. was informed and immediately took a train from Cambridge to New York, where he missed his father's death by a few hours. The seniorRoosevelt had been 46.A devout Christian who led his children in daily prayers, Roosevelt's funeral was held in Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, which was filled to overflowing. The voice of his former pastor (WilliamAdams) broke several times in the course of his remarks in the service.Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was profoundly affected by the early death of his father and spent months in a deep state of grief.LegacyBiographer H. W.Brands argued that the timing of his death contributed heavily to the younger Theodore's psychology, since the future president knew his father fully while growing up, but missed knowing his father man-to-man, andtherefore absorbed a view of his father entirely in his role as a parent, untempered by much realization of his human imperfection. Theodore Jr.'s sister Corinne remarked that \"when [Theodore Jr.] was entering uponhis duties as President of the United States, he told me frequently that he never took any serious step or made any vital decision for his country without thinking first what position his father would have taken on thequestion.\"Historian David McCullough, in the introduction to his book about President Roosevelt's youth, remarked:I think it is fair to say that one can not really know Theodore Roosevelt, the twenty-sixth President ofthe United States, without knowing the sort of man his father was. Indeed, if I could have one wish for you the reader, it would be that you come away from the book with a strong sense of what a great man TheodoreRoosevelt, Sr. was.In 2012, historian Douglas Brinkley ranked Roosevelt first in a list of fathers of presidents of the United States, citing his instilling his son with a love of outdoors and lessons in foreign languages,taxidermy, and bodybuilding and calling Roosevelt \"in a league of his own.\"ResidencesThe year after their 1853 marriage, Mr. & Mrs. Roosevelt moved to a Manhattan city house at 28 East 20th Street. All of theirchildren were born there. The house was demolished in 1916. Following President Roosevelt's death in 1919, the vacant lot was purchased, and the house was re-created as the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace NationalHistoric Site.In 1872, the Roosevelt family moved to a city house at 6 West 57th Street, where Theodore Sr. died in 1878.NotesPassage 2:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay byDavid Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With ReginaldDenny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location bylooking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylorand Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Passalbum)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song byRosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 3:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland mayalso refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album),2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 Americanscience fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titlescontaining MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 4:Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. (February 18, 1918 – May 31, 1990), Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt the first grandson ofU.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, was a soldier, scholar, polyglot, authority on the Middle East, and career CIA officer. He served as chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's stations in Istanbul, Madrid and London.Roosevelt had a speaking or reading knowledge of at least twenty languages.Early lifeArchibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1918. He graduated from Groton School andthen went to Harvard University, where he graduated in the class of 1940. While an undergraduate, he was chosen as a Rhodes Scholar but was not able to accept because of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Hisfirst job was working for a newspaper in Seattle, Washington.World War IIDuring the war, he became an Army intelligence officer. He served as a \"Ritchie Boy\" secret unit specially trained at Fort Ritchie, Maryland. Heaccompanied U.S. troops in their landing in North Africa in 1942 and soon began to form views on the French colonial administration and the beginnings of Arab nationalism. Later in the war he was a military attaché inIraq and Iran.Post-war work in the CIAIn 1947, Roosevelt joined the Central Intelligence Group, the immediate forerunner of the CIA. From 1947 to 1949, he served in Beirut. On that and on all of his subsequentassignments abroad, he was listed in official registers as a State Department official.From 1949 to 1951, he was in New York as head of the Near East section of the Voice of America. From 1951 to 1953, he was stationchief in Istanbul. From 1953 to 1958, he had several jobs at CIA headquarters in Washington, D.C. In 1958, he was made CIA station chief in Spain. From 1962 to 1966 he held the same job in London. He finished hisCIA career in Washington, D.C., where he retired in 1974. Roosevelt was involved in coup plots in Syria and Iraq, but he was unable to replicate his cousin Kim's success in Iran.Operation Straggle, 1956Roosevelt metwith National Security Council member Wilbur Crane Eveland and former Syrian minister Michail Bey Ilyan in Damascus on 1 July 1956 to discuss a US-backed 'anticommunist' takeover of Syria. They made a plan,scheduled for enactment on 25 October 1956, in which the military wouldtake control of Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, and Hamah. The frontier posts with Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon would also be captured in order to sealSyria's borders until the radio stations announced that a new government had taken over under Colonel Kabbani, who would place armored units at key positions throughout Damascus. Once control had beenestablished, Ilyan would inform the civilians he'd selected that they were to form a new government, but in order to avoid leaks none of them would be told until just a week before the coup.The CIA backed this plan(known as \"Operation Straggle\") with 500,000 Syrian pounds (worth about $167,000) and the promise to support the new government. Although Secretary of State John Foster Dulles publicly opposed a coup, privatelyhe had consulted with the CIA and recommended the plan to President Eisenhower.The plan was postponed for five days, during which time Israel invaded Egypt. Ilyan told Eveland he could not succeed in overthrowingthe Syrian government during a war of Israeli aggression. On 31 October, John Foster Dulles informed his brother Allen Dulles, the Director of the CIA: \"Re Straggle our people feel that conditions are such that it wouldbe a mistake to try to pull it off\". Eveland speculated that this coincidence had been engineered by the British in order to defuse US criticism of the invasion of Egypt.IraqIn mid-1962, the Kennedy administration taskedRoosevelt with making preparations for a military coup against Iraqi Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, whose expropriation of the concessionary holdings of the British- and American-owned Iraq Petroleum Companyand threats to invade Kuwait were considered a threat to U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf. While the CIA had cultivated assets within the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, a former CIA colleague of Roosevelt's has denied any CIA rolein the February 1963 Ba'athist coup that saw Qasim assassinated, stating instead that the CIA's efforts against Qasim were still in the planning stages at the time.Post-CIA retirementAfter retiring from the CIA in 1974,Roosevelt became a vice president of Chase Manhattan Bank, and a director of international relations in its Washington office. In this position, he became an associate of the bank's chairman, David Rockefeller andaccompanied him as an adviser on his regular travels to Middle Eastern countries.Well known in Washington social circles in his own right, he was particularly active on the diplomatic circuit during the Reaganadministration, when his wife, Selwa Showker \"Lucky\" Roosevelt, was the chief of protocol with the rank of ambassador from 1982 to 1989.In 1988, Roosevelt published a memoir called For Lust of Knowing: Memoirs ofan Intelligence Officer, where he mentions his wartime service as an Army intelligence officer in Morocco, Iraq and Iran. He is much more circumspect in describing his time with the CIA, adhering so strictly to his oathto keep the CIA's secrets that he did not even identify the countries where he had served. And although he was happy to tell interviewers that they could figure it out from his entry in Who's Who in America, he also wasquick to explain that some Americans have forgotten what an oath is and that he would not break his even if the government told him to. Even still, evidence shows there was concern within the US government aboutthe public knowledge of the contents of his book. President Ronald Reagan states in his diary that he was advised against holding a public White House reception for Roosevelt, so as to not promote his book. He doesnot state who specifically advised him on this matter.Throughout Roosevelt's life, he pursued an interest in languages. A Latin and Greek scholar when he was a boy, he had a speaking or reading knowledge of perhaps20 languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew, Swahili, and Uzbek.Marriage and familyRoosevelt married the former Katharine W. Tweed (the daughter of Harrison Tweed) in 1940 and theyhad one son, Tweed Roosevelt born in 1942. That marriage ended in divorce in 1950.  Roosevelt later married Selwa \"Lucky\" Showker Roosevelt, who was the chief of protocol with the rank of ambassador from 1982 to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_206","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paul De WeertPaul De Weert (born 27 November 1945) is a Belgian rower. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.Passage 2:Paul de LongpréPaul de Longpré(1855–1911), was a French painter of flowers, who worked mainly in the United States.Early lifePaul de Longpré was born in Lyon, France, in 1855, and was an entirely self-taught artist. From age 12, he practicedsuccessfully in Paris as a painter of fans. In 1876, at 21, he first exhibited at the Paris Salon. Having lost his money by the failure of a Paris bank, he moved in 1890 to New York City and in 1896 held an exhibition offlower paintings which secured him instant recognition.Life in HollywoodDe Longpré arrived in Los Angeles, Southern California with his family in 1899. Daeida Wilcox, with husband H. H. Wilcox the founders ofHollywood, was so eager to attract culture to the town that she gave him her homesite for his estate, three lots on Cahuenga on the north of Prospect (later Hollywood Boulevard), in exchange for three of hispaintings.In 1901, Canadian architect Louis Bourgeois designed a landmark residence for the 3 acres (1.2 ha) estate, in the Mission Revival style. The house included an art gallery to sell prints of de Longpré's paintings,and was surrounded by the expansive \"Le Roi de Fleur\" flower gardens. Estate tours became a popular tourist destination off an exclusive Balloon Route trolley spur of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad, that later becamea Pacific Electric Redcar line, and with print sales additional sources of income for de Longpré.Paul de Longpré is listed in the 1900 US Census, Los Angeles City Ward 5, Precincts 38 B and 73 A, with his wife Josephineand daughters Blance, Alice, and Pauline. His occupation is listed as Artist, but the last name is misspelled as De Lonpre, It indicates Paul, Josephine, Blance, and Alice were born in France, and Pauline was born in NewYork City. The architect Louis Bourgeois also taught French to de Longpré's daughters, and later married his daughter Alice.Paul de Longpré died at home in Los Angeles at age 56, on 29 June 1911.Afterwards, thefamily moved back to France. The increased property values in rapidly developing Hollywood resulted in demolition of the gardens by 1924, and the house in 1927.WorksDe Longpré only painted specimens of flowers.With a delicacy of touch and feeling for color he united scientific knowledge and art. He also knew how to give expression to the subtle essence of the flowers. Painting floral scenes almost exclusively in watercolors, inthe 1900s de Longpre found inspiration in the 4,000 rose bushes he planted on his Hollywood estate. The finest of his paintings include Double Peach Blossoms and White Fringed Poppies (1902) – both widely knownthrough popular reproductions.LegacyIn present-day Hollywood, the street De Longpre Avenue, and De Longpre Park on it are both named for him.Passage 3:Paul de ScherffPaul de Scherff (14 July 1820 – 22 July1894) was a Luxembourgian politician.De Scherff was born in Frankfurt to F. H. W. von Scherff-Arnoldi, who was minister plenipotentiary of the King-Grand Duke to the German Federal Diet.  After studying law, Paul deScherff came to Luxembourg. For six years he was avocat géneral, and later became president of the superior court, at the age of 34. From 24 June 1856 to 11 November 1858 he was Administrateur général (Minister)for Public Works and Railways in the Simons Ministry. From 1869 to 1871, and then again from 1886 to 1892 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre, and was President of the Chamber of Deputiesfrom 1869 until 1872.When the walls of the fortress of Luxembourg were demolished in the 1870s and 1880s, Paul de Scherff was working in the ministry of public works, where he dealt with the building of themunicipal parks.He married Marie Pescatore on 14 September 1842, daughter of Constantin Jos. Antoine Pescatore and niece of Theodore Pescatore.  De Scherff was a practising member of the ReformedChurch.FootnotesPassage 4:Paul de CordonPaul de Cordon (born in 1908 in Toulouse - died in 1998 in Paris) was a French photographer known for his photographs of the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon. He was alsorecognized for his portraits and his nudes for which he was, in 1964, considered one of the greatest photographers in the world together with Guy Bourdin and Lucien Clergue. He produced portraits of manypersonalities such as Johnny Hallyday, Gilbert Bécaud, Mireille Darc, Jacques Brel, Fernand Raynaud, Anna Karina, Samy Davis Jr., Jeanne Moreau, Steve McQueen and his long-time friends, Daniel Sorano and JacquesDufilho as well as Gonzague Saint Bris with whom he was very close  and who nicknamed him “The Toulouse-Lautrec of photography’’. In 1961 he participated alongside Edouard Boubat, Agnès Varda, Man Ray, FrankHorvat, William Klein and Robert Doisneau in the mythical exhibition \"Metamorphosis and invention of a face\" around the portrait of Anne- Marie Edvina. He was also an equestrian, fashion and advertising photographer,notably for Nikon and Beaulieu. He collaborated with Europe 1 in the years 1960/70. Paul de Cordon even tried his hand at television by co-presenting the Cirques du Monde program with Jean Richard on channel A2.His works are present in prestigious collections such as those of the National Library of France (BNF), the Rodin museum and W.M. Hunt.Early yearsPaul de Cordon was born in Toulouse. His father, Comte Pierre deCordon, was a cavalry officer; his mother, Marthe de Boyer-Montegut, a cultivated, book-loving woman, was the daughter of Paul de Boyer- Montégut, who, for many years, was mayor of Cugnaux, near Toulouse,where he owned the château de Maurens.It was in Maurens that Paul de Cordon, as a child, spent his holidays and it was there that he discovered horses which were to become one of the great passions of his life. Hisgrandfather Boyer-Montegut was what was the French call, a “Homme de cheval’’ whose four-in-hand teams were renowned in Toulouse and across the region. As a child, he also lived for several years in Mainz(Germany), where his father was stationed after the First World War. It was around this time that he started taking pictures with a small camera, a gift from his parents. He learned the basic techniques from an oldGerman photographer during long hours spent in his shop.It was also in Germany where his attraction to the circus was born. The large travelling circuses, like Althoff, then crisscrossed the country with quality showsand numerous animals.As a teenager, he was a boarder in a Paris school. He was then able to discover a very intense artistic and cultural life thanks to his aunt, the Marquise du Crozet, his mother's elder sister. Heattended performances by Serge de Diaghilev's Ballets Russes which, after the war, came on tour every year to Paris. He went to the theater and visited exhibitions with his first cousin, Aimar du Crozet, who was mucholder than him and took him \"under his wing\" to serve as his guide to the Paris of the 1920s. Aimar du Crozet also had a passion for horses and races. He was the owner of Master Bob, who won the 1924 Paris GrandSteeple Chase * and who became so famous an athlete that he is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway at the start of his book ‘’Death in the Afternoon’’.After his studies Paul de Cordon enlisted in the 18th Dragons cavalryregiment. More than a true military vocation, it was once again the love of horses that motivated him.At that time almost all the cavalry regiments were mounted and each maintained and trained horses to enter inshow jumping events and steeple chases, in which both officers and noncommissioned officers participated. In the 1930s, he thus took part in dozens of races on tracks in France and across Europe.After the 18thDragons he was assigned to the 2nd Hussards, in Tarbes, the “Chamborant’’, where he continued his favorite activities; training and riding horses. By an amusing coincidence, his great-grandmother on his mother’s sidewas Louise de Séganville, daughter of Colonel Baron de Séganville who had been the regiment’s commanding officer between 1813 and 1815.It was at the 2nd Hussards that he had two encounters that would mean alot in his life. He befriended Jacques Dufilho who, after interrupting his studies in dental prosthesis, had signed an eighteen-month enlistment contract. * Dufilho will become one of his dearest friends when they meetagain after the war. There he also meets Jean Devaivre who completed his military service at “Chamborant’’. Jean Devaivre then went to work in cinema and became a great director, it was he who enabled Paul deCordon, after the war, to embark on a new life.Devaivre was not only a cineaste but also an authentic character actor: working during the occupation for the German group Continental Films in Paris, he was at the sametime a very active member of the French resistance. His exploits include flying from the Nevers region to London clandestinely after having made the journey from Paris to Nevers in the afternoon... by bicycle. BertrandTavernier's film “Laissez-passer’’ is directly inspired by his life, as recounted in his autobiography, “Action’’.In 1939, the 2nd Hussards broke up into reconnaissance groups which took part in the 1940 battles on theArdennes front, * Paul de Cordon participated in these actions in a mounted squadron and was taken prisoner by the Germans. He ended his captivity in the fortress of Colditz where he was liberated by the US militaryon April 16, 1945.In 1945 he married Dilette de Rigaud de Vaudreuil and they had three children. He remained in the army for a few more months and was assigned to the Cadre Noir in Saumur.Second lifeAfter a fewmonths in Saumur, he decided to leave the army. In 1947 Jean Devaivre who had just directed “La dame d’onze heure\" with Paul Meurisse, a film of astonishing modernity, offered him a job as his assistant and Paul deCordon accepted.He was Devaivre’s first assistant director for “La ferme des sept péchés\" ( he was also the stuntman for scenes on horseback) and for \"Vendetta en Camargue\" where he reunited with Jacques Dufilho.At that time, in addition to being a stuntman he was also an acrobatic and burlesque dancer.At the beginning of the 1950s, Paul de Cordon decided to become a professional photographer. He set up a studio in Paris andstarted developing relations with various clients in the press, advertising agencies, fashion designers, show business ...He also began to develop a large-scale personal project on the circus and the Crazy Horse Salooncabaret. He spent many nights with his camera at Medrano, at the Bouglione brothers' Cirque d’Hiver and at the Crazy Horse Saloon. Until the 1990s he also traveled the world to visitcircuses and bring back photos.Over these years, he has developed close ties with the great dynasties of the circus ring : Schumann, Rancy, Knie, Gruss, Bouglione, Houcke, Medrano, Fratellini etc ... In all these families the horse occupied a centralrole in their performances. This equestrian culture and Paul de Cordon’s experience as a horseman facilitated and consolidated links with all these artists and strengthened their mutual confidence and friendship. Histaste for spectacle, ballets and theater helped him to appreciate and better understand the work represented by all these artists. During these years, in addition to his work as a photographer, Paul de Cordon wrote a lotabout the circus and this is how the Swiss magazine “L’Année Hippique\" often published his articles on horses and circus equestrians.Circus instants\"Faced with this obstinate pursuit of the perfect gesture, I understoodthat I was living there what I had always sought: a circus moment\". “Instants de Cirque’’ is the title of Paul de Cordon's most famous book, which brings together a selection of images taken over more than thirty yearsand which he considered particularly representative. The book was edited by Bernard de Fallois who was also a circus lover and an admirer of Paul de Cordon's photos.This book, published in 1977 by Le Chêne, allowsus, with hindsight, to better understand the originality and peculiarity of Paul de Cordon’s photos. The circus is a subject that has greatly inspired photographers attracted by the spectacular and flashy nature of thecircus ring. But there is no flashiness in the photos that appear there, they are intimate, shrouded in mystery, charged with a secret emotion. A photo of Gilbert Houcke with his tiger Prince illustrates their peculiaritywell: there is no circus ring nor lights, we are backstage, the tamer wears a worn bathrobe, there is a sort of semi-darkness which brings out the eye of the tiger and his outstretched paw, claws extended, which heoffers to the caress of the human hand. Few images make you feel with as much force the reciprocal respect and the affection that there can be between a wild beast and his tamer but also the formidable danger, thecourage it takes to face it and the amount of work and humility that represent a successful act. This photo may not be what people call a circus photo, but it illustrates what Paul de Cordon called the “instant de cirque’’.Paul de Cordon had a great admiration for tamers and loved wild animals. He liked to enter their cages, accompanied by the tamer of course. He alsochose to include on the jacket of his book, a photo of himself with thelionesses of Georges Marck, wearing the uniform of the 2nd Hussards. The photo was shot by his brother, Benoît de Cordon.Paul de Cordon was passionately fond of the circus, but he did not like being labeled as acircus photographer because the documentary aspect often linked to that genre and most often sought after by circophiles, was of no interest to him. What he was interested in and what he wanted to express in hisphotos was, he said, “the peculiarity of an artist, the very core of his art’’. He had an exceptional talent for capturing what others didn't always see, which is probably why so many circus performers wanted to bephotographed by him.Crazy Horse SaloonPaul de Cordon met Alain Bernardin at the very beginning of the Crazy Horse Saloon.The old coal cellar on the avenue George V had just been converted into a micro cabaret.The former antique dealer who invented the most cerebral strip show in the world and the recently converted cavalry officer shared a common aversion for rules and conventions and were both attracted to showbusiness and pretty women. The friendship between them that lasted many years was punctuated with sulking. They both had a touch of dandyism and a taste for beautiful fabrics and bespoke suits which led them toshare a Russian tailor before he emigrated to Hollywood to dress movie stars. Paul de Cordon took hundreds of photos at the Paris cabaret which illustrate the long history of the place . There are also many images shotin the dressing rooms. They are more intimate, devoid of any sort of voyeurism and translate the total confidence of the dancers.This part of his work is less well known as it reveals a different face of histalent.PortraitsPaul de Cordon is not considered a portrait photographer and yet, one realizes when looking at his work, that he also excelled in this particular art as evidenced by portraits of his friends the Grussbrothers, Alexis and André, of the clown Pipo and of Jean Houcke. His striking portrait of the actor Jacques Dufilho, in a black leather coat captures all the austerity and intelligence of this comedian. His portraits of popstars are of interest in that they totally ignore the canons of the yé-yé aestheticimposed by the iconic music magazine « Salut les copains » (Hello mates).Paul de Cordon worked regularly for advertising, fashion, andthe press.In advertising he worked for Nikon and Beaulieu shooting their ads and catalogues for several years.In the press he began working for horse magazines. During the 60’s he did many jobs for the music pressand for record companies including photos of pop groups, yé-yé stars, or even latin music groups (Chaussettes noires, Johnny Hallyday, Hugues Aufray, Françoise Hardy, Sylvie Vartan and los Machucambos).He wasalso involved in fashion photography and participated for several years in the July fashion show marathons when Paris studios were overbooked for night photoshoots.3 zebrasIn the contemporary world, images areeverywhere, and some photos are more famous than their photographers. Everyone knows “Le baîser de l’hôtel de Ville’’ by Robert Doisneau, “Death of a republican soldier’’ by Robert Capa, or “Dovima and theelephants\" by Avedon. Paul de Cordon most famous photo, undoubtedly, is “Three zebras’’ which has been presented in all his exhibitions and appears, of course, in Instants de Cirque although it was not shot in a circusbut at the Amsterdam Zoo in 1957. This photo was published worldwide, including in the American edition of Life in March 1962.Paul de Cordon died in March 1998 in Paris, two years before his wife, Dilette, who hadaccompanied him to circuses around the world. They are buried in Verneuil in the Nièvre. Paul de Cordon is the grandfather of Pierre-Elie de Pibrac, a photographer known inparticular for his work on the Paris Opera.Photos from his book “In Situ’’ (2014) have been exhibited in France and around the world. It was thanks to his grandfather with whom he was very close, that Pierre-Elie de Pibrac developed his vocation forphotography.Books by Paul de CordonGirls of the Crazy Horse Saloon Verlagspresse 1971Instants de Cirque Edition du chêne 1977Le Cadre Noir Julliard 1981Passage 5:Paul De KeyserPaul De Keyser (born 7 February1957) is a former Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1980 Tour de France.Passage 6:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I AlekséyevnaMikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife andempress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Greathimself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughterof Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn atJakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two storieswere conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was arunaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (thepresent-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. In hishousehold she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a verybeautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or JohannRabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, andField Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented inher undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was hismistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great ofRussia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov"}
{"doc_id":"doc_207","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur Lehman GoodhartArthur Lehman Goodhart  (1 March 1891 in New York City – 10 November 1978 in Oxford) was an American-born academic jurist and lawyer; he was Professor of Jurisprudence at theUniversity of Oxford, 1931–51, when he was also a Fellow of University College, Oxford. He was the first American to be the Master of an Oxford college, and was a significant benefactor to the college.Early life andeducationArthur Goodhart was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the youngest of three children born to Harriet \"Hattie\" (née Lehman) and Philip Julius Goodhart. His siblings were Howard Lehman Goodhart andHelen Goodhart Altschul (married to Frank Altschul). His maternal grandfather was Mayer Lehman, one of three brothers who co-founded the investment banking firm Lehman Brothers. Goodhart was educated at theHotchkiss School, Yale University and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Yale, he was an editor of campus humor magazine The Yale Record. After returning to the United States, he practised law until World War I. Followingthe war, he started to pursue an academic career in law, initially at Cambridge University and later at Oxford University where he became Professor of Jurisprudence and subsequently the Master of University College.He was editor of the Law Quarterly Review for fifty years.CareerRejected for service with British forces in World War I, in 1914, Goodhart became a member of the U.S. forces when the U.S. joined the war in 1917; hebecame counsel to the U.S. mission to Poland, in 1919.Goodhart was called to the bar by the Inner Temple 1919, and became a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and university lecturer in jurisprudence; heedited the Cambridge Law Journal, 1921–5, and the Law Quarterly Review, 1926. In 1931 he moved to Oxford to become professor of jurisprudence. He gave up that chair when he became Master of University College,Oxford, 1951–63. Subsequently, he was an Honorary Fellow of the college until his death in 1978. In 1952 he delivered the Hamlyn Lectures.As a member of the Law Revision Committee, Goodhart helped to promoteimprovements in various branches of the law.Personal lifeArthur Goodhart was married to Cecily Goodhart (née Carter), a devout Anglican. They had three children: Sir Philip Goodhart; William Goodhart, Lord Goodhartof Youlbury; and Charles Goodhart (after whom Goodhart's law is named).LegacyStudents during Goodhart's Mastership of University College included Bob Hawke, matriculated 1953, who was later Prime Minister ofAustralia.The Goodhart Quad and the Goodhart Building (to the east, overlooking the quad and used for student accommodation) at University College, Oxford, off Logic Lane, are named in his memory. The largestlecture theatre in the Sir David Williams Building, which houses the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge, is also named \"The Arthur Goodhart Lecture Theatre\" after him. Cecily's Court, a small open areacontaining a fountain, located between the Goodhart Building and 83–85 High Street, is named in memory of Goodhart's wife.Honours and titles1938 Honorary bencher, Lincoln's Inn1943, King's Counsel1948, HonoraryKnight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). As a US citizen, an honorary knighthood, and name not prefixed \"Sir\"1952, Fellow of the British AcademyHe received honorary degrees from twentyuniversitiesHonorary Fellow, Trinity College, CambridgeHonorary Fellow, University College, OxfordPassage 2:Christopher ShinnChristopher Shinn (born 1975) is an American playwright. His play Dying City (2006) wasa finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and Where Do We Live (2004) won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting.Early lifeShinn was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1975 and lives in New York. He earned a BFA,Dramatic Writing, from New York University.The Royal Court Theatre in London produced his first play Four and commissioned several plays from him. Shinn said: \"The fifteen years I was embraced by the Court allowedme to become the artist I am today.\"CareerIn an article about Shinn, Rob Weinert-Kendt observed: \"If playwright Christopher Shinn has a signature character, it is the manipulative victim — the half-sympathetic,half-deplorable sort of person whose suffering is real but who uses it as rationale for bad behavior.\" As an example, in Dying City, \"Shinn conjured twin terrors: a pair of brothers, one a straight soldier shipping off toIraq, the other a successful gay actor.\"Four was produced by the Royal Court Theatre in their Young Writers' Festival in 1998. The play was produced by the Worth Street Company at the TriBeCa Playhouse, New YorkCity, in July 2001, directed by Jeff Cohen. It was produced by the Manhattan Theatre Club at Stage II in association with the Worth Street Company in January 2002.Other People premiered at the Royal Court Theatre,Jerwood Theatre Upstairs in March 2000, directed by Dominic Cooke and featuring Daniel Evans, Doraly Rosen, James Frain, and Neil Newbon. The play opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizonss New Theater Wingin October 2000. The play takes place in the East Village in 1997 shortly before Christmas, and involves roommates, current and former, all artists in various fields.Where Do We Live opened Off-Broadway at theVineyard Theatre, running from May 11, 2004, to May 30, 2004. Directed by Shinn, the cast featured Emily Bergl, Daryl Edwards, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Luke MacFarlane, Burl Moseley, Jacob Pitts, Aaron Stanford, LizStauber and Aaron Yoo. The play won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting and was nominated for the 2005 GLAAD Media Awards, Outstanding New York Theater: Broadway and Off-Broadway. It was first produced at theRoyal Court in May 2002.His play Dying City was produced Off-Broadway by Lincoln Center Theater at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theatre, from February 15, 2007, in previews, officially on March 4, 2007, to April 29, 2007.Directed by James Macdonald the cast starred Rebecca Brooksher and Pablo Schreiber. The play had its world premiere in 2006 at the Royal Court Theatre in London. The play was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize forDrama.Shinn's play Now or Later premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London from 3 September 2008 to 1 November 2008. Directed by Dominic Cooke, the cast featured Eddie Redmayne, Matthew Marsh, AdamJames, Domhnall Gleason, Nancy Crane and Pamela Nomvete. The play takes place during a U.S. presidential election and focuses on the crisis that the gay son of the Democratic candidate is undergoing. The play hadits US premiere at the Huntington Theatre Company, Boston in October 2012. Adriane Lenox, Tom Nelis and Grant MacDermott are featured, with direction by Michael Wilson.His adaptation of Hedda Gabler premieredon Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre Company American Airlines Theatre, from January 6, 2009, to March 29, 2009. The play was directed by Ian Rickson and starred Mary-Louise Parker as Hedda Tesman, MichaelCerveris as Jorgen Tesman, Peter Stormare as Judge Brack, and Paul Sparks as Ejlert Lovborg.Teddy Ferrara was commissioned by the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, and premiered there from February 2, 2013, to March3, 2013, directed by Evan Cabnet. The play involves a gay college student, Gabe, whose life is complicated by a tragedy on campus. The play was produced in London at the Donmar Warehouse in October 2015,directed by Dominic Cooke.An Opening in Time premiered at Hartford Stage, running from September 17 to October 11, 2015, directed by Oliver Butler. The play is set in New England and focuses on Anne, in her 60s,seeking to reconnect with a man from her past.Against premiered at the Almeida Theatre, running from August 12 to September 30, 2017, directed by Ian Rickson and starring Ben Whishaw. The play is about a SiliconValley billionaire who goes on a quest to try to get America to address its problem with violence.His adaptation of Judgment Day premiered at Park Avenue Armory on December 5, 2019.The Narcissist premiered atChichester Festival Theatre, running from August 26 to September 24, 2022, directed by Josh Seymour and starring Harry Lloyd and Claire Skinner. The play is about a political consultant who is being courted by aSenator as his personal life faces crisis.Other workHe wrote Sandcastle for \"The 24 Hour Plays\" which was performed on September 24, 2001, starring Liev Schrieber and Lili Taylor. He wrote Dance of Life for the 2003version of \"The 24 Hour Plays\", which was performed at the American Airlines Theatre in September 2003 and starred Rachel Dratch, Catherine Kellner and Sam Rockwell.He participated in the Bush Theatre's 2011project Sixty Six Books where he wrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.He wrote a short play for Headlong's 2011 project Decade about the impact and legacy of 9/11.He has also written short playsfor Naked Angels, and the New York International Fringe Festival.Shinn's plays are published in collections from Theatre Communications Group and Methuen, and in acting editions from Dramatists Play Service.Shinnteaches playwriting at The New School for Drama.BibliographySource: Internet Off-Broadway DatabaseFour—1998, Royal Court TheatreOther People—2000, Royal Court TheatreThe Coming World—2001, Soho Theatre,LondonWhere Do We Live—2002, Royal Court TheatreWhat Didn't Happen—2002, Playwrights HorizonsOn the Mountain—2005, Playwrights HorizonsDying City—2006, Royal Court TheatreNow or Later—2008, RoyalCourt TheatreHedda Gabler (adaptation)—2009, Roundabout Theatre Company, American Airlines TheatrePicked—2011, Vineyard TheatreTeddy Ferrara—2013, Goodman TheatreAn Opening in Time—2015, HartfordStageAgainst—2017, Almeida TheatreJudgment Day (adaptation)—2019, Park Avenue ArmoryThe Narcissist—2022, Chichester Festival TheatreAwards and honorsFor Dying City, Shinn was a 2008 Pulitzer Prize finalist,was nominated for the 2007 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play, and was nominated for the TMA Award for Best New Play (2006). Shinn won the Obie Award in Playwriting (2005) for Where Do We Live and wasnominated for an Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright (2003) for Where Do We Live He was shortlisted for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Play (2008) for Now or Later and the South Bank ShowAward for Theatre (2008) for Now or Later. In 2020, he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Adaptation for Judgment Day.He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Playwriting (2005). He hasreceived grants from the NEA/TCG Residency Program and the Peter S. Reed Foundation, and he is a recipient of the Robert Chesley Award for Lesbian and Gay Playwriting.He was a 2019-2020 Radcliffe Fellow atHarvard. In 2020–2021, he was a Cullman Fellow at New York Public Library.Personal lifeShinn is openly gay. In 2012, Shinn was diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer, and had part of his left legamputated.Passage 3:Fiona McIntoshFiona McIntosh (born 1960) is an English-born Australian author of adult and children's books. She was born in Brighton, England and between the ages of three and eight, travelleda lot to Africa due to her father's work. At the age of nineteen, she travelled first to Paris and later to Australia, where she has lived ever since. In 2007, she released a crime novel, Bye Bye Baby, under the pen name ofLauren Crow; however, the pen name was dropped for the republished edition of Bye Bye Baby and for the sequel, Beautiful Death.Published worksAdult fictionTrinityBetrayal (2001)Revenge (2002)Destiny (2002)TheQuickeningMyrren's Gift (2003)Blood and Memory (2004)Bridge of Souls (2004)PercheronOdalisque (2005)Emissary (2006)Goddess (2007)ValisarRoyal Exile (2008)Tyrant's Blood (2009)King's Wrath (2010)JackHawksworth seriesBye Bye Baby (2007, writing under the pen-name Lauren Crow)Beautiful Death (2009)Mirror Man (2021)Dead Tide (2023)Other novelsFields of Gold (2010)The Lavender Keeper (2012)TheScrivener's Tale (2012, standalone novel set in the world of The Quickening)The French Promise (2013, sequel to The Lavender Keeper)The Tailor's Girl (2013)Tapestry (2014)Nightingale (2014)The Last Dance(2015)On The Scent of Purfume: The Making of the Perfumer's Secret (2015)The Perfumer's Secret (2015)The Chocolate Tin (2016)The Tea Gardens (2017)The Pearl Thief (2018)The Diamond Hunter (2019)TheChampagne War (2020)The Spy’s Wife (2021)The Orphans (2022)Short storiesThe Batthouse Girl (2009) in Thanks for the Mammaries (ed. Sarah Darmody)Children's fictionShapeshifterSevero's Intent (2007)Saxten'sSecret (2007)Wolf Lair (2007)King of the Beasts (2007)Other worksThe Whisperer (2009)The Rumpelgeist (2012)Non fictionHow To Write Your Blockbuster (2015)Passage 4:Hernando de CabezónHernando de Cabezón,(baptized 7 September 1541 – 1 October 1602) was a Spanish composer and organist, son of Antonio de Cabezón. Only a few of his works are extant today, and he is chiefly remembered for publishing the bulk of hisfather's work.BiographyHe was born in Madrid and probably studied music with his father. From January to December 1559 he was employed at the royal chapel, where his father worked, as a substitute organist. Hewas appointed organist of the Sigüenza Cathedral in 1563, and when his father died in 1566, he succeeded him as royal organist. Like his father, he accompanied the court on its travels; this brought him to Portugal,among other places, where he lived in 1580–1581. In 1598, when Philip II of Spain died, Cabezón went on as royal organist with his son Philip III of Spain. He drafted his will in 1598 and died four years later inValladolid.Only a few of Cabezón's compositions survive. He is chiefly remembered for Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela (Madrid, 1578), a large collection of music by his father (also including five pieces byHernando). The Obras constitute the single most important source for Antonio de Cabezón's work. Hernando's own works include an organ setting of Ave maris stella and several keyboard intabulations. All of thesepieces are of very high quality, and the intabulations are notable for their rather radical departures from the vocal originals.NotesPassage 5:Charles GoodhartCharles Albert Eric Goodhart,  (born 23 October 1936) is aBritish economist. His career can be divided into two sections: his term with the Bank of England and its associated public policy; and his academic work with the London School of Economics. Charles Goodhart's workfocuses on central bank governance practices and monetary frameworks. He also conducted academic research into foreign exchange markets. He is best known as the founder of Goodhart's Law, which states: \"When ameasure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.\"Early life and educationCharles Goodhart was born on 23 October 1936 to an American Jew, Arthur Lehman Goodhart, and his English wife, Cecily Carter, inOxford, England.  Arthur Lehman Goodhart studied law at Trinity College, Cambridge, eventually becoming a law don at Corpus Christi College. Following the family's move to Oxford, Charles' father became theProfessor of Jurisprudence in 1936 and the Master of University College (1951–1963). Cecily Carter brought her three sons (Phillip Goodhart, William Goodhart and Charles Goodhart) up as members of the Church ofEngland. During WWII, Arthur Goodhart's outspoken opposition to Nazism led to Charles (aged 2) being evacuated alongside his two elder brothers to the United States. Upon their return, Charles joined his brotherWilliam Goodhart at the St Leonards branch of the (Oxford) Summerfields School. Charles was then accepted to Eton College where he focused on the study of history and languages. After he finished school, hecompleted two years of compulsory national military service (1955–1956) in which he was involved with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Suez Crisis and earned the title of Second lieutenant in the King's RoyalRifle Corps.Cambridge (1957–1965)In October of 1957, Goodhart started studying economics at Cambridge University. In his first year, he came in first in his course. He learnt under economists such as Nicky Kaldor,Richard Kahn, Joan Robinson, Michael Farrell, Frank Hahn and Robin Matthews. In his final year of study, he was paired in tutorials with Sir James Mirrless. He completed his undergraduate course with First ClassHonours. After completing his undergraduate degree at Cambridge, Charles moved to the United States in 1960 to begin research at Harvard University studying trade cycles. In June 1962, following the completion ofhis PhD thesis, which analysed United States monetary history (specifically why the economy rebounded in 1907 but not in 1929), Charles and his new wife travelled back to Cambridge. Charles took up a PrizeFellowship at Trinity College and became an assistant lecturer in economics (1963–1964). He spent the next two years interpreting English monetary history by cumulating and analysing the monthly reports of theLondon Joint Stock Banks, which were published after the Barings crisis of 1890.London School of Economics (1966–1968)In 1964, Goodhart briefly joined the Department of Economic Affairs. During this time, heworked on White Papers, planning the growth of the energy, construction and housing sectors in England. Goodhart left the Department of Economic Affairs in 1966 when he joined the London School of Economics as alecturer on monetary policy. During this time, he contributed to a study on English monetary policy Monetary Policy in Twelve Industrial Countries  which was commissioned by the federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Healso co-authored an article in the field of political economy alongside R.J. Bhansali, which featured in the journal 'Political Studies'. He stayed at the London School of Economics until 1968.CareerBank of England(1968–1985)Charles left the London School of Economics to work a temporary two-year assignment at the Bank of England.  He found his expertise in monetary economics and his knowledge of Milton Friedman's ideasto be of high value.  He was allocated to the Economic Intelligence Department which was responsible for calculating and simulating economic statistics as well as writing the Bank of England's Quarterly Bulletin. His firstjob at the Bank of England was to explain the concept of domestic credit expansion to individuals within the Bank, whilst conveying the Bank's viewpoints on such issues to outside economists. In 1970, he was taskedwith empirically assessing the predictability of the demand for money, and had the results published in the Bank of England's Quarterly Bulletin in a paper called 'The Importance of Money'. During this time Goodhartserved as the first secretary of the Monetary Review Committee, who provided summarised views of monetary developments to the Chancellor and Treasury of England.Whilst attending a conference held by the ReserveBank of Australia in 1975, Goodhart wrote in his footnotes \"whenever a government seeks to rely on a previously observed statistical regularity for control purposes, that regularity will collapse\". This quote becameknown as Goodhart's Law. Goodhart's Law is commonly expressed as: \"When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure\". In 1979, Goodhart jointly wrote a paper which was published in the Bank ofEngland's Quarterly Bulletin. This paper advised the new Thatcher government against implementing monetary base control. In the early 1980's, Goodhart joined the home finance division of the Bank of England, underJohn Fford. In 1980 he was promoted to Senior Adviser at the Bank of England and stayed at this role until 1985. Following the events of Black Saturday (1983), Goodhart travelled to Hong Kong to assist inimplementing a currency board system that was linked to the United States dollar. This system helped solve the Hong Kong monetary crisis. Goodhart served on the Hong Kong Exchange Fund Advisory Council (anadvisory board for the Hong Kong Monetary Authority) for more than a decade (1983–1997).London School of Economics (1986–2002)Following Goodhart's departure from the Bank of England, he re-joined the LondonSchool of Economics as the Norman Sosnow Professor of Banking and Finance. He co-founded the Financial Markets Group alongside Prof. Mervyn King, in 1986. In late 1987, he gave his first lecture; 'The foreignexchange market: a random walk with a dragging anchor', which was reprinted later in Economica. During this period (1988 – 1995) his work focused on foreign exchange markets, specifically analysing theefficient-market hypothesis. To help with this research, Goodhart (with the help of Reuters) built his own data series. He then collaborated with Swiss firm Olsen and Associates to lead conferences about the importance"}
{"doc_id":"doc_208","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tiberius (son of Maurice)Tiberius (Greek: Τιβέριος, died 27 November 602) was the second son of Byzantine Emperor Maurice and his wife Constantina. His father intended him to inherit Italy and the westernislands, centered in Rome; however, this did not come to fruition as his father was overthrown by the new Emperor Phocas, who had him and his father executed, along with his younger brothers, in the Harbor ofEutropius, Chalcedon.Early life and familyTiberius was the second son of Byzantine Emperor Maurice, and Constantina. He was named in honor of Emperor Tiberius II, his maternal grandfather. He had an older brother,Theodosius, four younger brothers, Peter, Paul, Justin, and Justinian, and three sisters, Anastasia, Theoctiste, and Cleopatra. Maurice was not only the first Byzantine emperor since Theodosius I to produce a son, buthis and Constantina's ability to produce numerous children was the subject of popular jokes.Maurice had served as magister militum per Orientem, the commander of Byzantine forces in the East, securing decisivevictories over the Sassanian Empire. The ruling Byzantine Emperor, Tiberius II, weakened by illness, named Maurice one of his two heirs, alongside Germanus, planning to divide the empire in two, giving Maurice theEastern half. However, Germanus declined, and therefore, on 13 August 582, Maurice was married to Constantina and declared emperor. Tiberius II died the following day, and Maurice became sole emperor.LaterlifeAccording to his father's will, written in 597 when he was suffering from severe illness, Maurice intended for Tiberius to rule Italy and the western islands, centered in Rome, rather than Ravenna, with Theodosiusruling in the East, centered in Constantinople. Theophylact Simocatta, a contemporary source, states that the remainder of the empire would be split by Maurice's younger sons, and Byzantist J. B. Bury suggests onewould rule North Africa, and the other Illyricum, including Greece, with Domitian of Melitene as their guardian. Historian Johannes Wienand suggests that in this arrangement, Theodosius would serve as senior augustus,Tiberius as junior augustus, and the younger brothers as caesars.In 602 Maurice ordered the Byzantine army to winter beyond the Danube, causing troops exhausted by warfare against the Slavs to rise up, and declarePhocas their leader. The troops demanded Maurice abdicate in favor of Theodosius or General Germanus. On 22 November 602, facing riots in Constantinople led by the Green faction, Maurice and his family boarded awarship bound for Nicomedia.  Theodosius may have been at that time in the Sasanian Empire, on a diplomatic mission, or, according to some sources, was later sent by Maurice to request aid from the SassanianEmperor Khosrow II.Phocas was crowned emperor the next day, on the 23rd, after he arrived in the capital. After surviving a storm, Tiberius and his family landed at Saint Autonomos, near Praenetus, 45 miles (72 km)from Constantinople, but were forced to stay there due to Maurice's arthritis, which left him bed-ridden. They were captured by Lilios, an officer of Phocas, and brought to the Harbor of Eutropius at Chalcedon, where on27 November 602, Tiberius and his three younger brothers were put to death, followed by Maurice himself. Their remains were gathered by Gordia, Tiberius' aunt, and interred at the Monastery of Saint Mamas, whichshe had founded. Theodosius was subsequently captured and executed when he returned, while Constantina and her daughters were taken under the protection of Cyriacus II, the Patriarch of Constantinople.Passage2:Augustus II the StrongAugustus II (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), most commonly known as Augustus the Strong, was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in theyears 1697–1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733. He belonged to the Albertine line of the House of Wettin.Augustus' great physical strength earned him the nicknames \"the Strong\", \"the Saxon Hercules\" and\"Iron-Hand\". He liked to show that he lived up to his name by breaking horseshoes with his bare hands and engaging in fox tossing by holding the end of his sling with just one finger while two of the strongest men inhis court held the other end. He is also notable for fathering a very large number of children.In order to be elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Augustus converted to Roman Catholicism. As a Catholic,he received the Order of the Golden Fleece from the Holy Roman Emperor and established the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest distinction. As Elector of Saxony, he is perhaps best remembered as a patron ofthe arts and architecture. He transformed the Saxon capital of Dresden into a major cultural centre, attracting artists from across Europe to his court. Augustus also amassed an impressive art collection and built lavishbaroque palaces in Dresden and Warsaw. In 1711 he served as the Imperial vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.His reigns brought Poland some troubled times. He led the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the GreatNorthern War, which allowed the Russian Empire to strengthen its influence in Europe, especially within Poland. His main pursuit was bolstering royal power in the Commonwealth, characterized by broaddecentralization in comparison with other European monarchies. He tried to accomplish this goal using foreign powers and thus destabilized the state. Augustus ruled Poland with an interval; in 1704 the Swedesinstalled nobleman Stanisław Leszczyński as king, who officially reigned from 1706 to 1709 and after Augustus' death in 1733 which sparked the War of the Polish Succession.Augustus' body was buried in Poland's royalWawel Cathedral in Kraków, but his heart rests in the Dresden Cathedral. His only legitimate son, Augustus III of Poland, became king in 1733.Early lifeAugustus was born in Dresden on 12 May 1670, the younger sonof John George III, Elector of Saxony and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark. As the second son, Augustus had no expectation of inheriting the electorate, since his older brother, Johann Georg IV, assumed the post afterthe death of their father on 12 September 1691. Augustus was well educated, and spent some years in travel and in fighting against France.Augustus married Kristiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in Bayreuthon 20 January 1693. They had a son, Frederick Augustus II (1696–1763), who succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony and King of Poland as Augustus III.While in Venice during the carnival season, his older brother,the Elector Johann Georg IV, contracted smallpox from his mistress Magdalena Sibylla of Neidschutz. On 27 April 1694, Johann Georg died without legitimate issue and Augustus became Elector of Saxony, as FriedrichAugustus I.Conversion to CatholicismTo be eligible for election to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697, Augustus had to convert to Roman Catholicism. The Saxon dukes had traditionally beencalled \"champions of the Reformation\". Saxony had been a stronghold of German Protestantism and Augustus' conversion was therefore considered shocking in Protestant Europe. Although the prince-elector guaranteedSaxony's religious status quo, Augustus' conversion alienated many of his Protestant subjects. As a result of the enormous expenditure of money used to bribe the Polish nobility and clergy, Augustus' contemporariesderisively referred to the Saxon duke's royal ambitions as his \"Polish adventure\".His church policy within the Holy Roman Empire followed orthodox Lutheranism and ran counter to his new-found religious and absolutistconvictions. The Protestant princes of the empire and the two remaining Protestant electors (of Hanover and Prussia) were anxious to keep Saxony well-integrated in their camp. According to the Peace of Augsburg,Augustus theoretically had the right to re-introduce Roman Catholicism (see Cuius regio, eius religio), or at least grant full religious freedom to his fellow Catholics in Saxony, but this never happened. Saxony remainedLutheran and the few Roman Catholics residing in Saxony lacked any political or civil rights. In 1717, it became clear just how awkward the situation was: to realize his ambitious dynastic plans in Poland and Germany,it was necessary for Augustus' heirs to become Roman Catholic. After five years as a convert, his son—the future Augustus III—publicly avowed his Roman Catholicism. The Saxon Estates were outraged and revolted asit became clear that his conversion to Catholicism was not only a matter of form, but of substance as well.Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Elector of Saxony had been the director of the Protestant body in theReichstag. To placate the other Protestant states in the Empire, Augustus nominally delegated the directorship of the Protestant body to Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. However, when the Elector's son alsoconverted to Catholicism, the Electorate faced a hereditary Catholic succession instead of a return to a Protestant Elector upon Augustus's death. When the conversion became public in 1717, Brandenburg-Prussia andHanover attempted to oust Saxony from the directorship and appoint themselves as joint directors, but they gave up the attempt in 1720. Saxony would retain the directorship of the Protestant body in the Reichstaguntil the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, despite the fact that all remaining Electors of Saxony were Catholic.The wife of Augustus, the Electress Christiane Eberhardine, refused to follow her husband'sexample and remained a staunch Protestant. She did not attend her husband's coronation in Poland and led a rather quiet life outside Dresden, gaining some popularity for her stubbornness.King of Poland for the firsttimeFollowing the death of Polish King John III Sobieski and having converted to Catholicism, Augustus won election as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697 with the backing of Imperial Russia andAustria, which financed him through the banker Berend Lehmann. At the time, some questioned the legality of Augustus' elevation, since another candidate, François Louis, Prince of Conti, had received more votes.Each candidate, Conti and Augustus, was proclaimed as king by a different ecclesiastical authority: (the Primate Michaŀ Radziejowski proclaimed Conti and the bishop of Kujawy, Stanisław Dąmbski proclaimed Augustus,with Jacob Heinrich von Flemming swearing to the pacta conventa as Augustus's proxy). However, Augustus hurried to the Commonwealth with a Saxon army, while Conti stayed in France for two months.Although hehad led the imperial troops against Turkey in 1695 and 1696 without very much success, Augustus continued the war of the Holy League against Turkey, and after a campaign in Moldavia, his Polish army eventuallydefeated the Tatar expedition in the Battle of Podhajce in 1698. This victory compelled the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Podolia and Kamieniec Podolski returned to Poland. An ambitious ruler,Augustus hoped to make the Polish throne hereditary within his family, and to use his resources as Elector of Saxony to impose some order on the chaotic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was, however, soondistracted from his internal reform projects by the possibility of external conquest. He formed an alliance with Denmark's Frederick IV and Russia's Peter I to strip Sweden's young King Charles XII (Augustus' cousin) ofhis possessions. Poland's reward for participation in the Great Northern War was to have been the Swedish territory of Livonia. Charles proved an able military commander, however, quickly forcing the Danes out of thewar and then driving back the Russians at Narva in 1700, thereby allowing him to focus on the struggle with Augustus. However, this war ultimately proved as disastrous for Sweden as for Poland.Charles defeatedAugustus' army at Riga in July 1701, forcing the Polish-Saxon army to withdraw from Livonia, and followed this up with an invasion of Poland. He captured Warsaw on 14 May 1702, defeated the Polish-Saxon armyagain at the Battle of Kliszów (July 1702), and took Kraków. He defeated another of Augustus' armies under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Adam Heinrich von Steinau at the Battle of Pułtusk in spring 1703, andbesieged and captured Toruń.By this time, Augustus was certainly ready for peace, but Charles felt that he would be more secure if he could establish someone with whom he had more influence on the Polish throne. In1704 the Swedes installed Stanisław Leszczyński and tied the commonwealth to Sweden, which compelled Augustus to initiate military operations in Poland alongside Russia (an alliance was concluded in Narva insummer 1704). The resulting civil war in Poland (1704-1706) and the Grodno campaign (1705-1706) did not go well for Augustus. Following the Battle of Fraustadt, on 1 September 1706, Charles invaded Saxony,forcing Augustus to yield the Polish throne to Leszczyński by the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706).Meanwhile, Russia's Tsar Peter had reformed his army, and he dealt a crippling defeat to the Swedes at the Battle ofPoltava (1709). This spelled the end of the Swedish Empire and the rise of the Russian Empire.King of Poland for the second timeThe weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth soon came to be regarded as almost aprotectorate of Russia. In 1709 Augustus II returned to the Polish throne under Russian auspices. Once again he attempted to establish an absolute monarchy in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but was facedwith opposition from the nobility (szlachta, see Tarnogród Confederation). He was handicapped by the mutual jealousy of the Saxons and the Poles, and a struggle broke out in Poland which was only ended when theking promised to limit the number of his army in that country to 18,000 men. Peter the Great seized on the opportunity to pose as mediator, threatened the Commonwealth militarily, and in 1717 forced Augustus andthe nobility to sign an accommodation favorable to Russian interests, at the Silent Sejm (Sejm Niemy).For the remainder of his reign, in an uneasy relationship, Augustus was more or less dependent on Russia (and to alesser extent, on Austria) to maintain his Polish throne. He gave up his dynastic ambitions and concentrated instead on attempts to strengthen the Commonwealth. Faced with both internal and foreign opposition,however, he achieved little. In 1729 he established the Grand Musketeers Company in Dresden, one of the oldest Polish officers' schools, which in 1730 was relocated to Warsaw.Augustus died at Warsaw in 1733.Although he had failed to make the Polish throne hereditary in his house, his eldest son, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, succeeded him to the Polish throne as Augustus III of Poland although he had to be installed bythe Russian Army during the War of the Polish Succession.LegacyAugustus II and the artsAugustus is perhaps best remembered as a patron of the arts and architecture. He had beautiful palaces built in Dresden, a citythat became renowned for extraordinary cultural brilliance. He introduced the first public museums, such as the Green Vault in 1723, and started systematic collection of paintings that are now on display in the OldMasters Gallery.From 1687 to 1689, Augustus toured France and Italy. The extravagant court in Versailles—perfectly tailored to fit the needs of an absolute monarch—impressed him deeply. In accordance with the spiritof the baroque age, Augustus invested heavily in the representative splendor of Dresden Castle, his major residence, to advertise his wealth and power.With strict building regulations, major urban development plans,and a certain feeling for art, the king began to transform Dresden into a renowned cultural center with one of Germany's finest art collections, though most of the city's famous sights and landmarks were completedduring the reign of his son Augustus III. The most famous building started under Augustus the Strong was the Zwinger. Also known are Pillnitz Castle, his summer residence, Moritzburg Castle and Hubertusburg Castle,his hunting lodges. He greatly expanded the Saxon Palace in Warsaw with the adjacent Saxon Garden, which became the city's oldest public park and one of the first publicly accessible parks in the world. He alsoexpanded the Wilanów Palace.He granted composer Johann Adolph Hasse the title of the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Kapellmeister in 1731.A man of pleasure, the king sponsored lavish court balls, Venetian-styleballi in maschera, and luxurious court gatherings, games, and garden festivities. His court acquired a reputation for extravagance throughout Europe. He held a famous animal-tossing contest in Dresden at which 647foxes, 533 hares, 34 badgers and 21 wildcats were tossed and killed. Augustus himself participated, reportedly demonstrating his strength by holding the end of his sling by just one finger, with two of the strongest menin his court on the other end.GalleryMeissen porcelainAugustus II successfully sponsored efforts to discover the secret of manufacturing porcelain. In 1701 he rescued the young alchemist Johann Friedrich Böttger, whohad fled from the court of the king of Prussia, Frederick I, who had expected that he produce gold for him as he had boasted he could.Augustus imprisoned Böttger and tried to force him to reveal the secret ofmanufacturing gold. Böttger's transition from alchemist to potter was orchestrated as an attempt to avoid the impossible demands of the king. Being an alchemist by profession rather than a potter, gave Böttger anadvantage. He realised that the current approaches, which involved mixing fine white substances like crushed egg shells into clay, would not work. Rather, his approach was to attempt to bake clay at highertemperatures than had ever before been attained in European kilns. That approach yielded the breakthrough that had eluded European potters for a century. By the king's decree, the Royal-Polish and Electoral-SaxonPorcelain Manufactory was established in Meissen in 1709. The manufacture of fine porcelain continues at the Meissen porcelain factory.Order of the White EagleIn November 1705 in Tykocin, Augustus founded theOrder of the White Eagle, Poland's first and preeminent order of chivalry. In 1723 he bought the Großsedlitz estate near Dresden, and after expanding the palace and garden complex, in 1727 he organized there the firstever festivities of the Order of the White Eagle. In Warsaw, the Saxon Garden (Polish: Ogród Saski) commemorates the role of Augustus II in expanding the city's public places.OtherAugustus II was called \"the Strong\"for his bear-like physical strength and for his numerous offspring (only one of them his legitimate child and heir). The most famous of the king's children born out of wedlock was Maurice de Saxe, a brilliant strategistwho attained the highest military ranks in the kingdom of France. In the War of the Polish Succession he remained loyal to his employer Louis XV of France, who was married to the daughter of Augustus's rival StanisławI Leszczyński.Augustus was 1.76 meters (5 ft 9 in) tall, above average height for that time, but despite his extraordinary physical strength, he did not look big. In his final years he suffered from diabetes mellitus andbecame obese, at his death weighing some 110 kilograms (240 lb). Augustus II's body was interred in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków—all but his heart, which rests at the Dresden Cathedral.FilmIn 1936 Augustus wasthe subject of a Polish-German film Augustus the Strong directed by Paul Wegener. Augustus was portrayed by the actor Michael Bohnen.Illegitimate issueThe Electress Christiane, who remained Protestant and refusedto move to Poland with her husband, preferred to spend her time in the mansion in Pretzsch on the Elbe, where she died.Augustus, a voracious womanizer, never missed his wife, spending his time with a series ofmistresses:1694–1696 with Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck1696–1699 with Countess Anna Aloysia Maximiliane von Lamberg1698–1704 with Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, later Princess ofTeschen1701–1706 with Maria Aurora, later married von Spiegel, a woman of Turkish origin captured as a toddler named Fatima at the Siege of Buda (1686) and brought up in Sweden as the goddaughter of MariaAurora von Königsmarck1704–1713 with Anna Constantia von Brockdorff, later Countess of Cosel1706–1707 with Henriette Rénard1708 with Angélique Debargues, French dancer and actress1713–1719 with MariaMagdalena of Bielinski, by her first marriage Countess of Dönhoff and by the second Princess Lubomirska1720–1721 with Erdmuthe Sophie of Dieskau, by marriage of Loß1721–1722 with Baroness Kristiane ofOsterhausen, by marriage of StanisławskiSome contemporary sources, including Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, claimed that Augustus had as many as 365 or 382 children. The number is extremely difficult to verify. Perhaps"}
{"doc_id":"doc_209","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hafsa HatunHafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"young lioness\") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.LifeHafsa Hatun was the daughter of IsaBey, the ruler of the Aydinids. She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids. Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid. Thereafter, Isawas sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of his power, where he subsequently died. Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families.CharitiesHafsa Hatun's public works are located within her father's territoryand may have been built before she married Bayezid. She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosque known as \"Hafsa Hatun Mosque\" between 1390 and 1392 from the moneyshe received in her dowry.See alsoOttoman dynastyOttoman EmpirePassage 2:Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)Cornelia (c. 190s – c. 115 BC) was the second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a Romangeneral prominent in the Second Punic War, and Aemilia Paulla. Although drawing similarities to prototypical examples of virtuous Roman women, such as Lucretia, Cornelia puts herself apart from the rest because ofher interest in literature, writing, and her investment in the political careers of her sons. She was the mother of the Gracchi brothers, and the mother-in-law of Scipio Aemilianus.BiographyCornelia married TiberiusSempronius Gracchus, grandson of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, when he was already in middle age. The union proved to be a happy one, and together they had 12 children, which is very unusual by Romanstandards. Six of them were boys and six were girls. Only three are known to have survived childhood: Sempronia, who married her cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, and the two Gracchi brothers (Tiberiusand Gaius Gracchus), who would defy the political institutions of Rome with their attempts at popular reforms.After her husband's death, she chose to remain a widow while still enjoying a princess-like status and setherself to educating her children. She even refused the marriage proposal of King Ptolemy VIII Physcon because she is made to be a virtuous and dutiful wife after the death of her only husband. However, her refusalcould simply be justified by the fact that she had a desire for more independence and freedom in the manner in which her children were to be raised.Later in her life, Cornelia studied literature, Latin, and Greek. Corneliatook advantage of the Greek scholars she brought to Rome, notably the philosophers Blossius (from Cumae) and Diophanes (from Mytilene), who were to educate young men. She had been taught the importance ofreceiving an education and came to play an extensive role in her sons' education during the \"bygone republican era,\" resulting in the creation of a \"superior breed of Roman political leader.\" Cornelia always supportedher sons Tiberius and Gaius, even when their actions outraged the conservative patrician families in which she was born. She took a lot of pride in them, comparing her children to \"jewels\" and other precious things,according to Valerius Maximus.After their violent deaths, she retired from Rome to a villa in Misenum but continued to receive guests. Her villa saw the likes of many learned men, including Greek scholars, who camefrom all over the Roman world to read and discuss their ideas freely. Rome worshipped her virtues, and when she died at an advanced age, the city voted for a statue in her honor.Role in the political careers of herchildrenIt is important to note that M. I. Finely advances the argument that \"the exclusion of women from any direct participation in political or governmental activity\" was a normal practice in Ancient Roman society.Therefore, it is extremely difficult to characterize the extent of Cornelia's involvement in the political careers of her children, yet there is important evidence to support the fact that she was, at the very least, engaged.Acommon social practice in Rome was extending the political line of a family through dynastic marriages, especially when two families were rising to power at about the same time. The marriage of Sempronia (Cornelia'sdaughter) to her cousin reaffirmed the continuation of the great Scipio lineage, seeing as though the legacy of Scipio Africanus had to be continued somehow. Scipio Aemilianus saw important growth in his politicalprestige as a result of this marriage, although not enough to compare to his brothers-in-law and their revolutionary political reforms.One of the most important aspects of the life of Cornelia is her relationship with heradult sons. Most of the information that we have on her role during this time is what Plutarch wrote in both the Life of Tiberius Gracchus and the Life of Gaius Gracchus. She is portrayed as active during their politicalcareers, especially during Gaius’.Plutarch writes of how Gaius removed a law that disgraced Marcus Octavius, the tribune whom Tiberius had deposed, because Cornelia asked him to remove it.  Plutarch states that thepeople all approved of this out of respect for her (due to her sons and her father). Plutarch also writes that Cornelia may have helped Gaius undermine the power of the consul Lucius Opimius by hiring foreign harvestersto help provide resistance (which suggests that harvesters were supporters of the Gracchi).Plutarch also writes that, when one of Gaius's political opponents attacked Cornelia, Gaius retorted:\"What,\" said he, \"dost thouabuse Cornelia, who gave birth to Tiberius?\" And since the one who had uttered the abuse was charged with effeminate practices, \"With what effrontery,\" said Gaius, \"canst thou compare thyself with Cornelia? Hastthou borne such children as she did? And verily all Rome knows that she refrained from commerce with men longer than thou hast, though thou art a man.\"This remark suggests that the Gracchi used their mother'sreputation as a chaste, noble woman to their advantage in their political rhetoric.Cornelia's letter excerptsThe manuscripts of Cornelius Nepos, the earliest Latin biographer (ca. 110-24 BC), include several excerpts froma letter supposedly composed by Cornelia to Gaius (her younger son). If the letters are authentic, they would make Cornelia one of only four Roman women whose writings survive to the present day, and they wouldshow how Roman women wielded considerable influence in political families. Additionally, this would make Cornelia the first woman in her own family who wrote and passed down the importance of writing to herposterity. The letters may be dated to just before Gaius' tribunate in 122 BC (Gaius would be killed the following year in 121 BC, over a decade after the death of his brother Tiberius in 133 BC). The wording in the letteris very interesting, insomuch as it uses the first person, is very assertive and displays copious amounts of raw emotion, which may have been new and unusual for a woman writing at that time, particularly to a man ofsuch important social standing. The two excerpts read as follows:\"You will say that it is a beautiful thing to take on vengeance on enemies. To no one does this seem either greater or more beautiful than it does to me,but only if it is possible to pursue these aims without harming our country. But seeing as that cannot be done, our enemies will not perish for a long time and for many reasons, and they will be as they are now ratherthan have our country be destroyed and perish....I would dare to take an oath solemnly, swearing that, except for those who have murdered Tiberius Gracchus, no enemy has foisted so much difficulty and so muchdistress upon me as you have because of the matters: you should have shouldered the responsibilities of all of those children whom I had in the past, and to make sure that I might have the least anxiety possible in myold age; and that, whatever you did, you would wish to please me most greatly; and that you would consider it sacrilegious to do anything of great significance contrary to my feelings, especially as I am someone withonly a short portion of my life left. Cannot even that time span, as brief as it is, be of help in keeping you from opposing me and destroying our country? In the final analysis, what end will there be? When will our familystop behaving insanely? When will we cease insisting on troubles, both suffering and causing them? When will we begin to feel shame about disrupting and disturbing our country? But if this is altogether unable to takeplace, seek the office of tribune when I will be dead; as far as I am concerned, do what will please you, when I shall not perceive what you are doing. When I have died, you will sacrifice to me as a parent and call uponthe god of your parent. At that time does it not shame you to seek prayers of those gods, whom you considered abandoned and deserted when they were alive and on hand? May Jupiter not for a single instant allow youto continue in these actions nor permit such madness to come into your mind. And if you persist, I fear that, by your own fault, you may incur such trouble for your entire life that at no time would you be able to makeyourself happy.\"In the early 40s BC, Cicero, Nepos's contemporary, referenced Cornelia's letters. Cicero portrayed his friend Atticus as arguing for the influence of mothers on children's speech by noting that the letters'style appeared to Atticus to show that the Gracchi were heavily influenced by Cornelia's speech more than by her rearing. Later in history, Marcus Fabius Quintilian (ca. 35- ca. 100) would reassert Atticus's view ofCornelia's letters when he said \"we have heard that their mother Cornelia had contributed greatly to the eloquence of the Gracchi, a woman whose extremely learned speech also has been handed down to futuregenerations in her letters\" (Inst. Orat. 1.1.6).4While Cicero's reference to Cornelia's letters make it clear that elite Romans of the time period were familiar with Cornelia's writings, today's historians are divided aboutwhether today's surviving fragments are authentically Cornelia's words. Instead, the fragments are likely to have been propaganda circulated by the elite optimate faction of Roman politics, who were opposed to thepopulist reforms of Cornelia's sons. The letters appear to present Cornelia (a woman with considerable cultural cachet) as opposed to her son's reforms, and Gaius as a rash radical detached from either the well-being ofthe Roman Republic or the wishes of his respected mother—meaning that the surviving fragments could either be outright contemporary forgeries or significantly altered versions of what Cornelia actually wrote.TheCornelia statueAfter her death, a marble statue of Cornelia was erected, but only the base has survived; it is \"the first likeness of a secular Roman woman set up by her contemporaries in a public space\". Her statueendured during the revolutionary reign of Sulla, and she became a model for future Roman women culminating with the portrait said to be of Helena, Emperor Constantine's mother, four hundred years later. Later,anti-populist conservatives filed away the reference to her sons and replaced it with a reference to her as the daughter of Africanus rather than the mother of the Grachii.Changing legacy over timeThe historical Corneliaremains somewhat elusive. The figure portrayed in Roman literature likely represents more what she signified to Roman writers than an objective account. This significance changed over time as Roman society evolved,in particular the role of women. The problems in interpreting the literature are compounded by the fact only one work allegedly attributed to Cornelia herself survives, and classicists have questioned its authenticitysince the nineteenth century. The Cornelia Fragments, detailed above, purport to constitute what remains of a letter written in 124 BC to her son, Gaius, and were preserved later in the manuscripts of Cornelius Nepos,who wrote on the Gracchi. In the letter, Cornelia expresses strong opposition to Gaius’ intentions to stand for the tribunate. She also urges him not to continue the revolutionary policies of his older brother TiberiusGracchus, which led ultimately to his death. The fragments were likely included in Nepos’ Life of Gaius Gracchus, now lost.Controversy over the Fragments’ authenticity has focused on the letter’s style andcontent.  While a consensus seems to agree that the fragments do resemble the writing style and language of an educated Roman aristocrat of the late second century BC, several observe Cornelia’s rebuking of Gaius’policies in the letter seems to conflict what is understood about her positions preserved in other sources. The vehemence with which she addresses Gaius seems to conflict, to some scholars, with what is believedregarding her maternal devotion. Because of these doubts, some scholars hypothesize the Fragments constitute either a later forgery created by someone wishing to separate Cornelia's political ideologies from those ofher sons, while others suggest they are a much later fabrication, representing a \"rhetorical exercise\" wherein the writer attempted to recreate what Cornelia might have said, and the letter was inadvertently included aslegitimate source material in Aemilius Probus’ edition of Nepos’ works in the 5th century AD. These theories themselves prove problematic, as the letter constitutes only one data point, and are therefore insufficient inreconstructing broad conclusions about Cornelia's political ideals or making inferences about nebulous ideas of \"maternal devotion.\" As has also been pointed out, if they do in fact represent the work of a forger, he wasan expert in the grammar, language, and writing style of the late 2nd  century Roman elite. A majority seems to believe that the Fragments are authentic and represent a private letter written by a highly educatedwoman, who never intended her stern rebuke to be read by anyone but her son.With the Fragments being the only primary source material produced by Cornelia that survive, the reconstruction of the historical Corneliarelies mainly on how later Roman writers saw her. This is problematic because Roman depictions of Cornelia clearly change over time. The earliest image of Cornelia, painted largely by Plutarch's views, is of anaristocratic woman, spending much of her time living extravagantly in her family's villa, who because of her family's wealth, opportunities, and interest in education (particularly Greek), receives the best-possibleeducation in Latin and Greek rhetoric.  She is somewhat controversial, both for her sons’ political policies and for having developed (and frequently making use of) such strong rhetorical abilities, despite being a woman.These early accounts emphasize her education and abilities but place comparatively much less emphasis on her maternal role.Over subsequent centuries Cornelia evolved in the eyes of Roman writers, and her memorywas adapted to fit their agendas. Her educational achievement and abilities were de-emphasized in favor of her example of \"idealized maternity.\"   Her education was incorporated into her role as mother: education inorder to pass it on to her sons. She was excised from the political controversy that surrounded her family and transformed into a heroic figure. As historian Emily Hemelrijk concludes, \"the Cornelia we know is to a highdegree a creation of later times.\"Modern representationsAn anecdote related by Valerius Maximus in his Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX (IV, 4, incipit) demonstrates Cornelia's devotion to and admirationfor her sons. When women friends questioned Cornelia about her mode of dress and personal adornment, which was far more simple and understated than was usual for a wealthy Roman woman of her rank and station,Cornelia indicated her two sons and said, haec ornamenta mea [sunt], i.e., \"These are my jewels.\"She is memorialized as Cornelia Gracchi, her name gilded on the Heritage Floor, of Judy Chicago's iconic feministartwork, The Dinner Party (1974–1979).See alsoWomen in RomeScipio-Paullus-Gracchus family treeNotesPassage 3:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was aSerbian student and soldier. She was notable for being the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously making her the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was DavorjankaPaunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage 4:Eldon HowardEldon Howard was a British screenwriter. She was the mother-in-law of Edward J. Danziger andwrote a number of the screenplays for films by his company Danziger Productions.Selected filmographyA Woman of Mystery (1958)Three Crooked Men (1958)Moment of Indiscretion (1958) (with BrianClemens)Innocent Meeting (1959)An Honourable Murder (1960)The Spider's Web (1960)The Tell-Tale Heart (1960)Highway to Battle (1961)Three Spare Wives (1962)Passage 5:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents andsiblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of herhusband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thinshouse by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War(1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later.Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina'screditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named DeTrapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thinsultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at theirhouse in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins.Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperousbrickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c.1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran toneighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eatingseparately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. JanGeensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 andmoved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists'Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including"}
{"doc_id":"doc_210","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John III, Duke of BrabantJohn III (Dutch: Jan; 1300 – 5 December 1355) was Duke of Brabant, Lothier (1312–1355) and Limburg (1312–1347 then 1349–1355). He was the son of John II, Duke of Brabant,and Margaret of England.John and the towns of BrabantThe early fourteenth century, a period of economic boom for Brabant, marks the rise of the duchy's towns, which depended on imports of English wool for theiressential cloth industry. During John's minority, the major towns of Brabant had the authority to appoint councillors to direct a regency, under terms of the Charter of Kortenberg granted by his father in the year of hisdeath (1312). By 1356 his daughter and son-in-law were forced to accept the famous Joyous Entry as a condition for their recognition, so powerful had the states of Brabant become.The marital alignment with Francewas tested and failed as early as 1316, when Louis X requested Brabant to cease trade with Flanders and to participate in a French attack; the councillors representing the towns found this impossible, and in reprisalLouis prohibited all French trade with Brabant in February 1316, in violation of a treaty of friendship he had signed with Brabant in the previous October.The French alliance, 1332–1337After his initial period ofmaintaining independent neutrality from both France and England failed, neighbouring sovereigns in the Low Countries, stimulated as a matter of policy by Philip VI of France, became John's enemies; among theadversaries of John were the Count of Flanders, the prince-bishop of Liège, and counts of Holland and Guelders. In 1332, a crisis with the king of France arose over John's hospitality to Robert, count of Artois, during hisjourney to eventual asylum at the English court. In response to French pressure John reminded Philip that he did not hold Brabant from him but from God alone. A brief campaign of a coalition of Philip's friends came toa truce, followed by a pact at Compiègne by which John received a fief from Philip worth 2000 livres and declared himself a vassal of France. His oldest son, Jean, was betrothed to Philip's daughter Marie, and it wasagreed that the Brabançon heir would complete his education at the French court in Paris and that Robert of Artois would be expelled from Brabant.The support of France strengthened John's hand with his feudalsuzerain, the Holy Roman Emperor. Though he was technically the Emperor's feudal vassal, John had been able to ignore Emperor Louis IV's summons to join him in his intended invasion of Lombardy (1327). Theseparation of Brabant from the Empire was completed by the Burgundian dukes of Brabant in the fifteenth century.Meanwhile, the princes of the Low Countries settled their differences and formed a coalition againstBrabant with a defensive alliance in June 1333. War was briefly brought to the Duchy of Brabant in the summer of 1334, but resolved by a peace brokered by Philip at Amiens. The French king declared that John had tohand over the town of Tiel and its neighbouring villages Heerewaarden and Zandwijk to the count of Guelders and to betroth his daughter Marie to the count's son, Reinoud.The English alliance, 1337–1345When EdwardIII of England decided to press his claim to the crown of France in 1337, John, who was his first cousin, became an ally of England during the first stage of the Hundred Years' War. King Edward's diplomatic offensive todraw Brabant away from France, produced a sympathetic response from Duke John. Disrupting the staple connection between the towns of Flanders and the sources of English wool should divert it to the towns ofBrabant, notably the recently established wool exchange. Edward protected Brabançon merchants in England from arrest or the confiscation of their goods, and he sweetened his offers with a promise of £60,000, animmense sum, and to make good any losses of revenue that might result from penalties by the king of France. The same month of July 1337 John promised Edward 1,200 of his men-at-arms in the event of an Englishcampaign in France, Edward to pay their salary. In August Edward pledged not to negotiate with the king without prior consultation with the duke. The alliance, kept secret at John's insistence, came into the open whenEdward landed with his troops at Antwerp July 1338. John received the promised subsidy (March 1339) and agreed in June to betroth John's second daughter, Margaret, to Edward, the Black Prince, heir to the Englishthrone. Two seasons of inconclusive campaigning that ravaged the north of France left Edward penniless at the end of 1341; he returned home, and when he returned to the fray, it was to Brittany: he never returned tothe Low Countries.The French alliance, 1345–1355Though John was requesting papal dispensation for the marriage of Margaret and the Black Prince in 1343, the alliance with England unravelled as Edward's coffersemptied and his attentions turned elsewhere. In September 1345 representative of France and Brabant met at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye to sign preliminary agreements, and by a treaty signed atSaint-Quentin, June 1347, Brabant was retained as an ally by France. Margaret was now to marry Louis of Male, who had inherited the title of count of Flanders, but whose power over the Flemish communes wasvirtually nil. A point of dispute with the count of Flanders had been the Lordship of Mechelen, a strategic enclave within Brabant: it was agreed that it would now come under full Brabançon control. Despite the diplomacyof Edward, John remained true to his French commitments until his death in December 1355.FamilyIn 1311, as his father's gesture of rapprochement with France, John married Marie d'Évreux (1303–1335), thedaughter of Count Louis d'Évreux and Margaret of Artois. They had six children:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (24 June 1322 – 1406). Married first to William IV, Count of Holland and second to Wenceslaus I, Duke ofLuxembourg.Margaret of Brabant (9 February 1323 – 1368), married at Saint-Quentin on 6 June 1347 Louis II, Count of FlandersMarie of Brabant (1325 – 1 March 1399), Lady of Turnhout, married at Tervuren on 1July 1347 to Reginald III of Guelders.John of Brabant (1327–1335/36), married Marie of France (1326–1333), daughter of King Philip VI of France, but died soon after with no issue, buried in Tervueren.Henri of Brabant(d. 29 October 1349), Duke of Limburg and Lord of Mechelen in 1347. Died young and buried in Tervuren in 1349.Godfrey of Brabant (d. aft. 3 February 1352), Lord of Aarschot in 1346. Also died young and buried inTervuren.John also had a son born from Maria van Huldenberg, who founded the House of Brant: John I Brant, 1st Lord of Ayseau.In 1355, after all of his three legitimate sons had died, John was forced to declare hiseldest daughter Joanna his heiress, which provoked a succession crisis after his death. John III was buried in the Cistercian Abbey of Villers, Belgium. The standard history is Piet Avonds, Brabant tijdens de regering vanHertog Jan III (1312–1356) (Koninglijke Academie, Brussels) 1991.== Notes ==Passage 2:Marie of Brittany, Countess of Saint-PolMarie of Brittany (1268–1339) was the daughter of John II, Duke of Brittany, andBeatrice of England. She is also known as Marie de Dreux.FamilyHer maternal grandparents were Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, Henry was a son of King John of England. John was son of Henry II ofEngland and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine.Her sister was Blanche of Brittany, wife to Philip of Artois and mother of Margaret of Artois, Robert III of Artois and Joan of Artois, Countess of Foix. Margaret was mother ofJeanne d'Évreux, Queen of France.MarriageShe married Guy IV, Count of Saint-Pol, in 1292, their children were as follows:John of Châtillon (d. 1344), Count of Saint PolJames of Châtillon (d.s.p. 1365), Lord ofAncreMahaut of Châtillon (1293–1358), married Charles of ValoisBeatrix of Châtillon, married in 1315 Jean de Dampierre, Lord of CrèvecœurIsabeau of Châtillon (d. 19 May 1360), married in May 1311 Guillaume I deCoucy, Lord of CoucyMarie of Châtillon, married Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of PembrokeEleanor of Châtillon, married Jean III Malet, Lord of GranvilleJoan of Châtillon, married Miles de Noyers, Lord ofMaisyDescendantsThrough her daughter Mahaut, Marie was the maternal grandmother of Marie of Valois, Isabella of Valois, who became Duchess of Bourbon and was the mother of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, andJoanna of Bourbon, who became Queen of France. Mahaut's other daughter was Blanche of Valois, who married Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and was the mother of Katharine of Bohemia.AncestryPassage 3:René ofAnjouRené of Anjou (Italian: Renato; Occitan: Rainièr; 16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480) was Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence from 1434 to 1480, who also reigned as King of Naples as René I from 1435 to 1442(then deposed). Having spent his last years in Aix-en-Provence, he is known in France as the Good King René (Occitan: Rei Rainièr lo Bòn; French: Le bon roi René).René was a member of the House of Valois-Anjou, acadet branch of the French royal house, and the great-grandson of John II of France.  He was a prince of the blood, and for most of his adult life also the brother-in-law of the reigning king Charles VII of France. Otherthan the aforementioned titles, he was for several years also Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine.BiographyRené was born on 16 January 1409 in the castle of Angers. He was the second son of Duke Louis II of Anjou,King of Naples, by Yolanda of Aragon. René was the brother of Marie of Anjou, who married the future Charles VII and became Queen of France.Louis II died in 1417 and his sons, together with their brother-in-lawCharles, were brought up under the guardianship of their mother. The elder son, Louis III, succeeded to the crown of Sicily and the Duchy of Anjou; René then became Count of Guise. In 1419, when René was only ten,he was legally married to Isabella, elder daughter of Charles II, Duke of Lorraine.René, then only ten, was to be brought up in Lorraine under the guardianship of Charles II and Louis, cardinal of Bar, both of whom wereattached to the Burgundian party, but he retained the right to bear the arms of Anjou. He was far from sympathizing with the Burgundians. Joining the French army at Reims in 1429, he was present at the consecrationof Charles VII. When Louis of Bar died in 1430, René inherited the duchy of Bar. The next year, on his father-in-law's death, he succeeded to the duchy of Lorraine. The inheritance was contested by the heir-male,Antoine de Vaudemont, who with Burgundian help defeated René at Bulgneville in July 1431. The Duchess Isabella effected a truce with Antoine, but the duke remained a prisoner of the Burgundians until April 1432,when he recovered his liberty on parole on yielding up as hostages his two sons, John and Louis.René's title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his suzerain, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, at Basel in 1434. Thisproceeding roused the anger of the Burgundian duke, Philip the Good, who required him early in the next year to return to his prison, from which he was released two years later on payment of a heavy ransom. At thedeath of his brother Louis III in 1435, he succeeded to the Duchy of Anjou and County of Maine. The marriage of Marie of Bourbon, niece of Philip of Burgundy, with John, Duke of Calabria, René's eldest son, cementedpeace between the two families.Joanna II, queen of Naples, had chosen Louis III as her presumptive heir and upon Louis' death offered it to René to inherit her kingdom after her death. After appointing a regency in Barand Lorraine, he set sail for Naples in 1438.Naples, however, was also claimed by Alfonso V of Aragon, who had been first adopted and then repudiated by Joanna II. In 1441 Alfonso laid a six-month siege to Naples.René returned to France in the same year, and though he retained the title of king of Naples his effective rule was never recovered. Later efforts to recover his rights in Italy failed. His mother Yolande, who hadgoverned Anjou in his absence, died in 1442.René took part in the negotiations with the English at Tours in 1444, and peace was consolidated by the marriage of his younger daughter, Margaret, with Henry VI ofEngland at Nancy.René now made over the government of Lorraine to his son John, who was, however, only formally installed as Duke of Lorraine on the death of Queen Isabella in 1453. René had the confidence ofCharles VII, and is said to have initiated the reduction of the men-at-arms set on foot by the king, with whose military operations against the English he was closely associated. He entered Rouen with him in November1449.After his second marriage with Jeanne de Laval, daughter of Guy of Laval and Isabella of Brittany, René took a less active part in public affairs, devoting himself to composing poetry and painting miniatures,gardening and raising animals. The fortunes of his house declined in his old age: in 1466, the rebellious Catalans offered the crown of Aragon to René. His son John, unsuccessful in Italy, was sent to take up theconquest of that kingdom but died —apparently by poison— at Barcelona on 16 December 1470. John's eldest son Nicholas perished in 1473, also under suspicion of poisoning. In 1471, René's daughter Margaret wasfinally defeated in the Wars of the Roses. Her husband and her son were killed and she herself became a prisoner who had to be ransomed by Louis XI in 1476.René retired to Aix-en-Provence and in 1474 made a will bywhich he left Bar to his grandson René II, Duke of Lorraine; and Anjou and Provence to his nephew Charles, count of Le Maine. King Louis XI seized Anjou and Bar, and two years later sought to compel René toexchange the two duchies for a pension. The offer was rejected, but further negotiations assured the lapse to the crown of the duchy of Anjou and the annexation of Provence was only postponed until the death of theCount of Le Maine. René died on 10 July 1480 at Aix, but was buried in the cathedral of Angers. In the 19th century, historians bestowed on him the epithet \"the good\".He founded an order of chivalry, the Ordre duCroissant, which preceded the royal foundation of St Michael but did not survive René.ArtsThe King of Sicily's fame as an amateur painter formerly led to the optimistic attribution to him of many paintings in Anjou andProvence, in many cases simply because they bore his arms. These works are generally in the Early Netherlandish style, and were probably executed under his patronage and direction, so that he may be said to haveformed a school of the fine arts in sculpture, painting, goldsmith's work and tapestry. He employed Barthélemy d'Eyck as both painter and varlet de chambre for most of his career.Two of the most famous worksformerly attributed to René are the triptych of the Burning Bush of Nicolas Froment of Avignon in Aix Cathedral, showing portraits of René and his second wife, Jeanne de Laval, and two illuminated Book of Hours in theBibliothèque nationale de France and the British Library. Among the men of letters attached to his court was Antoine de la Sale, whom he made tutor to his son John. He encouraged the performance of mystery plays;on the performance of a mystery of the Passion at Saumur in 1462 he remitted four years of taxes to the town, and the representations of the Passion at Angers were carried out under his auspices.He exchanged verseswith his kinsman, the poet Charles of Orléans. René was also the author of two allegorical works: a devotional dialogue, Le Mortifiement de vaine plaisance (The Mortification of Vain Pleasure, 1455), and a love quest, LeLivre du Cuer d'amours espris (The Book of the Love-Smitten Heart, 1457).  The latter fuses the conventions of Arthurian romance with an allegory of love based on the Romance of the Rose.  Both works wereexquisitely illustrated by his court painter, Barthélémy d'Eyck.  Le Mortifiement survives in eight illuminated manuscripts. Although Barthélémy's original is lost, the extant manuscripts include copies of his miniatures byJean le Tavernier, Jean Colombe, and others. René is sometimes credited with the pastoral poem \"Regnault and Jeanneton\", but this was more likely a gift to the king honoring his marriage to Jeanne de Laval.KingRené's Tournament Book (Le Livre des tournois or Traicte de la Forme de Devis d'un Tournoi; c. 1460) describes rules of a tournament. The most famous and earliest of the many manuscript copies is kept in the FrenchNational Library. This is—unusually for a deluxe manuscript—on paper and painted in watercolor.  It may represent drawings by Barthélemy d'Eyck, intended as preparatory only, which were later illuminated by him oranother artist.  There are twenty-six full and double page miniatures. The description given in the book is different from that of the pas d'armes held at Razilly and Saumur; conspicuously absent are the allegorical andchivalresque ornamentations that were in vogue at the time. René instead emphasizes he is reporting on ancient tournament customs of France, Germany and the Low Countries, combining them in a new suggestion onhow to hold a tournament. The tournament described is a melee fought by two sides. Individual jousts are only briefly mentioned.As a patron, René commissioned translations and retranslations of classical works intoFrench prose. These include Strabo, which Guarino da Verona completed in 1458; and Ovid's Metamorphoses by an unknown translator, completed in 1467.Marriages and issueRené married:Isabelle, Duchess ofLorraine (1400 – 28 February 1453) on 24 October 1420Jeanne de Laval, on 10 September 1454, at the Abbey of St. Nicholas in AngersHis legitimate children by Isabelle were:John II (2 August 1424 – 16 December1470), Duke of Lorraine and King of Naples, married Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, by whom he had issue. He also had several illegitimate children.Louis (16 October 1427 – between 22May and 16 October 1444), Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson and Lieutenant General of Lorraine. At the age of five, in 1432, he was sent as a hostage to Dijon with his brother John in exchange for their captive father. Johnwas released, but Louis was not and died of pneumonia in prison.Nicholas (2 November 1428 – 1430), twin with Yolande.Yolande (2 November 1428 – 23 March 1483), married Frederick of Lorraine, count ofVaudemont; mother, among others, of Duke René II of Lorraine.Margaret (23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482), married King Henry VI of England, by whom she had a son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.Charles(1431 – 1432), Count of Guise.Isabelle (died young).René (died young).Louise (1436 – 1438).Anna (1437 – 1450, buried in Gardanne).He also had three illegitimate children:John, Bastard of Anjou (d. 1536), Marquisof Pont-à-Mousson, married 1500 Marguerite de Glandeves-Faucon.Jeanne Blanche (d. 1470), Lady of Mirebeau, married in Paris 1467 Bertrand de Beauvau (d. 1474).Madeleine (d. aft. 1515), Countess of Montferrand,married in Tours 1496 Louis Jean, seigneur de Bellenave.Cultural referencesHe appears as \"Reignier\" in William Shakespeare's play Henry VI, part 1. His alleged poverty for a king is satirised. He pretends to be theDauphin to deceive Joan of Arc, but she sees through him. She later claims to be pregnant with his child.René's honeymoon, devoted with his bride to the arts, is imagined in Walter Scott's novel Anne of Geierstein(1829). The imaginary scene of his honeymoon was later depicted by the Pre-Raphaelite painters Ford Madox Brown, Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.In 1845 the Danish poet Henrik Hertz wrote the playKing René's Daughter about René and his daughter Yolande de Bar; this was later adapted into the opera Iolanta by Tchaikovsky.René and his Order of the Crescent were adopted as \"historical founders\" by the LambdaChi Alpha fraternity in 1912, as exemplars of Christian chivalry and charity. Ceremonies of the Order of the Crescent were referenced in formulating ceremonies for the fraternity.In conspiracy theories, such as the onepromoted in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, René has been alleged to be the ninth Grand Master of the Priory of Sion.La Cheminée du roi René (The Fireplace of King René), op. 205, is a suite for wind quintet,composed in 1941 by Darius Milhaud.Chant du Roi René (Song of King René) is a piece for organ (or harmonium) by Alexandre Guilmant (1837–1911) from his collection of Noels (Op.60).  The theme used throughoutthis piece was alleged to have been written by René (Guilmant's source was Alphonse Pellet, organist at Nîmes Cathedral).ArmsRené frequently changed his coat of arms, which represented his numerous and fluctuatingclaims to titles, both actual and nominal.The Coat of arms of René in 1420; Composing the arms of the House of Valois-Anjou (top left and bottom right), Duchy of Bar (top right and bottom left), and of the Duchy of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_211","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is aFrench hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which wasone of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist ofThe Presidents of the United States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for EarlyParent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to considermaking music that \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own. The first album,Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began to perform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedyimprovisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were theCaspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo. The reasons for the changewere to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballew has made two albums of Beatlescovers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, andmasters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants has released a total of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1,2020. His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album. All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUN FAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are twovinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah ThomasMore Please!(Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests:Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby!(Released 09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles!(Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released2010) – Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up, Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep HopingMachine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey LoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog KidPassage 3:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an Americanactor. He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s. His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey'sAnatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals ofLamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did IGet Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California. He is the son ofLorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as ahigh school basketball coach. They would return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season. His parents later divorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance,California, then graduated from Tuskegee University.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions.His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams.That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jonesstarred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds(2017).His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramaticfilms Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaughin the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion.Personal lifeJoshua MediaMinistries claims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 4:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is anAmerican heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to thesebands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included hisStormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie forAnthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 5:Lamman RuckerLamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor.Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet theBrowns, and its television adaptation. In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University.As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons.Early lifeRucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker. He has partial ancestry from Barbados. Rucker spent hisformative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area. He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants.  His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade. He was in thedrama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C. Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University.On August 29, 2019, he sharedpersonal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team.CareerHis major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T. Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soapopera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie. He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005. He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All ofUs and Half & Half.Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films. He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010). He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet TheBrowns. He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011. The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Hechein the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode. He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies. Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series,South of Hell.In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David'scharacters.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAward nominationsPassage 6:Percy Redfern CreedPercy Redfern Creed (13 May 1874 – November 1964), author of How to Get Things Done, 1938, The Merrymount Press, revisedas Getting Things Done, 1946, The Merrymount Press.BiographyBorn in Dublin, Ireland. Educated in England at Marlborough College (where he held a Classical Scholarship for 5 years) and at Trinity College, CambridgeUniversity (admitted 7 October 1892.)After leaving Cambridge University he entered the British Army. After seven years of service (including service in India and South Africa), he left the Army with the rank of Captainand took a position in the British House of Commons. He left this position to join the staff of The Times newspaper. He gave up newspaper work to accept an invitation from Lord Cromer to act as his Chief of Staff in aNational campaign of which Lord Cromer was the Leader. When this campaign was over he accepted an offer from Lord Roberts to act in a similar capacity to him in his famous National Service Campaign.On theoutbreak of World War I, he rejoined his regiment, the Rifle Brigade, and was appointed to the Headquarters Staff in the War Office in London. In April 1915 Lord Kitchener sent him forth as his Personal Representative,with a free hand and full responsibility, to force an Emergency Pace and Streamlined Methods in the Production of Munitions. In the course of this mission—which was successfully fulfilled within 3 months—he came intopersonal contact with King George V, Mr. Henry Asquith (the Prime Minister), and other Leading Men of the day.Thus he had the experience of serving in succession under Lords Cromer, Roberts, and Kitchener—thethree Big Men of Action of that generation—with a free hand and full responsibility to carry out their Policies.He moved to America in 1923. Prior to publication of his revised version of his book entitled Getting ThingsDone, he made an extensive study of American methods of Organization.He served as a Special Consultant in a Government Department in Washington for 14 months. Before going to Washington he worked as amember of a Trade Union in a Defense Plant—12 hours a night, 6 nights a week.In 1925, Creed was interviewed by The Christian Science Monitor. At the time he was a sportswriter. He was interviewed regarding hisfounding of a \"Sportsmanship Brotherhood\" in Boston:The object of the brotherhood is \"to foster and spread the spirit of sportsmanship throughout the world,\" and its code of honor—the code of a sportsman—is that heshall:Keep the rules;Keep faith with his comrades, play the game for his side;Keep himself fit;Keep his temper;Keep from hitting a man when he is down;Keep down his pride in victory;Keep a stout heart in defeataccepted with good grace;Keep a sound soul and a clean mind in a healthy body.From Marlborough College RegisterPercy Redfern Creed: Son of Revd. J. C. Creed of Moyglare Glebe, Maynooth, Ireland. Born: 13 May1874. Arrived at Marlborough College as a Foundation Scholar in January 1888. His boarding house was B2 where his Housemaster was Mr A. C. Champneys. He was a member of the college's 1stCricket XI in theSummer of both 1891 and 1892. He left Marlborough in July 1892 and went on to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. He joined the Army in 1897 (The Rifle Brigade) and retired from the Army in 1904. During WorldWar I he rejoined the Army in 1915 with the rank of Captain and retired from the Army again in 1920.The only other details about him which have come to hand concern his cricketing ability. At the end of his final termhere (27 July 1892) he played cricket for Marlborough College in the annual two-day match at Lords Cricket Ground in London against Rugby School. Batting at Number 3, he scored 211 runs (out of a team total of 432runs) and more or less guaranteed that Marlborough would win the match. In the College magazine (\"The Marlburian\") it described his cricketing abilities as follows:A fine bat with good cutting and driving powers, weakon the leg side, but too indifferent to the game. Fair field, at some times a brilliant one, but too slow in returning the ball.From The Rifle BrigadeHave established the following, that Percy Redfern CreedTransferred intoThe Rifle Brigade as a regular Army officer from the 9th Bn RB, which was the West Meath Militia, on 1 December 1897, as a 2/LtJoined the 3rd Bn RB in Umballah (India) in February 1898.  Still a 2/Lt.  3RB marched toRawalpindi arriving on 26 November 1898, having left Umballah on 24 October1899 – Still in Rawalpindi with 3RB.  Promoted to Lt 4 Dec 18991900 – Still in Rawalpindi.  Member of 3RB Polo Team which won the AllIndia Regimental Polo Cup1901 – 18 Jan went with 3RB to Meerut.  2 March left 3RB for The Rifle Depot, here in the barracks in Winchester1902 – Promoted to Captain on 22 Jan 1902. Joined 4RB on 2 August 1902 inSouth Africa (Bloemfontein)1903 – 13 Jan to 4 Feb sailed from S. Africa on board HM Troopship 'Ortona', arriving in Southampton (or sailed in the SS Kinfauns Castle from Cape Town to Southampton 10 to 27December 1902, as he is included in The Times list of officers on that ship). Proceeded to Chatham.  Played in the battalion rackets pair which reached the semi-final of the Army Championship.1904 – 9 March CaptCreed retired1914 – Capt Creed joined 7th Bn RB on 19 September1915 – 20 May 7RB crossed to FranceHave been unable to establish at what time Capt Creed left 7RB to join the staff.  He appears to have retired in1915.BibliographyBooks\"The Boston Society of Natural History, 1830-1930.\" (1930) (See Boston Society of Natural History.)How to Get Things Done (1938)G. T. D. (1939)Getting Things Done (1946)Articles\"Childrenas Town Planners\" for Journal of Education, 17 October 1932.Passage 7:The Notorious B.I.G.Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names the Notorious B.I.G.,Biggie Smalls, or simply Biggie, was an American rapper. Rooted in East Coast hip hop and particularly gangsta rap, he is cited in various media lists as one of the greatest rappers of all time. Wallace became known forhis distinctive laid-back lyrical delivery, offsetting the lyrics' often grim content. His music was often semi-autobiographical, telling of hardship and criminality, but also of debauchery and celebration.Born and raised inBrooklyn, New York City, Wallace signed to Sean \"Puffy\" Combs' label Bad Boy Records as it launched in 1993, and gained exposure through features on several other artists' singles that year. His debut album Ready toDie (1994) was met with widespread critical acclaim, and included his signature songs \"Juicy\" and \"Big Poppa\". The album made him the central figure in East Coast hip hop, and restored New York's visibility at a timewhen the West Coast hip hop scene was dominating hip hop music. Wallace was awarded the 1995 Billboard Music Awards' Rapper of the Year. The following year, he led his protégé group Junior M.A.F.I.A., a team ofhimself and longtime friends, including Lil' Kim, to chart success.During 1996, while recording his second album, Wallace became ensnarled in the escalating East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. Following TupacShakur's murder in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas in September 1996, speculations of involvement in Shakur's murder by criminal elements orbiting the Bad Boy circle circulated as a result of Wallace's public feudwith Shakur. On March 9, 1997, six months after Shakur's murder, Wallace was murdered by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting while visiting Los Angeles. Wallace's second album Life After Death, a doublealbum, was released two weeks later. It reached number one on the Billboard 200, and eventually achieved a diamond certification in the United States.With two more posthumous albums released, Wallace has certifiedsales of over 28 million copies in the United States, including 21 million albums. Rolling Stone has called him the \"greatest rapper that ever lived\", and Billboard named him the greatest rapper of all time. The Sourcemagazine named him the greatest rapper of all time in its 150th issue. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly \"the most skillful ever on the mic\". In 2020, hewas inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.Life and career1972–1991: Early lifeChristopher George Latore Wallace was born at St. Mary's Hospital in the New York City borough of Brooklyn on May 21, 1972, theonly child of Jamaican immigrant parents. His mother, Voletta Wallace, was a preschool teacher, while his father, Selwyn George Latore, was a welder and politician. His father left the family when Wallace was two yearsold, and his mother worked two jobs while raising him. Wallace grew up at 226 St. James Place in Brooklyn's Clinton Hill, near the border with Bedford-Stuyvesant. Raised Catholic, Wallace excelled at Queen of AllSaints Middle School, winning several awards as an English student. He attended St Peter Claver Church in the borough. He was nicknamed \"Big\" because he was overweight by the age of 10. Wallace claimed to havebegun dealing drugs at about age 12. His mother, often at work, first learned of this during his adulthood.He began rapping as a teenager, entertaining people on the streets, and performed with local groups, the OldGold Brothers as well as the Techniques. His earliest stage name was MC CWest. At his request, Wallace transferred from Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School in Fort Greene to George Westinghouse Career andTechnical Education High School in Downtown Brooklyn, which future rappers Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also attending. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student but developed a \"smart-ass\"attitude at the new school. At age 17 in 1989, Wallace dropped out of high school and became more involved in crime. That same year in 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to fiveyears' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation. A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail.1991–1994: Earlycareer and first childAfter release from jail, Wallace made a demo tape, Microphone Murderer, while calling himself Biggie Smalls, alluding both to Calvin Lockhart's character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again and to his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_212","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:John Templeton (botanist)John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the \"Father of Irish Botany\". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.FamilyTempleton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner. The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class. Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude \"drudgery and fear\" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning. Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life.In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill. Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813.The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history.United IrishmanLike many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament. But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish \"test\" or pledge. In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago.She hoped his sisters would \"soon follow him.\" Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish \"Cranmore\" (crann mór, 'big tree').Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence. He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr. James MacDonnell. MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend. (While unable to \" forget the amiable Russell\", time, he conceded,  \"softened a little my feelings\": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands).GardenThe garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: \"Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today.\" \"Box from Mr. Taylor\".Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm.for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden.BotanistJohn Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens. Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary. An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there. This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists. He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast).[1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton. The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued. Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48. Others were in The Queen's University Belfast. All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334.Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society.Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants. His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr. John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs. Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal. I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force. The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledgeBotanical ManuscriptsThe MSS. left by Templeton consist of seven volumes. One of these is a small 8vo. half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp. of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities. In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F. M. More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr. Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast. It was lent by his son, Dr. R. Templeton, to my brother, Alex. G. More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards.\" The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species. They are now lent to the Belfast Museum. About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them.Vol. 1.—Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text.Vol. Il.—Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured.Vol.IIl.—Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures. At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced.Vol. IV Fungi, 112 folios.Vol. V.—Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text. *Vol. VI.—Mosses and Hepatics. 117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text.All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good. Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast. The earliest published reference to his MSS. is in the \"* Flora of Ulster,\" by Dickie, published in 1864, where there is this indefinite allusion—‘* To the friends of the late Mr. Templeton I am indebted for permission to take notes of species recorded in his manuscript.\" The MS. was most likely the small volume now in the Royal Irish Academy Library. In the introduction to the \"*‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland\"’ (1888), there is a brief biographical sketch of Templeton, but no mention of any MS. However, in a ‘‘ Supplement\" to the Flora (1894), there is this note— ‘* Templeton, John, four volumes of his ‘ Flora Hibernica’ at present deposited with the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, contain much original matter, which could not be worked out in time for the present paper.\" This fixes the approximate date of the MSS. being loaned to the Belfast Museum. They were not known to the authors of the ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica’\"’ in 1866, while in the second edition (1898) the small volume of the MSS. in R.1.A. Library is described in the Index of Authors under its full title—Catalogue of the Native Plants of Ireland, by John Templeton, A.L.S.Notable plant findsAntrim:Northern beech fern Glenaan River, Cushendall 1809: intermediate wintergreen Sixmilewater 1794: heath pearlwort :Muck Island Islandmagee  1804: dwarf willow Slievenanee Mountain 1809: thin-leaf brookweed beside River Lagan in its tidal reaches – gone now 1797: Dovedale moss Cave Hill 1797: Arctic root Slemish Mountain pre 1825: Cornish moneywort  formerly cultivated at Cranmore, Malone Road, Belfast1 pre-1825 J. persisted to 1947: rock whitebeam  basalt cliffs of the Little Deerpark, Glenarm 15 July 1808: yellow meadow rue Portmore Lough 1800:  Moschatel Mountcollyer Deerpark 2 May 1820 , Bearberry  Fair Head pre 1825, Sea Bindweed Bushfoot dunes pre 1825,  Flixweed , 'Among the ruins of Carrickfergus I found Sisymbrium Sophia in plenty' 2 Sept. 1812 – Journal of J. Templeton J4187, Needle Spike-rush Broadwater pre 1825, Dwarf Spurge Lambeg gravel pit 1804, Large-flowered Hemp-nettle, Glenarm  pre 1825Down:Field Gentian Slieve Donard 1796: Lesser Twayblade Newtonards Park pre 1825:  Rough poppy 15 July 1797: Six-stamened Waterwort Castlewellan Lake 1808: Great Sundew going to the mountains from Kilkeel 19 August 1808: Hairy Rock-cress Dundrum Castle 1797: Intermediate Wintergree Moneygreer Bog 1797 Cowslip Holywood Warren pre 1825 long gone since: Water-violet Crossgar 7th July 1810 Scots Lovage Bangor Bay 1809, Mountain Everlasting  Newtownards 1793, Frogbit boghole near Portaferry, Parsley fern, Slieve Binnian, Mourne Mountains  19 August 1808, Bog-rosemary Wolf Island Bog 1794,  Marsh Pea Lough NeaghFermanagh: Marsh HelleborineNatural History of IrelandJohn Templeton had wide-ranging scientific interests including chemistry as it applied to agriculture and horticulture, meteorology and phenology following Robert Marsham. He published very little aside from monthly reports on natural history and meteorology in the 'Belfast Magazine' commenced in 1808. John Templeton studied birds extensively, collected shells, marine organisms (especially \"Zoophytes\") and insects, notably garden pest species. He planned a 'Hibernian Fauna' to accompany 'Hibernian Flora'. This was not published, even in part, but A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J Templeton Esq. of Cranmore with localities, descriptions, and illustrations Mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 233- 240; 301 305; 417–421; 466 -472[2], 1836.  Catalogue of Irish Crustacea, Myriapoda and Arachnoida, selected from the papers of the late John Templeton Esq. Mag. Nat. Hist. 9: 9–14 [3].and 1837 Irish Vertebrate animals selected from the papers of the late. John Templeton Esq Mag. Nat. Hist . 1: (n. s.): 403–413 403 -413 were (collated and edited By Robert Templeton). Much of his work was used by later authors, especially by William Thompson whose 'The Natural History of Ireland' is its essential continuation.DublinTempleton was a regular visitor to the elegant Georgian city of Dublin (by 1816 the journey was completed in one day in a wellington coach with 4 passengers) and he was a Member of the Royal Dublin Society.By his death in 1825 the Society had established a Botanic at Glasnevin \"with the following sections:1 The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, - Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit; and forest-tree plants.2. Garden arranged on the system of Jussieu. 3. Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus. 4. Kitchen Garden, where six apprentices are constantly employed, who receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany. 5. Medicinal plants. 6. Plants eaten, or rejected, by cattle. 7. Plants used in rural economy. 8. Plants used in dyeing. 9. Rock plants. 10. Aquatic and marsh plants. - For which an artificial marsh has been formed. 11. Cryptogamics. 12. Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics\".Other associations were with Leinster House housing the RDS Museum and Library.\"Second Room. Here the animal kingdom is displayed, arranged in six classes. 1. Mammalia. 2. Aves. 3. Amphibia. 4. Pisces. 5. Insectae. 6. Vermes. Here is a great variety of shells, butterflies and beetles, and of the most beautiful species\" and the Leske collection.The library at Leinster House held 12,000 books and was particularly rich in  works on botany; \"amongst which is a very valuable work in four large folio volumes, \"Gramitia Austriaca\" [Austriacorum Icones et descriptions graminum]; by Nicholas Thomas Host\".Templeton was also associated with theFarming Society funded 1800, the Kirwanian Society  founded 1812, Marsh's Library, Trinity College Botanic Garden. Four acres supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants,the Trinity Library (80,000 volumes) and Trinity Museum.Also the Museum of the College of Surgeons.Death and legacyNever of strong constitution, he was not expected to survive, he was in failing health from 1815 and died in 1825 aged only 60, \"leaving a sorrowing wife, youthful family and many friends and townsmen who greatly mourned his death\". The Australian leguminous genus Templetonia is named for him.In 1810 Templeton had supported the veteran United Irishman, William Drennan, in the foundation of the Belfast Academical Institution. With the staff and scholars of the Institution's early Collegiate Department, he then helped form the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society (the origin of both the Botanical Gardens and what is now the Ulster Museum).Although always ready to communicate his own findings, Templeton did not publish much. Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953), editor of the Irish Naturalist and President of the Royal Irish Academy, described him nonetheless as \"the most eminent naturalist Ireland has produced\".Templeton's son, Robert Templeton (1802-1892), educated at the Belfast Academical Institution (which was eventually to acquire Cranmore House), became an entomologist renowned for his work on Sri Lankan arthropods. Robert's fellow pupil James Emerson Tennent went on to write Ceylon, Physical, Historical and TopographicalContactsThomas Martyn From 1794 supplied Martyn with many remarks on cultivation for Martyn's edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary.George ShawJames Edward Smith Contributions to English Botany and Flora BritannicaJames LeeSamuel GoodenoughAylmer Bourke LambertJames SowerbyWilliam CurtisJoseph BanksRobert Brown.Lewis Weston Dillwyn's Contributions to British Confervæ (1802–07)Dawson Turner Contributions to British Fuci (1802), and Muscologia Hibernica (1804).John WalkerFrancis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of HastingsJohn Foster, 1st Baron OrielJonathan StokesWalter WadeOtherJohn Templeton maintained a natural history cabinet containing specimens from Calobar, New Holland and The Carolinas as well as is Ireland cabinets. His library included Rees's Cyclopædia and works by Carl Linnaeus, Edward Donovan and William Swainson s:Zoological Illustrationsand he used a John Dollond microscope and lenses. He made a tour of Scotland with Henry MacKinnon. His diaries record the Comet of 1807 and the Great Comet of 1811.Gallery|See alsoLate EnlightenmentJames Townsend MackayPassage 4:AnacyndaraxesAnacyndaraxes (Greek: \u0000νακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria.Notes This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Anacyndaraxes\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 157-158.Passage 5:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign "}
{"doc_id":"doc_213","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 2:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 3:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 4:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \" Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 5:Zhao ShoushanZhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician. He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji.CareerZhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi.External links(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006.Passage 6:Amadeus VII, Count of SavoyAmadeus VII (24 February 1360 – 1 November 1391), known as the Red Count, was Count of Savoy from 1383 to 1391.BiographyAmadeus was born in Chambéry on 24 February 1360, the son of Count Amadeus VI of Savoy and Bonne of Bourbon. Although he succeeded his father in 1383, he had to share power with his mother.  In 1384, in order to suppress a revolt against his relative Edward of Savoy, Bishop of Sion, Amadeus led an army that attacked and pillaged Sion. In 1388, he acquired territories in eastern Provence and the port city of Nice, thus giving the County of Savoy access to the Mediterranean Sea.Amadeus died from tetanus on 1 November 1391, as a result of a hunting accident. Upon his death, controversy arose because of his will. Amadeus left the important role of guardian of his son and heir, Amadeus VIII, to his own mother, a sister of the powerful Duke de Bourbon, instead of following the tradition of appointing the child's mother, who was a daughter of the equally powerful Duke de Berry. Due to the dispute between his mother and his wife, rumors that Amadeus had been poisoned emerged soon after his death. It took three months of negotiations to restore peace in the family.Amadeus was known for his hospitality, for he would entertain people of all stations and never turned a person from his table without a meal.Marriage and childrenAmadeus married Bonne of Berry, daughter of John, Duke of Berry, who was the younger brother of King Charles V of France. They had three children: Amadeus VIII, later known as Antipope Felix V, married Mary of Burgundy (1380–1422), daughter of Philip the Bold.Bonne (d. 1432), married Louis of Piedmont, the final of the Savoy-Achaea Branch.Joan (d. 1460), married Giangiacomo Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat.NotesPassage 7:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 8:Amadeus VIII, Duke of SavoyAmadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the papacy from 1439 to 1449 as Felix V in opposition to Popes Eugene IV and Nicholas V, and is considered the last historical antipope.Count and dukeAmadeus was born in Chambéry on 4 September 1383. He became count of Savoy in 1391 after his father's death, with his mother acting as regent until 1397, during his minority reign. His early rule saw the centralization of power and the territorial expansion of the Savoyard state, and in 1416 Amadeus was elevated by Emperor Sigismund to duke of Savoy. In 1418, his distant cousin Louis of Piedmont, his brother-in-law, the last male of the elder branch of House of Savoy, died, leaving Amadeus as his heir-general, thus finally uniting the male-lines of the House of Savoy.Amadeus increased his dominions and encouraged several attempts to negotiate an end to the Hundred Years' War. From 1401 to 1422, he campaigned to recover the area around Geneva and Annecy. After the death of his wife in 1428, he founded the Order of Saint Maurice with six other knights in 1434. They lived alone in the castle of Ripaille, near Geneva, in a quasi-monastic state according to a rule drawn up by himself. He appointed his son Louis regent of the duchy.AntipopeAmadeus was sympathetic to conciliarism, the movement to have the Church managed by Ecumenical councils, and to prelates like Cardinal Aleman of Arles, who wanted to set limits upon the doctrine of Papal supremacy. He had close relations with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), even after most of its members joined the Council of Florence, convened by Pope Eugene IV in 1438. The Cardinal of Arles reminded the Council that they needed a rich and powerful pope to defend it from its adversaries. The rump council at Basel elected Amadeus as Pope Felix V in October 1439. After long negotiations with a deputation from the council, Amadeus acquiesced in the election on 5 February 1440. He took the inaugural oath formulated by the Basel council; the only pope or antipope to do so. At the same time, he completely renounced  all further participation in the government of his domains: he named his son Louis Duke of Savoy, and his son Philip Count of Geneva. He is also credited with formalizing the academic lectures held in Basel by establishing a University for the Clergy which would eventually lead to the foundation of the University of Basel in 1460.There is no evidence that he intrigued to obtain the papal office by sending the bishops of Savoy to Basel. Of the twelve bishops present, seven were Savoyards. His reputation is marred by the account of him as a pontiff concerned with money, to avoid disadvantaging his heirs, found in the Commentaries of Pius II.Amadeus is considered an antipope. He served from November 1439 to April 1449.  After the death of his opponent Pope Eugene IV in 1447, both sides of the church favoured a settlement of the schism, and in 1449 he accepted the authority of Pope Nicholas V.Later lifeAfter renouncing his claim, Amadeus was appointed papal legate to Savoy. He died in Geneva in 7 January 1451.Marriage and issueHe married Mary of Burgundy (1386–1422), daughter of Philip the Bold. They had nine children, only four of whom lived to mature adulthood:Margaret of Savoy (13 May 1405 – 1418).Anthony of Savoy (September 1407 – bef. 12 December 1407).Anthony of Savoy (1408 – aft. 10 October 1408).Marie (end January 1411 – 22 February 1469), married Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan.Amadeus of Savoy (26 Mar 1412 – 17 August 1431), Prince of Piedmont, the heir apparent until his premature death.Louis (24 February 1413 – 29 January 1465), his successor.Bonne of Savoy (September 1415 – 25 September 1430).Philip of Savoy (1417 – 3 March 1444), Count of GenèveMargaret (7 August 1420 – 30 September 1479), married firstly Louis III, titular king of Naples, secondly Louis IV, Count Palatine of the Rhine and thirdly Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg.NotesCitationsSourcesAndenmatten, B.; Paravicini Bagliani, A. (ed.) (1992). Amédée VIII-Félix V, premier duc de Savoie et pape (1383–1451). Colloque international, Ripaille-Lausanne, 23–26 octobre 1990. Lausanne 1992. (in French)Bruchet, M. (1907). Le château de Ripaille Paris 1907. See: pp. 49–182. (in French)Cognasso, Francesco (1930). Amadeo VIII (1383–1451). 2 vols. Turin, 1930. (in Italian)Decaluwe, Michiel; Izbicki, Thomas M.; Christianson, Gerald, eds. (2017). A Companion to the Council of Basel. Brill.Creighton, Mandell (1892). The Council of Basel. Longmans, Green, and Company.Hildesheimer, E. (1970). \"Le Pape du Concile, Amédée VIII de Savoie,\" Annales de la Société des Lettres, Sciences et Arts des Alpes-Maritime, 61 (1969–1970), pp. 41–48. (in French)Kekewich, Margaret L. (2008). The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.Kirsch, Johann Peter (1909). \"Felix V\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Pinder, Kymberly N., ed. (2002). Race-ing Art History: Critical Readings in Race and Art History. Routledge.Vaughan, Richard (2005). Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State. Boydell Press.Wilkins, David G.; Wilkins, Rebecca L. (1996). The Search for a Patron in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. E. Mellen Press.External linksCognasso, Francesco (2000). \"FELICE V, antipapa\". Enciclopedia dei Papi (Treccani 2000) (in Italian) Bernard Andenmatten: Felix V. in  German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.Passage 9:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to "}
{"doc_id":"doc_214","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John Scott (representative)John Scott (December 25, 1784 – September 22, 1850) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.BiographyJohn Scott (father of PennsylvaniaSenator John Scott and of the 1868 candidate for Governor of Florida, George Washington Scott) was born at Marsh Creek, Pennsylvania, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  He moved to Alexandria, Pennsylvania, in 1806and was engaged as tanner and shoemaker.  He served as major in the War of 1812.  He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1819 and 1820.Scott was elected as a Jacksonian to theTwenty-first Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twenty-second Congress.  He resumed his former business pursuits and retired from business in 1842.  He died in Alexandria,Pennsylvania in 1850.  He was interred in Alexandria Cemetery.Scott married Agnes Irvine in 1821, Agnes is the namesake of Agnes Scott College in Decatur Georgia.Passage 2:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)TheodredII was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 3:William Scott (died 1524)Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall inSmeeth, Kent (1459 – 24 August 1524) was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.FamilyWilliam Scott was the son of Sir John Scott and Agnes Beaufitz, daughter and co-heiress of William Beaufitz. His sister, Elizabeth Scott(d. 15 August 1528), married Sir Edward Poynings.CareerScott rose to favour following the seizure of the throne by Henry VII. Within a few years he had been appointed to the Privy Council, appointed Comptroller ofthe Household and in 1489 was created a Companion of the Bath at the same ceremony as Prince Arthur. He served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1491, 1501 and 1510, and was also to become Constable of Dover Castle,Marshal of Calais (1490-1) and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1492–1493). He remained in favour under Henry VIII, being present at the famous meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and one of thedeputation sent to greet Emperor Charles V when he landed at Dover in 1522.Scott inherited the manor of Brabourne in 1495, and had Scot's Hall elaborately rebuilt so that it came to be regarded as one of the foremosthouses in Kent.He was buried at Brabourne, where there is a memorial brass to him in the Scott chapel in St Mary's church.Marriage and issueScott married Sibyl Lewknor, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor (d. 20July 1484) of Trotton, Sussex, and Katherine Pelham (d.1481), widow of John Bramshott (d.1468), and daughter of Sir John Pelham, Chamberlain to Katherine of Valois, by whom he had two sons and fourdaughters:Sir John Scott (d. 7 October 1533), who married Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Sir Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth or Isabel Pashley, daughter of John Pashley, esquire, bywhom he had five sons and seven daughters.Edward Scott of The Moat, Sussex, who married Alice Fogge, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Fogge, sergeant porter of Calais. After Scott's death his widow married SirRobert Oxenbridge.Anne Scott, who married Sir Edward Boughton.Katherine Scott.Elizabeth Scott.Joan Scott, who married Thomas YeardThomas ScottNotesPassage 4:John Scott (died 1533)Sir John Scott (c. 1484 – 7October 1533) was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall. He served in King Henry VIII's campaigns in France and was active in local government in Kent and a Member of Parliament for New Romney. He wasthe grandfather of both Reginald Scott, author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft, a source for Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey.FamilyAccording to MacMahon, the Scott family,which claimed descent from John Balliol, was among the leading families in Kent during the reign of King Henry VII.John Scott, born about 1484, was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall and Sibyl Lewknor(d. 1529), the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor of Trotton, Sussex. Scott's father, Sir William Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Henry VII, and Scott's grandfather, Sir John Scott, had beenComptroller of the Household to King Edward IV. Both Scott's father and grandfather had held the offices of Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Scott's father had been Marshal of Calais.Scotthad a brother, Edward, and three sisters, Anne, who married Sir Edward Boughton; Katherine; and Elizabeth.CareerAs a young man Scott was knighted by the future Emperor Charles V in 1511 while serving as a seniorcaptain, under his relative Sir Edward Poynings, with the English forces sent by King Henry VIII to aid Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Low Countries, against Charles II, Duke of Guelders. According to MacMahonHenry VIII 'transmuted the honour into a knighthood of the body'. In 1512 he was elected Member of Parliament for New Romney. Scott may have participated in the French campaigns of 1512 and 1513; he was amongthe forces being marshaled at Calais in 1514 when negotiations for peace between England and France brought the war to a temporary halt. In 1514 and 1515 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Sussex. In June1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold. In 1522 he was in the service of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, Constable of Dover Castle, and was placed in charge of transport when the EmperorCharles V landed at Dover on 28 May 1522. In 1523 Scott was with the English forces which invaded northern France under the Duke of Suffolk. In 1523 and 1524 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Kent. He wasSheriff of Kent in 1527 and 1528, and a Justice of the Peace in that county from 1531 until his death. In May 1533 Scott was summoned to be a servitor at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He died on 7 October1533.Marriage and issueScott married, before 22 November 1506, Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth Pashley, the daughter of John Pashley, esquire.SirJohn Scott and Anne Pympe had five sons and seven daughters:William Scott, who died in 1536 without issue.Sir Reginald (or Reynold) Scott (1512–15 December 1554), Sheriff of Kent in 1541–42 and Captain of Calaisand Sandgate, who married firstly Emeline Kempe, the daughter of Sir William Kempe of Olantigh, Kent, by Eleanor Browne, the daughter of Sir Robert Browne, by whom he was the father of Sir Thomas Scott (1535–30December 1594) and two daughters, Katherine Scott, who married John Baker (c.1531–1604×6), by whom she was the mother of Richard Baker, and Anne Scott, who married Walter Mayney. Sir Reginald Scott marriedsecondly Mary Tuke, the daughter of Sir Brian Tuke.Sir John Scott.Richard Scott, esquire, the father of Reginald Scott (d. 1599), author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft.George Scott.Mildred Scott, who married firstly,John Digges, esquire, the son of James Digges and half brother of Leonard Digges, and secondly, Richard Keyes, gentleman, by whom she was the mother of Thomas Keyes, who married Lady Mary Grey.KatherineScott, who married Sir Henry Crispe.Isabel Scott, who married Richard Adams, esquire.Alice Scott.Mary Scott, who married Nicholas Ballard, gentleman.Elizabeth Scott.Sibyl Scott, who married Richard Hynde,esquire.FootnotesPassage 5:John Scott (Queensland politician)John Scott (20 June 1821 – 2 July 1898) was a grazier, company director and politician in colonial Queensland.Scott was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, theson of John Scott and his wife Marion Purves. John Scott junior's wife was Agnes Thomson who died in July 1892.Business lifeScott was educated at St Andrew's University  and Edinburgh University, where he studiedmedicine. He arrived in New South Wales in 1843. For a time he was a squatter in Goulburn, New South Wales. Between 1851 and 1852 he was in the United Kingdom. He went to Queensland in 1855. He stockedPalm-Tree Creek, Dawson which he sold in 1865 but acquired  further stations. Scott was a director of City Mutual Life Assurance Society and vice president of The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association ofQueensland. Scott was a trustee of Brisbane Grammar School from 1874 to 1888 and Honorary Treasurer from 1877 to 1886.Political careerScott was both a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and theQueensland Legislative Council in a political career lasting from 1868 till 1890.He was Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly, 15 November 1871 to 1 September 1873 and 21 January 1879 to 26 July1883.Scott died at Lucerne, Milton, Brisbane, Queensland in 1898 and was buried in Toowong Cemetery.FamilyJohn Scott and his wife Agnes had five children:Ada Frances (1855–1905), the wife of George NevilleGriffiths M.L.A. Griffiths and Ada Frances were the grandparents of William Charles Wentworth M.P. (1907-2003)Arthur (1857–1874)Dr. Eric Scott (b. 1859)Florence (b. 1860)ConstanceSee alsoPolitical families ofAustralia: Wentworth/Hill/Griffiths/Scott/Cooper familyPassage 6:John A. ScottJohn Alan Scott (who has published under the names John A. Scott and John Scott) (born 23 April 1948) is an English-Australian poet,novelist and academic.BiographyScott was born in Littlehampton in Sussex, England, migrating to Australia during his childhood and residing mainly in Melbourne since 1959. He attended Monash University, where hewas a contemporary of fellow poets Alan Wearne and Laurie Duggan.A former freelance scriptwriter for radio and television, working on such shows as The Aunty Jack Show (1974), It's Magic (1974) and  The GarryMcDonald Show (1977).He first became known in the literary world as a poet. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, his work developed in an 'experimental' direction unusual in Australian poetry, owing partly to his interestin translation. In 1985 he was one of Four Australian Poets group that toured the US and Canada reading poetry. He also edited and translated Emmanuel Hocquard : Elegies and Other Works (1989).Since the 1990s hehas concentrated on producing novels. This change was occasioned in part by an Australia Council studio fellowship in Paris which he shared with the Australian novelist Mark Henshaw. His work has won him theVictorian Premier's Award twice, in 1986 and again in 1994. The novel, What I Have Written, has been filmed from his own screenplay and he has been translated into French, German and Slovenian.He has taught in theFaculty of Creative Arts at Wollongong University but now writes full-time.Awards1984: Newcastle Poetry Prize for St. Clair1986: C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry for St. Clair1994: Victorian Premier's Literary Award forWhat I Have Written2013: Peter Porter Poetry Prize for \"Four Sonnets\"BibliographyPoetryThe Barbarous Sideshow (1975)From the Flooded City (1981)Smoking (1983)The Quarrel with Ourselves & Confession(Rigmarole, 1984) ISBN 0-909229-27-9St. Clair: Three Narratives (UQP, 1986) ISBN 0-7022-1907-XSingles: Shorter Poems, 1982-1986 (1989)Translation (Picador, 1990) ISBN 0-330-27196-2Selected Poems (UQP,1995) ISBN 0-7022-2688-2Shorter Lives (Puncher & Wattman, 2020) ISBN 9781925780482NovelsBlair (McPhee Gribble, 1988) ISBN 0-14-011093-3What I Have Written (Penguin, 1994) ISBN 0-14-026199-0Before IWake (Penguin, 1996) ISBN 0-14-025695-4The Architect (Penguin, 2001) ISBN 0-670-91044-9Warra Warra (Text, 2003) ISBN 1-877008-55-9N (Brandl & Schlesinger, 2014) ISBN 978-1-921556-20-3ExternallinksAuthor page - Australian Literary ResourcesElegy VI by Emmanuel Hocquard, Translation by  John A. Scott from FrenchElegy VII by Emmanuel Hocquard, TranslationInterview with John ScottBestsellerdoom Reviewof Warra Warra by Don AndersonPassage 7:John Scott (footballer, born 1942)John Scott (born 2 January 1942) is an English former professional footballer who played as an inside forward.CareerBorn in Normanton,Scott played for Bradford City, Chesterfield and Matlock Town.Passage 8:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gainednational critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? seriesinclude: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is aFeeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on theassassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives inVenice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teachesregular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 9:John Stuart ScottJohn Stuart Scott (sometimes credited as JohnScott or John S. Scott) is an American television director and producer who has directed episodes for several series including Glee, The Office and Chuck.Television workScott began his career behind the camera workingon a number of films and television series and commercials starting in the early 1990s. In 2009, he made his directorial debut on drama series Nip/Tuck, and also directed the final episode of that series in 2010. Hesubsequently directed two episodes— \"Acafellas\" and \"The Rhodes Not Taken\"— of the first season of Glee, the third episode— Andy's Play— of the seventh season of the American version of The Office, and episodes forshows such as Scoundrels, Chuck, Love Bites, Gigantic, Outsourced, and American Horror Story.Passage 10:John Scott-WaringJohn Scott-Waring (at first John Scott) (1747–1819) was an English political agent ofWarren Hastings, publicist and Member of Parliament.Early lifeBorn at Shrewsbury, his father was Jonathan Scott of Shrewsbury (died August 1778), who married Mary, second daughter of Humphrey Sandford of theIsle of Rossall, Shropshire. The second son, Richard, rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served under Sir Eyre Coote against Hyder Ali Khan. The third son was Jonathan Scott the orientalist. The fourth son,Henry, became commissioner of police at Bombay.John, the eldest son, entered the service of the East India Company about 1766, and became a major in the Bengal division of its forces.In IndiaScott had been in Indiafor twelve years before he knew Warren Hastings more than casually. They became close, and he was one of the intermediaries who, in November 1779, patched up a temporary reconciliation between Hastings andPhilip Francis. In May 1780 he was appointed to command a battalion of sepoys.Political agent in LondonScott was sent by Hastings to England as his political agent, and he arrived in London on 17 December 1781.Scott was profuse in his expenditure for his patron.From 1784 to 1790 Scott sat in parliament as member for West Looe, and in 1790 he was returned for Stockbridge in Hampshire. A petition was presented againsthim, and in February 1793 a prosecution for bribery seemed imminent, but the matter fell through.Impeachment of HastingsThe charges against Warren Hastings might have been allowed to drop, but Scott remindedEdmund Burke on the first day of the session of 1786 of the notice which he had given before the preceding recess of bringing them before parliament. Scott asked Burke to name the first day that was practicable;Burke opened the subject on 17 February. Fanny Burney (Diary, ed. 1842, iv. 74–5) commented on Scott \"skipping backwards and forwards like a grasshopper\".Later lifeIn 1798, by the death of his cousin, Richard HillWaring, Scott came into the Waring estates in Cheshire, which he sold in 1800 to Peel and Yates (the company of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet) for £80,000. He then assumed the name and arms of Waring. A year ortwo later he bought Peterborough House at Parson's Green, Fulham, and gathered around him varied company: royal princes, politicians, wits, and actresses.Scott-Waring died at Half Moon Street, Piccadilly, London, on5 May 1819.WorksIn 1782 Scott published, in the interests of Hastings, his Short Review of Transactions in Bengal during the last Ten Years, and, two years later, his Conduct of his Majesty's late Ministers considered,1784 (in it he dealt with the payments which he had made to the newspapers for the insertion of letters in defence of Hastings). Letters, paragraphs, puffs, and squibs were attributed to him.During the course of theimpeachment (1788–1795) many letters, speeches, and pamphlets emanated from Scott. Scott also wrote:Observations on Sheridan's pamphlet, contrasting the two bills for the better government of India, 1788; 3rded. 1789.Observations on Belsham's “Memoirs of the reign of George III,” 1796.Seven Letters to the People of Great Britain by a Whig, 1789. In this he discussed the questions arising out of the king's illness.A memoirof Hastings by Scott is in William Seward's Biographiana, ii. 610–28.Christian mission controversyOn the subject of Christian missions in India Scott-Waring published Observations on the present State of the East IndiaCompany (anonymous, 1807 four editions). It contributed to a long-running debate on the religious toleration policy of the East India Company, in the face of missionary efforts. Thomas Twining (1776–1861), son ofRichard Twining, wrote from 1795 against \"interfering\" in India with Christian missions. The year 1808 saw active controversy on the propagation on Christianity, in which Andrew Fuller and John Owen (1766–1822) hadbecome involved, with Scott-Waring replying to Owen. When John Weyland wrote an open letter to Sir Hugh Inglis in 1811, Scott-Waring replied to it.A Vindication of the Hindoos from the expressions of Dr. ClaudiusBuchanan, in two parts by \"a Bengal Officer\" (1808), was attributed to Scott-Waring (DNB first edition). It was in fact by Charles Stuart.FamilyScott was three times married.His first wife, who brought him a fortune,was Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander Blackrie. She was born on 19 April 1746, and died 26 October 1796, being buried in Bromley churchyard, under a marble monument, with a long epitaph. She was the mother oftwo sons—Edward, a civil servant in Bengal; and Charles, who died young—and of two daughters, the elder of whom, Anna Maria, married John Reade of Ipsden House, Oxfordshire, was mother of Charles Reade andEdward Anderdon Reade, and died 9 August 1863, aged 90; the younger, Eliza Sophia, married the Rev. George Stanley Faber.Waring's second wife was Maria, daughter and heiress of Jacob Hughes of Cashel.Waring'sthird wife was Harriet Pye Esten, a widowed actress."}
{"doc_id":"doc_215","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Man Without a Country (1973 film)The Man Without a Country is a 1973 American made-for-television drama film based on the short story \"The Man Without a Country\" by Edward Everett Hale.PlotA mandamns his country and is sentenced to spend the rest of his life in exile.CastProductionRosemont spent three years trying to raise finance. He spent $16,000 of his own money to prepare a visual presentation of the filmand arranged for a script for be written by Sidney Carroll. During the course of research he discovered that the book was not based on a true story although it was inspired by the Aaron Burr conspiracy.He eventuallysucceeded in getting sponsorship from Eastman Kodak.\"Casting was so essential,\" said Rosemont. \"We had to find an actor who could age 60 years on screen. The makeup was the easiest. Making him look young wasthe hardest.\"Rosemont approached Cliff Robertson, although the actor had not done television for years. \"But when he saw our research it turned him on.\" he said. \"It's a dream part for an actor.\"Cliff Robertson signedto make the film in August 1972 and filming began in September. \"We had to change our schedule to fit Cliff's,\" said Rosemont. \"It cost me a lot of money but it was worth it.\"Filming took place in Mystic, Connecticut,Newport, Rhode Island and Fort Niagara, New York.Director Delbert Mann says Robertson was \"very difficult to work with\" on the film. He gave an instance where Robertson kept emphasising the word \"United\" whenreferring to the \"United States\" (\"he thought the young people would reject the patriotism aspects\"). \"We went for about 20 takes, he never changed it, but he modified it on the last take, which we used in the picture.He still wouldn't change it in post-production dubbing. It was a matter of taking the best take we had and going with it.\"Filming was expensive. \"I do my own work,\" said Rosemont. \"If there's a deficit I pay for it. Mymoney is on the line. I put it on screen. Hopefully it will enjoy many repeats; it's an ageless story, a potential TV perennial.\"LocationsIn the summer of 1972, the replica of HMS Rose (later renamed HMS Surprise foranother film) was hired for the film, a made-for-television production. Norman Rosemont Productions was unable to find the money to take the ship out sailing, so all the filming was shot with sails set, as the ship wassecurely moored to the pier, next to the causeway to Goat Island. During filming Cliff Robertson had to hide that he had a broken leg at the time.ReceptionMann said, \"The end result was fascinating. The older audiencetook to the picture and the critics were marvelous. People saying, look at the unfeeling government, crushing this man. The young people got what they wanted and others saw it as love of country. We had it bothways.\"AwardsThe film was nominated for Best Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television at the 26th Primetime Emmy Awards.Passage 2:NickStahlNicolas Kent Stahl (born December 5, 1979) is an American actor. Starting out as a child actor, he gained recognition for his performance in the 1993 film The Man Without a Face, co-starring Mel Gibson. He latertransitioned into his adult career with roles in the films Disturbing Behavior, The Thin Red Line, In the Bedroom, Bully, Sin City, and Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines in the role of John Connor, as well as on the HBOseries Carnivàle in the role of Ben Hawkins. He also starred as Jason Riley on the AMC television series Fear the Walking Dead. In April 2023, he starred as Lucas on the Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things.EarlylifeStahl was born in Harlingen, Texas, the son of Donna Lynn (née Reed), a brokerage assistant, and William Kent Stahl, a businessman. He was raised in Dallas along with his two sisters by his mother, who struggledto make ends meet.CareerHis first professional casting was in Stranger at My Door (1991), although he had been acting in children's plays since he was four years old. The 1993 film The Man Without a Face, co-starringMel Gibson, helped boost his career at the age of 13. The following year, he had a supporting role in the ensemble film Safe Passage. In 1996, he played the role of Puck in Benjamin Britten's opera A Midsummer Night'sDream at The Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1998 he played a doomed young soldier during the World War II Pacific War in The Thin Red Line. He scored critical and box office success again with his role in the2001 movie In the Bedroom, which starred Sissy Spacek as his mother. He scored another box office hit in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) as John Connor (replacing Edward Furlong from Terminator 2:Judgment Day), co-starring with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Claire Danes. In 2003, he starred in the HBO series Carnivàle, which drew a loyal audience as well as rave reviews. The show lasted two seasons, ending in2006.Stahl has played two villains to good reviews: Bobby Kent in the film Bully (2001) and Roark Jr./Yellow Bastard in Sin City (2005). Stahl did not reprise his role as John Connor in Terminator Salvation withChristian Bale taking over instead. Stahl noted the film's concept as \"a jump to the future, so [John Connor] will be quite a bit older.\" Other roles included How to Rob a Bank (2007), Sleepwalking (2008), and Quid ProQuo (2008).In 2010, Stahl starred as Max Matheson in Mirrors 2, the sequel to Mirrors, directed by Victor Garcia and penned by Matt Venne. Among his more recent films are On the Inside (2010) and Afghan Luke(2011), and Away from Here (2014).In 2019, Stahl portrayed serial killer Glen Edward Rogers in The Murder of Nicole Brown Simpson. Filming commenced over the summer in 2018 and the film was released in the UKon December 9, 2019.Also in 2019, Stahl appeared in The Lumineers’ short film, III, which is based on their new album. Stahl played the character Jimmy Sparks, who is a father and gambling addict.In November2021, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Stahl would star alongside Sean Bean and Famke Janssen in the film Knights of the Zodiac, a live-action adaptation of the Saint Seiya manga series. The film will be releasedon May 12, 2023.In April 2023, he starred as Lucas on the Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things, opposite Kathryn Hahn.Personal lifeStahl married actress Rose Murphy in June 2009. They have a daughter, Marlo,born in 2010. They separated in 2012.In May 2012, Stahl's wife reported him missing. It was later reported that Stahl had checked into rehab. On December 27, 2012, Stahl was arrested at an adult film store inHollywood, California, on suspicion of committing a lewd act. No charges were filed due to insufficient evidence. On June 28, 2013, Stahl was arrested in Hollywood for alleged possession of methamphetamine.In a 2017interview at the Dallas Comic Show, Stahl stated he had moved to Texas and was taking a leave of absence from acting to concentrate on family and sobriety. Stahl returned to acting in 2018 when filming of The Murderof Nicole Brown Simpson began.FilmographyFilmTelevisionMusic videosPassage 3:Ernest C. WardeErnest C. Warde (10 August 1874 – 9 September 1923) was an English actor and director who worked in Americansilent film. He contributed to more than forty films from 1914 to 1923. He was the son of stage actor Frederick Warde.Selected filmographyThe White Rose (1914)A Newspaper Nemesis (1915)The Undertow (1915)TheSkinflint (1915)Silas Marner (1916)The Man Without a Country (1917)War and the Woman (1917)Her Beloved Enemy (1917)The Woman in White (1917)The Vicar of Wakefield (1917)Ruler of the Road (1918)Prisonersof the Pines (1918)One Dollar Bid (1918)A Burglar for a Night (1918)Three X Gordon (1918)The Bells (1918)The Midnight Stage (1919)The Master Man (1919)The False Code (1919)The Lord Loves the Irish (1919)AWhite Man's Chance (1919)The Joyous Liar (1919)The House of Whispers (1920)Live Sparks (1920)$30,000 (1920)The Dream Cheater (1920)The Devil to Pay (1920)The Green Flame (1920)The Coast of Opportunity(1920)Number 99 (1920)Trail of the Axe (1922)Passage 4:The Man Without a Country (1925 film)The Man Without a Country is a 1925 American drama film directed by Rowland V. Lee and written by Robert N. Lee. Itis based on the 1863 short story The Man Without a Country by Edward Everett Hale. The film stars Guy Edward Hearn, Pauline Starke, Lucy Beaumont, Richard Tucker, Earl Metcalfe, and Edward Coxen. Originally titledAs No Man Has Loved, the film was released on February 11, 1925, by Fox Film Corporation.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, young officer Philip Nolan, from a patriotic family, is attached to a frontier armypost in 1800 when he joins the cause of Aaron Burr with his dream of a western empire. After he is court-martialed, he is asked to recant and replies, \"Damn the United States! I hope that I may never hear of theUnited States again.\" His sentence is to be sent aboard a ship and never to hear of or set foot in the United States again. He begins a journey around the world that lasts through 10 presidential administrations, duringwhich time his sweetheart Anne Bissell attempts to have him freed. After several heroic actions, including saving the day in a fight with a pirate ship, Anne secures a pardon from President Lincoln. Now old, Nolan diesas the ship is returning to the United States, and Anne dies waiting on the pier. The film ends with the spirits of Nolan and Anne together with an American flag.CastPassage 5:Andrew LaszloAndrew Laszlo A.S.C.Hungarian: László András (January 12, 1926 – October 7, 2011) was a Hungarian-American cinematographer best known for his work on the cult film classic The Warriors. He earned Emmy nominations for The ManWithout a Country in 1973 and TV miniseries Shōgun in 1980.Early life (1926–1941)I never believed I was anybody special. I still don't think so, nor did I ever believe that anyone would give a hoot hearing about who Iwas, where I came from, what I did at various stages of my life, and why. I am convinced the world would function equally well, or equally badly, with or without me. - Andrew Laszlo, Footnote to History, 2002So beginsa section of Andrew Laszlo's recount of his early years and speaks of the man who survived atrocities during that time and accomplished much in his later life.He was born László András in 1926 in the vicinity of Pápa,Hungary, the town where his family finally settled about the time that Andrew was three years old. Until World War II began to affect life in Hungary, his life was relatively carefree and was spent in relative comfortalthough the family had to move several times into smaller or bigger quarters depending on the financial circumstances of his father. He was close to his older brother, Alex, with whom he often dreamed up excitingadventures sometimes leading to catastrophe.Of his many early experiences, one that served as a prelude to later tragedies, was seeing the Graf Zeppelin fly over Papa. Inquiring about the symbol painted on the tail ofthe airship, Andrew's father said that it was a swastika. That is all he wanted to tell his young son at the time.Andrew Laszlo was an avid swimmer and skater during his early school years and became accomplished atfencing in high school. It was also during this time that his interest in photography began and led later to a small business printing photos for his classmates.In the late 1930s, Laszlo's father, Leslie (Hungarian: Laci),was called up to serve in the Hungarian Army. This effectively ruined his business, forcing Laszlo to learn the fine art of lampshade manufacture to help support the family. This was a successful undertaking even thoughLaszlo was still a full-time high school student. Then, as for everyone else, World War II turned everything up-side-down.The War Years (1941-1947)In June 1941, the Hungarian city of Kassa (today Košice in Slovakia)was bombed by air. Although several theories are still debated about the real perpetrators, the Hungarian government used the incident as the reason for declaring war on the Soviet Union. From then on, Hungary wasirreversibly tied to the Axis Powers and Germany/Hitler in particular. Antisemitism that had been simmering for years now came to the fore in Hungary. In 1944, a part of Papa was turned into a Ghetto and all Jewswere forced to move there, including the Laszlo family. In early June, Andrew was forced to join a Labor Camp and was taken there in a railroad cattle car. On June 29, his family (excepting his brother, Alex) was takenfrom Papa and sent to Auschwitz. Andrew was then taken to another labor camp in what is now Romania and put to work laying railroad track. After one more move to another camp, Andrew received a final postcardfrom his brother, Alex.Following an air raid on the labor camp, Andrew deserted and found his way to Budapest. After a short stay in City Park (Hungarian: Varosliget) he and hundreds of others were herded ontoboxcars and sent to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. This was the winter of 1944. Here, he survived for months in an atmosphere of cold, starvation, beatings, outright murder, lice infestation and constantreminders of death. Near his 19th birthday, he spotted his Aunt Alice in the camp. She perished there not much later.In March 1945, with the pressure on the Germans in Norway increasing, Andrew was shipped to theconcentration camp at Theresienstadt. Here, like thousands of others, he came down with typhoid fever. It was here that he was reunited with his father, someone he thought of as long dead. Finally, on May 8, 1945,Theresienstadt was liberated by the Soviet army. As part of returning to humanity, Andrew found a piano at the camp and asked his fellow Hungarian, pianist George Feyer, to play for the liberators and the liberated.Onhis return to Papa, he found the town to be a much different place, including it being run by the Soviet Army. Being entrepreneurial, he restarted his photography business with the Russian soldiers being greatcustomers. After taking the final exam, Andrew got his high school diploma and then moved to Budapest where a job at the Hungarian Film Bureau was waiting for him. Unfortunately, this job was not very exciting andpaid little. Andrew realized that it would take years for the Hungarian movie business to return to its former self and did not want to wait that long. So, he went back to Papa and began to plan for his immigration to theUnited States at the urging of his uncle, George Laszlo, who was already living in New York and was willing to sponsor him. He found his way to New York by way of Ulm, Germany, where he survived by selling Americancigarettes (sent to him by Uncle George) to the locals. After a brief but obligatory stop in Frankfurt, Andrew was given the right to enter the United States. He did so on January 17, 1947, by walking down the gangplankof the SS Ernie Pyle after it had docked on the west side of Manhattan. He had turned 21 just five days earlier.Life and Career in the United States (1947-1996)On arrival, Andrew was taken under the wings of his Uncle,George Laszlo, who was a painter, inventor and lithographer already living in New York City. Andrew quickly adjusted to life in Manhattan. As he stated in his own words for the documentary Cinematographer Style:Mymain objective was to keep my head above water, work and have enough money to live, learn the language, the faster the better, because that was the most essential element in getting work. Most importantly, I wastrying to get work that was in some ways connected with photography.For some time I worked in the laboratory of a company that printed textiles and wallpaper with a photographic process. I worked in the darkroom,as I put it, to keep my fingers in the developer. At one time, I worked as a door-to-door baby photographer. I had a camera and a few lights I could do the work with.Then the greatest break of my life came. I was thenumber one person from New York City to be drafted by the army for the Korean War. I wound up in the U.S. Army motion picture school, which was wonderful. We not only had all the equipment, the school insisted weshoot 35mm motion picture film, day-in and day-out, thousands of feet and, of course, doing it is the greatest way to learn.When I came out of the army it was a little bit rough. I was a young fellow, trying to enter theindustry, which was very difficult because I had no track record. I tried absolutely everything to get work. In fact, I resorted to gags that nowadays I’m actually a bit self-conscious to talk about. I was turned down by somany producers, even smalltime ones; I couldn’t even get past secretaries. At one point, I sent out hand-printed résumés on sandpaper just so they would remember it. I sent out résumés on shirt cardboard so theycouldn’t crumple it up and toss it in the wastebasket. The breaks finally came. I took any job offered to me, as long as I had a chance to be behind a camera, do some lighting, experiment with lenses and so on. Thenbetter jobs were offered and that is how I got started. As I said earlier, the important thing is to stick with it.Shortly before his discharge from the US Army Signal Corps, Andrew married his New York-born sweetheart,Ann Granger. Soon, the family grew to three with the arrival of his first son, also named Andrew. With perseverance, he landed a job as a camera operator on The Phil Silvers Show. This was followed by a number ofother TV shows, including Naked City where he served as the Director of Photography. With greater opportunities came the necessity to work on locations around the world. Resisting the temptation to move toHollywood, Andrew settled with his family in the suburbs of New York where three more children (Jim, Jeffrey and Elizabeth) arrived in quick succession.Andrew started to work with TV personality Ed Sullivan in 1953and filmed programs in Portugal, Alaska, and Ireland. In 1959, Ed 'kidnapped' Andrew to Havana, Cuba under the pretense that they would be filming a segment in the Dominican Republic. Ed's real goal was to do aninterview with Fidel Castro who had just overthrown Fulgencio Batista's government. Ed, unfortunately, did not realize that the electrical system in Cuba would not support the camera equipment and lighting normallyused in the United States. This created enormous technical issues for the crew with the possibility that the equipment could cause a blackout in the entire neighborhood. Somehow, the footage turned out OK if onlypassably so.In 1962, Andrew was offered his first feature film, One Potato, Two Potato, a controversial film about the interracial marriage of a black man and white divorcee. In 1966, he filmed Francis Ford Coppola'sYou're A Big Boy Now, with Geraldine Page receiving an Oscar nomination as Best Supporting Actress. This was followed in 1968 by The Night They Raided Minsky's, a big-budget musical marred by the mid-productiondeath of Bert Lahr.On August 15, 1965, The Beatles were scheduled to give a concert at Shea Stadium in New York City. Andrew took on this Ed Sullivan production with trepidation and excitement since it would be thefirst extremely large rock concert to be filmed for television. Even with careful preparation, the film crew was not prepared for the piercing screams of an audience made up of 56,000 teenagers. The sound system wascompletely overwhelmed, making it necessary to dub much of the song tracks in post-production. Nevertheless, and using 14 cameras scattered through the place, the crew managed to film not just the Beatles butmuch of the audience in the stands and the security detail that was hoping that a major stampede would not break out. When all was said and done, the crew had recorded over 200,000 feet of film of which only 10,800made it into the finished documentary. As a long-lasting effect, Andrew's hearing was never to be normal again.In 1979, he filmed Walter Hill's cult film The Warriors. This movie gave Andrew the opportunity to deviseseveral cinematic techniques, including the innovative lighting used for subway car interior shots. Musing in his 2000 book \"Every Frame a Rembrandt,\" he says:If made today, The Warriors would probably be analtogether different movie. The availability of fast and more sensitive, more forgiving negative and positive film stocks, faster lenses in all focal ranges, smaller, more powerful lights, electronic postproduction - all wouldadd up to different photographic techniques, which would negate the need for the same ingenuity in dealing with the difficulties of cinematography in 1978.Returning to television, Andrew was the cinematographer onthe 1980 five-part NBC miniseries Shōgun starring Richard Chamberlain. Filmed entirely on location in Japan, the production had many difficulties including the challenge of conversation with and direction to actors andextras who spoke no English. An unfortunate but funny anecdote often retold by Andrew was the premature kickoff of a fierce action sequence in Osaka harbor including guns blazing, extras jumping into the water,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_216","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Virginia von FürstenbergPrincess Virginia Maria Clara von und zu Fürstenberg (Virginia Maria Clara Prinzessin von und zu Fürstenberg; 5 October 1974 – 10 May 2023) was an Italian artist, poet, filmmaker,and fashion designer.Early life and familyPrincess Virginia von Fürstenberg was born in Genoa, Italy on 5 October 1974 to Prince Sebastian zu Fürstenberg and Elisabetta Guarnati. She was a member of the House ofFürstenberg. Her paternal grandparents were Prince Tassilo zu Fürstenberg and Clara Agnelli. She was a niece of actress Princess Ira von Fürstenberg and fashion designer Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, the ex-husbandof Diane von Fürstenberg. Von Fürstenberg was a first cousin of Prince Alexandre von Fürstenberg, Tatiana von Fürstenberg, Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and the late Prince Christoph ofHohenlohe-Langenburg.CareerVon Fürstenberg was a fashion designer and creator of the fashion label Virginia Von Zu Furstenberg. She made her fashion debut in March 2011 at the Teatro Filodrammatici in Milan. Herfirst collection was sold exclusively at boutiques in Milan, Florence, and Rome. In September 2011, von Fürstenberg debuted a theatrical work titled DISMORPHOPHOBIA that combined spoken word, fashion, film,movement, and dance. She debuted her second collection at Milano Moda Donna in Milan on 23 September 2011. She also wrote poetry, and at times combined her poetry and fashion design in some of her work.In2012, von Fürstenberg collaborated with Tommaso Trak to shoot a film focusing on the life of her great-grandmother, Virginia Bourbon del Monte. In 2017, von Fürstenberg created an art installation dedicated to hermother titled There was a nice home, which was displayed at the Grossetti Arte Gallery in Venice.Personal life and deathVon Fürstenberg married Baron Alexandre Csillaghy de Pacsér, a Hungarian nobleman, in 1992.Their son, Baron Miklós Tassilo Csillaghy, is an equestrian. Their daughter, Baroness Ginevra Csillaghy, has modeled for the Virginia Von Zu Furstenberg fashion line. She and Csillaghy de Pacsér divorced in 2003. In2002, a year before her divorce was finalized, she gave birth to a daughter, Clara Bacco Dondi dall'Orologio, from her relationship with Giovanni Bacco Dondi dall'Orologio. In 2004, she married Paco Polenghi with whomshe had two children, Otto Leone Maria Polenghi and Santiago Polenghi. Von Fürstenberg and Polenghi later divorced. On 28 October 2017, she married Janusz Gawronski, a descendent of a noble and ancient Polishfamily. In 2020, the couple divorced.Virginia died on 10 May 2023, aged 48, after falling from the top floor of a hotel(falling/slipping in the washroom).Passage 2:Joseph Maria, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph MariaBenedikt zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (9 January 1758 – 24 June 1796) was a German nobleman and from 1783 until his death the seventh reigning prince of Fürstenberg. He was born in Donaueschingen, where he alsodied. He was the eldest son of Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg and his wife Maria Josepha von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother Karl Joachim.Passage 3:WhereWas I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere WasI? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by RubyNewman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I(Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by SawyerBrown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, SteveFox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Joseph Wenzel, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (21March 1728 - 2 June 1783) was a German nobleman and from 1762 to 1783 the sixth ruling Prince of Fürstenberg.LifeJoseph Wenzel was the eldest son of prince Joseph zu Fürstenberg and Maria Anna von Waldstein.He studied in Straßburg and Leipzig. He tried to develop the principality's education and introduced a chancery for it. Teaching was based on the Austrian system and a Jesuit was made head of the DonaueschingenGymnasium and later the Benedictine Franz Uebelacker was put in charge of the whole school system. He also had a history of the House of the Fürstenberg written from the principality's archives.He set up a zuchthausin Hüfingen and stopped his father's industrialisation policy and made resettlement difficult, since he saw industry as immoral - he preferred home handiwork such as watchmaking. In 1777 he set up a fire brigade. Hewas made director of the Swabian College of Reichsgrafen and in 1775 the Holy Roman Emperor appointed him a major general (with his rank effective from 1765).He was also a music lover and was said to have beenan excellent cellist. In 1762 he began building a private chapel at his court at Donaueschingen, and bringing a number of foreign musicians to man it. In 1783 he appointed Franz Christoph Neubauer as his musicaldirector. He employed Ernst Christoph Dressler as Kapellmeister at Wetzlar between 1767 and 1771. In 1766 Leopold Mozart and his son Wolfgang Amadeus spent around two weeks at Donaueschingen as JosephWenzel's guest.Marriage and successionOn 9 June 1748 Joseph Wenzel married Maria Josepha, countess of Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg, daughter of count Hans Ernst von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. They hadseven children:Joseph Maria BenediktKarl JoachimJohann Nepomuk Joseph (25 July 1755 - 6 October 1755)Josepha Maria Johanna (14 November 1756 - 2 October 1809) ∞ Phillip Maria von Fürstenberg-PürglitzMariaAnna Josepha (4 April 1759 - 26 June 1759)Karl Alexander (11 September 1760 - 19 February 1761)Karl Egon (5 June 1762 - 20 February 1771)Bibliography(in German) Carl Borromäus Alois Fickler: Geschichte desHauses und Landes Fürstenberg, Aachen und Leipzig 1832; Band 4, S. 267–280 at Google Books(in German) Erno Seifriz: „Des Jubels klare Welle in der Stadt der Donauquelle“. Musik am Hofe der Fürsten vonFürstenberg in Donaueschingen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert In: Mark Hengerer und Elmar L. Kuhn (ed.): Adel im Wandel. Oberschwaben von der frühen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Verlag Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006,ISBN 978-3-7995-0216-0, Band 1, S. 363–376.Passage 5:Matilde BorromeoPrincess Matilde zu Fürstenberg (born Donna Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna; 8 August 1983) is an Italian equestrian and horsebreeder. She is a member of the House of Borromeo, an Italian noble family with historic ties to the Catholic Church and the Duchy of Milan. Through her marriage to Prince Antonius zu Fürstenberg she is a member ofthe German House of Fürstenberg. Matilde Borromeo has competed in international equestrian competitions representing Italy.Early lifeMatilde Borromeo was born on 8 August 1983 in Milan, Italy. She is the thirddaughter of Carlo Ferdinando Borromeo, Count of Arona and Marion Sybil Zota. She is sister of Donna Lavinia Borromeo and Donna Isabella Borromeo. She is half-sister of Donna Beatrice Borromeo, who married intothe Monegasque princely family, and Carlo Borromeo. She is a sister-in-law of Italian fashion designer Marta Ferri. Her paternal grandfather was Vitaliano Borromeo, Prince of Angera.CareerMatilde Borromeo beganworking on her family's farm in Lomellina after she got her degree in breeding and animal welfare at the University of Milan. She works in the daily industry and she started breeding show-jumping horses in 2006.Shortly after she began competing in the equestrian circuit, riding horses she raised on her own. She has competed international events. She has competed at the Global Champions Tour, Master of Paris, Master ofVerona, and at the Piazza di Siena. Representing Italy, she has placed second in Monte Carlo, first in Tortona, second in Verona, and first in Truccazzano. She ranked ninth on the first and second days and tenth on thethird day in the CIS first class grand prix at the Milano Winter Show. In 2015, Matilde Borromeo served as chief ambassador for the Milano Winter Show and Fiera Verona Cavalli.Personal lifeOn 11 June 2011 Borromeomarried Prince Antonius of Fürstenberg, the youngest son of Heinrich, Prince of Fürstenberg, at Isola Bella, one of the Borromean Islands in Lake Maggiore owned by the Borromeo family. They have two children, PrinceKarl Egon and Prince Alexander.In February 2019 it was reported that Borromeo and Antonius had separated.Passage 6:Heinrich, Prince of FürstenbergHeinrich, Prince of Fürstenberg (German: Heinrich Fürst zuFürstenberg; born 17 July 1950) is a German landowner, businessman and nobleman, who is the head of the House of Fürstenberg.Early yearsPrince Heinrich zu Fürstenberg was born in 1950 at Schloss Heiligenberg inHeiligenberg, Germany. He is the son of Joachim Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, and Countess Paula von Königsegg-Aulendorf. He studied economics at university in Vienna.Personal life and familyIn 1976, Prince Heinrichmarried his second cousin, Princess Maximiliane of Windisch-Graetz, in Rome, Italy. In 1977, their first child, Prince Christian, was born. In 1985, their second child, Prince Antonius, was born.In 2010, his eldest sonmarried Jeannette Griesel. His younger son married Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna in 2011.In 2012, he was added to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame.CareerPrince Heinrich's father died in2002, and he assumed the role as head of the Princely House of Fürstenberg at that time.  He owns and manages the family businesses, which include landholdings and beer brewing.The Fürstenberg family is thesecond-largest forest owner in Germany. The family was granted the right to brew beer in 1283 by Rudolf I of Germany and has been in the business ever since. In 2005, Prince Heinrich joined the Fürstenberg Brewerywith Brau Holding International.Passage 7:Karl Aloys zu FürstenbergKarl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Field Marshal and died atthe Battle of Stockach.The third son of a cadet branch of the House of  Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career,and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the short War of the Bavarian Succession(1778–79). His career progressed steadily during the Habsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself at Šabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on the Savariver.During the French Revolutionary Wars, he fought with distinction again for the First Coalition, particularly at Ketsch and Frœschwiller, and in 1796 at Emmendingen, Schliengen and Kehl. He was stationed at keypoints to protect the movements of the Austrian army. With a force of 10,000, he defended the German Rhineland at Kehl, and reversed a bayonet assault by French troops at Bellheim; his troops also overran Speyerwithout any losses. By the end of the War of the First Coalition, at the age of 35, he had achieved the rank of Field Marshal. During the War of the Second Coalition, he fought in the first two battles of the Germancampaign, at Ostrach on 21 March 1799, and at Stockach on 25 March 1799. At the latter action while leading a grenadier regiment, he was hit by French case shot and knocked off his horse. He died shortlyafterward.Childhood and early military trainingAs the third son of a cadet (junior) branch of the Fürstenberg princely family, Karl Aloys was prepared for a military career. His tutor, Lieutenant Ernst, was in active servicein the Habsburg military, and took six-year-old Karl Aloys on maneuvers with him. In this way, he learned as a child the Habsburg military manual, and came into contact with important military men who later furtheredhis education and career; he also acquired an honorary rank as Kreis-Obristen, or Colonel of the Imperial Circle, by the time he was ten years old. As a youth, in 1776, he met the Habsburg war minister Count FranzMoritz von Lacy and Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon; he was also invited to dine with Emperor Joseph II. He started his service in 1777 as a Fähnrich (ensign) in the Habsburg military organization. He saw his first fieldservice during the War of the Bavarian Succession (1777–78), although he was not involved in any battles.In 1780, at the age of twenty years, he was promoted to captain, and assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment,also known as the Anton Esterházy, named for Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy, the general of cavalry, field marshal of the Seven Years' War, and ambassador to Britain. While he was assigned to this unit, heparticipated in the border conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs, 1787–92, and stormed the fortress at Šabac (German: Schabatz) on the Sava River in Serbia on 27 April 1788. For his action atŠabac, he was personally commended by the Emperor; on the following day, he was promoted to major and given command of a grenadier battalion.On 1 January 1790, at Laudon's explicit request, Karl Aloys zuFürstenberg was promoted to major general; at the end of June of that year, he received the coveted position of second colonel of the 34th Infantry Regiment Anton Esterhazy, where he served as the executive officerfor Anton I, Prince Esterházy, the 34th Hungarian Regiment's Colonel and Proprietor. This was a customary appointment in which a less prominent officer completed the day-to-day administrative duties of the Coloneland Proprietor, who was usually a noble and was often posted in a different assignment, sometimes a different staff location. Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg also received the confraternal Order of Saint Hubert from the Dukeof Bavaria and married the \"elegant\" Princess Elisabeth of Thurn und Taxis (1767–1822), that year.Fight against Revolutionary FranceWhile Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg fought for the Habsburg cause in Serbia, in France,a coalition of the clergy and the professional and bourgeois class—the First and Third estates—led a call for reform of the French government and the creation of a written constitution. Initially, the rulers of Europeviewed the French Revolution as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791, heconsidered the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater alarm. In August 1791, in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued theDeclaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family. They threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything shouldhappen to the royal family. The French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In the War of the First Coalition(1792–1797), France opposed most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire.War of the First CoalitionIn the early days of the French Revolutionary Wars,Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg remained as brigade commander of a small Austrian corps, approximately 10,000 men, under the overall command of Anton I, Prince Esterházy. He was stationed in the Breisgau, a Habsburgterritory between the Black Forest and the Rhine. This location between the forested mountains and the river included two important bridgeheads across the river which offered access to southwestern Germany, theSwiss Cantons, or north-central Germany. His brigade defended Kehl, a small village immediately across the Rhine from Strasbourg, but most of the action in 1792 occurred further north, in present-day Belgium, nearthe cities of Speyer and Trier, and at Frankfurt on the Main River.In the second year of the war, Fürstenberg was transferred to the cavalry of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, in the Army of the Upper Rhine, andplaced in charge of the advance guard near Speyer, which was still held by the French. On 30 March, he crossed the Rhine by Ketsch at the head of the advance guard, which included 9,000 men. He took the city ofSpeyer on 1 April, in the absence of the commander of the city, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, who was away with most of his troops; those that remained behind simply abandoned the city. On the following day,Fürstenberg occupied the town of Germersheim. His first combat action of the war occurred on 3 April, when Custine's infantry attacked him in a bayonet charge near the villages of Bellheim, Hördt and Leimersheim,and afterward at Landau and Lauterbourg. During these attacks, he lost all the ground he had gained in the days before. After these events, he was again transferred, this time to the command of the Regiment Countvon Kavanagh, where he continued to distinguish himself during the French counter-offensive of October–November 1793. In the action around Geidertheim, on the Zorn River, he assisted Lieutenant Field MarshalGabriel Anton, Baron Splény de Miháldy, in repelling a French counter-attack. Shortly afterward, he became very ill and, in December 1793, was sent to the Hagenau to recover. On 22 December, he rejoined Wurmser'sCorps for the Battle of Froeschwiller against Lazare Hoche and Jean-Charles Pichegru. After the French retreated over the Rhine at Huningue, near Basel, he directed the construction of its new fortifications.In June1796, Fürstenberg commanded a division of four infantry battalions, 13 artillery pieces, and the Freikorps (Volunteers) Gyulay and secured the Rhine corridor between Kehl and Rastatt. On 26 June 1796, the FrenchArmy of the Rhine and Moselle crossed the Rhine and chased the Swabian Circle's military contingent out of Kehl. In June 1796, Archduke Charles added the contingent to Fürstenberg's command, making him theSwabian's Feldzeugmeister, or General of Infantry. Fürstenberg's troops defended the imperial line at the town of Rastatt until support troops arrived, and they could make an orderly withdrawal into the Upper DanubeValley. The Swabian contingent was demobilized in July, and Fürstenberg returned to the command of Austrian regulars during the Austrian counter-offensive. At the Battle of Emmendingen on 19 October 1796, hisleadership was again instrumental in an Austrian victory. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau's Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle sought to retain a foothold on the eastern side of the Rhine, following his retreat fromsouthwestern Germany west of the Black Forest. Fürstenberg held Kenzingen, 2.5 miles (4 km) north of Riegel on the Elz River. Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg was ordered to feint against Riegel, to protect the primaryAustrian positions at Rust and Kappel.In the Battle of Schliengen (24 October 1796), Fürstenberg commanded the second column of the Austrian force, which included nine battalions of infantry and 30 squadrons ofcavalry; with these, he overwhelmed the force of General of Division Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, holding his position to prevent the French force from retreating north on the Rhine. While Maximilian Anton Karl,Count Baillet de Latour, engaged the main Austrian force at Kehl, Archduke Charles entrusted to Lieutenant Field Marshal Fürstenberg the command of the forces besieging Huningue, which included two divisions with20 battalions of infantry and 40 squadrons of cavalry. Charles' confidence in his young field marshal was well-placed. On 27 November, Fürstenberg's chief engineer opened and drained the water-filled moat protectingthe French fortifications. Fürstenberg offered the commander of the bridgehead, General of Brigade Jean Charles Abbatucci, the opportunity to surrender, which he declined. In the night of 30 November to 1 December,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_217","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:SuhaaganSuhaagan (transl. Married woman) is a 1986 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by M. Arjuna Raju under the Roja Enterprises banner and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. It starsJeetendra, Sridevi, Padmini Kolhapure  and music composed by Bappi Lahari. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982).PlotRam Babu was a simple tiller of the soil, and he used to look after theagricultural lands of this neighbour Jagat Prasad. Jagat Prasad has two daughters, Janki and Jyoti. Janki is a well known punk while Jyoti is just a  plain and simple girl. Jyoti likes Ram Babu, but it is Janki who is marriedto Ram Babu. Ram Babu and Janki became the parents of baby girl, but their way of thinking is like two sides of the same coin, and to widen it more is a young man Murali. Murali was Jagat Prasad's friend's grandson,with his gift of talks, his bright outlook, he kindles a new light in the dull life of Janki. So far so, that Janki leaves her child and husband and elopes with Murali. On the insistence of Jagat Prasad, Ram marries Jyoti.Masterji comes to meet Janaki and Murali and tells them that what they did was very wrong. Janaki feels guilty and Murli understands that Janaki doesn't want to live with him anymore. Murli arranges a house on theoutskirts of Janaki's village where he ask her to go and stay. The same night Murali commits suicide. Janaki is surprised to see him dead however leaves for her village. Everyone berates her. Years pass and Janakisdaughter Meena starts going to school. Janaki meets her daughter and every evening takes her to her house to play. Jyoti learns of this and scolds Janaki and Meena. In anger she burns Meena's arm and when Ramscolds her for that she feels guilty and burns her own as well. Janaki falls sick and refuses to take medicines. Her mother visits her and she ask for forgiveness. She ask her mother to ask Ram to meet her once beforeshe dies. Ram agrees and goes to meet Janaki. Janaki cries for forgiveness and Ram forgives her. He also promises to perform her last rites as her husband once she dies. As soon as Ram leaves Janaki touches hisslippers that he left behind and dies. As promised and despite objection from Jagat Prasad and threat of being ostracized from the village Ram and Jyoti perform Janaki's last rites.CastJeetendra as RamSridevi asJankiPadmini Kolhapure as JyotiRaj Babbar as MurliPran as Jagat PrasadTanuja as ShantaKader Khan as MasterjiShakti Kapoor as Leela KrishnaAruna Irani as RadhaChandrashekhar as Murli'sgrandfatherAsraniSoundtrackThe music for the film was composed by Bappi Lahiri and written by Indeevar.Passage 2:Just Friends (1993 film)Just Friends is a 1993 Belgian-Dutch film. It was directed and produced byMarc-Henri Wajnberg, written by Pierre Sterckx and Alexandre Wajnberg, and starred Josse De Pauw, Ann-Gisel Glass, Charles Berling, and Sylvie Milhaud. Set in Antwerp, Just Friends is about the jazz scene in the1950s.The film received the André Cavens Award and won three Joseph Plateau Awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Wajnberg. It was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the66th Academy Awards.The music was written and supervised by Michel Herr and featured saxophonist Archie Shepp.See alsoList of Belgian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language FilmList ofsubmissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language FilmPassage 3:Just Friends (disambiguation)Just Friends is a 2005 romantic comedy film starring Ryan Reynolds and Amy Smart.Just Friends mayalso refer to:Film and televisionJust Friends (1993 film), a Belgian-Dutch film directed by Marc-Henri WajnbergJust Friends? (2009 film), a 2009 South Korean short film directed by Kim Jho Kwang-sooJust Friends (2018film), a 2018 Dutch film, original title Gewoon Vrienden, directed by Ellen Smit\"Just Friends\" (Degrassi High), an episode of Degrassi High\"Just Friends\" (Life with Derek), an episode of Life with Derek Just Friends (TVseries), a 1979 American sitcomMusicAlbumsJust Friends (Joe Temperley and Jimmy Knepper album), 1978Just Friends (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2005 filmJust Friends (Rick Haydon and John Pizzarellialbum), 2006Just Friends (Zoot Sims and Harry Edison album), 1980Just Friends, a 1989 album by Oliver JonesJust Friends, a 1989 album by Helen MerrillJust Friends (Buddy Tate, Nat Simkins and Houston Personalbum), 1992Riddim Driven: Just Friends, a 2002 compilation albumSongs\"Just Friends\" (Danny! song), 2009\"Just Friends\" (Hayden James song), 2018\"Just Friends\" (John Klenner and Sam M. Lewis song), 1931\"JustFriends (Sunny)\", a 1999 song by Musiq Soulchild\"Just Friends\", a song by Amy Winehouse from Back to Black\"Just Friends\", a song by Gavin DeGraw from Chariot\"Just Friends\", a song by the Jonas Brothers fromJonas Brothers\"Just Friends\", a song by Nine Black Alps from Everything Is\"Just Friends\", a song by Vanessa Williams from The Real Thing\"Just Friends\", a song by Virginia to Vegas from Hartland St.\"Just Friends\", asong by Why Don't WeArtistsJust Friends (band), an American funk rock bandSee alsoJust Between Friends (album), a 2008 album by saxophonist Houston Person and bassist Ron CarterJust Between Friends(soundtrack)Just Good Friends (disambiguation)Friend zone, a strictly platonic relationship in which one partner, but not the other, wishes to enter into a strong and close romantic relationshipFriends(disambiguation)Friendship, a form of interpersonal relationshipPassage 4:The Fabulous SenoritaThe Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R. G. Springsteen and starring EstelitaRodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva. The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno.PlotCastEstelita Rodriguez as Estelita RodriguezRobertClarke as Jerry TaylorNestor Paiva as José RodriguezMarvin Kaplan as Clifford Van KunkleRita Moreno as Manuela RodríguezLeon Belasco as Señor GonzalesTito Renaldo as Pedro SanchezTom Powers as DelaneyEmoryParnell as Dean BradshawOlin Howland as Justice of the PeaceVito Scotti as Esteban GonzalesMartin Garralaga as Police Captain GarciaNita Del Rey as FeliceJoan Blake as BettyFrances Dominguez as AmeliaBettyFarrington as JanitressNorman Field as Dr. CampbellClark Howat as DavisFrank Kreig as Cab DriverDorothy Neumann as Mrs. BlackElizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the PeaceCharles Sullivan as Cab DriverArthurWalsh as PetePassage 5:Enkeyo Ketta KuralEnkeyo Ketta Kural (transl. A Voice Heard Somewhere) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by S. P. Muthuraman. The film stars Rajinikanth in the lead role,with Ambika and Radha playing his love interests and Meena as their daughter. The film was later remade in Telugu as Bava Maradallu in 1984, in Hindi as Suhaagan in 1986 and in Kannada as Midida Hrudayagalu in1993.PlotKumaran, a hardworking but easily aggrieved and very righteous man, is in love with his first cousin Ponni. Ponni works a very leisurely and laid-back job in a grand mansion. Ponni's younger sibling Kamatchiis fond of Kumaran, but he does not take her seriously. Vishwanathan, the father of Ponni and Kamatchi, plans to get Kumaran and Ponni married. Ponni reluctantly marries Kumaran. A daughter, Meena, is born after ayear. Ponni starts to detest Kumaran because of her newfound tasks. Later, her previous employer dies of old age. Ponni visits her employer's son (who is also unhappily married) after the funeral. They both converseabout their supposedly miserable lives and decide to elope. After Ponni runs away, her family disowns her and decides to have Kamatchi marry Kumaran. The initially reluctant Kumaran is convinced by his father-in-lawand marries Kamatchi. The pair bonds over time and lives in contentment with the child. Ponni realizes her blunder after a few weeks. Disgusted with herself, she leaves the eloped partner, remaining faithful toKumaran by not engaging in any debauchery with her partner. He confers her a small house near the village, where she spends the rest of her life. She meets her daughter, but her sister, disgusted with Ponni, ordersthe child not to meet her ever again. Kumaran comes to learn about her faithfulness and visits Ponni on her deathbed. She dies by Kumaran's side after reminiscing about her life. Kumaran is warned by his father-in-lawthat he will be banished from the village if takes part in her funeral. Kumaran defies him and performs the last rites for Ponni along with their daughter and Kamatchi.CastRajinikanth as KumaranAmbika as PonniRadhaas KamatchiMeena as child Meena (daughter of Kumaran and Ponni)Delhi Ganesh as VishwanathanKamala Kamesh as Vishwanathan's wifeV. S. RaghavanT. K. S. NatarajanK. KannanVairamKrishnamoorthyProductionThe film was completely shot at a village near Chengalpet.SoundtrackThe music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.AccoladesFilmfare Award for Best Film – TamilTamil Nadu State Film Award forBest Dialogue Writer – Panchu ArunachalamTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best FilmFilm Fans Association Award for Best Actor – RajinikanthRelease and receptionEnkeyo Ketta Kural was released on 14 August 1982.Due to competition from another Muthuraman-directed film Sakalakala Vallavan, released on the same day, it was less successful. Thiraignani of Kalki felt the reason for Ambika eloping and returning back reformedlacked strong reasons and added the ending of the story, which is not easy to accept, raises many problematic questions that make our heads turn gray but praised the performances of Ambika, Delhi Ganesh andKamala Kamesh. He also praised Arunachalam's dialogues and Babu's cinematography and concluded if Kamal was \"Sakalakala Vallavan\" in that film then here Rajinikanth was \"Sakalakala Nallavan\".Passage 6:TheNight of NightsThe Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and RolandYoung.The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times. Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and PorkChop Hill.BackgroundMilestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front.PlotDan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadwaytheater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business.  When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter bygetting drunk.  When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit.  The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they havebeen suspended. At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni.  Despondent, he in left the business and went intoseclusion.Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway.  He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part ofToni.  Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback.CastReceptionFrank S. Nugent wrote forThe New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had \"been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly.\" In noting that the plot centered on \"the theatre and some of the curious folkwho inhabit it\", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was \"an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presentedwith honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr. O'Brien, Mr. Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention.\" The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being producedwithin the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, \"seemed to be the most awful tripe.\"Passage 7:Just Friends (soundtrack)Just Friends: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the musical accompaniment to the filmof the same name. It was released November 22, 2005 on New Line Records.Track listingBen Lee - \"Catch My Disease\"Fountains of Wayne - \"Hackensack\"Rogue Wave - \"Eyes\"Samantha James - \"Forgiveness\"BrendanBenson - \"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)\"Robbers on High Street - \"Big Winter\"The Sights - \"Waiting on a Friend\"Reed Foehl - \"When It Comes Around\"The Lemonheads - \"Into Your Arms\"'Just Friends' Holiday Players -\"Christmas, Christmas\"Dusty 'Lee' Dinkleman\" - \"Jamie Smiles\"Samantha James - \"Love from Afar\"Jeff Cardoni - \"Just Friends Score Medley\"All-4-One - \"I Swear\"Passage 8:Just FriendsJust Friends is a 2005 AmericanChristmas romantic comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, written by Adam 'Tex' Davis and starring Ryan Reynolds, Amy Smart, Anna Faris, Chris Klein and Christopher Marquette. The plot focuses on a formerly obesehigh school student (Reynolds) who attempts to free himself from the friend zone after reconnecting with his best friend (Smart) whom he is in love with while visiting his hometown for Christmas.The film revolvesaround humorous observation of strictly platonic relationships as \"just friends\" or \"just as best friends\". It was shot in Regina and Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. Just Friends was released on November 23, 2005 andgrossed over $50 million.PlotIn 1995, Chris Brander, an obese high school senior, is secretly in love with his classmate and best friend Jamie Palamino. Confessing his feelings by writing in her yearbook, he attends theirgraduation party. As he returns Jamie's yearbook, it is swapped by her ex-boyfriend, Tim, who reads the declaration aloud to everyone, humiliating Chris. After kissing him on the cheek, Jamie admits she does notreciprocate his affections. He leaves the party in tears, announcing he will never return and vowing to be more successful than everyone else.Ten years later, a womanizing Chris has lost weight and lives in Los Angelesas a highly successful record producer and vice president of the company. Before Christmas, company CEO KC, asks him to accompany emerging, self-obsessed pop singer Samantha James to Paris so she signs withtheir label, and Chris reluctantly complies. She wants a relationship with him but he has no interest after their only date previously led to his hospitalization. On the way to Paris, Samantha accidentally sets her privatejet on fire, causing an emergency landing in New Jersey, near Chris's hometown.Chris takes Samantha to his mother's for the night and re-engages with his teenage past, including his unresolved feelings for Jamie. Shemeets his mother and 18-year-old brother Mike, a huge fan of Samantha who is infatuated with her. At the local bar, Chris encounters some old classmates, including his other best friend Clark and his wife Darla.Healso sees Jamie, working as a bartender to pay for graduate school for teaching. Chris asks Mike to keep Samantha busy during his date with Jamie, but realizing their platonic friendship is important to him hampers hisplan for them to have sex. During a friendly ice skating \"day date\", Chris is taken away in an ambulance after injuring himself during a hockey game with Jamie and a trio of kids (who dislike him). At the scene, Jamie isreunited with Dusty Dinkleman, a paramedic and former high school classmate also in love with her.The next night, Chris goes to Jamie's Christmas party to express his feelings for her, but Dusty is already there,charming everyone on guitar. Back at Chris's, Samantha ambushes Mike, demanding he reveal Chris's location. He refuses until she gives him a kiss. In a rage, she drives to Jamie's, crashing through her fence anddestroying the Christmas decorations. Chris returns home in embarrassment, and Jamie follows. She tells him she is not mad and they end up spending the night catching up and reminiscing. However, due to Chris'scontinuing lack of assertion, they end up just sleeping and nothing happens.The next day, Jamie speaks with Darla about the night before, while Chris goes to Clark for advice. Jamie admits that while they are \"justfriends\", she tried to show Chris she is interested in more. Clark tells Chris that \"the timing wasn't right\" and their history hinders him. Outside the office, Chris and Clark catch Dusty singing to a nurse and then kissingher. Dusty reveals his plans to have sex with Jamie and humiliate her in a way he felt she humiliated him in high school when he was attracted to her.Chris tries to warn Jamie, but instead attacks Dusty in front of her.She refuses to listen when he tries to explain. Consequently, he gets drunk and goes to Jamie's bar, finding her there with Dusty. When she gently declines Dusty's sexual advances, he storms out. Chris and Jamie getinto another fight, where he blames her for keeping him in the \"friend zone\" and says she will never amount to anything. Jamie punches Chris and he is tossed out.Upon returning to Los Angeles and rejectingSamantha's continued advances when she sees him again, Chris realizes that Jamie is his one and only true love. He returns to New Jersey, declares his love to her and they kiss, while the three kids (from the hockeygame earlier) watch in disgust. One of the boys hands the girl a cookie, which she gives to the other. She calls the boy who gave her a cookie her friend, which he replies with \"the bestest\" before realizing he has beenput in the friend zone.CastAlanis Morissette, then Reynolds' fiancée, made a cameo appearance as \"herself\" as a former client of his character. This came about when the casting director said \"we need an AlanisMorissette type\" and Reynolds said he knew someone who would fit. This scene was deleted, however, and is only available on the DVD.ProductionThe film was shot in Los Angeles and parts of Regina and Moose Jaw,Saskatchewan.MusicA soundtrack was released November 22, 2005 on New Line Records.Track listingBen Lee – \"Catch My Disease\"Fountains of Wayne – \"Hackensack\"Rogue Wave – \"Eyes\"Anna Faris (as SamanthaJames) – \"Forgiveness\"Brendan Benson – \"Cold Hands (Warm Heart)\"Robbers on High Street – \"Big Winter\"The Sights – \"Waiting on a Friend\"Reed Foehl – \"When It Comes Around\"The Lemonheads – \"Into YourArms\"'Just Friends' Holiday Players – \"Christmas, Christmas\"\"Dusty 'Lee' Dinkleman\" – \"Jamie Smiles\"Anna Faris (as Samantha James) – \"Love from Afar\"Jeff Cardoni – \"Just Friends Score Medley\"All-4-One – \"ISwear\"Carly Simon – \"Coming Around Again\"Original songs performed in the film\"Forgiveness\", performed multiple times by Anna Faris.\"Jamie Smiles\", performed multiple times by Chris Klein\"Love from Afar\",performed by Anna Faris and Renee Sandstrom\"Just a Guy\", performed by Anna Faris (only on the Alternate Ending)Most songs in the film were written by Adam Schiff, except \"When Jamie Smiles\", which was writtenby H. Scott Salinas.The orchestral score was written by Jeff Cardoni, and orchestrated by Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal.ReceptionBox officeJust Friends grossed $32.6 million domestically, and $18.3 million inother territories, for a box office total of $50.9 million.In the United States the film grossed $9.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.Critical responseJust Friends received mixed reviews fromcritics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"There are moments of mirth in this overly broad comedy,but mostly, Just Friends is just not that funny.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an averagegrade of \"B−\" on an A+ to F scale.See alsoList of Christmas filmsPassage 9:Operation LeopardLa légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed inFrench Guiana. The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978. It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain PierreSergent. He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980. Coutard shot the film in a documentary style.PlotThe film is based on true events. In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters fromKatanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt. They took 3,000 civilians as hostages. Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed. The rebels"}
{"doc_id":"doc_218","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 2:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 3:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 :  707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 4:Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-LangenburgErnst Christian Carl, 4th Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (7 May 1794 – 12 April 1860) was the son of Prince Charles Louis of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth.BiographyMarriageHe married Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the only daughter of Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld on 18 February 1828 at Kensington Palace in London. She was the elder half-sister of the future British queen.He succeeded to the title of 4th Prince zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg on 4 April 1825, and attained the rank of Major-General.IssueOrders and decorationsWürttemberg:Knight of the Military Merit Order, 3 July 1815Grand Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown, 1830Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1839 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 22 January 1848AncestryPassage 5:Fujiwara no NagaraThis is about the 9th-century Japanese statesman.   For the 10th-century Japanese poet also known as Nagayoshi, see Fujiwara no Nagatō.Fujiwara no Nagara (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 802 – 6 August 856), also known as Fujiwara no Nagayoshi, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period. He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.LifeNagara was born as the eldest son of the sadaijin Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, a powerful figure in the court of Emperor Saga. He was also a descendant of the early Japanese emperors and was well trusted by Emperor Ninmyō since his time as crown prince, and attended on him frequently. However, after Ninmyō took the throne, Nagara's advancement was overtaken by his younger brother Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. He served as director of the kurōdo-dokoro (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and division chief (\u0000) in the imperial guard before finally making sangi and joining the kugyō in 844, ten years after his younger brother.In 850, Nagara's nephew Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Nagara was promoted to shō shi-i no ge (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and then ju san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000), and in 851 to shō san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000). In the same year, though, Nagara was overtaken once more as his brother Fujiwara no Yoshimi, more than ten years his junior, was promoted to chūnagon. In 854, when Yoshimi was promoted to dainagon, Nagara was promoted to fill his old position of chūnagon. In 856 he was promoted to \u0000\u0000\u0000 (ju ni-i), but died shortly thereafter at the age of 55.LegacyAfter Nagara's death, his daughter Takaiko became a court lady of Emperor Seiwa. In 877, after her son Prince Sadaakira took the throne as Emperor Yōzei, Nagara was posthumously promoted to shō ichi-i (\u0000\u0000\u0000) and sadaijin, and again in 879 to daijō-daijin.Nagara was overtaken in life by his brother Yoshifusa and Yoshimi, but he had more children, and his descendants thrived. His third son Fujiwara no Mototsune was adopted by Yoshifusa, and his line branched into various powerful clans, including the five regent houses.Before the Middle Ages, there may have been a tendency to view Mototsune's biological father Nagara rather than his adoptive father Yoshifusa as his parent, making Nagara out as the ancestor of the regent family. This may have impacted the Ōkagami, leading it to depict Nagara as the head of the Hokke instead of Yoshifusa.PersonalityNagara had a noble disposition, both tender-hearted and magnanimous. Despite being overtaken by his brothers, he continued to love them deeply. He was treated his subordinates with tolerance, and was loved by people of all ranks. When Emperor Ninmyō died, Fuyutsugu is said to have mourned him like a parent, even abstaining from food as he prayed for the happiness of the Emperor's spirit.When he served Emperor Montoku in his youth, the Emperor treated him as an equal, but Nagara did not abandon formal dress or display an overly familiar attitude.GenealogyFather: Fujiwara no FuyutsuguMother: Fujiwara no Mitsuko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Matsukuri (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Wife: Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Eldest son: Fujiwara no Kunitsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 828–908)Second son: Fujiwara no Tōtsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 835–888)Wife: Fujiwara no Otoharu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), daughter of Fujiwara no Fusatsugu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Third son: Fujiwara no Mototsune ( \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 836–891), adopted by Fujiwara no YoshifusaFourth son: Fujiwara no Takatsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–893)Fifth son: Fujiwara no Hirotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–883)Sixth son: Fujiwara no Kiyotsune (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 846–915)Daughter: Fujiwara no Takaiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 842–910), court lady of Emperor Seiwa, mother of Emperor YōzeiUnknown wife (possibly Nanba no Fuchiko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000))Daughter: Fujiwara no Shukushi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 838–906), wife of Fujiwara no Ujimune, adoptive mother of Emperor Uda, Naishi-no-kami (\u0000\u0000)Daughter: Fujiwara no Ariko (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, ?–866), wife of Taira no Takamune, Naishi-no-suke (\u0000\u0000)NotesPassage 6:Prithvipati ShahPrithvipati Shah (Nepali: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom in the South Asian subcontinent, present-day Nepal. He was the grandfather of Nara Bhupal Shah and reigned from 1673–1716.King Prithvipati Shah ascended to the throne after the demise of his father. He was the longest serving king of the Gorkha Kingdom but his reign saw a lot of struggles.Passage 7:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one "}
{"doc_id":"doc_219","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played littlecricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. Hebegan playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invitedhim to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 notout) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowledunchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and hadonly two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in thefirst innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-enderBomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban playedone more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where heworked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Alejandro RomualdoAlejandro Romualdo (December 19, 1926 Trujillo, Peru – May 27, 2008 Lima, Peru)was a Peruvian poet of the 20th century. His best known work is the Song of Tupac Amaru, exalting the revolutionary spirit of the 18th-century leader. The poem, which glorified the Peruvian independence movement,won the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in 1997.LifeBorn Alejandro Valle, he is the son of famed Peruvian actor, Alex Valle, star of the popular TV series, Risas y Salsa. Romualdo studied literature at the NationalUniversity of San Marcos in 1946. His first poem, \"La torre de los alucinados\" made him the recipient of the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in 1949. Having earned a scholarship, he attended the University of Madridin 1951. Upon his return to Peru, Romualdo worked as a journalist as more of his works were published, which he used as an instrument of agitation and political propaganda that manifested his Marxist convictions. Bythe mid 1960s, he travelled to Mexico and Cuba, eventually returning to Peru where he had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture and also  working as a professor of journalism atUniversity of San Martín de Porres in Lima.He married Teresa Pereira (d. 1998) and had 2 sons and a daughter. His son Gabriel Valle, M.D. is a nephrologist and medical school professor at University of Miami.Granddaughter, Juliette Valle, (born 2001) is a professional musical theatre actress.He dedicated himself to teaching and journalism. He collaborated in the newspapers La Crónica and La Prensa, and in the magazinesCultura Peruana and Idea. His poetries, articles and caricatures, appear signed with his prename of Alejandro Romualdo; also with his nickname Xanno.In 1965 he traveled to Mexico and then went to Cuba. Back in Peruhe had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture. He then went on to teach at the University of San Martín de Porres, becoming a teacher for several generations of journalists.In 1976 hewon the OTI Festival award with his poem entitled I want to go out in the sun, set to music by Ernesto Pollarolo and performed by Fernando Llosa. He collaborated in the arts and letters magazine Hueso Hmero (1987,1990).DeathRomualdo was found dead in his home from heart complications in San Isidro District, Lima.See alsoPeruvian literatureBibliographyLuis Alberto Sánchez,: La literatura peruana. Derrotero para una historiacultural del Perú, tomo V, pp. 1581-1582. Cuarta edición y definitiva. Lima, P. L. Villanueva Editor, 1975.National Library of Peru, N.º 2012-03529. Toro Montalvo, César: Manual de Literatura Peruana, Tomo II, p. 1452.A.F.A. Editores Importadores S.A. Tercera edición, corregida y aumentada, 2012. Hecho el depósito legal.Mario Vargas Llosa, El pez en el agua. Memorias. Editorial Seix Barral, S. A., 1993. ISBN 84-322-0679-2Passage3:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and wasknighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived inGeraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became aJustice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutiveseasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. Hewent to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combinedwith good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in theCanterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at theage of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 4:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class andNetherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to thenational team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands'One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected toplay for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 5:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is aCanadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as amultidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts ofplace and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in thecollections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa ArtGallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received theIndspire Award for Arts.Passage 6:John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher, rugby player and cricketer.Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales. Heattended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA in human movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education. He played rugbyfor several clubs, most notably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship. He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney. At 21, he moved to England to study for hismaster's degree at University College, Oxford. While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket.Allen played as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league. He captained OxfordUniversity RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Match against Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year. Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in theRugby League Varsity Match at the Athletic Ground, Richmond.For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match.After completing his master's, Allen returned toteaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New South Wales.Passage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born firstBlack Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and aGoverning Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change,nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degreein Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the Universityof Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturerand researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Pressand the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing:Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (PalgraveMacmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation inNarration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty ofAfrican and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 8:Tom DickinsonThomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, EnglandThomas R. Dickinson, United StatesArmy generalJ. Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomerTom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in EnglandTom Dickinson (American football), American football playerPassage 9:Jörn LenzJörnLenz (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as partof the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners'Cup.CareerEarly careerLenz was born in Warnemünde. He began playing football for the youth teams of enterprise sports community BSG Schiffahrt/Hafen Rostock in Rostock. He was admitted into the Children andYouth Sports Scool (KJS) in 1981 and then taken over by football club FC Hansa Rostock. Lenz then joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1985. He was promoted to the reserve team of BFC Dynamo in 1987.Lenz made 54 appearances with the BFC Dynamo II in the second tier DDR-Liga between 1987 and 1989.BFC DynamoLenz made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo as a 19-year-old in the firstround of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 9 September 1988. He started the match as a substitute and was exchanged for Waldemar Ksienzyk in the 80th minute. He was thus given theopportunity to play alongside players such as Andreas Thom, Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde. Lenz then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Energie Cottbus on 5 May 1989. BFC Dynamowon the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team was set to play the first ever DFV-Supercup against SG Dynamo Dresden on 5 August 1989. Lenz started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Jörg Fügner in the77th minute. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.Lenz then made his international debut for BFC Dynamo in the return legof the first round of the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup against Valur on 26 September 1989. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Heiko Bonan in the 33rd minute. Lenz scored the winning2–1 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 83th minute. Lenz also played in the first leg of the second round against AS Monaco FC  at the  Stade Louis II on 17 October 1989. AS Monaco FC was coached by Arsène Wenger andfielded prominent players such as George Weah at the time. Lenz started the match in the starting line-up, but was exchanged for Eike Küttner in the 46th minute. He missed the return leg against AS Monaco FC due toan injury.Lenz made 12 appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. Lenz played five matches for FC Berlin the 1990 Intertoto Cup.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach at the beginning of the  1990–91 season. Lenz was recurringly included in the starting line-up and made 16 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. He made 23appearances for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberlig Nord and played all six matches for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 2. Bundesliga play-offs. However, FC Berlin failed to win promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for thesecond season in a row. Lenz left FC Berlin for  local rival Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.Tennis Borussia BerlinLenz joined Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1992–93 season. The former goalkeeper of BFC Dynamoand ten times East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit was the goalkeeper of Tennis Borussia Berlin at the time. Tennis Borussia Berlin reached the final of the 1992–93 Berlin Cup. The team defeated TürkiyemsporBerlin 2–0 in the final at the Mommsenstadion on 6 May 1993. Tennis Borussia Berlin also won the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. But the team finished the 1992–94 2. Bundesliga play-offs on second place. However,the winner 1. FC Union Berlin was denied a license and Tennis Borussia Berlin was therefore allowed to advance to the 2. Bundesliga instead. Lenz made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the on27 July 1993. Tennis Borussia Berlin was qualificied for the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal as a team in the 2. Bundesliga. Lenz made his debut in the DFB-Pokal in the second round of the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal against ASVNeumarkt on 24 August 1993. Lenz made 11 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga. He made a brief return to FC Berlin at the end of the 1993–94 season and played nine matches for FCBerlin in the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Tennis Borussa Berlin finished the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga on 17th place and was immediately relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. Lenz became regular player in TennisBorussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost. The team won the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost, but was defeated by VfB Oldenburg in the Play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The play-offs were lost after a 2–1 goal to VfBOldenburg on stoppage time in the return leg. Lenz has described the defeat in the play-offs as his hardest sporting moment. Lenz left Tennis Borussia Berlin for FC Energie Cottbus after the 1996–97 season. He made100 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 1997.Return to FC BerlinLenz joined FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 season. However, he was sparingly used and playedonly two matches for FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 2. Bundesliga. Lenz returned to FC Berlin during the winter break. He would be a key player in the team for several seasons to come. Lenz became the new teamcaptain of FC Berlin in the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost. FC Berlin reverted to its old club name BFC Dynamo during the season. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated BerlinTürkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. Lenz was team captain of BFC Dynamo also in the following season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal aswinner of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team lost 2–0 to DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the second of the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999 The teamfinished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost on 17th place and was relegated to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.VfB LeipzigBFC Dynamo dominated the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team had only suffered three lossesand conceded 17 goals during the league season. However, BFC Dynamo was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg in  the play-offs for the Regionalliga. And it was now also clear that the club was in serious financialdifficulties. Insolvency proceeding were opened against BFC Dynamo on 1 November 2001. The club now had to continue under amateur conditions and the team was going to be automatically relegated to theVerbandsliga Berlin. Lenz left BFC Dynamo for VfB Leipzig when the insolvency proceeding were opened. VfB Leipzig was coached by SG Dynamo Dresden legend Hans-Jürgen \"Dixie\" Dörner at the time. Lenz played his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_220","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Helena (empress)Flavia Julia Helena (; Greek: \u0000λένη, Helénē; c.  AD 246/248– c. 330), also known as Helena of Constantinople and Saint Helena, was an Augusta of the Roman Empire and mother ofEmperor Constantine the Great. She was born in the lower classes traditionally in the Greek city of Drepanon, Bithynia, in Asia Minor, which was renamed Helenopolis in her honor, though several locations have beenproposed for her birthplace and origin.Helena ranks as an important figure in the history of Christianity. In her final years, she made a religious tour of Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem, during which ancient traditionclaims that she discovered the True Cross. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and Anglican Communion revere her as a saint, and the Lutheran Church commemorates her.EarlylifeSources agree that Helena was a Greek, probably from Asia Minor in modern Turkey. Her birthplace is not known with certainty, but Helenopolis, then Drepanum, in Bithynia is, following Procopius, \"generallyassumed\" to be the place. Her name is attested on coins as Flavia Helena, Flavia Julia Helena and sometimes Aelena. Joseph Vogt suggested that the name Helena was typical for the Greek-speaking part of the RomanEmpire and that therefore her place of origin should be looked for in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The 6th-century historian Procopius is the earliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native ofDrepanum, in the province of Bithynia in Asia Minor. The name Helena appears in all areas of the Empire, but is not epigraphically attested in inscriptions of Bithynia (Helena's proposed region of origin) and it was alsocommon in Latin-speaking areas. Procopius lived much later than the era he was describing and his description may have been actually intended as an etymological explanation about the toponym Helenopolis. On theother hand, her son Constantine renamed the city \"Helenopolis\" after her death around AD 330, which supports the belief that the city was indeed her birthplace. The Byzantinist Cyril Mango has, however, argued thatHelenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network around Constantine's new capital in Constantinople, and was renamed simply to honor Helena, not to necessarily mark her birthplace. There wasalso a Helenopolis in Palestine and a Helenopolis in Lydia. These cities, and the province of Helenopontus in the Pontus, were probably all named after Constantine's mother. Two other locations in France and thePyrenees have been named after Helena. Equally uncertain to Drepanum and without strong documentation suggestions about her birthplace are: Naissus (central Balkans), Caphar or Edessa (Mesopotamia), Trier.Thebishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea states that Helena was about 80 on her return from Palestine. Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, she was probably born around 246 to 249. Information about hersocial background universally suggests that she came from the lower classes. Fourth-century sources, following Eutropius' Breviarium, record that she came from a humble background. Bishop Ambrose of Milan, writingin the late 4th century was the first to call her a stabularia, a term translated as \"stable-maid\" or \"inn-keeper\". He makes this comment a virtue, calling Helena a bona stabularia, a \"good stable-maid\", probably tocontrast her with the general suggestion of sexual laxness considered typical of that group. Other sources, especially those written after Constantine's proclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.BothGeoffrey of Monmouth and Henry of Huntingdon promoted a popular tradition that Helena was a British princess and the daughter of \"Old King Cole\" from the area of Colchester. This led to the later dedication of 135churches in England to her, many in around the area of Yorkshire, and revived as a suggestion in the 20th century in the novel by Evelyn Waugh.Marriage to Emperor ConstantiusIt is unknown where she first metConstantius. The historian Timothy Barnes has suggested that Constantius, while serving under Emperor Aurelian, could have met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against Zenobia. It is said that uponmeeting they were wearing identical silver bracelets; Constantius saw her as his soulmate sent by God. Barnes calls attention to an epitaph at Nicomedia of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate theemperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after AD 270. The precise legal nature of the relationship between Helena and Constantius is also unknown. The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes callingHelena Constantius' \"wife\", and sometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine's rival Maxentius, calling her his \"concubine\". Jerome, perhaps confused by the vague terminology of his own sources,manages to do both.Some scholars, such as the historian Jan Drijvers, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in a common-law marriage, a cohabitation recognized in fact but not in law. Others, like TimothyBarnes, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in an official marriage, on the grounds that the sources claiming an official marriage are more reliable.Helena gave birth to the future emperor Constantine I on 27February of an uncertain year soon after 270 (probably around 272). At the time, she was in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status, Constantius divorced Helena some timebefore 289, when he married Theodora, Maximian's daughter under his command. The narrative sources date the marriage to 293, when Constantius was appointed caesar (heir-apparent) of Maximian, but the Latinpanegyric of 289 refers to the new couple as already married. Helena and her son were dispatched to the court of Diocletian at Nicomedia, where Constantine grew to be a member of the inner circle. Helena neverremarried and lived for a time in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her.After Constantine's ascension to the throneConstantine was proclaimed augustus (emperor) in 306by Constantius' troops after the latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was brought back to the public life in 312, returning to the imperial court. She appears in the Eagle Cameo portraying Constantine'sfamily, probably commemorating the birth of Constantine's son Constantine II in the summer of 316.She lived in the Horti Spei Veteris in Rome which she converted into an even more luxurious palace.Pilgrimage andrelic discoveriesConstantine appointed his mother Helena as Augusta, and gave her unlimited access to the imperial treasury in order to locate the relics of the Christian tradition. In AD 326–28 Helena undertook a tripto Palestine. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, who records the details of her pilgrimage to Palestine and other eastern provinces, and Socrates Scholasticus, she was responsible for the construction or beautification ofthe Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and the Church of Eleona on the Mount of Olives; sites of Christ's birth and ascension, respectively. Local founding legend attributes to Helena's orders the construction of achurch in Egypt to identify the Burning Bush of Sinai. The chapel at Saint Catherine's Monastery—often referred to as the Chapel of Saint Helen—is dated to the year 330.The True Cross and the Church of the HolySepulchreJerusalem was still being rebuilt following the destruction caused by Titus in AD 70. Emperor Hadrian had built during the 130s a temple to Venus over the supposed site of Jesus' tomb near Calvary, andrenamed the city Aelia Capitolina. Accounts differ concerning whether the temple was dedicated to Venus or Jupiter. According to Eusebius, \"[t]here was a temple of Venus on the spot. This the queen (Helena) haddestroyed.\" According to tradition, Helena ordered the temple torn down and, according to the legend that arose at the end of the 4th century, chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of threedifferent crosses. The legend is recounted in Ambrose, On the Death of Theodosius (died 395) and at length in Rufinus' chapters appended to his translation into Latin of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, the main bodyof which does not mention the event. Then, Rufinus relates, the empress refused to be swayed by anything short of solid proof and performed a test. Possibly through Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem, she had a womanwho was near death brought from the city. When the woman touched the first and second crosses, her condition did not change, but when she touched the third and final cross she suddenly recovered, and Helenadeclared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be the True Cross.On the site of discovery, Constantine ordered the building of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Churches were also built on other sitesdetected by Helena.The \"Letter From Constantine to Macarius of Jerusalem\", as presented in Eusebius' Life of Constantine, states:\"Such is our Saviour's grace, that no power of language seems adequate to describe thewondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his [Christ's] most holy Passion, so long ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years,until its reappearance to his servants now set free through the removal of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration. I have no greater care than how I may best adorn with asplendid structure that sacred spot, which, under Divine direction, I have disencumbered as it were of the heavy weight of foul idol worship [the Roman temple]; a spot which has been accounted holy from thebeginning in God’s judgment, but which now appears holier still, since it has brought to light a clear assurance of our Saviour’s passion.\"Sozomen and Theodoret claim that Helena also found the nails of the crucifixion.To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helena allegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. According to one tradition, Helena acquired the Holy Tunic on her trip toJerusalem and sent it to Trier.CyprusSeveral relics purportedly discovered by Helena are now in Cyprus, where she spent some time. Among them are items believed to be part of Jesus Christ's tunic, pieces of the holycross, and pieces of the rope with which Jesus was tied on the Cross. The rope, considered to be the only relic of its kind, has been held at the Stavrovouni Monastery, which was also said to have been founded byHelena. According to tradition, Helena is responsible for the large population of cats in Cyprus. Local tradition holds that she imported hundreds of cats from Egypt or Palestine in the fourth century to rid a monastery ofsnakes. The monastery is today known as \"St. Nicholas of the Cats\" (Greek Άγιος Νικόλαος των Γατών) and is located near Limassol.RomeHelena left Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome,bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in her palace's private chapel, now the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, where they can be still seen today. This has beenmaintained by Cistercian monks in the monastery which has been attached to the church for centuries.Death and burialHelena died around 330, with her son at her side. She was buried in the Mausoleum of Helena,outside Rome on the Via Labicana. Her sarcophagus is on display in the Pio-Clementine Vatican Museum, next to the sarcophagus of her granddaughter Constantina (Saint Constance). However, in 1154 her remainswere replaced in the sarcophagus with the remains of Pope Anastasius IV, and Helena's remains were moved to Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.SainthoodHelena is considered by the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox,Eastern and Roman Catholic churches, as well as by the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches, as a saint. She is sometimes known as Helen of Constantinople to distinguish her from others with similar names,and is \"Ilona\" in Hungarian, and \"Liena\" in Malta.Her feast day as a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church is celebrated with her son on 21 May, the \"Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helena, Equal tothe Apostles\". Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church and in Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate falls on 18 August. Her feast day in the Coptic Orthodox Church is on 9 Pashons.Some Anglican and Lutheran churcheskeep the 21 May date. Helena is honored in the Church of England on 21 May but in the Episcopal Church on 22 May.Her discovery of the Cross along with Constantine is dramatised in the Santacruzan, a ritual pageantin the Philippines. Held in May (when Roodmas was once celebrated), the procession also bears elements of the month's Marian devotions. Helena is the patron saint of new discoveries.In the Ethiopian and EritreanOrthodox Tewahedo Churches, the feast of Meskel, which commemorates her discovery of the cross, is celebrated on 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or on 28 September inleap years). The holiday is usually celebrated with the lighting of a large bonfire, or Demera, based on the belief that she had a revelation in a dream. She was told that she should make a bonfire and that the smokewould show her where the true cross was buried. So she ordered the people of Jerusalem to bring wood and make a huge pile. After adding frankincense to it, the bonfire was lit and the smoke rose high up to the skyand returned to the ground, exactly to the spot where the Cross had been buried.Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails (Roodmas) by Empress Saint Helen in Jerusalem falls on 6 March.She is alsocommemorated every Bright Wednesday along with the saints from Mount Sinai, by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church in America.RelicsHer alleged skull is displayed in the Cathedral of Trier, inGermany. Portions of her relics are found at the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli in Rome, the Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles in Paris, and at the Abbaye Saint-Pierre d'Hautvillers.The church of Sant'Elena in Veniceclaims to have the complete body of the saint enshrined under the main altar. In 1517, the English priest, Richard Torkington, having seen the relics during a visit to Venice described them as follows: \"She lith in a ffayrplace of religion, of white monks, ye may see her face perfythly, her body ys covered with a cloth of whith sylke ... Also there lyes upon her breast a lytell crosse made of the holy crosse ...\" In an ecumenical gesture,these relics visited the Orthodox Church of Greece and were displayed in the church of Agia Varvara (Saint Barbara) in Athens from 14 May to 15 June 2017.Later cultural traditionsIn British folkloreIn Great Britain, laterlegend, mentioned by Henry of Huntingdon but made popular by Geoffrey of Monmouth, claimed that Helena was a daughter of the King of Britain, Cole of Colchester, who allied with Constantius to avoid more warbetween the Britons and Rome. Geoffrey further states that she was brought up in the manner of a queen, as she had no brothers to inherit the throne of Britain. The source for this may have been Sozomen's HistoriaEcclesiastica, which, however, does not claim Helena was British but only that her son Constantine picked up his Christianity there. Constantine was with his father when he died in York, but neither had spent much timein Britain.The statement made by English chroniclers of the Middle Ages, according to which Helena was supposed to have been the daughter of a British prince, is entirely without historical foundation. It may arise fromthe similarly named Welsh princess Saint Elen (alleged to have married Magnus Maximus and to have borne a son named Constantine) or from the misinterpretation of a term used in the fourth chapter of the panegyricon Constantine's marriage with Fausta. The description of Constantine honoring Britain oriendo (lit. \"from the outset\", \"from the beginning\") may have been taken as an allusion to his birth (\"from his beginning\")although it was actually discussing the beginning of his reign.At least twenty-five holy wells currently exist in the United Kingdom dedicated to a Saint Helen. She is also the patron saint of Abingdon and Colchester. StHelen's Chapel in Colchester was believed to have been founded by Helena herself, and since the 15th century, the town's coat of arms has shown a representation of the True Cross and three crowned nails in herhonour. Colchester Town Hall has a Victorian statue of the saint on top of its 50-metre-high (160 ft) tower. The arms of Nottingham are almost identical because of the city's connection with Cole, her supposedfather.Filipino legend and traditionFlores de Mayo honors her and her son Constantine for finding the True Cross with a parade with floral and fluvial themed parade showcasing her, Constantine and other people whofollowed her journey to find the True Cross. Filipinos named the parade Sagala.Medieval legend and fictionIn medieval legend and chivalric romance, Helena appears as a persecuted heroine, in the vein of such womenas Emaré and Constance; separated from her husband, she lives a quiet life, supporting herself on her embroidery, until such time as her son's charm and grace wins her husband's attention and so the revelation oftheir identities.Modern fictionHelena is the protagonist of Evelyn Waugh's 1950 novel Helena. She is also the main character of Priestess of Avalon (2000), a fantasy novel by Marion Zimmer Bradley and Diana L.Paxson. She is given the name Eilan and depicted as a trained priestess of Avalon.Helena is also the protagonist of Louis de Wohl's novel The Living Wood (1947) in which she is again the daughter of King Coel ofColchester. In the 2021 novel Eagle Ascending by Dan Whitfield she is depicted as having lived to age 118 as result of the powers of the True Cross.NotesPassage 2:John Patrick CarrollJohn Patrick Carroll (February 22,1864 – November 4, 1925) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Helena in Montana from 1904 until his death in 1925.BiographyEarly lifeCarroll was born on February22, 1864, in Dubuque, Iowa, to Martin and Catherine (née O'Farrell) Carroll, both Irish natives. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Raphael's Cathedral. Carroll then entered St. Joseph's Collegeat age 13, graduating in 1883. He studied for the priesthood at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Montreal, Quebec, where he earned his Doctor of Divinity degree.PriesthoodWhile in Montreal, Carroll was ordained apriest for the Archdiocese of Dubuque on July 7, 1889, by Archbishop Édouard-Charles Fabre. Upon his return to Dubuque, he performed his first Mass at St. Raphael's Cathedral on July 11, 1889. He was appointed tothe faculty of his alma mater, St. Joseph's College, assuming the role of professor of philosophy on September 12, 1889. On September 12, 1894, Carroll was promoted to president of St. Joseph's, a position he held forthe next decade.Bishop of HelenaOn September 12, 1904, Carroll was appointed the second bishop of the Diocese of  Helena by Pope Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on December 21, 1904, fromArchbishop John Keane, with Bishops Richard Scannell and Charles O'Reilly serving as co-consecrators, at St. Raphael's Cathedral. He was installed on January 31, 1905..In 1904, the Diocese of Helena contained 53priests, 65 churches, and nine parochial schools to serve 50,000 Catholics. By the time of Carroll's death 21 years later, there were 104 priests, 101 churches, 24 parochial schools, and a Catholic population of 64,000.During his tenure, he laid the cornerstone for the new Cathedral of Saint Helena in 1908 and established Mount St. Charles College the following year.Carroll was a vocal opponent of socialism, which he believed made\"no allowance for the development of man's talents, intellectual gifts, his spirit of economy or his ability...Should this policy be pursued it would mean the ruin of a nation.\" He also condemned alcohol as \"the mostprolific source of poverty and misery\" and successfully lobbied the Helena City Council to require bars to close by midnight. The son of Irish immigrants, he supported the Irish Home Rule movement and served asnational chaplain of the Ancient Order of Hibernians.Death and legacyWhile traveling for his ad limina visit to Rome, Carroll died from a cerebral hemorrhage on November 4, 1925, while in Fribourg, Switzerland. Hisbody was shipped back to the United States and buried at Resurrection Cemetery in Helena. The diocesan college, Carroll College, is named for Carroll.Passage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"WhereWas I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter."}
{"doc_id":"doc_221","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate ofglobal governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studied Economics at the University ofParma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Lawat the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party,eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries. After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for NewsServices for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company. He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism awardin Italy.Inter Press Service (IPS)Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and theSouth of the world, particularly Latin America. Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries fora European audience.That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at ameeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany.From the outset, it was decided thatIPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South.Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” –acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new internationalinformation order between the South and the North.The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union –prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth,trade and policy-making.IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels toall social sectors.IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC.With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to globalissues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services.Under Roberto Savio, IPS won theWashington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out.IPS won FAO’s A.H. Boerma Award for journalism in1997  for its \"significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issuessuch as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children\".On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whoseefforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries. In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect thetremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of thework of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order”.Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which alsoincludes former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prizelaureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue.After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio hascontinued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media.OtherNewsIn 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate”.Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulationmedia, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers butwhich they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation”.Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes ofglobal governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish.Communication initiativesAn internationally renowned expert in communications issues,Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world.Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information SystemsNetwork (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and theWomen’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi.He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U.N. project toimplement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed ateducating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries. The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), aninternational association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U.N. Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC).Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as theOrganisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA).Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a DevelopmentPress Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Studyof Communication Problems (MacBride Commission).Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information andcommunication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).Achievements andawardsIn 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission”.Hewas awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”. The award wasestablished by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo.He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013.In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of LatinAmerican Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the \"Salvador Allende\" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America'srich history and culture.In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship.He was appointed by President of theRepublic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021. He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021.AdvisoryactivitiesRoberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003. He also served as an internal communicationconsultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000.AffiliationsFrom 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, basedin Montevideo, Uruguay.After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he waselected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus.Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas ofArgentina suffering from social breakdown.He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and waselected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003.Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General.Until 2009,Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includesthinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield. He is now a member of theBoard.He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and newthinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders.Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission isto contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived ashuman development.Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videosand registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy.In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economicaland political column.Films and publicationsIn 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has alsoproduced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals.Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with thecultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency. It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World Warand post-Cold War worlds. It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the internationalcommunity.In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director1980-1995, who saved 25 million childrenCurrent activitiesRoberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerousconferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays.He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded byMikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders.Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations ofthe European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on thepremise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development.Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and isPresident of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy.Member of the ExecutiveCommittee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues.Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel,established by the Global Sustainability Forum.External linksRoberto Savio's stories published by IPS NewsOther News serviceRoberto Savio's stories on Other NewsOther News Facebook pageRoberto Savio's FacebookpagePREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and ArticlesThe ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own WayWhat if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From theRight?Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debateBanks, Inequality and CitizensIt is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankindEurope has lostits compassEver Wondered Why the World is a Mess?Sliding Back to the Victorian AgeGlobal Inequality and the Destruction of DemocracyA Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling theEuropean DreamWE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATIONPassage 2:Philip NiarchosPhilip Niarchos (alternately: Philippos or Philippe; Greek: Φίλιππος Νιάρχος) (born 1954) is a Greek billionaire, the eldest son ofthe Greek shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos and Eugenia Livanos, herself the elder daughter of Stavros Niarchos' rival Stavros G. Livanos.Inheritance and workPhilip Niarchos was reported to be 54 in 2008 when TheSunday Times estimated his net worth at GBP 850 million, or about $1.687 billion US at that exchange rate of that time. He is a member of the board of trustees at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and aninternational council member of London's Tate Gallery. He was educated at Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland.Alongside his younger brother, Spyros, Niarchos is co-president and member of the board of directors at theStavros Niarchos Foundation. The foundation is one of the world’s largest global private philanthropies founded over 25 years ago with a total of $3.3 billion awarded across 5,00 grants, focuses on global funding forphysical and mental health. In 2022, the foundation announced a $15 million commitment for a youth mental health program in Greece collaborating with The Child Mind institute and The Greek Ministry of Health.ArtcollectorNiarchos owns his late father's art collection. The late Stavros Niarchos amassed one of the \"most important collections of Impressionist and modern art in private hands.\" Among the collection's trophies arePablo Picasso's self-portrait Yo, Picasso, which the father had bought in 1989 for $47,850,000.Niarchos has made plenty of additions to his father's legacy. He was suspected as being the anonymous buyer of Vincentvan Gogh's \"Self-Portrait\", at a November 1998 Christie's auction; it sold for $71.5 million. He was certainly at the auction and was revealed as the anonymous buyer of Jean-Michel Basquiat's 1982 Self-Portrait, whichclosed at $3.3 million. In 1994, he bought Andy Warhol's Red Marilyn, at Christie's for $3.63 million. Andy Warhol's skull portraits are from Niarchos' CAT scan. Warhol completed these works in 1985, using silkscreensmade from CAT-scan films of the skull of Philip Niarchos, who commissioned the artist to paint his portrait. Niarchos is mentioned throughout The Andy Warhol Diaries. Warhol shares details of the dysfunctionalrelationship Niarchos had with the divorced and widowed socialite Barbara (née Tanner) de Kwiatkowski. Her married name was Barbara Allen at the time of her relationship with Niarchos; now she is the widow ofHenryk de Kwiatkowski.Marriage and familyIn 1984, Niarchos married, for the third time, Victoria Christina Guinness (born 1960), daughter of Patrick Benjamin Guinness (of the banking branch of the Guinness family)and Dolores Guinness (1936–2012). Niarchos and Guinness have two sons and two daughters:Stavros Niarchos III (born 1985). In October 2019, he married Dasha Zhukova, in a civil ceremony in Paris.EugenieNiarchos (born 1986), socialite and jewelry designer.Theodorakis Niarchos (born 1991)Electra Niarchos (born 1995)Niarchos was a first cousin, and step-brother, of the late heiress Christina Onassis whose motherAthina Livanos (1929–1974) was a younger sister of his own mother and later became his father's last wife. Niarchos is a first cousin once removed of Athina Onassis de Miranda.NotesPassage 3:Spyros NiarchosSpyrosStavros \"Spiros\" Niarchos (Greek: Σπύρος Νιάρχος; born 1955) is the second son of the Greek shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos and Eugenia Livanos. He is a grandson of another Greek shipping giant, his mother'sfather, Stavros G. Livanos.BiographyIn 1955 Vickers Armstrongs Shipbuilders Ltd launched for Stavros Niarchos what was then the World's largest supertanker. The 30,708 GRT ship was named SS Spyros Niarchosafter his new son.In 1987, while skiing in Switzerland, he met 19-year-old Daphne Guinness (artist, socialite and an heiress of the Guinness family) and they soon married. The marriage ended in divorce, with Guinnessreceiving a $39 million settlement in 1999.The couple has three children: Nicolas Stavros Niarchos (born 1989)Alexis Spyros Niarchos (born 1991)Ines Sophia Niarchos (born 1995)RelationshipsIn January 1999,Niarchos was a witness at the wedding of his best friend, Ernst August, Prince of Hanover. He is the godfather of Crown Prince Pavlos' youngest son, Aristides-Stavros. With his brother, Philip, Niarchos is co-president"}
{"doc_id":"doc_222","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby?(1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: TheWild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Muvva GopaluduMuvva Gopaludu is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film produced by S. GopalaReddy and directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti and Shobana, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is a remake of the Tamil film Aruvadai Naal (1986). The film wasreleased on 19 May 1987.PlotThe film begins in a village where Gopi an opulent active youth is squashed by his vicious brother-in-law Basava Raju with petrifying. Yet, his sister Nagalakshmi warmth on him. Meanwhile,Nirmala a medico reared by a Christian missionary is appointed as govt doctor in the same village. Nevertheless, Nirmala is unbiased about it as her ambition is to turn into a nun. But following a request of a Motherproceeds to the village. Wherein, she meets Father Lawrence an altruistic admired by the public. Presently, Gopi & Nirmala have been acquainted in an altercation and developed a good intimacy. Once, Gopi attemptssuicide as Basavaraju's mortifications peak. Forthwith, he is safeguarded by Nirmala when he puts his dearness into words. Now Nirmala is under the dichotomy when Father Lawrance enlightens her that love is not asin. Plus, it would be fair if she knits Gopi. Basava Raju is conscious of it and fakes his acceptance but plots to wedlock Gopi with his daughter Krishnaveni for his wealth. Nirmala delightfully moves to invite herrevivalists for the espousal. Consequently, Basava Raju forges Krishnaveni's puberty ceremony. On that occasion, he ruses by hiding a wedding chain Mangalsutram in a garland. Being unbeknownst Gopi puts it toKrishnaveni and Basava Raju declares them as man & wife. In the interim, Nirmala returns, understands the existing state, and is about to quit but backs on plead of the villagers. Grief-stricken Gopi turns into adrunkard. Spotting his pain Krishnaveni complains against Basava Raju and divulges the actuality with aid of Father Lawerance. Thus, the Panchayat passes on the annulment of Krishnaveni's marriage and also providesclearance to the nuptials of Gopi & Nirmala. As of today, the complete village comes together to perform the alliance when enraged Basava Raju onslaughts on them in which Father Lawerance is slain. On the verge ofkilling Nirmala, she sets foot in the church which stuns everyone. At this point, inflamed Gopi slaughters Basava Raju at the instigation of his sister and is sentenced to 7 years. At last, Gopi is acquitted Krishnaveni giveshim a warm welcome and Nirmala appears as a nun. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note Nirmala uniting Gopi & Krishnaveni.CastNandamuri Balakrishna as Muvva Gopala Krishna Prasad / GopiVijayashanti asNirmalaShobhana as KrishnaveniRao Gopal Rao as Basava RajuGollapudi Maruti Rao as Father LawrenceChidatala Appa Rao as VillagerK.K. Sarma as VillagerTelephone Satyanarayana as PresidentJayachitra asNagalakshmiSatyavathi as Jalaga LakshammaAnitha as NunChilaka Radha as SeetaluKalpana Rai as NukaluY. Vijaya as VeerammaSoundtrackMusic composed by K. V. Mahadevan. Lyrics were written by C. NarayanaReddy.AccoladesNandi Award for Second Best Story Writer – G. M. KumarPassage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has workedin Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the ToledoMuseum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently livesand works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, hesucceeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985)and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Irelandat the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he becameDirector of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian artabroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, hediscontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999,and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 6:Kodi RamakrishnaKodi Ramakrishna (23 July 1949 – 22 February 2019) was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor. One of the most prolific directors of Telugu cinema, hedirected over 100 feature films in a variety of genres. He is known as a celluloid visionary who introduced high-end visual effects to the South Indian film industry through his supernatural fantasy films. In 2012, hereceived the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema.Kodi Ramakrishna began his career as an associate to Dasari Narayana Rao in Korikale Gurralaite (1979). His debuted as adirector with the film Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982). His filmography includes drama films like Mangamma Gari Manavadu (1984), Maa Pallelo Gopaludu (1985), Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987), Aahuthi (1987),Muddula Mavayya (1989), Pelli (1997), Dongaata (1997), and social problem films such as Ankusam (1989), Bharat Bandh (1991), and Sathruvu (1991). He also directed spy films like Gudachari No.1 (1983), andGudachari 117 (1989), and supernatural fantasy films like Ammoru (1995), Devi (1999), Devullu (2000), Anji (2004), and Arundhati (2009). Arundhati won ten state Nandi Awards and became one of the highestgrossing Telugu films ever at the time.Personal lifeKodi Ramakrishna was born in a Kapu family on 23 July 1949 in Palakollu, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. His career in the Indian cinema industry spannedmore than 30 years.His elder daughter Kodi Divya Deepti entered into film production with Nenu Meeku Baaga Kavalsinavaadini (2022).AwardsIn 2012, he received the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for hiscontribution to Telugu cinema.DeathKodi Ramakrishna died on 22 February 2019 in Hyderabad. He was under treatment at AIG Hospitals, Gachibowli for acute breathing problem.FilmographyDirectorAssociatedirectorKorikale Gurralayite? (1979)ActorMudilla Muchata (1985)Attagaaroo Swagatam (1986)Inti Donga (1987)Aasti Mooredu Aasa Baaredu (1995)Dongaata (1997)Rainbow (2008)Passage 7:Michael GovanMichaelGovan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was bornin 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who wasthen director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFAin fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed directorof the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of theFrank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006,Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, whichhouses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerlyfactory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time atDia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in theAmerican southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composedof eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographicaldistance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\"Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by"}
{"doc_id":"doc_223","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg (25 August 1605 – 3 August 1638 in Hanau) succeeded his father as Count of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1612.LifePhilipp Moritz wasthe son of Count Philipp Ludwig II of Hanau-Münzenberg and his wife, Princess Catharina Belgica (1578–1648), a daughter of William the Silent.YouthPhilipp Moritz was seven years old when his father died and heinherited Hanau-Münzenberg. His father's will stipulated that his mother, Princess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, should be the sole regent and guardian, and the Imperial Supreme Court confirmed this.At the age ofeight, he was sent to the school that had been established after the Reformation in the buildings of the former monastery at Schlüchtern, which is today the Ulrich von Hutten-Gymnasium. In 1613, he continued hiseducation at University of Basel (where his grandfather had also studied), in Geneva and Sedan.ReignEnd of the regencyCount Philipp Moritz's rule began with an altercation between himself and his mother, PrincessCatharina Belgica, about the termination of the regency and nature and the size of her widow seat. She wanted to act as co-regent, even after his 25th birthday, the age of consent under the common law, despite anagreement closed in 1628 and an opinion from the Law Faculty of the University of Marburg. Philipp Moritz, tried to remove his mother from the government. They took their case to the Imperial Supreme Court andtreated each other rudely; Philipp Moritz even removed his mother from the countly palace in Hanau. However, he compensated her for this in 1629. They never managed to properly wind up the regency. On the otherhand, Philipp Moritz did manage to settle with his cousin Johann Ernst the fierce dispute which his father had had with Johann Ernst's father, his uncle Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels, about theprimogeniture and Albrecht's apanage.The Thirty Years' War and exileOne reason the regency was never properly wound up, was the Thirty Years' War, which approached Hanau around 1630. When the Imperial troopsreached Hanau, Philipp Moritz chose their side, in order to retain the military command of his capital. He was appointed Colonel and was expected to provide three companies. In November 1631, Swedish troopsoccupied Hanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city. Philipp Moritz decided to change sides. He was a Calvinist and for him choosing between the Catholic Emperor and the Lutheran Swedish kingmay have been like a choice between Scylla and Charybdis. Gustavus Adolphus appointed him to colonel and gave him a Swedish regiment. As a reward for his changing side, he gave him the district of Orb and theshares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the former County of Rieneck and the districts of Partenstein, Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau. He gave Philipp Moritz's brothers, Heinrich Ludwig (1609–1632) and JakobJohann (1612–1636) the town and district of Steinheim, which was also a former possession of Mainz. These possessions were lost when the Catholic side gained the upper hand after the Battle of Nördlingen inSeptember 1634. Changing sides again would make Philipp Moritz seem untrustworthy, so he decided to flee. He fled to Metz and from there via Chalon, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in theHague and Delft. He left his youngest brother, Jakob Johann, as regent in Hanau, because Jakob Johann was considered politically neutral.Hanau was a well-developed fortress town and remained occupied until 1638 bySwedish troops under General Jakob von Ramsay, who controlled the surrounding countryside from Hanau. He excluded Jakob Johann from any influence and so the later left the city.Hans Jakob Christoffel vonGrimmelshausen used the occupation of Hanau by the Swedish as background in his picaresque novel Simplicius Simplicissimus.Return from exileFrom September 1635 to June 1636, Hanau was unsuccessfully besiegedby imperial troops under General Guillaume de Lamboy. This siege proved the value of the modern defensive system, which had been constructed only a few years before. Thousands of refugees fled from thesurrounding villages into the city. After a nine-month siege, the city was relieved by an army under Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel. He was Philipp Moritz's brother-in-law, as he had married Philipp Moritz's sister,Amalie Elisabeth. A church service was held annually to commemorate the relief. After 1800, this developed into an annual Lamboy festival.In 1637, Philipp Moritz reconciled with the new Emperor, Ferdinand III andchanged sides again, back to the Catholic side. He returned to Hanau on 17 December 1637. General Ramsay ignored this and interned Philipp Moritz in the City Castle. He was obviously hoping to receive Hanau as afief.However, on 11 February [O.S. 2 February] 1638, Johann Winter von Güldenborn, a major in the Hanau army, supported by members of the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, staged a coup against theSwedes. He drove them out of Hanau and restored Philipp Moritz to power. General Ramsay was arrested and taken to Dillenburg, where he died months later from injuries he sustained during this action.TriviumPhilippMoritz was a member of the Fruitbearing Society, under the nickname der Faselnde.DeathPhilipp Moritz died on 3 August 1638 and was buried in the family crypt his father had established in the Church of St. Mary inHanau.Marriage and issuePhilipp Moritz returned to Hanau in 1626 and married Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau. They had the following children:Sibylle Mauritania (2 November 1630 – 24 March 1631). Shewas buried in the family vault in the St. Mary's Church in Hanau. The remains were reburied in 1879 in a new coffin, as the old one had rotted.Adolphine (31 October 1631 – 22 December 1631). Baptized on 4December 1631. Her Godfather was King Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, with Count Reinhard of Solms acting on his behalf.Philipp Ludwig III (26 November 1632 – 12 November 1641), who succeeded his father as ruler ofthe county of Hanau-Münzenberg.Johann Heinrich (3 May 1634 – 28 October 1634 in Metz). Johann Heinrich died while his relatives had fled from Hanau to the Netherlands. Because of the war, he was initially buried inZweibrücken in 1635. His mother had his body transported to Hanau as soon as it was possible again, and on 30 November 1638, he was buried in a metal coffin in the family vault in the Church of St. Mary inHanau.Louise Eleanor Belgica (born: 3 March 1636 in Metz; died later that year in the Hague, where she was buried).AncestorsPassage 2:Philipp Ludwig III, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergCount Philipp Ludwig III ofHanau-Münzenberg (26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632 in Hanau – 12 November 1641 in The Hague) was the last count of the main Hanau-Münzenberg line of the House of Hanau.  After his death, theHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line inherited Hanau-Münzenberg.YouthPhilipp Ludwig was the eldest son of Count Philipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg and Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau.  He was born inHanau on 26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632, and baptized there on 13 January [O.S. 3 January] 1633.In 1634, the political situation in the Thirty Years' War forced Philipp Moritz to flee with his family.  He fled viaMetz, Châlons, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in Delft and The Hague.  Philipp Moritz returned to Hanau-Münzenberg in 1637, however, he left his son with his mother, Countess Catharina Belgicaof Nassau.Philipp Moritz died in 1638, only 33 years old.  Thus Philipp Ludwig III inherited Hanau-Münzenberg at the age of 5.  The Reichskammergericht appointed his mother as his sole guardian.  Unlike earlier rulersof Hanau-Münzenberg, she maintained a relaxed relationship with the Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line of the family.DeathPhilipp Ludwig III died of the measles at the age of 8, on 12 November 1641 in TheHague.  He was the last member of the main Hanau-Münzenberg line.  His siblings had all died before him.  Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by his first cousin once removed Count Johann Ernst ofHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels.  When Johann Ernst died a year later, Hanau-Münzenberg fell to the Hanau-Lichtenberg line.Philipp Ludwig III was buried on 18 February 1646 in the family crypt in the Church of St.Mary in Hanau, together with his mother and his successor.  His pewter coffin was stolen in 1812, during the chaos of the Napoleonic Wars.  He was reburied in a joint coffin, together with corpses from other coffins thathad also been stolen.AncestorsPassage 3:Philipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – 4 February 1580) succeeded his father in the government ofthe County of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1561.BackgroundPhilipp Ludwig I, was the son of Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern. His godparents were:Duchess Palatinate Maria ofSimmern (1519–1567), daughter of the Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, married to Elector Friedrich IIICount Philipp of Solms-BraunfelsCount Ludwig of Stolberg-KönigsteinHis hobby was collecting coinsand medals.YouthChildhoodNothing is known about his early years. In 1560, when he was seven years old, his father appointed him as bailiff of the district of Steinau. Presumably, this was a sinecure.Just one yearlater, his father died and he inherited the county of Hanau-Münzenberg. A committee of regents was appointed to rule on his behalf.RegencyThe regency was established by the Reichskammergericht (\"ImperialSupreme Court\") at the request of his mother. Three regents were appointed, as requested:Count Johann VI of Nassau-Dillenburg, a step-great-uncle of the ward, who was also related directly to his wardCount PhilippIV of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the reigning Count of Hanau in the other line, and thus—very distantly—related to his ward.Elector Palatine Friedrich III is mentioned in the literature as the chief regent. There is, however, nodocumentary evidence that he acted as such.Count Reinhard I of Solms, who had already acted as a guardian for Philipp Ludwig's father and who was more closely related to Philipp Ludwig, was apparently ignoredwhen the regency was established. He had expected to be regent and had already accepted the homage of the subjects, whom he now had to release. The reason may have been that Reinhard was a Catholic andHanau-Münzenberg had joined to Reformation religiously as well as politically. On the other hand, the contrast between Calvinism (as practised in the Electorate of the Palatinate) and Lutheranism (inHanau-Lichtenberg) was not as pronounced at this time as it was a generation later, when again the Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg acted as regent for Hanau-Münzenberg and the difference it caused violent clashes withinthe regency. Under the regency for Philipp Ludwig I this was limited to discussions which education he should receive. In the end, the guardians reached an agreement.EducationThe young Count Philipp Ludwig I wasdescribed by his teachers as highly intelligent and eager to learn. From 1563 onwards, his guardians looked into the possibility of him being educated abroad. As this led to nothing, he stayed for three years at the courtof his guardian in Dillenburg, where he was educated together with his guardian's youngest brother, Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg (1550–1574). From 1567 to 1569, they studied together at the University of Strasbourgand after 1569 at the University of Tübingen. Here, count Philipp Ludwig I came into contact with the fiercely unfolding theological controversy within the Protestant movement.After a stay in Tübingen, the educationcontinued in France. Count Philipp Ludwig I arrived in Paris in 1572. Here, he came into contact with Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, the leader of Huguenots. He narrowly escaped the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacreand returned to Buchsweiler (now called Bouxwiller), the capital of the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.He continued his studies at the University of Basel, from where he also took excursions further into Switzerland. In1573, he travelled to Italy and visited in the numerous places in northern Italy before reaching his destination, the University of Padua. He then continued to study in Rome. The return journey took him to Vienna in1574. This educational program was quite extraordinary for a count.FamilyCount Philipp Ludwig I married Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen (1558–1599). Sources differ on the exact date of the wedding: 2February 1576, or 5 February or 6 February. His guardian opposed the marriage, because Magdalena was of lower rank than the Counts of Hanau, and her family held lands in Hesse and Cologne. He would havepreferred a bride from a family closer to Hanau. He may have married her out of true love, or to counter the political dominance of Nassau over Hanau.Philipp and Magdalena had four children together:Philipp Ludwig II(18 November 1576 – 9 August 1612).Juliane (13 October 1577 – 2 December 1577), buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau.William (26 August 1578 – 14 June 1579), also buried in the choir of St.Mary's Church in Hanau.Albert of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels (12 November 1579 – 19 December 1635).GovernmentOn 13 November 1562 Emperor Ferdinand I passed the residence of Hanau on his way to thecoronation of his son Maximilian II on 24 November 1562 in Frankfurt. Ferdinand was welcomed at court and Philipp Ludwig and Ferdinand went hunting together.In 1563, a consistory was founded in Hanau, so that theReformation was institutionalized administratively. The consistory was initially a department of the count's Chancery. Under his son, count Philipp Ludwig II, however, the authority of the church was legally separated asan independent institution in 1612.In 1571, the Statutes of Solms were published, codifying the law as it stood in the County of Solms. This work had been commissioned by the Counts of Solms. Since the law inneighbouring territories was very similar, the work spread quickly in the area of the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts.  Local differences from the Solms statute were published as local notices. In the county ofHanau-Münzenberg this law code collection was used from 1581 (if not earlier) until the introduction of the Civil Code on 1 January 1900.Count Philipp Ludwig I ruled the county autonomously from 1575. Hisgovernment is characterized by careful maneuvering among the various confessions and the imperial territories in pursuit of consolidation and the web of political relations in the Empire and in the Wetterau region. In1578 the Lutheran Church Order of Hanau-Lichtenberg was introduced in Hanau-Münzenberg as well. In this issue, Count Philipp Ludwig acted very carefully and did not follow, probably against his personal conviction,the more radical Calvinist model. His son and successor, Count Philipp Ludwig II, later carried through the so-called \"second Reformation\", the turn towards Calvinism.During Count Philipp Ludwig I's reign, Hanau couldfinally definitively purchase the villages of Dorheim, Schwalheim and Rödgen and the former monasteries Konradsdorf and Hirzenhain and one third of the district of Ortenberg from the Count of Stolberg. These areashad previously been pledged to Hanau. He also purchased Ober-Eschbach, Nieder-Eschbach, Steinbach and Holzhausen.DeathCount Philipp Ludwig I died quite suddenly. He had complained about weakness and nauseafor three or four days before his death, but even Philipp Ludwig himself had not taken it very seriously. He fainted unexpectedly between 4 and 5 PM while gambling and died soon after.He was buried in the choir of theSt. Mary's Church in Hanau, on the right side, hence near the south wall of the choir, in the immediate vicinity of his father. A funeral sermon was published. An epitaph was mounted above his grave, which wasconsidered a major example of High Renaissance art. The epitaph was destroyed during World War II, a few surviving fragments are kept in the Historical Museum of Hanau. The location of the epitaph on the south wallis indicated by four empty brackets.His widow, Countess Magdalene, née of Waldeck, remarried in 1581, with John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen.AncestorsReferences and sourcesAdrian Willem Eliza Dek: Deafstammelingen van Juliana van Stolberg tot aan het jaar van de vrede van Munster, Zaltbommel, 1968.Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter issue 34, Hanau1996, ISBN 3-9801933-6-5.Rolf Glawischnig: Niederlande, Kalvinismus und Reichsgrafenstand 1559–1584. Nassau-Dillenburg unter Graf Johann VI, in: Schriften des Landesamtes für geschichtliche Landeskunde issue36, Marburg, 1973.Hatstein, handwritten chronicle in the archives of the Hanauer Geschichtsverein.Carl Heiler: Johann Adam Bernhard's Bericht von der Jugendzeit des Grafen Philipp Ludwig I. von Hanau, in:Hanauisches Magazin issue 11, 1932, pp. 25–31.Heinrich Neumann: Eine gräfliche Reise vor mehr als 350 Jahren, in: Hanauisches Magazin issue 11, 1932, p. 92.Reinhards von Isenburg, Grafen zu Büdingen, an denjungen Grafen Philipp Ludwig in Anno 1563 den 6. Dec. selbst verfertigtes Consilium, sich vor und in der Regierung zu verhalten, partially in: Hanauisches Magazin issue 8, 1785, pp. 32–34.Hermann Kersting: DieSonderrechte im Kurfürstenthume Hessen. Sammlung des Fuldaer, Hanauer, Isenburger, Kurmainzer und Schaumburger Rechts, einschließlich der Normen für das Buchische Quartier und für die Cent Mittelsinn, sowieder im Fürstenthume Hanau recipirten Hülfsrechte, Fulda, 1857.Gerhard Menk: Philipp Ludwig I. von Hanau-Münzenberg (1553–1580). Bildungsgeschichte und Politik eines Reichsgrafen in der zweiten Hälfte des 16.Jahrhunderts, in: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte vol. 32, 1982, pp. 127–163.Georg Schmidt: Der Wetterauer Grafenverein, in: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, vol. 52, Marburg,1989, ISBN 3-7708-0928-9.Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894.Johann AdolfTheodor Ludwig Varnhagen: Grundlage der Waldeckischen Landes- und Regentengeschichte, Arolsen 1853.K. Wolf: Die vormundschaftliche Regierung des Grafen Johann des Älteren von Nassau-Dillenburg, in:Hanauisches Magazin, issue 15, p. 81 and issue 16, p. 1.Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, third edition, Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978.== Footnotes ==Passage 4:Albrecht of Hanau-MünzenbergAlbert ofHanau-Münzenberg (12 November 1579 – 19 December 1635 in Strasbourg) was the younger son of Philip Louis I of Hanau-Münzenberg (1553-1580) and his wife, Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen(1558-1599). The only sons of his parents to reach adulthood were Albert and his elder brother Philip Louis II. Albert's son John Ernest was the last male member of the Hanau-Münzenberg line of the House ofHanau.RegencyWhen his father died in 1580, Albert and his brother were still minors and a regency was necessary. The regents were Counts John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1536–1606), Louis I, Count ofSayn-Wittgenstein (1568–1607) and Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1514–1590), who was replaced in 1585 by his son, Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1541–1599).Albert's mother Magdalena remarried in1581 to John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen, the son of his guardian and regent. She and her sons from her first marriage then moved to the Nassau court in Dillenburg. At the time, this was a centre of Calvinism inGermany. The court in Dillenburg maintained cordial relations with the Reformed court of the Electorate of the Palatinate in Heidelberg.However, Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Albert's Lutheran guardian, and later hisson Philip V, vehemently resisted this Calvinist influence, though ultimately their resistance was in vain. Philip V tried to have the Lutheran Duke Richard of Simmern-Sponheim, a younger brother of Elector PalatineFrederick III appointed as co-regent. He managed to obtain a mandate to this effect from the Reichskammergericht, however, the Calvinist prevented Richard's installation and prevented the people ofHanau-Münzenberg from paying tribute to Duke Richard. Instead, they installed Duke John Casimir of the Palatinate-Simmern as upper guardian, an honorary position, which nevertheless strengthened the Calvinist holdon Hanau-Münzenberg.The end of the guardianship is difficult to determine. In 1600, the guardians had a dispute with Philip Louis II and ended their guardianship over him. However, Albert was still a minor in 1600 (at"}
{"doc_id":"doc_224","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:5L5L or 5-L can refer to:TransportationAeroSur (IATA code)5L, a model of Toyota L engineCurtiss F-5L, see Felixstowe F5LSSH 5L (WA), former name of U.S. Route 12 in WashingtonAtlantic coast F-5L, seeFelixstowe F.5Auster J/5L, a model of Auster Aiglet TrainerBritish Rail Class 202 Diesel-electric multiple units (6L) when reduced to a five-carriage configurationBritish Rail Class 203 Diesel-electric multiple units (6B)when reduced to a five-carriage configuration by the removal of their buffet carsScience and technologyORC5LTAF5L5L, a model of HP LaserJet 5AIX 5L, see IBM AIXOther usesThe Horns of Nimon (production code: 5L),a 1979–80 Doctor Who serialSee alsoL5 (disambiguation)Passage 2:VariatorA variator is a device that can change its parameters, or can change parameters of other devices.Often a variator is a mechanical powertransmission device that can change its gear ratio continuously (rather than in steps).ExamplesBeier variable-ratio gearContinuously variable transmissionEvans friction coneNuVinci continuously variabletransmissionVariator (variable valve timing)VariomaticVANOSSee alsoEpicyclic gearingPassage 3:9F9F or 9-F may refer to:LocomotivesBR Standard Class 9F, a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotivesBR Standard Class 9F92020-9BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening StarList of preserved BR Standard Class 9F locomotivesGCR Class 9F, a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotivesOther uses2020 Salvadoran political crisis, commonly referred toas 9F (9th February)New York Route 9F, now New York State Route 9GFluorine (9F), a chemical elementSee alsoF9 (disambiguation)February 99ff, a German car tuning companyGrumman F9F Panther, an Americancarrier-based fighter aircraftGrumman F9F Cougar, an American carrier-based fighter aircraftPassage 4:ESTEst, EST, est, -est, etc. may refer to:Arts and entertainmentest: The Steersman Handbook, a science fictionbook published in 1970Ed Sullivan Theater, New York, built in 1927Ensemble Studio Theatre, New York, founded in 1968Esbjörn Svensson Trio, a Swedish jazz trioE.S.T., a song by British band White Lies from their2009 album To Lose My Life...E.S.T. - Trip to the Moon, a song by Alien Sex Fiend from their 1984 album Acid BathLanguage-est, the superlative suffix in English-est, an archaic verb ending in EnglishEstonian language(ISO 639 code: est)European Society for Translation StudiesExtended standard theory, a generative grammar frameworkPeopleDiana Est (born 1963), Italian singerEST Gee (born 1994), American rapperMichael Est (c.1580–1648), English composerThomas Est (c. 1540–1609), English printerVan Est, a Dutch surnamePlacesAfricaEst Department, a former division of Ivory CoastEst Province, RwandaEst Region (Burkina Faso)EstRegion (Cameroon)EuropeEst (Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg constituency), an electoral constituency in LuxembourgEst, Netherlands, a town in GelderlandEstonia (ISO 3166 alpha-3 code: EST)Science andmedicineEdinburgh Science Triangle, a multi-disciplinary partnership in ScotlandElectroconvulsive therapy, formerly electroshock therapy, a form of treatmentEndodermal sinus tumor, a cancerous germ celltumorEstrone sulfotransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the transformation of an unconjugated estrogen into a sulfated estrogenEuropean Solar Telescope, a proposed observatoryExpressed sequence tag, a shortsub-sequence of a cDNA sequenceTechnologyElectron spiral toroid, a claimed small stable plasma toroidElectronic sell-through, a method of media distributionEnrollment over Secure Transport, a cryptographicprotocolTime zonesAustralian Eastern Standard Time or AEST (UTC+10), see Time in AustraliaEastern Standard Time or EST (UTC−5) in the Americas, officially \"Eastern Time Zone\"Egypt Standard Time or EGY(UTC+2)European Summer Time (varies from UTC to UTC+3), in several time zones, see Summer time in EuropeOther usesEnergy Saving Trust, a British organization for fighting climate change, formed in 1992ErhardSeminars Training (est), a New Age large-group awareness training program, 1971–1984Espérance Sportive de Tunis, a Tunisian multi-sports club, founded in 1919Est Cola, a Thai soft drink, launched in 2012Effortsatisficing theory, a decision-making strategy; see Satisficing § Effort satisficing theoryEstablished; see AnniversarySee alsoEast (disambiguation)Passage 5:I Can ChangeI Can Change may refer to:\"I Can Change\"(Brandon Flowers song)\"I Can Change\" (LCD Soundsystem song)\"I Can Change\", a song from the South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut soundtrackPassage 6:L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\"(English: \"The Story of a Fairy Is...\") is a 2001 song recorded by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer. It was one of the singles from the soundtrack album for the film Rugrats in Paris: The Movie (known in Franceas Les Razmokets à Paris). With its lyrics written by Farmer and the song being composed and produced by her long-time songwriting collaborator Laurent Boutonnat, \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" was released on 27February 2001. The song describes the fairy Mélusine with \"childish\" lyrics that contrast with double entendres and puns referring to sexual practices. Although the single had no music video nor airplay promotion, itreceived generally positive reviews from critics and reached top-ten charts in France and Belgium.Background and writingRugrats in Paris: The Movie was the second in a trilogy of films based on the children's animatedtelevision series Rugrats, which features the adventures of a group of toddlers. After filming, the producers wanted to record a soundtrack for the movie with mainly French songs, as well as a few in English. Severalsingers were contacted, including TLC member Tionne Watkins, the 1990s boys band 2Be3, Sinéad O'Connor, Cyndi Lauper and Mylène Farmer. Persistent but unconfirmed rumours claimed that Madonna, as the founderof the Maverick company producing the soundtrack, had expressly asked Farmer to participate in the album. Farmer accepted, but preferred to produce a new song instead of licensing the rights to one of her oldcompositions. The recording label Maverick signed a contract for an unreleased song, with lyrics written by Farmer and music composed by her songwriting partner Laurent Boutonnat. This was the first time that thesinger had recorded a song especially for a movie. An English version was canceled in favour of a French version, and eventually the song only played for about 15 seconds in the movie. The first title chosen,\"Attrapez-moi\", was also quickly abandoned as it was too similar to the Pokémon's cry of \"Attrapez-les tous\".Music and lyrics\"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" is a synthpop song. It tells the story of a mischievous andmalicious fairy, Mélusine, here embodied by Farmer. Lyrically, the song uses words referring to magic, baffling several of Farmer's fans as the lyrics seem to be closer to the themes found in songs by young singers suchas Alizée. The lyrics also contain several double entendres and puns which refer to sexual practices. The song's title itself is ambiguous and can be deemed sexually suggestive as it contains a pun in French alluding tospanking: in French, the title \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" could be phonetically understand as meaning \"L'Histoire d'une fessée...\" (translation: \"The Story of a Spanking\").ReleaseIn Europe the soundtrack release waspostponed until 7 February 2001 because Farmer had bought the song's royalties and finally decided to release it as a single, 14 days later. It was only released as a digipack CD single, in which the song's lyrics arewritten inside, and there was no promotional format. For the second time in the singer's career – after the song \"XXL\" – the single cover does not show her, but a drawing of a fairy from the film by Tom Madrid. Thesong began circulating online a month before the soundtrack's release and was well received by many fans who felt that it could be a hit. The song did not receive much radio airplay, with only Europe 2 playing itregularly. \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" was also released on the soundtrack of the film in a longer version than the CD single version, and was later included on Mylène Farmer's greatest hits album Les Mots. It was alsoreleased as the third track on the European CD maxi \"Les Mots\", released in the Switzerland on 4 September 2002.Critical receptionThe song was generally well received by critics, who particularly noted the puns.According to author Erwan Chuberre, the lyrics are \"as funny as disillusioned\" and Farmer uses puns that \"highlight her immoderate pleasure for impolite pleasures\", with a music he deemed \"effective\". Author ThierryDesaules said that the song appears to be a childish fairly tale, but is actually structured in a perverse enough way to address the adult public, as the allusions to the spanking can be seen as references tosadomasochism. Journalist Benoît Cachin wrote that her puns are \"of the funniest\" and that the singer included in the lyrics \"some very personal thoughts\", including sadness; he added that Farmer appears to be \"fun,dynamic and delightfully mischievous\" on this song.Chart performanceOn 3 March 2001, the single debuted at a peak of number nine on the French SNEP Singles Chart, providing Farmer her 22nd top ten hit. In thefollowing weeks, the song fell steadily and remained in the top 50 for nine weeks and a total of 15 weeks on the chart. This chart performance was surprising given that the song was aired little on radio, the film met amixed commercial success in France and there was no music video, no promotion on television, and only one format. According to Instant-Mag the beauty of the single's cover undoubtedly helped increase sales. InBelgium, the single started at number 23 on 15 March 2001, climbed to number 11, then peaked at number 10. Thereafter, it dropped and fell off the Ultratop 50 after 13 weeks. On the 2001 Belgian singles year-endchart, \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" ranked at number 89.Formats and track listingsThese are the formats and track listings of single releases of \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\":CD single – DigipackOfficial versionsCreditsand personnelThese are the credits and the personnel as they appear on the back of the single:Mylène Farmer – lyricsLaurent Boutonnat – music, producerJohn Eng – artistic directorGena Kornyshev – stylistTom Madrid– drawingsRequiem Publishing – editionsPolydor – recording companyHenry Neu – designBertrand Chatenet – mixingChartsRelease historyPassage 7:I Can Change (LCD Soundsystem song)\"I Can Change\" is a song byAmerican rock band LCD Soundsystem. The song was released as the third official single from the band's third studio album This Is Happening, on May 29, 2010. It was written by band member Pat Mahoney and bandfrontman James Murphy and was produced by the DFA. The song was featured on the soundtrack for the video game FIFA 11 and peaked at number 85 on the French Singles Chart.Track listing12\" vinylDFA22591CDDFA 2259XDigital downloadChartsPassage 8:R* (disambiguation)*R or R* denote hyperreal numbers.R* may also refer to:R* rule (ecology), or resource-ratio hypothesis, a hypothesis in communityecologyRockstar Games, an American video game publisherr* or r-star, natural rate of interestR*-tree, a tree data structure for spatial accessRstar, later called Okina, a sub-satellite of SELENESee alsoBerkeleyr-commands, to enable Unix users to issue commands to another Unix computer via TCP/IP computer networkCarbon starVariable starPassage 9:USEUSE or U.S.E. may refer to:United States of Europe, hypotheticalscenario of a single sovereign country in EuropeUnited State of Electronica, an American rock bandU.S.E. (album), by United State of ElectronicaUganda Securities Exchange, the principal stock exchange in UgandaUSEMethod, a systems performance methodology by Brendan GreggUnion State of Eurasia, an intergovernmental organisation in Europe and AsiaUnified State Exam, a series of university entrance exams in RussiaSeealsoUse (disambiguation)Passage 10:A6A6, A 6 or A-6 can refer to:Arts and entertainmentA6, a mutated flu virus in the short story \"Night Surf\" by Stephen KingA-6, a renamed version of the US Security Group in the1997 comic book movie SpawnElectronics and softwareA6 record, a type of DNS recordApple A6, a System-on-a-chip ARM processorHanlin eReader A6, an ebook readerSamsung Galaxy A6, a smartphone bySamsungMilitaryA6, the designation for air force headquarters staff concerned with signals, communications, or information technologyIn the United Kingdom, the A6 Air CIS (Computers & Information Systems) branch,also known as JFACHQ, UK Joint Force Air Component HeadquartersA 6, a Swedish artillery regimentGrumman A-6 Intruder, a twin-engine, mid-wing all-weather US Navy medium attack aircraft manufactured byGrumman, in service from 1962 to 1997Science and technologyBiologyBritish NVC community A6 (Ceratophyllum submersum community), a British Isles plants communityNoradrenergic cell group A6Subfamily A6, asubfamily of Rhodopsin-like receptorsXenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells in cell cultureTransportationCivil aviation transportA6, the IATA code for Air Alps AviationUnited Arab Emirates aircraft registration codeCivilianaircraftFocke-Wulf A6, a 1930s civilian aircraft from the German Focke-Wulf companyAutomobilesArrows A6, a British racing carAudi A6, a German executive carChanghe A6, a Chinese compact sedanJAC Refine A6, aChinese mid-size sedan conceptMaserati A6, an Italian sports coupe seriesRoads and routesA6 road, in several countriesRoute A6 (WMATA), a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area TransitAuthority\\WatercraftA-6, formerly USS Porpoise (SS-7), a Plunger-class submarine of the United States NavyHMS A6, a British A-class submarine of the Royal NavyOtherPrussian A 6, a 1913 German railbusA6, anaggregate series (A1 to A12) German rocket design in World War II, never implementedLNER Class A6, a class of 4-6-2T locomotivesOther usesA6 (classification), an amputee sport classificationA-6 tool steel, anair-hardening SAE grade of tool steelA6, an ISO 216 international standard paper size (105×148 mm)A6, or A (musical note) above soprano C, the highest note written or acknowledged as musical in classicalmusicASICS, a footwear company whose name and logo resemble A6A06A.06, a track title on Linkin Park Underground Linkin Park fan club compilationA06 (band), a Massachusetts-based rock band associated withmulti-instrumentalist Casey CrescenzoATC code A06 Laxatives, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification SystemHMNZS Monowai (A06), a 1975 Royal New Zealand Navy hydrographic surveyvesselRéti Opening code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings"}
{"doc_id":"doc_225","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince of LiesPrince of Lies or The Prince of Lies may refer to:Hellstorm: Prince of Lies, a short lived comic book seriesPrince of Lies, a single from Scottish music group CindytalkPrince of Lies (novel), bookfour in The Avatar Series by James LowderThe Prince of Lies, a common nickname for SatanThe Prince of Lies, a nickname for Cyric, a fictional deity in the Forgotten Realms campaign of Dungeons & DragonsThe Princeof Lies, a vampire in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universePassage 2:The Book of LiesThe Book of Lies may refer to:The Book of Lies (Crowley), a 1913 title by Aleister CrowleyThe Book of Lies (Picano novel), a 1999title by Felice PicanoThe Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult, a 2003 compilation edited by Richard MetzgerThe Book of Lies (Moloney novel), a 2004 title by James MoloneyThe Book of Lies(Meltzer novel), a 2008 title by Brad MeltzerBook of Lies (album), a 2008 recording by Australian band End of FashionThe Book of Lies (Horlock novel), a 2011 title by Mary HorlockPassage 3:Iraqi nationality lawIraqinationality is transmitted by one's parents.HistoryThe first nationality law was passed in 1924, and that year, on 6 August, all people within the bounds of Iraqi jurisdiction automatically acquired Iraqi citizenship.According to Zainab Saleh,  \"The 1924 Iraqi Nationality Law and its amendments bring to light the haunted origins of Arab nationalism\" by defining Iraqis of Persian descent as second-class citizens.NaturalisationThe lawgoverning naturalisation is Law No. 43 of 1963 and Law No. 5 of 1975. Naturalisation is only available to those over 18 years of age. There is a requirement of good repute, and a clean criminal record. Generally, theperson seeking naturalisation is required to be an ethnic Arab, or otherwise married to an Iraqi man for not less than 5 years with residence within the country. Naturalised citizens are required to take an oath ofallegiance before a competent person authourised to receive the same within 90 days.It ought to be noted that naturalised citizens will be barred from holding the office of Member of Parliament or Minister, for at least10 years after the date of naturalisation, in addition, naturalised citizens are unable to hold the office of Prime Minister of Iraq or President of Iraqi.Dual citizenshipIraq recognizes dual nationality.Travel freedomIn 2016,Iraqi citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 30 countries and territories. Thus, the Iraqi passport ranks 102nd in the world, according to the Visa Restrictions Index.See alsoNationality lawIraqi passportIraqNational CardPassage 4:Body of LiesBody of Lies can refer to:Body of Lies (novel), a 2007 spy thriller by David Ignatius, about a CIA operative.Body of Lies (film), a 2008 film by director Ridley Scott, based on the 2007novel.Body of Lies (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 2008 film.Body of Lies, a 2002 novel by Iris Johansen.Passage 5:Moira CameronMoira Cameron is a retired Yeoman Warder of the Tower of London, United Kingdom.She is the first woman to ever hold the position. In 2007, after a 22-year career in the British Army, Cameron became one of the 35 resident Warders in the Tower of London, commonly known as theBeefeaters.Originally prison guards, the Yeoman Warder's position dates back to 1485. It is now a largely ceremonial role, with responsibility for conducting guided tours and generally looking after public visitors to theTower, as well as conducting certain other duties both inside and outside the Tower.CareerBritish ArmyCameron joined the Women's Royal Army Corps (WRAC) in June 1985 at the age of 20. She was trained as a DataTelegraphist with the Royal Corps of Signals before transferring to the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) in 1988 to train as a Military Accountant, and in 2000 Cameron was awarded her Long Service and Good ConductMedal. In 1992, WRAC and RAPC were replaced by the Adjutant General's Corps, and Cameron worked her way through the ranks in its Staff and Personnel Support Branch, completing 22 years service in the army inJune 2007. Having seen service in England, Northern Ireland and Cyprus, Cameron ended her Army career at the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2, holding the post of Superintendent Clerk in 145 (Home Counties)Brigade in Aldershot.Yeoman WarderCameron officially became the first ever female Yeoman Warder in July 2007 but didn't get to wear her uniform until 3 September 2007. Cameron is one of 37 Yeoman Wardersbased in the Tower of London, a position which dates back to 1485. Styled as Yeoman Warder Cameron, her full and proper title is Yeoman Warder of His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, andMembers of the Sovereign's Body Guard of the Yeoman Guard in the Extraordinary.Camerons' duties are mostly connected to the Tower, but can involve some outside ceremonies. Within the Tower, Cameron's role is totake care of public visitors to the Tower and perform guided tours, guard the Crown Jewels, perform the Ceremony of the Keys and look after the Ravens of the Tower. Outside the Tower, Warders duties are to attendthe Coronation of the Sovereign, lying-in-state, the Lord Mayor's Show, and other state and charity functions. As a Yeoman Warder, Cameron has two tailored-to-fit uniforms, the Scarlet ceremonial dress, and the'undress' blue uniform for day-to-day duties (each in three variants of varying thickness for different seasons).On 25 November 2009, two Yeoman Warders were dismissed after being found guilty of gross misconductfor bullying Cameron due to her gender. Three Warders had been suspended, and one was subsequently re-instated following the month-long investigation, with his role 'unproven'. One of the three also received apolice caution for defacing Cameron's Wikipedia biography.Cameron retired in Autumn 2022 after having served 15 years as a Yeoman Warder.First female Yeoman WarderThe post of Yeoman Warder had neverspecifically been barred to women, although due to the rules governing women in the British Army, it was only in the modern era that women were able to have a career able to meet the entry requirements. To applyfor the job, applicants had to be aged between 40 and 55, have completed at least 22 years' service in either the Army, Royal Air Force or Royal Marines reaching the rank of Warrant Officer or SeniorNon-Commissioned Officer (NCO), and have been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. It was announced on 3 January 2007 that an unnamed female would be replacing a retiring Yeoman Warder inSeptember 2007, with WO2 Cameron, still in the Army at the time, publicly named as this replacement eight days later. Cameron had long been interested in the job of Yeoman Warder, and applied to an advertisementplaced in Soldier Magazine in Summer 2006. Cameron was not the first woman to apply for the job of Yeoman Warder, but she was the first to pass the interview process, beating five male candidates for thevacancy.Personal lifeBorn in 1964, Cameron grew up in Furnace, Argyll on the west coast of Scotland, and joined the Army at the suggestion of her mother, who thought she 'needed to see the world'. As part of her jobas a Yeoman Warder, she lives in the Tower of London in a subsidised apartment. In February 2011, Cameron was made a patron of The Kit Wilson Trust for Animal Welfare, an animal welfare charity based in EastSussex.See alsoTourism in LondonWomen in the militaryPassage 6:Tower of London (disambiguation)The Tower of London is a former Royal residence in London.Tower(s) of London may also refer to:GeographyTowerof London Range, Northern Rockies, CanadaLondon Tower (Alaska), a mountain in Denali National ParkArts, media, and entertainmentFilmsTower of London (1939 film) Peter Pan (1953 film) as an animated model ofthe buildingTower of London (1962 film)Mary Poppins (1964 film) as Peter Ellenshaw's Cloudy London setCarry On Henry seen in the opening credits and the closing titlesLiteratureThe Tower of London (novel), a19th-century novel by William Harrison AinsworthThe Tower of London (Soseki novel), a short story by Natsume SosekiMusicTowers of London (band)\"Towers of London\" (song)\"Tower of London\", a song by ABC fromthe album How to Be a ... Zillionaire!Television\"Tower of London\" (The Goodies), an episode of The GoodiesOther usesTower of London test, a neuropsychological testPassage 7:The Tower of LiesThe Tower of Lies is a1925 American silent drama film directed by Victor Sjöström. It was written by Agnes Christine Johnston and Max Marcin, based upon Selma Lagerlöf's 1914 novel The Emperor of Portugallia (MGM actually purchasedthe story rights in 1922). The film was supposed to be called The Emperor of Portugallia, but was later changed to The Tower of Lies.Released one year after He Who Gets Slapped, the film marks the secondcollaboration between Sjöström, Lon Chaney and Norma Shearer. Also starring are William Haines, Ian Keith and Lew Cody.The film's sets were designed by the art director James Basevi and Cedric Gibbons. The filmwas shot on location in the Sacramento River Delta, Lake Arrowhead and the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. It took 53 days to complete at a cost of $185,000. It grossed $653,000 worldwide.\"Film Mercury\" votedChaney's performance as one of the year's best. It is considered a lost film, although rumors persist that a print may exist in Denmark. Stills exist showing Chaney in his \"Jan\" makeup, which took him three hours eachday to apply.PlotJan (Lon Chaney) is a Swedish farmer and Glory (Norma Shearer) is his beloved daughter. When she was a child, she and her father used to role-play being the Emperor and Empress of Portugallia, afairy tale land where dreams come true, and a neighboring farm boy named August would play the Prince. Glory grows up to be a beautiful young woman, and both August and Jan's vile landlord Lars (Iam Keith) vie forher attention.Jan incurs some debts he cannot pay, and to save him from bankruptcy, his daughter temporarily moves to the big city supposedly to get a job (finally allowing Lars to lead her into prostitution). After atime, the landlord tells Jan his daughter has succeeded in paying off his debts, but will not tell him how she earned the money. Realizing that his daughter has been selling herself to help him avoid bankruptcy, Jan'smind slowly begins to unravel. Years pass and his daughter never returns to the farm, and every day Jan waits down by the riverboat hoping she will come home.Eventually she does return to him, but by this time,Jan's mind has snapped and he actually believes that he is the Emperor of Portugallia and she is his Empress. Jan has taken to wearing a strange military uniform and a circus hat, and his hair and long beard have allturned gray (see photo). Glory's fine attire leads the villagers to believe that she has been living as a prostitute and they demand she leave town. Only August is willing to stand by her and protect her honor.Gloryboards the local steamboat at the docks in order to leave town, and her father follows her, falling off the pier in his haste and drowning. When the ship's captain throws the boat into reverse in an attempt to save Jan,Lars (who is taunting Glory from the ship's deck) is thrown into the paddlewheel and crushed to death. Glory winds up marrying August and settling down in town with him.CastCritical Comments\"Notwithstanding thatTOWER OF LIES is a sincerely made picture and excellent from the artistic and literary viewpoints, it is too heavy for the picture audiences. When finished the impression left is that one more prostitute has reformed andbeen forgiven...The acting is aces and the direction masterful. But with all this, TOWER OF LIES can never be anything more than a soggy picture made bearable by the leavening forces of Seastrom, Chaney andShearer.\" ---Variety\"THE TOWER OF LIES is a beautiful production with a flash of poignant drama at its end...Chaney and Miss Shearer especially are splendid.\" ---Moving Picture World\"It seems as if Mr. Chaney hadhad too much to say about his own performance, for he overacts and his make-up, consisting largely of a rich crop of iron gray hair and whiskers and beard, seem to fit well without looking as if they belonged to him.Mr. Chaney's exaggerated actions and expressions appear to have been contagious, for Mr. Seastrom himself betrays a weakness for overemphasizing a number of points.\" ---The New York Times\"A distinctive and rareartistic achievement... A very worthy effort and yet probably not the best box office. Chaney passes by his usual grotesque characterization and does something just a bit different.\" ---Film Daily\"(Chaney) does notresort to the grotesque, but from the first sequences, where he appears as the tiller of the soil who neither loves nor hates....to the last when he becomes a demented old man, his interpretation is patheticallyconvincing.\" --- Movie Magazine\"Mr. Chaney's performance struck me as being a notable one. Toward the close of the film, Chaney is far more than a mere artificer. He really is Jan, the gnarled, mad old peasant.\"---New York Tribune\"Though Mr. Seastrom's direction and the acting of the players are masterful, the theme is not very pleasant. Some picture-goers may like this picture very well, while others will not. Mr. Chaneydoes excellent work and awakens warm sympathy in a role that is the exact opposite in nature to thse he has been given in pictures lately.\" ----Harrison's ReportsPreservationThe Tower of Lies is now considered a lostfilm. The last known surviving copy of the film was reportedly destroyed in the 1965 MGM vault fire.See alsoList of lost filmsPassage 8:Victor SjöströmVictor David Sjöström (Swedish: [\u0000v\u0000\u0000k\u0000t\u0000r \u0000\u0000ø\u0000\u0000strœm](listen); 20 September 1879 – 3 January 1960), also known in the United States as Victor Seastrom, was a pioneering Swedish film director, screenwriter, and actor. He began his career in Sweden, before moving toHollywood in 1924. Sjöström worked primarily in the silent era; his best known films include The Phantom Carriage (1921), He Who Gets Slapped (1924), and The Wind (1928). Sjöström was Sweden's most prominentdirector in the \"Golden Age of Silent Film\" in Europe. Later in life, he played the leading role in Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries (1957).BiographyBorn in Årjäng/Silbodal, in the Värmland region of Sweden, he wasonly a year old when his father, Olof Adolf Sjöström, moved the family to Brooklyn, New York. His mother died in 1886, he was seven years old. Sjöström returned to Sweden where he lived with relatives in Stockholm,beginning his acting career at 17 as a member of a touring theater company.Drawn from the stage to the fledgling motion picture industry, he made his first film in 1912 under the direction of Mauritz Stiller. Between1912 and 1923, he directed another forty-one films in Sweden, some of which are now lost. Those surviving include The Sons of Ingmar (1919), Karin, Daughter of Ingmar (1920) and The Phantom Carriage (1921), allbased on stories by the Nobel Prize–winning novelist Selma Lagerlöf. Many of his films from the period are marked by subtle character portrayal, fine storytelling and evocative settings in which the Swedish landscapeoften plays a key psychological role. The naturalistic quality of his films was enhanced by his (then revolutionary) preference for on-location filming, especially in rural and village settings. He is also known as a pioneerof continuity editing in narrative filmmaking.In 1923, Sjöström accepted an offer from Louis B. Mayer to work in the United States. In Sweden, he had acted in his own films as well as in those for others, but inHollywood he devoted himself solely to directing. Using an anglicized name, Victor Seastrom, he made the drama film Name the Man (1924) based on the Hall Caine novel, The Master of Man. He directed stars of theday such as Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lillian Gish, Lon Chaney, and Norma Shearer in another eight films in America before his first talkie in 1930. His 1926 film The Scarlet Letter, starring Lillian Gish as the adulterousHester Prynne, allows Hester a certain voluptuousness; when she leaves the bare rooms of the town for a date with her lover in the verdant woods, she defiantly pulls off her scarlet letter A, takes off her cap as well,and we see her beautiful, rich head of hair.Uncomfortable with the modifications needed to direct sound films, Victor Sjöström returned to Sweden where he directed two more films before his final directing effort, anEnglish-language drama filmed in the United Kingdom Under the Red Robe (1937). Over the following fifteen years, Sjöström returned to acting in the theatre, performed a variety of leading roles in more than a dozenfilms and was a company director of Svensk Film Industri. Aged 78, he gave his final acting performance, probably his best remembered, as the elderly professor Isak Borg in Ingmar Bergman's film Wild Strawberries(1957).Personal lifeSjöström was married three times. His daughter was actress Guje Lagerwall (1918-2019).Victor Sjöström died in Stockholm at the age of 80, and he was interred in the Norra begravningsplatsen(Northern cemetery).FilmographyDirectorActorPassage 9:The Tower of Silence (film)The Tower of Silence (German: Der Turm des Schweigens) is a 1925 German mystic melodrama directed by Johannes Guter andstarring Xenia Desni and Nigel Barrie. The Tower of Silence is a silent film, and one of the few films by Guter to survive. In 2007, it became the director's first film to be restored for modern audiences.PlotThe Tower ofSilence centres around Eva (Xenia Desni), a beautiful woman kept in a high tower by her grieving widowed father. When an attractive explorer, Arved (Nigel Barrie), is saved by Eva after crashing his car near the tower,he introduces her into high society. When Arved, who was previously believed to be dead, discovers that he has lost his fiancée to ex-partner and aviator Wilfred, he must decide whether to reveal a secret that willdestroy his old friend.CastXenia Desni as EvaNigel Barrie as Arved HollFritz Delius as Wilfred DurianAvrom Morewski (Abraham Morewski) as Eldor VartalunGustav Oberg as CeelHanna Ralph as LianeHermann Leffler asMac FarlandPhilipp Manning as Werner NeuwittJenny Jugo as EviPassage 10:Bed of Lies\"Bed of Lies\" is a song by Trinidadian-American rapper and singer Nicki Minaj, taken from her third studio album, The Pinkprint(2014). The song was first premiered at the 2014 MTV EMAs in Glasgow, Scotland and was later released on November 16, 2014, by Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Republic Records as thefourth single from the album. The track features American singer-songwriter Skylar Grey on the chorus plus additional vocals on the verses as well as piano playing and was written by the latter along with Minaj. \"Bed ofLies\" features a restrained keyboard and lyrics that touch upon themes of \"heartfelt litany of grievances\" about an ex-lover.The song peaked at number 62 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became Minaj's 56th Hot 100entry, tying her with Madonna and Dionne Warwick for the third-most entries among women. It peaked at number seven in Australia and number 13 in New Zealand. \"Bed of Lies\" was certified platinum by theAustralian Recording Industry Association and gold by Recorded Music NZ.BackgroundMinaj debuted the song at the 2014 MTV EMAs in Glasgow, Scotland with Skylar Grey. In an interview with Billboard, Grey revealedthat she had written and recorded a demo version of the track before it had been sent to Minaj who wrote and recorded verses of her own to the song. Grey commented, \"She liked the demo of it enough to keep me onthe song. I knew it was maybe gonna happen, but she released a lot of different singles first. So I didn’t really know when she was gonna drop this song. And then about a week ago I got a call from her team and theywondered if I could come to Scotland and do the song with them.\" On November 15, the full song premiered on Saturday Night Online; it was made available on iTunes the next day.Composition\"Bed of Lies\" is a hip hopand pop song, written in the key of B major with a moderate tempo of 86 beats per minute.  The vocals in the song span from G\u00003 to B4, and the song follows a chord progression of B – F\u0000/A\u0000 – G\u0000m – F\u0000/A\u0000 –B.Critical receptionDeniqua Campbell from The Source gave the song a positive review, saying Minaj has yet to let up her unrelenting push to re-ignite her rapping flame and that \"Bed of Lies\" \"appeals to Minaj's moreserene nature\". Caitlin White from MTV News praised the song, saying \"Nicki has always done emotional with just the right touch of vulnerability and strength\". Christina Lee from Idolator called it \"a more pointed anddetailed version of debut Pinkprint single 'Pills n Potions'\". Lindsey Weber from Vulture said \"Nicki takes a sickly sweet Skylar Grey hook and wraps a nasty ode around it\". Sharan Shetty from Slate called \"Bed of Lies\""}
{"doc_id":"doc_226","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pal Pal Dil Ke PaasPal Pal Dil Ke Paas (transl. Every moment, close to the heart) is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language Romance film written and directed by Sunny Deol and produced by Sunny Sounds Pvt Ltd and Zee Studios. This was Deol's third movie as director after Dillagi and Ghayal Once Again. The film was released on 20 September 2019.Principal photography began on 21 May 2017. Dharmendra's Grandson Karan Deol   and Sahher Bambba were cast for the lead roles. Over 400 girls were auditioned for Sahher's role.With a box office revenue of \u000010 crore against a \u000030 crore budget, the film was commercially unsuccessful.PlotSaher Sethi, a vlogger from Delhi, goes to Manali to review a solo trekking trip organized by Camp Ujhi Dhaar, run by Karan Sehgal. She thinks that the costly solo trip is a scam, and she would expose the camp's owner. Although they started on a bitter note, things began to improve between them during their journey, leading to Karan falling for her. He doesn't confess his feelings but tells her that he is afraid of attachment. Saher admits that she wanted to become a singer but couldn't follow her passion as Viren, her boyfriend, made fun of her at an open mic. He takes Saher to his childhood spot, where he sees a snow leopard, and remembers his mother, who died in an avalanche when she tried to capture a snow leopard on her camera. The trip finally comes to an end, Karan drops Saher at the airport, and both bid farewell to each other.On reaching Delhi, Saher realizes that she has fallen in love with Karan and breaks up with Viren. She informs Karan that she is performing again at an open mic and indirectly asks him to come to Delhi. Karan unexpectedly shows up at the Open Mic, and they both confess their love for each other and share a kiss. The next day, at Saher's house party, Karan is introduced to Saher's family members and meets Viren, who invites Karan to his party the next day. Seeing Saher and Karan close and happy with each other, Viren feels devastated and becomes angry and pledges that he will do anything to be with Saher, whether right or wrong. The next Day, Saher's father talks to Karan in anger, and when Saher asks him, he replies that Viren told him everything. Saher speaks to Viren over the phone about lying to his parents, but he blackmails her about leaking her photos, which he took secretly on the Goa trip. Karan goes to Viren, and when Viren abuses Saher and Karan's mother, he thrashes him. Feeling insulted, Saher posts a video online of being eve-teased by Viren, who gets to know about this, goes to Saher's house and gets involved in a fight with her. The fight leads to Saher falling off the first floor. With Saher now in an unconscious condition, Viren's parents use political power to turn the case against Saher and beat up Karan.Seeing Saher's condition deteriorate and her family suffering all the disrespect, Karan goes to Viren's house, beats him up, drags him to the hospital, and tells him to apologize to Saher. When he refuses, Karan chokes him, almost killing him, but Viren's mother asks him to leave him, and she apologizes to everyone.Saher soon recovers from the accident, and in the end credits, Karan and Saher are shown as a happily married couple.FilmingThe film was mostly shot at various locations in the Pir Panjal Mountain Range covering Spiti Valley, Kunzum La, Rohtang La, Tabo, Chandra Taal, Kaza, Lahaul Valley and Manali region in Himachal Pradesh; while a substantial part was shot at locations in New Delhi, including a racing car sequence at Buddh International Circuit in NCR.CastKaran Deol as Karan Sehgal, Saher's husbandSahher Bambba as Saher Sehgal (Nee' Sethi), Karan's wife & Viren's ex-girlfriendSimone Singh as Vandana Sethi (Saher's mother)Sachin Khedekar as Ajay Sethi (Saher's father)Kallirroi Tziafeta as Karan's motherAakash Ahuja as Viren Narang, Saher's ex-boyfriend and the main antagonistKamini Khanna as Saher's grandmotherMeghna Malik as Central minister Ratna Narang, Viren's motherArsh Wahi as Rohan VermaRishi Singh as Saher's uncleBhavna Aneja as Anuradha, Saher's auntRavi Dudeja as Natasha's FatherMadhu Khandari as Natasha's MotherRitika Thakur as Aditi Thakur (Karan's best friend)Akash Dhar as MP Sushant Narang, Viren's brotherNupur Nagpal as Natasha Sabharwal, Saher's childhood friendKapil Negi as Vikram Thakur (Karan's mentor and Aditi's father)Suhani Sethi as Saachi Sethi (Saher's sister)Vijayant Kohli as Kapil Kumar GuptaRahul Singh as SachinMannu Sandhu as Sushant's wifePooja Katyal as Pooja, Viren's friendDiksha Bahl as VaishaliReuben Israel as Viren's fatherSoundtrackThe music of the film is composed by Sachet–Parampara and Tanishk Bagchi (noted) while lyrics are by Siddharth-Garima.ReceptionThe film mostly received mixed to negative reviews.Monika Rawal Kukreja writing for Hindustan Times noted that the film had done justice to its genre and praised Karan Deol and Sahher Bambba for their onscreen freshness. Also praising cinematography and music, she criticised the writing for lacking punch dialogues and effective humour. Concluding she opined, \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is definitely one of your run-of-the-mill love stories, but it makes you smile, cry, laugh and brings a sense of freshness.\"Gaurang Chauhan of Times Now rated it 2.5 stars out of 5, stated that \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is a visually stunning film with some good tunes but the movie somehow misses the mark due to its overlong length and a mediocre screenplay. Sahher Bambba impresses\".Parina Taneja of India TV gave 2 stars out of 5 and opined, that it was a love story that failed to leave the audience with lingering moments. Agreeing with Chauhan, Tanejapraised the performance of Bambba, direction and cinematography. Criticising screenplay and pace of the film she noted that music though melodious didn't add value to the film. Concluding, she wrote, \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is a one time watch only if you really want to enjoy the breathtaking visuals of Himachal Pradesh.Further NDTV rated the movie 1 out of 5 and wrote \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas lacks the freshness that one would expect from a film with a new romantic pair. The reason is obvious: the plot is as old, but not as sturdy, as the hills.\"Box officeThe film performed poorly at the box office, collecting \u000010.03 crore against a \u000030 crore budget. Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas collected \u00001.15 crore on the opening day with a total opening weekend collection of \u0000 4.15 crore.Passage 2:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 3:Rakka (film)Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and  directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017.PlotChapter 1: WorldIn the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced \"klume\"). Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved. The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions. They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities. Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane. The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe. And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities.The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together. Most human survivors live underground or among ruins. They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition. The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them.The resistance makes \"brain-barriers\" that block thismind control. The Klum know, however, that a scarcity of materials means a scarcity of brain barriers. They hope, therefore, to win a war of attrition against the human survivors.Some prisoners are living incubators for the Klum's young, which inevitably kills the victims. Others are dissected. Still other humans are converted into human loudspeakers that urge humans to surrender into \"conservatories\". Very few humans ever escape.After the Klum destroy a militia convoy with an airstrike, one of the surviving soldiers witnesses an angel-like being materialize from thin air. The narration describes ″them″ as mankind's saviours.Chapter 2: Amir & NoshNosh is a tech-savvy pyromaniac and bomb-maker, eking out a living in a scrapyard far from the resistance. The resistance despises Nosh for his murderous glee and demands - giving the sick or suicidal over as bait during his many IED ambushes. They must, however, give in to Nosh's demands tosecure the IEDs and the brain-barriers he makes.The resistance stumble across Amir, a mute who has escaped from the Klum. He has extensive cybernetics across his head and shoulders. Amid opposition from her lieutenants, the resistance leader, Jasper, releases Amir from her custody into the care of a resistance fighter named Sarah.Sarah, having lost her daughter to the Klum's experiments, takes a liking to him. She gives Amir food and drink while trying to persuade him to help the resistance fight the Klum by using the precognitive abilities he acquired via the aliens' experiments.Chapter 3: SiegeAmir recovers physically and mentally. Then, because of his implant, he has a premonition involving a wounded Klum on the run from militia forces.Sarah pleads with Amir to help the militia officers to stop the genocide. The more she talks to him, the more his eyes change, seeing the premonition of the impending attack more clearly. Amir, still mute, foresees the militia successfully shooting down an alien aircraft, and the pilot is the alien on the run.Sarah asks Amir if they will be able to learn how to hunt the Klum and teach them how to fear. Unable to answer, he foresees the Klum telekinetically bashing one of the militia soldiers, disconnecting his brain barrier and causing him to be mind-controlled, turning on his comrades, who are forced to kill him.Sarah tells Amir that he now has the abilities the aliens have and that he is to use them for humanity. Back in the vision, the militia surround the Klum; Jasper orders the militia to cut off its head. The film ends with Sarah urging Amir to use his abilities because he is humanity's last hope.CastSigourney Weaver as JasperEugene Khumbanyiwa as AmirRobert Hobbs as CarlCarly Pope as SarahBrandon Auret as NoshMike Huff as PolicemanOwen McCrae as KlumConnor Page as ChildJay Anstey as A suicide bomberJustin Shaw as Man in medical deviceCarla Marais as eight-year-old girlRyan Angilley as MartinezAlec Gillis as Militia officer 1Ruan Coetzee as Militia officer 2Paul Davies as Militia officer 3Pieter Jacobz as Militia officer 4Passage 4:Royal Tramp IIRoyal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron. The film is a sequel to Royal Tramp, which was released earlier in the same year.PlotHaving been revealed as the false Empress Dowager, Lung-er returns to the Dragon Sect camp. There, the sect leader reminds her of their mission to support Ng Sam-kwai's, a military general, campaign for the throne before abdicating her title to Lung-er.Siu-bo lounges at the brothel where he once worked but is then attacked by disciples of the One Arm Nun, an anti-Qing revolutionary figure, before being quickly subdued. When Siu-bo tries to take advantage of them, Ng Ying-hung, Ng Sam-kwai's son, exposes his lies. Scorned and unaware of the stranger's title, Siu-bo sends his men after Ying-Hung, but Lung-er, now disguised as Ying-hung's male bodyguard, easily fends them off.At the palace, The Emperor, wary of Ng Sam-kwai's intentions, marries off the Princess to Ying-hung and assigns Siu-bo to be the Imperial Inspector General of the wedding march, so that he can keep his eyes on the general's activities. This complicates Siu-bo's relationship with Princess when she tells Siu-bo she's pregnant with his child.The One Arm Nun and her disciple, Ah Ko, later ambushes the procession. Fighting to a standstill with Lung-er, the assailants escape with Ying-hung and Siu-bo. However, Siu-bo garners some respect from her when he reveals his dual identity as a Heaven and Earth Society commander. Lung-er finally catches up to them with reinforcements at an inn but only manages to rescue Siu-bo. Having been saved by Ying-hung before, Ah Ko elopes with him amid the confusion.At the Dragon Sect camp, Ying-hung and Fung Sek-fan secretly poisons Lung-er and turn the followers against her. She escapes with Siu-bo but must have sex with a man before dawn, otherwise she will die. However, this will transfer 4/5th of her martial arts' power to whomever she sleeps with. Despite Siu-bo's lecherous personality, Lung-er accepts his blunt honesty as a sign of virtue and chooses to sacrifice her virginity to Siu-bo and becomes his third wife.When Siu-bo gets back to the Princess, they execute a plan to castrate Ying-hung. With her betrothed no longer able to produce heirs, the Princess is taken by Siu-bo as his fourth wife. Enraged by the end of his family line, Ng Ying-hung prematurely gathers his troops and sets out to wage war with the Emperor. He tasks Fung Sek-fan with killing the Princess and Siu-bo. Though Chan Kan-nam manages to intervene and lets his disciple escape.Later, the One Arm Nun captures the elopers, Ying-hung and Ah Ko, and offers them to Siu-bo. Siu-bo pardons them and even takes Ah Ko as his fifth wife. Afterward, Fung Sek-fan is promoted when he surrenders Ng Sam-kwai's battle plans and Chan Kan-nam to the Emperor. Given Siu-bo's muddied history with the Heaven and Earth Society, the Emperor tasks him with Chan's execution. Siu-bo's newfound power is difficult for him to control, and Chan helps him master it in time for him to use it against Fung. Siu-bo also uncovers the secret of the 42 Chapters books after burning them in frustration, revealing hidden stones that are left unburned, revealing map coordinates to the location of the treasure all major parties have been attempting to locate.In order to save his master, Siu-bo defeats Fung with his newly acquired martial arts power after both falling into a hidden cave wherein the treasure is found, and swaps Feng's body with Chan's before the execution to save his master. And just as he was about to escape with his wives and Chan, the Emperor arrives with his troops, having been sold out by Siu-bo's opportunistic friend To-lung who is now involved romantically with Siu-bo's sister. But seeing that they are friends, his sister is in love with Siu-bo, and with Siu-bo bluffing that he's strong enough to demolish the Emperor and his entire army if he wanted, the Emperor lets them go, declaring that Siu-bo has died and no longer exists as far as he's concerned. Siu-bo laughs afterward that the Emperor fell for his bluff.CastStephen Chow as Wai Siu-boBrigitte Lin as Lung-erChingmy Yau as Princess Kin-ningMichelle Reis as Ah Ko/Li Ming-koNatalis Chan as To-lungDamian Lau as Chan Kan-namDeric Wan as Hong-hei EmperorKent Tong as Ng Ying-hung, Sam-kwai's sonPaul Chun as Ng Sam-kwaiSandra Ng as Wai Chun-faFennie Yuen as Seung-yee twinVivian Chan as Seung-yee twinYen Shi-kwan as Fung Sek-fanHelen Ma as Kau-nan/one-armed Divine nunSharla Cheung as Mo Tung-chu / Empress DowagerLaw Lan as founder of Divine Dragon SectTam Suk-moi as Ah NongHoh Choi-chow as Palace guard Wen Shan LunYeung Jing-jingWan Seung-lamLee FaiCheng Ka-sangHo Wing-cheungKwan YungTo Wai-woPassage 5:Pal Pal Dil Ke SsaatPal Pal Dil Ke Ssaat is a 2009 Hindi-language film directed by V.K.Kumar, starring Ajay Jadeja, Vinod Kambli, Mahi Gill, Satish Shah and Sushma Seth.CastAjay Jadeja as Ajay KapoorMahie Gill as DollyVinod Kambli as HimselfSatish Shah as John AbrahamSushma Seth as Mrs. KapoorVivek Mishra as PanikerAnshul Nagar as Vinit KhannaTanvir Azmi as Makhan SinghPassage 6:Pyar Ki Jeet (1948 film)Pyar Ki Jeet   (Love's Victory) is a 1948 Indian Bollywood film. It was the third highest grossing Indian film of 1948.The film was directed by O. P. Dutta for Famous Pictures. It had music composed by Husnlal Bhagatram. The film starred Suraiya, Rehman, Gope, Raj Mehra, Manorama, Leela Mishra, Yashodhara Katju and Niranjan Sharma. Iss Dil ke Tukde Hazar hue, sung by Mohammed Rafi is still popular.CastSuraiyaas the lead actressRehman as HeroGope as ComedianRaj Mehra as Supporting actorManoramaGyaniLeela MisraYashodhara KatjuNiranjan Sharma as Supporting actorManmohan as Supporting actorSoundtrackThe music was composed by Husnlal Bhagatram and the film song lyricists were Qamar Jalalabadi and Rajinder Krishan.Passage 7:Another EarthAnother Earth is a 2011 American science fiction drama film directed by Mike Cahill and starring Brit Marling, William Mapother, and Robin Lord Taylor. It premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival in January, and was given a limited theatrical release on July 22, 2011, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film earned two nominations at the 38th Saturn Awards for Marling's performance and for Cahill and Marling's writing. The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes calls it slow paced but soulful.PlotRhoda Williams (Brit Marling), a brilliant 17-year-old girl who has spent her young life fascinated by astronomy, is delighted to learn that she has been accepted into MIT. She celebrates, drinking with friends, and in a reckless moment, drives home intoxicated. Listening to a story on the radio about a recently discovered Earth-like planet, she gazes out her car window at the stars and inadvertently hits a stopped car at an intersection, putting John Burroughs (William Mapother) in a coma and killing his pregnant wife and young son. After serving her four-year prison sentence, Rhoda becomes a janitor at her former high school and struggles with guilt and regret.Hearing more news stories about the mirror Earth, Rhoda enters an essay contest sponsored by a millionaire entrepreneur who is offering a civilian space flight to the mirror Earth.One day Rhoda sees John laying a toy at the accident site. She visits his house, intending to apologize. He answers the door and she loses her nerve. Instead, she pretends to be a maid offering a free day of cleaning as a marketing tool for a cleaning service. John, who has dropped out of his Yale music faculty position, has been letting his home and himself go, and accepts Rhoda's offer. He has no idea who she is, and when she finishes asks her to come back the next week. In time, a caring relationship develops and they have sex.Rhoda wins the essay contest and is chosen to be one of the first to travel to the other Earth. John asks her not to go, believing they might have a future together. She finally decides to tell him the truth about who she is. He is upset and throws her out of the house.Rhoda hears an astrophysicist talking on television, describing a \"broken mirror\" hypothesis which states that upon the sighting of the twin-Earth the synchronicity of events happening in both the Earths was broken. Rhoda rushes back to John's house, but he refuses to let her in. She breaks into his house, and he begins to strangle her. He stops, and when she recovers she tells him about the theory and that there might be a possibility for his family to still be alive on the other Earth. She leaves him the ticket. In time, she learns that John accepted the gift and becomes one of the first civilian space travelers to the other Earth.Four months later, on a foggy day, Rhoda approaches her house, discovering her other self from Earth 2 standing in front of her.CastBrit Marling as Rhoda WilliamsWilliam Mapother as John BurroughsJordan Baker as Kim WilliamsRobin Lord Taylor as Jeff WilliamsFlint Beverage as Robert WilliamsKumar Pallana as PurdeepDiane Ciesla as Dr. Joan TallisRupert Reid as Keith "}
{"doc_id":"doc_227","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:NarathihapateNarathihapate (Burmese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, pronounced [n\u0000\u0000a\u0000 θìha\u0000p\u0000t\u0000]; also Sithu IV of Pagan; 23 April 1238 – 1 July 1287) was the last king of the Pagan Empire who reigned from 1256 to 1287. The king is known in Burmese history as the \"Taruk-Pyay Min\" (\"the King who fled from the Taruks\") for his flight from Pagan (Bagan) to Lower Burma in 1285 during the first Mongol invasion (1277–87) of the kingdom. He eventually submitted to Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty in January 1287 in exchange for a Mongol withdrawal from northern Burma. But when the king was assassinated six months later by his son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome, the 250-year-old Pagan Empire broke apart into multiple petty states. The political fragmentation of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery would last for another 250 years until the mid-16th century.The king is unkindly remembered in the royal chronicles, which in addition to calling a cowardly king who fled from the invaders, also call him \"an ogre\" and \"glutton\" who was \"great in wrath, haughtiness and envy, exceeding covetous and ambitious.\" According to scholarship, he was certainly an ineffective ruler but unfairly scapegoated by the chronicles for the fall of the empire, whose decline predated his reign, and in fact had been \"more prolonged and agonized\".Early lifeThe future king was born to Crown Prince Uzana and a commoner concubine from Myittha on 23 April 1238. For much of his early years, he was known at the palace as Min Khwe-Chi (lit. \"Prince Dog's Dung\") as a harmless royal. Even when his father became king in 1251, Khwe-Chi was not in line for the throne; the position belonged to his half-brother Thihathu, the eldest son of the chief queen Thonlula.ReignRise to powerBut fate came calling. In early May 1256, Uzana died from a hunting accident, and Thihathu claimed the throne. The court led by the powerful chief minister Yazathingyan did not accept a head-strong Thihathu, and placed their preferred candidate, Khwe Chi, whom they believed they could control, on the throne on 6 May 1256. Thihathu was arrested and executed. Narathihapate held the coronation ceremony in November 1256. He assumed the regnal name \"Śrī Tribhuvanādityapavara Dhammarāja\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000).Governing styleThe young king turned out be quick-tempered, arrogant, and ruthless. Soon after his accession, he sent Yazathingyan, the man who put him on the throne, into exile. But he soon had to recall Yazathingyan to quell the rebellions in Martaban (Mottama) (1258–1259) and Arakan (1258–1260). Yazathingyan put down the rebellions but died on the return journey. With the old minister's death removed the only person that could have controlled the ruthless, inexperienced king.Narathihapate was incompetent in both domestic and foreign affairs. Like his father and grandfather before him, he too failed to fix the depleted royal treasury, which had been deteriorating for years because the continued growth of tax-free religious landholdings. But unlike his grandfather Kyaswa, who would rather build a small temple than to resort to forced labor, Narathihapate built a lavish temple, the Mingalazedi Pagoda with forced labor. The people, sinking under his rule, whispered: \"When the pagoda is finished, the king shall die\".Mongol invasionsBorder war (1277–78)The existential threat to the Burmese kingdom came from the north. The Mongols, who conquered the Dali Kingdom (later renamed as Yunnan in 1274) in 1253–57, first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271–72. When the Burmese king refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent a mission in 1273 to demand tribute once again. The king refused again. The Mongol army of the Yuan dynasty in 1275–76 consolidated the Pagan–Yunnan borderlands as part of their drive to close off escape routes of the Song refugees, and in the process went on to occupy a Burmese vassal state in present-day Dehong Prefecture). Narathihapate sent the army to reclaim the region but the army was driven back in April 1277 at the battle of Ngasaunggyan (modern Yingjiang). The Mongol troops reached as far south as Kaungsin, which guarded the Bhamo Pass, the gateway into the Irrawaddy, before retreating in 1278 due to excessive heat. Later in 1278, the army reestablished its forts at Kaungsin and Ngasaunggyan.Invasion (1283–85)Narathihapate's troubles were not over. In 1281, the Mongol emperor again demanded tribute. When the king refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. In September 1283, the Mongol forces again attacked the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan, which fell on 3 December 1283. Kaungsin fell six days later, and the Mongols took Tagaung on 5 February 1284. But the Mongols found the heat excessive and retreated from Tagaung. The Burmese forces retook Tagaung on 10 May 1284. The Mongol resumed their drive southward in the following dry season (1284–85), and reached as far south as Hanlin by February 1285. Although the Mongols did not have the order to attack Pagan, the king nonetheless fled south to Lower Burma.Exile in Lower Burma (1285–87)At Lower Burma, Narathihapate found himself isolated. Although his three sons controlled three key ports (Bassein (Pathein), Dala and Prome (Pyay)) there, he could not gain their support. He did not trust them in any case, and settled at Hlegya, west of Prome, at the border between Central Burma and Lower Burma. The presence of the king and his small army impressed no one. Pegu (Bago) revolted soon after, and drove back the king's small army twice. With Martaban (Mottama) also in rebellion, the breakaway of Pegu meant the entire eastern half of Lower Burma was now in revolt. His three sons remained in control of the western half of Lower Burma but he could not count on them for their support. At Hlegya, the king was literally at the periphery of Lower Burma.Mongol vassal (1287)He decided to return to central Burma even if it meant making peace with the Mongols. In December 1285, he sent the chief minister and general Ananda Pyissi and Gen. Maha Bo to negotiate a ceasefire. The Mongol commanders at Hanlin, who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named Zhengmian (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; Wade–Giles: Cheng-Mien) agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission. They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor. A tentative agreement was reached among the negotiators on 3 March 1286; Central Burma would now be organized as a sub-province of Mianzhong (Chinese: \u0000\u0000;  Wade–Giles: Mien-Chung), and the Burmese king would send a formal embassy to the emperor. After a long deliberation, in June 1286, the Burmese king decided to agree to the terms, and sent an embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk, the chief primate, to the emperor's court.In January 1287, the embassy arrived at Beijing, and was received by the emperor. The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom, and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country. Northern Burma would continue to be organized as Zhengmian (Cheng-Mien) while central Burma would be organized as Mianzhong (Mien-Chung). In exchange, the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops. The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287, and reported the terms to the king.DeathAbout a month later, the king and his small retinue left Hlegya for Pagan. But he was captured en route by his son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome. On 1 July 1287, the king was forced to take poison. To refuse would have meant death by the sword, and with a prayer on his lips that in all his future existences \"may no male-child be ever born to him again\", the king swallowed the poison and died.AftermathNarathihapate's death was promptly followed by the breakup of the kingdom. Nearly 250 years of Pagan's rule over the Irrawaddy basin and its periphery was over. In Lower Burma, the Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the Mons emerged in 1287. In the west, Arakan was now de jure independent. In the north, the Shans who came down with the Mongols came to dominate Kachin hills and Shan hills, and went on dominate much of western and central mainland Southeast Asia.The Mongols deemed the treaty void and invaded south toward Pagan. But the invaders suffered heavy casualties, and retreated back to Tagaung. It would be nearly two years until 30 May 1289 when one of his sons Kyawswa emerged as the king of Pagan. By then, the Pagan Empire had ceased to exist. The Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung, and the occupation would last until April 1303. Even in central Burma, Kyawswa controlled only around the capital. The real power now rested with the three brothers from Myinsaing who would later found the Myinsaing Kingdom in 1297, replacing over four centuries of Pagan Kingdom.LegacyThe king is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as the \"Taruk-Pyay Min\" (\"the King who Fled from the Taruk [Chinese]\") for his flight to the south, instead of defending the country. The royal chronicles paint an especially harsh description of the king, portraying him as \"an ogre\" and \"glutton\" who was \"great in wrath, haughtiness and envy, exceeding covetous and ambitious.\" According to scholarship, he was certainly an ineffective ruler but unfairly scapegoated by the chronicles for the fall of the empire, whose descent predated his reign and in fact had been \"more prolonged and agonized.\"HistoriographyVarious royal chronicles report different dates about his life.NotesPassage 2:AnacyndaraxesAnacyndaraxes (Greek: \u0000νακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria.Notes This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Anacyndaraxes\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 157-158.Passage 3:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 4:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 5:A. R. RawlinsonLieutenant-Colonel Arthur Richard Rawlinson, OBE (9 August 1894 – 20 April 1984) was a British Army officer who served on the Western Front, and then in military intelligence in both World Wars. He served as head of MI.9a, and of MI.19. In peacetime, he developed a very successful career as a screenwriter and also produced several films.Early lifeRawlinson was born in London, England, on 9 August 1894, the son of barrister Thomas Arthur Rawlinson and Gertrude Hamilton, daughter of barrister William Melmoth Walters. The Rawlinsons were Hampshire landed gentry, Thomas Arthur Rawlinson being nephew of the judge Sir Christopher Rawlinson.He was educated at Windlesham House School, Rugby School and Pembroke College, Cambridge.War serviceAlready a cadet in the Officer Training Corps, Rawlinson was commissioned on 1 September 1914 as a temporary second lieutenant in the war-raised 6th (Service) Battalion of The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment). He was promoted to temporary lieutenant on 29 December 1914. After a year's service he obtained a regular commission with the York and Lancaster Regiment, serving again as a second lieutenant. On 26 June 1916, he was seconded to the newly formed Machine Gun Corps and promoted back to lieutenant on 21 December 1916. After he was wounded in action he began a career in Military Intelligence, 'employed at the War Office' in MI.1(a) as an acting major. He was awarded an MBE for his war service and resigned his commission on 27 February 1919.On 14 April 1939, he transferred from the Reserve of Officers of the York and Lancaster Regiment to the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) and returned to active service. During World War II he served with the rank of major as the head of MI.9(a), a department of MI.9 responsible for vetting enemy prisoners of war. The department was later reconstituted as MI.19 in its own right. He retired from the service with the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel on 5 January 1946.Honours and decorationsIn the 1945 New Year Honours, the then Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Rawlinson was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), an advance on the recognition he had received after the previous war. On 23 May 1947, he was appointed Officer of the Legion of Merit \"in recognition of distinguished services in the cause of the Allies\".Personal lifeRawlinson married Alisa Margaret Harrington Grayson on 20 December 1916. She was the daughter of Sir Henry Grayson, Bt., the Conservative Member of Parliament for Birkenhead from 1918 to 1922. They had two sons: Michael Grayson Rawlinson (born 27 March 1918, died 1941 KIA), and Peter Anthony Grayson Rawlinson (born 26 June 1919, died 28 June 2006), who became the life-peer Lord Rawlinson of Ewell.Rawlinson had a strong bond with the Grayson family. He was at Pembroke with Dennys Grayson, who served with the Irish Guards in Great War along with his brother, Rupert Grayson, and John Kipling, son of Rudyard Kipling. The shell that wounded Rupert Grayson in 1915 was the one that killed John Kipling. Dennys Grayson gave his son the distinctive name of Rudyard - as opposed to the unremarkable John - when the child was born the following year. Rawlinson married the sister of the Grayson brothers, Alisa, and the friends became family. Rudyard Kipling was keen to maintain contact with the young people who knew his beloved son, especially Rupert. It was through Rupert that Rawlinson was introduced to Kipling and was commissioned to write the screenplays to some of his works.Rawlinson died 20 April 1984 in West Sussex, England.Partial filmographyLeap Year (1932)The Blarney Stone (1933)A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933)Aunt Sally (1933)Menace (1934)The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934)Man of the Moment (1935)Lancashire Luck (1937)The Last Curtain (1937)Missing, Believed Married (1937)King Solomon's Mines (1937)Strange Boarders (1938)John Halifax (1938)Crackerjack (1938)The Face at the Window (1939)The Chinese Bungalow (1940)This England (1941)The White Unicorn (1947)Calling Paul Temple (1948)The Story of Shirley Yorke (1948)Meet Simon Cherry (1949)Celia (1949)Dark Secret (1949)There Was a Young Lady (1953)Gaolbreak (1962)Passage 6:Hardy SawSaw Hardy (born 1916) was a Burmese boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.Passage 7:John Templeton (botanist)John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the \"Father of Irish Botany\". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.FamilyTempleton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner. The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class. Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude \"drudgery and fear\" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning. Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life.In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill. Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813.The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history.United IrishmanLike many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament. But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish \" test\" or pledge. In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago.She hoped his sisters would \"soon follow him.\" Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish \"Cranmore\" (crann mór, 'big tree').Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence. He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr. James MacDonnell. MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend. (While unable to \"forget the amiable Russell\", time, he conceded,  \"softened a little my feelings\": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands).GardenThe garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: \"Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today.\" \"Box from Mr. Taylor\".Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm.for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden.BotanistJohn Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began "}
{"doc_id":"doc_228","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rolf Olsen (actor)Rolf Olsen (26 December 1919 – 3 April 1998) was an Austrian actor, screenwriter and film director. He appeared in 60 films between 1949 and 1990. He also wrote for 51 films and directed a further 33 between 1947 and 1990. He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Munich, Germany.Selected filmographyPassage 2:Our Crazy Aunts in the South SeasOur Crazy Aunts in the South Seas (German: Unsere tollen Tanten in der Südsee) is a 1964 Austrian comedy film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Gunther Philipp, Gus Backus, and Udo Jürgens. It was the final part in a trilogy of films that also included Our Crazy Aunts and Our Crazy Nieces. Barbara Frey was cast in the role that had been played by Vivi Bach in the two previous films.The film's sets were designed by the art director Leo Metzenbauer. Location shooting took place in the Canary Islands.CastPassage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 5:Dearest (2014 film)Dearest is a 2014 Chinese-language film directed by Peter Chan on kidnapping in China, based on a true story, starring Zhao Wei, Huang Bo, Tong Dawei, Hao Lei, Zhang Yi and Zhang Yuqi. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.PlotFollowing years of unrelenting search, Tian Wenjun (Huang Bo) and ex-wife Lu Xiaojuan (Hao Lei) finally locate their abducted son in a remote village. After the boy is violently taken away from the village, the abductor's widow Li Hongqin (Zhao Wei) — the boy's foster mother — also loses her foster daughter to a state-owned orphanage in Shenzhen. Heartbroken, Li goes on a lone but determined journey to get her daughter back.Theme songs\"Qin'ai de Xiaohai\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Dear Child\") sung by cast members Huang, Tong, Zhao, Zhang Yi and Hao. It was originally sung by Su Rui as the theme song of the 1985 film The Unwritten Law.\"Mei Yi Ci\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Every Time\") sung by Huang. It was originally sung by Zhang Hongsheng as an insert song in the 1990 TV series Kewang.\"Yinxing de Chibang\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Invisible Wings\") sung by Huang and parents of missing children. It was originally sung by Angela Chang in her 2006 album Pandora.CastZhao WeiHuang BoTong DaweiHao LeiZhang YiZhang YuqiZhang GuoqiangZhu DongxuYi QingWang ZhifeiProductionPrincipal photography for Dearest took place in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Chengde. It began from January 2014 and concluded on 18 April 2014.Portraying a rural mother, Zhao Wei spoke the Lower Yangtze Mandarin dialect (the predominant dialect in her hometown of Wuhu) rather than Standard Mandarin in the film.AccoladesSee alsoLost and Love – another film dealing with child kidnapping in ChinaPassage 6:Peter ChanPeter Ho-sun Chan (born 28 November 1962) is a film director and producer.Early lifeChan was born in British Hong Kong to Chinese parents. He and his family moved to Thailand when he was 11, where he grew up amongst the international Chinese community in Bangkok. He speaks Thai as fluently as a Thai person.He later studied in the United States where he attended film school at UCLA, with a minor in accountancy. He returned to Hong Kong in 1983 for a summer internship in the film industry. Chan never returned to UCLA to complete his studies.CareerHe served as second assistant director, translator, and producer on John Woo's Heroes Shed No Tears (1986), which was set in Thailand. He then was a location manager on three Jackie Chan films, Wheels on Meals (1984), The Protector (1985) and Armour of God (1986), all of which were shot overseas.He joined Impact Films as a producer in 1989, guiding projects such as Curry and Pepper (1990) to completion.His directorial debut, Alan and Eric: Between Hello and Goodbye, was crowned best film at the Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild in 1991. It also won best actor at the Hong Kong Film Awards for Eric Tsang, who would become a frequent collaborator with Chan.Chan was a co-founder of United Filmmakers Organization (UFO) in the early 1990s, which produced a number of box-office and critical hits in Hong Kong, including his own: He Ain't Heavy, He's My Father.  Other critical and commercial successes followed, including Tom, Dick and Hairy, He's a Woman, She's a Man and Comrades, Almost a Love Story.In the late 1990s, Chan worked in Hollywood, directing The Love Letter, which starred Kate Capshaw, Ellen DeGeneres and Tom Selleck.In 2000, Chan co-founded Applause Pictures with Teddy Chen and Allan Fung.  The company's focus was on fostering ties with pan-Asian filmmakers, producing such films as Jan Dara by Thailand's Nonzee Nimibutr, One Fine Spring Day South Korea's Hur Jin-ho, Samsara by China's Huang Jianxin, The Eye by Danny and Oxide Pang and cinematographer Christopher Doyle.Chan's 2005 film, the musical Perhaps Love closed the 2005 Venice Film Festival and was Hong Kong's entry for an Academy Awards nomination in the best foreign film category.  Perhaps Love became one of the year's top-grossing films in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and received a record 29 awards. Chan next directed The Warlords (2007) and produced Derek Yee's Protégé (2007). The two films were the two highest grossing Hong Kong-China co-productions of 2007. The Warlords grossed a record RMB220 million in China and over US$40 million across Asia, and garnered 8 Hong Kong Film Awards and 3 Golden Horse Awards, including Best Director and Best Feature Film.In 2009, Chan produced Teddy Chen's Bodyguards and Assassins, which has garnered RMB300 million in China box office alone, accumulating over US$50 million Asia-wide. It has scored 8 awards in the Hong Kong Film Awards, including Best Film. It also won Best Actor awards for Wang Xueqi in the Asian Film Awards and the HK Film Critics Society Awards, adding up to 146 awards out of 231 nominations for Chan's awards track record.In a survey conducted by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council during the 2010 Hong Kong Filmart, Chan was voted \"the most valuable filmmaker\", which was strongly backed by his box-office track records.Personal lifeChan dated Kathleen Poh for a brief period in 1993 before Poh moved to Singapore permanently. Chan currently has a daughter Jilian Chan (born in 2006) with Hong Kong actress Sandra Ng, although the two have no intention of getting married.FilmographyAs directorAs producerAs actorDuo ming ke (1973)Millionaires Express (1986) – Firefighter / Security officerSan dui yuan yang yi zhang chuang (1988) – Man betting on fight in loungeTwin Dragons (1992)C'est la vie, mon chéri (1993) – Man at PartyWan 9 zhao 5 (1994) – (final film role)Passage 7:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 8:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 9:Our Crazy NiecesOur Crazy Nieces (German: Unsere tollen Nichten) is a 1963 Austrian comedy film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Gunther Philipp, Vivi Bach, and Paul Hörbiger. It was the second part in a trilogy of films which began with Our Crazy Aunts in 1961 and finished with Our Crazy Aunts in the South Seas.The film's sets were designed by the art director Wolf Witzemann. It was shot at the Sievering Studios in Vienna.CastPassage 10:Our Crazy AuntsOur Crazy Aunts (German: Unsere tollen Tanten) is a 1961 Austrian comedy film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Gunther Philipp, Gus Backus, and Vivi Bach. It was followed by two sequels Our Crazy Nieces and Our Crazy Aunts in the South Seas.The film's sets were designed by the art director Felix Smetana.Cast"}
{"doc_id":"doc_229","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Helperich von Plötzkau, Margrave of the NordmarkHelperich (Helferich) (d. 1118), Count of Plötzkau and Walbeck, and Margrave of the Nordmark, son of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde vonWalbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck, and Adelheid of Bavaria.  The count's sister Irmgard was married to Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark, and was the mother of Helperich's successor in ruling themargraviate, Henry II.Helperich inherited the title Count of Plötzkau upon his father’s death and the title Count of Walbeck from his mother, although this title was mostly ceremonial at this point.  In 1112, EmperorHenry V deposed Rudolf I as Margrave of the Nordmark because of conspiracy against the crown in his alliance with Lothair of Supplinburg, then Duke of Saxony (and later Holy Roman Emperor).  The margraviate wasgiven to Helperich as an interim measure until Henry II, nephew of Rudolf and heir to the title, was of age.In 1106, Helperich married Adele, daughter of Kuno of Northeim and Kunigunde of Weimar-Orlamünde, widowof Dietrich III, Count of Katlenburg.  Helperich and Adele had four children:Bernhard (d. 1147), Count of PlötzkauConrad, Margrave of the NordmarkIrmgard, Abbess of HecklingenMathilde.Halperich died in 1118 andwas buried at the Hecklingen Monastery.  Upon his death, he was succeeded as Count of Plötzkau by his son Bernhard.  Henry II assumed the role of Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114.SourcesHucke, Richard G., DieGrafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodialbesitz der sächsischen Udonen. Stade 1956Passage 2:Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the NordmarkLothair Udo III (1070-1106), Margraveof the Nordmark and Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo IV), son of Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Oda of Werl, daughter of Herman III, Count of Werl, and Richenza of Swabia.  Brother of his predecessorHenry I the Long.Lothair Udo was betrothed to Eilika of Saxony, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, and Sophia of Hungary. However, his attention was diverted to the House of Helperich, towards Count Helperich'senticing sister Ermengardam.  He married this woman, the count's sister Irmgard, daughter of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck.  Eilika moved on andmarried Otto the Rich, Count of Ballenstedt, and was mother to Albert the Bear, the last Margrave of the Nordmark and first Margrave of Brandenburg.  This provides an interesting twist in the history of the county ofStade.Lothair Udo and Irmgard had four children:Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark, also Count of Stade (as Henry IV)A daughter whose name is not knownIrmgard von Stade, married Poppo IV, Count ofHennebergAdelheid von Stade, married Henry II, Margrave of Meissen.Lothair Udo was succeeded by his brother Rudolf as margrave and count upon his death.SourcesHucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade.900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodial- besitz der sächsischen Udonen, Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts und Heimatvereins, Stade, 1956Raffensperger, Christian, Reimagining Europe,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012Passage 3:Albert II, Margrave of BrandenburgAlbert II (c. 1177 – 25 February 1220) was a member of the House of Ascania who ruled as the margrave of Brandenburgfrom 1205 until his death in 1220.LifeAlbert II was the youngest son of Otto I and his second wife Ada of Holland. His father Otto I promoted and directed the foundation of German settlement in the area, which hadbeen Slavic until the 10th century.Count of ArneburgAlbert II was, from 1184 onwards, Count of Arneburg in the Altmark.  The Altmark belonged to Brandenburg, and his older brother Otto II claimed that this impliedthat the Ascanians owned Arneburg.When Henry of Gardeleggen died in 1192, he left his domains to Albert II. But that caused a conflict between himself and his brother. He was temporarily imprisoned in 1194 byOtto.In 1197, he joined the German Crusade of 1197. He was present at the inaugural meeting of the Teutonic Knights in 1198 in Acre.Margrave of BrandenburgAlbert II inherited the Margraviate in 1205, after thedeath of his eldest brother Otto II.In the dispute about the imperial crown between the Houses of Hohenstaufen and Guelph in the early 13th century, Albert initially supported the Hohenstaufen King Philip of Swabia,like Otto before him.  After Philip's assassination in 1208, however, he changed sides, because Emperor Otto IV had assisted him in securing the Margraviate against the Danes, and had confirmed Ascanian ownership ofBrandenburg in a deed in 1212.During this period, Albert II had a lengthy dispute with Archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg. He also played an important rôle in the Brandenburg tithe dispute.Albert II definitively securedthe regions of Teltow, Prignitz and parts of the Uckermark for the Margraviate of Brandenburg, but lost Pomerania to the House of Griffins.Death and successionAlbert II died in 1220.  At the time, his two sons were stillminors.  Initially, archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg acted as regent.  In 1221, however, Albert's widow, Countess Matilda, took up the regency.  After her death in 1225, the brothers were declared legal adults andbegan ruling the Margraviate jointly.LegacyStephan Warnatsch describes Otto I's children as follows:[They] continued the territorialisation drive that had been initiated [by their father] and, from the end of the 12thCentury, as the influx of settlers grew stronger, and, consequently, more people were available to develop the territory, started to expand into the areas of Ruppin, and in particular, Barnim and Teltow.  Moreover, theOder region and the southern Uckermark were also targets of the Ascanian expansion.  In all these areas, the Ascanians ran into opposition from competing local princes.Marriage and issueIn 1205, Albert marriedMatilda of Groitzsch (1185–1225), daughter of the Count Conrad II of Lusatia, a member of the House of Wettin, and wife Elizabeth, from the Polish Piast dynasty.  They had four children:John I (born: c. 1213; died: 4April 1266)Otto III \"the Pious\" (born: 1215; died: 9 October 1267)Matilda (died: 10 June 1261), married in 1228 Duke Otto I \"the Child\" of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1204–1252), a member of the House of GuelphElizabeth(born: 1207; died: 19 November 1231), married in 1228 Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia (1201–1247)Passage 4:Henry II, Margrave of Baden-HachbergHenry II, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg (before 1231 – c.1297/1298) was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Hachberg from 1231 to 1289.LifeHenry II was the eldest son of Margrave Henry I of Baden-Hachberg and his wife, Agnes, a daughter of Count Egino IV of Urach.  In 1231,he succeeded his father as Margrave of Baden-Hachberg.  Since he was a minor at the time, he initially stood under the guardianship of his mother.  He was the first in his line of the House of Zähringen to style himselfMargrave of Hachberg.  In 1232, he purchased the Lordship of Sausenburg from St. Blaise Abbey.  Soon afterwards, he built Sausenburg Castle, which was first mentioned in 1246.He had disputes with the spiritualrulers in the area and with the Counts of Freiburg about the entangled rights and privileges they had (or claimed to have) on each other's possessions.  In 1250, some imperial and Hohenstaufen possessions becameavailable for the taking after Emperor Frederick II had died.  Henry II grabbed some of these land and managed round off his territory.For several years, he supported Count Rudolph of Habsburg in his disputes againstthe bishops of Basel and Strasbourg.  In 1273, he supported Rudolph in his bid to become King of the Romans.  He also supported Rudolph in his dispute against the main line of the Margraves of Baden.  During the waragainst Bohemia, Henry II fought on the imperial side in the decisive Battle on the Marchfeld.He was a patron of the monasteries Tennenbach and Adelhausen.Henry II abdicated in 1289, and joined the TeutonicKnights.Marriage and issueHenry II was married to Anne, a daughter of Count Rudolph II of Üsingen-Ketzingen.  They had the following children:Henry III, his successor as Margrave of Baden-HachbergRudolf I, the firstMargrave of Hachberg-SausenbergFrederick, who also joined the Teutonic KnightsVerena, married Egino I, Count of FürstenbergHerman I, joined the Knights HospitallerKunigunde, a nun at AdelhausenAgnes, marriedWalter of ReichenbergElisabeth, also a nun at AdelhausenPassage 5:Henry II, Margrave of the NordmarkHenry II (1102 – 4 December 1128), Margrave of the Nordmark, also Count of Stade (as Henry IV), son of LothairUdo III, Margrave of the Nordmark, and  Irmgard, daughter of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck.Henry assumed the title of Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114 from Helperich of Plötzkau, who wasappointed margrave until Henry came of age. The previous margrave in this dynasty was Henry’s uncle Rudolf I, who was also his guardian.  Rudolf was deposed by Emperor Henry V because of conspiracy against thecrown, and was replaced by Helperich as an interim measure.  Henry assumed the titles of Count of Stade and Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114.Henry was married to Adelaide of Ballenstedt, a daughter of Otto, Countof Ballenstedt, and Eilika of Saxony.  Adelaide was therefore the sister of Albert the Bear. There are no known children as a result of this union.  Henry was succeeded as margrave by the son of Helperich, Conrad ofPlötzkau.SourcesKrause, Karl Ernst Hermann, Lothar Udo II. und das Stader Grafenhaus. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Band 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1884== External links ==Passage 6:Henry II,Margrave of MeissenHenry II (1103–1123) was the Margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark (as Lusizensis marchio: margrave of Lusatia) from his birth until his death. He was the posthumous son of MargraveHenry I and Gertrude of Brunswick, daughter of Egbert I of Meissen. He was by inheritance also Count of Eilenburg. He was the second Meissener margrave of the House of Wettin.He was initially under the regency offirst his mother and after her death in 1117 under his great uncle Thimo. He died young and without children in 1123. His lands were inherited by his half-sister Richenza of Northeim. He left a widow, Adelaide, daughterof Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark. The succession to the marches was disputed after his death.Passage 7:Rudolf II, Margrave of the NordmarkRudolf II (died 14 March 1144), Margrave of the Nordmark, andCount of Stade, Dithmarschen and Freckleben, son of Rudolf I, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Richardis, daughter of Hermann von Sponheim, Burgrave of Magdeburg.Rudolf, the traditional heir to the margraviateassumed the title upon the death of his predecessor Conrad von Plötzkau.A chronicle of the 15th century reported that Rudolf resided in Burg, Dithmarschen (Bökelnburg). He ruled with a heavy hand and demanded hisgrain tithe even after several years of drought. The Dithmarscher farmers used a ruse to get rid of their unpopular regent. Hidden in sacks of corn were weapons.  As agreed, they opened the bags at the sound of thebattle cry \"Röhret de Hann, snidet de sac spell!\" (Shall ye touch hands, cuts the bag volumes). They set the castle on fire, killed the count and so won their freedom. This event is still recounted today in performances atthe castle. His widow, Elizabeth, later married Henry V, Duke of Carinthia.Rudolf was married to Elisabeth, daughter of Leopold I the Strong, Margrave of Styria. No children are recorded of this union. With the death ofRudolf, the male line of the Margraves of the Nordmark died out.After the death of Rudolf, his brother Hartwig transferred his inheritance to the Archbishopric of Bremen in return for a regrant of a life interest,presumably to obtain a powerful protector against the aggression of Henry the Lion.  The move was ineffective, as Henry took possession of the lands and captured both Hartwig and the archbishop Adelbero, releasingthem only after they agreed to recognize his claim.Rudolf’s successor as Margrave of the Nordmark was Albert the Bear.  Upon Rudolf's death, his brother Hartwig succeeded him as Count of Stade.Passage 8:Henry Ithe Long, Margrave of the NordmarkHenry I the Long (c. 1065 – 27 June 1087), Margrave of the Nordmark, also Count of Stade (as Henry III), son of Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Oda of Werl,daughter of Herman III, Count of Werl, and Richenza of Swabia.Henry married Eupraxia of Kiev, daughter of Vsevolod I, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his second wife Anna.  There were no children as a result of thismarriage, and Eupraxia, widowed, married next Henry IV, then King of Saxony, who became Holy Roman Emperor.Raffensperger suggests that Henry's motivation in marrying Eupraxia was to bring Saxony closer toKiev.  In fact, the marriage may have been arranged by Oda of Stade, daughter of Lothair Udo I, Margrave of the Nordmark, who had married Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev. Oda is identified as a relative of Henry’sfather Lothair Udo II as well as a niece of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo IX.Upon his death, Henry was succeeded as margrave and count by his brother Lothair Udo III.NotesSourcesVernadsky, George,Kievan Russia, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1948, ISBN 9780300010077Raffensperger, Christian, Reimagining Europe: Kievan Rus' in the Medieval World, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,Massachusetts, 2012H. Rüß, ‘Eupraxia-Adelheid. Eine biographische Annäherung,‘ Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (2006), 481–518.== External links ==Passage 9:Theodoric I, Margrave of MeissenTheodoric I(11 March 1162 – 18 February 1221), called the Oppressed (Dietrich der Bedrängte), was the Margrave of Meissen from 1198 until his death. He was the second son of Otto II, Margrave of Meissen and Hedwig ofBrandenburg.BiographyTheodoric, called in German Dietrich, the younger son of Otto II, Margrave of Meissen, fell out with his brother, Albert the Proud, after his mother persuaded his father to change the succession sothat Theodoric was given the Margraviate of Meissen and Albrecht (although the older son) the margraviate of Weissenfels. Albert took his father prisoner to try to make him return the succession to the way it had been.After Otto obtained his release by an order of the emperor Frederick I, he had only just renewed the war when he died in 1190. Albert then took back the Meissen margraviate from his brother. Theodoric attempted toregain the margraviate, supported by Landgraf Hermann I of Thuringia, his father-in-law. In 1195, however, Theodoric left on a pilgrimage to Palestine.Albrecht's DeathAfter Albrecht's death in 1195, leaving nochildren, Meissen, with its rich mines, was seized by the emperor Henry VI as a vacant fief of the empire. Dietrich finally came into possession of his inheritance two years later on Henry's death.At the time of thestruggle between the two rival kings Philip of Swabia and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Phillip gave Dietrich the tenure of the march of Meißen again. After that time, Dietrich was on Phillip's side and remained true tothe Staufer even after Phillip was murdered in 1208.Dietrich became caught up in dangerous disagreements with the city of Leipzig and the Meißen nobility. After a fruitless siege of Leipzig, in 1217 he agreed to asettlement but then took over the city by trickery, had the city walls taken down and built three castles of his own within the city, full of his own men.DeathMargrave Dietrich died on 18 February 1221, possibly poisonedby his doctor, instigated into doing so by the people of Leipzig and the dissatisfied nobility. He left behind a widow, Jutta of Thuringia, daughter of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia. Some of his children had alreadydied.Marriages and issueChildren from his marriage to Jutta of Thuringia, daughter of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia:Hedwig (d. 1249) married Count Dietrich V of Cleves (1185–1260)Otto (d. before 1215)Sophia(d. 1280) married Count Henry of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1262)Jutta married Mestwin II, Duke of PomeraniaHenry the Illustrious (1218–1288) Margrave of MeissenChildren from extramaritalliaisons:KonradDietrich II (not the same as Dietrich von Kittlitz)HeinrichPassage 10:William, Margrave of the NordmarkWilliam (died 10 September 1056) was the Margrave of the Nordmark from 1051 until his death.He was the eldest son and successor of the Margrave Bernard by a daughter of Vladimir the Great. He died fighting the Slavs in the Battle of Pritzlawa. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his half-brother Otto asMargrave of the Nordmark.SourcesBury, J. B. (editor), The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III, Germany and the Western Empire, Cambridge University Press, 1922, page 306"}
{"doc_id":"doc_230","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Carmen on IceCarmen on Ice is a 1990 dance film with a choreography for figure skaters made in Germany. The music is based on the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet in an orchestral version arrangedespecially for this film. In contrast to figure skating movies of former times, Carmen on Ice is a film without spoken dialogue, which is an innovation in the history of figure skating.PlotThe story of Carmen on Ice is verysimilar to the opera Carmen. Analogous to the four-act opera libretto the screenplay has four parts:A Square in Sevilla in front of a cigarette factory: Micaela, a village maiden, brings a letter to the Corporal of DragoonsDon José, which was written by his mother. The cigarette girls emerge from the factory, among them the attractive Carmen, who starts to flirt with the men standing on the square. The only man who does not showinterest in Carmen is Don José, who is reading his mother's letter. Finally, however, Carmen manages to attract also his attention by dancing for him and giving him a rose. The other young women are jealous, and oneof them attacks Carmen. Carmen slashes her face with a knife. Others involve and start a street fighting, which is stopped by Zuniga, the Lieutenant of Dragoons. Everybody accuses Carmen of having started the fight.Zuniga asks Carmen if she has anything to say and also starts to flirt with her. Carmen, however, is not interested in him. Zuniga instructs José to guard Carmen. José ties up her hands with a rope. To escape, Carmenseduces José in a dance with this rope. The corporal unties her hands, and Carmen can run away. The angry Zuniga instructs his dragoons to guard José.Evening at Lillas Pastia's inn: Carmen is waiting impatiently forDon José, who has been released from prison. To drive away her boredom, she starts to dance. The toreador Escamillo enters the inn and is welcomed by the other guests. He shows a virtuoso solo dance and attractsCarmen's attention. While Escamillo leaves the inn with his friends, Don José comes in and is welcomed by Carmen, who shows a solo, which leads in a pair dance with her new lover. Suddenly the sound of bugles isheard calling the soldiers back to barracks. When José wants to leave, Carmen gets angry.  José affirms his love to her in a solo with the rose she has given to him at their first meeting. Zuniga suddenly interrupts thetwo lovers and flirts with Carmen, which makes José so jealous, that he attacks the lieutenant, and leaves the service and joins Carmen and her friends.A wild and deserted rocky place at night: Carmen has grown tiredof José, her new favorite is the toreador Escamillo. She sits at a campfire and tries to tell fortunes by the shapes made by molten lead dropped into cold water. The shape which she holds in her hand is a skull. Carmenis scared and dances nervously around the campfire. Escamillo comes to the place and makes José jealous by showing him Carmen's fan. The two rivals start fighting. Escamillo emerges victorious and retires withCarmen.A square in front of the arena in Seville: The square is full of people who cheer to procession as the bullfighting team with Escamillo arrives. Carmen welcomes the toreador and dreams of a wedding dance withhim. After the bullfighting team has entered the arena, Carmen is grabbed by Don José and pulled into an outbuilding. José begs her to return his love, but is rejected by Carmen. Don José loses control of himself andstabs Carmen to death.BackgroundCarmen on Ice was filmed in Spain and Germany, citizens of Sevilla and Berlin played bit parts. In 1988 Katarina Witt, who played the title role, had won her second olympic goldmedal at the winter games in Calgary with a free skating to Carmen. Brian Boitano, who played the part of Don José, became Olympic champion in the same year followed by Brian Orser, the Olympic silver medallist of1988 and actor playing Escamillo. So, it was obvious to cast the film with these stars. Carmen on Ice was first presented in public on February 8, 1990. and won the Emmy-Award for Outstanding Performance in aClassical Music or Dance Program in 1990. The award was shared by the film's three stars, Boitano, Orser and Witt. The choreography by Sandra Bezic and Michael Seibert (figure skater) was influenced by elements ofclassical ballet and flamenco as well. During the rehearsals the skaters were also coached by flamenco dancer Cristina Hoyos.BibliographyArt music in figure skating, synchronized swimming and rhythmicgymnastics/Kunstmusik in Eiskunstlauf, Synchronschwimmen und rhythmischer Gymnastik. PhD thesis by Johanna Beisteiner, Vienna 2005, (German). The PhD thesis contains an extensive description and analysis ofCarmen on Ice (Chapter II/2, pages 105-162). Article about the PhD thesis of Johanna Beisteiner in the catalogue of the Austrian Library Network. 2005. (German and English)Passage 2:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdiAbrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family inTehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member,and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonallifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's MojahedinOrganization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 3:Georges BizetGeorges Bizet (né Alexandre César Léopold Bizet; 25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic era. Best known for hisoperas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, Carmen, which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire operarepertoire.During a brilliant student career at the Conservatoire de Paris, Bizet won many prizes, including the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1857. He was recognised as an outstanding pianist, though he chose not tocapitalise on this skill and rarely performed in public. Returning to Paris after almost three years in Italy, he found that the main Parisian opera theatres preferred the established classical repertoire to the works ofnewcomers. His keyboard and orchestral compositions were likewise largely ignored; as a result, his career stalled, and he earned his living mainly by arranging and transcribing the music of others. Restless for success,he began many theatrical projects during the 1860s, most of which were abandoned. Neither of his two operas that reached the stage in this time—Les pêcheurs de perles and La jolie fille de Perth—were immediatelysuccessful.After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, during which Bizet served in the National Guard, he had little success with his one-act opera Djamileh, though an orchestral suite derived from his incidentalmusic to Alphonse Daudet's play L'Arlésienne was instantly popular. The production of his final opera, Carmen, was delayed because of fears that its themes of betrayal and murder would offend audiences. After itspremiere on 3 March 1875, Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure; he died of a heart attack three months later, unaware that it would prove a spectacular and enduring success.Bizet's marriage to GenevièveHalévy was intermittently happy and produced one son. After his death, his work, apart from Carmen, was generally neglected. Manuscripts were given away or lost, and published versions of his works were frequentlyrevised and adapted by other hands. He founded no school and had no obvious disciples or successors. After years of neglect, his works began to be performed more frequently in the 20th century. Later commentatorshave acclaimed him as a composer of brilliance and originality whose premature death was a significant loss to French musical theatre.LifeEarly yearsFamily background and childhoodGeorges Bizet was born in Paris on25 October 1838. He was registered as Alexandre César Léopold, but baptised as \"Georges\" on 16 March 1840, and was known by this name for the rest of his life. His father, Adolphe Bizet, had been a hairdresser andwigmaker before becoming a singing teacher despite his lack of formal training. He also composed a few works, including at least one published song. In 1837, Adolphe married Aimée Delsarte, against the wishes of herfamily who considered him a poor prospect; the Delsartes, though impoverished, were a cultured and highly musical family. Aimée was an accomplished pianist, while her brother François Delsarte was a distinguishedsinger and teacher who performed at the courts of both Louis Philippe and Napoleon III. François Delsarte's wife Rosine, a musical prodigy, had been an assistant professor of solfège at the Conservatoire de Paris at theage of 13. At least one author has suggested that his mother was from a Jewish family but this is not substantiated in any of his official biographies.Georges, an only child, showed early aptitude for music and quicklypicked up the basics of musical notation from his mother, who probably gave him his first piano lessons. By listening at the door of the room where Adolphe conducted his classes, Georges learned to sing difficult songsaccurately from memory and developed an ability to identify and analyse complex chordal structures. This precocity convinced his ambitious parents that he was ready to begin studying at the Conservatoire eventhough he was still only nine years old (the minimum entry age was 10). Georges was interviewed by Joseph Meifred, the horn virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoire's Committee of Studies. Meifred was sostruck by the boy's demonstration of his skills that he waived the age rule and offered to take him as soon as a place became available.ConservatoireBizet was admitted to the Conservatoire on 9 October 1848, twoweeks before his 10th birthday. He made an early impression; within six months he had won first prize in solfège, a feat that impressed Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman, the Conservatoire's former professor ofpiano. Zimmerman gave Bizet private lessons in counterpoint and fugue, which continued until the old man's death in 1853. Through these classes, Bizet met Zimmerman's son-in-law, the composer Charles Gounod,who became a lasting influence on the young pupil's musical style—although their relationship was often strained in later years. He also met another of Gounod's young students, the 13-year-old Camille Saint-Saëns,who remained a firm friend of Bizet's. Under the tuition of Antoine François Marmontel, the Conservatoire's professor of piano, Bizet's pianism developed rapidly; he won the Conservatoire's second prize for piano in1851, and first prize the following year. Bizet would later write to Marmontel: \"In your class one learns something besides the piano; one becomes a musician\".Bizet's first preserved compositions, two wordless songsfor soprano, date from around 1850. In 1853, he joined Fromental Halévy's composition class and began to produce works of increasing sophistication and quality. Two of his songs, \"Petite Marguerite\" and \"La Rose etl'abeille\", were published in 1854. In 1855, he wrote an ambitious overture for a large orchestra, and prepared four-hand piano versions of two of Gounod's works: the opera La nonne sanglante and the Symphony in D.Bizet's work on the Gounod symphony inspired him, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, to write his own symphony, which bore a close resemblance to Gounod's—note for note in some passages. Bizet neverpublished the symphony, which came to light again only in 1933, and was finally performed in 1935.In 1856, Bizet competed for the prestigious Prix de Rome. His entry was not successful, but nor were any of theothers; the musician's prize was not awarded that year. After this rebuff, Bizet entered an opera competition which Jacques Offenbach had organised for young composers, with a prize of 1,200 francs. The challengewas to set the one-act libretto of Le docteur Miracle by Léon Battu and Ludovic Halévy. The prize was awarded jointly to Bizet and Charles Lecocq, a compromise which years later Lecocq criticised on the grounds of thejury's manipulation by Fromental Halévy in favour of Bizet. As a result of his success, Bizet became a regular guest at Offenbach's Friday evening parties, where among other musicians he met the aged GioachinoRossini, who presented the young man with a signed photograph. Bizet was a great admirer of Rossini's music, and wrote not long after their first meeting that \"Rossini is the greatest of them all, because like Mozart, hehas all the virtues\".For his 1857 Prix de Rome entry, Bizet, with Gounod's enthusiastic approval, chose to set the cantata Clovis et Clotilde by Amédée Burion. Bizet was awarded the prize after a ballot of the members ofthe Académie des Beaux-Arts overturned the judges' initial decision, which was in favour of the oboist Charles Colin. Under the terms of the award, Bizet received a financial grant for five years, the first two to be spentin Rome, the third in Germany and the final two in Paris. The only other requirement was the submission each year of an \"envoi\", a piece of original work to the satisfaction of the Académie. Before his departure forRome in December 1857, Bizet's prize cantata was performed at the Académie to an enthusiastic reception.Rome, 1858–1860On 27 January 1858, Bizet arrived at the Villa Medici, a 16th-century palace that since 1803had housed the French Académie in Rome and which he described in a letter home as \"paradise\". Under its director, the painter Jean-Victor Schnetz, the villa provided an ideal environment in which Bizet and hisfellow-laureates could pursue their artistic endeavours. Bizet relished the convivial atmosphere, and quickly involved himself in the distractions of its social life; in his first six months in Rome, his only composition was aTe Deum written for the Rodrigues Prize, a competition for a new religious work open to Prix de Rome winners. This piece failed to impress the judges, who awarded the prize to Adrien Barthe, the only other entrant.Bizet was discouraged to the extent that he vowed to write no more religious music. His Te Deum remained forgotten and unpublished until 1971.Through the winter of 1858–59, Bizet worked on his first envoi, an operabuffa setting of Carlo Cambiaggio's libretto Don Procopio. Under the terms of his prize, Bizet's first envoi was supposed to be a mass, but after his Te Deum experience, he was averse to writing religious music. He wasapprehensive about how this breach of the rules would be received at the Académie, but their response to Don Procopio was initially positive, with praise for the composer's \"easy and brilliant touch\" and \"youthful andbold style\".For his second envoi, not wishing to test the Académie's tolerance too far, Bizet proposed to submit a quasi-religious work in the form of a secular mass on a text by Horace. This work, entitled CarmenSaeculare, was intended as a song to Apollo and Diana. No trace exists, and it is unlikely that Bizet ever started it. A tendency to conceive ambitious projects, only to quickly abandon them, became a feature of Bizet'sRome years; in addition to Carmen Saeculare, he considered and discarded at least five opera projects, two attempts at a symphony, and a symphonic ode on the theme of Ulysses and Circe. After Don Procopio, Bizetcompleted only one further work in Rome, the symphonic poem Vasco da Gama. This replaced Carmen Saeculare as his second envoi, and was well received by the Académie, though swiftly forgotten thereafter.In thesummer of 1859, Bizet and several companions travelled in the mountains and forests around Anagni and Frosinone. They also visited a convict settlement at Anzio; Bizet sent an enthusiastic letter to Marmontel,recounting his experiences. In August, he made an extended journey south to Naples and Pompeii, where he was unimpressed with the former but delighted with the latter: \"Here you live with the ancients; you seetheir temples, their theatres, their houses in which you find their furniture, their kitchen utensils...\" Bizet began sketching a symphony based on his Italian experiences, but made little immediate headway; the project,which became his Roma symphony, was not finished until 1868. On his return to Rome, Bizet successfully requested permission to extend his stay in Italy into a third year, rather than going to Germany, so that hecould complete \"an important work\" (which has not been identified). In September 1860, while visiting Venice with his friend and fellow-laureate Ernest Guiraud, Bizet received news that his mother was gravely ill inParis, and made his way home.Emergent composerParis, 1860–1863Back in Paris with two years of his grant remaining, Bizet was temporarily secure financially and could ignore for the moment the difficulties thatother young composers faced in the city. The two state-subsidised opera houses, the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, each presented traditional repertoires that tended to stifle and frustrate new homegrown talent; onlyeight of the 54 Prix de Rome laureates between 1830 and 1860 had had works staged at the Opéra. Although French composers were better represented at the Opéra-Comique, the style and character of productionshad remained largely unchanged since the 1830s. A number of smaller theatres catered for operetta, a field in which Offenbach was then paramount, while the Théâtre Italien specialised in second-rate Italian opera.The best prospect for aspirant opera composers was the Théâtre Lyrique company which, despite repeated financial crises, operated intermittently in various premises under its resourceful manager Léon Carvalho. Thiscompany had staged the first performances of Gounod's Faust and his Roméo et Juliette, and of a shortened version of Berlioz's Les Troyens.On 13 March 1861, Bizet attended the Paris premiere of Wagner's operaTannhäuser, a performance greeted by audience riots that were stage-managed by the influential Jockey-Club de Paris. Despite this distraction, Bizet revised his opinions of Wagner's music, which he had previouslydismissed as merely eccentric. He now declared Wagner \"above and beyond all living composers\". Thereafter, accusations of \"Wagnerism\" were often laid against Bizet, throughout his compositional career.As a pianist,Bizet had showed considerable skill from his earliest years. A contemporary asserted that he could have assured a future on the concert platform, but chose to conceal his talent \"as though it were a vice\". In May 1861Bizet gave a rare demonstration of his virtuoso skills when, at a dinner party at which Liszt was present, he astonished everyone by playing on sight, flawlessly, one of the maestro's most difficult pieces. Lisztcommented: \"I thought there were only two men able to surmount the difficulties ... there are three, and ... the youngest is perhaps the boldest and most brilliant.\"Bizet's third envoi was delayed for nearly a year bythe prolonged illness and death, in September 1861, of his mother. He eventually submitted a trio of orchestral works: an overture entitled La Chasse d'Ossian, a scherzo and a funeral march. The overture has beenlost; the scherzo was later absorbed into the Roma symphony, and the funeral march music was adapted and used in a later opera. Bizet's fourth and final envoi, which occupied him for much of 1862, was a one-actopera, La guzla de l'émir. As a state-subsidised theatre, the Opéra-Comique was obliged from time to time to stage the works of Prix de Rome laureates, and La guzla duly went into rehearsal in 1863. However, in AprilBizet received an offer, which originated from Count Walewski, to compose the music for a three-act opera. This was Les pêcheurs de perles, based on a libretto by Michel Carré and Eugène Cormon. Because a conditionof this offer was that the opera should be the composer's first publicly staged work, Bizet hurriedly withdrew La guzla from production and incorporated parts of its music into the new opera. The first performance of Lespêcheurs de perles, by the Théâtre Lyrique company, was on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it \"does M. Bizet the greatest honour\". Publicreaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It was not performed again until 1886.In 1862, Bizet had fathered a child with the family's housekeeper, Marie Reiter. The boy was brought upto believe that he was Adolphe Bizet's child; only on her deathbed in 1913 did Reiter reveal her son's true paternity.Years of struggleWhen his Prix de Rome grant expired, Bizet found he could not make a living from"}
{"doc_id":"doc_231","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was a Serbian student and soldier. She was notable for being the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously making her the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was Davorjanka Paunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage 2:Doria RaglandDoria Loyce Ragland (born September 2, 1956) is an American social worker, and former makeup artist and yoga instructor. She is the mother of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.Early lifeDoria Ragland was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to nurse Jeanette Arnold (1929–2000) and her second husband Alvin Azell Ragland (1929–2011), an antiques dealer who sold items at flea markets. Ragland's maternal grandparents, James and Nettie Arnold, respectively worked as a bellhop and an elevator operator at the Hotel St. Regis on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland. Her parents moved to Los Angeles when Ragland was a baby and later divorced. In 1983, her father married kindergarten teacher Ava Burrow, who is near to Ragland's age; the two remained close after that marriage also ended in divorce. Ragland has two older maternal half-siblings, Joseph (known as \"JJ\"; 1949–2021) and Saundra Johnson (born 1952), and a younger paternal half-brother, Alvin Joffrey Ragland. According to inferred conclusions and information passed down (much of it verbally) from earlier generations, the Ragland family descend from Richard Ragland, born into slavery c.1792 in Chatham County, North Carolina; his son, Stephen Ragland (1848-1926) of Jonesboro in Georgia, lived long enough to experience the abolition of slavery in 1865. Ragland's surname came from slave-owner William Ragland, a Methodist planter and land speculator who had emigrated during the eighteenth century from Cornwall, England, to North America.Career and educationAfter leaving Fairfax High School, Ragland worked as a temp assistant makeup artist and met her future husband, Thomas Markle, while employed on the set of the television show General Hospital. Later on, their daughter Meghan stayed with Thomas Markle as Ragland pursued a career. She later worked as a travel agent and owned a small business before filing for bankruptcy in the mid-2000s. Ragland completed a Bachelor of Arts in psychology. In 2011, she earned a Master of Social Work from the University of Southern California. After passing California's licensing exam in 2015, she was a social worker for three years at the Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services clinic in Culver City. Ragland has also worked as a yoga instructor. In 2020, it was reported that she would teach a jewelry making course at Santa Monica College. In the same year, Ragland became CEO, CFO and secretary of a care home firm in Beverly Hills, called Loving Kindness Senior Care Management.Personal lifeRagland married lighting director Thomas Markle Sr. on December 23, 1979, at Hollywood's Paramahansa Yogananda Self-Realization Fellowship Temple in a ceremony performed by Brother Bhaktananda. Their daughter, Meghan, was born in 1981. The couple separated when their daughter was two years old. They divorced in 1987. Both parents contributed to raising Meghan until, at the age of 6, she began living with Thomas Markle full-time while Ragland pursued a career.Ragland resides in View Park–Windsor Hills, California, in a house inherited from her father in 2011. She has accompanied Meghan to public events and attended her 2018 wedding to Prince Harry in Berkshire. Ragland became a grandmother on May 6, 2019. She flew to the United Kingdom to see her grandson, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor, and his parents. In July, she attended Mountbatten-Windsor's christening at the private chapel at Windsor Castle. Her granddaughter, Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on June 4, 2021, in Santa Barbara, California.See also\"(Almost) Straight Outta Compton\", a 2016 tabloid article headline about Meghan Markle and her mother's backgroundNotesPassage 3:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of the capital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of living of 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, his pregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been calling her names since his youth. Willem died in 1676.The VermeersThin's daughter, Catharina, came to know Johannes Vermeer and wished to marry him. Her mother disapproved of the marriage because he was not Catholic, and also likely because he was of a lower artisan class. By 1652, Vermeer helped his mother run the family's inn and was an art dealer, taking over his deceased father's business. Before they married, Thins stated that although she did not approve, she would not prevent Catharina and Vermeer from marrying. Vermeer likely converted from Reformed Protestant to Catholicism by the time of their union. Catharina and Vermeer married in Schipluy (present-day Schipluiden) on 20 April 1653. By December 1660, the Vermeers lived in the large house of his wealthy mother-in-law Maria Thins, described as a \"strong-willed\" woman. It was unusual at the time for married men and women to settle into the houses of their parents. Vermeer relied on Thin's residence and financial support to take care of his family.Vermeer painted in the artist's studio and sold art from the house. His works portray subjects with clothing and furnishings more luxurious than his own. Biographer Anthony Bailey claims that since Vermeer used models from his household, it is likely that he made a painting of his wife. He asserts that Catharina is depicted in A Lady Writing a Letter due to her \"fond expression\" and \" concentrated gaze of the unseen painter.\"Thins played an essential role in their life. She was a devotee of the Jesuit order in the nearby Catholic Church, and this seems to have influenced Johannes and Catharina.They had eleven children at the time of Vermeer's death, four of their children died young between 1660 and 1673. Most of their children were born at Thin's house. Their third son was called Ignatius, after the founder of the Jesuit Order. Catharina inherited the Ben Repas estate following her Aunt Cornelia's death in February 1661.Thins hired Vermeer to manage financial issues for her in 1667 and 1675. He collected monies owed her, and he handled her investments. The Rampjaar (disaster year) following the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674) was particularly hard on Vermeer's ability to make money as an artist and an art dealer. He had to take a loss on sales of works of art and was unable to sell his own works. His mother-in-law was financially strained during this period due to the loss of rental income from farmland due to the war. In one instance, she rented out land near Schoonhoven that was flooded to prevent the French army from crossing the Dutch Water Line. The farmland was not arable for a time. Thins reduced the money that she spent to support the Vermeers. In 1675, Vermeer went on several business trips for his mother-in-law, first to Gouda, when her husband had died, and then to Amsterdam. There Vermeer borrowed money by fraudulently using her name.Vermeer died and was buried on 15 December 1675. Unable to pay their debts, Catharina blamed the financial fallout of the war for their losses and petitioned for bankruptcy in April 1676. Ten of their eleven children were still underage when Vermeer died. Catharina continued to live at her mother's house with their children. After Vermeer's death, Maria Thins received The Art of Painting for her financial support of Catharina's family. Catharina paid off other debts with paintings or used them as surety until she paid off debts.Later years and deathThins died and was buried on 27 December 1680. The burial record states that she was the widow of Reijnier Bolnes. Thins crafted her will to maximize her grandchildren's support and education, preventing her estate from going to Catharina's creditors. The grandchildren were assigned a guardian, Hendrick van Eem, to look out for their interests. Catharina, considered responsible, was encouraged by her mother to ensure that her children were educated so that they could support themselves. Her daughter Catharina moved to Breda. Catharina Bolnes received \"Holy Oil\" on 23 December 1687, before being buried on 2 January 1688.See alsoWriting to Vermeer an opera depicting Maria Thins and Catharina BolnesPassage 4:Priscilla PointerPriscilla Marie Pointer (born May 18, 1924) is an American retired actress. She began her career in the theater in the late 1940s, including productions on Broadway. Later, Pointer moved to Hollywood and making appearances on television in the early 1950s. She didn't however become a regular screen actress until the 1970s.She is the mother of actress and singer Amy Irving, (whom she often appeared alongside as her mother or mother-in-law) therefore making her the former mother-in-law of filmmakers Steven Spielberg and Bruno Barreto and the mother-in-law of documentary filmmaker Kenneth Bowser, Jr.Personal lifePointer was born on May 18, 1924, in New York City. Her mother Augusta Leonora (née Davis) was an artist and an illustrator, and her father Kenneth Keith Pointer was an artist. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Jacob Barrett Cohen, was from a Jewish family that had lived in the United States since the 1700s.Marriages and familyPointer was previously married to film and stage director Jules Irving, former artistic director of Lincoln Center, from 1947 until his death in 1979; they are the parents of Katie Irving, director David Irving, and actress Amy Irving. In 1980, she married actor/director/producer Robert Symonds, who had been Jules Irving's producing partner at Lincoln Center. She appeared several times in stage productions with Symonds, and they remained married until the latter's death in 2007. Her granddaughter is artist and photographer Austin IrvingCareerEarly careerPointer has been a performer since thee late 1940s starting her career in theatre and appearing on Broadway, and she featured in the TV series China Smith  (The New Adventures of China Smith) in 1954. After a long hiatus, she seemed to have caught the acting bug again, in the early 1970s and has been a regular performer ever since.Pointer' first major starring role was on the TV soap opera Where the Heart Is as Adrienne Harris Rainey from 1972 and 1973FilmsPointer has appeared in many films, including Carrie (1976), in which she played the onscreen mother of Amy Irving's character; The Onion Field (1979); Mommie Dearest (1981); Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983); A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987); David Lynch's Blue Velvet; and Coyote Moon (1999). In addition to Carrie, she has played the onscreen mother to Amy Irving in Honeysuckle Rose (1980) and Carried Away (1996). They were both in the films The Competition in 1980 and Micki & Maude in 1984.Pointer appeared in three films that her son David Irving directed: Rumpelstiltskin (a 1987 musical version, which starred her daughter), Good-bye, Cruel World, and C.H.U.D. II: Bud the C.H.U.D.TelevisionShe has made many guest appearances on television, including Adam-12, L.A. Law, The A-Team, Judging Amy, The Rockford Files, and Cold Case.From 1981 to 1983, Pointer had a recurring role on the soap opera Dallas as Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, the mother of Cliff Barnes (Ken Kercheval), Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal), and Katherine Wentworth (Morgan Brittany).FilmographyFilmPartial Television CreditsPassage 5:Prince Radu of RomaniaPrince Radu of Romania (born Radu Duda on 7 June 1960, formerly known as Prince Radu of Hohenzollern-Veringen from 1999 to 2007) is the husband of Margareta of Romania, head of the House of Romania and a disputed pretender to the former Romanian throne. On 1 January 1999, he was given the name, not title, of \"Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen\" by Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern, the Head of the Sigmaringen branch of the Hohenzollern family. He has also called himself \"Radu Hohenzollern-Veringen-Duda\". Since 2007, when he had his legal name changed from \"Radu Duda\" to \"Radu al României Duda\", Radu no longer uses the name of Hohenzollern.The Fundamental Rules of the Romanian Royal Family, proclaimed by former King Michael I on 30 December 2007, gave Radu the title of \"Prince of Romania\", with the style of \"Royal Highness\", which King Michael had given him earlier on 5 January 2005.In 1996 (24 July, civilly; 21 September, religiously), he married Princess Margareta, eldest daughter of King Michael I of Romania and Queen Anne.As spouse of Princess Margareta, Radu often accompanies his wife, sometimes solo, to support social projects and promote the Romanian economy. He is also the patron and a member of numerous Romanian charities and organisations.Early lifeRadu was born in Ia\u0000i, Socialist Republic of Romania, the elder of the two children of Professor Dr. René Corneliu Duda and his wife, Dr. Gabriela Eugenia Duda née Constandache. His only brother is Professor Gabriel Dan Duda.Education and workRadu graduated from the Costache Negruzzi High School in Ia\u0000i in 1979, and from the University of Drama and Film in Bucharest in 1984, and had over twenty years of artistic activity in Romania as well as in other European countries, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. He was the artistic director of the first art therapy project for abandoned children in Romanian orphanages. The project, started in 1993, was developed in eight cities over six years. In 1994, while working as an art therapist in orphanages, he met Princess Margareta, when she was touring the programmes of her Princess Margareta Foundation. On 24 July 1996, Margareta married Duda in a civil wedding at Versoix. On 21 September 1996 they were married in Lausanne, and on 1 January 1999 he was granted the title \"Radu, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen\".In 2002, he graduated from the National College of Defence of Romania, and the George C. Marshall College, Garmisch, Germany. In August 2004 he participated in the two-week Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.In September 2002, he was appointed as Special Representative of the Romanian Government for Integration, Co-operation and Sustainable Development. He is also Patron of the British-Romanian Chamber of Commerce, Member of the Board of Directors of \"House of NATO\" Association in Bucharest, and Honorary Member of the Senate of \"Aurel Vlaicu\" University of Arad and of the University of Oradea, Romania.Prince Radu is the author of several books: Dincolo de mască (Bucharest: Unitext, 1997), L'Âme du masque (Brussels, 1998), Război, un exil, o via\u0000ă (Bucharest, 2000; translated into English as Anne of Romania: A War, an Exile, a Life, Bucharest: Romanian Cultural Foundation, 2002), Michael of Romania: A Tribute (San Francisco and Bucharest, 2001), Kildine (Bucharest, 2003; a translation into Romanian of the fairy-tales book of Queen Marie of the Romanians), Seven (Bucharest: Nemira, 2003), The Royal Family of Romania (Bucharest: Humanitas, 2004), Persona (Bucharest: Nemira, 2006), The Elisabeta Palace (Bucharest: Humanitas, 2006).Prince Radu's lectures address topics related to Romania's integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures, defense, and security, geopolitics and diplomacy, culture, economics, and education. He has equally spoken out about the issue of ethnic minorities, in particular about the Romani minority, an important issue for Romania and South Eastern Europe today, through conferences in Romania and around Europe, in countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Finland, etc. His activity report \"2005 Annual Report and 2002–2004 Retrospective\" is available in English and Romanian on his official website.Prince Radu currently serves on the Board of Advisors to the Global Panel Foundation, an NGO that works behind the scenes in crisis areas around the world.InitiativesEurope of RegionsRadu initiated a project to promote Romania's major interests and to strengthen Romania's bilateral relations. Its aims are to encourage and promote economic, cultural, and educational partnerships between Romanian regions and different European regions, as well as to raise awareness about Romania through meetings, conferences, and lectures. It will involve Prince Radu visiting up to four different regions a year, meeting "}
{"doc_id":"doc_232","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 2:ElliotSilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening(1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of sixfeature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, AMan Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was nota prolific director, his films were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by theDirectors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for CatBallou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won theBronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, JeanGascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.PersonallifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he wasthe step-father of David Cassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and other projects.FilmographyTales fromthe Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie)(1986)The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)The Car (1977)Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening (1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders(TV Series) (1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)TheDick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)TheWesterner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 3:Robert G. VignolaRobert G. Vignola(born Rocco Giuseppe Vignola, August 7, 1882 – October 25, 1953) was an Italian-American actor, screenwriter, and film director. A former stage actor, he appeared in many motion pictures produced by KalemCompany and later moved to directing, becoming one of the silent screen's most prolific directors. He directed a handful of films in the early years of talkies but his career essentially ended in the silent era.EarlylifeVignola was born in August 7, 1882 in Trivigno, a village in the province of Potenza, Basilicata, to Donato Gaetano Vignola, a stone mason, and Anna Rosa Rago.  It is unsure why he used August 5th as his birthday inAmerica. He had two brothers and three sisters, his oldest sister having died at the age of 19 months in Italy. Travelling with his mother and siblings, he left Italy in May 1886, at the age of three. He was raised inAlbany, New York. Because of his Christian name of Rocco he was nicknamed \"Rocky\" on the family’s first census in New York. His name Rocco was later changed to Robert. Trained as a barber in his youth, Vignola byage 14 became interested in the circus, practicing contortion and slackwire. Three years later, in 1899, he found his true vocation—acting—and the following year in Albany he established a small performance companythat he named \"The Empire Dramatic Club\".Acting careerIn 1901 he started acting on stage professionally and joined the \"American Stock Company\" in New York. He made his stage debut in \"Romeo and Juliet\",performing with Eleanor Robson Belmont and Kyrle Bellew. In the following years he played leads and became a character actor. Vignola's motion picture career began in 1906 with the short film The Black Hand,directed by Wallace McCutcheon and produced by Biograph Company, generally considered the film that launched the mafia genre.In 1907 he joined Kalem Studios, starring in numerous movies directed by hislong-time friend Sidney Olcott often dealing with Irish culture such as The Lad from Old Ireland (1910), The Colleen Bawn (1911), and Arrah-na-Pogue (1911). Olcott would later promote him to assistant director. TheKalem Company traveled across Europe and Middle East, where Vignola did one of his most notable roles as Judas Iscariot in From the Manger to the Cross (1912), among the most acclaimed films of the silent years.According to Moving Picture World, he was the first actor who was placed upon a permanent salary by Kalem.Directing careerVignola directed 110 pictures from 1911 to 1937. His debut as a film director was RoryO'More (1911), co-directed with Olcott. The Vampire (1913), starring Alice Hollister, was well-received by critics and is sometimes cited as the earliest surviving \"vamp\" movie (another title with the same nameproduced by William Nicholas Selig in 1910 is considered lost). He returned to the theme with The Vampire's Trail (1914), featuring Alice Joyce, Tom Moore and Hollister in a secondary role. He had a long associationdirecting the early movies of Pauline Frederick such as Audrey (1916), Double Crossed (1917), and The Love That Lives (1917).Vignola is best known for directing Marion Davies in several romantic comedies includingEnchantment (1921), Beauty's Worth (1922), and the big-budget epic When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922), which achieved critical and commercial acclaim and established Davies as a movie star. In 1920, he wasoffered the role of director-general for the Kinkikan Cinematograph Company in Japan and was honored as \"outstanding director of the year\" by Frederick James Smith of the Motion Picture Classic in 1921. The WomanGod Changed (1921) and Adam and Eva (1923) were praised for the \"innovative\" use of shadows and lighting effects.With the arrival of the sound era, he directed Broken Dreams (1933), in competition for the BestForeign Film at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival, and The Scarlet Letter (1934), the last film of Colleen Moore. His sound films were not successful and Vignola retired. His final film work was The Girl fromScotland Yard (1937).  Later that year he directed The Pilgrimage Play (live play in Los Angeles, not the related movie.).  Vignola was associated with the play at least to 1944.DeathVignola died in Hollywood, Californiain 1953. He was buried in St. Agnes Cemetery, Menands, New York.Personal lifeHe lived in a mansion at Whitley Heights owned by William Randolph Hearst. According to legend, Hearst's mistress Marion Davies wasallowed to stay without him at Vignola's mansion, worried that she was having affairs and considering Vignola a trusted companion for her as he was homosexual. Sidney Olcott, alone after the passing of his wifeValentine Grant, spent his later life at Vignola's home, where he died in 1949.Vignola was described by Delight Evans as \"the sanest and least temperamental of all celluloid creators. He has infinite patience. He has onequality which makes actors want to work for him: consideration.\" He once said: \"Before a director can learn to control thousands of people and big stars and big scenes, he must first learn to control himself.\" Heidentified himself as a Republican, although he was not much interested in politics. Vignola visited his birthplace Trivigno with his family, provided money to build the town's war monument and maintainedcorrespondence with some of his relatives.Partial filmographyActorDirectorPassage 4:She Wants MeShe Wants Me is a 2012 comedy film written and directed by Rob Margolies and starring Josh Gad and KristenRuhlin.PlotSam is a writer working on a feature film. His girlfriend Sammy has been promised the lead role, but the producers want a famous actress. After some problems and the return of Sammy’s ex-boyfriend John,the relationship get complicated and they break up. Sam needs to deal with John, who becomes his friend and roommate, his lack of inspiration to write the film, his new single life and a new girlfriend who has had sexwith many men, though all he really wants is Sammy back.CastCastingMargolies originally penned the role of Sam Baum for Jonah Hill, and intended Elliot Page to play Sammy Kingston. Kate Bosworth was originallyattached to play the role of Kim Powers, but due to scheduling conflicts with another film, was unable to participate. Hilary Duff replaced her in October 2010.The cameo role of Charlie Sheen was penned originally forJeff Goldblum, but when the producers of the film mentioned an option to have Sheen participate, Margolies jumped at the chance to work with him. Sheen eventually became one of the executive producers of thefilm.Passage 5:Dan MilneDan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders.CareerHe started his career in 1996 and made an appearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poetin In a Land of Plenty. He then appeared in EastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband.As a member of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which touredinternationally, culminating in a Broadway run at the New Victory Theater. Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, including Two Men Talking, which has run for the past six years invarious cities across the world. In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms in the children's show, Postman Pat.Passage 6:Rob MargoliesRob Margolies (born February 28, 1983) is an Americanfilm producer and director.Margolies grew up in Rumson, New Jersey and graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in the class of 2001  before going on to study filmmaking at the New York FilmAcademy.In 2005, he produced We All Fall Down, a short subject about the Great Plague of 1666. In 2008 he directed Wherever You Are. He directed the 2010 movie Life-ers which stars Kevin Ryan, from the  BarryLevinson BBC TV show Copper. He directed the film She Wants Me (2012) starring Josh Gad, Hilary Duff and Kristen Ruhlin with a cameo by Charlie Sheen, who was also an executive producer. He also directed theindependent thriller Roommate Wanted (2015), a.k.a. 2BR/1BA, starring Spy Kids star Alexa Vega, Kathryn Morris and CW Greek star Spencer Grammer.Margolies later directed Weight (2018), which earned him twoawards at the 2018 Northeast Film Festival, including \"Best Feature Film\".Passage 7:Women's WeaponsWomen's Weapons is a lost 1918 American silent comedy-drama film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starringEthel Clayton.CastEthel Clayton as Anne ElliotElliott Dexter as Nicholas ElliotVera Doria as Esmee HaleJames Neill as Peter GregoryJosephine Crowell as MargaretPat Moore as Nicholas, Jr.Joan Marsh as Nicholas, Jr.'ssister (credited as Dorothy Rosher)Passage 8:Kristen RuhlinKristen Ruhlin is an American actress. She is known for her roles in The Girl in the Park, One Life to Live, Human Giant, and She Wants Me.PersonalRuhlingrew up in Charleston, West Virginia and graduated from Charleston Catholic High School. She graduated from Ohio State University in 2006 with a B.S. in Fiber Properties and a minor in Theatre and Dance. She is fromCharleston, West Virginia. After graduating from college she relocated to New York city in the Fall of 2006. In 2009 she moved to Los Angeles to work on a film called Missing Child, and remained there for the next fewyears with frequent trips back to New York, where she worked on films such as She Wants Me. Since 2013 she has been residing in New York City.Filmography2013 The Road Home, with Lily Tomlin.2012 She Wants Me,starring as Sammy Kingston with Josh Gad, Hilary Duff, Wayne Knight and Charlie Sheen.2012 Stuck, with Madeline Zima.2010 Life-ers, TV movie from the producers of CBS and Darren Starr's We NeedGirlfriends.2007 The Girl in the Park, with Kate Bosworth, Keri Russell and Sigourney Weaver.2007 Human Giant, TV show with Jonah Hill.2015 Missing ChildPassage 9:Dorothy Sue CobbleDorothy Sue Cobble (June 28,1949) is an American historian, and a specialist in the historical study of work, social movements, and feminism in the United States and worldwide. She is currently a Distinguished Professor at Rutgers University,holding dual appointments in the Departments of Labor Studies and History since 1986.Her book The Other Women’s Movement (2005) coined the term labor feminism.Early life and educationCobble grew up in theSouth, before receiving her B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1972. She worked briefly as a trade union stevedore in the mid-1970s before earning her Ph.D. in history from Stanford University in 1986.A student of Carl Degler, she became a leading historian of women's labor movements.CareerCobble's first book Dishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the Twentieth Century (1991) was among the earlieststudies of unionism and the service sector. Her second book, The Other Women's Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in America (2005) is a political and intellectual history of women’s contributions toreforming the workplace. It received the 2005 Philip Taft Book Prize from Cornell University for the best book in American labor history. She edited The Sex of Class: Women Transforming American Labor (2007),published by the Cornell University Press. Most recently she coauthored, with Linda Gordon and Astrid Henry, Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movements(2014).PublicationsBooksDishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the Twentieth Century (1991)The Other Women's Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in America (2005)The Sex of Class: WomenTransforming American Labor (2007)Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movements with Linda Gordon and Astrid Henry (2014)== Notes ==Passage 10:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the SkyAtlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born andraised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed thesecond and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)TheInbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBCComedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_233","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Adib KheirAdib Kheir (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s. He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus. His granddaughter is the spouse of ManafTlass.Passage 2:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a freeblack family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he wasable to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794),Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She tookher position seriously, and stated that the title \"given to her by the nation\" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-SouciPalace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of hisfather, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse;after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her hisprotection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters,especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham,and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties. TheEnglish climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where theylived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers whowanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino. A historical marker was installedin front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 3:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married toMaryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"greatschism\".Passage 4:Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of LuxembourgMaria Teresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded tothe throne in 2000.Early life and educationMaria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa Batista y Falla de Mestre(1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent. She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González de Mendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cubanbank prior to the Cuban Revolution.In October 1959, at the time of the Cuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscatedtheir properties. The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School. From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français de New York. In her childhood, Maria TeresaMestre took ballet and singing courses. She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports. She later lived in Santander, Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen.In 1980, Maria Teresagraduated from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences. While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg.Social andhumanitarian interestsSoon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria Teresa Foundation to help those with special needs integrate fullyinto society. In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation, launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg. In 2004, the GrandDuke Henri and the Grand Duchess Maria Teresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations.In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working to expandeducation for young girls and women and help to fight poverty.Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of the European Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders ofmicrofinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries. Also, since 2006, Maria Teresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to labelresponsible microfinance investment funds around the world.On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China (2008), andBurundi (2009).She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise de Prévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’EnfantsMonde. The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the Mentor Foundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization. She is also the president of theLuxembourg Red Cross and the Cancer Foundation. In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg.The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle ofWomen” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families. As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand DuchessMaria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi. The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunitiesfor their future.In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The university, which is theproduct of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc.) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countriesacross Asia and the Middle East.In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative \"Stand Speak Rise Up!\" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with thesupport of the Luxembourg government. The conference is in partnership with the Dr. Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War.In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report intothe Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working. The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that \"The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether atthe level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess.” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around theGrand Duchess and \"that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her\". The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had beenprioritised over the Cour's own official website. There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police.In February2023 it was reported by several Luxembourg based media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22. The incident even involved the Prime Ministerof Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report into it.FamilyMaria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday. The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980. She received abouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro. The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis ofLuxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.HonoursNationalLuxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of theHouse of Nassau Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of NassauForeignAustria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I Brazil:Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit Greece:Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown Latvia: Commander Grand Cross ofthe Order of the Three Stars Netherlands:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands LionGrand Cross of the Order of the Crown Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint OlavPortugal- Portuguese RoyalFamily:Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saint Isabel Portugal:Grand Cross of the Order of ChristGrand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the SwordGrand Cross of the Order of Infante HenryGrand Cross of theOrder of Camões Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III Sweden:Member of the Royal Order of the SeraphimCommander Grand Cross of theRoyal Order of the Polar StarRecipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI GustafFootnotesExternal links Media related to Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg at Wikimedia CommonsOfficialwebsiteThe Mentor Foundation charity websitePassage 5:Gertrude of BavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen ofDenmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, andbecame a widow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen. She did nothave any children. During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband. Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: \"The most chaste one, living thus his dayswith his chaste spouse\" in eternal chastity.Passage 6:Jimmy GalluJimmy Gallu is a 1982 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by K. S. L. Swamy and produced by Shashirekha. The story is written by VenugopalKasaragod. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Sripriya, Lokesh and Hema Choudhary. The film was widely appreciated for its songs and story upon release. The songs composed by Vijaya Bhaskar were huge hits. The filmwas remade in Telugu as Muddayi and in Hindi as Mulzim.CastVishnuvardhan as JimmySripriya as SudhaLokeshHema ChowdharySundar Krishna UrsKeerthi VishnuvardhanVajramuniThoogudeepa SrinivasDwarakishK. S.AshwathTiger PrabhakarN. S. RaoShashikalaDineshSoundtrackThe music of the film was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar and the lyrics were written by Chi. Udaya Shankar. The songs \"Thuttu Anna\" sung by Vishnuvardhanand the duet song \"Deva Mandiradalli\" were received extremely well.Passage 7:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King FrederickV of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve thetraditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne andbecame King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations betweenthe two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seekingcourt. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing shewas a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, SophiaMagdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located atthe large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and wasnamed for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received her own royal household at birth.Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's fatherascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as nextin line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heirapparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a wayof creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost.The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen ofSweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danishambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father andbrother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and wasreportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made betweenDenmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine ofBrandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great tocreate some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement. However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-bornQueen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuousand religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughtersacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In 1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion tostate to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented:\"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena wasmarried to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg inDenmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles ofHesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall,and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: \"Watch out, Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated"}
{"doc_id":"doc_234","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Matan CohenMatan Cohen (born February 8, 1982) is an Israeli musician best known for his work as the guitarist for successful groove/metalcore band Betzefer and the recently reunited melodic death metalband Nail Within. Cohen is also a frequent collaborator of comedy punk rock act Bo La'Bar featuring his Nail Within co-members Evil Haim, and Useless ID members Ishay Berger and Jonathan Harpak.MusicalcareerBetzefer (1998–present)Matan Cohen formed Betzefer along with vocalist Avital Tamir and drummer Roey Berman as a one-off band for a high school gig in 1998.What started as a high school gig became a bigpart of the lives of the band members and since then the band started working, first as a cover band (Metallica, etc.) and later they started recording their own material, releasing Pitz Aachbar in 2000, Some Tits, ButNo Bush in 2001 and New Hate in 2003.In 2005, the band released its first full-length album Down Low and currently is working on its second.Matan (who is also known as Tim Young outside Israel) appeared on all ofthe band's releases and is a part of the band from its formation until today. He is also noted for always using a custom black Gibson SG guitar.Nail Within (2001-2003, 2007)In 2001, Matan joined former Azazel andBetrayer members to form a new melodic death metal project by the name of Nail Within. Cohen served as a second guitarist in the band and while on hiatus from Betzefer, he left to Germany to record the band's firstself-titled album.He was a member of the band through all of its short-lived first incarnation and even suggested Betzefer vocalist Avital Tamir as vocalist after vocalist Yishay Swearts left. Tamir performed with theband for one show.Recently rejoined the band as all of its members reunited in November 2007 for a one-off reunion show along with plans to record a new album in the future. Cohen will work with the band on its nextalbum when he will finish prior commitments with Betzefer.DiscographyBetzeferPitz Aachbar (2000)Some Tits, But No Bush (2001)New Hate (2003)Down Low (2005)Freedom to The Slave Makers (2011)Nail WithinNailWithin (2003)See alsoList of guitaristsPassage 2:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he workedas a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire,then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 againstGlamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but ata considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eightwickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managedonly the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshirecompleted an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union forKidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 3:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is aSouth African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all formsof cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, hewas named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.InJuly 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 4:Greg A. Hill(artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.ArtcareerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism,nationalism and concepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. Hiswork can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City ofOttawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018,Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 5:Damien HétuDamien Hétu (October 24, 1926 – February 15, 2010) was a Canadian politician. Hétu served as mayor of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec on twoseparate occasions and was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1985 to 1989.Early life and careerHétu was born in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts and received his early education in the town. Hetrained as an electrician and radio/television technician, and in 1952 he began working as an electrician and entrepreneur in his home community. He successfully campaigned for a local sports center, which was openedin the 1970s.Hétu was a municipal councillor in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts from 1959 to 1965 and was the community's mayor from 1970 to 1974. In the same period, he was an organizer for both the Liberal Party ofCanada and the Quebec Liberal Party. He ran for the Quebec legislature in the 1981 provincial election and lost to incumbent Parti Québécois cabinet minister Jacques Léonard in Labelle.LegislatorHétu was elected to thenational assembly on his second attempt in the 1985 provincial election. The Liberal Party won a majority government in this election under Robert Bourassa's leadership, and Hétu served for the next four years as agovernment backbencher. A 1988 newspaper report indicates that he had one of the best attendance records in the legislature, missing fewer than one per cent of recorded votes.He was defeated by Léonard a secondtime when seeking re-election in 1989.Return to municipal politicsHétu was re-elected as mayor of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts in 1990 and served until 1994. He presided over a water boil advisory for the community in1992, due to concerns about contamination from lead pipes.DeathHétu died in February 2010, after an extended illness.Electoral recordPassage 6:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916)was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady HarrietJanet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop ofCanterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera inNovember 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he madethe highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went onto win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote thebowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIIIagainst the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democraticprocess, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. inPolitical Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor formany newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics inNigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition,he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 8:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)JohnWilliam Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.SurreycricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last homegame of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain thebest bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the matchat Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lockas a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahonplayed as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wicketsat the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from othercounties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langfordwas on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, hadfailed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, notmissing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomerHilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, theywould have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was againstEssex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrivalof Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match againstSussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clevervariation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth seasonrunning.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahonresponded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Marefestival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required forthe future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002,McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioliwith an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumventedby \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon playedin at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, alsoinvolving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in LancashireLeague cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 9:Avital TamirAvital Tamir(Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is an Israeli musician best known for his work as the lead singer for metal band Betzefer and for his experimental pop trio On Shoulders of Giants. He was also briefly a member of fellowBetzefer bandmate Matan Cohen's death metal band Nail Within.Musical careerBetzefer (1998–2016)Avital Tamir formed Betzefer along with guitarist Matan Cohen and drummer Roey Berman as a one-off band for ahigh school gig in 1998.What started as a high school gig became a big part of the lives of the band members and since then the band started working, first as a cover band and later they started recording their ownmaterial, releasing Pitz Aachbar in 2000 and the EP New Hate in 2003. In 2005, the band released its first full-length album Down Low.Tamir was the vocalist for the band since its formation and appeared on all of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_235","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of the capital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of living of 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, his pregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been calling her names since his youth. Willem died in 1676.The VermeersThin's daughter, Catharina, came to know Johannes Vermeer and wished to marry him. Her mother disapproved of the marriage because he was not Catholic, and also likely because he was of a lower artisan class. By 1652, Vermeer helped his mother run the family's inn and was an art dealer, taking over his deceased father's business. Before they married, Thins stated that although she did not approve, she would not prevent Catharina and Vermeer from marrying. Vermeer likely converted from Reformed Protestant to Catholicism by the time of their union. Catharina and Vermeer married in Schipluy (present-day Schipluiden) on 20 April 1653. By December 1660, the Vermeers lived in the large house of his wealthy mother-in-law Maria Thins, described as a \"strong-willed\" woman. It was unusual at the time for married men and women to settle into the houses of their parents. Vermeer relied on Thin's residence and financial support to take care of his family.Vermeer painted in the artist's studio and sold art from the house. His works portray subjects with clothing and furnishings more luxurious than his own. Biographer Anthony Bailey claims that since Vermeer used models from his household, it is likely that he made a painting of his wife. He asserts that Catharina is depicted in A Lady Writing a Letter due to her \"fond expression\" and \"concentrated gaze of the unseen painter.\"Thins played an essential role in their life. She was a devotee of the Jesuit order in the nearby Catholic Church, and this seems to have influenced Johannes and Catharina.They had eleven children at the time of Vermeer's death, four of their children died young between 1660 and 1673. Most of their children were born at Thin's house. Their third son was called Ignatius, after the founder of the Jesuit Order. Catharina inherited the Ben Repas estate following her Aunt Cornelia's death in February 1661.Thins hired Vermeer to manage financial issues for her in 1667 and 1675. He collected monies owed her, and he handled her investments. The Rampjaar (disaster year) following the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674) was particularly hard on Vermeer's ability to make money as an artist and an art dealer. He had to take a loss on sales of works of art and was unable to sell his own works. His mother-in-law was financially strained during this period due to the loss of rental income from farmland due to the war. In one instance, she rented out land near Schoonhoven that was flooded to prevent the French army from crossing the Dutch Water Line. The farmland was not arable for a time. Thins reduced the money that she spent to support the Vermeers. In 1675, Vermeer went on several business trips for his mother-in-law, first to Gouda, when her husband had died, and then to Amsterdam. There Vermeer borrowed money by fraudulently using her name.Vermeer died and was buried on 15 December 1675. Unable to pay their debts, Catharina blamed the financial fallout of the war for their losses and petitioned for bankruptcy in April 1676. Ten of their eleven children were still underage when Vermeer died. Catharina continued to live at her mother's house with their children. After Vermeer's death, Maria Thins received The Art of Painting for her financial support of Catharina's family. Catharina paid off other debts with paintings or used them as surety until she paid off debts.Later years and deathThins died and was buried on 27 December 1680. The burial record states that she was the widow of Reijnier Bolnes. Thins crafted her will to maximize her grandchildren's support and education, preventing her estate from going to Catharina's creditors. The grandchildren were assigned a guardian, Hendrick van Eem, to look out for their interests. Catharina, considered responsible, was encouraged by her mother to ensure that her children were educated so that they could support themselves. Her daughter Catharina moved to Breda. Catharina Bolnes received \"Holy Oil\" on 23 December 1687, before being buried on 2 January 1688.See alsoWriting to Vermeer an opera depicting Maria Thins and Catharina BolnesPassage 2:Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-HaddenhausenBaroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (German: Freiin Gösta Julie Adelheid Marion Marie von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen; 26 January 1902 – 13 June 1996)  was the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, who was the Prince Consort of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, thus making her the mother-in-law of the former Dutch Queen. She is also the paternal grandmother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is the current Dutch King.Early lifeGösta was born at Döbeln, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire (now Saxony, Germany), the second child and daughter of Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1869–1923), and his wife, Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg (1877–1973). Her father belonged to the Bussche-Haddenhausen branch of the Bussche family, her mother belonged to the Bussche-Ippenburg branch. Both descended from Clamor von dem Bussche (1532–1573).Her mother was the heir of Dötzingen estate near Hitzacker, which her maternal grandfather had inherited from the counts von Oeynhausen after 1918. Gösta's father was an officer in the Royal Saxon Army. Dötzingen estate later passed on to her brother Baron Julius von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1906–1977). After her return from Africa, and her husband's death in 1963, she spent the rest of her life in Dötzingen.MarriageGösta married on 4 September 1924 at Hitzacker to Claus Felix von Amsberg (1890–1963), son of Wilhelm von Amsberg and Elise von Vieregge.Together they had six daughters and one son:Sigrid von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 26 June 1925 – 1 April 2018), married in 1952 to Ascan-Bernd Jencquel (17 August 1913 – 4 November 2003), had issue.Claus von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 6 September 1926 – Amsterdam, 6 October 2002), married in 1966 to Beatrix of the Netherlands (b. 31 January 1938), had issue.Rixa von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 18 November 1927 – 6 January 2010), married to Peter Ahrend (17 April 1920 – 2011), no issue.Margit von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930 – 1988), married in 1964 to Ernst Grubitz (14 April 1931 – 5 June 2009), had issue.Barbara von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930), married in 1963 to Günther Haarhaus (22 October 1921 – 9 February 2007), had issue.Theda von Amsberg (Tanga, 30 June 1939), married in 1966 to Baron Karl von Friesen (b. 1933), had issue.Christina von Amsberg (Salisbury, 20 January 1945), married in 1971 to Baron Hans Hubertus von der Recke (b. 1942), had issue.Life in AfricaHer husband had returned from the Tanganyika Territory, a German colony (now Tanzania) during World War I to become manager of Dötzingen estate in 1917. Shortly after, the estate passed on to the Bussche family. In 1924 he married his employer's daughter, and in 1926, their son Claus war born at Dötzingen. In 1928 the family moved to Tanganyika where they remained during the outbreak of World War II. Her husband was manager of a German-British tea and sisal plantation. Her son was sent back to a German boarding school in 1933, but returned to Africa in 1936; in 1938 Gösta returned to Germany, and Claus was sent to a boarding school in Misdroy, before becoming drafted by the army. Her husband returned to Germany in 1947.DeathShe died, aged 94, in Hitzacker, Germany.Family relationsGösta was a second cousin of Dorothea von Salviati (wife of Kronprinz Wilhelm's eldest son Prince Wilhelm of Prussia), both being great-granddaughters of Heinrich von Salviati and Caroline Rahlenbeck. Her younger and only brother Julius (1906-1977) was married to Anna-Elisabeth von Pfuel (1909-2005).Her family's home, Dötzingen castle, Lower Saxony, had passed to her maternal grandfather Eberhard Friedrich Gustav von dem Bussche-Ippenburg from the counts von Oeynhausen. It was at a dinner party of a distant cousin, the count von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff in Bad Driburg, on New Year's Eve 1962 that her son Claus met crown-princess Beatrix for the first time, herself also being a cousin of the host: Beatrix' paternal grandmother Armgard von Cramm was a daughter of Baron Aschwin von Sierstorpff-Cramm (1846–1909) and his wife, Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Driburg (1848–1900), and Armgard von Cramm had first been married to count Bodo von Oeynhausen, before marrying Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1872–1934), Beatrix' grandfather; Armgard's elder sister Baroness Hedwig von Sierstorpff-Cramm (1874–1907) was the heir of her mother's family's estate Driburg, and she also married a count von Oeynhausen, Wilhelm Karl Ludwig Kuno Graf von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff (1860–1922), whose descendants still own Driburg estate.AncestryNotes and sourcesthePeerage.com - Gosta Freiin von dem Bussche-HaddenhausenDie Ahnen Claus Georg von Amsberg, Limburg a.d. Lahn, 1966, Euler, F. W., Reference: 3Ancestor list HRH Claus Prince of The Netherlands, 1999 and 2003, Verheecke, José, Reference: 3Passage 3:Ebba Eriksdotter VasaEbba Eriksdotter Vasa (c. 1491 – 21 November 1549) was a Swedish noblewoman. She was the mother of Queen Margaret Leijonhufvud and the second cousin and mother-in-law of King Gustav Vasa.LifeEbba was the daughter of the nobles riksråd Erik Karlsson Vasa (1436–1491) and Anna Karlsdotter (Vinstorpa). Her father was a cousin of Erik Johansson Vasa, father of King Gustav Vasa, and she was thus the second cousin of the future king. She married riksråd Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud on 18 January 1512 in Söderköping. She was, as other women of her position in contemporary Sweden, referred to as Fru Ebba ('Lady Ebba').WidowhoodIn 1520, her spouse was executed during the Stockholm Bloodbath. During the bloodbath, Ebba and her children were guests in Västerås Abbey, where they had been lodged by her spouse for their safety when he departed for the coronation of Christian I in Stockholm. She and her children, therefore, avoided being taken to Denmark as hostages as the other women and children related to the executed of the bloodbath, such as Christina Gyllenstierna, Cecilia Månsdotter and Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa. Ebba was allowed to keep the family estates despite the execution of her spouse for heresy, likely because of the unstable political situation. She mainly resided at Lo Castle in Västergötland.In 1523, her second cousin Gustav I became king of Sweden. She was granted certain privileges by him, such as the right to keep certain fines of the crown, and as a widow and head of her family, she performed the same duties as any noble vassal and equipped knights for the king's army. In 1525, her sister and brother-in-law Margareta von Melen and Berend von Melen became involved in the suspected attempt of Christina Gyllenstierna and Søren Norby to conquer the throne, and as a reward for her loyalty, lady Ebba was granted the confiscated property of her exiled sister in Sweden. As the king's second cousin, she likely belonged to those \"highest lords and ladies of the realm\" summoned to escort the new queen, Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg to Sweden and attend the wedding of the king, during which her daughter Brita was married to the kings favored courtier Gustaf Olofsson till Torpa.Court lifeIn October 1536, the king married her daughter Margaret, making her mother-in-law to her second cousin the king, who addressed her as \"Dearest Mother\" and seem to have had a good relationship with her. As the in-laws of the monarch, she and her children often attended court and was given favored roles to play in ceremonial court life. At the baptism of her granddaughter princess Cecilia in 1540, for example, she participated in the procession directly after her daughter the queen, who was escorted by her eldest son Abraham and the king, while she herself was escorted by two male members of the aristocracy.Her son's were given offices, and she and her mother were granted land and several privileges, such as the right to some of the royal taxes from their tenants and the support of the king in most of their many court cases regarding land rights, and the right granted after the Swedish Reformation to retract land donated to the church by their ancestors in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.Reportedly, Ebba had a great deal of influence at court during the first years of her daughter's tenure as queen and did not hesitate to ask her son-in-law for favors: in February 1537, for example, the king issued a pardon in a court case \"after the many prayers of our hearths dearest wife and her dearest mother\". She was also issued assignments from the king, such as to examine whether the complaints of the governor of Alvastar was correct, and when he, during the Dacke War, asked her to prevent any abuse of the overseers of her son Sten (at that point his envoy in France) of the peasantry, so as not to provoke them to join the rebellion.It is unknown whether she was ever given a court office, as the court staff from this period is only fragmentary known, but according to the list describing who occupied which room in the royal castles, Ebba was, alongside Christina Gyllenstierna, one of two women often given the best rooms closest to the queen when attending court.  During the royal couple's trips around the country, Ebba and Christina Gyllenstierna, was on several occasions given the responsibility for the royal children, such as for example in 1540, when they were left in her care in Örebro Castle, while the king and queen visited Älvsborg. The royal children were regardless always in the care of their personal staff the cunning woman Brigitta Lars Anderssons, lady Margareta and Ingrid Amundsdotter.Ebba was a stern Catholic, and in 1536 the king gave her Vreta Abbey in Östergötland, which was given her protection during the Swedish Reformation. Eventually, Ebba retired to Vreta Abbey, where she died of the plague in 1549.IssueAbraham Eriksson Leijonhufvud (1512–1556), riksrådBirgitta \"Brita\" Eriksdotter Leijonhufvud  (1514–1572), mother of Queen Catherine Stenbock.Margaret Leijonhufvud  (1516–1551), QueenAnna Leijonhufvud (1517–1540)Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud (1518–1568), chamberlainMartha Leijonhufvud (1520–1584), known as \" King Martha\"Passage 4:Priscilla PointerPriscilla Marie Pointer (born May 18, 1924) is an American retired actress. She began her career in the theater in the late 1940s, including productions on Broadway. Later, Pointer moved to Hollywood and making appearances on television in the early 1950s. She didn't however become a regular screen actress until the 1970s.She is the mother of actress and singer Amy Irving, (whom she often appeared alongside as her mother or mother-in-law) therefore making her the former mother-in-law of filmmakers Steven Spielberg and Bruno Barreto and the mother-in-law of documentary filmmaker Kenneth Bowser, Jr.Personal lifePointer was born on May 18, 1924, in New York City. Her mother Augusta Leonora (née Davis) was an artist and an illustrator, and her father Kenneth Keith Pointer was an artist. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Jacob Barrett Cohen, was from a Jewish family that had lived in the United States since the 1700s.Marriages and familyPointer was previously married to film and stage director Jules Irving, former artistic director of Lincoln Center, from 1947 until his death in 1979; they are the parents of Katie Irving, director David Irving, and actress Amy Irving. In 1980, she married actor/director/producer Robert Symonds, who had been Jules Irving's producing partner at Lincoln Center. She appeared several times in stage productions with Symonds, and they remained married until the latter's death in 2007. Her granddaughter is artist and photographer Austin IrvingCareerEarly careerPointer has been a performer since thee late 1940s starting her career in theatre and appearing on Broadway, and she featured in the TV series China Smith  (The New Adventures of China Smith) in 1954. After a long hiatus, she seemed to have caught the acting bug again, in the early 1970s and has been a regular performer ever since.Pointer' first major starring role was on the TV "}
{"doc_id":"doc_236","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio(1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 2:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c.1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to be written incontinental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was inTournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No otherdocumentation on his life has yet come to light.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two may have been oneof the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generationof composers, for it was still being copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it forexactly the features that inspired other composers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus(four voices)Missa sine nomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 3:Bullet (Misfits song)\"Bullet\" is the second singlereleased by the horror punk band the Misfits. The four tracks comprising the EP were recorded, along with thirteen others, in early 1978 for the proposed Static Age album. When the band could not find a record label torelease the album, they instead released four of the songs as \"Bullet\" on singer Glenn Danzig's label Plan 9 Records. The songs were re-released in different versions over subsequent years, until Static Age was finallyreleased in its entirety in 1996.BackgroundIn August 1977 the Misfits released their debut single \"Cough/Cool\" on Blank Records, a label operated by singer Glenn Danzig. Several months later Mercury Records issued aPere Ubu record on their own Blank Records imprint, unaware that Danzig held a trademark on the name. They offered him thirty hours of studio time in exchange for the rights to the Blank Records name, which heaccepted. In January and February 1978 the Misfits, then consisting of Danzig, guitarist Franché Coma, bassist Jerry Only, and drummer Mr. Jim, recorded seventeen songs at C.I. Recordings in New York City withengineer and producer Dave Achelis. Because of the time constraints they recorded the songs live in the studio with only a few takes each and very few overdubs. They mixed fourteen of them with Achelis for theirproposed first album, to be titled Static Age. However, the band were unable to find a record label interested in releasing the album, and instead released four of the tracks as the \"Bullet\" EP in June 1978 on Danzig'snew label Plan 9 Records.The song \"Bullet\" references the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, with sexually explicit lyrics directed at his wife Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: \"Texas is an outrage when your husband isdead/Texas is an outrage when they pick up his head/Texas is the reason that the President's dead/You gotta suck, suck, Jackie, suck\".Pressing informationThe first pressing of \"Bullet\" consisted of 1,000 copies on black7\" vinyl with a gatefold cover and lyrics sheet. These copies had \"distributed by Ork\" printed on the back sleeve, as a distribution deal with Ork Records had been planned, but distribution through Ork never took place.A second pressing of 2,000 on red vinyl had a different back cover, removing the band photo and mention of Ork and replacing it with artwork of a bullet hole and the words \"better dead on red\". 7,000 additional copieswere later pressed on black vinyl with the same cover as the second pressing.Re-releases and other versionsAll four songs from \"Bullet\" were reissued on the Beware EP in January 1980, and a live version of \"We Are138\" appeared on the Evilive EP in 1982. The compilation album Misfits (1986), released three years after the band's breakup, included \"Bullet\" and \"Hollywood Babylon\", while Collection II (1995) included \"We Are138\" and \"Attitude\".The Misfits box set in 1996 presented the complete Static Age album for the first time, including all four tracks from the \"Bullet\" single. Static Age was also released as a separate album thatJuly.Cover versions\"Bullet\" was covered by Refused for the Children In Heat compilation, and the Hellacopters  covered it on the tribute album Hell on Earth: A Tribute to the Misfits (2000). Entombed also covered\"Hollywood Babylon\" on the same album. \"Attitude\" was covered by Sum 41, the Slackers, and Guns N' Roses. In 2014, Energy covered the song as part of their 7-song Misfits tribute EP.TracklistingPersonnelBandGlenn Danzig – vocalsFranché Coma – guitar, backing vocalsJerry Only – bass guitar, backing vocalsMr. Jim – drumsProductionDave Achelis – engineeringRich Flores – masteringSee alsoMisfitsdiscographyAssassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culturePassage 4:Peter Dodds McCormickPeter Dodds McCormick (28 January 1833 – 30 October 1916) was an Australian schoolteacher and songwriter, knownfor composing the Australian national anthem, \"Advance Australia Fair\". He published under the pseudonym Amicus, Latin for \"friend\".Early lifePeter Dodds McCormick was born to Peter McCormick and Janet (néeDodds) at Port Glasgow, Scotland in 1833.BiographyPeter completed an apprenticeship as a joiner in Scotland before emigrating to Sydney (at that time the principal city of the British colony of New South Wales) on 21February 1855. He initially worked as a joiner for \"some years\".McCormick spent most of his work life employed by the NSW Education Department. In 1863 he was appointed teacher-in charge at St Mary's NationalSchool. McCormick married Emily Boucher, a sewing teacher, on 16 July 1863, who died on 11 March 1866, aged 22. He remarried, to Emma Elizabeth Dening, on 22 December 1866. He also taught at the PresbyterianDenominational school in the Sydney suburb of Woolloomooloo in 1867. McCormick then moved to Dowling Plunkett Street Public School in 1878 where he remained until 1885.McCormick was heavily involved in theScottish Presbyterian Church and was active in a number of community and benevolent organisations. He began his involvement with Sydney's St Stephen's Church as a stonemason, working on the now demolishedPhillip Street Church (where Martin Place now stands). The Rev Hugh Darling was so impressed with his singing on the job he asked him to join the choir. McCormick's musical ability led him to becoming the precentor ofthe Presbyterian Church of NSW, which gave him the opportunity to conduct very large massed choirs. He was also convenor of the Presbyterian Church Assembly's Committee on Psalmody.Also a talented composer, hepublished around 30 patriotic and Scottish songs, some of which became very popular. Included in his collected works was \"Advance Australia Fair\", which was first performed in public by Andrew Fairfax at the StAndrew's Day concert of the Highland Society on 30 November 1878.\"Advance Australia Fair\" became quite a popular patriotic song. The Sydney Morning Herald described the music as bold and stirring, and the words\"decidedly patriotic\" – it was \"likely to become a popular favourite\".  Later under the pseudonym Amicus (which means 'friend' in Latin), he had the music and four verses published by W. H. Paling & Co. Ltd. The songquickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. In 1907, the New South Wales Government awardedMcCormick £100 for his patriotic composition which he registered for copyright in 1915.In a letter to R. B. Fuller Esq., dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to pen the lyrics ofhis famous song:One night I attended a great concert in the Exhibition Building, when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment. This was very nicely done, but Ifelt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia. On the way home in a bus, I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it to music. I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol-fa notation, thentranscribed it into the Old Notation, & I tried it over on an instrument next morning, & found it correct. Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since. Some alteration has been made in the wording, but thesense is the same. It seemed to me to be like an inspiration, & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease.DeathMcCormick died in 1916, aged 83, at his home, Clydebank, in the Sydney suburb of Waverley andhe was buried at Rookwood Cemetery. He had no children; he was survived by his second wife Emma. His obituary in the Sydney Morning Herald stated: \"Mr. McCormick established a reputation with the patriotic song,Advance Australia Fair, which ... has come to be recognised as something in the nature of an Australian National Anthem\".The song was performed by massed bands at the Federal capital celebrations in Canberra in1927.  In 1984 it was formally declared as the Australian national anthem.Passage 5:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 songHarriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 6:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli(1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in1706.Passage 7:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher.Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău(1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\"high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation isconsidered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 8:AlonsoMudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music aswell as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  Hemost likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the postof canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which includedhiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor ofthe city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers forvihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book isnoteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes andgalliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and includeromances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohnGriffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4GuitarMusic of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (ShockwavePlayer required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com(http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at theInternational Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 9:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was an American orchestrator,arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hereceived a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During thatperiod, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, andRomance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon the Wicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); TheBand Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestratoron films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), JohnWilliams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He alsoarranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including twowesterns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980sand 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage'sscore for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expandedrestoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough,and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer JerryGoldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an EmmyAward for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again onorchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage marriedMareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for hisinvolvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe.After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced twosons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but latermoved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and autoracing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he consideredfriends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought tointerest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was notapparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended indivorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to scorethe original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd'sWomen.\"Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be"}
{"doc_id":"doc_237","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of theParliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage2:Miley CyrusMiley Ray Cyrus ( MY-lee SY-r\u0000s; born Destiny Hope Cyrus, November 23, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Dubbed the \"Pop Chameleon\", she has been recognized for her musicalversatility and continual reinvention in her sound and style. Cyrus has been referred to as the \"Teen Queen\" of 2000s pop culture and regarded as one of the few examples of a child star with a successful career as anadult. Her accolades include nineteen Teen Choice Awards, four World Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, one People's Choice Award, a GLAAD Media Award, and 8 GuinnessWorld Records. She has made the Time 100 list in 2008 and 2014, Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2014 and 2021, appeared on Billboard's Greatest of All Time Artists chart in 2019, and was ranked as the ninth greatestBillboard 200 female artist of all time.Out of six siblings, Cyrus is the second daughter of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She emerged as a teen idol while portraying the titular character of the Disney Channel televisionseries Hannah Montana (2006–2011). As Hannah Montana, she attained two number-one and three top-five soundtracks on the Billboard 200, and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 top-ten single \"He Could Be the One\".Cyrus's initial solo career consisted of the teen-friendly pop rock U.S. number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus (2007) and Breakout (2008); these releases contained the US top-ten singles \"See You Again\" and \"7 Things\".She then released the extended play The Time of Our Lives (2009), which peaked at number two in the U.S; its lead single, \"Party in the U.S.A\", became one of the best-selling singles in the United States and wascertified diamond by the RIAA. She also released the country pop ballad \"The Climb\", which peaked at number four. Trying to reinvent her image, Cyrus explored dance-pop in her third album, Can't Be Tamed (2010).The record was critically panned; however, its title track reached the top ten in the U.S.Following a hiatus, she underwent a more mature and provocative musical shift with the release of the R&B and hip hop-infusedBangerz (2013). Supported by the top-five single \"We Can't Stop\" and the chart-topping \"Wrecking Ball\", it became her fifth number-one album and earned Cyrus her first Grammy Award nomination. She experimentedwith psychedelic music on her follow-up, the free album Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz (2015), before exploring country pop on Younger Now (2017), which contained the U.S. top-ten single \"Malibu\", and trap on the EPShe Is Coming (2019). Plastic Hearts (2020) saw Cyrus venture into rock and glam rock; the record topped the Billboard Top Rock Albums chart. Cyrus's eighth studio album, Endless Summer Vacation (2023), waspreceded by the lead single \"Flowers\", which set several streaming records and became her second U.S. number-one single.Cyrus has also starred in the films Bolt (2008), Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009), The LastSong (2010), LOL (2012), and So Undercover (2013), and appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). On television, she served as a coach on the singing competition series The Voice (2016–2017), starred inthe \"Rachel, Jack and Ashley Too\" episode from the Netflix series Black Mirror (2019), and hosts the yearly NBC holiday special Miley's New Year's Eve Party (2021–present). She founded the non-profit organizationHappy Hippie Foundation in 2014, which was supported by the web video series Backyard Sessions (2012–2023). She starred in and executive produced the Disney+ documentary concert special, Miley Cyrus – EndlessSummer Vacation (Backyard Sessions) (2023).Life and career1992–2005: Early life and career beginningsDestiny Hope Cyrus was born November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee, to Leticia \"Tish\" Jean Cyrus (néeFinley) and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She was born with supraventricular tachycardia, a condition causing an abnormal resting heart rate. Her birth name, Destiny Hope, expressed her parents' belief that shewould accomplish great things. Her parents nicknamed her \"Smiley\", which they later shortened to \"Miley\", because she often smiled as an infant. In 2008, she legally changed her name to Miley Ray Cyrus; her middlename honors her grandfather, Democratic politician Ronald Ray Cyrus, who was from Kentucky. Cyrus's godmother is singer-songwriter Dolly Parton.Against the advice of her father's record company, Cyrus's parentssecretly married on December 28, 1993, a year after her birth. They had two more children, son Braison and daughter Noah. From a previous relationship, her mother has two other children, Brandi and Trace. Herfather's first child, Christopher Cody, was born in April 1992 and grew up separately with his mother, waitress Kristin Luckey, in South Carolina.All of Cyrus's maternal siblings are established entertainers. Trace is avocalist and guitarist for the electronic pop band Metro Station. Noah is an actress and along with Braison, models, sings, and is a songwriter. Brandi was formerly a musician for the indie rock band Frank + Derol and isa professional DJ. The Cyrus farmhouse is located on 500 acres of land outside Nashville.Cyrus attended Heritage Elementary School in Williamson County while she and her family lived in Thompson's Station,Tennessee. When she was cast in Hannah Montana, the family moved to Los Angeles and she attended Options for Youth Charter Schools studying with a private tutor on set. Raised as a Christian, she was baptized in aSouthern Baptist church before moving to Hollywood in 2005. She attended church regularly while growing up and wore a purity ring. In 2001, when Cyrus was eight, she and her family moved to Toronto, Canada,while her father filmed the television series Doc. After Billy Ray Cyrus took her to see a 2001 Mirvish production of Mamma Mia! at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Miley Cyrus grabbed his arm and told him, \"This is what Iwant to do, daddy. I want to be an actress.\" She began to take singing and acting lessons at the Armstrong Acting Studio in Toronto.Cyrus's first acting role was as Kylie in her father's television series Doc. In 2003, shereceived credit under her birth name for her role as \"Young Ruthie\" in Tim Burton's Big Fish. During this period she auditioned with Taylor Lautner for the feature film The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D.Although she was one of two finalists for the role, she chose to appear in Hannah Montana instead.Her mother took on the role of Miley's manager and worked to acquire a team to build her daughter's career. Cyrussigned with Mitchell Gossett, director of the youth division at Cunningham Escott Slevin Doherty. Gossett is often credited with \"discovering\" Cyrus and played a key role in her auditioning for Hannah Montana. She latersigned with Jason Morey of Morey Management Group to handle her music career; Dolly Parton steered her to him. She hired her father's finance manager as part of her team.2006–2009: Hannah Montana and earlymusical releasesCyrus auditioned for the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana when she was thirteen years old. She auditioned for the role of the title character's best friend, but was called to audition forthe lead role instead. Despite being denied the part at first because she was \"too small and too young\" for the role, she was later cast as the lead because of her singing and acting abilities. The series premiered inMarch 2006 to the largest audience for a Disney Channel program and quickly ranked among the highest-rated series on basic cable. The success of the series led to Cyrus being labeled a \"teen idol\". She toured withthe Cheetah Girls as Hannah Montana in September 2006 and performed songs from the show's first season. Walt Disney Records released a soundtrack credited to Cyrus's character in October of that year. The recordwas a commercial success, topping the Billboard 200 chart in the United States; it went on to sell over three million copies worldwide. With the release of the soundtrack, Cyrus became the first act within the WaltDisney Company to have deals in television, film, consumer products, and music.Cyrus signed a four-album deal with Hollywood Records to distribute her non-Hannah Montana soundtrack music. She released thetwo-disc album Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus in June 2007. The first disc was credited as the second soundtrack by \"Hannah Montana\", while the second disc served as Cyrus's debut studio album. The albumbecame her second to reach the top of the Billboard 200, and has sold over three million copies. Months after the release of the project, \"See You Again\" (2007) was released as the lead single from the album. The songwas a commercial success, and has sold over two million copies in the United States since its release. She collaborated with her father on the single \"Ready, Set, Don't Go\" (2007). Next Cyrus embarked on her highlysuccessful Best of Both Worlds Tour (2007–08) to promote its release. Ticketmaster officials commented that \"there [hadn't] been a demand of this level or intensity since The Beatles or Elvis\". The tour's success led tothe theatrical release of the 3D concert film Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert (2008). While initially intended to be a limited release, the film's success led to a longer run.Cyrus and friendMandy Jiroux began posting videos on the popular website YouTube in February 2008, referring to the clips as \"The Miley and Mandy Show\"; the videos garnered a large online following. In April 2008, several pictures ofCyrus in her underwear and swimsuit were leaked online by a teenager who hacked her Gmail account. Further controversy erupted when it was reported that the then-15-year-old Cyrus had posed topless during aphoto shoot by Annie Leibovitz for Vanity Fair. The New York Times subsequently clarified that although the shot left the impression that Cyrus was bare-breasted, she was wrapped in a bed sheet and was nottopless.Cyrus went on to release her second studio album, Breakout (2008), in June of that year. The album earned the highest first-week sales of her career thus far and became her third to top the Billboard 200.Cyrus later starred with John Travolta in the animated film Bolt (2008), her debut as a film actress; she also co-wrote the song \"I Thought I Lost You\" (2008) for the film, which she sings as a duet with Travolta. The filmwas a critical and commercial success and earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Original Song.In March 2009, Cyrus released \"The Climb\" (2009) as a single from the soundtrack to the Hannah Montanafeature film. It was met with a warm critical and commercial reaction, becoming a crossover hit in both pop and country music formats. The soundtrack, which features the single, went on to become Cyrus's fourth entryto top the Billboard 200; at age 16, she became the youngest artist in history to have four number-one albums on the chart. She released her fourth soundtrack as Hannah Montana in July 2009, which debuted atnumber two on the Billboard 200. Cyrus later launched her first fashion line, Miley Cyrus and Max Azria, through Walmart. It was promoted by the release of \"Party in the U.S.A.\" (2009) and the EP The Time of Our Lives(2009). Cyrus said the record was \"a transitioning album [...] really to introduce people to what I want my next record to sound like and with time I will be able to do that a little more\". \"Party in the U.S.A.\" became oneof Cyrus's most successful singles to date and is considered to be one of her signature songs. She embarked on her first world tour, the Wonder World Tour (2009) which was a critical and commercial success. OnDecember 7, 2009, Cyrus performed for Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the British royal family at the Royal Variety Performance in Blackpool, Lancashire.Billboard ranked her as the fourth best-selling femaleartist of 2009.2010–2012: Can't Be Tamed and focus on actingHoping to foster a more mature image, Cyrus starred in the film The Last Song (2010), based on the Nicholas Sparks novel. It was met with negativecritical reviews but was a box office hit. Cyrus further attempted to shift her image with the release of her third studio album, Can't Be Tamed (2010). The album featured a more dance-oriented sound than her priorreleases and stirred a considerable amount of controversy over its lyrical content and Cyrus's live performances. It sold 106,000 copies in its first week of release and became her first studio album not to top theBillboard 200 chart in the United States. The album's second and final single, \"Who Owns My Heart\" was released solely in German territories. Cyrus released her final soundtrack as Hannah Montana that October; it wasa commercial failure.Cyrus was the subject of further controversy when a video posted online in December 2010 showed her, then aged eighteen, smoking salvia with a bong. 2010 ended with her ranking at numberthirteen on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list. She embarked on her worldwide Gypsy Heart Tour in April 2011 which had no North American dates; she cited her various controversial moments as the reason, claiming thatshe only wanted to travel where she felt \"the most love\". Following the release of Can't Be Tamed, Cyrus officially parted ways with Hollywood Records. With her obligations to Hannah Montana fulfilled, Cyrus announcedher plans to take a hiatus from music so she could focus on her acting career. She confirmed she would not be going to college.Cyrus hosted the March 5, 2011, episode of Saturday Night Live where she poked fun ather recent controversies. That November it was announced that Cyrus would be the voice of Mavis in the animated film Hotel Transylvania; however by February 2012 she was dropped from the project and replacedwith Selena Gomez. At the time Cyrus said her reason for leaving the movie was wanting to work on her music; later it was revealed the real reason behind her exit was because she bought her then-boyfriend LiamHemsworth a birthday cake shaped like a penis and licked it. She made an appearance on the MTV television series Punk'd with Kelly Osbourne and Khloé Kardashian. Cyrus starred alongside Demi Moore in theindependent film LOL (2012). The film had a limited release; it was a critical and commercial failure. She starred in the comedy film So Undercover playing the role of an undercover FBI agent at a college sorority.Cyrusreleased a string of live performances known as the Backyard Sessions on YouTube during the spring and summer of 2012; the performances were of classic songs she personally liked. Having begun working on a failedfourth album the previous year, Cyrus resumed working on a new musical project in late 2012. She collaborated with producers Rock Mafia on their song \"Morning Sun\" (2012), which was made available for freedownload online. She had previously appeared in the music video for their debut single, \"The Big Bang\" (2010). Cyrus later provided guest vocals on \"Decisions\" (2012) by Borgore. Both Cyrus and Hemsworth appearedin the song's music video. She went on to guest star as Missi in two episodes of the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men. Cyrus drew significant media attention when she cut her traditionally long, brown hair in favor of ablonde, pixie cut; she commented that she had \"never felt more [herself] in [her] whole life\" and that \"it really changed [her] life\".2013–2015: Bangerz and Miley Cyrus & Her Dead PetzIn 2013, Cyrus hired LarryRudolph to be her manager, although she is currently managed by Maverick's Adam Leber; Rudolph is best known for representing Britney Spears. It was confirmed that Cyrus had signed with RCA Records for herfuture releases. She worked with producers such as Pharrell Williams and Mike Will Made-It on her fourth studio album, resulting in a hip hop-influenced sound. She collaborated with numerous hip hop artists releasesand appeared on the Snoop Lion song \"Ashtrays and Heartbreaks\" (2013), released as the lead single from his twelfth studio album, Reincarnated. She collaborated with will.i.am on the song \"Fall Down\" (2013),released as a promotional single that same month. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number fifty-eight, marking her first appearance on the chart since \"Can't Be Tamed\" (2010). She provided guest vocals onthe Lil Twist song \"Twerk\", which also featured vocals by Justin Bieber. The song was unreleased for unknown reasons but leaked online. On May 23, 2013, it was confirmed that Cyrus would be featured on the Mike WillMade It single \"23\", with Wiz Khalifa and Juicy J. The single went on to peak at number eleven on the Hot 100, and had sold over one million copies worldwide as of 2013.Cyrus released her new single \"We Can't Stop\"on June 3. Touted as her comeback single, it became a worldwide commercial success, topping charts in territories such as the United Kingdom. The song's music video set the Vevo record for most views withintwenty-four hours of release and became the first to reach 100 million views on the site. Cyrus performed with Robin Thicke at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, a performance that resulted in widespread mediaattention and public scrutiny. Her simulated sex acts with a foam finger were described as \"disturbing\" and the whole performance as \"cringe-worthy\". Cyrus released \"Wrecking Ball\" (2013) as the second single fromBangerz on the same day as the VMAs. The accompanying music video, showing her swinging naked on a wrecking ball, was viewed over nineteen million times within 24 hours of its release. The single became Cyrus'sfirst to top the Hot 100 in the US and sold over two million copies.On October 2, MTV aired the documentary Miley: The Movement, that chronicled the recording of her fourth studio album Bangerz, which was releasedon October 4. The album was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 270,000 copies. On October 5, Cyrus hosted Saturday Night Live for the second time. OnNovember 5, Cyrus featured on rapper Future's \"Real and True\" with Mr. Hudson; an accompanying music video premiered five days later on November 10, 2013. In late 2013 she was declared Artist of the Year byMTV. On January 29, 2014, she played an acoustic concert show on MTV Unplugged, performing songs from Bangerz featuring a guest appearance by Madonna. It became the highest-rated MTV Unplugged in the pastdecade, with over 1.7 million streams. Cyrus was also featured in the Marc Jacobs Spring 2014 campaign along with Natalie Westling and Esmerelda Seay Reynolds. She launched her controversial Bangerz Tour (2014)that year, which was positively received by critics. Two months into her tour, Cyrus's Alaskan Klee Kai was found mauled to death at her home after fighting with a coyote. Two weeks later, Cyrus suffered an allergicreaction to the antibiotic cephalexin, prescribed to treat a sinus infection, resulting in her hospitalization in Kansas City. Though she rescheduled some of her US tour dates, she resumed the tour two weeks later,beginning with the European leg.While collaborating with the Flaming Lips on their remake of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, With a Little Help from My Fwends, Cyrus began working with WayneCoyne on her fifth studio album. She claimed that she was taking her time to focus on the music, and that the album would not be released until she felt it was ready. Coyne compared his collaborative material withCyrus to the catalogs of Pink Floyd and Portishead and described their sound as being \"a slightly wiser, sadder, more true version\" of Cyrus's pop music output. Cyrus also worked on the films The Night Before (2015)and A Very Murray Christmas (2015) during this period; both roles were cameos. Reports began to surface in 2015 that Cyrus was working on two albums simultaneously, one of which she hoped to release at nocharge. This was confirmed by her manager who claimed she was willing to end her contract with RCA Records if they refused to let her release a free album. Cyrus was the host of the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards,making her its first openly pansexual host, and gave a surprise performance of a new song \"Dooo It!\" (2015) during the show's finale. Immediately following the performance, Cyrus announced that her fifth studioalbum, Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz (2015), was available for free streaming on SoundCloud. The album was written and produced primarily by Cyrus, and has been called experimental and psychedelic, with elements"}
{"doc_id":"doc_238","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Summer EverSummer Ever is the fourth release, and third full-length LP from The Revolution Smile. The album was an independent release, sold online in physical format and on iTunes and Amazon.Tracklist\"Summer Ever\" - 1:12\"Are You Awake?\" - 4:16\"I Was a Werewolf\" - 3:22\"Ringwald\" - 3:17\"Destination Isolation\" - 3:33\"Maybe, Baby\" - 3:17\"Fate\" - 3:55\"When Love Was Dead\" - 4:52\"Recover\" - 4:37\"Move South\"- 1:08\"The State We're In\" - 3:30\"Positive.Negative\" - 2:33\"Nice Talking to You\" - 3:11\"My Skin Is Thicker Than I Wanted\" - 6:19\"Flight Delay\" - 4:13Passage 2:Leaving on a MaydayLeaving on a Mayday is an album bysinger-songwriter Anna Ternheim.  It was released on 11 August 2008 and is Ternheim's fourth full-length LP.Track listing\"What Have I Done\" – 3:21\"Damaged Ones\" – 3:09\"Terrified\" – 4:42\"Let It Rain\" – 4:54\"MyHeart Still Beats for You\" – 4:27\"No, I Don't Remember\" – 3:53\"Make It On My Own\" – 3:24\"Summer Rain\" – 3:55\"Losing You\" – 3:38\"Off the Road\" – 3:54\"Black Sunday Afternoon\" – 4:37\"Terrified\" – 3:33DeluxEditionCD1What Have I DoneDamaged OnesTerrifiedLet It RainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosing YouOff The RoadBlack Sunday AfternoonCD2: \"Anna Sings Sinatra\"New York NewYorkCome Fly With MeFly Me To The MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightBox editionCD1What Have I DoneDamaged OnesTerrifiedLet It RainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosingYouOff The RoadBlack Sunday AfternoonNew York New YorkCome Fly With MeFly Me To The MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightCD2: LIVE EP FROM TOURING 2009No, I Don't RememberDamaged OnesA FrenchLoveWedding SongLet It RainDVD: ANNA PERFORMS FIVE ACOUSTIC VERSIONSWhat Have I DoneSummer RainNo, I Don't RememberOff The RoadMy Heart Still Beats For YouPassage 3:Been ListeningBeen Listening isthe second full-length LP by London-based folk-rock band Johnny Flynn & The Sussex Wit.  The album was recorded in both London and Seattle, and features collaborations with Laura Marling and Anna Calvi. The albumwas also released in a 2-disc special edition and on vinyl.Track listingPassage 4:At Mount ZoomerAt Mount Zoomer, the second full length LP from the Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade, was released on June 17,2008.Album titleThe album is named after Wolf Parade drummer Arlen Thompson's sound studio, Mount Zoomer; the name of the studio references \"a B.C. euphemism for magic mushrooms\", and also nods to theMontreal band A Silver Mount Zion. The album was originally meant to be entitled Kissing the Beehive; however, due to possible copyright infringements in relation to Jonathan Carroll's 1997 novel of the same name,this title was changed. Singer and keyboardist Spencer Krug said that the band \"didn't know that was the title of a book... We might have to change it, but we might not. And we'll have to make it clear that it's not[named] after his book. It's a complicated situation.\" It had also been reported earlier by Blender that the record was entitled Pardon My Blues; however, on April 28, Sub Pop officially announced that the album's namewould be At Mount Zoomer.Album overviewThe band started playing new songs live that would end up on At Mount Zoomer as early as summer 2007. Among the first to be played were \"Language City\" and \"Fine YoungCannibals\".According to singer and guitarist Dan Boeckner, half of the album was recorded in Farnham, Quebec at Petite Église, an old church that was converted to a recording studio by the band Arcade Fire for theproduction of their album Neon Bible. After touring the east coast in late 2007, Wolf Parade recorded the rest of At Mount Zoomer at MIXart Studios in Montreal, Quebec. Afterwards, the album was mixed at ArlenThompson's sound studio, Mount Zoomer.The cover art for the album features the work of Matt Moroz and Elizabeth Huey, depicting a battle scene between the two artists.The track \"Call It a Ritual\" was released by theband on April 14, 2008.ReceptionAt Mount Zoomer received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds a score of 78 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".TracklistingPersonnelWolf Parade – mixing, producing, \"overdubs and vocals recorded by\"Harris Newman – masteringArlen Thompson – recording (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8), \"one vocal recorded by\"David Ferry – recording (tracks3, 5, 9)Nick Petrowski – recording (tracks 3, 5, 9)David Smith – \"some vocals recorded by\"Jace Lasek – \"some vocals recorded by\"Elizabeth Huey – artworkMatt Moroz – artworkPassage 5:Tear Ourselves AwayTearOurselves Away is the first full-length LP by San Francisco-based indie rock band LoveLikeFire.  The album was released commercially on August 10, 2009.  A leaked version of the album first appeared on the internet inApril 2009.Track listingThe track listing is as follows:\"William\"\"From a Tower\"\"Crows Feet\"\"Signs\"\"I've Pissed Off My Friends\"\"Good Judgment\"\"Boredom\"\"My Left Eye\"\"Far From Home\"\"Stand in Your Shoes\"\"EverythingMust Settle\"Passage 6:Blow in the WindBlow in the Wind is the third album by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, released in 2001, on the Fat Wreck Chords independent record label.  Blow in the Wind features severaltracks which are led off with musical mash-ups of, or homages to, classic Punk songs, a trend the group began on their second album, Are a Drag (with an appropriation of \"Generator\" by Bad Religion for their cover of\"My Favorite Things\") and would continue with Take a Break and Ruin Jonny's Bar Mitzvah: \"Sloop John B\" samples \"Teenage Lobotomy\" by The Ramones, \"Elenor\" samples \"London Calling\" by The Clash, \"SanFrancisco\" samples \"Stranger Than Fiction\" by Bad Religion, \"I Only Want to Be With You\" samples and \"The Money Will Roll Right In\" by Fang. Similarly, the track \"Different Drum\" also ends with a guitar riff taken from\"Georgy Girl\" by the Seekers.The first song begins with a clip similar to the hidden track on the NOFX album Punk in Drublic where Fat Mike attempts to find the proper pitch of the word \"how\" in the line \"How did thecat get so fat?\" from \"Perfect Government\".The album is made up entirely of \"Hits of the 1960s\". The band's version of \"Different Drum\" can be heard during the credits of the film Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story.Theband's version of \"Sloop John B\" is featured in the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.Track listingPersonnelSpike Slawson - vocalsChris Shiflett (a.k.a. Jake Jackson) - lead guitarJoey Cape - rhythm guitarFat Mike -bassDave Raun - drumsPassage 7:The Crew (album)The Crew is the debut studio album by American hardcore punk band 7 Seconds, released in 1984 by BYO Records. The original LP was released with 18 tracks, andlater re-released on compact disc with six live bonus tracks.Critical receptionThe Austin Chronicle called the album a \"stone classic,\" writing that \"precious few third wave punk-hardcore outfits have aged as stoically – oras relevantly – as vox/guitar sibling duo Kevin Seconds and Steve Youth.\" In a retrospective review, Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that the band's sound \"is distilled ... to a steady grind of too-pah beats and blender-likethree-chord sounds, but it’s the combination of this minimalism and Kevin Seconds’s voice — passionate, melodic, hopeful — that makes you believe everything he says.\" LA Weekly placed The Crew at #3 on its list ofthe top twenty hardcore albums in history, writing that \"7 Seconds wrote the book on positive hardcore and that book is called The Crew.\"Track listingAll songs written by Kevin Seconds, except for where noted.\"Here'sYour Warning\" - 1:18\"Definite Choice\" - 0:55\"Not Just Boys Fun\" (Seconds, Steve Youth) - 1:29\"This Is the Angry Pt. 2\" - 1:09\"Straight On\" - 0:24\"You Lose\" - 0:36\"What If There's a War in America\" - 0:42\"The Crew\"- 0:51\"Clenched Fists, Black Eyes\" - 1:30\"Colourblind\" - 1:42\"Aim to Please\" - 1:14\"Boss\" (Seconds, Youth) - 0:45\"Young 'Til I Die\" - 2:01\"Red and Black\" - 0:37\"Die Hard\" - 0:57\"I Have a Dream\" - 1:00\"Bully\" -1:05\"Trust\" - 2:13\"Here's Your Warning\" (Live) - 1:35\"Spread\" (Live) - 1:21\"I Have a Dream\" (Live) - 0:58\"Young 'Til I Die\" (Live) - 1:51\"Not Just Boys Fun\" (Live) (Seconds, Youth) - 1:26\"Rock Together\" (Live) -2:12PersonnelKevin Seconds: Lead VocalsDan Pozniak: Guitar, VocalsTroy Mowat: DrumsSteve Youth: Bass, PianoPassage 8:Full Length LPFull Length LP is the debut album by the Huntington Beach, California punkrock band Guttermouth, released in 1991 by Dr. Strange Records. It introduced the band's style of fast, abrasive punk rock with tongue-in-cheek humor and sarcastic lyrics. The album was originally released as an LPbut was repackaged the following year as a CD including tracks from the band's first 2 EPs Puke and Balls, as well as the previously unreleased tracks \"Malted Vomit\" and \"Ghost.\" It was re-released again in 1996 byNitro Records under the title The Album Formerly Known as Full Length LP.The album proved to be a success for the band, expanding their fan base and giving them opportunities to play shows all over southernCalifornia alongside other popular punk rock bands. An animated music video was made for the song “1, 2, 3…Slam!” and played on local punk rock and skateboarding video programs. Many of the songs from FullLength would remain staples in the band's live set throughout their career.Track listingAll songs written by Guttermouth except where noted\"Race Track\"\"No More\"\"Jack La Lanne\"\"Where Was I?\"\"Old Glory\"\"I'mPunk\"\"Mr. Barbeque\"\"Bruce Lee vs. the Kiss Army\"\"Chicken Box\"\"Carp\"\"Toilet\"\"Oats\"\"1, 2, 3...Slam!\"\"I Used to be 20\" (written & originally performed by the Dayglo Abortions as \"I Used to be in Love\")\"ReggaeMan\"\"Chicken Box\" (again)*\"Just a Fuck\"*\"Hypocrite\"*\"Marco-Polo\"*\"Under My Skin\"*\"Gas Out\"*\"No Such Thing\"*\"Malted Vomit\"*\"Ghost\"**Tracks 16-24 are included on CD re-releases only. Tracks 16-22 comprisethe band's first 2 EPs Puke and Balls, while tracks 23 & 24 are previously unreleased. \"Chicken Box (again)\" is not included on the 1996 re-release.PersonnelMark Adkins - vocalsScott Sheldon - guitarEric \"Derek\" Davis- guitarClint \"Cliff\" Weinrich - bassJames Nunn - drumsAlbum informationRecord label:original LP & CD releases: Dr. Strange Records1996 re-release: Nitro RecordsRecorded April 27–28 and June 22–23, 1990 atWestbeach Recorders by Donnell Cameron with assistance by Joe PeccorilloProduced by GuttermouthAll songs written by Guttermouth except \"I Used to be 20\" by the Dayglow Abortions1996 re-release remastered byEddie Shreyer at FuturediscPhotos on 1996 re-release by Paul CobbPassage 9:Night FallsNight Falls is the seventh studio album released by American hip-hop group Heiruspecs. It was released on April 22, 2014independently. It is the band's first full-length LP since 2008's self-titled album.Track listingPassage 10:At the End of the Day (Disagree album)At The End Of The Day is the first full-length LP by Malaysia-based bandDisagree. It was released on February 10, 2004.Track listingPersonnelZahid – Vocals, Lead GuitarHamka – DrumsAziz – BassAshroff – Rhythm Guitar"}
{"doc_id":"doc_239","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage2:Riccardo FredaRiccardo Freda (24 February 1909 – 20 December 1999) was an Italian film director. He worked in a variety of genres, including sword-and-sandal, horror, giallo and spy films.Freda began directing IVampiri in 1956. The film became the first Italian sound horror film production.BiographyRiccardo Freda was born in 1909 in Alexandria, Egypt to Italian parents. Freda attended school in Milan where he took art classesat the Centro Sperimantale. After school he took on work as a sculptor and art critic.Film careerFreda first began working in the film industry in 1937 and directed his first film Don Cesare di Bazan in 1942. Freda begandirecting I Vampiri. I Vampiri was the first Italian horror film of the sound era, following the lone silent horror film Il mostro di Frankenstein (1920)  Despite being the first, a wave of Italian horror productions did notfollow until Mario Bava's film Black Sunday was released internationally.Freda died on 20 December 1999 in Rome.FilmographyNotes^  a Freda has denied having taken part in writing the script for this film, despitebeing credited.^  b Freda was originally to direct the film but stated that he walked off the set on the first day of shooting.^  c Freda name is not in the credits but some sources state he directed several battles scenesin the film, which Freda denies.^  d Freda name is not in the credits but some sources state he edited the naval battle scenes in the film, which Freda denies.^  e Freda has claimed to have shot the entire film.Passage3:Oh Sailor BehaveOh, Sailor, Behave! is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedy film produced and released by Warner Brothers, and based on the play See Naples and Die, written by Elmer Rice. The film wasoriginally intended to be entirely in Technicolor and was advertised as such in movie trade journals. Due to the backlash against musicals, it was apparently released in black-and-white only.PlotAn American newspaperreporter named Charlie Carroll (Charles King) is sent to Venice to interview a Romanian general, who is played by Noah Beery. While in Venice Charlie falls for a young heiress named Nanette Dodge (Irene Delroy).When Charlie is unable to get an interview with the Romanian general, a local siren named Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland), who is the general's favorite helps him. Meanwhile, Nanette learns that her sister is beingblackmailed by Prince Kasloff of Russia (Lowell Sherman), to whom she wrote some incriminating letters. Nanette attempts to vamp the Prince in order to obtain the love letters. The Prince, however, tricks her anddemands that Nanette marry him if she wants to save her sister. After being repeatedly rebuked by Nanette, the prince hires the Romanian general (Noah Beery) to kidnap her and force her into  marriage. Charlie,thinking she has eloped, consoles himself with Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland) and almost marries her until he realizes the truth about Nanette and that she has been kidnapped by the Prince. Charlie sets out to rescue herand when the Prince shows up disguised as the general he shoots Prince Kasloff. Charlie and Nanette are happily reunited.Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson provide comic relief that is completely unrelated to the main story.They play the part of two American sailors stationed in Naples who attempt to find a wooden-legged thief who has robbed the navy storehouse in Venice. Louisa, a local siren (played by Lotti Loder) leads them on andembroils them in trouble.Music\"When Love Comes In The Moonlight\"\"Leave A Little Smile\"\"Highway to Heaven\"\"The Laughing Song\"\"Tell Us Which One Do You Love\"Production backgroundCharles King recorded threesongs for the film for Brunswick Records: Brunswick 4840 (Highway to Heaven/When Love Comes in the Moonlight); Brunswick 4849 (Leave A Little Smile). The other side of Brunswick 4849 featured a song from theaborted MGM revue The March of Time (1930).This was to be Charles King's last musical movie. He went back to the Broadway stage, since movie audiences had grown tired of musicals, and never returned to thescreen.Due to the public apathy towards musicals, Warner Bros. did not debut this film in the usual prestigious movie theaters. The film was immediately  placed in general release with no fanfare.Comedians Olsen andJohnson were added to the film due to growing public apathy towards serious stage actors such as King and Delroy. The movie was marketed as a comedy film with these comics billed as \"America's funniestclowns\".PreservationThe version of the film released in the United States, late in 1930, survives intact. A print is at the Museum of Modern Art, and is in the Turner Classic Movies film library as well as the Library ofCongress. The complete soundtrack also survives on Vitaphone disks. The film was released on DVD through the Warner Archive Collection in 2014.Passage 4:See Naples and DieSee Naples and Die (Italian: Vedi Napolie poi muori) is a 1952 Italian crime-melodrama film directed by Riccardo Freda.PlotDrug dealer Sanesi is trying to get her old friend Marisa to have her husband, a senior bank official, sing. But the official becomesconvinced that Marisa is cheating on him with Sanesi and throws his wife out of the house. In order to prevent the situation from deteriorating, Marisa decides to assassinate Sanesi. A murder trial then opens againstMarisa. Her acquittal in self-defense will lead Marisa and her husband to reconciliation.CastGianna Maria Canale: MarisaRenato Baldini: Giacomo MariniVittorio Sanipoli: Roberto SanesiFranca Marzi: Lover ofSenesiCarletto SpositoClaudio VillaProductionFollowing the success of his previous film La vendetta di Aquila Nera, Riccardo Freda directed his next film produced by Umberto Momi and Carlo Caiano through theircompany Associati Produttori Indipendenti (A.P.I.). Freda claimed he shot the film within 15 days, with three on location in Naples and the rest in Rome at CSC studios.The film marked the first collaboration betweenFreda and his longtime director of photography, Gábor Pogány. Freda commented on his collaboration with his Hungarian cinematographer, stating that \"It is quite astonishing, but it was the Hungarians and the Czechswho revolutionized cinematography in Italy. Stallich, Vich and Pogany. They reinvented the use of lighting on sets... This trio remained famous in Italy the name of 'Hungarian school'\".ReleaseSee Naples and Die wasdistributed theatrically in Italy by Associati Produttori Indipendenti on March 29, 1952. The film grossed a total of 381,384,000 Italian lire domestically in Italy.  The film was released in the United States as See Naplesand Die in 1959 where it was released subtitled and distributed by Crown Pictures.ReceptionItalian critic and film historian Roberto Curti stated that Italian critics \"generally panned the film\". On its release in the UnitedStates, the New York Times stated the film had a \"sodden script\" and that \"Gianna Maria Canale, as that pretty, luckless lady, is involved  in nearly every cliche dear to the devotees of daytime detergent dramas onradio, but unsmilingly she comes through [...] There are English titles but even without them it is fairly clear that sad is the word for the manufactured tragedies in See Naples and Die.\"See alsoList of Italian films of1952Passage 5:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcomThe Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up(2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its mainstar, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)TheInbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up(2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders(2020)Passage 6:Season of StrangersSeason of Strangers (sometimes referred as haiku film) is 1959 unfinished American 16 mm black and white Avant-garde-experimental short film directed by MayaDeren.ProductionThe film began as a part of Deren's workshop which took place in Woodstock, New York, during July 6 to July 25 in 1959. Deren after claimed that the location was important for the structure of thefilm. Also the lyrical aspect of Japanese Haiku motivated the fim as well.Passage 7:Maya DerenMaya Deren (born Eleonora Derenkovskaya, Ukrainian: Елеоно́ра Деренко́вська; May 12 [O.S. April 29] 1917 – October13, 1961) was a Ukrainian-born (then part of the Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine) American experimental filmmaker and important part of the avant-garde in the 1940s and 1950s. Deren was also achoreographer, dancer, film theorist, poet, lecturer, writer, and photographer.The function of film, Deren believed, was to create an experience. She combined her expertise in dance and choreography, ethnography, theAfrican spirit religion of Haitian Vodou,  symbolist poetry and gestalt psychology (student of Kurt Koffka)  in a series of perceptual, black-and-white short films. Using editing, multiple exposures, jump-cutting,superimposition, slow-motion, and other camera techniques to her advantage, Deren abandoned established notions of physical space and time, innovating through carefully planned films with specific conceptualaims.Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), her collaboration with her husband at the time Alexander Hammid, has been one of the most influential experimental films in American cinema history. Deren went on to makeseveral more films, including but not limited to At Land (1944), A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945), and Ritual in Transfigured Time (1946), writing, producing, directing, editing, and photographing them withhelp from only one other person, Hella Heyman, her camerawoman.Early lifeDeren was born May 12 [O.S. April 29] 1917 in Kyiv, Ukraine, Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine, into a Jewish family, to psychologistSolomon Derenkowsky and Gitel-Malka (Marie) Fiedler, who supposedly named her after Italian actress Eleonora Duse.In 1922, the family fled the Ukrainian SSR because of antisemitic pogroms perpetrated by theWhite Volunteer Army and moved to Syracuse, New York. Her father shortened the family name from Derenkovskaya to \"Deren\" shortly after they arrived in New York. He became the staff psychiatrist at the StateInstitute for the Feeble-Minded in Syracuse. Deren's mother was a musician and dancer who had studied these arts in Kyiv. In 1928, Deren's parents became naturalized citizens of the United States.Deren was highlyintelligent, starting fifth grade at only eight years old. She attended the League of Nations International School of Geneva, Switzerland for high school from 1930 to 1933. Her mother moved to Paris, France to be nearerto her while she studied. Deren learned to speak French while she was abroad.Deren enrolled at Syracuse University at sixteen, where she began studying journalism and political science. Deren became a highly activesocialist activist during the Trotskyist movement in her late teens. She served as National Student Secretary in the National Student office of the Young People's Socialist League and was a member of the SocialProblems Club at Syracuse University. At age eighteen in June 1935, she married Gregory Bardacke, a socialist activist whom she met through the Social Problems Club. After his graduation in 1935, she moved to NewYork City. She finished school at New York University with a Bachelor's degree in literature in June 1936, and returned to Syracuse that fall. She and Bardacke became active in various socialist causes in New York City;and it was during this time that they separated and eventually divorced three years later.In 1938, Deren attended the New School for Social Research, and received a master's degree in English literature at SmithCollege. Her Master's thesis was titled The Influence of the French Symbolist School on Anglo-American Poetry (1939). This included works of Pound, Eliot, and the Imagists. By the age of 21, Deren had earned twodegrees in literature.Early careerAfter graduation from Smith, Deren returned to New York's Greenwich Village, where she joined the European émigré art scene. She supported herself from 1937 to 1939 by freelancewriting for radio shows and foreign-language newspapers. During that time she also worked as an editorial assistant to famous American writers Eda Lou Walton, Max Eastman, and then William Seabrook. She wrotepoetry and short fiction, tried her hand at writing a commercial novel, and also translated a work by Victor Serge which was never published. She became known for her European-style handmade clothes, wild red curlyhair and fierce convictions.In 1940, Deren moved to Los Angeles to focus on her poetry and freelance photography. In 1941, Deren wrote to Katherine Dunham—an African American dancer, choreographer, andanthropologist of Caribbean culture and dance—suggesting a children's book on dance and applying for a managerial job for her and her dance troupe; she later became Dunham's assistant and publicist. Deren travelledwith the troupe for a year, learning greater appreciation for dance, as well as interest and appreciation for Haitian culture. Dunham's fieldwork influenced Deren's studies of Haitian culture and Vodou mythology. At theend of touring a new musical Cabin in the Sky, the Dunham dance company stopped in Los Angeles for several months to work in Hollywood. It was there that Deren met Alexandr Hackenschmied (who later changed hisname to Alexander Hammid), a celebrated Czech-born photographer and cameraman who would become Deren's second husband in 1942. Hackenschmied had fled from Czechoslovakia in 1938 after the Sudetenlandcrisis. Deren and Hammid lived together in Laurel Canyon, where he helped her with her still photography which focused on local fruit pickers in Los Angeles. Of two still photography magazine assignments of 1943 todepict artists active in New York City,  including Ossip Zadkine, her photographs appeared in the Vogue magazine article. The other article intended for Mademoiselle magazine was not published, but three signedenlargements of photographs intended for this article, all depicting Deren's friend New York ceramist Carol Janeway, are preserved in the MoMA and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. All prints were from Janeway'sestate.Personal lifeIn 1943, she moved to a bungalow on Kings Road in Hollywood and adopted the name Maya, a pet name her second husband Hammid coined. Maya is the name of the mother of the historical Buddhaas well as the dharmic concept of the illusory nature of reality. In Greek myth, Maia is the mother of Hermes and a goddess of mountains and fields.In 1944, back in New York City, her social circle included MarcelDuchamp, André Breton, John Cage, and Anaïs Nin.In 1944, Deren filmed The Witch's Cradle in Peggy Guggenheim's Art of This Century gallery with Duchamp featured in the film.In the December 1946 issue of Esquiremagazine, a caption for her photograph teased that she \"experiments with motion pictures of the subconscious, but here is finite evidence that the lady herself is infinitely photogenic.\" Her third husband, Teiji Itō, said:\"Maya was always a Russian. In Haiti she was a Russian. She was always dressed up, talking, speaking many languages and being a Russian.\"Film careerDeren defined cinema as an art, provided an intellectual contextfor film viewing, and filled a theoretical gap for the kinds of independent films that film societies were featuring.As Sarah Keller states, “Maya Deren lays claim to the honor of being one of the most important pioneers ofthe American film avant-garde with a scant seventy-five or so minutes of finished films to her credit.”Deren began to screen and distribute her films in the United States, Canada, and Cuba, lecturing and writing onavant-garde film theory, and additionally on Vodou. In February 1946 she booked the Provincetown Playhouse in Greenwich Village for a major public exhibition, titled Three Abandoned Films, in which she showedMeshes of the Afternoon (1943), At Land (1944) and A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945). The event was completely sold out, inspiring Amos Vogel's formation of Cinema 16, the most successful film society ofthe 1950s.In 1946, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for \"Creative Work in the Field of Motion Pictures\", and in 1947, won the Grand Prix International for avant-garde film at the Cannes Film Festival forMeshes of the Afternoon. She then created a scholarship for experimental filmmakers, the Creative Film Foundation.Between 1952 and 1955, Deren collaborated with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School and AntonyTudor to create The Very Eye of Night.Deren's background and interest in dance appears in her work, most notably in the short film A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945). This combination of dance and film hasoften been referred to as \"choreocinema\", a term first coined by American dance critic John Martin.In her work, she often focused on the unconscious experience, such as in Meshes of the Afternoon. This is thought tobe inspired by her father who was a student of psychiatrist Vladimir Bekhterev who explored trance and hypnosis as neurological states. She also regularly explored themes of gender identity,  incorporating elements ofintrospection and mythology. Despite her feminist subtext, she was mostly unrecognized by feminist writers at the time, even influential writers Claire Johnston and Laura Mulvey ignored Deren at the time, thoughMulvey later would give Deren this recognition, since their works were often in conversation with each other.Major filmsMeshes of the Afternoon (1943)In 1943, Deren purchased a used 16mm Bolex camera with someof the inheritance money after her father's death from a heart attack. This camera was used to make her first and best-known film, Meshes of the Afternoon (1943), made in collaboration with Hammid in their LosAngeles home on a budget of $250. Meshes of the Afternoon is recognized as a seminal American avant-garde film. It is the first example of a narrative work in avant-garde American film; critics have seenautobiographical elements in the film, as well as thoughts about woman as subject rather than as object. Originally a silent film with no dialogue, music for the film was composed, long after its initial screenings, byDeren's third husband Teiji Itō in 1952. The film can be described as an expressionistic \"trance film\", full of dramatic angles and innovative editing. It investigates the ephemeral ways in which the protagonist'sunconscious mind works and makes connections between objects and situations. A woman, played by Maya Deren, walks up to a house in Los Angeles, falls asleep and seems to have a dream. The sequence of walkingup to the gate on the partially shaded road restarts numerous times, resisting conventional narrative expectations, and ends in various situations inside the house. Movement from the wind, shadows and the musicsustain the heartbeat of the dream. Recurring symbols include a cloaked figure, mirrors, a key, and a knife.The loose repetition and rhythm cut short any expectation of a conventional narrative, heightening thedream-like qualities. The camera initially does not show her face, which precludes identification with a particular woman, which creates a universalizing, totalizing effect- as it is easier to relate to an unknown, facelesswoman. Multiple selves appear, shifting between the first and third person, suggesting that the super-ego is at play, which is in line with the psychoanalytic Freudian staircase and flower motifs. This kind of Freudianinterpretation, which she disagreed with, led Deren to add sound, composed by Teiji Itō, to the film. Another interpretation is that each film is an example of a \"personal film\". Her first film, Meshes of the Afternoon,explores a woman's subjectivity and relation to the external world. Georges Sadoul said Deren may have been \"the most important figure in the post-war development of the personal, independent film in the U.S.A.\" In"}
{"doc_id":"doc_240","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jane WighamJane Wigham (née Smeal; 1801–1888) was a leading Scottish abolitionist, and was the secretary of the Glasgow Ladies' Emancipation Society.LifeSmeal was born in Glasgow in 1801, the sisterof William Smeal. She was educated as a Quaker at Ackworth School in Yorkshire. The family resided in Edinburgh, later moving to Aberdeen. As Quakers, Smeal's family were unusual in Scotland. The 1851 censusshows that there were fewer than 400 active Scottish Quakers at the time.Smeal became the leader and secretary of the radical Glasgow Ladies Emancipation Society. Her brother William in 1822 founded the GlasgowAnti-Slavery Society, a forerunner of the Glasgow Emancipation Society, and was later active in the latter. Smeal had a record of anti-slavery activity, long before the Free Church became involved in the issue.In 1838she published an important pamphlet with Elizabeth Pease of Darlington titled Address to the Women of Great Britain. This document called for British women to speak in public and to form anti-slavery organisations forwomen. An address that Smeal prepared for Queen Victoria has been credited with being the \"final blow\" that ended slavery in the Caribbean.In 1840 Smeal became the second wife of the Quaker John Wigham, whowas a tea merchant and active abolitionist in Glasgow. In 1830, Wigham's wife and two of their children died however the family was revitalized when he married Smeal. Jane Smeal became Jane Wigham and sheformed a close friendship and collaboration with her stepdaughter, Eliza Wigham. Smeal and Wigham's marriage took place in the same year as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, where Eliza was one of thedelegates.After the Ladies' Emancipation Society ceased activity, Jane and Eliza, along with some of their friends, set up the Edinburgh chapter of the National Society of Women's Suffrage. Priscilla Bright McLaren, thepresident, Elizabeth Pease, the treasurer, and McLaren's daughter Agnes McLaren joined Eliza as joint secretaries. Despite a lack of support from her husband John, Jane and her stepdaughter established the Edinburghsociety as one of the leading British groups supporting the controversial views of the American abolitionist and social reformer William Lloyd Garrison.John Wigham died in 1864 and Eliza remained on at the family homeon South Gray Street in Edinburgh to care for her stepmother. Jane died in November 1888 after a prolonged illness.LegacyFour of the women associated with Edinburgh in the 19th century were the subject of acampaign by Edinburgh historians in 2015. The group aimed to gain recognition for Elizabeth Pease Nichol, Priscilla Bright McLaren, Eliza Wigham, and Jane Smeal – the city's \"forgotten heroines\".Passage 2:Angelo IGozzadiniAngelo I Gozzadini (died between 1468 and 1476) was Lord of Kythnos.He married in 1429 Caterina Crispo (born 1415, date of death unknown), daughter of Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros and sister ofFrancesco II, sixteenth Duke of the Archipelago.Passage 3:May Green HinckleyMay Green Hinckley (May 1, 1881 – May 2, 1943) was the third Primary general president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) from 1940 until her death. She was the stepmother of Gordon B. Hinckley, fifteenth president of the LDS Church.BiographyGreen was born in Brampton, Derbyshire, England. Her mother had joined theLDS Church three years before Green's birth, but her father never joined. She emigrated to the United States with her mother and some of her siblings in 1889. Green was baptized into the LDS Church in 1891, and wasby then living in Salt Lake City.Green was raised in the church's Salt Lake 5th Ward. Early on she was a teacher in both the Sunday School and the Young Women Mutual Improvement Association (YWMIA). She servedas a missionary for the church in the Central States Mission from 1907 to 1909.After studying booking and accounting, Green began work as business manager for a Salt Lake medical clinic.In 1920, Green was madepresident of the YLMIA of the Granite Stake in Salt Lake City. She served in this position for the next 12 years, and oversaw the initial establishment of the Gleaner program.In 1932, at the age of 50, Green marriedBryant S. Hinckley, whose wife, Ada, had died in 1930. At the time, five of Hinckley's 13 children were still living at home. At that time, Green was president of the stake YWMIA. One of the children, Gordon B. Hinckley,later recalled that he and the other children were upset by their father's decision to remarry, but they eventually came to accept their stepmother: \"I don't know that it was easy for her to step into our family, but shedid it well. We all respected her. We all loved her\". In 1935, when Bryant Hinckley became president of the Northern States Mission based in Chicago, May Hinckley went with him and presided over the PrimaryAssociation, YWMIA, and Relief Society within the mission.In 1940, May Hinckley was asked by church president Heber J. Grant to succeed May Anderson and become the third general president of the church's PrimaryAssociation. In her 3+1⁄2-year tenure, Hinckley introduced a revised curriculum, added a scripture-reading program for leaders and teachers, established a formal scriptural theme for Primary, and selected the officialPrimary logo, motto and colors.Hinckley formed a committee that created lessons for use by Primaries in missions (as opposed to stakes). With energy rationing as a result of World War II, she oversaw the creation ofmore home-based Primary programs.Hinckley was the editor of The Children's Friend while she was the Primary General President. Her term ended when she unexpectedly died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, theday after her 62nd birthday. She was succeeded by Adele C. Howells, her first counselor.See alsoLaVern W. Parmley: second counselor to HinckleyNotesExternal linksMay Green Hinckley at Find a GravePassage4:Francesco I CrispoFrancesco I Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (died 1397) was the tenth Duke of the Archipelago through his marriage and the will of Venice.Francesco Crispo was probably born in Verona. He was Lord ofMilos, thus a vassal to the Duke of Naxos, as well as his cousin through his marriage to Fiorenza Sanudo, a grand-daughter of the Duke Guglielmo Sanudo. Crispo might also have been a pirate. He was sent by theRepublic of Venice to Naxos in March 1383 for concern that the then Duke Niccolò III dalle Carceri was incompetent. The Republic suffered from predation by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean.On the island, a hunt wassuggested. Officially, on the way back Niccolo III, escorted by Crispo's men was attacked by rebels or thieves. He fell off his horse and died. To quench any revolt, Francesco Crispo had to assume power.The Republic ofVenice quickly sent its congratulations.Andros was another problem. It belonged to Maria Sanudo, sister of the late duke. When Francesco gave as a dowry Andros and Syros to his own daughter Pétronilla, Maria Sanudocalled for justice in Venice.With his wife he had eight children:Giacomo I CrispoPetronilla Crispo (1384–1427), married to Pietro Zeno, together they received Andros and Syros as dowryAgnese Crispo (1386–1428),married to Dragonetto Clavelli, Lord of NisyrosJohn II CrispoWilliam II CrispoNicholas Crispo, Lord of SyrosMarco I Crispo, Lord of IosNobil Huomo Pietro Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (1397–1440), married to NN and hadissue:Giovanni Crispo (died 1475), Knight of the Knights HospitallerPassage 5:Dorothy GrangerDorothy Karolyn Granger (November 21, 1911 – January 4, 1995) was an American actress best known for her roles inshort subject comedies in Hollywood.CareerGranger, with her parents, two brothers, Richard and James, and their grandmother, Clara (née Wilcox) Granger, moved to Los Angeles during the late 1920s.Granger got herstart in the entertainment industry when she won a beauty contest at the age of 13 at Silver Beach Summer Resort near Houston. Her budding figure and confident stage presence were perfect for studios that madecomedy shorts. In 1930, her father took her to producer Hal Roach, who was then testing talent for his upcoming comedy series, The Boy Friends. Granger’s natural comedy timing got her the job immediately and shewas placed under contract to Hal Roach Studios. She became a charter member of the two-reel-comedy community, appearing opposite many major comedians at Roach, Mack Sennett, Educational Pictures, ColumbiaPictures, and RKO Radio Pictures. Among her famous credits are Hog Wild with Laurel & Hardy, The Dentist with W.C. Fields, Punch Drunks and Termites of 1938 with The Three Stooges. Granger also appeared withAndy Clyde, Charley Chase, Edgar Kennedy, Harry Langdon, Gus Schilling & Richard Lane, and Joe DeRita, as well as on live television with Abbott & Costello. Granger is best remembered as the sarcastic, suspiciouswife in Leon Errol's series of two-reelers for RKO.For her body of work in two-reelers, Granger was known as the \"Queen of the Short Subject Films\". However, she also appeared in about 100 feature films, includingFrisco Jenny, Sunset in El Dorado, Kentucky Kernels, Dick Tracy vs. Cueball, Diamond Jim, and Show Boat.Later yearsGranger worked on a variety of television shows through the 1950s, including The Abbott andCostello Show, I Married Joan, Father Knows Best, Topper, Lassie, Death Valley Days and Wells Fargo. Her last television performance was a live show on Face The Facts in 1961. Granger left show business in 1963,calling it an “ulcer factory.”Granger made her last public appearance in 1993 for the Screen Actors Guild’s 60th anniversary celebration. She was an honored guest at the celebration because she was one of SAG’s firstmembers. In later years she helped her husband run an upholstery shop in Los Angeles.She was the stepmother of film maker and former record producer Anthony J. Hilder.DeathGranger died of cancer on January 4,1995, aged 83, in Los Angeles, California.Selected filmographyPassage 6:Anthony Crispo, Lord of SyrosAnthony Crispo (or Antonio;  - 1494), became Lord of Syros in 1463 after his older brother Francesco's death. Hewas the youngest son of Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros and Princess Eudokia Valenza Komnene, daughter of Emperor Alexios IV Komnenos of the Trebizond, and brother of Francesco II, sixteenth Duke of theArchipelago.He married ... de Paterno, without issue.Passage 7:Henriette FeuerbachHenriette Feuerbach (13 August 1812 – 5 August 1892) was a German author and arts patron. She was the wife of Joseph AnselmFeuerbach and the stepmother of painter Anselm Feuerbach, whom she supported in his art.LifeBorn Henriette Heydenreich in Ermetzhofen, she was the third child and only daughter of the pastor Johann AlexanderHeydenreich (1754–1814) and his wife Friederika Christine née Freudel. Her brothers were Friedrich Wilhelm Heidenreich, to become a physician, and Christian Heydenreich (1800–1865), a future judge. They grew upin Ansbach and were educated in Latin, Greek and music.She married on 13 April 1834 the widower Josef Anselm Feuerbach, whose first wife was Amalie Keerl (1805–1830). She lived with him and his two children,Emilie (1827–1873) and Anselm (1829–1880), first in Freiburg im Breisgau, later in Heidelberg. She gave piano lessons, directed a choir, and organised house concerts. Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms wereamong those who frequented her salon. Brahms and Henriette held each other in high esteem; in one of Brahms' letters, he referred to her and Anselm as \"this splendid woman and her illustrious son\". After Anselm'sdeath, Brahms composed Nänie (1881) in his memory and included a dedication to Henriette.She invested most of her energies into supporting her stepson's efforts to establish himself as an artist and, after his deathin 1880, to perpetuate his legacy. After he died, she reportedly destroyed all his personal letters and published a collection of his writings \"which show him purely as an artist, as a genius wrestling with himself, his workand ignorant patrons\", in an effort to build a legacy for him. This indeed furthered his renown for the next few decades.She died in Freiburg, eight days short of her 80th birthday.WritingIn 1839, she publishedanonymously Gedanken über die Liebenswürdigkeit von Frauen, subtitled as Kleiner Beitrag zur weiblichen Charakteristik (A little contribution to the characteristics of women). In 1845, she published Sonntagsmuße(Sunday Rest), announced as a book for women. She edited with Hermann Hettner a collection of the writings of her husband after his death, working on the first of four volumes. In 1866, she published Uz undCronegk, the portraits of two Franconian poets of the 18th century. She also published reviews in newspapers and magazines.Her letters, edited by Hermann Uhde-Bernays, document over a period of 50 years herinfluence on the education and development of Anselm Feuerbach. She published in 1882 a book Ein Vermächtnis – Anselm Feuerbach (A Legacy), to promote his recognition after his death in 1880. It was successfuland has been in print in 50 editions.PublicationsGedanken über die Liebenswürdigkeit der Frauen. Campe Verlag, Nürnberg 1839.Sonntagsmuße – ein Buch für Frauen. Campe Verlag, Nürnberg 1846.Feuerbach, J. A. v.,Nachgelassene Schriften in four volumes, Verlag Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig 1853Vol. 1: Anselm Feuerbach's Leben, Briefe und Gedichte, ed. Henriette Feuerbach,Volumes 2–4: Geschichte der griechischen Plastikund Kunstgeschichtliche Abhandlungen, ed. Hermann Hettner.Uz und Cronegk. Zwei fränkische Dichter aus dem vorigen Jahrhundert., Engelmann Verlag, Leipzig 1866.Henriette Feuerbach (ed.): Ein Vermächtnis –Anselm Feuerbach; Propyläen-Verlag, Berlin 1924LiteratureHerbert Eulenberg: Henriette Feuerbach – Ein Kranz auf ihr Grab, in: Die Familie Feuerbach in Bildnissen, (p. 143, Stuttgart 1924.Feuerbachhaus Speyer (ed.):Gedanken über die Liebenswürdigkeit der Frauen. after the original of 1839, Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, Speyer 1974.Daniel Kupper: Anselm Feuerbachs „Vermächtnis“. Die originalen Aufzeichnungen. DeutscherVerlag für Kunstwissenschaft, Berlin 1992Werner Schuffenhauer (ed.): Ludwig Feuerbach. Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 21, Briefwechsel V (1862–1868). Nachträge (1828–1861), Akademieverlag, Berlin 2004.IlonaScheidle: \"Ins Leben hineingeplumpst“. Die Briefeschreiberin Henriette Feuerbach (1812–1892). In: Heidelbergerinnen, die Geschichte schrieben. München 2006, (p. 63–75).Passage 8:Nicholas Crispo, Lord ofSyrosNicholas Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (or Niccolò; 1392–1450), became Lord of Syros in 1420 and Regent of the Duchy of the Archipelago between 1447 and 1450. He was a son of Francesco I Crispo, tenth Duke of theArchipelago, and wife Fiorenza I Sanudo, Lady of Milos, and brother of Dukes Giacomo I, John II and William II.Marriage and issueIt is not known for certain how many wives he had. In a letter dated 1426 Crispo sayshe was married to the daughter of Jacopo Gattilusio, lord of Lesbos. In a 1474 chronicle by the Venetian traveller Caterino Zeno it is said that he was married to an Eudoksia Valenza, of whom there is no other mentionin any source. Although Zeno claims that she was a daughter of John IV of Trebizond, this has been disproved by historiographical research, which has shown that John had an only daughter, Theodora Despina (marriedto Uzun Hassan of Ak Koyunlu). Alternative identities have been proposed for Valenza: whether it was the name of Gattilusio's daughter, whether she was a daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond or whether she was aGenoese woman.Caterina Crispo, married in 1429 Angelo I Gozzadini, Lord of Kythnos (- 1468/76)Lucrezia Crispo, married Nobil Huomo Leone Malipiero, Patrizio VenetoFrancesco II CrispoPetronilla Crispo, married in1437 Nobil Huomo Jacopo Priuli, Patrizio VenetoMaria Crispo, married Nobil Huomo Nicolo Balbi, Patrizio VenetoFiorenza Crispo (–1501), married in 1444 Nobil Huomo Marco Cornaro, Cavaliere del Sacro RomanoImpero, Patrizio Veneto (Venice, December 1406 – Venice, 1 August 1479), and had:Giorgio CornaroCatherine CornaroValenza Crispo, married Nobil Huomo Giovanni Loredan, Patrizio VenetoMarco Crispo, Knight of theKnights Hospitaller, who had illegitimate issueViolante Crispo, married Nobil Huomo Caterino Zeno, Patrizio Veneto, Diplomat of the Venetian Republic, and had:Adriana ZenoPietro ZenoA daughterAnthony Crispo, Lordof SyrosPassage 9:Irene BakerEdith Irene Bailey Baker (November 17, 1901 – April 2, 1994) was an American politician and a United States Representative from Tennessee. She was the widow of Howard Baker Sr. andthe stepmother of Howard Baker Jr.BiographyBaker was born in Sevierville, Tennessee, on November 17, 1901, and attended public schools in Sevierville and Maryville.CareerBaker served as Deputy County Court Clerkof Sevier County from 1918 to 1922 and as Deputy Clerk and Master of Chancery Court from 1922 to 1924.After her first husband's death, Baker went to work for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). On  September15, 1935, she married Howard Baker Sr., who was a widower with two children. The couple raised Baker's two children from his first marriage, Howard H. Baker Jr. and Mary Elizabeth Baker, as well as  a daughter oftheir own, Beverly Irene Baker. She served on the Republican National Committee from 1960 to 1964.When her husband died suddenly in office on January 7, 1964, Baker ran as a Republican in the special election tofill the remainder of his term, defeating Democrat Willard Yarbrough, a Knoxville journalist. As a candidate for the seat, she promised to serve only as a caretaker who would not seek further election; and she fulfilledthat promise, and served from  March 10, 1964, to January 3, 1965.  While in Congress, she served on the House Committee on Government Operations and advocated for a balanced federal budget. She alsochampioned coal mining interests, the TVA, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission programs in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and cost of living increases in Social Security pensions.  As one of ten Republicans from the South, shevoted against the Civil Rights Act.After leaving Congress in 1965, Baker became Director of Public Welfare in Knoxville, Tennessee, a position she held until 1971.DeathBaker died in Loudon, Tennessee on April 2, 1994(age 92 years, 136 days). She is interred at Sherwood Memorial Gardens, in Loudon, Tennessee.See alsoWomen in the United States House of RepresentativesPassage 10:Giorgio CornaroNobil Huomo Giorgio Cornaro,called \"Padre della Patria\" (1452 – 31 July 1527) was a Venetian nobleman and politician.LifeGiorgio Cornaro was born in Venice in 1452. He was the son of Nobil Huomo Marco Cornaro (December 1406 – 1 August1479) by his wife, married in 1444, Fiorenza Crispo (1422 – 1501), daughter of Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros. His sister was Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus.He married in Venice in 1475 Nobil Donna ElisabettaMorosini, Patrizia Veneta, and had an issue, called \"Cornaro della Regina\".He died in Venice on 31 July 1527.OfficesKnight of the Holy Roman Empire,Patrician of the Republic of Venice,Podestà of Brescia in1496,Procurator of St Mark's.LikenessGiorgio is depicted in a double portrait, with his son Cardinal Francesco Cornaro, in the National Gallery of Ireland.Footnotes"}
{"doc_id":"doc_241","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Domenico de DominicisDomenico de Dominicis or Domenico de Dominici (died 1478) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1464–1478)and Bishop of Torcello(1448–1464).BiographyOn 20 February 1448, Domenico de Dominicis was appointed during the papacy of Pope Nicholas V as Bishop of Torcello.On 14 November 1464, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope PaulII as Bishop of Brescia.He served as Bishop of Brescia until his death in 1478. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Johannes Hinderbach, Bishop of Trento (1466); and the principal co-consecrator ofGiovanni Stefano Botticelli, Bishop of Cremona (1467).Passage 2:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100thvictim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series againstNepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of theEuro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony'sCollege, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently aPresidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations,identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from theUniversity of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwiworked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa:Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage4:Domenico MaggiottoDomenico Maggiotto or Domenico Fedeli (1713–1794) was an Italian painter and engraver of the late-Baroque period.He was one of the main pupils of Giovanni Battista Piazzetta. His sonFrancesco Maggiotto was also a painter.He lived and worked mainly in Venice.Passage 5:Shahanuddin ChoudhuryShahanuddin Choudhury (born 15 June 1967) is a Bangladeshi sprinter. He competed in the men's 200metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Passage 6:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory,Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk andFrench-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada aswell as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation(now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at theNational Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 7:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with muchvariation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, againstLancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated bytaking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, buthe did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wicketsat an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end ofMcMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven timesand in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though ameasure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.SomersetcricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filleda vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game untilhe was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment,according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable supportin the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took sixfor 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at thebottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 inthe batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's nextmatch, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matchesbrought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrenceretired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came toan abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second elevenlater in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highlycontroversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embracedthe antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks,everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with histeam-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of theseason. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back toLondon where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 8:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-bornfirst-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force,and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took fivewickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. Inthe last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the seasonwith 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and thenagainst Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up fivewickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and twodaughters.Passage 9:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born inCranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, becamean admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870sand lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman.In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury,against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of freehitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The NewZealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the battingaverages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 10:Domenico DistiloDomenico Distilo (born 25 December 1978 in Rome,Lazio, Italy) is a filmmaker living and working between Rome, Italy and Berlin, Germany.He graduated in film direction from the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome with the film Unexpected (Inatteso), adocumentary on the demand for political asylum in Italy, which was screened at the Festival dei Popoli in Florence and at the Berlinale, within the section \"Forum\" in 2006.In 2008, he won the national prize PremioSolinas for the screenplay of the feature film When elephants fight (Quando gli elefanti combattono), written in collaboration with Filippo Gravino and Guido Iuculano.In 2009, he joined the production company Sciara,where he works as director and producer.In 2011, he directed two documentaries for RAI 3, the Italian cultural public channel: Urban extremes - Jerusalem (Estremi urbani, Gerusalemme), on the territorial conflict inJerusalem and Romany imaginary - Minority artists (Immaginario Rom - Artisti Contro), on Romany art in Hungary.Distilo's works generally focus on social issues, with a special interest in various forms of contemporaryart.In his movie Deep time (Margini di sottosuolo) (2012), he explored the boundaries between documentary and fiction with a story on archeology and the feelings that bound people to their past.In 2018 hisdocumentary Manga Do, Igort and the way of the manga won the audience award at the Biografilm Festival in Bologna. The film tells the journey of Igort, one of the most important Italian graphic novel authors, in thefounding places of Japanese culture. The film follows a previous reportage, Igort, the secret landscape (2013), which tells the story of Igort's search for the creation of his trilogy on the Soviet Union.Prizes and awardsIn2000 his short film Entrevias won the first prize at the Messina Film FestivalIn 2006 Unexpected (Inatteso) won the first prize as best documentary at Alicante Film Festival and received the jury's special mention at theArcipelago - Festival Internazionale di Cortometraggi e Nuove Immagini of RomeIn 2008 the screenplay from When elephants fight (Quando gli elefanti combattono) won the first prize at the event Premio SolinasIn2011 Distilo won the Premio maestri del documentario at the Assaggi di realtà festival of MessinaIn 2018 Manga Do, Igort and the way of the manga was awarded the Audience award at the Biografilm Festival inBolognaFilmographyDocumentariesA day in Rome (Un giorno a Roma), (2001), produced by Centro Sperimentale di CinematografiaTiburtina tells (Tiburtina racconta), (2005)Dialogues for Refugees (Dialoghi diProfughi), (2005)Unexpected (Inatteso), (2005), produced by Centro Sperimentale di CinematografiaCAM Selinunte, (2008), produced by SciaraThe Calm and the Storm, (2010)Urban Extremes – Jerusalem (Estremiurbani - Gerusalemme), (2011), produced by SciaraRomany imaginary  - Minority artists (Immaginario Rom - Artisti contro), (2011), produced by SciaraDeep time  (Margini di Sottosuolo), (2012), produced bySciaraIgort, the secret landscape, (2013), produced by SciaraManga Do, Igort and the way of the manga, (2018) produced by SciaraShort filmsEntrevias, (2000)Bartleby, the scrivener (Bartleby, lo scrivano), (2004),an adaptation from Herman Melville's homonym tale produced by Centro Sperimentale di CinematografiaLaura in Lampedusa (Laura a Lampedusa), (2009), produced by Rai 1 for the programme \"Vivo per te - 150 annidella Croce Rossa\", broadcast on the 25th of December 2009Bettgeflüster (Pillow Talk), (2021) , short film comedy, German Leads. Presented at the \"late-night-love\" section of the PÖFF SHORTS, Tallinn Black Nights"}
{"doc_id":"doc_242","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Robert Baker (actor)Robert Baker (born October 15, 1979, in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American actor known for hisroles in Valentine, Grey's Anatomy, Out of Time, and a supporting role in the film Special.Early lifeBaker is the son of musician Lee Baker and his wife Carol. His father Lee was a member of the Memphis rock group, MudBoy and the Neutrons.CareerHe had a small role as a partygoer in the 1999 film Angel on Abbey Street. While still attending theater school at the University of Southern California, he landed a role in the TV movie TheRuling Class, playing a funny high school jock.In 2018, Baker recurred in Supergirl as Mercy Graves' brother Otis Graves.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideo gamePassage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director offilm, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing,James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), AReason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received anEmmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leavethe production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific ResidentTheatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:BrianKennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was thedirector of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Artfrom 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum ofArt at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Earlylife and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history andhistory.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), andDepartment of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historiansfrom 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedyexpanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw thedevelopment of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing\"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the buildingproved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completedsome years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the establishedcollections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print WorkshopArchive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to theexhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during histenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition,claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of theartistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finallyrenovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as\"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visualand sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the returnof several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by anEtruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections ofthe arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, BlackWomanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats,1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art MuseumDirectors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo andreceived an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes==Passage 5:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour ResearchFoundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from theCalifornia Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards andmembershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 6:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blanksteinwas born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directedand shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed thefilm and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educationalcommunity activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory programfor Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage8:Special When LitSpecial When Lit is a feature length documentary film about pinball written and directed by Brett Sullivan. The film is produced by Steam Motion and Sound.ProductionFilming took place frommid-2006 to 2008 in several trips to the U.S., France, Italy, Sweden, Australia and the UK. Post production was completed at Steam Motion and Sound in London during 2008 and 2009.SynopsisThe pinball industrymade more money than the American film industry during the 1950s through the 1970s. Special When Lit explores the former pop icon of the pinball machine, and through interviews with fans, collectors, designers andchampion players from across the globe, traces pinball's history through to the present day.RecognitionEye for Film wrote \"It's not the sort of subject that you'd think would suit a documentary, but it works surprisinglywell.\" It \"offers fascinating insights and makes for an enjoyable watch. Special When Lit is reminiscent of that other great documentary Spellbound. Both draw the audience into a world of obsession, impress upon youthe level of devotion, and charm you with the people in that world\"Tallahassee Democrat wrote that the film was a \"surprisingly compelling documentary\".Chicago Sun-Times called the film a \"significant flick in a lineupthat runs the gamut from light to heavy religious to political\".Raindance Film Festival director Elliot Grove wrote that the documentary was \"masterfully shot\" and that its director, Brett Sullivan, was able to bring out acertain nostalgia in his film that was both intriguing and fascinating, with its interviews like \"an emotional and sensitive area, with pinball’s fans describing of the game like a relationship, their faces lighting up as if theywere recounting their first kiss.\"  He found the winning film to be \"encapsulating and absorbing.\"The Montana Kaimin wrote \"With a gripping intro, the film draws you in and keeps your attention with its larger-than-lifecharacters.\"Awards and nominations2009, Won Best Feature Documentary at Los Angeles United Film Festival2009, Nominated for Best Documentary at Raindance Film Festival2009, Nominated for Best Documentary atTallahassee Film Festival2010, Won Audience Award for Best Feature Documentary at London United Film FestivalRelease and distributionFirst premiered in October 2009 at London's Raindance Film Festival where itwas nominated for Best Documentary.Subsequent festivals included: Hot Springs Documentary Film Festival, Atlanta International Documentary Film Festival, Big Sky Documentary Film Festival, Calgary InternationalFilm Festival, Buffalo Niagara International Film Festival, Bronx International Film Festival, Indianapolis International Film Festival, Da Vinci Film Festival, Tallahassee Film Festival, Los Angeles United Film Festival, USAFilm Festival, and Wisconsin Film Festival.The film was picked up by PBS International Distribution for worldwide sales outside the United States.  The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2011. TheDocumentary Channel in the United States premiered Special When Lit 21 May 2011. The PBS Channel in the UK premiered Special When Lit 5 November 2011.IntervieweesPassage 9:Brett SullivanBrett Sullivan is aLondon-based Australian-British filmmaker. Born in Sydney, Australia, 1971, Sullivan formed production company Steam Motion and Sound with Julian Chow in 1996. Steam established a UK office in 2003, and a NewYork office in 2014 with co-founder Clayton Jacobsen.Sullivan has directed and produced music videos/TV specials for Phil Collins, Michael Bublé, Natalie Merchant, James Blunt, Robert Plant, Seal, Bette Midler, BenFolds, Katherine Jenkins, LP, Gnarls Barkley, Rumer, Idina Menzel, Birdy, Nile Rodgers, Pablo Alboran, Josh Groban, Lenny Kravitz and Eric Clapton.International commercials and campaigns for Madonna, REM, LinkinPark, Flaming Lips, Alicia Keys, Andre Rieu, Jason DeRulo, Josh Groban, Bruno Mars, Jill Scott, Alfie Boe, Roland Villazon, Lenny Kravitz, Regina Spektor, Justice, My Chemical Romance, Robert Plant, Ed Sheeran,Nickelback, David Gray, Muse, KD Lang, Green Day, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rihanna, Josh Radin, Ray LaMontagne, Plan B. Other commercial and branding work includes Deezer, Vodafone, Pepsi, Reebok, Orange,Adidas, Ikea, Coca-Cola.He has directed and produced filmed theatrical productions in the West End, Broadway, Canada, Germany and Australia for Les Misérables, Hamilton, Phantom of the Opera, Miss Saigon,Aladdin, A Strange Loop, Newsies, The Lion King, Billy Elliot, Frozen The Musical, The Rockettes, Singin in the Rain, Waitress, Beauty and the Beast, Get Up Stand Up, Jesus Christ Superstar, Oliver, Charlie and theChocolate Factory, Wicked, Pippin, Dirty Dancing, Mary Poppins, Sister Act, The Prince of Egypt, Jersey Boys, Love Never Dies, Spring Awakening, Buddy Holly, Ghost, Richard III, An American in Paris, Shrek, Bring ItOn and War Horse. Billy Elliot The Musical Live was the first live event cinema release to top the UK box office and set a new box office record for live event cinema. Sullivan's next live film Miss Saigon has since set anew record for event cinema in the UK. In the USA, Disney's Newsies Live! set a new box office record for a live musical event at the cinema.Sullivan was a co-founder of Adstream (2001), digital media and assetmanagement company for advertising agencies. It is located in 17 countries.Film DirectorThe Prince of Egypt - 2023 - Live in London - Universal Pictures/DreamWorks Theatricals - in post productionAladdin - 2023 -Live in London - Disney Theatrical Group - Disney+Waitress - 2023 - Live on Broadway - Namco - CinemaKinky Boots - 2019 - Live in London - BroadwayHD - CinemaNewsies - 2017 - Live in Hollywood - DisneyTheatrical Group - Cinema/Disney+Tour Stop 148 - Michael Bublé  - 2016 - Warner Bros Records - Cinema/Home VideoMiss Saigon - Live in London - 2016 - Universal Pictures/Cameron Mackintosh - Cinema/HomeVideoBilly Elliot The Musical - 2014 - Live in London - Universal Pictures/Working Title Films - Cinema/Home VideoLove Never Dies - 2014 - Feature - Universal Pictures / Really Useful Group - Cinema/Home VideoSpecialWhen Lit, Feature Documentary 2010, Best Documentary United Los Angeles Film Festival, Nominated Best Documentary Raindance, Official Selection at Calgary international Film Festival, Vancouver International Film"}
{"doc_id":"doc_243","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:René ClairRené Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981), born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1960. Clair's best known films include Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (The Italian Straw Hat, 1928), Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris, 1930), Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), I Married a Witch (1942), and And Then There Were None (1945).Early lifeRené Clair was born and grew up in Paris in the district of Les Halles, whose lively and picturesque character made a lasting impression on him. His father was a soap merchant; he had an elder brother, Henri Chomette (born 1896). He attended the Lycée Montaigne and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. In 1914 he was studying philosophy; his friends at that time included Raymond Payelle who became the actor and writer Philippe Hériat.In 1917, at the age of 18, he served as an ambulance driver in World War I, before being invalided out with a spinal injury. He was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry called La Tête de l'homme (which remained unpublished). Back in Paris after the war, he started a career as a journalist at the left-wing newspaper L'Intransigeant.Film careerHaving met the music-hall singer Damia and written some songs for her, Clair was persuaded by her to visit Gaumont studios in 1920 where a film was being cast and he then agreed to take on a leading role in Le Lys de la vie, directed by Loïe Fuller and Gabrielle Sorère. He adopted the stage-name of René Clair, and several other acting jobs followed, including Parisette for Louis Feuillade. In 1922 he extended his career as a journalist, becoming the editor of a new film supplement to a monthly magazine, Théâtre et Comœdia illustrés.  He also visited Belgium and after an introduction from his brother Henri, he became an assistant to the director Jacques de Baroncelli on several films.1924–1934In 1924, with the support of the producer Henri Diamant-Berger, Clair got the opportunity to direct his own first film, Paris qui dort (The Crazy Ray), a short comic fantasy. Before it had been shown however, Clair was asked by Francis Picabia and Erik Satie to make a short film to be shown as part of their Dadaist ballet Relâche; he made Entr'acte (1924), and it established Clair as a leading member of the Parisian avant-garde.Fantasy and dreams were also components of his next two films, but in 1926 Clair took a new direction when he joined Alexandre Kamenka's Films Albatros company to film a dramatic story, La Proie du vent (The Prey of the Wind), which met with commercial success. He remained at Albatros for his last two silent films, Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (An Italian Straw Hat) and Les Deux Timides (Two Timid Souls) (both 1928), in which he sought to translate the essentially verbal comedy of two plays by Labiche into works of silent cinema. While at Albatros, Clair met the designer Lazare Meerson and the cameraman Georges Périnal who were to remain important collaborators with him for the next decade. By the end of the silent era, Clair was celebrated as one of the great names in cinema, alongside Griffith, Chaplin, Pabst and Eisenstein. As the author of all of his own scripts, who also paid close attention to every aspect of the making of a film, including the editing, Clair was one of the first French film-makers to establish for himself the full role of an auteur.Clair was initially sceptical about the introduction of sound to films, and called it \"an unnatural creation\". He then realised the creative possibilities that it offered, particularly, in his view, if the soundtrack was not used realistically; words and pictures need not, and indeed should not, be tied together in a clumsy duplication of information; dialogue did not always need to be heard. Between 1930 and 1933, Clair explored these ideas in his first four sound films, starting with Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris); this was followed by Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), and Quatorze juillet (Bastille Day) (1933). All of these films portrayed an affectionate and idealized view of working class life, and they did much to create a popular romantic image of Paris which was seen around the world. These films were made at the Epinay Studios for Films Sonores Tobis, a French subsidiary of the German-owned Tobis company.When Chaplin made Modern Times in 1936, it was noted that some parts of it bore a marked similarity to scenes in À nous la liberté, and the production company Tobis launched a lawsuit for plagiarism against United Artists, the producers of Chaplin's film. Clair was embarrassed by this since he acknowledged his own debt to the spirit of Chaplin, and he refused to be associated with the action.After the immense success of these early sound films, Clair met with a major setback when his next film, Le Dernier Milliardaire (The Last Billionaire/The Last Millionaire) (1934), was a critical and commercial flop. While he was visiting London for the film's British première, he met Alexander Korda who offered him a contract to work in England.  He accepted, and began a lengthy period of exile from film-making in France.1935–1946Clair's contract with Korda's London Films was for two years and it envisaged three films. Because of his limited English, he collaborated with the American dramatist Robert E. Sherwood as script-writer for his first film, The Ghost Goes West (1935), a comic fantasy about transatlantic culture clash. Clair and Sherwood became close friends. In January 1936, Clair visited America for two weeks, checking out for future employment possibilities but still planning to remain with Korda. Korda however rejected Clair's next script and they parted company. Clair's remaining time in England led to only one more completed film, Break the News (1938), a musical comedy with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier.Returning to France, Clair attempted to make another film there in 1939, Air pur, which was to be a celebration of youth and childhood, but the outbreak of war interrupted filming and it was abandoned. In May 1940, Jean Giraudoux, then Minister of Information, suggested to Clair that the film profession should concentrate its resources in the south of country in Nice and Marseille – and if necessary establish a French production centre in the United States. It was with this last plan in mind that Clair and his family, along with Julien Duvivier, departed for America, but by the time he reached New York the project had already fallen through and he went straight on to Hollywood where several studios were interested in employing him. He made his first American film for Universal Studios, The Flame of New Orleans (1941), but it was such a commercial failure that for a time Clair's career as a director was in the balance. After more than a year's delay, his next film was I Married a Witch (1942), followed by It Happened Tomorrow (1944), both of which did respectably well, and then And Then There Were None (1945), which turned out to be an exceptional commercial success despite being perhaps the least personal of his Hollywood ventures. Each of Clair's American films was made for a different studio.In 1941 Clair was stripped of his French citizenship by the Vichy government, though this was later reversed. It was also in 1941 that he learned of the death of his brother Henri Chomette in France from polio. In 1943, he was planning to go to Algeria to organise the Service Cinématographique de l'Armée, but funding for the project was withdrawn just as he was on the point of departure. In July 1945 he went back to France for a short visit, and then returned finally in July 1946, having signed a contract with RKO for his next film to be made in France.Clair's American exile had allowed him to develop his characteristic vein of ironical fantasy with several commercially successful films, but there was some feeling that it had been at the expense of personal control and that his output there had not matched the quality of his earlier work in France. Clair himself recognised that being employed by the highly organized American studios had allowed him to work in ideal circumstances: \"In spite of the restrictions of the American system, it is possible, if one wishes, to take responsibility. In my four Hollywood films I managed to do what I wanted.\"1947–1965Clair's first film on his return to France was the romantic comedy Le silence est d'or (Silence is Golden) (1947), which was set in 1906 and nostalgically evoked the world of early French film-making; its plot also created variations on Molière's L'École des femmes. Clair considered it one of his best post-war films. Literary inspirations also underpinned other films: Faust for La Beauté du diable (Beauty and the Devil) (1950); and Don Juan for Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955). In these two films and the intervening Les Belles de nuit (Beauties of the Night) (1952), the leading actor was Gérard Philipe who became a friend and a favourite performer for Clair. Porte des Lilas (1957) was a sombre film, set once again in a popular district of Paris with its picturesque inhabitants, for which the singer Georges Brassens was persuaded to give his only film performance.During the 1950s, as a new generation of French critics and film-makers emerged who were impatient of the prevailing modes of film production, Clair found himself increasingly criticised as a representative of the cinéma de qualité, a \"cinema of old men\" dominated by nostalgia for their younger days. His status as a figure of the 'establishment' was further confirmed by his election to the Académie Française in 1960. Although he continued to make a few more films in comic vein such as Tout l'or du monde (All the Gold in the World) (1961), they were not well received and he made his last film, Les Fêtes galantes (The Lace Wars), in 1965.Writing and later workClair began his career as a journalist, and writing remained an important interest for him to which he increasingly turned in his later years. In 1926 he published a novel, Adams (translated into English as Star Turn), about a Hollywood star for whom the distinction between the real and unreal becomes blurred. He occasionally returned to writing fiction (La Princesse de Chine and Jeux du hasard), but many of his publications dealt with the cinema, including reflections on his own films. Apart from many journal articles, his main publications were:Adams. (Paris: Grasset, 1926). English translation, Star Turn, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936).Réflexion faite. (Paris: Gallimard, 1951). English translation, Reflections on the Cinema. (London: William Kimber, 1953).La Princesse de Chine, suivi de De fil en aiguille. (Paris: Grasset, 1951).Comédies et commentaires. (Paris: Gallimard, 1959) [includes 5 of Clair's screenplays]. English translation, in part, Four Screenplays. (New York: Orion Press, 1970).Discours de réception à l'Académie française. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Tout l'or du monde. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Cinéma d'hier, cinéma d'aujourd'hui. (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). English translation, Cinema Yesterday and Today. (New York: Dover, 1972).L'Étrange Ouvrage des cieux, d'après The Dutch Courtezan de Jon Marston. (Paris: Gallimard, 1972).Jeux du hasard: récits et nouvelles. (Paris: Gallimard, 1976).Clair also ventured into other media.  In 1951 he directed his first radio production, Une larme du diable.  In 1959 he directed a stage production of Musset's On ne badine pas avec l'amour, in which Gérard Philipe gave one of his last performances before his death. In 1972 he staged Gluck's Orphée for the Paris Opéra.Personal lifeAt the end of 1924, while Clair was working on Ciné-sketch for the theatre with France Picabia, he first met a young actress, Bronja Perlmutter, who subsequently appeared in his film Le Voyage imaginaire (1926) premiered at the newly opened Studio des Ursulines. They married in 1926, and their son, Jean-François, was born in 1927.René Clair died at home on 15 March 1981, and he was buried privately at Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois.ReputationClair's reputation as a film-maker underwent a considerable reevaluation during the course of his own lifetime: in the 1930s he was widely seen as one of France's greatest directors, alongside Renoir and Carné, but thereafter his work's artifice and detachment from the realities of life fell increasingly from favour. The avant-gardism of his first films, and especially Entr'acte, had given him a temporary notoriety, and a grounding in surrealism continued to underlie much of his comedy work. It was however the imaginative manner in which he overcame his initial scepticism about the arrival of sound which established his originality, and his first four sound films brought him international fame.Clair's years of working in the UK and USA made him still more widely known but did not show any marked development in his style or thematic concerns. It was in the post-war films that he made on his return to France that some critics have observed a new maturity and emotional depth, accompanied by a prevailing sense of melancholy but still framed by the elegance and wit that characterised his earlier work.However, in the 1950s the critics who heralded the arrival of the French New Wave, especially those associated with Cahiers du Cinéma, found Clair's work old-fashioned and academic. François Truffaut wrote harshly of him after seeing The Flame of New Orleans: \"We don't follow our elders in paying the same tribute to Renoir and Clair. There is no film by Clair which matches the invention and wit of Renoir's Tire au flanc.... Clair makes films for old ladies who go to the cinema twice a year.\"André Bazin, the founding editor of Cahiers, made a more measured assessment: \"René Clair has remained in a way a film-maker of the silent cinema. Whatever the quality and importance of his recent films, expression through the image always predominates over that of the word and one almost never misses the essence if one can only vaguely hear the dialogue.\" It was also in a special number of Cahiers du Cinéma reviewing the current state of the French cinema in 1957 that Clair received one of his most positive appreciations: \"A complete film author who, since the silent era, has brought to the French cinema intelligence, refinement, humour, an intellectual quality that is slightly dry but smiling and in good taste.... Whatever may follow in his rich career, he has created a cinematic world that is his own, full of rigour and not lacking in imagination, thanks to which he remains one of our greatest film-makers.\"Such appreciations have subsequently been rare, and the self-contained artificiality of Clair's films, his insistence on the meticulous preparation of an often literary script, and his preference for filming in studio sets rather than on location increasingly set him apart from modern trends in film-making. The paradox of Clair's reputation has been further heightened by those commentators who have seen François Truffaut as the French cinema's true successor to Clair, notwithstanding the occasions of their mutual disdain.FilmographyFeature filmsShort filmsEntr'acte (1924)La Tour (1928) (documentary)Forever and a Day (1943) (segment \"1897\")La Française et l'Amour (1960) (segment \"Mariage, Le\")Love and the FrenchwomanLes Quatre Vérités (1962) (segment \"Les Deux Pigeons\")Three Fables of LoveTelevisionLes Fables de La Fontaine (1964) (episodes \"?\")Awards and honoursRené Clair held the national honours of Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, and Grand-croix de l'ordre national du Mérite.  He received the Grand Prix du cinéma français in 1953.In 1956 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cambridge.In 1960 he was elected to the Académie Française; he was not the first film-maker so honoured (he was preceded by Marcel Pagnol (1946), Jean Cocteau (1955), and Marcel Achard (1959)) but he was the first to be elected primarily as a film-maker. In 1994 the Académie established the Prix René-Clair as an annual prize awarded to a distinguished film-maker.In 1967 he received an honorary doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London.As well as many awards made for individual films, Clair received an honorary prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival in 1979 for his contribution to cinema.Place René Clair in Boulogne-Billancourt, on the outskirts of Paris and near the site of the former film studios in that district, is named after him.See alsoList of ambulance drivers during World War ICinema purPassage 2:Searchlight on JapanSearchlight on Japan is an Australian documentary about the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II directed by Ken G. Hall.The film was sold to American television.Passage 3:Beauties of the NightBeauties of the Night may refer to:Beauties of the Night (1952 film), a French-language fantasy filmBeauties of the Night (2016 film), a Mexican documentary filmPassage 4:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 5:Jaime ChikJaime Chik Mei-chun (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000, born 5 January 1962) is a Hong Kong TVB actress and was named as one of the Five Beauties of TVB.Personal lifeChik met Hong Kong actor Michael Miu in 1981 while shooting for the TVB television drama You Only Live Twice. The couple married in 1990 and since have two children: daughter Phoebe Miu (born 1991) and son Murphy Miu (born 1993).FilmographyExternal linksJaime Mei Chun Chik at IMDbJaime Chik Mei-Jan at the Hong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 6:Ken G. HallKenneth George Hall, AO, OBE (22 February 1901 – 8 February 1994), better known as Ken G. Hall, was an Australian film producer and director, considered one of the most important figures in the history of the Australian film industry. He was the first Australian to win an Academy Award.Early yearsHall was born Kenneth George Hall in Paddington, Sydney, Australia in 1901, the third child of Charles and Florence Hall. He was educated at North Sydney Boys' High School.At age 15, with the help of his father, he gained a cadetship at the Sydney Evening News, where he became friends with a young Kenneth Slessor, then a cadet for another paper. Two years later, he became a publicist for Union Theatres, initially working as an assistant to Gayne Dexter. He had a six-month stint as manager for the Lyceum Theatre then returned to publicity, working his way up to national publicity director, \"the highest post in film publicity in Australia\" at that time.In 1924, Hall joined the American distribution company First National Pictures as a publicist, and visited Hollywood the following year.Directing careerEarly years: 1928–1930Hall began making films in 1928 when at First National he was "}
{"doc_id":"doc_244","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Beatrix of BadenBeatrix of Baden (22 January 1492 – 4 April 1535) was a margravine (wife of a margrave) of Baden by birth and by marriage and a Countess Palatine of Simmern.  She was a daughter ofChristoph I, Margrave of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.Marriage and issueIn 1508 she married the Count Palatine  Johann II of Simmern (born: 21 March 1492; died: 18 May 1557).  With him she had twelvechildren:Catherine (1510–1572), Abbess in Kumbd monasteryJohanna (1512–1581), Abbess in Marienberg monastery at BoppardOttilia (1513–1553), nun at Marienberg in BoppardFrederick III the Pious (1515–1576),Elector Palatinemarried firstly 1537 Princess Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519–1567)married secondly 1569 Countess Amalia of Neuenahr-Alpen (1540–1602)Brigitta (1516–1562), Abbess at Neuburg an derDonauGeorg (1518–1569), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in 1541 princess Elisabeth of Hesse (1503–1563)Elisabeth (1520–1564)married in 1535 Count Georg II of Lauterbach (1506-1569)Reichard(1521–1598), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in firstly 1569 Countess Juliane of Wied (1545-1575)married in secondly 1578 Countess Emilie of Württemberg (1550-1589)married in thirdly 1589 CountessPalatine Anna Margarete of Veldenz (1571-1621)Maria (1524–1576), nun at Marienberg in BoppardWilliam (1526–1527)Sabine (1528–1578)married in 1544 Count Lamoral of Egmont (1522–1568)Helena(1532–1579)married in 1551 Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg (1526–1561)AncestorsPassage 2:Frederick II, Grand Duke of BadenFrederick II (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928; German: Großherzog von BadenFriedrich II.) was the last sovereign Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1907 until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. The Weimar-era state of Baden originated from the area of the Grand Duchy. In1951–1952, it became part of the new state of Baden-Württemberg.LifeFriedrich \"Fritz\" Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold August Prinz von Baden was born on 9 July 1857, in Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg toFrederick I, Grand Duke of Baden and Princess Louise of Prussia.As a student at the University of Heidelberg, Frederick was a member of the Suevia Corps, a student fraternal organization. Frederick became the head ofthe House of Zähringen on 28 September 1907, after the death of his father Frederick I, who was the sovereign Grand Duke of Baden reigning from 1856 to 1907. He abdicated on 22 November 1918, amidst thetumults of the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy. After the death of his cousin Carola of Vasa, he became the representative of the descent of the Kings of Sweden of theHouse of Holstein-Gottorp. On 20 September 1885 in Schloss Hohenburg, he married Princess Hilda of Nassau, the only daughter of the exiled Duke Adolphe of Nassau who later succeeded as Grand Duke ofLuxembourg. There was no surviving issue from the marriage.He was à la suite the Royal Prussian Regiments Erstes Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (1st Guard Foot Regiment) and 1. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment and à la suite theImperial 1st Seebataillon. He was also Regimentschef of the 4. Königlich Sächsisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 103, which was also known as Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden“ (4. KöniglichSächsisches) Nr. 103.Promotions1875 : Sekondeleutnant (= Leutnant)1881 : Premierleutnant (= Oberleutnant)1882 : Hauptmann1884 : Major1889 : Oberst1891 : Generalmajor1893 : Generalleutnant1897 : Generalder Infanterie1905 : Generaloberst with the rank of GeneralfeldmarschallDeathAfter his death in 1928, the headship of the house was transferred over to his first cousin who was the last Chancellor of Imperial Germany,Prince Maximilian of Baden.Honours and awardsGerman orders and decorationsForeign orders and decorations  Austria-Hungary:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1885Military Jubilee Cross, 14August 1908 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 13 October 1897 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 10September 1897 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion Kingdom of Romania:Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with CollarGrand Cross of the Star of Romania Russian Empire: Knight of St.Andrew  Sweden-Norway:Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 20 September 1881Grand Cross of St. Olav, 27 September 1897 United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 16 June1905Honorary military appointmentsHonorary General of the Swedish Army, 1906AncestryPassage 3:Mechthild of BavariaMechthild of Bavaria (12 July 1532 – 2 November 1565 in Baden-Baden) was a Germannoblewoman. She was the daughter of William IV, Duke of Bavaria and his wife Marie. She was buried in the Stiftskirche at Baden-Baden.On 17 January 1557 she married Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden, and theyhad the following children:Jakobea (16 January 1558 – 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf), married Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.Philip II (19 February 1559 in Baden-Baden – 17 June 1588), Margrave ofBaden.Anna Maria (22 May 1562 – 25 April 1583 in Trebon).Maria Salome (1 February 1563 – 30 April 1600 in Pfreimd).Mechthild is a German form of Matilde.Passage 4:Herman II, Margrave of BadenHermann II ofBaden (c. 1060 – 7 October 1130) was the first to use the title Margrave of Baden, after the family seat at Castle Hohenbaden. This castle is in the present day town of Baden-Baden.LifeHermann was the son ofHermann I of Baden and Judit of Backnang-Sulichgau. He was ruler of the March of Verona from 1112 until 1130.He styled himself Dominus in Baden, comes Brisgaviae, marchio Verona. In English, his titles were: Lordin Baden, Count of Brisgau, Margrave of Verona. Around 1070 Hermann began to build Castle Hohenbaden on top of the remains of an old Celtic structure. After the structure was completed in 1112, he gave himself thetitle Margrave of Baden.He rebuilt the Augustine monastery that his father had built in Backnang in 1123. Hermann was laid to rest in the monastery with the inscription:\"In this tomb lies the Margrave Hermann ofBaden, who was the founder of this monastery and temple. He died in the year thousand increased by hundred and three times ten fronm the time on when the pious virgin bore . When he was transferred here alongwith his descendancy, fifteen hundred years had passed, thereto ten onandall three.\"Family and childrenHermann II married Judit of Hohenberg and had the following children:Hermann III (d. January 16, 1160)Judith(d. 1162), married Ulrich I of Carinthia (d. 1144)Passage 5:Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)Prince Louis William Augustus of Baden (German: Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden; 18 December 1829 – 27 April1897) was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor of the German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince ofBaden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.FamilyWilhelm was born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, on 18 December 1829 as the fifth child and third surviving son of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, and hiswife Princess Sophie of Sweden. Through his father, Wilhelm was a grandson of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden and his wife Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg and through his mother, a grandson ofGustav IV Adolf of Sweden and his wife Frederica of Baden.Wilhelm was a brother of Alexandrine, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Charles ofBaden, Marie, Princess Ernest of Leiningen, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia.Military careerDuring his brief service in the Baden Federal Contingent (German: Baden Bundescontingente), Wilhelm attainedthe rank of Lieutenant in 1847 and First Lieutenant in 1849. Beginning between 1849 and 1850, he served as a First Lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards (German: 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß) infantry regiment of theRoyal Prussian Army. Wilhelm received his formal education in the Prussian Army. From 1856, Wilhelm served as Major of the Guard Artillery (German: Gardeartillerie) and served as the last Major General andCommander of the Guards Artillery Brigade (German: Gardeartilleriebrigade). Wilhelm retired from Prussian military service in 1863 with the rank of Lieutenant General, shortly before his marriage to Princess Maria ofLeuchtenberg.Austro-Prussian WarIn 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Wilhelm assumed command of the Baden Division of the 8th Federal Corps(German: 8. Bundeskorps) siding with the Austrian-led German Confederation. The dissolution of the 8th Federal Corps began on 30 July 1866 when Wilhelm sent a flag of truce along with a letter to the Prussianheadquarters at Marktheidenfeld. The letter stated that Wilhelm's father Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, had entered into direct negotiations with Wilhelm I of Prussia and that King Wilhelm I granted the Baden troopspermission to return to their homes.Immediately following the Austro-Prussian War, Wilhelm reformed the army of Baden based upon the Prussian system. Wilhelm and Prince August of Württemberg were the two southGerman princes who were foremost in securing the union of the Northern and Southern German states. On 22 September 1868, Wilhelm announced his resignation from the command of the troops of the Grand Duchyof Baden and was replaced by General Beza.Franco-Prussian WarIn the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Wilhelm commanded the 1st Baden Brigade in the XIV Corps. On 30 October 1870, Wilhelm and General GustavFriedrich von Beyer assailed Dijon. The French had transported 10,000 men by rail and the citizens of Dijon, including women, joined in the defense of the city against the Germans. The resistance was not easilysubdued and the Germans suffered heavy losses, however according to historian Gustave Louis Maurice Strauss, \"[Wilhelm] carried the heights of St. Apollinari in gallant style and occupied the suburbs from which theGermans ultimately forced their way into the city where fierce fights from barricade to barricade from house to house lasted till midnight.\" Dijon was occupied by 24,000 Prussians on 18 January 1870, but wasreoccupied by the French after a severe battle, and subsequently retaken by the Prussians on 19 January, during which Wilhelm was shot in his cheek at Nuits-Saint-Georges.Post-war careerIn 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm IIpromoted him à la suite to the Grenadier Regiment (German: Leibgrenadierregimentes) in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Nuits-Saint-Georges. At the same time, Wilhelm II made him knight of the Orderof Pour le Mérite, the Kingdom of Prussia's highest military order.Wilhelm's final military rank was General of the Infantry.Political careerFrom a young age, Wilhelm held a seat in the First Chamber of the Diet of theGrand Duchy of Baden. From 1871 to 1873, Wilhelm was a representative of Baden in the Reichstag of the German Empire in which he was a member of the German Imperial Party (German: Deutsche Reichspartei)(also known as the Free Conservative Party).Marriage and childrenWilhelm married Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, Princess Romanovskaja on 11 February 1863 in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldestsurviving daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and his wife Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia,  Russian Empire. Upon learning of the marriage, United States President AbrahamLincoln sent a letter to Wilhelm's elder brother Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden in which Lincoln stated: \"I participate in the satisfaction afforded by this happy event and pray Your Royal Highness to accept my sincerecongratulations upon the occasion together with the assurances of my highest consideration.\" Prior to the marriage, Wilhelm had traveled to England as a potential suitor of Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge.Wilhelmand Maria had two children:Princess Marie of Baden (26 July 1865 – 29 November 1939), later Duchess of Anhalt as the wife of Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (no issue)Prince Maximilian of Baden (10 July 1867 – 6November 1929)Candidate for the Greek throneFollowing the deposition of Otto of Greece and the Greek head of state referendum of 1862, Wilhelm was considered by Wilhelm I of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck as acandidate for the throne of the Kingdom of Greece. The Russian Empire's preferred candidate for the Greek throne fluctuated between Nicholas de Beauharnais, 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg and Wilhelm, hisbrother-in-law. As a potential candidate, Wilhelm demanded no renunciations of rights to the Greek throne from King Otto's family in the Kingdom of Bavaria. According to The New York Times on 16 March 1863, thenrecent purchases of Greek bonds in London were the result of a report that Wilhelm was to be formally recommended for the throne.Later lifeWilhelm was in attendance at the dedication of the monument to MartinLuther at Worms on 27 June 1868.Following the death of his brother-in-law Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Wilhelm traveled to Schloss Reinhardsbrunn on 23 August 1893 to visit his widowed sisterAlexandrine and greet the Duke's successor, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He attended the Duke's funeral procession and service in Coburg on 28 August 1893.Wilhelm died in Karlsruhe on 27 April 1897 at the ageof 67. He was interred at the Grand Ducal Crypt Chapel (German: Großherzogliche Grabkapelle) in the Fasanengarten in Karlsruhe.Titles, styles, honours and armsTitles and styles18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897: HisGrand Ducal Highness Prince Wilhelm of BadenHonoursNational honoursForeign honours Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1852 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold FrenchEmpire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, June 1860 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I Russian Empire:Knight of St. AndrewKnightof St. Alexander NevskyKnight of St. Anna, 1st ClassKnight of St. George, 4th ClassAncestryPassage 6:Jakobea of BadenPrincess Jakobea of Baden (16 January 1558 – 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf, buried in the St.Lambert Church in Düsseldorf) was daughter of the Margrave Philibert of Baden-Baden and Mechthild of Bavaria.LifeJakobea of Baden-Baden became an orphan at an early age and was raised at the court of hermaternal uncle Duke Albert V of Bavaria, where she had several suitors. At the insistence of her cousin Ernest of Bavaria, who was Archbishop of Cologne, Emperor Rudolph II, King Philip II of Spain and Pope GregoryXIII, she married, on 16 June 1585, to Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was considered physically unattractive and mentally unstable and was the son and heir apparent of William \"the Rich\" ofJülich-Cleves-Berg, in an attempt to keep the confessionally wavering duke William in the Catholic camp. The marriage was celebrated lavishly in Düsseldorf, which at the time was ravaged by the Cologne War, and wasdocumented by Dietrich Graminäus in his volume Beschreibung derer Fürstlicher Güligscher ec. Hochzeit.William the Rich could never overcome the early death of his eldest son Charles Frederick.  He despised hissecond son and successor, John William, and gave him little chance to learn to govern and thus contributed to the disaster that befell his duchies.When William died in 1592, John William inherited the duchies andJakobea tried to rule on behalf of her husband, who had been locked up because of his temper tantrums. She had been born a Protestant, but was raised as a Roman Catholic and did not choose for either side. Shenever became pregnant, possibly because her husband was impotent. She had a relationship with the much younger Dietrich von Hall zu Ophoven, who was Amtmann at Monheim am Rhein and was eventually arrestedand locked up in the tower of Düsseldorf Castle.  She tried to plead her case in the Roman Rota and at the imperial court in Prague, but the case made little progress. The Catholic side, represented primarily by hersister-in-law Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, then took matters into their own hands.She was found dead in her room on the morning of 3 September 1597, after she had received guests and toasted on her husband'shealth the night before.  Eyewitness accounts suggest that she was strangled or suffocated.  The motive for the move appears to have been to make room for a more fertile wife, who could save the endangereddynasty.She was buried on 10 September 1597 in a closed ceremony in the Kreuzherren Church in Düsseldorf.  On 23 March 1820, her body was transferred to the St. Lambert Church in Düsseldorf and solemnlyreburied.The City Museum in Düsseldorf has a lock of her hair.LegacyComparing Jakobea to Mary Stuart is not entirely far-fetched; even so, it may be an exaggeration.  Jakobea of Baden was overwhelmed by theconfusing conditions at the religiously divided court in Düsseldorf and fled in a love affair for some amusement. When she was held in humiliating captivity and lost all hope of help from her powerful relatives in Badenand Bavaria, she showed her true caliber and attitude.  The popular misinformation that Jakobea of Baden was beheaded, would make her more similar to Mary Stuart.FootnotesPassage 7:Frederick III, Margrave ofBadenFrederick III of Baden (1327 – 2 September 1353) was Margrave of Baden from 1348 to 1353.LifeHe was the elder son of Rudolf IV and Marie of Oettingen.Family and childrenHe married Margareta of Baden,daughter of Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden and had the following children:Rudolf VI, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 21 March 1372).Margarete, Dame d'Héricourt, married to:10 November 1363 CountGottfried II of Leiningen-Rixingen;Count Heinrich of Lützelstein.See alsoList of rulers of BadenPassage 8:Stéphanie de BeauharnaisStéphanie, Grand Duchess of Baden (Stéphanie Louise Adrienne de Beauharnais; 28August 1789 – 29 January 1860) was a French princess and the Grand Duchess consort of Baden by marriage to Karl, Grand Duke of Baden.Born in Versailles during the French Revolution, Stéphanie's life wassignificantly influenced by Napoleon Bonaparte, who married her aunt and became her patron. Napoleon, needing to secure an alliance with the Prince-elector of Baden, adopted Stephanie and arranged her marriage toKarl of Baden.Her marriage to Karl in 1806 wasn't notably successful initially; they lived separately in Karlsruhe and Mannheim respectively. However, they reconciled to produce heirs after Karl succeeded to the thronein 1811. They had five children, but there was controversy around their unnamed son who died shortly after birth, with rumors suggesting Kaspar Hauser could have been the real heir. After Karl's death in 1818,Stéphanie remained a widow for 41 years. Her residence in Mannheim became a notable salon for artists and intellectuals. She died in Nice, France, in 1860.BiographyEarly lifeBorn in Versailles at the beginning of theFrench Revolution, Stéphanie was the daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, 2nd Count des Roches-Baritaud (1756–1819). In 1783 the 2nd Count married Claudine Françoise de Lezay (1767–1791). The marriage resultedin the birth of first her older brother Alberic de Beauharnais (1786–1791) and then Stephanie herself. Her father remarried in 1799 to Suzanne Fortin-Duplessis (1775–1850). On 13 December 1779 Alexandre, Vicomtede Beauharnais, first cousin of her father, married Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. On 23 July 1794, Alexandre was guillotined. Joséphine had affairs with several influential figures of the French Directory, including PaulFrançois Jean Nicolas Barras. The latter would introduce her to his recent favorite Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon soon started courting her. On 9 March 1796 they were married.General Napoléon Bonaparte was nowstepfather to Eugène de Beauharnais and Hortense de Beauharnais, second cousins of Stephanie. As his prominence and wealth continued to rise, Napoléon found himself being de facto patron to both the Bonaparteand the de Beauharnais families. Stephanie would soon see her patron rise to become First Consul of France.PrincessHer \"uncle\" crowned himself Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804. As a prominent member ofthe new Imperial Family, Stephanie held residence in the Tuileries Palace. Her new status allowed her to live a rather luxurious life. This was a consequence of Napoleon's effort to secure an alliance with the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_245","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of NorfolkThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk  (1443 – 21 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman, soldierand statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and QueenCatherine Howard and the great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1513 he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive Battle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded by King Henry VIII, then away inFrance.Early lifeThomas Howard was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns (died 8June 1425) and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.Service under Edward IVWhile a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side whenwar broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severelywounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York,and Lady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).Service under Richard IIIAfter the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard'scoronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard wascreated Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed arebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded andtaken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years.Serviceunder Henry VIIHoward was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to theearldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499. He and his family lived in Sheriff HuttonCastle while in the North. In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June ofthat year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham (Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's \"executivetriumvirate\". He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 he was involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor toScotland for her wedding to King James IV.Service under Henry VIIISurrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King HenryVIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition toFrance, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sonsThomas and Edmund, crushed James's much larger force at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed.The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, he was created Duke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands andannuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour of Flodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules, anemblem of the Scottish royal arms on rare occasion granted by Scottish kings to a favoured follower as a special mark of favour. The grant by Henry VIII to Howard was thus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings ofScotland.Final yearsIn the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII ofFrance, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517, he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trialof his in-law Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to David M. Head, \"he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face\".By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of ageand in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle atFramlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been \"spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a processionof 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles\", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howardtombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.Marriages and issueOn 30 April1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1st BaronBerners. They had issue:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of NorfolkSir Edward HowardLord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Catherine HowardSir John HowardHenry HowardCharles HowardHenry Howard(the younger)Richard HowardElizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstlyJohn Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died 1504), and secondly Sir Thomas KnyvetNorfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, AgnesTilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of EffinghamLord Thomas Howard(1511–1537)Richard Howard (died 1517)Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of DerbyAnne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of OxfordCatherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Marriedsecondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater.Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex.Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named Elizabeth Howard and twoliving sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolk family tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked toAgnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which is impossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.FootnotesPassage 2:Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel)Rhysap Gruffydd (1508–December 1531) was a powerful Welsh landowner who was accused of rebelling against King Henry VIII by plotting with James V of Scotland to become Prince of Wales. He was executed as a rebel.He married Lady Catherine Howard (b. abt 1499 Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, England), the daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk and his second wife Agnes Tilney.Early lifeRhys was the grandson of Rhys apThomas, the most powerful man in Wales and close ally of Henry VIII. His father, Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, died in 1521, leaving him his grandfather's heir. In 1524 Rhys married Catherine Howard, daughter ofThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.As his grandfather's heir, Rhys expected to inherit his estates and titles. When Rhys ap Thomas died in 1525, Henry VIII gave his most important titles and powers to WalterDevereux, Lord Ferrers, leading to a feud between Rhys and Ferrers, which escalated over the next few years.Conflict with FerrersRhys attempted to increase his status in Wales, petitioning Cardinal Thomas Wolsey tobe given various posts. The potential for conflict with Ferrers increased when both men were given the right to extend their number of retainers; this led to the emergence of competing armed gangs. The bad bloodbetween Rhys and Ferrers reached a crisis point in June 1529 when Ferrers made a display of his status during preparations for the annual Court of Great Sessions in Carmarthen. Rhys, surrounded by forty armed men,threatened Ferrers with a knife. Rhys was arrested and imprisoned in Carmarthen Castle. Rhys's wife Catherine escalated the situation by collecting hundreds of her supporters and attacking the castle. She laterthreatened Ferrers himself with an armed gang. In the conflict between the two factions, several of Ferrers's men were killed. The factions continued to cause other disruptions over the coming months, leading to deathsin street fights and acts of piracy.Treason chargesThe rebellious actions of Rhys's supporters led to Rhys's transfer to prison in London in 1531. By this stage, Henry was claiming that Rhys was attempting to overthrowhis government in Wales. Rhys had added the title Fitz-Urien to his name, referring to Urien, the ancient Welsh ruler of Rheged, a person of mythical significance. Rhys's accusers claimed that this was an attempt toassert himself as Prince of Wales. He was supposed to be plotting with James V of Scotland to overthrow Henry in fulfilment of ancient Welsh prophecies.Rhys was convicted of treason and was executed in December1531. The execution caused widespread dismay and he was openly said to have been innocent. Contemporary writer Ellis Gruffudd, however, argued that the arrogance of the Rhys family had caused their downfall,saying that \"many men regarded his death as Divine retribution for the falsehoods of his ancestors, his grandfather, and great-grandfather, and for their oppressions and wrongs. They had many a deep curse from thepoor people who were their neighbours, for depriving them of their homes, lands and riches.\"Historian Ralph Griffith asserts that \"Rhys's execution...was an act of judicial murder based on charges devised to suit theprevailing political and dynastic situation\". Since it was linked to Henry's attempt to centralise power and break with the church of Rome, he argues that it \"in retrospect made him [Rhys] one of the earliest martyrs ofthe English Reformation.\" Rhys was believed to be opposed to the Reformation and had spoken disparagingly of Anne Boleyn. He had also been friendly with Katherine of Aragon and Cardinal Wolsey, so ridding himselfof Rhys helped Henry to prepare the ground for the Reformation. The execution led to fears of a Welsh rebellion. One clergyman was concerned that the Welsh and Irish would join together.FamilyWith his death, Rhys'vast possessions were forfeit to the crown. His children are known by the Anglicised surname \"Rice\". His son, Griffith Rice (c.1530–1584), was restored to some of the family estates by Queen Mary. His daughter AgnesRice had a much-publicised affair with William Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton, and in defiance of the rights of his widow and children, she inherited much of the Stourton estates after his death in 1548. She later marriedSir Edward Baynton, and had children with both William and Edward.Passage 3:Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of SuffolkThomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk,  (24 August 1561 – 28 May 1626) of Audley End House in theparish of Saffron Walden in Essex, and of Suffolk House near Westminster, a member of the House of Howard, was the second son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Audley, thedaughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, of Audley End.Early life and marriagesThomas was born at Audley End on 24 August 1561, the second of four children ThomasHoward, 4th Duke of Norfolk had by his second wife, Margaret Audley. His older sister was Elizabeth Howard, who died in infancy and his younger siblings were Margaret and William. His maternal grandparents wereThomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden and his second wife Elizabeth Grey. His paternal grandparents were Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and his wife Frances de Vere. On her father's side, Thomas had an olderhalf-brother, Philip Howard, who would later become Earl of Arundel who in turn was also a second cousin of Thomas (Philip's mother, Mary FitzAlan and Margaret Audley were first cousins).When his mother died inJanuary 1564, Thomas inherited the manor of Saffron Walden and other Audley family properties.Thomas' father, a Roman Catholic with a Protestant education, was arrested in 1569, because of involvement in intriguesagainst Queen Elizabeth. Although he was briefly released, he was imprisoned again in September 1571, after his participation in the Ridolfi Plot was discovered and he was executed in June 1572, when William wasalmost eleven years old. After Norfolk's death, Thomas and his siblings Philip, William and Margaret were left in the care of their uncle Henry Howard, who also he took charge of their education. During this time,Thomas and his siblings lived with their uncle at Audley End. Due to his father's execution, much of his paternal family's property was forfeit, although Thomas, his younger siblings, and his older half-brother Philip wereable to recover some of the forfeited estates.His father, while imprisoned in the Tower awaiting execution, urged Thomas to marry his stepsister Mary Dacre, the daughter of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre andElizabeth Leybourne, the duke's third wife. He did so; but Mary died, childless, in April 1578 at Walden.In or before 1582, Howard remarried, his second wife being Katherine Knyvet, widow of Richard, son of RobertRich, 2nd Baron Rich. A noted beauty, she was also the eldest daughter and heiress of her father, Sir Henry Knyvet of Charlton. She survived her husband, dying in 1633.IssueTheophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (13August 1582 – 3 June 1640) married: Elizabeth Home, and had issueElizabeth Howard (c. 1583 – 17 April 1658) married: (1) William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury, and had issue (2) Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux ofHarrowden (some say that Elizabeth's and William's children were illegitimate)Sir Robert Howard (1598–1653) (1) mistress Frances Villers and had issue Robert Danvers; (2) married: Catherine NevillSir William Howard(1586 – before 1672)Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire (8 October 1587 – 16 July 1669) married: Elizabeth Cecil, and had issueCatherine Howard (c. 1588–1673) married: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, andhad issueFrances Howard (31 May 1590 – 1632) married: (1) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (2) Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, and had issueSir Charles Howard (1591 – 21 June 1626), married Mary Fitz(john)and had issueHenry Howard (1592–1616), married Elizabeth Bassett and had issue. In September 1613 he travelled to Veere to fight a duel with the Earl of Essex, but the courtier Henry Gibb prevented thecombat.Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick (died 24 April 1675), married Mary Boteler daughter of John Boteler and Elizabeth Villiers and had issue.Margaret Howard (c. 1599–1608)Naval exploitsIn December1584, he was restored in blood as Lord Thomas Howard. Lord Thomas commanded the Golden Lion in the attack on the Spanish Armada. On 25 July 1588, the Golden Lion was one of the three ships thatcounter-attacked the Spanish galleasses protecting the Saint Anne. He was knighted the next day aboard Ark Royal by his kinsman, Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham.In 1591, he was sent with a squadron to theAzores which was to waylay the Spanish treasure fleets from America. However, one fleet reached Spain before his arrival, and the second would not arrive in the islands until September. Forced by the long delay toland his sick and repair his ships, he was barely able to re-ballast and get to sea off Flores in time when his scouts reported an arriving fleet. To his horror, this proved to be, not the treasure fleet, but a powerfulSpanish force dispatched from Ferrol to destroy his squadron. All of Howard's fleet escaped, by the barest of margins, except Revenge, commanded by the squadron's vice-admiral, Sir Richard Grenville. Revenge, somedistance from the remainder of the fleet, attempted to break through the Castilian Squadron and was forced to surrender after a long fight, in which Revenge was virtually destroyed and Grenville mortally wounded.In1596, Howard served as vice-admiral of the expedition against Cadiz, which defeated a Spanish fleet and captured the town. Favoured by Queen Elizabeth, he was installed as a Knight of the Garter in April 1597, and inJune sailed with the unsuccessful expedition to the Azores, which he had partly funded.Political careerHe was seriously ill in the autumn of 1597, and was created Baron Howard de Walden by writ of summons. While herecovered from his illness, he was unable to attend Parliament until January 1598. On 2 February 1598, he was admitted an honorary member of Gray's Inn. In 1599, he commanded the fleet in The Downs; in thatsame year, he became an admiral. He was appointed Constable of the Tower of London on 13 February 1601 after the revolt of the Earl of Essex, and was one of the commission who tried Essex and Southampton. Stillactive in privateering ventures, he never obtained significant profit from them. At this time, he was also sworn High Steward of Cambridge University, and would hold the post until 1614. (He received an MA fromCambridge in 1605.)A friend of Sir Robert Cecil, he became acting Lord Chamberlain at the close of 1602, and entertained the Queen at the Charterhouse, towards the end of her life in January 1603. Under James I,Howard immediately entered the King's favour, being appointed Lord Chamberlain on 6 April 1603 and a Privy Counsellor on 7 April. Later that year, on 21 July 1603, he was created Earl of Suffolk. He was alsoappointed a commissioner for creating Knights of the Bath, and from 1604 to 1618 a commissioner for the Earl Marshalcy. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk in 1605, having several years earlier been madeLord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire.Suffolk accepted a gift from the Spanish ambassador negotiating the peace treaty of 1604, but his countess proved a more valuable informant and Catholic sympathiser. Avaricious,she accepted an annual pension of £1000 from the Spanish. While Suffolk was less pro-Spanish and pro-Catholic than his wife, she was felt to dominate her husband in matters of politics, a circumstance which wouldlater bring him to grief.By 1605, Cecil, now Earl of Salisbury, Suffolk, the Earl of Northampton, and the Earl of Worcester were James's principal privy counsellors. Suffolk and Salisbury were both privy to thecommunications made by Lord Monteagle revealing the existence of the Gunpowder Plot, and Suffolk examined the cellar, spotting the brushwood concealing the gunpowder. Later that evening, the Keeper of thePalace, Sir Thomas Knyvet (Suffolk's brother-in-law) made further search, revealing the gunpowder, and the plot collapsed. Suffolk was one of those commissioned to investigate and try the plotters.Numbered byJames as one of his \"trinity of knaves\" (with Salisbury and Northampton), he was nonetheless thought loyal and reliable to the King. By 1607, work was completed on Charlton Park, a house which is still home to his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_246","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Muhammad Habib ShakirMuhammad Habib Shakir (1866 in Cairo – 1939 in Cairo) (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was an Egyptian judge, born in Cairo and a graduate from Al-Azhar University.LifeSheikhMohammed Shakir b. Ahmad b. ‘Abd al-Qadir was born in 1866 CE in Jirja, a city in Upper Egypt. He studied and graduated from Al-Azhar University. He died in 1939 in Cairo.His son, Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Shakir,wrote his biography in a treatise entitled Mohammed Shakir ‘Alam min A‘lam al-‘AsrPositionsSudan's Supreme Judge for four years (1890-1893)Dean of Alexandria's ScholarsAl-Azhar Secretary General (\"Wakil\") and amember of its board of directorsMember of Al-Azhar Corps of High ScholarsMember of Al-Azhar legislative Society (\"al-Jam‘iyya al-Tashri‘iyya\")Works\"Al-Durus al-Awwaliyya fi al-‘Aqa’id al-Diniyya\"\"Al-Qawl al-Fasl fiTarjamat al-Qur’an al-Karim\"\"Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya\"Qur'an controversyMohammed Habib Shakir has been stated by many internet sources as \"a well known translator of the Qur'an into English.\" He has been associatedwith the translator M. H. Shakir of the translation published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. However this idea is contradicted by two pieces of evidence that have now come to light:There is strong evidence that MohammedHabib Shakir was against the translation of the Qur'an and considered the rendering of the Arabic into any other language unlawful.There is strong evidence that M. H. Shakir, the translator, is actually a pen name forMohammedali Habib Shakir the son of Habib Esmail of The House of Habib.The translator of this edition was in fact a Pakistani Shi'a.See alsoList of Islamic scholarsTranslation of the Qur'anPassage 2:RumbiKatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduatedwith a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking fromGoldsmiths College, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She producedand presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the ZimbabweInternational Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the bannernamelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 –Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at theNational Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to activelysupport the film industry.Passage 3:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. Hewas later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University ofPennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as hostand took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as AmericanBandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, takingYates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of hislife.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 4:Reginald Le BorgReginald Le Borg (11 December 1902 – 25 March 1989) was an Austrian film director. He was born in Vienna, Austria with the surname Groebel anddirected 68 films between 1936 and 1974.Le Borg made a series of low-budget horror films at Universal Studios in the 1940s. In 1944, he made his most expensive and also most successful film, San Diego, I Love You,featuring Buster Keaton in a supporting role.A banker in Vienna, he came to the United States as a visitor in 1928, 1929 and 1930, according to New York steamship passenger manifests. He was recorded as HarryReginald Groebel. He emigrated permanently in 1931. In his naturalization petition in 1937, he changed his name legally from Harry Groebel to Reginald Le Borg Le Borg died in Los Angeles, California from a heartattack.Selected filmographyFurther readingHelmut G. Asper: Etwas besseres als den Tod – Filmexil in Hollywood. Schüren Verlag, Marburg 2002, ISBN 3-89472-362-9, p. 154–168 (German)Helmut G. Asper:Filmexilanten im Universal Studio. Bertz und Fischer, 2005, (German)Wheeler Winston Dixon: The Films of Reginald Le Borg. Scarecrow Press (Filmmakers series Book 31), 1992Passage 5:War JabiWar-Dyabe ibn Rabis(Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) or War Jabi (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), also known as: War Jaabi or War-Dyabe or War-Ndyay, was the king of Tekrur.  He converted to Islam around 1030 and his subjects did thesame to imitate him. Following attacks on the Muslims of Tekrour by animists who were afraid of the growing influence of Islam in the kingdom, he called on his Almoravid allies who helped him to take power. Thisconflict forced the ancestors of today's Serer people to flee south to land near the Saloum Delta.Under his reign, he expanded the kingdom by conquering other territories. The rapprochement with the Almoravidsbenefited the kingdom economically and created stronger political ties between the Muslim states of North Africa and Tekrour. Later, during a period of domestic instability in the Ghana Empire, Tekrur ended upconquering the emprie with the help of the Almoravids by taking its capital Koumbi Saleh.He died in 433 Hijri (1040 or 1041 Gregorian), succeeded by his son Labi.See alsoTakrurBambukSourcesBarry, Boubacar.Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade, (Cambridge: University Press, 1998) p. 6Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips. Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition, (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scrarecrow Press,1994) pp. 18; 265Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony, \"The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050\", Cambridge University Press (1975), p. 485, ISBN 9780521209816 - [1] last retrieved 20 June2022Cohen, Robert Z., Discovering the Empire of Ghana, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. (2013), p. 39, ISBN 9781477718889 - [2] last retrieved 20 June 2022Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. NewYork: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 44,183. ISBN 0841904316.NotesSerer historyPassage 6:Chester WitheyChester \"Chet\" Withey (8 November 1887, Park City, Utah – 6 October 1939, California) was an American silent filmactor, director, and screenwriter. He participated in the production in total of some 100 films. Born in Park City, Utah, the son of Chester Henry Withey and Mary E. Kelso, Withey started his career in silent film as anactor in 1913. He starred in films such as the 1916 film The Wharf Rat.  He married Virginia Philley, a screenwriter, who also did some acting.However, by 1916, he had already directed several films and decided toconcentrate on work behind the camera. Withey was also accredited with writing for 15 films.He retired from film directing in 1928 and died 6 October 1939.Partial filmographyExternal linksChester Withey atIMDbPassage 7:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of sevenbrothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a badinfluence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion forstorytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\"the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender andintersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree atRawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modernWestern ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.Hissecond film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family whichstruggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancientculture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldiercomes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritualfor his cure.Passage 8:A Cafe in CairoA Cafe in Cairo is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Chester Withey and starring Priscilla Dean, Robert Ellis and Carl Stockdale. Hunt Stromberg produced it for releaseby the recently established Producers Distributing Corporation. It was part of a wave of films with Middle Eastern settings which followed on from the success of Paramount's The Sheik in 1921.SynopsisWhen her Britishparents are killed when an Arabian desert bandit launches an attack on their encampment, their young daughter is spared and brought up as an Arab known as Nadia. The bandit who killed Nadia's parents wishes tomarry her. She is ordered to steal some documents from a British secret service agent but falls in love with him, and refuses to help the bandit. He threatens to throw both her and her lover into the Nile, before he iskilled. Nadia and her lover return to England.CastPreservationWith no prints of A Cafe in Cairo located in any film archives, it is a lost film.Passage 9:War DrumsWar Drums is a 1957 American Western film directed byReginald Le Borg, written by Gerald Drayson Adams, and starring Lex Barker, Joan Taylor, Ben Johnson, Larry Chance, Richard H. Cutting and John Pickard.  The film was produced by Aubrey Schenck and Howard W.Koch for United Artists and it was released on March 21, 1957.PlotPrior to the American Civil War, a group of Apache led by their chief Mangas Coloradas track some of their stolen horses to a group of Mexicans. TheApaches kill the lot of them and take their communal woman Riva. The Apaches' initial intention was to sell Riva north of the border to the Americans. On two occasions, Mangas refuses to sell Riva to his good friendLuke Fargo (Ben Johnson), despite being offered excellent deals for her.Luke brings a government representative to meet with Mangas, trying to come to terms with the Apaches. The most Mangas will promise is theApache will not break the peace with the whites first.Mangas desires Riva for his wife, an honor never before extended to a Mexican woman. He has to fight three braves who disagree with him, killing all three. He thentells the band that Riva will not be a squaw, but will be trained as a warrior, again breaking with custom. Following Mangas's second refusal to sell him Riva, whom Luke also wants for a wife, Luke reluctantly attendstheir wedding.Meanwhile a group of American gold seekers enter the Apache lands. After making a gold strike in a stream, they attack the Indians camped on the bank. When Mangas comes to bring the offendingminers to the law, they pinion and whip him. This sets off an Apache war, with Mangas Coloradas becoming known as \"Red Sleeves.\"Luke attempts to put a stop to the war by bringing a representative from Washingtonto meet with Mangas. The attempt fails when the men with him, thinking they are about to be ambushed by the Apaches, fire on them. In the ensuing firefight, Luke is shot by an arrow. Taken to Mangas's camp, Rivaremoves the arrow and nurses Luke back to health. He is sent back with a message from Mangas to the government.When the Civil War breaks out, Luke volunteers for the Union and is commissioned a major in thecavalry. He is assigned to the frontier, to deal with the Apache problem. Meanwhile, Mangas is wounded on a raid, taking a bullet that shatters his breastbone. Riva takes him to a town with a doctor. Mangas promisesthe doctor that if he can patch him up and he lives, the town will be safe from the Apaches. But if he dies, the tribe will kill everyone in the town and burn it to the ground.While he is being worked on by the doctor, Lukeand a troop of cavalry arrive. He goes forward to the defenses set up by the Apache under a flag of truce, and recognized by braves who know him and his friendship with Mangas, is passed inside. The friends meet andtalk, and Luke leads Mangas, Riva, and their warriors out of the town. Luke advises Mangas to take his people deep into the mountains where it will be a long time (if ever) before the cavalry can come after them.Wishing each other well, Mangas and Riva take their leave of Luke and lead their people away from the town.CastLex Barker as Mangas ColoradasJoan Taylor as RivaBen Johnson as Luke FargoLarry Chance asPonceRichard H. Cutting as Judge BentonJohn Pickard as Sheriff BullardJames Parnell as ArizonaJohn Colicos as ChinoTom Monroe as Dutch HermanJil Jarmyn as NonaJeanne Carmen as Yellow MoonMauritz Hugo asClay StaubWard Ellis as DelgaditoJack Hupp as Lt. RobertsProductionParts of the film were shot in Kanab Canyon and Johnson Canyon in Utah.According to the July 1956 Hollywood Reporter, there were accidents on theset of War Drums. A lightning strike destroyed a generator, delaying production a few days, and a fire burned up one of the wardrobe trailers.Passage 10:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life and songsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley.In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerousarrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, livingin London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Heco-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, \"The Proms\", included four of hiscompositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It alsoappeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms.AmericaIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:on-stageactor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;co-composer of Miss Pocahontas(1907), a musical comedy;musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicagoand elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);musical director of The Sunshine Girl(1913);musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free(1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida JohnsonYoung;contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue1921 in LondonThough domiciled in the US, he made several visits backto England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namelyLeague of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed themusic and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyricsBack to BroadwayBack in the US he returned toBroadway, working ascomposer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romanceRadio playsIn later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly forradio, such as:Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)Say, Uncle: a radio series(1933)Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)PersonalIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner. They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived inNew York City. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen. He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City.Noteon his first nameThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to \"his son William Augustus Barratt\" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is thesame person and that a \"William\" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as \"W. Augustus Barratt\", and thereafter mostly as simply \"Augustus Barratt\"."}
{"doc_id":"doc_247","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vidkun QuislingVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (, Norwegian: [\u0000v\u0000\u0000dk\u0000n \u0000kv\u0000\u0000sl\u0000ŋ] (listen); 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer, politician and Nazi collaboratorwho nominally headed the government of Norway during the country's occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II.He first came to international prominence as a close collaborator of the explorer Fridtjof Nansen,and through organising humanitarian relief during the Russian famine of 1921 in Povolzhye. He was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the Soviet Union and for some time also managed British diplomatic affairs there.He returned to Norway in 1929 and served as minister of defence in the governments of Peder Kolstad (1931–32) and Jens Hundseid (1932–33) in representing the Farmers' Party.In 1933, Quisling left the Farmers'Party and founded the fascist Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering). Although he gained some popularity after his attacks on the political left, his party failed to win any seats in the Storting, and by 1940, it was stilllittle more than peripheral. On 9 April 1940, with the German invasion of Norway in progress, he attempted to seize power in the world's first radio-broadcast coup d'état but failed since the Germans sought to convincethe recognized Norwegian government to legitimize the German occupation, as had been done in Denmark during the simultaneous invasion there, instead of recognizing Quisling. On 1 February 1942, he formed asecond government, approved by the Germans, and served as minister president and headed the Norwegian state administration jointly with the German civilian administrator, Josef Terboven. His pro-Nazi puppetgovernment, known as the Quisling regime, was dominated by ministers from Nasjonal Samling. The collaborationist government participated in Germany's war efforts, and sent Jews out of the country to concentrationcamps in occupied Poland (General Government).Quisling was put on trial during the legal purge in Norway after World War II. He was found guilty of charges including embezzlement, murder and high treason againstthe Norwegian state, and was sentenced to death. He was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress, Oslo, on 24 October 1945.Since his death, Quisling has become one of history's most infamous traitors due tohis collaboration with Nazi Germany. The term quisling has become a byword for \"collaborator\" or \"traitor\" in several languages and reflects the contempt with which Quisling's conduct has been regarded both at thetime and in the present day.Early lifeBackgroundVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (Norwegian pronunciation ) was born on 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, in the Norwegian county of Telemark. He was the son ofChurch of Norway pastor and genealogist Jon Lauritz Qvisling (1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941), the daughter of Jørgen Bang, ship-owner and at the time the richest man in the town ofGrimstad in South Norway. The elder Quisling had lectured in Grimstad in the 1870s; one of his pupils was Bang, whom he married on 28 May 1886, following a long engagement. The newly-wed couple promptly movedto Fyresdal, where Vidkun and his younger siblings were born.The family name derives from Quislinus, a Latinised name invented by Quisling's ancestor Lauritz Ibsen Quislin (1634–1703), based on the village ofKvislemark near Slagelse, Denmark, whence he had emigrated. Having two brothers and a sister, the young Quisling was \"shy and quiet but also loyal and helpful, always friendly, occasionally breaking into a warmsmile.\" Private letters later found by historians also indicate a warm and affectionate relationship between the family members. From 1893 to 1900, his father was a chaplain for the Strømsø borough in Drammen. Here,Vidkun went to school for the first time. He was bullied by other students at the school for his Telemark dialect, but proved a successful student. In 1900, the family moved to Skien when his father was appointedprovost of the city.Academically Quisling proved talented in humanities, particularly history, and natural sciences; he specialised in mathematics. At this point, however, his life had no clear direction. In 1905, Quislingenrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy, having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year. Transferring in 1906 to the Norwegian Military College, he graduated with thehighest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with the King. On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff. Norway was neutral in the First World War; Quisling detestedthe peace movement, though the high human cost of the war did temper his views. In March 1918, he was sent to Russia as an attaché at the Norwegian legation in Petrograd, to take advantage of the five years he hadspent studying the country. Though dismayed at the living conditions he experienced, Quisling nonetheless concluded that \"the Bolsheviks have got an extraordinarily strong hold on Russian society\" and marvelled athow Leon Trotsky had managed to mobilise the Red Army forces so well; he asserted that by contrast, in granting too many rights to the people of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government under Alexander Kerenskyhad brought about its own downfall. When the legation was recalled in December 1918, Quisling became the Norwegian military's expert on Russian affairs.TravelsParis, Eastern Europe, and NorwayIn September 1919,Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in Helsinki, a post that combined diplomacy and politics. In the autumn of 1921, Quisling left Norway once again, this time atthe request of explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen, and in January 1922 arrived in the Ukrainian capital Kharkiv to help with the League of Nations humanitarian relief effort there. Highlighting the massivemismanagement of the area and the death toll of approximately ten thousand a day, Quisling produced a report that attracted aid and demonstrated his administrative skills, as well as his dogged determination to getwhat he wanted.Quisling replied [that] the Russian people needed wise leadership and proper training [that they suffered from] indifference, a lack of clearly defined goals with conviction and a happy-go-lucky attitude[and that] it is impossible to accomplish anything without willpower, determination and concentration.On 21 August 1922, he married the Russian Alexandra Andreevna Voronina. Alexandra wrote in her memoirs thatQuisling declared his love for her, but from his letters home and investigations undertaken by his cousins, it appeared that there was no romantic involvement between the two, Quisling merely seemed to have wantedto lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport and financial security.Having left Ukraine in September 1922, Quisling and Alexandra returned to Kharkiv in February 1923 to prolong aid efforts,with Nansen describing Quisling's work as \"absolutely indispensable.\" In March 1923, Alexandra was pregnant, and Quisling insisted on her having an abortion, which greatly distressed her. Quisling found the situationmuch improved and, with no fresh challenges, found it a more boring trip than his last. He did however meet Maria Vasiljevna Pasetchnikova (Russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Па́сечникова), a Ukrainian more than tenyears his junior. Her diaries from the time \"indicate a blossoming love affair\" during the summer of 1923, despite Quisling's marriage to Alexandra the year before. She recalled that she was impressed by his fluentcommand of the Russian language, his Aryan appearance, and his gracious demeanour. Quisling later claimed to have married Pasetchnikova in Kharkiv on 10 September 1923, although no legal documentation hasbeen discovered. Quisling's biographer, Dahl, believes that in all likelihood the second marriage was never official. Regardless, the couple behaved as though they were married, claimed Alexandra was their daughter,and celebrated their wedding anniversary. Soon after September 1923, the aid mission came to an end and the trio left Ukraine, planning to spend a year in Paris. Maria wanted to see Western Europe; Quisling wantedto get some rest following bouts of stomach pain that had lasted all winter. The stay in Paris required a temporary discharge from the army, which Quisling slowly grew to understand was permanent: army cutbacksmeant that there would be no position available for him when he returned. Quisling devoted much of his time in the French capital to study, reading works of political theory and working on his philosophical project,which he called Universism. On 2 October 1923, he persuaded the Oslo daily newspaper Tidens Tegn to publish an article he had written calling for diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government. Quisling's stay inParis did not last as long as planned, and in late 1923 he started work on Nansen's new repatriation project in the Balkans, arriving in Sofia in November.The next two months he spent traveling constantly with his wifeMaria. In January, Maria returned to Paris to look after Alexandra, who took on the role of the couple's foster-daughter; Quisling joined them in February. In the summer of 1924, the trio returned to Norway whereAlexandra subsequently left to live with an aunt in Nice and never returned. Although Quisling promised to provide for her well-being, his payments were irregular, and over the coming years he would miss a number ofopportunities to visit.Back in Norway, and to his later embarrassment, Quisling found himself drawn into the communist Norwegian labour movement. Among other policies, he fruitlessly advocated a people's militia toprotect the country against reactionary attacks, and asked members of the movement whether they would like to know what information the General Staff had on them, but he got no response. Although this briefattachment to the far-left seems unlikely given Quisling's later political direction, Dahl suggests that, following a conservative childhood, he was by this time \"unemployed and dispirited ... deeply resentful of the GeneralStaff ... [and] in the process of becoming politically more radical.\" Dahl adds that Quisling's political views at this time could be summarised as \"a fusion of socialism and nationalism,\" with definite sympathies for theSoviets in Russia.Russia and the rouble scandalIn June 1925, Nansen once again provided Quisling with employment. The pair began a tour of Armenia, where they hoped to help repatriate Armenians, including thosewho survived the Armenian Genocide, via a number of projects proposed for funding by the League of Nations. Despite Quisling's substantial efforts, however, the projects were all rejected. In May 1926, Quisling foundanother job with long-time friend and fellow Norwegian Frederik Prytz in Moscow, working as a liaison between Prytz and the Soviet authorities who owned half of Prytz's firm Onega Wood. He stayed in the job untilPrytz prepared to close down the business in early 1927, when Quisling found new employment as a diplomat. British diplomatic affairs in Russia were being managed by Norway, and he became their new legationsecretary; Maria joined him late in 1928. A massive scandal broke when Quisling and Prytz were accused of using diplomatic channels to smuggle millions of roubles onto the black markets, a much-repeated claim thatwas later used to support a charge of \"moral bankruptcy,\" but neither it nor the charge that Quisling spied for the British has ever been substantiated.The harder line now developing in Russian politics led Quisling todistance himself from Bolshevism. The Soviet government had rejected outright his Armenian proposals, and obstructed an attempt by Nansen to help with the 1928 Ukrainian famine. Quisling took these rebuffs as apersonal insult; in 1929, with the British now keen to take back control of their own diplomatic affairs, he left Russia. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to Britain,an honour revoked by King George VI in 1940. By this time, Quisling had also been awarded the Romanian Crown Order and the Yugoslav Order of St. Sava for his earlier humanitarian efforts.Early political careerFinalreturn to NorwayHaving spent nine of the previous twelve years abroad, but with no practical experience in party politics outside the Norwegian Army, Quisling returned to Norway in December 1929, bringing with him aplan for change he termed Norsk Aktion, meaning \"Norwegian Action.\" The planned organisation consisted of national, regional and local units with the intention of recruiting in the style of the Soviet Communist Party.Like Action Française of the French right, it advocated radical constitutional changes. The Parliament of Norway, or Storting, was to become bicameral with the second chamber made up of Soviet-style electedrepresentatives from the working population. Quisling focused more on organisation than the practicalities of government; for instance, all members of Norsk Aktion were to have their own designation in a militaristichierarchy.Quisling next sold a large number of antiques and works of art that he had acquired cheaply in post-revolutionary Russia. His collection stretched to some 200 paintings, including works claimed to be byRembrandt, Goya, Cézanne and numerous other masters. The collection, including \"veritable treasures,\" had been insured for almost 300,000 kroner. In the spring of 1930, he again joined up with Prytz, who was backin Norway. They participated in regular group meetings that included middle-aged officers and business people, since described as \"the textbook definition of a Fascist initiative group,\" through which Prytz appeareddetermined to launch Quisling into politics.After Nansen died on 13 May 1930, Quisling used his friendship with the editor of the Tidens Tegn newspaper to get his analysis of Nansen onto the front page. The article wasentitled \"Politiske tanker ved Fridtjof Nansens død\" (\"Political Thoughts on the Death of Fridtjof Nansen\") and was published on 24 May. In the article, he outlined ten points that would complete Nansen's vision asapplied to Norway, among them \"strong and just government\" and a \"greater emphasis on race and heredity.\" This theme was followed up in his new book, Russia and Ourselves (Norwegian: Russland og vi), which wasserialised in Tidens Tegn during the autumn of 1930. Advocating war against Bolshevism, the openly racist book catapulted Quisling into the political limelight. Despite his earlier ambivalence, he took up a seat on theOslo board of the previously Nansen-led Fatherland League. Meanwhile, he and Prytz founded a new political movement, Nordisk folkereisning i Norge, or \"Nordic popular rising in Norway\", with a central committee of31 and Quisling as its fører – a one-man executive committee – though Quisling seemed to have had no particular attachment to the term. The first meeting of the league took place on 17 March 1931, stating thepurpose of the movement was to \"eliminate the imported and depraved communist insurgency.\"Defence ministerQuisling left Nordisk folkereisning i Norge in May 1931 to serve as defence minister in the Agrariangovernment of Peder Kolstad, despite being neither an Agrarian nor a friend of Kolstad. He had been suggested to Kolstad for the post by Thorvald Aadahl, editor of the Agrarian newspaper Nationen, who was in turninfluenced by Prytz. The appointment came as a surprise to many in the Parliament of Norway. Quisling's first action in the post was to deal with the aftermath of the Battle of Menstad, an \"extremely bitter\" labourdispute, by sending in troops. After narrowly avoiding criticism by the left wing over his handling of the dispute, and the revelation of his earlier \"militia\" plans, Quisling turned his attention to the perceived threat posedby communists. He created a list of the Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition leadership, who had been the alleged agitators at Menstad; a number of them were eventually charged with subversion and violence againstthe police. Quisling's policies also resulted in the establishment of a permanent militia called the Leidang which, unlike the body he had previously planned, was to be counter-revolutionary. Despite the ready availabilityof junior officers in the reserve following defence cuts, only seven units were established in 1934, and funding restrictions meant that the enterprise included less than a thousand men before it faded away. Sometimeduring the period 1930–33, Quisling's first wife, Asja, received notice of the annulment of her marriage to him.In mid-1932 Nordisk folkereisning i Norge was forced to confirm that even though Quisling remained in thecabinet, he would not become a member of the party. They further stated that the party programme had no basis in fascism of any kind, including the National Socialism model. This did not dampen criticism of Quisling,who remained constantly in the headlines, although he was gradually earning a reputation as a disciplined and efficient administrator. After he was attacked in his office by a knife-wielding assailant who threw groundpepper in his face on 2 February 1932, some newspapers, instead of focusing on the attack itself, suggested that the assailant had been the jealous husband of one of Quisling's cleaners; others, especially those alignedwith the Labour Party, posited that the whole thing had been staged. In November 1932, Labour politician Johan Nygaardsvold put this theory to Parliament, prompting suggestions that charges of slander be broughtagainst him. No charges were brought, and the identity of the assailant has never been confirmed. Quisling later indicated it was an attempt to steal military papers recently left by Swedish Lieutenant Colonel WilhelmKleen. The so-called \"pepper affair\" served to polarise opinion about Quisling, and government fears grew concerning reasonably open Soviet elements in Norway who had been active in promoting industrialunrest.Following Kolstad's death in March 1932, Quisling retained his post as defence minister in the second Agrarian government under Jens Hundseid for political reasons, though they remained in bitter oppositionthroughout. Just as he had been under Kolstad, Quisling was involved in many of the spats that characterised Hundseid's government. On 8 April that year, Quisling had a chance to defend himself over the pepper affairin Parliament, but instead used the opportunity to attack the Labour and Communist parties, claiming that named members were criminals and \"enemies of our fatherland and our people.\" Support for Quisling fromright-wing elements in Norwegian society rocketed overnight, and 153 distinguished signatories called for Quisling's claims to be investigated. In the coming months, tens of thousands of Norwegians followed suit andQuisling's summer was full of speeches to packed political rallies. In Parliament, however, Quisling's speech was viewed as political suicide; not only was his evidence weak, but questions were raised as to why theinformation had not been handed over much sooner if the revolutionary threat were so serious.Popular party leaderOver the course of 1932 and into 1933, Prytz's influence over Nordisk folkereisning i Norge weakenedand lawyer Johan Bernhard Hjort assumed the leadership role. Hjort was keen to work with Quisling because of his new-found popularity, and they devised a new programme of right-wing policies including proscriptionof revolutionary parties including those funded by foreign bodies such as Comintern, the suspension of the voting rights for people in receipt of social welfare, agricultural debt relief, and an audit of public finances. In1932, during the Kullmann Affair, Quisling turned on the prime minister for questioning his hard-line stance over pacifist agitator Captain Olaf Kullmann. In a memorandum laying out his proposals for economic andsocial reform distributed to the entire cabinet, Quisling called for the prime minister to stand down. As the government began to collapse, Quisling's personal popularity reached new heights; he was referred to as \"manof the year,\" and there were expectations of forthcoming electoral success.Despite the new programme, some of Quisling's circle still favoured a cabinet coup. He later said he had even considered the use of force tooverthrow the government but, in late February, it was the Liberal Party that brought them down. With the assistance of Hjort and Prytz, Nordisk folkereisning i Norge quickly became a political party, Nasjonal Samling,or NS, literally \"National Unity,\" ready to contest the forthcoming October election. Quisling was mildly disappointed and would have preferred to head a national movement, not just one of seven political parties.Nasjonal Samling soon afterwards announced it would support candidates from other parties if they supported its key aim of \"establishing a strong and stable national government independent of ordinary party politics.\""}
{"doc_id":"doc_248","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gülbahar Hatun (wife of Mehmed II)Emine Gülbahar Mükrime Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"benign\", \"spring rose\" and \"hospitable\"; died c. 1492), was consort of Sultan Mehmed II, and mother of Sultan Bayezid II.Early lifeThe Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (Daughter of Abdullah), which means that her father was possibly a convert to Islam. She was a Christian slave girl of either Greek, or Albanian, origin.MarriageGülbahar married Mehmed in 1446, when he was still a prince and the governor of Amasya. She had two children, a son, Şehzade Bayezid (future Bayezid II) born in 1447 in Demotika, and a daughter, Gevherhan Hatun, born in 1446, who married Ughurlu Muhammad, a son of Aq Qoyunlu Sultan Uzun Hasan in 1474.Due to their middle name in common, Gülbahar is sometimes confused with Sittişah Mukrime Hatun, another consort of MehmedIn 1451, after Mehmed's accession to the throne, she followed him to Edirne. According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1455 or 1456, Bayezid was appointed the governor of Amasya, and Gülbahar accompanied him, where the two remained until 1481, except for in 1457, when she came to Constantinople, and attended her son's circumcision ceremony.Gülbahar was apparently quite concerned about the future of her son, and related to that, her own properties. In order to secure her properties, she endowed the incomes of certain villages and fields to the Enderun mosque in 1474. Among the endowed properties was the village of Ağılcık, which was turned back into a Timariot village in 1479 during the land reform.In 1468, Mehmed gave the village of Bağluca to Gülbahar. After six years, in 1473, she sold the village to Taceddin Bey, son of Hamza Bali (died 1486), the book keeper of Bayezid's court. In 1478, the village's exemption was abolished and granted back to her probably as a result of the land reform. This order was reissued a year later at the request of Mevlana Şemseddin Ahmed according to which the village was not reverted to her, and she had likely become subject to a legal dispute.Mother of the SultanPer custom, Gülbahar got the highest position in the imperial family after the sultan himself when her son, Bayezid ascended the throne in 1481 until her death in 1492. During her son's reign, she and the rest of the Imperial Family resided at the Old Palace (saray-ı atik) and were visited by the Sultan who on each visit used to pay his respect to his mother. In one case, Gülbahar complained of her son's rare visits and in a letter to her son wrote: \"My fortune, I miss you. Even if you don't miss me, I miss you ... Come and let me see you. My dear lord, if you are going on campaign soon, come once or twice at least so that I may see your fortune-favored face before you go. It's been forty days since I last saw you. My sultan, please forgive my boldness. Who else do I have beside you ... ?\"Gülbahar had a considerable influence over Bayezid, for she used to make evaluations about the situation of some statesmen. Bayezid also valued his mother's words. In a letter written to him, she advises him against Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, but favours his tutor Ayas Pasha and Hizirbeyoğlu Mehmed Pasha.In 1485, Bayezid endowed a mosque, and a school in Tokat in the memory of Gülbahar Hatun.DeathGülbahar Hatun died in 1492, and was buried in Fatih Mosque, Istanbul. The tomb was damaged in the 1766 Istanbul earthquake, and was rebuilt in 1767–1768.IssueWith Mehmed II, Gülbahar Hatun had at least a daughter and a son:Gevherhan Hatun (c. 1446 - 1514).Bayezid II (1447 - 1512).In popular cultureIn the 2012 film Fetih 1453, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Şahika Koldemir.In the 2013 Turkish series Fatih, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Seda Akman.In the second season of Netflix's Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020-2022), Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by actress Yasemin Eti.See alsoOttoman EmpireOttoman dynastyList of consorts of the Ottoman SultansPassage 2:Hüma HatunHüma Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"bird of paradise/phoenix\" c. 1410 \u0000 September 1449) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad II and mother of Mehmed II.LifeAlthough, some Turkish sources claim that she was of Turkish origin, Hüma Hatun was a slave girl of European origin. Nothing is known of her family background, apart from the fact that an Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (daughter of Abdullah); at that time, people who converted to Islam were given the name Abdullah meaning Servant of God, which is evidence of her non-Muslim origin. According to tradition, she was of Italian and/or Jewish origins and her original name was Stella or Ester. According to another theory, backed on the fact that Mehmed II was fluent in the Serbian language, it was that she came from those areas and was South Slavic, most likely Serbian. Finally, a third theory says she was Greek. Her name, hüma, means \"bird of paradise/phoenix\", after the Persian legend. Hüma Hatun entered in Murad II's harem around 1424. By him she had firstly two daughters, Hatice Hatun in 1425 and Fatma Hatun in 1430, and finally, on 30 March 1432, she gave birth to her only son, the future Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. In 1438, Mehmed was circumcised along with his elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin. When Mehmed was 11 years old, he was sent to Manisa as a prince governor. Hüma followed her son to Manisa. Her children's wet nurse was Hundi Hatun (d. 14 February 1486): usually styled Daye Hatun (lady governess), she became very wealthy and influential enough during the reign of Mehmed II, enough to fund several charitable foundations and commission prayers for her soul. In 1444, after the death of Mehmed's elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin, who died in 1443, Mehmed was the only heir left to the throne. In that same year, Murad II abdicated the throne due to depression over the death of his son, Şehzade Alaeddin Ali Çelebi,  and retreated to Manisa.Her son Şehzade Mehmed succeeded the throne as Mehmed II. She held the Vâlide Hatun position for two years. In 1446, Murad took over the throne again, and Hüma and her son returned to Bursa. However, Mehmed succeeded the throne in 1451, after the death of his father, but she never became a Valide Hatun as she died before the accession. She was not alive to see the conquest of Constantinople, which became the capital of Ottoman Empire for nearly five centuries, before the Empire was abolished in 1922 and Turkey was officially declared as a republic.DeathShe died in September 1449 in Bursa, two years before her son's second accession to the throne. Her tomb is located at the site known as \" Hatuniye Kümbedi\" (Hatuniye Tomb) to the east of Muradiye Complex, which was built by her son Mehmed. The quarter where her tomb lies has been known thus far as Hüma Hatun Quarter.IssueBy Murad II, Hüma Hatun had two daughters and a son:Hatice Hatun (1425 - after 1470). She married Candaroğlu İsmail Kemaleddin Bey and had three sons: Hasan Bey, Yahya Bey and Mahmud Bey. Her descendants were still alive during the reign of Abdulmejid I, in the 19th century.Fatma Hatun (1430 - after 1464). She married Zaganos Pasha and had two sons: Hamza Bey and Ahmed Çelebî, who would become an important adviser to his cousin Bayezid II. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi.Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432 - 1481) - with Hüma Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father and conqueror of Constantinople in 1453.In popular cultureHüma Hatun was portrayed by Leyla Feray in the docuseries Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020).See alsoList of consorts of the Ottoman sultansList of mothers of the Ottoman sultansPassage 3:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 4:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 5:Ubol RatanaUbol Ratana (Thai: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, RTGS: Ubonrat, pronounced [\u0000ù\u0000.bōn.rát]; born 5 April 1951) is a member of the Thai royal family. She is the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit and elder sister of King Vajiralongkorn.In 1972, she married American citizen Peter Ladd Jensen and settled in the United States, losing her royal title in the process. The couple divorced in 1998, whereupon she resumed her royal duties and position within the Thai court. She is styled in English as Princess Ubol Ratana, without the style Her Royal Highness.In 2001, she permanently returned to Thailand after a series of visits in the years following her divorce. Almost immediately, she began to fulfill her royal duties by taking part in many ceremonies. She started many charitable foundations that focused on improving the quality of life for the disadvantaged.In February 2019, in an \"unprecedented\" move, Ubol Ratana announced her candidacy for Prime Minister of Thailand in the 2019 general election, running as a candidate of the Thai Raksa Chart Party. Later that same day, her younger brother King Vajiralongkorn issued a statement, stating that her candidacy is \"inappropriate\" and \"unconstitutional\". Thailand’s election commission then disqualified her from running for prime minister, formally putting an end to her candidacy.Early lifePrincess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya is the eldest child of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. She was born on 5 April 1951, at Clinique de Montchoisi in Lausanne, Switzerland. She is the only child born outside of Thailand from the four children of former King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit.Ubol Ratana, part of her royal name, means \"glass lotus\", a reference to her maternal grandmother, Bua (\"lotus\") Kitiyakara. Her parents nicknamed her \"Pay\", short for poupee (French for \"doll\"). To her family she is known as Phi Ying. In the media and by Thai people in general, she is called Thun Kramom, a title identifying the daughter of a reigning queen.She returned to Thailand and stayed at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace. She was styled \"Her Royal Highness\" by her father at the royal celebration of the first month birthday ceremony (Phra Ratchaphithi Somphot Duean Lae Khuen Phra U; \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) King Bhumibol Adulyadej gave her full name and title \"Her Royal Highness Princess Ubol Ratana Rajakanya Sirivadhana Barnavadi\".Ubol Ratana was Bhumibol's favorite child because she was attractive and excelled at academics and sports, where her brother, Vajiralongkorn did not. The king greatly enjoyed playing tennis and badminton with her. This was partly due to his suspicion that others were not trying their hardest when playing sports with him and he admired Ubol Ratana for always trying her best.In the 1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (today called the \"Southeast Asian Games\") held in Bangkok, the king and the princess competed in the OK Dinghy sailing class and won gold medals for Thailand.Their participation was conceived by Air Chief Marshal Dawee Chullasapya who wanted Bhumibol to be seen excelling in sports, much like a Norwegian king who won a gold Olympics medal. During the race, Ubol Ratana was ahead and the king was trailing behind. Davee feared that this would tarnish the king's prestige, but ultimately the king won the race and the father and daughter shared the medal.EducationUbol Ratana attended primary to secondary levels at Chitralada School. She went to the United States for her tertiary education. She studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics in 1973. She later obtained a master's degree in public health at University of California, Los Angeles.Marriage and familyWhile studying at university, Ubol Ratana dated an American, Peter Ladd Jensen. The palace discovered this, and her parents strongly opposed their relationship. The princess refused to conform to their wishes; on 25 July 1972, she married Jensen.According to Paul M. Handley's biography of Bhumibol, the king became furious at Ubol Ratana and stripped her of her royal title. Ubol Ratana made many attempts to ask her father to reinstate her royal title before and after her permanent return to Thailand, but the king never relented.The princess lived in the United States with her husband for over 26 years and took the name \"Mrs. Julie Jensen\". After years of rumoured marital problems, they divorced in 1998. Ubol Ratana and her children continued to reside in San Diego until 2001, when they returned to Thailand.The couple had three children, two daughters and a son, all born in the United States:Than Phu Ying Ploypailin Mahidol Jensen (born 12 February 1981) married David Wheeler on 25 August 2009, and has three children.Khun Bhumi Jensen (affectionately known as Khun Poom) (16 August 1983 – 26 December 2004), who had autism, died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Princess Ubol Ratana established the Khun Poom Foundation in his memory, to aid children with autism and other learning disabilities.Than Phu Ying Sirikitiya Mai Jensen (born 18 March 1985) holds a degree in history.While Ubol Ratana remained in the US, her mother (Queen Sirikit) and other members of the royal family often flew there for visits. Ubol Ratana likewise flew to Thailand along with her husband to visit her parents and the other members of the royal family, while joining them in royal ceremonies when she visited Thailand. She visited in 1980, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1996, taking part in several family events, before her permanent return in 2001.Charitable workUbol Ratana launched the \"To Be Number One\" Foundation in 2002 to combat drug use by young people. As of 2019 the foundation has more than 31 million members throughout Thailand. She hosts the television show, \"Talk to the Princess\" on TVT11 NBT where she promotes the aims of her anti-drug work.Film careerIn 2003, Ubol Ratana starred in a Thai soap opera, Kasattiya. In 2006 she had a role in Anantalai, a drama series she wrote under the pen name \"Ploykampetch\". In 2011, the princess and her daughter Ploypailin Jensen starred in Dao Long Fah, Pupha Si-ngen.Ubol Ratana acted in the Thai movie Where The Miracle Happens (Neung Jai Diaokan) (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000..\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), released on 7 August 2008 (in this film she also participated as a screenwriter). She plays a \"lonely-at-the-top\" CEO who begins a life of philanthropy after the death of her only daughter.In 2010, she appeared in the action film My Best Bodyguard (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), released on 21 October 2010. In 2012, she appeared in the romantic film Together (Wan Tee Rak) (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), released on 20 December 2012.Attempted candidacy for Prime MinisterIn 2019, it was announced Ubol Ratana would run as the prime ministerial candidate for the Thaksin-affiliated Thai Raksa Chart Party in the 2019 general election, called an \"astonishing\" move without precedent, as the royal family has never been directly involved in electoral politics. Her candidacy was quickly quashed by her brother, King Rama X, on the grounds that members of the royal family may not overtly participate in politics. After his statement, the Thai Raksa Chart Party withdrew their support for her run. The Election Commission, citing the king's statement, disqualified her.IssueAncestryNotesPassage 6:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_249","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from awell-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 hewas imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council ofResistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavifor saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 2:På solsidenPå solsiden (On the Sunny Side) is a Norwegian comedy-drama film from 1956 directed by Edith Carlmar. It starsArne Lie, Randi Kolstad, Henny Moan, Ellen Isefiær, and Joachim Holst-Jensen. The film is based on Helge Krog's 1927 play of the same name.PlotOn a warm summer day, the writer Joachim Bris comes to the Riibeestate. He has been invited by Hartvig, the son running the farm. However, not everyone is happy with the visit, which has unexpected consequences for several people in the family. All of them have a part to playwhen Esther must eventually have a big showdown with those that have always lived \"on the sunny side.\"Reception and reissueWhen the film premiered in 1956, the newspaper Aftenavisen Stavangeren characterized itas \"a truly amiable, sunny, and charming comedy.\" The film was released on DVD  in 2005 by Nordisk Film.OtherThe 1936 Swedish film På Solsidan (On the Sunny Side) was also based on Krog's play. It had a scriptwritten by Oscar Hemberg and was directed by Gustaf Molander. The film starred Lars Hanson, Ingrid Bergman, Karin Swanström, and Edvin Adolphson.CastArne Lie: landowner Hartvig RiibeEllen Isefiær: Margrethe,Hartvig's motherRandi Kolstad: Ester Riibe, Hartvig's wifeHenny Moan: Wenche, Hartvig's sisterJoachim Holst-Jensen: Uncle SeverinFrank Robert: Joakim BrisJan Voigt: Preben KlingbergLalla Carlsen: woman in aboatMinor roles are also played by Otto Carlmar, Haakon Arnold, Ragnar Olason, Odd Johansen, and Odd Rohde.Passage 3:Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste MariaLuise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria.Birth and familyAuguste was born in Munich,Bavaria, the second child of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria. She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, Prince Georg of Bavaria andPrince Konrad of Bavaria.Marriage and issueShe married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich. The couple had six children;Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895;died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)Archduchess Gisela Auguste Anna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria,born on 11 March 1899; died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)Archduke Matthias Joseph Albrecht AntonIgnatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6 September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)AncestryWorld War IOnthe outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though in her 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke JosefAugust, a corps commander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war.Passage 4:Edith CarlmarEdith Carlmar (born Edith Mary Johanne Mathiesen)(15 November 1911 – 17 May 2003) was a Norwegian actress and Norway's first female film director. She is known for films such as Aldri annet enn bråk (1954), Fjols til fjells (1957), and Ung flukt (The Wayward Girl,1959). Her 1949 film, Døden er et kjærtegn (Death is a Caress), is considered to be Norway's first film noir. The last film she directed, Ung flukt, introduced Liv Ullmann, Norway's most famous actor internationally, tothe silver screen.Carlmar came from a poor family in the working class districts of East Oslo. However, she did manage to take dancing classes and made her debut on stage at the age of 15. In the theater she met OttoCarlmar whom she married three years later. From 1936 she worked as an actress in various theatres. Here she met the film director Tancred Ibsen who introduced her to the world of cinema.In 1949 she and herhusband started Carlmar Film A/S, and began writing scripts, directing and producing films. They made ten feature films over a ten-year period. After a decade of film-making Carlmar retired as a director. In the lastpart of her life she accepted only minor acting roles in plays and movies. Carlmar's films often tackled such social issues as abortion, drug addiction, mental illness and out of wedlock births. Her films often pushed theboundaries of censorship at that time.FilmographyActressVigdis (1943)Den hemmelighetsfulle leiligheten (1948)Jentespranget (Lina's Wedding) (1973)DirectorDøden er et kjærtegn (1949)Skadeskutt (1951)Ung frueforsvunnet (1953)Aldri annet enn bråk (1954)Bedre enn sitt rykte (1955)På solsiden (1956)Slalåm under himmelen (1957)Fjols til fjells (1957)Lån meg din kone (1958)Ung flukt (The Wayward Girl) (1959)DirectorshortsBak kulisseneKirker i OsloLangåra - et sommerparadis on YouTube, published by the City Archive of Oslo * Oslo bymuseumVann og kloakk on YouTube, published by the City Archive of OsloPassage 5:Gertrude ofBavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.Gertrude was born toHenry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and inFebruary 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen. She did not have any children. During her second marriage, she chose tolive in chastity and celibacy with her husband. Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: \"The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse\" in eternal chastity.Passage 6:HeatherD. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former GreekMinister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes oninternational exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.Personal lifeGibson first came to Greecein 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked.The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office inAthens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, \"aristocrat of the left\"), whilenewspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the \"ethic of austerity\" in public. Oneopposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan andBlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261International Finance:Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London:Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419(with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)\"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7,issue 1, pp. 63–78)\"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics andStatistics, 2000)\"Are Aggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union\" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)Takeover Risk and the Market forCorporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF\"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel ofUK Firms\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford Economic Papers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)\"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems\" (withAndrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)\"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in Five European Countries\" (with EuclidTsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full list of articles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7 July 2015Passage 7:SophiaMagdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III.Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain.Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She wassubsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation wason 29 May 1772.The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union alsoproved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care forsocial life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spousesimproved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queenuntil her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was thesecond child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received herown royal household at birth.Just one month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heir presumptive to thethrone of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She wastherefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen ofSweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history ofwar and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared thather daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was knownin Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early in her life, SophiaMagdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships withher siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In1760, the betrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was neverconsidered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement tobe void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement.However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for herkindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughtyLouisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to complete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looksstupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagenwith her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she washalfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoyin Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: \"Watch out,Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and herbrothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at SäbyManor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, how beautiful sheis!\", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav inperson in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.Sophia Magdalena initially made a good impression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved naturesoon made her a disappointment in the society life. Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she could comprehend nothing morehumiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to her birthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself bypretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between the couple in various ways, and Gustav largely ignored her so as not to make his mother jealous.Sophia Magdalena was known to bepopular with the Caps, who were supported by Denmark, while Louisa Ulrika and Gustav sided with the Hats. The Caps regarded Sophia Magdalena to be a symbol of virtue and religion in a degenerated royal court, andofficially demonstrated their support. Sophia Magdalena was advised by the Danish ambassador not to involve herself in politics, and when the spies of Louisa Ulrika reported that Sophia Magdalena received letters fromthe Danish ambassador through her Danish entourage, the Queen regarded her to be a sympathizer of the Danish-supported Caps: she was isolated from any contact with the Danish embassy, and the Queenencouraged Gustav to force her to send her Danish servants home. This she did not do until 1770, and his demand contributed to their tense and distant relationship. In 1768, Charlotta Sparre tried to reconcile thecouple at their summer residence Ekolsund Castle, but the marriage remained unconsummated.After King Adolf Frederick of Sweden died in 1771, Gustav III became King of Sweden. The following year, on 29 May,Sophia Magdalena was crowned Queen.Early reign as QueenThe coronation of Gustav III and Sophia Magdalena took place on 29 May 1772. She was not informed about the coup of Gustav III, which reinstated absolutemonarchy and ended the parliamentary rule of the Estates in the revolution of 1772. At the time she was deemed as suspicious and politically untrustworthy in the eyes of the King, primarily by her mother-in-law, whopainted her as pro-Danish. Denmark was presumed to oppose the coup; there were also plans to conquer Norway from Denmark.Sophia Magdalena was informed about politics nonetheless: she expressed herselfpleased with the 1772 parliament because Count Fredrik Ribbing, for whom she had taken an interest, had regained his seat. The conflict between her and her mother-in-law was publicly known and disliked, and the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_250","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's bookseries on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, Whatis Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzerwas first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a specialanthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He hashelped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is alsorecognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 2:Catherine of Bosnia, Baness of SlavoniaCatherine Kotromanić Babonić (Serbo-Croatian: Katarina Kotromanić) (? – after 1310) wasPrincess of Bosnia and Baness of Slavonia by marriage.Catherine was child of Prijezda I Kotromanić and his wife Elizabeth of Slavonia. Her brothers were Vuk, Prijezda and Stephen. Catherine was married to Stpehen IIIBabonić. They had two sons: Ladislav (fl. 1293)Stephen V (fl. 1293)Catherine and her husband were given Zemunik Fortress in Vrbas area by Prijezda I in spring 1287. Catherine was Baness of Slavonia from 1310 to1316.Passage 3:Albert Thompson (footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joined Bradford Park Avenuefrom Barry Town in 1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. He was York City's top scorer for the 1936–37 season, with 28 goals. He joinedSwansea Town in 1937, after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York. After making 4 appearances in the league for Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 4:Bill Smith (footballer, born1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he wasstationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition. He made 75appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 5:Andrew, Duke of SlavoniaAndrew, Duke ofSlavonia (Hungarian: András szlavóniai herceg; 1268–1278) was the youngest son of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth the Cuman. Two rebellious lords kidnapped him in 1274 in an attempt to play himoff against his brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, but the king's supporters liberated him. He was styled \"Duke of Slavonia and Croatia\" in a 1274 letter. Years after his death (in 1290 and in 1317), two adventurersclaimed to be identical with Andrew, but both failed.FamilyAndrew was born in 1268. He was the second son (and youngest child) of Stephen V, the junior king of Hungary at the time of Andrew's birth. The senior kingwas Andrew's grandfather Béla IV. Andrew's mother was Stephen's wife, Elizabeth the Cuman.Andrew's father, Stephen, became the sole King of Hungary in 1270, but died two years later. Stephen was succeeded byhis elder son (Andrew's ten-year-old brother) Ladislaus IV. In theory, Ladislaus's ruled under the regency of his mother, Elizabeth, but in fact, competing parties of the most wealthy noble families, including the Csáksand Kőszegis, were fighting against each other for the control of government.Duke of SlavoniaHenry Kőszegi, the Ban of Slavonia, and his ally, Joachim Gutkeled, the Master of the treasury, who had earlier heldLadislaus IV in captivity, kidnapped the six-year-old Andrew in July 1274, taking him to Slavonia in an attempt to play him off against his brother. However, Kőszegi's and Gutkeled's rival, Peter Csák, and his alliesannihilated their united troops in late September and liberated Andrew. In a letter dated to the end of 1274, Andrew is mentioned as \"Duke of Slavonia and Croatia\", but otherwise he was only referred to as \"DukeAndrew\". According to a scholarly theory, the former title was only used to emphasize that Andrew was the lawful heir to his 12-year-old elder brother at the time the letter, which referred to a planned marriagebetween Andrew and a relative of Rudolf I of Germany, was written. Andrew died at the age of ten between 6 April and 6 November 1278.Two false AndrewsAndrew's childless brother, Ladislaus IV was murdered on 10July 1290. His distant relative, Andrew III, succeeded him and was crowned king on 23 July. However, an adventurer announced that he was identical with King Ladislaus's younger brother, claiming Hungary to himselfagainst Andrew III. Through showing his specific birthmark, the impostor even convinced Stephen V's sister – the late Duke Andrew's aunt – Kinga, wife of Bolesław V the Chaste, Duke of Cracow. The false DukeAndrew invaded Hungary from Poland, but King Andrew's commander, George Baksa routed his troop, forcing him to return to Poland before 18 November. The pretender was in short killed by his Hungarian retainers.In1317, a new adventurer declared himself Duke Andrew, on this occasion in Majorca. He and his imprisonment was mentioned in the correspondence between Sancho, King of Majorca, and Robert, King of Naples whowas the uncle of Charles I of Hungary. The second false Duke Andrew's further fate is unknown.Passage 6:Stephen V of HungaryStephen V (Hungarian: V. István, Croatian: Stjepan V., Slovak: Štefan V; before 18October 1239 – 6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla hadhis son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the Great Hungarian Plain.King Bélaappointed Stephen Duke of Transylvania in 1257 and Duke of Styria in 1258. The local noblemen in Styria, which had been annexed four years before, opposed his rule. Assisted by King Ottokar II of Bohemia, theyrebelled and expelled Stephen's troops from most parts of Styria. After Ottokar II routed the united army of Stephen and his father in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 July 1260, Stephen left Styria and returned toTransylvania.Stephen forced his father to cede all the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary to the east of the Danube to him and adopted the title of junior king in 1262. In two years, a civil war broke out between fatherand son, because Stephen accused Béla of planning to disinherit him. They concluded a peace treaty in 1266, but confidence was never restored between them. Stephen succeeded his father, who died on 3 May 1270,without difficulties, but his sister Anna and his father's closest advisors fled to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ottokar II invaded Hungary in the spring of 1271, but Stephen routed him. In next summer, a rebellious lordcaptured and imprisoned Stephen's son, Ladislaus. Shortly thereafter, Stephen unexpectedly fell ill and died.Childhood (1239–1245)Stephen was the eighth child and first son of King Béla IV of Hungary and his wife,Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. He was born in 1239. Archbishop Robert of Esztergom baptised him on 18 October. The child, heir apparent from birth, was named after Saint Stephen, thefirst King of Hungary.Béla and his family, including Stephen, fled to Zagreb after the Mongols had annihilated the royal army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube in February1242 and the royal family ran off as far as the well-fortified Dalmatian town of Trogir. The King and his family returned from Dalmatia after the Mongols unexpectedly withdrew from Hungary in March.Junior kingDuke ofSlavonia (1245–1257)A royal charter of 1246 mentions Stephen as \"King, and Duke of Slavonia\". Apparently, in the previous year, Béla had his son crowned as junior king and endowed with the lands between the riverDráva and the Adriatic Sea, according to historians Gyula Kristó and Ferenc Makk. The seven-year-old Stephen's provinces—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—were administered by royal governors, known as bans.In aletter addressed to Pope Innocent IV in the late 1240s, Béla IV wrote that \"[o]n behalf of Christendom we had our son marry a Cuman girl\". The bride was Elizabeth, the daughter of a leader of the Cumans whom Bélahad invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza. Elizabeth had been baptized, but ten Cuman chieftains present at the ceremony nevertheless took their customary oath upon a dog cut into two by a sword.Duke ofTransylvania and Styria (1257–1260)When Stephen attained the age of majority in 1257, his father appointed him Duke of Transylvania. Stephen's rule in Transylvania was short-lived, because his father transferredhim to Styria in 1258. Styria had been annexed in 1254, but the local lords rose up in rebellion and expelled Béla IV's governor, Stephen Gutkeled, before Stephen's appointment. Stephen and his father jointly invadedStyria and subdued the rebels. In addition to Styria, Stephen also received two neighboring counties—Vas and Zala—in Hungary from his father. He launched a plundering raid in Carinthia in the spring of 1259, inretaliation of Duke Ulrich III of Carinthia's support of the Styrian rebels.Stephen's rule remained unpopular in Styria. With support from King Ottokar II of Bohemia, the local lords again rebelled. Stephen could preserveonly Pettau (present-day Ptuj, Slovenia) and its region. On 25 June 1260, Stephen crossed the river Morava to invade Ottokar's realm. His military force, which consisted of Székely, Romanian and Cuman troops, routedan Austrian army. However, in the decisive Battle of Kressenbrunn King Béla's and Stephen's united army was vanquished on 12 July, primarily because the main forces, which were under King Béla's command, arrivedlate. Stephen, who commanded the advance guard, barely escaped from the battlefield. The Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261, put an end to the conflict between Hungary and Bohemia, forcing BélaIV to renounce of Styria in favor of Ottokar II.Conflicts and civil war (1260–1270)Stephen returned to Transylvania and started to rule it for the second time after 20 August 1260. He and his father jointly invadedBulgaria and seized Vidin in 1261. His father returned to Hungary, but Stephen continued the campaign alone. He laid siege to Lom on the Danube and advanced as far as Tirnovo in pursuit of Tsar Constantine Tikh ofBulgaria. However, the Tsar succeeded in avoiding any clashes with the invaders and Stephen withdrew his troops from Bulgaria by the end of the year.Stephen's relationship with Béla IV deteriorated in the early 1260s.Stephen's charters reveal his fear of being disinherited and expelled by his father. He also accused some unnamed barons of inciting the old monarch against him. On the other hand, Stephen's charters prove that hemade land grants in Bihar, Szatmár, Ugocsa, and other counties which were situated outside Transylvania.Archbishops Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa undertook to mediate after some clashes occurredbetween the two kings' partisans in the autumn. According to the Peace of Pressburg, which was concluded around 25 November, Béla IV and his son divided the country and Stephen received the lands to the east ofthe Danube. When confirming the treaty on 5 December, Stephen also promised that he would not invade Slavonia which had been granted to his younger brother, Béla, by their father. On this occasion, Stephen styledhimself \"Junior King, Duke of Transylvania and Lord of the Cumans\".A Bulgarian nobleman, Despot Jacob Svetoslav sought assistance from Stephen after his domains, which were situated in the regions south of Vidin,were overrun by Byzantine troops in the second half of 1263. Stephen sent reinforcements under the command of Ladislaus II Kán, Voivode of Transylvania to Bulgaria. The Voivode routed the Byzantines and drovethem out of Bulgaria. Stephen granted Vidin to Jacob Svetoslav who accepted his suzerainty.The reconciliation of Stephen and his father was only temporary. Stephen confiscated the domains of his mother and sister,Anna—including Beszterce (present-day Bistri\u0000a, Romania) and Füzér—which were located in the lands under his rule. Béla IV's army crossed the Danube under Anna's command sometime after the autumn of 1264.She besieged and took Sárospatak and seized Stephen's wife and children. Voivode Ladislaus Kán turned against Stephen and led an army, which consisted of Cuman warriors, to Transylvania. Stephen routed him atthe fort of Déva (now Deva, Romania). King Béla's Judge royal, Lawrence arrived at the head of a new army and forced Stephen to retreat to Feketehalom (now Codlea, Romania). The Judge royal lay siege to thefortress, but Stephen's partisans relieved it. Stephen launched a counter-offensive and forced his father's army to retreat. He gained a decisive victory over his father's army in the Battle of Isaszeg in March 1265. Thetwo archbishops mediated a new consolidation between father and son, which confirmed the 1262 division of the country. Béla and Stephen signed the peace treaty in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the Rabbits'Island (now Margaret Island in Budapest) on 23 March 1266.During the civil war in Hungary, Stephen's vassal, Despot Jacob Svetoslav submitted himself to Tsar Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria. In the summer of 1266,Stephen invaded Bulgaria, seized Vidin, Pleven and other forts and routed the Bulgarians in five battles. Jacob Svetoslav again accepted Stephen's suzerainty and was reinstalled in Vidin. From then on, Stephen usedthe title \"King of Bulgaria\" in his charters.Béla and Stephen together confirmed the liberties of the \"royal servants\", from then on known as noblemen, in 1267. A double marriage alliance between Stephen and KingCharles I of Sicily—Stephen's son, Ladislaus married Charles's daughter, Elisabeth, and Charles's namesake son married Stephen's daughter, Mary—strengthened Stephen's international position in 1269. Confidencewas never restored between Béla and Stephen. On his deathbed, the old King requested King Ottokar II of Bohemia to give shelter to his daughter Anna and his partisans after his death.Reign (1270–1272)The seniorKing died on 3 May 1270. His daughter, Anna, seized the royal treasury and fled to Bohemia. Henry Kőszegi, Nicholas Geregye, and Lawrence Aba—Béla's closest advisors—followed her and handed over Kőszeg,Borostyánkő (Bernstein, Austria) and their other castles along the western borders to Ottokar II. Instead of leaving Hungary, Nicholas Hahót garrisoned Styrian soldiers in his fort at Pölöske, and made plundering raidsagainst the nearby villages. Stephen nominated his own partisans to the highest offices; for instance, Joachim Gutkeled became Ban of Slavonia, and Matthew Csák was appointed Voivode of Transylvania. Stephengranted Esztergom County to Archbishop Philip who crowned him king in Esztergom on or after 17 May.The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz writes that Stephen made \"a pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Stanisław\" in Cracowand visited his brother-in-law, Boleslaw the Chaste, Duke of Cracow at the end of August. The two monarchs renewed \"the old alliance between Hungary and Poland\" and entered into an alliance \"to have the samefriends and the same enemies\". Stephen also met Ottokar II on an island of the Danube near Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia), but they only concluded a truce.Stephen launched a plundering raid intoAustria around 21 December. King Ottokar invaded the lands north of the Danube in April 1271 and captured a number of fortresses, including Dévény (now Devín, Slovakia), Pressburg and Nagyszombat (present-dayTrnava, Slovakia). Ottokar routed Stephen at Pressburg on 9 May, and at Mosonmagyaróvár on 15 May, but Stephen won the decisive battle on the Rábca River on 21 May. Ottokar withdrew from Hungary and Stephenchased his troops as far as Vienna. The two kings' envoys reached an agreement in Pressburg on 2 July. According to their treaty, Stephen promised that he would not assist Ottokar's opponents in Carinthia, andOttokar renounced the castles he and his partisans held in Hungary. The Hungarians soon recaptured Kőszeg, Borostyánkő and other fortresses along the western border of Hungary.According to the Life of Stephen'ssaintly sister, Margaret, who had died on 18 January 1270, Stephen was present when the first miracle attributed to her occurred on the first anniversary of her death. Stephen, in fact, initiated Margaret's canonizationat the Holy See in 1271. In the same year, Stephen granted town privileges to the citizens of Győr. He also confirmed the liberties of the Saxon \"guests\" in the Szepesség region (present-day Spiš, Slovakia),contributing to the development of their autonomous community. On the other hand, Stephen protected the Archbishop of Esztergom's rights against the conditional nobles of the archbishopric who attempted to get ridof their obligations.Ban Joachim Gutkeled kidnapped Stephen's ten-year-old son and heir, Ladislaus and imprisoned him in the castle of Koprivnica in the summer of 1272. Stephen besieged the fortress, but could notcapture it. Stephen fell ill and was taken to the Csepel Island. He died on 6 August 1272. Stephen was buried near to the tomb of his sister, Margaret, in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits'Island.FamilyStephen's wife, Elizabeth, was born around 1239, according to historian Gyula Kristó. A charter of her father-in-law, Béla IV, refers to one Seyhan, a Cuman chieftain as his kinsman, implying that Seyhanwas Elizabeth's father. Stephen's first child by Elizabeth, Catherine, was born around 1256. She was given in marriage to Stephen Dragutin, the elder son and heir of King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia, in about 1268. Hersister Mary was born around 1257 and married the future Charles II of Naples in 1270. Their grandson Charles Robert became King of Hungary in the first decade of the 14th century.According to historian Gyula Kristó,Stephen's third (unnamed) daughter was the wife of Despot Jacob Svetoslav. Stephen's third (or fourth) daughter, Elizabeth, who was born in about 1260, became a Dominican nun in the Monastery of the BlessedVirgin on Rabbits' Island. She was appointed prioress in 1277, but her brother, Ladislaus, kidnapped and married her to a Czech baron, Zavis of Falkenstein, in 1288. Stephen's youngest daughter, Anna, was born inabout 1260. She married Andronikos Palaiologos, son and heir of the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII.Stephen's first son, Ladislaus IV, was born in 1262. He succeeded his father in 1272. Stephen's youngest child,Andrew, was born in 1268 and died at the age of 10.Passage 7:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his deathwas sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 8:Andrew, Duke of CalabriaAndrew, Duke of Calabria (30 October 1327 – 18 September 1345) was the first husband of Joanna I of Naples, and a son of Charles I ofHungary and brother of Louis I of Hungary.Background and engagementAndrew was the second of three surviving sons of King Charles I of Hungary and his third wife, Elizabeth of Poland. He was betrothed in 1334 tohis cousin Joanna, granddaughter and heiress apparent of King Robert of Naples; Andrew's father was a fraternal nephew of King Robert, making Andrew and Joanna both members of the Capetian House of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_251","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 2:Bayezid IIBayezid II (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Bāyezīd-i s\u0000ānī; Turkish: II. Bayezid; 3 December 1447 – 26 May 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid consolidated the Ottoman Empire, thwarted a Safavid rebellion and finally abdicated his throne to his son, Selim I. Bayezid evacuated Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree and resettled them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica.Early lifeBayezid II was the son of Mehmed II (1432–1481) and Gülbahar Hatun, an Albanian concubine.There are sources that claim that Bayezid was the son of Sittişah Hatun, due to the two women's common middle name, Mükrime. This would make Ayşe Hatun, one of Bayezid's consorts, a first cousin of Bayezid II. However, the marriage of Sittişah Hatun took place two years after Bayezid was born and the whole arrangement was not to Mehmed's liking.Born in Demotika, Bayezid II was educated in Amasya and later served there as a bey for 27 years. In 1473, he fought in the Battle of Otlukbeli against the Aq Qoyunlu.Fight for the throneBayezid II's overriding concern was the quarrel with his brother Cem Sultan, who claimed the throne and sought military backing from the Mamluks in Egypt. Karamani Mehmed Pasha, latest grand vizier of Mehmed II, informed him of the death of the Sultan and invited Bayezid to ascend the throne. Having been defeated by his brother's armies, Cem sought protection from the Knights of St. John in Rhodes. Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). The Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but as the papal crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem died in Naples.ReignBayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, Bayezid II was a patron of western and eastern culture. Unlike many other sultans, he worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of \"the Just\". Throughout his reign, Bayezid II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1497, he went to war with Poland and decisively defeated the 80,000 strong Polish army during the Moldavian campaign. The last of these wars ended in 1501 with Bayezid II in control of the whole Peloponnese. Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the shah of Persia, Ismail I, who was eager to promote Shi'ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state. Ottoman authority in Anatolia was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point Bayezid II's vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha, was killed in battle against the Şahkulu rebellion. Hadım Ali Pasha's death prompted a power vacuum. As a result, many important statesmen secretly pledged allegiance to Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: \"Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa\") who made his reputation in conducting espionage operations during the Fall of Constantinople in his youth.Jewish and Muslim immigrationIn July 1492, the new state of Spain expelled its Jewish and Muslim populations as part of the Spanish Inquisition. Bayezid II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. He sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed. He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and become Ottoman citizens. He ridiculed the conduct of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects. \"You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler,\" he said to his courtiers, \"he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine!\" Bayezid addressed a firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception. He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali, who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution.The Muslims and Jews of al-Andalus contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first printing press in Constantinople (now Istanbul) was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493. It is reported that under Bayezid's reign, Jews enjoyed a period of cultural flourishing, with the presence of such scholars as the Talmudist and scientist Mordecai Comtino; astronomer and poet Solomon ben Elijah Sharbi\u0000 ha-Zahab; Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar.SuccessionDuring Bayezid II's final years, on 14 September 1509, Constantinople was devastated by an earthquake, and a succession battle developed between his sons Selim and Ahmet. Ahmet unexpectedly captured Karaman, and began marching to Constantinople to exploit his triumph. Fearing for his safety, Selim staged a revolt in Thrace but was defeated by Bayezid and forced to flee back to the Crimean peninsula. Bayezid II developed fears that Ahmet might in turn kill him to gain the throne, so he refused to allow his son to enter Constantinople.Selim returned from Crimea and, with support from the Janissaries, he forced his father to abdicate the throne on 25 April 1512. Bayezid departed for retirement in his native Dimetoka, but he died on 26 May 1512 at Havsa, before reaching his destination and only a month after his abdication. He was buried next to the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul.LegacyBayezid was praised in a ghazal of Abdürrezzak Bahşı, a scribe who came to Constantinople from Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century that worked at the courts of Mehmed II and Bayezid II, and wrote in Chagatai with the Old Uyghur alphabet:I had a pleasant time in your reign my Padishah.I was without fear of all fears and dangers.The fame of your justice and fairness reached to China and Hotan.Thanks to God that there exist a merciful person like my Padishah.Sultan Bayezid Khan ascended the throne.This country had been his fate since past eternity.Any enemy that denied the country of my master:That enemy's neck had been in rope and gallows.Your believing servants' faces smile like Bahşı's.The place of those who walk unbelieving is hellfire.Bayezid II ordered al-\u0000Atufi, the librarian of Topkapı Palace, to prepare a register. The library's diverse holdings reflect a cosmopolitanism that was encyclopaedic in scope.FamilyConsortsBayezid had ten known consorts, plus other unknown concubines, mothers of the other sons and daughters:Şirin HatunHüsnüşah HatunBülbül HatunNigar HatunGülruh HatunGülbahar HatunMuhtereme Ferahşad HatunAyşe Hatun. Daughter of Alâüddevle Bozkurt Bey of the Dulkadir dynasty, and niece of Sittişah Hatun, first legal wife of Mehmed II, father of Bayezid. She died in 1512.Gülfem HatunMühürnaz HatunSonsBayezid had at least eight sons:Şehzade Abdullah (Amasya, 1465 - Konya, 11 June 1483) - son of Şirin Hatun. Bayezid's first son, he was governor of Manisa, Trebizond and Konya. He died of unknown causes and was buried in Bursa. He took as consort his cousin Nergiszade Ferahşad Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Mustafa, son of Mehmed II), with whom he had a son who died in infancy (1481-1489) and two daughters, Aynişah Sultan (1482-? , married) and Şahnisa Sultan (1484- ?, who in turn married her cousin Şehzade Mehmed Şah, son of her father's half brother Şehzade Şehinşah).Şehzade Ahmed (Amasya, c. 1466 - Bursa, 24 March 1513) - son of Bülbül Hatun. Bayezid's favorite son, he was executed by his half-brother Selim I, who became sultan. He had three known concubines, seven sons and four daughters.Şehzade Korkut (Amasya, 1469 - Manisa, 10 March 1513) - son of Nigar Hatun. Rival of Selim I for the throne, he was first exiled by them and then executed. He had two children who died as infants and two daughters, Fatma Sultan and Ferahşad Sultan.Selim I (Amasya, 10 October 1470 – Çorlu, 22 September 1520) – son with Gülbahar Hatun, who succeeded as Sultan Selim Han I (Yavuz).Şehzade Şehinşah (Amasya, 1474 - Karaman, 1511) - son of Hüsnüşah Hatun. He was governor of Manisa and Karaman. He was executed by his father for sedition and buried in Bursa. He had a consort, Mukrime Hatun, mother of his only known son, Şehzade Mehmed Şah (who married his cousin Şahnisa Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Abdullah).Şehzade Mahmud (Amasya, 1475 - Manisa, 1507) - son of an unknown concubine. He could be the full brother of Gevhermuluk Sultan. He was governor of Kastamonu and Manisa. He had three sons, Şehzade Musa (b.1490), Şehzade Orhan (b.1494) and Şehzade Emir Suleyman, executed by Selim I in 1512, and two daughters, Ayşe Hundi Sultan (1496 - after 1556, married in 1508 to Ferruh Bey; had a daughter Mihrihan Hanımsultan) and Hançerli Zeynep Fatma Sultan (1495 - April 1533, married to Mehmed Bey in 1508; had two children, Sultanzade Kasim Bey and Sultanzade Mahmud Bey. It is believed that she may have istruited the future Hürrem Sultan before she was introduced to Suleiman the Magnificent via Hafsa Sultan or Pargali Ibrahim.Şehzade Alemşah (Amasya, 1477 - Manisa, 1502) - son of Gülruh Hatun. Governor of Mentese and Manisa. He had a son, Şehzade Osman Şah (1492-1512, killed by Selim), and two daughters, Ayşe Sultan (married to his cousin Mehmed Celebi, son of Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II) and Fatma Sultan (1493-1522).Şehzade Mehmed (Amasya, 1486 - Kefe, December 1504) - son of Ferahşad Hatun. Governor of Kefe. He was married to a princess of the Giray khanate of Crimea (perhaps Ayşe Hatun, who after Mehmed's death married his half-brother Selim) and had a daughter and a son, Fatma Sultan (Kefe; 1500 - Istanbul; 1556) and Şehzade Mehmed (1505, born posthumously - 1513, killed by Selim I).DaughtersBayezid II, once ascended to the throne, granted his daughters and granddaughters in the male line the title of \"Sultan\" and his granddaughters in the female line that of \"Hanımsultan\", which replaced the simple honorific \" Hatun\" in use until then. His grandsons in female line obtained instead the title of \"Sultanzade\". Bayezid's reform of female titles remains in effect today among the surviving members of the Ottoman dynasty.Bayezid had at least fourteen daughters:Aynışah Sultan (Amasya; 1463 - Bursa; c. 1514) - daughter of Şirin Hatun. She married twice, she had two daughters and a son.Hatice Sultan (Amasya; 1463 - Bursa; 1500) - daughter of Bülbül Hatun. She married in first time Muderis Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1479 and she had a son, Sultanzade Ahmed Bey and a daughter, Hanzade Hanimsultan. She was widowed in 1483, when her husband was executed on charges of supporting Şehzade Cem's claim to the throne against Bayezid. Hatice remarried the following year to Faik Pasha (d. 1499). She died in 1500 and was buried in her mausoleum, built by her son, in Bursa. Hatice built a mosque, school and fountain in Edirnekapi, Constantinople. Her name means \"respectful lady\".Hundi Sultan (Amasya; 1464 - Bursa; 1511) - daughter of Bülbül Hatun. In 1484 he married Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha and had two sons, Sultanzade Musa Bey and Sultanzade Mustafa Bey, and two daughters, Kamerşah Hanımsultan and Hümaşah Hanımsultan.Ayşe Sultan (Amasya; 1465 - Constantinople; 1515) - daughter of Nigar Hatun. She married once and had two sons and five daughters.Hümaşah Sultan (Amasya; 1466 - Constantinople; before 1520). Also called Hüma Sultan. She married Bali Pasha, governor of Antalya in 1482 and was widowed in 1495. She remarried Malkoçoğlu Yahya Pasha and had two sons, Sultanzade Ahmed Bey and Sultanzade Mehmed Bey. She was the stepmother of Yahya's son from his first marriage, Bali Bey. Her name meaning \"Phoenix of the Şah\".Ilaldi Sultan (Amasya; c. 1467 - ? ; c. 1517). She married Hain Ahmed Pasha, governor of Rumelia, Egypt and Second Vizier, and had by him a son of unknown name (who married his cousin Hanzade Hanımsultan, daughter of Selçuk Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II) and a daughter, Şahzade Aynişah Hanimsultan (who married Abdüsselâm Çelebi).Gevhermüluk Sultan (Amasya; 1467 - Constantinople; 20 January 1550), full sister of Şehzade Mahmud. Married to Dukakinzade Mehmed Pasha, son of Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha, and she had a son, Sultanzade Mehmed Ahmed Bey (who married his cousin Hanzade Ayşe Mihrihan Hanimsultan, daughter of Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), and a daughter, Neslişah Hanimsultan (who married iskender Pasha). Gevhermuluk built a madrase in Bursa.Sofu Fatma Sultan, (Amasya; 1468 - Bursa; after 1520) - daughter of Nigar Hatun. She married three times: before 1480 with Isfendiyaroglu Mirza Mehmed Pasha, son of Kyzyl Ahmed Bey, with him she had a son, Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Pasha (who married his cousin Gevherhan Sultan, daughter of Selim I). The married ended with a divorce. Fatma remarried in 1489 with Mustafa Pasha, son of Koca Davud Pasha. Fatma widowed in 1503. Fatma married for third time in 1504 with Güzelce Hasan Bey. With him she had two sons, Sultanzade Haci Ahmed Bey and Sultanzade Mehmed Celebi (who married his cousin Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Alemşah), and a daughter (who married her cousin Ahmed Bey, son Ali Bey and Fatma Hanımsultan, daughter di Ayşe Sultan). Her name meaning \"one who abstain\"Selçuk Sultan (Amasya; 1469 - 1508). She also called Selçukşah Sultan. She married Ferhad Bey in 1584 and had a son, Sultanzade Gaazî Husrev Paşah (1484 - 18 June 1541) and a daughter, Neslişah Hanımsultan (1486 - 1550). She remarried Mehmed Bey in 1587 and had three daughters with him: Hanzade Hanımsultan (who married his cousin, son of Ilaldi Sultan), Hatice Hanımsultan (who married a son of Halil Paşah in 1510) and Aslihan Hanımsultan (who married the Grand Vizier Yunus Paşa in 1502. After Yunus Pasha was executed in 1517, she married Defterdar Mehmed Çelebi in 1518, who was governor of Egypt and then of Damascus. On 21 February 1529 she had a daughter named Selçuk Hanim). She may have married a third time. She died in 1508 and was buried in her mausoleum inside the Bayezid II Mosque in ConstantinopleSultanzade Sultan (Amasya; before 1474 - ?) - daughter of Hüsnüşah Hatun. Her name meaning \"descendant of the Sultan\".Şah Sultan, (Amasya; 1474 - Bursa; after 1506). She also called Şahzade Şah Sultan. She married Nasuh Bey in 1490 and had a daughter with him. She was very charitable and built a mosque in 1506. She was buried in Bursa in the mausoleum of her half-sister Hatice Sultan. Her name meaning \"sovereign\".Kamerşah Sultan (Amasya; 1476 - Constantinople; 1520) - daughter of Gülruh Hatun. She is also called Kamer Sultan. She married Koca Mustafa Pasha in 1491, and had a daughter, Hundi Hanımsultan, who married Mesih Bey. She widowed in 1512 and remarried Nişancı Kara Davud Pasha. Her name means \"moon of Şah\" or \"trust of Şah\". Şahzade Sultan (Amasya, ? - ?, 1520). She married Yahya Pasha in 1501 and had three sons, Sultanzade Yahyapaşazade Gaazi Küçük Bali Pasha (? - 1543, married his cousin Hanzade Hanimsultan, daughter of Aynişah Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II and Şirin Hatun), Sultanzade Gaazi Koca Mehmed Pasha (? - March 1548) and Sultanzade Gaazi Ahmed Bey (? - after 1543). Her name means \"descendant of Şah\".Fülane Sultan (?-?). She married Koca Davud Pasha and had a son, Sultanzade Mehmed Bey, who married his cousin Fatma Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Ahmed.In popular cultureSultan Bayezid II's statesmanship, tolerance, and intellectual abilities are depicted in the historical novel The Sultan's Helmsman, which takes place in the middle years of his reign.Sultan Bayezid II and his struggle with his son Selim is a prominent subplot in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations. In the game, due to Bayezid's absence from Constantinople, the Byzantines had the opportunity to sneak back into the city, hoping to revive their fallen empire. Near the end of the game, Bayezid surrendered the throne to his son Selim. However, Bayezid does not make an actual appearance.Bayezid II, prior to becoming Sultan, is depicted by Akin Gazi in the Starz series Da Vinci's Demons. He seeks an audience with Pope Sixtus IV (having been manipulated into believing that peace between Rome and Constantinople is a possibility), only to be ridiculed and humiliated by Sixtus, actions which later serve as a pretext for the Ottoman invasion of Otranto. Sixtus assumes that Bayezid has been overlooked in favor of his brother Cem.Bayezid II, prior to becoming Sultan, is depicted by Ediz Cagan Cakiroglu in the docuseries Rise of Empires: Ottoman. He appears on season 02 as a young prince who is motivated and inspired by his father Mehmed the Conqueror and wants to join him in battle despite being a childSee alsoOttoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491)Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)Passage 3:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 4:Emperor DaigoEmperor Daigo (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Daigo-tennō, February 6, 885 – October 23, 930) was the 60th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Daigo's reign spanned the years from 897 through 930.  He is named after his place of burial.GenealogyDaigo was the eldest son of his predecessor, Emperor Uda. His mother was Fujiwara no Taneko (or Inshi), daughter of the minister of the center, Fujiwara no Takafuji. He succeeded the throne at the young age after his father, the Emperor Uda, abdicated in 897. His mother died before his ascension, so he was raised by another Uda consort, Fujiwara no Onshi, daughter of the former kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune.Daigo's grandfather, Emperor Kōkō, had demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence; in addition, they were given the family name Minamoto. As such, Daigo was not born as a royalty and was named Minamoto no Korezane (\u0000\u0000\u0000) until 887, when Daigo's father, Minamoto no Sadami (formerly Prince Sadami), was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince and the heir to the throne. "}
{"doc_id":"doc_252","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Steele of the Royal MountedSteele of the Royal Mounted is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by David Smith and starring Bert Lytell, Stuart Holmes and Charlotte Merriam. It is based on a novelby James Oliver Curwood about the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and was shot on location in the San Bernardino National Forest.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, Isobel, an Eastern young woman,introduces Philip Steele to her father Colonel Becker, but as a trick implies that her father is her husband. Philip becomes disillusioned and goes to Canada and joins the North-West Mounted Police. Here he pursues abad man. In the meantime, the young woman seeks him out so she can explain the mistake she made. When she finds him, he has bagged his man, and there is a reconciliation.CastPassage 2:Rumbi KatedzaRumbiKatedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor ofArts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College,London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radioshows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International FilmFestival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);BigHouse, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, MarcusKorhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards,responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the filmindustry.Passage 3:Beauty No. 2Beauty No. 2 is a 1965 American avant-garde film by directed by Andy Warhol and starring Edie Sedgwick and Gino Piserchio. Chuck Wein also has a role in the film but never appearsonscreen. Wein wrote the scenario and is also credited as assistant director.SynopsisThe movie has a fixed point of view showing a bed with two characters on it, Sedgwick and Piserchio. The film's writer, Chuck Wein isheard speaking but is just out of view. Sedgwick is wearing a lace bra and panties, and Piserchio, wearing only jockey shorts, engage in flirting and light kissing. Wein asks Sedgwick questions seemingly designed toharass and annoy her. Piserchio is more or less a bystander not interacting with Wein.The dialogue was ad-libbed and no conclusions are reached in the film. The only conceivable climax is when Sedgwick finallybecomes so mad at Wein's taunts, she throws a glass ashtray at Wein, breaking it.ReceptionBeauty No. 2 was filmed in June 1965 and premiered at the Cinematheque at the Astor Place Playhouse in New York City onJuly 17, 1965. Critical reviews were generally positive with some critics compared Edie Sedgwick's screen presence to Marilyn Monroe.See alsoList of American films of 1965Andy Warhol filmographyFootnotesExternallinksBeauty No. 2 at IMDbBeauty No. 2 at AllMoviePassage 4:Beauty No. 1Beauty No. 1 is a 1965 film by Andy Warhol starring Edie Sedgwick, Kip Stagg a.k.a.Bima Stagg, and Chuck Wein.Synopsis andbackgroundBeauty No. 1 is a precursor to Andy Warhol's better known follow up, Beauty No. 2 and was originally titled Beauty.The movie features Edie Sedgwick, Chuck Wein, and Kip Stagg, a.k.a. Bima Stagg. The filmhas a fixed point of view showing a bed with two characters on it, Sedgwick and Stagg. Chuck Wein is heard speaking but is just out of view. Sedgwick, in a skimpy outfit of bra and panties, and Stagg, wearing onlyjockey shorts, engage in flirting and light kissing. Wein asks Sedgwick questions seemingly designed to harass and annoy her. Stagg is more or less a bystander not interacting with Wein.After dissatisfaction withperformances in the first shoot, Warhol re-cast and re-shot Beauty as Beauty No. 2, with Edie Sedgwick, Chuck Wein and Gino Piserchio reprising the role of Kip Stagg.The dialogue seems as if it were created ad lib andno conclusions are reached in the film.The original film negative is maintained by the Andy Warhol Museum.Passage 5:Andy WarholAndy Warhol (; born Andrew Warhola Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was anAmerican visual artist, film director, producer, and leading figure in the pop art movement. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s,and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best-known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) and Marilyn Diptych (1962),the experimental films Empire (1964) and Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966–67).Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a successful careeras a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in several galleries in the late 1950s, he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist. His New York studio, The Factory, became awell-known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons. He promoted a collection of personalitiesknown as Warhol superstars, and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression \"15 minutes of fame\". In the late 1960s he managed and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground andfounded Interview magazine. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement. In June 1968,he was almost killed by radical feminist Valerie Solanas,  who shot him inside his studio. After gallbladder surgery, Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58 in New York City.Warhol has beenthe subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives,is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist. Warhol has been described as the \"bellwether of the art market\". Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable. His works includesome of the most expensive paintings ever sold. In 2013, a 1963 serigraph titled Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) sold for $105 million. In 2022, Shot Sage Blue Marilyn (1964) sold for $195 million, which is the mostexpensive work of art sold at auction by an American artist.BiographyEarly life and beginnings (1928–1949)Warhol was born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola(Americanized as Andrew Warhola Sr. 1889–1942) and Julia (née Zavacká, 1891–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland of Austria-Hungary and died before their move to the US.His parents wereworking-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, Austria-Hungary (now called Miková, located in today's northeastern Slovakia). Warhol's father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921,after the death of Warhol's grandparents. Warhol's father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family wasRuthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two elder brothers—Pavol (Paul), the eldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol'sson, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements ofthe extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of moviestars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.As a teenager, Warholgraduated from Schenley High School in 1945, and also won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope ofbecoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art. During his time there, Warholjoined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society. He also served as art director of the student art magazine, Cano, illustrating a cover in 1948 and a full-page interior illustration in 1949. These are believedto be his first two published artworks. Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949. Later that year, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration andadvertising.1950sWarhol's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art, where his first commission had been to draw shoes for Glamour magazine in the late 1940s. In the 1950s, Warhol worked as adesigner for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller. While working in the shoe industry, Warhol developed his \"blotted line\" technique, applying ink to paper and then blotting the ink while still wet, which was akin to aprintmaking process on the most rudimentary scale. His use of tracing paper and ink allowed him to repeat the basic image and also to create endless variations on the theme. American photographer John Coplansrecalled that nobody drew shoes the way Andy did. He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own, a sort of sly, Toulouse-Lautrec kind of sophistication, but the shape and the style came through accuratelyand the buckle was always in the right place. The kids in the apartment [which Andy shared in New York – note by Coplans] noticed that the vamps on Andy's shoe drawings kept getting longer and longer but [Israel]Miller didn't mind. Miller loved them.In 1952, Warhol had his first solo show at the Hugo Gallery in New York, and although that show was not well received, by 1956, he was included in his first group exhibition at theMuseum of Modern Art, New York. Warhol's \"whimsical\" ink drawings of shoe advertisements figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York in 1957.Warhol habitually used the expedient oftracing photographs projected with an epidiascope. Using prints by Edward Wallowitch, his \"first boyfriend,\" the photographs would undergo a subtle transformation during Warhol's often cursory tracing of contours andhatching of shadows. Warhol used Wallowitch's photograph Young Man Smoking a Cigarette (c. 1956), for a 1958 design for a book cover he submitted to Simon and Schuster for the Walter Ross pulp novel TheImmortal, and later used others for his series of paintings.With the rapid expansion of the record industry, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers andpromotional materials.1960sWarhol was an early adopter of the silk screen printmaking process as a technique for making paintings. In 1962, Warhol was taught silk screen printmaking techniques by Max Arthur Cohnat his graphic arts business in Manhattan. In his book Popism: The Warhol Sixties, Warhol writes: \"When you do something exactly wrong, you always turn up something.\"In May 1962, Warhol was featured in an articlein Time magazine with his painting Big Campbell's Soup Can with Can Opener (Vegetable) (1962), which initiated his most sustained motif, the Campbell's soup can. That painting became Warhol's first to be shown in amuseum when it was exhibited at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford in July 1962. On July 9, 1962, Warhol's exhibition opened at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles with Campbell's Soup Cans, marking his West Coastdebut of pop art.In November 1962, Warhol had an exhibition at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in New York. The exhibit included the works Gold Marilyn, eight of the classic \"Marilyn\" series also named \"Flavor Marilyns\",Marilyn Diptych, 100 Soup Cans, 100 Coke Bottles, and 100 Dollar Bills. Gold Marilyn, was bought by the architect Philip Johnson and donated to the Museum of Modern Art. At the exhibit, Warhol met poet John Giorno,who would star in Warhol's first film, Sleep (1964).In December 1962, New York City's Museum of Modern Art hosted a symposium on pop art, during which artists such as Warhol were attacked for \"capitulating\" toconsumerism. Critics were appalled by Warhol's open acceptance of market culture, which set the tone for his reception.In early 1963, Warhol rented his first studio, an old firehouse at 159 East 87th Street. At thisstudio, he created his Elvis series, which included Eight Elvises (1963) and Triple Elvis (1963). These portraits along with a series of Elizabeth Taylor portraits were shown at his second exhibition at the Ferus Gallery inLos Angeles. Later that year, Warhol relocated his studio to East 47th Street, which would turn into The Factory. The Factory became a popular gathering spot for a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, andunderground celebrities.Warhol had his second exhibition at the Stable Gallery in the spring of 1964, which featured sculptures of commercial boxes stacked and scattered throughout the space to resemble awarehouse. For the exhibition, Warhol custom ordered wooden boxes and silkscreened graphics onto them. The sculptures—Brillo Box, Del Monte Peach Box, Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box, Kellogg's Cornflakes Box,Campbell's Tomato Juice Box, and Mott's Apple Juice Box—sold for $200 to $400 depending on the size of the box.A pivotal event was The American Supermarket exhibition at Paul Bianchini's Upper East Side gallery inthe fall of 1964. The show was presented as a typical small supermarket environment, except that everything in it—from the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc.—was created by prominent popartists of the time, among them sculptor Claes Oldenburg, Mary Inman and Bob Watts. Warhol designed a $12 paper shopping bag—plain white with a red Campbell's soup can. His painting of a can of a Campbell's soupcost $1,500 while each autographed can sold for 3 for $18, $6.50 each. The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what artis.In 1967 Warhol established Factory Additions for his printmaking and publishing enterprise.As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s, Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity. Collaboration would remaina defining (and controversial) aspect of his working methods throughout his career; this was particularly true in the 1960s. One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga. Malangaassisted the artist with the production of silkscreens, films, sculpture, and other works at \"The Factory\", Warhol's aluminum foil-and-silver-paint-lined studio on 47th Street (later moved to Broadway). Other members ofWarhol's Factory crowd included Freddie Herko, Ondine, Ronald Tavel, Mary Woronov, Billy Name, and Brigid Berlin (from whom he apparently got the idea to tape-record his phone conversations).During the 1960s,Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation \"superstars\", including Nico, Joe Dallesandro, Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, Holly Woodlawn,Jackie Curtis, and Candy Darling. These people all participated in the Factory films, and some—like Berlin—remained friends with Warhol until his death. Important figures in the New York underground art/cinema world,such as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith, also appear in Warhol films (many premiering at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and 55th Street Playhouse) of the 1960s, revealing Warhol's connections toa diverse range of artistic scenes during this time. Less well known was his support and collaboration with several teenagers during this era, who would achieve prominence later in life including writer David Dalton,photographer Stephen Shore and artist Bibbe Hansen (mother of pop musician Beck).1968 assassination attemptOn June 3, 1968, radical feminist writer Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and Mario Amaya, art critic andcurator, at Warhol's studio, The Factory. Before the shooting, Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene. She authored in 1967 the SCUM Manifesto, a separatist feminist tract that advocated theelimination of men; and appeared in the 1968 Warhol film I, a Man. Earlier on the day of the attack, Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol. Thescript had apparently been misplaced.Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day. Warhol was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived. He had physical effectsfor the rest of his life, including being required to wear a surgical corset. The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol's life and art.Solanas was arrested the day after the assault, after turning herself in to police. Byway of explanation, she said that Warhol \"had too much control over my life\". She was subsequently diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the Departmentof Corrections. After the shooting, the Factory scene heavily increased its security, and for many the \"Factory 60s\" ended (\"The superstars from the old Factory days didn't come around to the new Factorymuch\").Warhol had this to say about the attack:Before I was shot, I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there—I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life. People sometimes say thatthe way things happen in movies is unreal, but actually it's the way things happen in life that's unreal. The movies make emotions look so strong and real, whereas when things really do happen to you, it's like watchingtelevision—you don't feel anything. Right when I was being shot and ever since, I knew that I was watching television. The channels switch, but it's all television.In 1969, Warhol and British journalist John Wilcockfounded Interview magazine.1970sWarhol had a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1971. His famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973. In 1975, hepublished The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975). An idea expressed in the book: \"Making money is art, and working is art and good business is the best art.\"Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol's work in the1960s, the 1970s were a much quieter decade, as he became more entrepreneurial. He socialized at various nightspots in New York City, including Max's Kansas City and, later in the 1970s, Studio 54. He was generallyregarded as quiet, shy, and a meticulous observer. Art critic Robert Hughes called him \"the white mole of Union Square\". In 1977, Warhol was commissioned by art collector Richard Weisman to create Athletes, tenportraits consisting of the leading athletes of the day.According to Bob Colacello, Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions—including Shah of Iran Mohammad RezaPahlavi, his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi, his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, Mick Jagger, Liza Minnelli, John Lennon, Diana Ross, and Brigitte Bardot. In 1979, reviewers disliked his exhibits of portraits of 1970spersonalities and celebrities, calling them superficial, facile and commercial, with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects. In 1979, Warhol and his longtime friend Stuart Pivar founded the New YorkAcademy of Art.1980sWarhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s, partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the \"bull"}
{"doc_id":"doc_253","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 2:Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of RussiaPrince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Фёдор Александрович Романов; 23 December [O.S. 11 December] 1898 – 30 November 1968) was the second son and third child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna. He was also a nephew of Nicholas II of Russia, the last emperor of Russia.Born and raised in Imperial Russia during the reign of his uncle Nicholas II, he followed a military career and entered the Corps of Pages during World War I. With the fall of the Russian monarchy, he escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks fleeing to his parents estate in Crimea. For a time, he was under house arrest there with a large group of family members. They left Russia on 11 April 1919. In exile, he settled in France where he married Princess Irina Pavlovna Paley, his distant cousin. The couple divorced in 1936. Afflicted with tuberculosis, Prince Feodor moved to England with his mother spending the years of World War II there. After the war ended, he settled permanently in the south of France.Russian princePrince Feodor Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire on 23 December 1898. He was the second son and third child among seven siblings. Although a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he was not entitled to the title Grand Duke of Russia because he was only a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father. He spent his early years in Imperial Russia. Following family tradition, he began a military career. During World War I he entered the Corps of Pages.At the fall of the Russian monarchy, he looked for refuge with his family in his father's property in Crimea. They lived there undisturbed until the rise to power of the Bolsheviks with the October Revolution in 1917. For some time, Prince Feodor was under house arrest in Ai-Todor and later at Dulber imprisoned with his parents, siblings, grandmother the Dowager Empress and many more Romanov relatives.Prince Feodor, and his relatives in the Crimea, escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when they were freed by German troops in 1918. He left Russia on 11 April 1919 abroad the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough and moved  to England and later to France.Life in exileDuring his first years in exile, Prince Feodor lived in Paris in the apartment of his sister Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia and her husband Prince Felix Yusupov. He worked as a taxi driver, and later as an architect.Prince Feodor married on 3 June 1923 in St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris, Princess Irina Paley (1903–1990), his first cousin once removed. She was a daughter of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia and his morganatic wife Princess Olga Paley. The couple had one son:Prince Michael Feodorovich (Paris 4 May 1924 – 22 September 2008); married 1st Paris 15 Oct 1958 (divorced 1992) Helga Staufenberger (born Vienna, 22 August 1926); m. 2nd Josse 15 January 1994 Maria de las Mercedes Ustrell-Cabani (b. Hospitalet, Spain 26 August 1960). Michael died on the same day as his cousin, Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia.Prince Feodor and his wife lived separated in 1930. Princess Irina began a relationship with Count Hubert de Monbrison (15 August 1892 – 14 April 1981) and had a daughter with him while still married to Prince Feodor, who recognized the child as his.Prince Feodor Alexandrovich and Princess Irina divorced on 22 July 1936. He did not remarry and spent World War II in England at the home of his mother. By 1941 he was seriously ill with tuberculosis and had to stay for long periods in sanatoriums to recuperate. During the war years, he had sporadic contact with his son who remained in the south of France with Feodor's ex-wife. After the war ended, to improve his health and to stay closer to his son, Prince Feodor settled in the south of France at the villa of his sister Princess Irina Alexandrovna. He lived there for the rest of his life. With very limited income of his own and too ill to work, his ex-wife and his sister helped with the medical bills. Prince Feodor Alexandrovich died on 30 November 1968 in Ascain, France.AncestryNotesPassage 3:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 4:Abdul-Vahed NiyazovAbdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist. He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis.Life and careerNiyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev.  After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline. In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate.In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow. In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР). In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia. In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement \"Refakh\" (Prosperity).  On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the \"Interregional movement Unity (\"Bear\")\" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia. He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma. He was expelled from the faction for \"provocative\" statements in support of \"world Islamic extremism and terrorism\", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada.In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the \"Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia\". By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement \"Muslims in support of President Putin\". In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative \"SalamWorld\", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms. The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues. Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum.Passage 5:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 6:Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of RussiaPrince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O.S. 2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.Early lifePrince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901. He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings. His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed. Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II.During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea. He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918. He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England.ExileIn exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France. He had a varied career. In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan. He returned to Europe in the early 1930s. For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz.It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969). She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born Chernysheva-Bezobrazova (1890 – 1960). Countess Marina was a direct descendant of sisters Anastasia Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov-Obolenskiy, one of the Seven Boyars of 1610, and Marfa Romanova, the wife of Prince Boris Keybulatovich Tcherkasskiy. Anastasia and Marfa were the daughters of Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c. 1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who was a prominent boyar of the Tsardom of Russia. His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars. Anastasia and Marfa were the paternal aunts of Tsar Michael I of Russia of Russia and the paternal nieces of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva of Russia. After the revolution, Marina and her family moved to Kislovodsk and later to Crimea, where her father served as head of the Yalta County. In August 1920 the family was evacuated to Istanbul and then to Paris. In the French capital, Marina began to work for Chanel.Prince Dmitri fell in love with her and they married in Paris on 25 October 1931. The wedding attracted a lot of attention and the bride wore a Chanel wedding dress.The couple had one daughter :Princess Nadejda Dmitrievna (4 July 1933 – 17 September 2002). Nadejda married Anthony Allen, with whom she had two daughters and one son: Penelope, Marina and Alexander; after divorcing Allen, she married William Hall Clark.During World War II, Prince Dmitri served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. After the war, he became secretary of the travelers club in Paris.In 1947 he divorced Princess Marina who moved with their daughter to the United States. In 1949 she remarried Otto de Neufville (1898–1971), a descendant of a French-German aristocratic family. Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova died on January 7, 1969, in Sharon, Connecticut.During the 1950s, Prince Dmitri studied wine-making and worked as the European sales representative for a whisky firm in London. As his ex-wife did, Prince Dmitri also remarried. His second wife was the Dowager Lady Milbanke, née Margaret Sheila MacKellar Chisholm (9 September 1898 – 13 October 1969). Born in rural New South Wales, Australia, she was married, firstly, to Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (heir to the 5th Earl of Rosslyn), and secondly, to Sir John Milbanke, 11th baronet. She married Prince Dmitri on 20 October 1954. No children were born of this marriage. The couple lived modestly in   Belgravia, in central London. Princess Dmitri died October 13, 1969, and was buried in a chapel, near Edinburgh, next to her youngest son, Peter St. Clair-Erskine, who had died, at the age of twenty, in 1939.Following the creation of the Romanov Family Association in 1979, Prince Dmitri was chosen as its first president serving until his death a year later in England.AncestryNotesPassage 7:Prince Nikita RomanovPrince Nikita Nikitich Romanov (13 May 1923 – 3 May 2007) was a British born, American historian and writer, author of a book about Ivan the Terrible. He was a member of the Romanov family, a son of Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia and a great nephew of Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar.Russian princeHe was born in London the son of Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia and his wife Countess Mariya Ilarianovna Vorontzova-Daschkova. Prince Nikita was a grandson of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna and Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and a great nephew of the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II. He had one younger brother Prince Alexander Nikitich and together they spent their early years in Britain.After serving in the British Army, Prince Nikita moved to the U.S. He attended the University of California, Berkeley where he graduated as a Master of Arts in history. He later taught history at San Francisco State University. In 1975 Prince Nikita co-authored the book Ivan the Terrible with Robert Payne.Prince Nikita was married to Jane Anna Schoenwald (24 April 1933, Oklahoma City — 28 January 2017, Cairo) on 14 July 1961 in London, and they had one son.Prince Fedor Nikitich Romanoff (1974–2007), a vegan who studied classical, Egyptian, and ancient languages at Columbia and Brown universities, where he received a master's degree with honors. He committed suicide by jumping from a window in Pompano Beach, Florida on 25 August 2007.Nikita died a few months before his son, after suffering a stroke in New York City.AncestryPassage 8:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 9:Grand Duchess Xenia "}
{"doc_id":"doc_254","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizenhas their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical dependingon the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by theplace of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state)citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number ofyears lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds ofcitizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a newapplicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providingsocial welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swissdocuments which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestigereasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply formunicipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenshipfee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so thechild gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.InternationalconfusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport anddriving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swisscitizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to theirbirthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen ofthe same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously requiredthat a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile isnow the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact thatfewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if theywere insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, andwith that the right to receive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 2:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the placeof one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland(Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 Britishsilent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TVseries), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia,including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 3:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSeealsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 4:Brooklyn SudanoBrooklyn Sudano is an American actress and director. She starred as Vanessa Scott in the ABC comedy series My Wife and Kids and later played theleading role in the 2006 drama film Rain. Sudano has appeared in films such as Alone in the Dark II (2008), Turn the Beat Around (2010) and With This Ring (2015), and starred in the NBC action series, Taken(2017).Sudano is the daughter of Grammy Award-winning singer Donna Summer and songwriter Bruce Sudano, and the older sister of Amanda Sudano of the music duo Johnnyswim. Sudano directed the documentaryfilm, Love to Love You, Donna Summer, which premiered in 2023.Early lifeSudano was born in Los Angeles, California, to African American singer Donna Summer and Italian American songwriter Bruce Sudano. She wasnamed after her father's hometown of Brooklyn, New York City. Her younger sister (by 19 months) is singer and songwriter Amanda Sudano of Johnnyswim. She has an older half-sister, Mimi Sommer, from hermother's first marriage to Helmut Sommer. As a baby, she was featured in her mother's song \"Brooklyn\" on the record I'm a Rainbow.Sudano spent the early part of her childhood on a 56-acre ranch in Thousand Oaks,California until her family moved to Connecticut when she was 10 years old. When she was 14, her family relocated to Nashville, Tennessee. Here, Sudano gravitated toward the arts. She also sang in the gospel choir atchurch. Sudano and her sisters spent summers touring and singing backing vocals for their famous mother. In her leisure, she studied dance and wrote songs.She attended high school at Christ Presbyterian Academywhere she appeared in all the theater productions. Sometimes Sudano accompanied her parents while they toured around the world, continuing her studies with tutors. A distinguished student, she was valedictorian ather graduation.Upon graduation, Sudano chose to attend Vanderbilt University, having also been accepted at Brown, Duke, and Georgetown University. However, she eventually left Vanderbilt early to study at the LeeStrasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York.CareerWhile studying acting in New York, Sudano was spotted by a modelling agent and signed to the Ford Modeling Agency. She appeared in numerous advertisingcampaigns in print and television, including Clairol, Clean & Clear and K-Mart. In 2003, Sudano replaced Meagan Good as Vanessa Scott on My Wife and Kids. Vanessa is Junior's girlfriend and later wife, who firstappears in the season finale of season 3 (played by Good). Sudano continued as a regular cast member throughout the rest of the series' five-year run.In 2006, Sudano made her big screen debut with the leading rolein the film adaptation of V. C. Andrews' novel Rain. She appeared in the horror films Somebody Help Me (2007) and Alone in the Dark II (2008) and well as the MTV romantic drama film, Turn the Beat Around in 2010.In 2015, she co-starred opposite Regina Hall, Jill Scott and Eve in the romantic comedy-drama, With This Ring. On television, Sudano guest starred on Cuts, CSI: NY, $#*! My Dad Says, Body of Proof and Ballers. In2016, she played the role of Christy Epping in the Hulu miniseries 11.22.63. In 2017, Sudano starred in the first season of NBC's action series, Taken. In 2021, she began starring as Angela Prescott in the Freeformthriller series, Cruel Summer.Alongside Roger Ross Williams, Sudano directed the 2023 documentary film, Love to Love You, Donna Summer about her mother, Donna Summer. It had its world premiere at the 73rdBerlin International Film Festival.Personal lifeSudano married her longtime boyfriend, Mike McGlaflin, on October 8, 2006. The couple's wedding inspired Bruce Sudano's song \"It's Her Wedding Day\".Sudano andMcGlaflin have a daughter, and reside in the Los Angeles area.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used inlegal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but oftencity or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country thatcurrently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in ahospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or noimportance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the conceptof place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to oneSwiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicileis a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countriesoutside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in anunusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, thenationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It isimportant to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at thetime of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Amanda SudanoAmandaGrace Sudano Ramirez (born August 11, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter and model. She is a member of the musical duo Johnnyswim.Early lifeSudano was born in Los Angeles, California, to singer DonnaSummer and songwriter Bruce Sudano. She has two older sisters, Mimi Sommer Dohler, from her mother's first marriage to actor Helmut Sommer, and actress Brooklyn Sudano. Her maternal cousin is the musicproducer and rapper Omega Red, and her paternal uncle is Fr. Glenn Sudano, CFR, a Roman Catholic priest and founding member of the Franciscan Friars of the Renewal in New York City.Sudano spent the early part ofher childhood in Thousand Oaks, California. In 1995, when she was 13, her family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where she attended high school at Christ Presbyterian Academy and college at VanderbiltUniversity.Modeling careerSudano is a model with the Bella Agency in New York.In 2010, Fabrizio Viti chose Sudano to model for Louis Vuitton's Spring/Summer 2010 shoe campaign. Sudano is the first black model tobe featured solely in Louis Vuitton advertisements.In September 2011, Sudano placed second out of twenty in Vogue's \"Special Edition Best Dressed\" feature.Music careerIn 2005, Sudano met songwriter, guitarist andvocalist Abner Ramirez in Nashville. They struck up a friendship and formed the band Johnnyswim. The duo have performed covers of eclectic songs like Edith Piaf's \"La Vie En Rose\" and Britney Spears's \"Till The WorldEnds\", as well as originals like \"Home\", the theme song to the hit HGTV show Fixer Upper. Johnnyswim released their first self-titled EP in 2008. A second EP, 5-8, arrived in 2010. This was followed by the singlesBonsoir and Good News in 2011, a third EP called Home, Vol. 1 in 2012, and  four studio albums: Diamonds (2014), Georgica Pond (2016), Moonlight (2019), and Johnnyswim (2022).Personal lifeIn 2009, Sudanomarried her Johnnyswim bandmate Abner Ramirez in Florida. Her father, Bruce Sudano, paid tribute to her in the song \"The Amazing Amanda Grace\" on his award-winning record Life and the Romantic. Footage fromher wedding was featured in the video for another track from the same record, \"It's Her Wedding Day\", which was actually written about her sister Brooklyn's marriage in 2006.Sudano lives with her husband in LosAngeles, California and gave birth to a son, Joaquin, in February 2015. In 2018, she gave birth to a daughter, Luna. In November 2019, the couple announced on social media that Amanda had given birth to a seconddaughter named Paloma. As of 2021, Sudano and her family are the stars of two Magnolia Network television shows: Home on the Road with Johnnyswim and The Johnnyswim Show.Passage 7:Dance of Death(disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by HelenMcCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by AugustStrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), aGerman silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italiandrama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris KarloffDance of Death(1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songTheDance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)DanseMacabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage 8:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\"may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 filmdirected by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with thepanelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and HisOrchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde EstuveYo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (BillyMaddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from TimeFlies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 9:Donna SummerDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known professionally asDonna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the \"Queen of Disco\", while her music gained a global following.Influenced bythe counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City. In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where shespent several years living, acting, and singing. There, she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as \"Love to Love You Baby\" and \"I FeelLove\", marking Summer's breakthrough into international music markets. Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and more hits such as \"Last Dance\", her version of \"MacArthur Park\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"HotStuff\", \"Bad Girls\", \"Dim All the Lights\", \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" with Barbra Streisand, and \"On the Radio\" followed.Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime,including 14 top ten singles and four number one singles. She claimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top-ten hits (10 weretop-five hits), more than any other act during that time period. She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top-ten hit in 1989 with \"This Time I Know It's for Real\". She was the first artist tohave three consecutive double albums reach the top of the US Billboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles"}
{"doc_id":"doc_255","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 hewas the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 2:Ian Barry(director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story ofOzploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Priorto SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue Universityand a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had fivechildren.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 4:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life andcareerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run.He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John GoldenTheatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall inJanuary 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, SanFrancisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play TheFloatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fullystaged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the filmSisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)ShotgunWedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau betweenSeptember 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 6:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film andTelevision School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduatedfrom the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr onhis film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter herstudies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the establishedcultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 DanaBlankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new SeriesLab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping(debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 7:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of creditsdirecting episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney &Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized(2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin workedas an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie MellonUniversity. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware PoetsPlayhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 8:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-bornart museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020.He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of theToledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), theEuropean Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughoutAustralia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversawseveral years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained governmentsupport for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection ofIndonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new\"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institutioncannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephantdung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack onreligion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision ofmy professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contractbeyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections ofEuropean and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of arteducation.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included babyand toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA)conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has mademajor acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects werestolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large andsmall-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea andthe Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body,toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generousendowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded theAustralian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently,Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 9:Larry Kent (filmmaker)Laurence Lionel \"Larry\" Kent (born May16, 1937, in Johannesburg, South Africa) is a Canadian filmmaker, who is regarded as an important pioneer of independent filmmaking in Canada.BiographyLarry Kent emigrated from South Africa to Vancouver, BritishColumbia, Canada in 1957 to study psychology and theatre at the University of British Columbia.A devout film buff and scholar, Kent made the transition from the stage to screen in the early 1960s. Kent wrote anddirected the existential Canadian indie, post-beatnik, pre-hippie classic The Bitter Ash in 1962 and tirelessly toured the film despite the controversy it garnered nationwide. Filled with profanity and brief nudity, thepicture was produced on a shoestring, shot silent with audio dubbed in later and featured a jazz music score.His follow-up film, Sweet Substitute (1964) made money in the United States, a first for any Canadianindependent picture. Together with his third picture, the proto-feminist film When Tomorrow Dies, these three movies comprise Kent's \"Vancouver Trilogy\".Kent moved to Montreal in the late 1960s, briefly working forthe National Film Board of Canada before quitting to make films that exemplified the wild, drug informed spirit of the youth driven counterculture. His 1967 film High was slated to premiere at the Montreal InternationalFilm Festival, but was banned by the Quebec Censor Board at the last minute, while The Apprentice (1971) was one of the first films ever to directly address the linguistic and cultural tensions between anglophones andfrancophones in Montreal in that era.Although none of these early films received wide distribution, his cultural and critical esteem began to increase when several of them were included in Front & Centre, a retrospectiveprogram of historically significant Canadian films which screened at the 1984 Toronto International Film Festival. The Bitter Ash, Sweet Substitute, When Tomorrow Dies and High were also screened as a Kentretrospective at a number of venues in 2002 and 2003, including Cinematheque Ontario in Toronto, the Pacific Cinémathèque in Vancouver and the Canadian Film Institute in Ottawa.He also had occasional acting rolesin other directors' films, including Q-Bec My Love (Un succès commercial) and One Man.During the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Kent continued to explore various aspects of the human condition in his work.Though he slowed down in the 1990s, he returned in 2005 with The Hamster Cage, a black comedy/psychodrama which won the jury prize at the 2005 Austin Fantastic Fest.In 2007, Kent completed post-productionwork on Hastings Street, a 20-minute Vancouver drama which he had actually made in 1962 as his first-ever film but had never completed due to lack of funding.In 2023, he is slated to receive the Fantasia FilmFestival's Trailblazer Award for distinguished career achievement.Select filmographyThe Bitter Ash (1963)Sweet Substitute (1964)When Tomorrow Dies (1965)High (1967)Facade (1968)The Apprentice (1971)Keep It inthe Family (1973)The Slavers (1977)Yesterday (a.k.a. This Time Forever) (1981)High Stakes (1986)Mothers and Daughters (1992)The Hamster Cage (2005)Hastings Street (1962 photography / 2007 post-production)20:28She Who Must Burn (2015)Short Film No. 6 (2020)Passage 10:Sweet Substitute (film)Sweet Substitute, retitled Caressed in the United States, is a Canadian drama film, directed by Larry Kent and released in1964.The film centres on Tom (Bob Howay), a high school student whose efforts to secure an academic scholarship to university are complicated by his sexual compulsions.  He is caught in a love triangle betweenElaine (Angela Gann), a prim and proper girl who is saving herself for marriage, and Kathy (Carol Pastinsky), a more sexually available girl whom Tom impregnates.It was a Canadian Film Award nominee for BestPicture at the 17th Canadian Film Awards in 1965, but did not win.It was part of a retrospective screening of Kent's films, alongside The Bitter Ash, When Tomorrow Dies and High, which screened at a number of venuesin 2002 and 2003, including Cinematheque Ontario in Toronto, the Pacific Cinémathèque in Vancouver and the Canadian Film Institute in Ottawa."}
{"doc_id":"doc_256","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Messenger (2009 film)The Messenger is a 2009 war drama film starring Ben Foster, Woody Harrelson, Samantha Morton, Steve Buscemi, and Jena Malone. It is the directorial debut of Oren Moverman,who also wrote the screenplay with Alessandro Camon.The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and was in competition at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear for BestScreenplay and the Berlinale Peace Film Award '09. The film received first prize for the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival. The film has also received four Independent Spirit Award nominations (including one win), aGolden Globe nomination, and two Oscar nominations.PlotOn leave from the Iraq War, Will Montgomery, a U.S. Army staff sergeant, finds that his girlfriend Kelly is engaged to another man. Before he is to bedischarged, he is dispatched as a casualty notification officer along with Gulf War veteran Captain Tony Stone as his mentor. He is told of the importance of his task by Lieutenant Colonel Dorsett as many have failed.Stone then relays the rules of telling next of kin of a tragedy. On the job, their first report to the family prompts the mother to slap Stone, as she and his pregnant fiancé weep over the deceased; a man named DaleMartin angrily throws things at Will; a woman who secretly married an enlisted man cries in his arms after learning of her husband's death; a Mexican man who is told through a translator about the death of hisdaughter cries in front of his other child; and a woman named Olivia is in considerably less visible pain after learning of her husband's death. Stone suspects it is due to her having an affair.In a bar, Will and Stonediscuss their lives to each other. Will talks about his girlfriend rejecting him and tells Stone about his father's death due to drunk driving, along with tales of his estranged mother. Will sees Olivia with her son at a mallbuying clothes for her husband's funeral, breaking up a fight between her and two Army recruiters attempting to enlist boys and girls, before offering her a ride. He fixes her car and becomes friends with both her andher young son Matt. After hearing a voicemail from Kelly talking about her upcoming wedding, he punches a hole through his wall in a fit of rage, which further aggravates his hand. He arrives at Olivia's house and thetwo express affection for each other, but his attempts at physical intimacy are met with hesitancy as she tells him about how her husband mistreated her and her son.When Will comforts a family in a local grocery storeafter telling them of their son's fate, Stone physically berates him for it. Will stands up to his rank by using his first name \"Tony\"  before walking home on his own. They later make up and spend the next few daystogether, where Stone has a hookup and unsuccessfully tries to get Will to do the same. They end up at Kelly's wedding drunk and make a scene, fight in a parking lot, then wake up in a forest after passing out and gohome. Martin is there, and he apologizes for lashing out at Will. In Tony's apartment, Will tells Tony about his experience with a friend who died while fighting in Iraq - an event that resulted in his chronic damage to hisleft eye - and how he feels his bravery was meaningless as he could not do anything for him; he contemplated suicide soon after, but stopped himself when he saw the sunrise. Hearing this, Tony breaks down intears.The next day, Olivia decides to move from her house. She tells Will that she is going with her son to Louisiana; Will tells her he is considering staying in the army. He asks Olivia to let him know their new address;she asks him to come with her into the house.CastProductionThe Messenger marked the directorial debut of Israeli screenwriter and former journalist Oren Moverman.  Though Sydney Pollack, Roger Michell, and BenAffleck were all attached to direct the movie at various times, when those talks fell through, the producers eventually asked Moverman to helm the project. The filmmakers worked closely with the United States Armyand the Walter Reed Medical Center to conduct research on military life, and were specifically advised by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Sinor as a technical consultant.ReleaseThe Messenger premiered at the 2009 SundanceFilm Festival before receiving a limited release in North America in 4 theaters. It grossed $44,523 for an average of $11,131 per theater ranking 46th at the box office, and went on to earn $1.1 million domestically and$411,601 internationally for a total of $1.5 million, against its budget of $6.5 million.ReceptionCritical responseOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90%, based on 162 reviews, with an average ratingof 7.51/10. The site's critical consensus states, \"A dark but timely subject is handled deftly by writer/director Owen Moverman and superbly acted by Woody Harrelson and Ben Foster.\" On Metacritic, the film has a scoreof 77 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Harrelson's performance was subject to considerable praise, leading to Golden Globe and Oscar nominations for Best SupportingActor.Awards and nominationsTop ten listsThe Messenger, upon receiving strong positive reviews from audiences, appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2009.3rd: Robert Mondello, NPR4th: TyBurr, Boston Globe4th: Stephen Holden, The New York Times9th: Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter10th: Peter Travers, Rolling StoneTop 10: David Denby, The New YorkerPassage 2:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 3:Jeffrey MessengerJeffrey Messenger (born November 28,1949) is an American politician. He is a former member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 130th district from 2013 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican party.Passage 4:Lisa MessengerLisaMessenger (born 1971) is an Australian entrepreneur and author. She is the owner and creative director of marketing for The Messenger Group, a book publishing company. As well as the founder and Editor in Chief ofCollective Hub.BackgroundMessenger grew up on a large farm outside Coolah, central western New South Wales, Australia and now lives north of Bondi Beach, Sydney.Her first job was as a riding instructor. Shegraduated from a boarding school in Sydney and Southern Cross University (Bachelor of Business, 1999). She worked for several years before taking her degree. She founded The Messenger Group in 2001 in Sydney,brokering sponsorship deals and doing public relations and marketing.Her self-help and entrepreneurship books reveal several major personal challenges as well as business success. She was married and divorced, andas detailed in her 2016 books, was engaged to an entrepreneur in 2015. In 2023, her friend is acting as a surrogate mother.BusinessesThe Messenger Group is a media company. Lisa Messenger launched it as apublishing company in 2001, and it now has 18 arms including a lifestyle website, publishing, events, marketing consultancy, and homewares. The Group has published around 400 books.  Collective was launched in2013 with $1.5 million of her own money, as an \"entrepreneurial and lifestyle\" print magazine, alongside a website and events company. In 2015, Collective was distributed in 37 countries.In October 2017, the Groupannounced that this flagship publication would shift from monthly to bi-monthly after \"several redundancies as the business streamlines itself around the three key pillars of print, digital and events.\"On 26 March 2018,Messenger announced that the print edition would close. Messenger also closed the Sydney office. Financial and creative reasons were given, and she wrote a book about the process. Several months later, the printedition was reinstated, although with one-off issues and freelance contracts for a smaller number of journalists.BooksMessenger has written several lifestyle and business books. Most were published by her owncompany, although Daring & Disruptive was also published by Simon & Schuster.Messenger, L. 2022. Start Up To Scale Up. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2021. 365 Days Of Kindness. The MessengerGroup.Messenger, L. 2020. Life In Lessons. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2019. Daily Mantras To Ignite Your Purpose. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2018. Risk & Resilience; Breaking & Remaking a Brand.The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2018. Work From Wherever. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2016. Daring & Disruptive: Unleashing the Entrepreneur. Simon & Schuster/North Star WayMessenger, L. 2016.Daring & Disruptive playbook. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2016. Breakups and Breakthroughs. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2015. Life & Love: Creating the Dream. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L.2015. Money and Mindfulness playbook. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2015. Money and Mindfulness: living in abundance. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2012. Social Media to Boost Your Brand. TheMessenger Group.Messenger, L. 2011. Books to Boost Your Brand. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. and C. Gray (eds.) 2009. Property Investing - The Australian Way. Messenger Publishing.Messenger, L. 2009.Maverick Marketing. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. and Z. Liew 2009. Cubicle Commando: Intrapreneurs, Innovation and Corporate Realities. Messenger Publishing.Messenger, L. 2009. Happiness Is.... MessengerPublishing.AwardsSouthern Cross University Alumni of the Year (2010)Thought Leaders Entrepreneur of the Year (2008)Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.SelectcreditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries(2013)Passage 6:Markus ZusakMarkus Zusak (born 23 June 1975) is an Australian writer. He is best known for The Book Thief and The Messenger, two novels which became international bestsellers. He won theMargaret A. Edwards Award in 2014.Early lifeZusak was born in Sydney, Australia. His mother Lisa is originally from Germany and his father Helmut is Austrian. They emigrated to Australia in the late 1950s. Zusak isthe youngest of four children and has two sisters and one brother. He attended Engadine High School and briefly returned there to teach English while writing. He studied English and history at the University of NewSouth Wales, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education.CareerZusak is the author of six books. His first three books, The Underdog, Fighting Ruben Wolfe, and When Dogs Cry, released between1999 and 2001, were all published internationally. The Messenger, published in 2002, won the 2003 CBC Book of the Year Award (Older Readers) and the 2003 NSW Premier's Literary Award (Ethel Turner Prize) inAustralia and was a runner-up for the Printz Award in America.The Book Thief was published in 2005 and has since been translated into more than 40 languages. The Book Thief was adapted as a film of the same namein 2013. In 2014, Zusak delivered a talk called 'The Failurist' at TEDxSydney at the Sydney Opera House. It focused on his drafting process and journey to success through writing The Book Thief.The Messenger (I Amthe Messenger in the United States) was published in 2002 and was one of Zusak's first novels. This novel has won awards such as the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards: Ethel Turner Prize for Young People'sLiterature.In March 2016 Zusak talked about his then unfinished novel Bridge of Clay. He stated that the book was 90% finished but that, \"I’m a completely different person than the person who wrote The Book Thief.And this is also the scary thing—I’m a different person to the one who started Bridge of Clay eight, nine years ago ...  I’ve got to get it done this year, or else I’ll probably finally have to set it aside.\"A TV series based onThe Messenger premiered on ABC in 2023. Zusak said his next book would be a \"memoir type thing\" and not fiction.WorksThe Underdog (1999)Fighting Ruben Wolfe (2000), sequel to The UnderdogWhen Dogs Cry(2001), a.k.a. Getting the Girl; sequel to Fighting Ruben WolfeThe Messenger (2002); US title: I Am the MessengerThe Book Thief (2005)Bridge of Clay (2018), Pan Macmillan AustraliaAwardsIn 2014, Zusak won theMargaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association (ALA), which annually recognises an author and \"a specific body of his or her work, for significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature\".In2006, Zusak was also the recipient of The Sydney Morning Herald's Young Australian Novelist of the Year Award.The Book Thief2006: Kathleen Mitchell Award 2006 (literature)2006: National Jewish Book Award(Children's and Young Adult Literature)2007: Michael L. Printz Award runner-up (Honor Book) from the US Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA)2008: Ena Noel Award – the IBBY Australia Ena NoëlEncouragement Award for Children's Literature2009: Deutscher JugendliteraturpreisThe Messenger (US title: I Am The Messenger)2003: New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards Ethel Turner Prize for Young People'sLiterature2003: Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award2005: Publishers Weekly Best Books of the Year-Children2006: Bulletin Blue Ribbon Book2006: Printz Award Honor Book2007: DeutscherJugendliteraturpreisWhen Dogs Cry / Getting the Girl2002: Honour Book, CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: Older ReadersFighting Ruben Wolfe2001: Honour Book, CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award: OlderReadersshortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards Ethel Turner Prize for Young People's LiteraturePassage 7:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family,Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle(1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted intothe Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded theoff-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 8:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2,1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. Hereceived bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationallyoutstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 9:Oren MovermanOrenMoverman (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born July 4, 1966) is an Israeli-American screenwriter, film director, and Emmy Award-winning film producer. He has directed the films The Messenger, Rampart, Time Out ofMind, and The Dinner.BiographyOren Moverman was born on July 4, 1966 in Jaffa (Yafo), Israel. He is an Ashkenazi Jew. He grew up in Givatayim. From age 13 to 18, he first lived in the United States. After serving inthe Israel Defense Forces, he moved to the United States. He graduated from Brooklyn College in 1992.Moverman started his career as a screenwriter. He wrote screenplays for films such as Jesus' Son, Face,  I'm NotThere, Married Life., as well as the Brian Wilson biopic Love & MercyIn 2009, Moverman made his directorial feature film debut with The Messenger, starring Ben Foster and Woody Harrelson. The film had its worldpremiere at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.Co-written with Alessandro Camon The Messenger  won the Silver Bear for best screenplay and the Peace Film Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, as well as theGrand Prize and the International Critics Prize at the Deauville Film Festival. It was nominated in the Best Original Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor categories by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.In2011, Moverman collaborated with Harrelson again in his second directorial film Rampart. The film had its world premiere at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival.In 2014, he directed Time Out of Mind, starringRichard Gere. The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival where it won the Fipresci Prize,an award given by the International Federation of Film Critics. In 2017, he directed TheDinner, starring Gere, Steve Coogan, Laura Linney, and Rebecca Hall. The film had its world premiere at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival.FilmographyFeature filmsPassage 10:Brian Kennedy (gallerydirector)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the PeabodyEssex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010,and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at DartmouthCollege. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career inIrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.Heworked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department ofFinance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded thetraveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of anextensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\"exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed someyears later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at"}
{"doc_id":"doc_257","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Invisible Man (1984 film)The Invisible Man (Russian: Человек-невидимка, romanized: Chelovek-nevidimka) is a 1984 Soviet science fiction film directed by Aleksandr Zakharov based on the 1897eponymous novel by H. G. Wells.PlotDr. Griffin, with no other motive than curiosity, undertakes research on the concept of invisibility. Having become invisible, he finds himself in an unfortunate combination ofcircumstances consisting of being suspected of murder and hunted down, forced to abandon the notebooks containing the notes of his experiences that would enable him to carry out the opposite process. His formerclassmate Dr. Kemp promises to find them, but in fact intends to use them himself in search of absolute power.CastAndrey Kharitonov as  Jonathan Griffin, The Invisible ManRomualdas Ramanauskas (voiced by SergeiMalishevsky) as KempLeonid Kuravlyov as Thomas MarvelNatalia Danilova as Jane BetOleg Golubitsky as Colonel Edai, Chief of PoliceNina Agapova as Mrs. HallViktor Sergachyov as Mr. HallAlexander Pyatkov as BarownerPassage 2:The Invisible Man AttacksThe Invisible Man Attacks (Spanish:El Hombre invisible ataca) is a 1967 Argentine comedy film.CastMartin KaradagiánGilda LousekTristanRicardo PassanoJoe rigoliGuillermoBattagliaNathan PinzónGobbi dartMila DemarieThe Gypsy IvanoffOscar OrleguiSusana MayoExternal linksThe Invisible Man Attacks at IMDbPassage 3:Big PalBig Pal is a 1925 American silent sports drama film directedby John G. Adolfi and starring William Russell, Julanne Johnston and Mary Carr. It was released in Britain in 1926, distributed by Wardour Films.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, Judge Truscott's daughterHelen spurns his wealthy lifestyle and goes to do social work in poorer neighborhoods. She is saved from a runaway horse accident by Dan Williams, champion pugilist, and a warm friendship develops between them. Onthe eve of a championship battle, Dan's favorite nephew, little Johnny, is abducted by criminals, and Dan is notified that unless he quits during the fifth round of the boxing match, the lad's life will be sacrificed. Hedecides to lose, but, as the fifth round approaches, Helen appears ringside along with Johnny, who had escaped his abductors. Dan cuts loose, winning the match and the affections of Helen.CastWilliam Russell as DanWilliamsJulanne Johnston as Helen TruscottMary Carr as Mary WilliamsMickey Bennett as Johnny WilliamsHayden Stevenson as Tim WilliamsHenry A. Barrows as Judge TruscottFrank Hagney as Bill HoganWilliam Baileyas Undetermined Secondary Role (uncredited)Buck Black as One of the Kids (uncredited)Alison Skipworth as Agatha Briggs, truant officer (uncredited)PreservationA newly restored copy of Big Pal exists at the Library ofCongress.Passage 4:Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible ManAbbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man is a 1951 American science fiction comedy film directed by Charles Lamont and starring the team of Abbott andCostello alongside Nancy Guild.The film depicts the misadventures of Lou Francis and Bud Alexander, two private detectives investigating the murder of a boxing promoter. The film was part of a series in which the duomeet classic characters from Universal's stable, including Frankenstein, the Mummy and the Keystone Kops.PlotLou Francis and Bud Alexander have just graduated from a private detective school. Tommy Nelson, amiddleweight boxer, comes to them with their first case. Tommy recently escaped from jail after being accused of murdering his manager, and asks the duo to accompany him on a visit to his fiancée, Helen Gray. Hewants her uncle, Dr. Philip Gray, to inject him with a special serum which will render Tommy invisible, and hopes to use the newfound invisibility to investigate his manager's murder and prove his innocence. Dr. Grayadamantly refuses, arguing that the serum is still unstable, recalling that the formula's discoverer, Jack Griffin, was driven insane by the formula and did not become visible again until after he was killed. However, asthe police arrive Tommy injects himself with it and successfully becomes invisible. Detective Roberts questions Dr. Gray and Helen while Bud and Lou search for Tommy.Helen and Tommy convince Bud and Lou to helpthem seek the real killer, after Tommy explains that the motive for the murder occurred after he refused to \"throw\" a fight, knocking his opponent, Rocky Hanlon, out cold. Morgan, the promoter who fixed the fight,ordered Tommy's manager beaten to death while framing Tommy for the crime. In order to investigate undercover, Lou poses as a boxer, with Bud as his manager. They go to Stillwell's gym, where Lou gets in the ringwith Rocky. Tommy, still invisible, gets into the ring with them and again knocks out Hanlon, making it look like Lou did it, and an official match is arranged. Needing to prove Morgan was behind the plot to frameTommy, Bud and Lou go out to the same restaurant to covertly spy on him alongside an invisible Tommy. But the effects of the serum and Tommy getting drunk make the task difficult for the two who have to keepcovering for him. Morgan pays off Lou to throw the fight, but when the match occurs with the aid of an invisible Tommy, Hanlon is knocked out yet again after a wildly chaotic boxing match. Morgan plans Bud's murder,but is thwarted by Tommy. Bud, Lou, and Tommy fight off Morgan and his goons, but when Tommy is rendered partially visible from some steam he is wounded in the battle and begins to bleed badly. The protagonistsrush to the hospital where a blood transfusion is arranged between Lou and Tommy, thanks to Lou having the same blood type. During the transfusion Tommy becomes visible again – some of Tommy's blood hasapparently entered Lou, who briefly turns invisible, only to reappear with his legs inexplicably on backwards.CastProductionAbbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man was filmed between October 3 and November 6,1950. The characters' surnames \"Alexander\" and \"Francis\" are Abbott's and Costello's real middle names.The special effects, which depicted invisibility and other optical illusions, were created by Stanley Horsley, son ofcinema pioneer David Horsley. He also did the special effects for The Invisible Man Returns, The Invisible Woman and Invisible Agent.As a reference to the first Invisible Man film, a photo is featured of the serum'sinventor, Dr. John \"Jack\" Griffin, which is actually a picture of Claude Rains, who played the role in Universal's first Invisible Man film in 1933.When asked by a reporter whom he has fought in the past, Lou answers,\"Chuck Lamont, Bud Grant\". The film's director and screenwriter, respectively, are Charles Lamont and John Grant.ReleaseThe film had a preview screening at The Fox theater in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 9, 1951.The film saw release on Wednesday, March 14.Home mediaThis film has been released several times on DVD. First on The Best of Abbott and Costello Volume Three, on August 3, 2004, on October 28, 2008, as part ofAbbott and Costello: The Complete Universal Pictures Collection, and in 2015 in the Abbott and Costello Meet the Monsters Collection. Later, the film was included in the 3-disc The Invisible Man: The Complete LegacyCollection and the 21-disc Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection, both released on September 2, 2014. It was released on Blu-ray on August 28, 2018.NotesPassage 5:The Invisible Woman (1940film)The Invisible Woman is an American science fiction comedy film directed by A. Edward Sutherland. It is the third film in Universal Pictures' The Invisible Man film series, following The Invisible Man and The InvisibleMan Returns, which were released earlier in the year. It was more of a screwball comedy than a horror film like the others in the series. Universal  released The Invisible Woman on December 27, 1940.The film starsVirginia Bruce, John Barrymore, John Howard, Charlie Ruggles, and Oscar Homolka, and features Margaret Hamilton, Charles Lane and Shemp Howard.PlotWealthy lawyer Richard Russell (John Howard) funds the dottyold inventor Professor Gibbs (John Barrymore) creation of an invisibility device. The first test subject for this machine is Kitty Carroll (Virginia Bruce), a department store model who has been fired from her previous job.The machine proves quite successful, and Kitty uses her invisible state to pay back her sadistic former boss, Mr. Growley (Charles Lane).While the Professor and the invisible Kitty are off visiting Russell'slodge,   gangster Blackie Cole (Oscar Homolka) sends in his gang of moronic thugs—including “Hammerhead’ (Shemp Howard)—to steal the device. Once the machine is back at their hideout, they cannot get it towork.  Kitty is now visible, and  Blackie sends the gang to kidnap her and the Professor. Kitty learns that alcohol will restore her invisibility, and, with Russell's help, she exploits this to defeat the gang.Cut to the end ofthe film. Kitty has married Richard and become a mother. After an alcohol rub, their infant son begins to fade from view. “Hmmm,” the  Professor says to the audience. “Hereditary!”CastCast is sourced from the bookUniversal Horrors:ProductionAfter the success of The Invisible Man Returns, Universal Pictures began work on a followup and signed Curt Siodmak to develop the idea in 1940 with comedy writers Frederic I. Rinaldo andRobert Lees. Universal gave the film a $300,000 budget. Margaret Sullivan had originally been slated for the role of the invisible woman because she owed Universal one more film in her contract. Director John Cromwellapproached Sullivan about playing the lead in So Ends Our Night, and she failed to report to Universal for The Invisible Woman. Sullivan received a restraining order preventing her from working elsewhere. Eventually,she was allowed to finish So Ends the Night, as long as she continued work on two films for Universal. Virginia Bruce was cast as the invisible woman and signed her contract on September 12, 1940.John Barrymorebegan to have trouble memorizing his dialogue. According to John Howard, Barrymore began cutting up the script and placing pieces on the set—behind vases, phones or other props—so he could read the lines.Howardsays  that \"Barrymore was an ordinary fellow. He wasn't stuffy and he had no pretense whatsoever. Even in pictures that you felt weren't up to snuff, I don't think he showed any disdain. We knew perfectly well TheInvisible Woman wasn't going to be an award-winning picture, but it was fun to do. No one took it seriously\".Maria Montez is among the cast, in her first film role.ReceptionThe film was nominated for the 14th AcademyAwards for Special Effects. (At the time, the category embraced photographic and sound effects.) The photographic effects were by John Fulton and the sound effects by John Hall.  I Wanted Wings won the Oscar forSpecial Effects. At the time of its release, this film was considered slightly risqué because much is made of the fact that the heroine, though invisible, is naked during much of the action.On its release, The InvisibleWoman grossed a total of just under $660,000. Universal followed it with Invisible Agent on July 31, 1942.Theodore Strauss of The New York Times called the film \"silly, banal and repetitious ... The script is as creaky asa two-wheeled cart and were it not for the fact that John Barrymore is taking a ride in it we hate to think what The Invisible Woman might have turned out to be\".  Variety called it \"good entertainment for generalaudiences\". Film Daily called it \"laugh-packed\", \"brightly dialogued\" and \"a lot of fun\". Harrison's Reports declared it \"a pretty good comedy for the masses ... but it does not offer anything new to those who saw theother pictures in which the character became invisible\". John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote: \"The old stunt is still good, yet it's not used to much advantage here ... In fact, this is the feeblest example so far of thatstunt which the camera can so easily make funny\".RebootIn November 2019, a spin-off film centered around the female counterpart to Invisible Man was in development. Elizabeth Banks will star in, direct, and produceThe Invisible Woman, based on her own original pitch. Erin Cressida Wilson will write the script of the reboot of the female monster, while Max Handelman and Alison Small will serve as producer and executive producer,respectively. Banks was allowed to choose a project by Universal Pictures from the roster of Universal Monsters, ultimately choosing The Invisible Woman.See alsoJohn Barrymore on stage, screen and radioList ofscience fiction films of the 1940sPassage 6:Invisible AgentInvisible Agent is a 1942 American action spy film directed by Edwin L. Marin with a screenplay written by Curt Siodmak. The invisible agent is played by JonHall, with Peter Lorre and Sir Cedric Hardwicke as members of the Axis, and Ilona Massey and Albert Basserman as Allied spies.PlotFrank Griffin Jr, the grandson of the original Invisible Man, runs a print shop inManhattan under the assumed name of Frank Raymond (Jon Hall). One evening, he is confronted in his shop by four armed men who reveal that they are foreign agents working for the Axis powers and they know histrue identity. One of the men, Conrad Stauffer (Cedric Hardwicke), is a lieutenant general of the S.S., while a second, Baron Ikito (Peter Lorre), is Japanese. They offer to pay for the invisibility formula and threatenamputation of his fingers if it is not revealed. Griffin manages to escape with the formula. Griffin is reluctant to release the formula to the U.S. government officials, but following the Attack on Pearl Harbor agrees tolimited cooperation (the condition being that the formula can only be used on himself). Later, while in-flight to be parachuted behind German lines on a secret mission, he injects himself with the serum, becominginvisible as he is parachuting down, to the shock and confusion of the German troops tracking his descent, and after landing strips off all of his clothing.Griffin evades the troops and makes contact with an oldcoffin-maker named Arnold Schmidt (Albert Basserman), who reveals the next step of Griffin's mission. Griffin is to obtain a list of German and Japanese spies within the U.S. in the possession of Stauffer. Griffin is aidedin his task by Maria Sorenson (Ilona Massey), a German espionage agent and the love interest of both Stauffer and Stauffer's well-connected second-in-command, Gestapo Standartenführer Karl Heiser (J. EdwardBromberg). According to their plan, Sorenson attempts to gain information from Heiser during a private dinner, with Griffin as witness. Drunk from champagne, Griffin uses his invisibility to play tricks on Heiser instead.Finally enraged when the dinner table mysteriously tips and soils his uniform, Heiser places Sorenson under house-arrest. Later, an apologetic Griffin demonstrates his existence to Sorenson by putting on a robe andsmearing facial cream on his features. The two are attracted to each other.Conrad Stauffer returns from his efforts in the United States and tries to manage his shifting alliances with Karl Heiser, Maria Sorenson, andBaron Ikito. When he learns of Heiser's disastrous romantic dinner with Sorenson, Stauffer has Karl Heiser arrested and baits a trap for Griffin, whom he comes to suspect has made contact with Maria. Despite walkinginto Stauffer's trap, Griffin manages to obtain the list of agents, and start a fire to cover his escape. Griffin takes the list of agents to Arnold Schmidt for transmission to England. Conrad Stauffer tries to hide the loss ofthe list from the prying Baron Ikito, who has been staying at the local Japanese Embassy. When Stauffer refuses to answer Ikito's questions, the two confess to each other that German and Japanese cooperation is notone of trust. Without revealing their plans to each other, both men start separate hunts for the Invisible Agent. Griffin steals into a German prison to obtain information from Karl Heiser about a planned German attackon New York City. In exchange for additional information, Griffin helps Heiser escape his imminent execution. Griffin returns with Heiser to Schmidt, who in the meantime has been arrested and tortured by Stauffer. Atthe shop, Griffin confronts Maria Sorenson, whom he suspects has betrayed Schmidt, and is captured with a net trap by Ikito's men.Heiser escapes detection and attempts to save his life and career by phoning in Ikito'sactivities to Stauffer. Griffin and Sorensen are taken to the Japanese embassy, but manage to escape during the mayhem that ensues when Stauffer's men arrive. For their joint failure to safeguard the list of Axisagents, Ikito kills Stauffer and then performs seppuku, ritual suicide, as Heiser watches from the shadows. Assuming command, Heiser arrives too late to the local air base to stop Griffin and Sorenson from escaping.The couple acquires one of the bombers slated for the New York attack, and destroy other German planes on the ground as they fly to England. Stauffer's loyal men catch up with Karl Heiser and he is shot. Griffinsuccumbs to his injuries before he can radio ahead. England's air defense shoots down their craft, but not before Sorenson parachutes them to safety. Later, in a hospital, Griffin has recovered and is wearing facialcream so that he can be visible again. Sorenson appears with Griffin's American handler, who vouches for Sorenson that she has been an Allied double-agent all along. Sorenson is left alone with Griffin. Griffin revealsthat he is actually visible under the facial cream, and they kiss. Sorenson happily accepts the challenge of discovering how Griffin regained his visibility.CastProductionBy 1942, the United States had entered World WarII, leading studios to produce films that were described by the authors of the book Universal Horrors as replacing the \"cynicism of the '30s\" with the \"flag-waving of the '40s\". This led to a combination of \"horror andpropaganda\" that the authors described as an \"uncomfortable hybrid\". These films included productions at Monogram such as King of the Zombies, Black Dragons and Revenge of the Zombies with mad scientists whoalso worked for Nazis. Universal also made an entry into this hybrid with Invisible Agent. James L. Neibaur, author of The Monster Movies of Universal Studios described the film as not being a horror film, but \"an actionmovie with comical touches\".Invisible Agent was announced under the title The Invisible Spy in early 1942. The screenwriting team of Frank Lloyd and Jack Skirball, who previously worked on Alfred Hitchcock'sSaboteur, were set to be the film's original producers but were replaced by George Waggner who was assigned the title of associate producer. The film's screenplay by Curt Siodmak has only one connection to theoriginal Invisible Man film, with the \"Frank Raymond\" character who is the grandson of \"Jack Griffin\", the inventor of the invisibility formula. The film went into production on April 22 and finished in late May 1942 with abudget of $322,291.Jon Hall had just been put under contract to Universal.ReleaseInvisible Agent was distributed by the Universal Pictures Company on July 31, 1942. The film was the most successful of the InvisibleMan sequels and one of Universal's highest-grossing films of the season, grossing over $1,000,000 in US  rentals, earning $1,041,500.John P. Fulton and Bernard B. Brown were nominated for an Academy Award fortheir special effects work on this film at the 15th Academy Awards, but lost to the special effects team for Paramount's Reap the Wild Wind. The film was followed by the sequel, The Invisible Man's Revenge also starringJon Hall.The film was released on DVD on as part of the \"Invisible Man: The Legacy Collection\" set, which included The Invisible Man, The Invisible Man Returns, The Invisible Woman and The Invisible Man's Revenge. Itwas released again on Blu-ray as part of the \"Invisible Man: The Complete Legacy Collection\" on August 28, 2018.Shown on the MeTV show Svengoolie on December 17, 2022.ReceptionFrom contemporary reviews, ananonymous reviewer in Harrison's Reports described the film as \"fairly entertaining\" and noted the special effects were handled well but were nothing new. Kate Cameron of The New York Daily News found the film\"amusing and exciting\" with the actors performing \"their supporting roles capably, although none of them tries to be convincing\".Some sources commented on the politics and representation of the axis powers in thefilm, with an anonymous reviewer in Newsweek declared that Universal had \"assembled a cast that is much too good for the nonsense on the agenda\" and The Film Daily announcing that \"this is the ordinary peace-timemeller translated into wartime pattern [...] The nazis are made to look pretty stupid and beset with official rivalry, while the Japs appear like slippery villains of the old serial days\". A reviewer from The HollywoodReporter spoke on this, stating: \"Possibly, the smartest thing about the picture is its consistent refusal to underrate the intelligence of the Gestapo and Rising Sun operatives. They are as hep to the plot as you are, this"}
{"doc_id":"doc_258","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lương Hoàng NamLương Hoàng Nam (born 2 March 1997) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a central midfielder for V.League 1 club Hải Phòng.HonoursCông An Nhân DânV.League 2: 2022Passage2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubsin England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on tothe county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leadingwicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs forseven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at anaverage of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 ofSurrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece,while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of theCounty Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spinof Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played inalmost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championshipagain.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards oftheir craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47(Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141,which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runsin the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the sidefinished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langfordreturning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, hewas dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-seasonfriendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not becomepublic knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night atthe Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match atMidsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselvesagain\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"anembarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to bereinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles tocricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 3:Isabella HarwoodIsabella Harwood or Ross Neil (14 June 1837 – 29 May 1888) was a British novelist who also wrote dramas in verse.BiographyHarwood wasprobably born in Dorset in 1837 where her parents Phillip Harwood and his wife Isabella Neil lived. Phillip Harwood was then a Unitarian minister in Bridport.Between 1864 and 1870 she wrote four sensational novelswhich were published without attribution. Between 1871 and 1883 she wrote a number of unfashionable blank verse dramas which were said to be readable. Two were produced in Edinburgh and London but they werenot favourably received.Harwood lived with her father in London and then in Hastings. She died in St Mary-in-the-Castle in 1888 in Hastings a year after her father.WorksNovelsAbbot's CleveCarleton GrangeRaymond'sHeroineKathleenThe Heir ExpectantPlaysLady Jane Grey; Inez, or, The Bride of PortugalPlaysThe Cid; The King and the Angel; Duke for a Day; or The Tailor of BrusselsElfinella, or, Home from Fairyland; Lord and LadyRussellArabella Stuart; The Heir of Linne; TassoEglantineAndrea the Painter; Claudia's Choice; Orestes; PandoraPassage 4:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-bornfirst-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet SarahMontagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879,and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They movedto England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in theshort New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the thirdwicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh,going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78,he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touringQueensland cricket team.Passage 5:Ross McMillanPeter Ross McMillan (born 2 June 1987) is a professional rugby union player. His position is hooker.  McMillan has previously played professionally for Nottingham,Gloucester, Moseley, Coventry, Birmingham & Solihull, Northampton, Bristol and Leicester Tigers.CareerBorn in Chesterfield, England McMillan represented England at U19 level whilst with his first professional clubNottingham.On 2 June 2006 Gloucester announced McMillan's signing on a 2 years contract ahead of competition from other Premiership clubs to sign him from Nottingham.  For the 2007-08 season, Ross wasdual-registered with Moseley.  In a friendly prior to the 2008-09 season, McMillan suffered a ruptured cruciate ligament against Aviron Bayonnais, a season-ending injury.McMillan signed for Coventry in the summer of2009.McMillan joined Northampton Saints midway through the 2011-2012 season from Birmingham & Solihull as a triallist. He was awarded a short-term contract in February 2012, followed by a full contract after hisappearance as a substitute in the LV= Cup final. In 2014 McMillan was a replacement as Saints won the European Rugby Challenge Cup.In January 2015, Ross was signed by Bristol on an 18-month contract.On 10August 2018 Leicester Tigers announced the signing of McMillan.  On 15 May 2019 he was announced as one of the players to leave Leicester following the end of the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season.McMillan is theAssistant Forwards Coach at London Irish.Passage 6:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory,Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk andFrench-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada aswell as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation(now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at theNational Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 7:Tom DickinsonThomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant andpolitician of York, EnglandThomas R. Dickinson, United States Army generalJ. Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomerTom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in EnglandTom Dickinson(American football), American football playerPassage 8:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100thvictim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series againstNepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of theEuro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 9:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketerwho played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled inKidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, openingthe bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match(his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. Aweek later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match ofthe season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wicketsat 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex inJuly. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban madeonly two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled justtwo overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also aprofessional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 10:WaleAdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African StudiesCentre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuseson a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.EducationbackgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has anMPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined theUniversity of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University ofCalifornia, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHispublished works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and CorporateAgency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of otherbooks, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan,2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodesProfessorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies."}
{"doc_id":"doc_259","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Thing About StyxThe Thing About Styx (German: Die Sache mit Styx) is a 1942 German comedy crime film directed by Karl Anton and starring Laura Solari, Viktor de Kowa and Margit Symo. It was based on the novel Rittmeister Styx by Georg Mühlen-Schulte.CastLaura Solari as Julia SanderViktor de Kowa as Captain StyxMargit Symo as ArianeWill Dohm as BasilioCurt Lucas as Jules StoneWalter Steinbeck as Jacques StoneHans Leibelt as consul SanderHarald Paulsen as Dr. BonnettTheodor Loos as LenskiFranz Weber as CyrillWerner Scharf as TschelebiFranz Zimmermann as DodleyKurt Seifert as EugeneKarl Meixner as messengerLeo Peukert as DuchanHans Stiebner as hostLouis Ralph as packagerWilhelm Bendow as administrator of the legationKurt Mikulski as opera doormanTheodor Vogeler as accompanist #1Friedrich Petermann as accompanist #2Karl JüstelAngelo FerrariFranz SchafheitlinWalter BechmannPassage 2:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 3:The Thing from Another WorldThe Thing from Another World, sometimes referred to as just The Thing, is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction-horror film, directed by Christian Nyby, produced by Edward Lasker for Howard Hawks' Winchester Pictures Corporation, and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film stars Margaret Sheridan, Kenneth Tobey, Robert Cornthwaite, and Douglas Spencer. James Arness plays The Thing: He is difficult to recognize in costume and makeup due to both low lighting and other effects used to obscure his features. The Thing from Another World is based on the 1938 novella \"Who Goes There?\" by John W. Campbell (writing under the pseudonym of Don A. Stuart).The film's storyline concerns a United States Air Force crew and scientists who find, frozen in the Arctic ice, a crashed flying saucer and a humanoid body nearby. Returning to their remote arctic research outpost with the body still in a block of ice, they are forced to defend themselves against the still alive and malevolent plant-based alien when it is accidentally thawed out.PlotIn Anchorage, journalist Ned Scott (Douglas Spencer), looking for a story, visits the officer's club of the Alaskan Air Command, where he meets Captain Pat Hendry (Kenneth Tobey), his co-pilot Lieutenant Eddie Dykes, (a friend of Scott's), and flight navigator Ken \"Mac\" MacPherson. General Fogarty orders Hendry to fly to Polar Expedition Six at the North Pole, per a request from its lead scientist, Nobel laureate Dr. Arthur Carrington (Robert Cornthwaite); Carrington has radioed that an unusual aircraft has crashed nearby. With Scott, Corporal Barnes, crew chief Bob, and a pack of sled dogs, Hendry pilots a Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft to the remote outpost.Upon arrival, Scott and the airmen meet radio operator Tex, Dr. Chapman, his wife Mrs. Chapman, a man named Lee, who is one of two cooks, and the Inuit dog handlers. Also present are scientists Vorhees, Stern, Redding, Stone, Laurence, Wilson, Ambrose, Auerbach, Olson, and Carrington. Hendry later rekindles his romance with Nikki Nicholson (Margaret Sheridan), Carrington's secretary. Several scientists fly with the airmen to the crash site, finding a large object buried beneath the ice. As they spread out to determine the object's shape, they realize that they are standing in a circle; they have discovered a flying saucer. The team attempts to melt the ice covering the saucer with thermite, but a violent reaction with the craft's metal alloy completely destroys it. Their Geiger counter, however, detects a frozen body buried nearby; it is excavated in a large block of ice and loaded aboard the C-47 transport. They fly out as an Arctic storm closes in on their site.Hendry assumes command of the outpost and, pending radio instructions from General Fogarty, denies Scott permission to send out his story; he also denies the scientists' demands to examine the body. Tex sends an update to Fogarty, and the airmen settle in as the storm arrives. A watch is posted; Barnes relieves McPherson and, disturbed by the creature's appearance in the clearing ice, covers it with an electric blanket, which he does not realize is plugged in. The block slowly thaws and the creature, still alive, escapes into the storm and is attacked by the sled dogs. The airmen recover the creature's severed arm after the attack.The scientists examine the arm, concluding that the alien is an advanced form of plant life. Carrington is convinced of its superiority to humans and becomes intent on communicating with it. The airmen begin a search, which leads to the outpost's greenhouse. Carrington stays behind with Vorhees, Stern, and Laurence, having noticed evidence of alien activity. They discover a third sled dog hidden away, which has had all of its blood drained; the carnivorous plant creature feeds on blood. Carrington and the scientists post a secret watch of their own, hoping to encounter the alien before the airmen find it.The next morning, the airmen continue their search. Tex informs them that Fogarty is aware of their discovery and demands further information, now prevented by the fierce storm. Stern appears, badly injured, and tells the group that the creature has killed Auerbach and Olson. When the airmen investigate, the alien attacks them; they manage to barricade it inside the greenhouse. Hendry confronts Carrington and orders him to remain in his lab and quarters.Carrington, obsessed with the alien, shows Nicholson and the other scientists his experiment: Using seeds taken from the severed arm, he has been growing small alien plants by feeding them from the blood plasma supply at the base. Hendry finds the plasma missing when it is needed to treat Stern, which leads him to Carrington. Fogarty transmits orders to keep the creature alive, but it escapes from the greenhouse and attacks the airmen in their quarters. They douse it with buckets of kerosene and set it aflame, forcing it to retreat into the storm. After regrouping, they realize that their building's temperature is falling rapidly; the furnaces have stopped working, sabotaged by the alien. They retreat to the station's generator room to keep warm, and rig an electrical \"fly trap\". The alien continues to stalk them, but at the last moment, Carrington attempts to communicate, pleading with the creature. It knocks him aside, walks into the trap, and is electrocuted. On Hendry's order, it is reduced to a pile of ash.When the weather clears, Scotty is finally able to file his \"story of a lifetime\" by radio to a roomful of reporters in Anchorage. He ends his broadcast with a warning: \"Tell the world. Tell this to everybody, wherever they are. Watch the skies everywhere. Keep looking. Keep watching the skies...\".CastProductionIn 1950, Lederer and Hecht convinced Hawks to buy the rights to \"Who Goes There?\". The cost ended up being $1,250.In an unusual practice for the era, no actors are named during the film's dramatic \"slow burning letters through background\" opening title sequence; the cast credits appear at the end of the film. Appearing in a small role was George Fenneman, who at the time was gaining fame as Groucho Marx's announcer on the popular quiz show You Bet Your Life. Fenneman later said he had difficulty with the overlapping dialogue in the film.The film was partly shot in Glacier National Park with interior sets built at a Los Angeles ice storage plant.The scene where the alien is set aflame and repeatedly doused with kerosene was one of the first full-body fire stunts ever filmed.The film took full advantage of the national feelings in America at the time in order to help enhance the horror elements of the film's storyline. The film reflected a post-Hiroshima skepticism about science and prevailing negative views of scientists who meddle with things better left alone. In the end it is American servicemen and several sensible scientists who win the day over the alien invader.ScreenplayThe film was loosely adapted by Charles Lederer, with uncredited rewrites from Howard Hawks and Ben Hecht, from the 1938 novella \"Who Goes There?\" by John W. Campbell. The story was first published in Astounding Science Fiction under Campbell's pseudonym, Don A. Stuart. (Campbell had just become Astounding's managing editor when his novella appeared in its pages.) Science fiction author A. E. van Vogt, who had been inspired to write from reading \"Who Goes There?\" and who had been a prolific contributor to Astounding, had wanted to write the script.The screenplay changes the fundamental nature of the alien. Lederer's \"Thing\" is a humanoid life form whose cellular structure is closer to vegetation, although it must feed on blood to survive; reporter Scott even refers to it in the film as a \"super carrot\". The internal, plant-like structure of the creature makes it impervious to bullets, but not to other destructive forces. Campbell's \"Thing\" is a life form capable of assuming the physical and mental characteristics of any living thing it encounters; this characteristic was later realized in John Carpenter's adaptation of the novella, the 1982 film The Thing.DirectorThere is debate as to whether the film was directed by Howard Hawks, with Christian Nyby receiving the credit so that Nyby could obtain his Director's Guild membership or whether Nyby directed it with considerable input from producer Hawks for Hawks' Winchester Pictures, which released the film through RKO Radio Pictures Inc. Hawks gave Nyby only $5,460 of RKO's $50,000 director's fee and kept the rest, but Hawks always denied that he directed the film.Cast members disagree on Hawks' and Nyby's contributions: Tobey said that \"Hawks directed it, all except one scene\" while, on the other hand, Fenneman said that \"Hawks would once in a while direct, if he had an idea, but it was Chris' show\". Cornthwaite said that \"Chris always deferred to Hawks ... Maybe because he did defer to him, people misinterpreted it\".One of the film's stars, William Self, later became President of 20th Century Fox Television. In describing the production, Self said, \"Chris was the director in our eyes, but Howard was the boss in our eyes\". Although Self has said that \"Hawks was directing the picture from the sidelines\", he also has said that \"Chris would stage each scene, how to play it. But then he would go over to Howard and ask him for advice, which the actors did not hear ... Even though I was there every day, I don't think any of us can answer the question. Only Chris and Howard can answer the question\".At a reunion of The Thing cast and crew members in 1982, Nyby said:Did Hawks direct it? That's one of the most inane and ridiculous questions I've ever heard, and people keep asking. That it was Hawks' style. Of course it was. This is a man I studied and wanted to be like. You would certainly emulate and copy the master you're sitting under, which I did. Anyway, if you're taking painting lessons from Rembrandt, you don't take the brush out of the master's hands.ReceptionCritical and box office receptionThe Thing from Another World was released in April 1951. By the end of that year, the film had accrued $1,950,000 in distributors' domestic (U.S. and Canada) rentals, making it the year's 46th biggest earner, beating all other science fiction films released that year, including The Day the Earth Stood Still and When Worlds Collide.Bosley Crowther in The New York Times observed, \"Taking a fantastic notion (or is it, really?), Mr. Hawks has developed a movie that is generous with thrills and chills…Adults and children can have a lot of old-fashioned movie fun at 'The Thing', but parents should understand their children and think twice before letting them see this film if their emotions are not properly conditioned\". \"Gene\" in Variety complained that the film \"lacks genuine entertainment values\". More than 20 years after its theatrical release, science fiction editor and publisher Lester del Rey compared the film unfavorably to the source material, calling it \"just another monster epic, totally lacking in the force and tension of the original story\". Isaac Asimov thought it to be one of the worst movies he had ever seen. For his part, Campbell acknowledged that an adaptation would have to change elements from the original, which he considered too scary for most audience members, and hoped that at least the movie would succeed in getting people interested in science fiction.The film is now considered to be one of the best films of 1951 and one of the great science fiction films of the 1950s. It garnered an 86% \"Fresh\" rating at the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 65 reviews, with the consensus that the film \"is better than most flying saucer movies, thanks to well-drawn characters and concise, tense plotting\". In 2001, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film \"culturally significant\" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. Additionally, Time magazine named The Thing from Another World \"the greatest 1950s sci-fi movie\".American Film Institute listsAFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – #87Critical analysisSome critics have interpreted The Thing from Another World to contain commentary on the threat of Communism in America during the Cold War. Program notes from a Cinema Texas screening of the film stated that \"The film is seen as being symbolic of McCarthyism and the fight against communism on the home front.\"Film critic Roger Ebert wrote about The Thing from Another World in a 1982 review of the John Carpenter film, The Thing, stating \"The Two 1950's versions ... (The Thing from Another World and Invasion of the Body Snatchers) were seen at the time as fables based on McCarthyism; communists, like victims of The Thing, looked, sounded, and acted like your best friend, but they were infected with a deadly secret.\" Film critic Nick Schager also wrote on the films' themes, stating \"An early remark by one military official concerning the burgeoning Soviet presence in the North Pole reinforces the Thing's allegorical status as communist 'other' (one can deduce that Hendry fears the creature not only because it's emotionless and sexless, but also godless).\"Related productionsIn 1972, director Eugenio Martín and producer Bernard Gordon made Horror Express, a Spanish-British co-production that serves as a second, looser adaptation of Campbell's novella.In 1980, Fantasy Newsletter reported that Wilbur Stark had bought the rights to several old RKO Pictures fantasy films, intending to remake them, and suggested the most significant of these purchases was The Thing From Another World. This soon led to the making of a more faithful, though initially poorly received, adaptation of Campbell's story, directed by John Carpenter, released in 1982 under the title The Thing, with Stark as executive producer. It paid homage to the 1951 film by using the same \"slow burning letters through background\" opening title sequence. Carpenter's earlier film, Halloween (1978), also paid homage when the protagonist is shown watching The Thing from Another World on television.A colorized version of the original film was released in 1989 on VHS by Turner Home Entertainment; it was billed as an \"RKO Color Classic\".See also1951 in filmList of films featuring extraterrestrialsNotesPassage 4:Sheila AmosSheila Amos (July 27, 1946 – July 11, 2010) was an American film editor notable for her work on the shows Cheers and Frasier, and on the film The Thing About My Folks.Amos was nominated for two Primetime Emmys during her career.DeathAmos died on July 11, 2010, in New York City from leukaemia at the age of 63.FilmographyThe Thing About My Folks (2005)External linksSheila Amos at IMDbPassage 5:The Thing About My FolksThe Thing About My Folks is a 2005 American drama film directed by Raymond De Felitta and starring  Peter Falk, Paul Reiser, and Olympia Dukakis. The screenplay by Paul Reiser focuses on the effect a terminal illness has on the marriage of an aging couple and their adult children.PlotWhen Muriel Kleinman unexpectedly leaves her husband Sam, their three daughters Linda, Hillary, Bonnie, and daughter-in-law Rachel set about trying to find her while Sam and his son Ben spend a day in the country inspecting property Ben and his wife are considering buying. The journey evolves into an extended road trip in a restored 1940 Ford Deluxe coupe convertible Sam buys when Ben's car crashes. As time passes, the two men fish, drink, and play pool while discussing the past and reestablishing their relationship.Ben learns Muriel went on vacation, but after enjoying a leisurely day by herself, began to experience blackouts. The doctors give her six months to live, and Muriel and Sam begin to mend a marriage Sam never realized was deteriorating. She lives through the summer, and Ben realizes he has never seen his parents happier in his life. When Muriel dies, Sam moves in with Ben and his family, and they enjoy life together until Sam himself passes away. Ben and Rachel have another child and name him Martin Samuel Kleinman to honor his parents, whose gravestone bears the Hebrew inscription \"\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\" (\"What is mine is yours and what is yours is mine\"), testifying to the truly giving and compassionate relationship Ben's parents had with each other.CastPeter Falk as Sam KleinmanPaul Reiser as Ben KleinmanOlympia Dukakis as Muriel KleinmanElizabeth Perkins as Rachel KleinmanAnn Dowd as LindaKevin Cahoon as Perky WaiterClaire Beckman as HillaryMimi Lieber as BonnieJerry Seinfeld as himselfProductionThe film was shot on location in Minnesota.The film premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival in June 2005 and went into limited release in the US on September 16, 2005. It grossed $235,341 on 93 screens on its opening weekend and eventually earned $816,403 in the US and $6,934 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $823,337.Critical receptionRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, \"One of the nice things about my job is that I get to enjoy the good parts in movies that aren't really necessary to see. The Thing About My Folks travels familiar movie territory...but we discover once again what a warm and engaging actor Peter Falk is. I can't recommend the movie, but I can be grateful that I saw it, for Falk.\"Ned Martel of The New York Times said, \"As the crotchety paterfamilias, Peter Falk is convincingly grating, and for a few moments heroic, as he makes his character, Sam Kleinman, into someone the son need not complain about so much. Despite the grumpy, flatulent behavior the script demands of him, Mr. Falk rises above the treacly shenanigans.\"Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times graded the film B− and commented, \"Nothing surprises in The Thing About My Folks except how effective such timeworn material can be when the right people deliver it. The movie contains little that we haven't seen before, but charm can make anything seem a bit fresher. Most credit goes to Peter Falk . . . [who] doesn't merely carry [the film]; he bravely totes it over a mountain of clichés like one of Hannibal's elephants . . . somehow this derivative, predictable story works, probably because of Falk's unforced determination to make that happen.\"Robert Koehler of Variety called the film \"good-natured but only memorable as a platform for the amusingly feisty Peter Falk\" and added, \"Pic belongs more to Reiser than to director Raymond De Felitta, who allows the extremely talky script to go on uncut and covers the chatter with an excess of TV-style tracking close-ups.\"Awards and nominationsPeter Falk tied with Josh Hartnett (Lucky Number Slevin) for Best Actor honors at the Milan International Film Festival. The National Board of Review cited the film for Excellence In Filmmaking.Passage 6:MorchhaMorchha (transliteration: Front/Position) is a 1980 film produced for Gopikrishna Global Entertainers by Rakesh and directed by Ravikant Nagaich. This action drama casts Ravi Behl, Aruna Irani, Chandrashekhar, Jagdeep, Jayshree T., Mac Mohan, Shakti Kapoor, Suresh Oberoi.Ravi Behl made his acting debut with a smaller role in  this movie.CastRavi BehlAruna IraniAmmi MahendraAnitaChandrashekharGaneshJagdeepJayshree T.Mac MohanKajal Kiran as Guest appearance as the dancer in \"Ab Ki Baras Bada Juliam Hua\"MahindramMala "}
{"doc_id":"doc_260","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dan MilneDan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders.CareerHe started his career in 1996 and made an appearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poet in Ina Land of Plenty. He then appeared in EastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband.As a member of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which toured internationally,culminating in a Broadway run at the New Victory Theater. Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, including Two Men Talking, which has run for the past six years in various citiesacross the world. In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms in the children's show, Postman Pat.Passage 2:Arindam SilArindam Sil (born March 12, 1964) is an Indian actor, film director andline producer who predominantly works in Bengali films..Early lifeSil was born on 12 March 1964 in North Calcutta to a traditional joint family. He was a student of St. Joseph's College, Calcutta, and St. Xavier's College,Kolkata, from where he passed ICSE, ISC & B Com (Hons) examinations. He then pursued M.B.A. in marketing from the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management at the University of Calcutta. He gaveup his PhD at USA to pursue his interest in becoming an actor. In 2012 he directed a movie Aborto. Sil and his company, Nothing Beyond Cinema, has managed the line-production of films like The Bong Connection, ViaDarjeeling, 033, Brake Fail, Shukno Lanka, Nobel Chor, Kahaani, Detective Byomkesh Bakshi, TE3N, Meri Pyari Bindu', among others.FilmographyDirectorActorAfghaani Snow (2023)Sada Ronger Prithibi (2023)ShabashFeluda (2023)Lost (2023)Tirandaj Shabor (2022)Mahananda (2022)Bhalo Meye Kharap Meye (2019)Durgeshgorer Guptodhon (2019)Finally Bhalobasha (2019)Guptodhoner Sondhane (2018)Eagoler Chokh (2016)(cameo)Har Har Byomkesh (2015) (cameo)Shudhu Tomari Jonyo (2015) Nayantara's FatherBuno Haansh (2014)Kaal Madhumas (2013)Target Kolkata (2013)Asbo Aar Ekdin (2012)Laptop (2012) Raya's FatherNobelChor (2012)Arekti Premer Golpo (2010)Ekti Tarar Khonje (2010)Sob Choritro Kalponik (2009)Brake Fail (2009)Via Darjeeling (2008)Tolly Lights (2008)Chalo Let's Go (2008)Bow Barracks Forever (2007)The BongConnection (2007)Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005)Dwitio Paksha (2004)Mahulbanir Sereng (2004)Annadaata (2002)Debdas (2002)Moner Majhe Tumi (2002)Cancer (2001)Hey Ram(2000)Shesh Thikana (2000)Sankha Sindurer Dibyi (1999)Shatru Mitra (1999)Swapno Niye (1999)Tumi Ele Taai (1999)Executive producerMeri Pyaari Bindu (2017)Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh (2016)Te3n(2016)Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!Gunday (2014)Kahaani (2012)Nobel Chor (2012)Shukno Lanka (2010)033 (2010)Brake Fail (2009)Via Darjeeling (2008)The Bong Connection (2007)See alsoPijush GangulyParanBandopadhyayPassage 3:Circle of DeceptionCircle of Deception is a 1960 CinemaScope British war film directed by Jack Lee and starring Bradford Dillman, Suzy Parker and Harry Andrews.PlotA Canadian officer is senton a secret and dangerous mission during World War II. His superior officers deceptively give him false information about the planned invasion of 1944. He is told that this secret information must not get into enemyhands. He is transported into occupied territory in a way that insures he will be captured. He resists torture, but finally tells all.  The Germans are misled and the Normandy landings succeed. The Canadian officer is nowa broken man.CastBradford Dillman as Captain Paul RaineSuzy Parker as Lucy BowenHarry Andrews as Captain Thomas RawsonRobert Stephens as Captain SteinPaul Rogers as Major William SpenceJohn Welsh as MajorTaylorRonald Allen as Jim AbelsonA. J. Brown as Frank BowenMartin Boddey as Henry CrowCharles Lloyd-Pack as AyresJacques Cey as CureJohn Dearth as Captain OrmrodNorman Coburn as CarterHennie Scott as SmallboyRichard Marner as German colonelWalter Gotell as Phoney Jules BallardPassage 4:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. He directed the AcademyAward-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes fourepisodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring JaneFonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for the television showsThe Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for fourmore. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award –Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Award in the category forOutstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse,along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild ofAmerica.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorcedin 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USCand continues to work on screen plays and other projects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life (TV Movie)(1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)The Car (1977)Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening (1967)CatBallou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series) (1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series)(1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)Have Gun - Will Travel (TVSeries) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series)(1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 5:Victor OstrovskyVictor John Ostrovsky (born 28 November 1949) is an author and a former katsa (case officer) for the Israeli Mossad. He authored two nonfiction booksabout his service with the Mossad: By Way of Deception, a #1 New York Times bestseller in 1990, and The Other Side of Deception several years later.FamilyOstrovsky's mother, a gymnastics teacher by trade, was bornin Mandatory Palestine to Haim and Esther Margolin, (his grandparents) who fled Russia in 1912 and settled in Palestine where Haim served as Auditor General of the Jewish National Fund (JNF), and Esther volunteeredto the British Army (ATS), as truck driver during World War II, and later joined the Haganah to fight for Israel's independence from the British mandate rule.Ostrovsky's father was a Canadian-born Jew who served withthe Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II as a tail gunner on a Lancaster bomber, taking part in more than 20  missions over Germany. His plane was shot down over Germany, but he managed to escape andreturn to active service. After the war, he joined the Israeli military to fight in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, rising to command Sde Dov, an Israeli Air Force base in Israel.Early lifeHe was born in Edmonton, Alberta,Canada, on 28 November 1949, and he moved to Israel at the age of five.CareerOstrovsky joined the Israeli Youth Brigade at 14 and quickly became an expert marksman, finishing second in a 1964 national shootingcompetition, with a score of 192 out of 200. At the age of 17, he joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) after a minor eye condition ended his hopes of becoming a pilot. He was assigned to the Military Police and rose tocommand the Nablus Military Police Base. Later, he was made commanding officer of the Military Police West Bank Central Command.After his service with the Military Police, he spent six years in the Israeli Navy. Hewas selected to attend the Staff and Command School and attained the rank of Lieutenant Commander. Ostrovsky was placed in charge of all Navy weapons testing. He helped introduce the Harpoon surface-to-surfacemissile to the Saar missile boats as well as the Vulcan Phalanx anti-missile defense system.According to court papers filed by the Israeli government in an attempt to stop the publication of his book By Way ofDeception, Ostrovsky was recruited by the Mossad in 1984 and trained as a katsa (case officer) at the Mossad's training school north of Tel Aviv.In 1986, he says that he left the agency saying it was because of what heconsidered cases of unnecessarily-malicious actions by Mossad operatives. He also accused its directors of knowingly making less-than-accurate reports to the nation's political leadership. However, historian BennyMorris states that Ostrovsky's two years in the Mossad were mostly spent as a trainee, and he wouldn't have had access to many operational secrets before he was fired.His wife, Bella Ostrovsky, died on January 8,2015, at 65.He operated Ostrovsky Fine Art Gallery in Scottsdale, Arizona. While he has painted many subjects, he is best known for his Metaphors of Espionage collection, inspired by his days as a spy for theMossad.By Way of DeceptionIn 1990, he published By Way of Deception to draw attention to the corruption and shortcomings that he claims to have witnessed in the Mossad. He has repeatedly argued thatintelligence-gathering agencies must be permitted certain operational freedoms but that significantly-increased governmental oversight of espionage activities is necessary.Without effective oversight, he has said thatthe Mossad cannot achieve its full potential and value. According to Ostrovsky, if a US senator on a military committee whose \"aide was Jewish, he or she would be approached as a sayan,\" which Ostrovsky later definesas \"a volunteer Jewish helper outside Israel\" who would then assist Mossad. Of the Israeli spy network in the United States, David Wise wrote in his New York Times review that \"both countries know that Israel has spiedon the United States for years\" and that from publicly known instances, the \"general assertion can hardly be challenged.\"Many of Ostrovsky's claims have neither been verified from other sources nor been refuted, andarguments continue to rage over the credibility of his accounts. However, he was named in a lawsuit by the Israeli government, which claimed that he was part of the Mossad. Critics such as Benny Morris, have arguedthat the book is essentially a novel; or in the case of David Wise, that much of it reads like  a \"supermarket tabloid,\" and that a case officer would not have had access to so many operational secrets. They write thatintelligence organizations practice strict compartmentalization of confidential or secretive information. Ostrovsky argued their point to be moot, as they themselves are outsiders and that the only information about theMossad they have is from their supposed \"sources\" in the agency with a very clear agenda. Ostrovsky also points out that the need-to-know rule was not closely followed in the Mossad because of its small size and theneed for case officers to fill many roles.Shortly before the official publication of the book, the Israeli government filed lawsuits in both Canada and the United States, seeking injunctions against publication. A judge forthe Manhattan Supreme Court granted the request at a 1 a.m. hearing in his home. The New York Supreme Court overturned his decision, but the resulting publicity focused national attention on Ostrovsky's story andguaranteed international success.Concerns were expressed by the Israeli government that by exposing certain prior operations, the book endangered the lives of agency personnel. Ostrovsky maintains that he neverplaced anyone in danger because only first names or code names were used. Furthermore, Ostrovsky says the Mossad was privately allowed to see the book before publication to ensure that lives were not placed indanger.The Other Side of DeceptionHe wrote a sequel, The Other Side of Deception, in which he gives more anecdotes and defends his earlier work with a list of newspaper articlesWorksBooksBy Way of Deception(1990)Lion of Judah (1993)The Other Side of Deception (1995)Black Ghosts (1999)Articles (partial)Bungled Amman Assassination Plot Exposes Rift Within Israeli Government Over Peace Negotiations WashingtonReport on Middle East Affairs, December 1997, Pages 7–8, 92Israel's \"False Information Affair\" Sheds New Light On Troubled Israeli and U.S. Relations With Syria WRMEA, January/February 1998, Pages 13–14At Age50, Israel Should Admit Its Responsibility to Jonathan Pollard, WRMEA, May/June 1998, Page 45Israeli Finger on the Nuclear Trigger Could Turn the Next Israeli-Arab War Into a Conflagration, WRMEA, December 1998,pages 48, 92Crash of Cargo Plane in Holland Revealed Existence of Israeli Chemical and Biological Weapons Plant, WRMEA, December 1998, pages 19–20Combat Units Manned by West Bank Settlers Puts Trojan HorseWithin the Future Palestinian State, WRMEA, January/February 1999, pages 26, 94The Israeli-Palestinian Summit: A Reality Check, WRMEA, August/September 2000, Page 13Passage 6:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the SkyAtlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born andraised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed thesecond and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)TheInbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBCComedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 7:Thomas HubbardSumnerThomas Hubbard Sumner (20 March 1807 – 9 March 1876) was a sea captain during the 19th century. He is best known for developing the celestial navigation method known as the Sumner line or circle of equalaltitude.BiographyThomas Hubbard Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts on March 20, 1807, the son of Thomas Waldron Sumner, an architect, and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hubbard, of WestonMassachusetts. Sumner was one of eleven children, four of whom died young. Of the seven that survived he was the only son.: 49–50 He entered Harvard University at age fifteen, graduating in 1826.: 96 Shortly aftergraduating, he married and ran off to New York with a woman with whom he had become entangled but the marriage was short-lived and they were divorced three years later.  He then enrolled as a common sailor on aship engaged in the China trade and within eight years he had risen to the rank of captain and was master of his own ship. On March 10, 1834 he married Selina Christiana Malcolm, of Connecticut and between 1835and 1848 together they had six children, two of whom died in their infancy.: 96 On November 25, 1837, Sumner sailed from Charleston, South Carolina, bound for Greenock, Scotland, and it was during that voyage,while entering Saint George's Channel and the Irish Sea, that he discovered the principle upon which his new method of navigation was based. He took some years to perfect it and published it as book in 1843.Shortlyafter that his mind began to fail and in 1850 he was committed to the McLean Asylum in Boston. His state gradually deteriorated and in 1865 he was committed to the Lunatic Hospital at Taunton, Massachusetts, wherehe died in 1876 at the age of 69.DiscoveryHe discovered the (later so-called) line of position or circle of equal altitude, which he named \"parallel of equal altitude\" on a voyage from South Carolina to Greenock inScotland in 1837. On December 17, 1837, as he was nearing the coast of Wales, he was uncertain of his position after several days of cloudy weather and no sights.  A momentary opening in the clouds allowed him totake a sight of the sun which he reduced with his estimated latitude. Measuring the longitude depended on knowing the time, from his chronometer, and the latitude accurately. Being uncertain about the latitude hereduced the sight again using 10' greater and 20' greater latitude, plotted the longitude for each one, and he observed that all three resulting positions were located on a line which also happened to pass through SmallsLighthouse (off the coast of Pembrokeshire in Wales).: 37–39 : 56 He reasoned that he must be located somewhere on that line and that if he set course E.N.E. along the line he should eventually sight the Smalls Lightwhich, in fact he did, in less than an hour. He realized that a single observation of the altitude of a celestial body at a known time determines the position of a line somewhere on which the observer is located. The line ofequal altitude is actually a circle, centered on the point on the globe at which the sun (in the case of a solar observation) is directly overhead, the subsolar point. As the circle has a radius of thousands of miles, asegment a few tens of miles long closely approximates a straight line.: 449–453 Sumner published his findings six years later in 1843 and this method of resolving a sight for two different latitudes and drawing a \"line ofposition\" through the two positions obtained was an important development in celestial navigation. The method was quickly recognized as important and a copy of the pamphlet describing the method was supplied toevery ship in the United States Navy.NamesakesThe crater Sumner, and the nearby crater chain Catena Sumner, on the far side of the Moon, are named after him.Two survey ships of the United States Navy (USN), theUSS Sumner (AGS-5) and USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61), were named in honour of Sumner. Note that two other Sumner's of the USN, the USS Sumner (DD-333) and the USS Allen M. Sumner (DD-692), were named forUnited States Marine Corps Captain Allen Melancthon Sumner, who died in action in World War I.Passage 8:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVNAward – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 9:Ebar ShaborEbar Shabor (Bengali: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000; lit. Now It's the hunter) is a 2015 Indian Bengali-language mystery-thriller filmbased on the detective story \"Rwin\" (\u0000\u0000) by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay. The film is directed by Tollywood line producer Arindam Sil, and produced by Reliance Entertainment and Mundus Services. This is the firstinstallment of Goenda Shabor film series. This is the second directorial venture of the master film director after the blockbuster AbortoThe film is based on the investigation of the murder of Mitali Ghosh (SwastikaMukherjee). What follows is a revelation of certain shameful truths that are prevalent in the life of a typical high society person. The film released on 2 January 2015.PlotA police detective Shabor Dasgupta (Saswata"}
{"doc_id":"doc_261","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mason of the MountedMason of the Mounted is a 1932 American pre-Code Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser. It was the fourth Monogram Pictures eight-film Western film series \"the Bill and Andyseries\" with Bill Cody co-starring with child actor Andy Shuford.PlotNorth-West Mounted Police Constable Bill Mason and two other Mounties are chasing a murderer who shoots and wounds one of them. When themurderer has entered the United States, Bill Mason goes undercover to get his man and bring him back to Canada for justice.  He finds that the murderer, now calling himself Calhoun is leading a group of rustlers.Without knowing his true identity, the locals have Mason elected as the head of a vigilante committee to stop the rustling.CastBill Cody as Bill MasonAndy Shuford as Andy Talbot, Luke's NephewNancy Drexel as MarionKirbyLeRoy Mason as CalhounJack Carlyle as Luke Kirby, Marion's FatherJames A. Marcus as MarshalArt Smith as R.N.W.M.P, OfficerExternal linksMason of the Mounted at IMDbMason of the Mounted is available for freeviewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 2:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-daytelling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic Clash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director diedin 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlène Delcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban as CorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as lecollectionneurAgnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la têteThomas Smith as ThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Le masque de la Méduse. Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hourshort, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, LeViol du Vampire.  The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. Itwas shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.ReleaseThe film was not released theatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition ofthe Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse. As part of \"An Evening with Jean Rollin\", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges.Home mediaNo official DVDwas released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume 1.Passage 3:Code of the MountedThe Code of theMounted is a 1935 American drama film directed by Sam Newfield from a screenplay by Milton Raison.  The film stars Kermit Maynard, Robert Warwick, and Jim Thorpe.CastPlotRaoul Marlin kills a fur trapper, and iscaptured and imprisoned by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.  Snaky, a member of his gang, kills the two Mounties guarding him, and helps him escape, but another Mountie, Jim Wilson, tracks him downand recaptures him. However, as they are making their way back to jail, more members of the gang Marlin belongs to, including the gang's leader, Jean, waylay them and free Marlin once again. Wilson and his partner,Rogers, begin tracking the gang down. The trail leads them to a general store which is owned by Duval, who is Jean's second-in-command, as well as being in love with her. Wilson hatches a plan to go undercover andimpersonate a notorious thief and murderer, Benet.  When he gets to the store, he witnesses Duval kill an Indian, when the Indian refuses to sell his furs for fifty cents each. Jean tells him to get out of there, but Wilsongives her his story of being Benet, and wanting to partner with her and split the black market in the region with her. Wilson's cover is further bolstered when Rogers begins spreading a \"rumor\" around town that Wilsonis Benet.  After spreading the rumor, Rogers leaves to go get more Mounties to help break up the gang. Duval, jealous of the attention Jean is bestowing on Wilson/Benet, as well as being upset over being shut out oftheir deal, begins to dig into Benet's history.  At the newspaper office, he finds out that the real Benet had been hung a short time earlier.  He takes the newspaper article to Jean, who is furious, and gathers her gang togo after Wilson. Just as they are about to hunt Wilson down, Rogers and the others Mounties arrive. Most of the gang is arrested, but Jean and Marlin escape.  Wilson takes out after the two.  As he catches up withthem, Marlin gets a bead on him, but is shot and killed by Jean, who has developed feelings for Wilson. In exchange, Wilson lets Jean escape.ProductionThis was the fifth production of a work by James Oliver Curwoodstarring Kermit Maynard.  It went into production on May 9, 1935, directed by Sam Neufeld.  It was scheduled for a June 8 release, and opened on time.ReceptionThe Film Daily gave it a positive review, calling it an\"outdoor action story with better than usual attention to general production details\".  They complimented the scenery, Maynard's roping and riding skills, and felt it had enough action throughout, but went \"slightlyoverboard on dialogue and gunplay\".  The felt the direction was good, and the cinematography excellent.  In a brief review, the Motion Picture Herald gave it a lukewarm review, saying that the film was \"fair\", but thecinematography was \"excellent\", and Maynard's performance was \"well-liked\".Passage 4:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder andstarring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgiansailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle'sbrother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the barand also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders hisaccomplice Vic by slitting his throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playinga game of chance with all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that\"That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" to Robert, who won his dice game,the brothers end up in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexuallyassaulting him.  Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love withGil, who closely resembles his brother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior,Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to adrunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl asRobert / GilGünther Kaufmann as NonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert vanAckeren as Drunken legionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by WernerSchroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including JohnSchlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took the linear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotes Schidor as saying\"Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was asort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots,but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, \"Everything is bathed in an artificial light and thearchitectural elements are all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each Man Kills the Things He Loves\" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\"(Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its releasein Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57%calculated based on 14 critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted thatQuerelle was \"a mess...a detour that leads to a dead end.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibilityto come from a major filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it \"visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose.\" Genet, in discussion with Schidor, saidthat he had not seen the film, commenting \"You can't smoke at the movies.\"Passage 5:Thulasi (1987 film)Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ameerjan. The film stars Murali andSeetha. It was released on 27 November 1987.PlotThirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheist and he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham andPonni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully. Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner forSiva.Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference. Sammadham then challenges him to marry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni isfound dead the next day in the water. In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi.CastMurali as Sivalingam \"Siva\"Seetha as ThulasiChandrasekhar asSammadhamMajor Sundarrajan as ThirunavukarasuSenthilCharle as KhanThara as PonniMohanapriya as SarasuVathiyar RamanA. K. Veerasamy as KaliyappanSoundtrackThe music was composed by Sampath Selvam,with lyrics written by Vairamuthu.ReceptionThe Indian Express gave a negative review calling it \"thwarted love\".Passage 6:Richard StantonRichard Stanton (October 8, 1876 – May 22, 1956) was an American actor anddirector of the silent era. He appeared in 68 films between 1911 and 1916. He also directed 57 films between 1914 and 1925. He was born in Iowa and died in Los Angeles, California.Stanton was described as a\"handsome, musical fellow\", but was also a capable pugilist, demonstrating his boxing skills to two other fighters he worked with in a film.Selected filmographyIn the Secret Service (1913)The Wasp (1915)Graft(1915)The Yankee Way (1917)One Touch of Sin (1917)The Spy (1917)Cheating the Public (1918)Rough and Ready (1918)Bride 13 (1920)The Face at Your Window (1920)McGuire of the Mounted (1923)American Pluck(1925)Passage 7:Joseph HenaberyJoseph Henabery (January 15, 1888 – February 18, 1976) of Omaha, Nebraska, was a film actor, screenplay writer, and director in the United States. He is best known for his portrayalof Abraham Lincoln in D.W. Griffith's controversial 1915 silent historical epic The Birth of a Nation.Early yearsHenabery was born in Omaha and raised in Los Angeles. He began acting as an amateur in California. Beforehe worked in films, Henabery worked for the San Pedro, Los Angeles, Salt Lake Railroad. When he was 25 years old, he became an extra for Universal Pictures.CareerHenabery's acting career began in The Joke onYellentown (1914).  From 1914 to 1917 he appeared in seventeen films, including his portrayal of Lincoln in The Birth of a Nation.Henabery also worked as a second-unit director on Griffith's Intolerance (1916), andsupervised the filming of at least one extended sequence that appeared in the film. Henabery also acted as Admiral de Coligny in the Renaissance French portion of the film depicting the St. Bartholomew's Daymassacre. Throughout the rest of his career, he worked as a director. From the mid-1920s, and after professional disagreements with both Louis B. Mayer at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Adolph Zukor at ParamountPictures, Henabery found employment as a director for smaller Hollywood studios. In 1931 he joined the Vitaphone studio in New York City, where he directed dozens of short subjects for the next 10 years. Most ofthem were musicals and comedies, featuring a host of popular singers in 20-minute sketches. Henabery remained with Vitaphone until the New York studio closed in 1940.Henabery made documentaries and trainingfilms as a member of the Army Signal Corps.As Abraham LincolnAlthough Henabery's impersonation of Lincoln was a masterpiece of facial makeup, the 6'1\" (185 cm) Henabery was three inches shorter than the 6'4\"(193 cm) Lincoln. Kevin Brownlow's book The Parade's Gone By (1968) contains a photo of Henabery in costume and makeup as Lincoln, seated in a chair with planks placed on the floor under Henabery's feet so thathis knees are raised several inches; this effect (with the planks kept off-camera in the movie) made Henabery's legs appear longer than they actually were.Personal life and deathHenabery and his wife, Lilian, had adaughter and a son. Henabery died on February 18, 1976, aged 88, at the Motion Picture Country House in Los Angeles, California.FilmographyDirectorActorThe Race War (1915) with Bessie BuskirkPassage 8:McGuireof the MountedMcGuire of the Mounted is a 1923 American crime film directed by Richard Stanton and written by George Hively. The film stars William Desmond, Louise Lorraine, Willard Louis, Vera James, J. P.Lockney, and William Lowery. The film was released on July 9, 1923, by Universal Pictures.PlotAs described in a film magazine, Old André Montreau (Lockney), who runs a little ferry across and down a large stream inthe Canadian woods, is found seriously wounded by Bob McGuire (Desmond), a member of the Northwest Mounted Police, and an old-time friend of the guide and his daughter, Julie (Lorraine). Andre tells him that hedoes not know who his assailant was, but describes him as best he can. Later McGuire and Julie become engaged and the old man dies from the effects of the wounds. Bill Lusk (Louis), the proprietor of the villagesaloon and dance hall, is in league with Decker (Johnson), who is engaged in smuggling dope over the border. They find that McGuire is on to them and plot to make him one of them so that they can continue theirtraffic unhampered. Katie (James), who Decker has in his power because of certain knowledge he possesses, is forced to put some drug in McGuire's punch while he is at the ball held that night in honor of the new wife(Browne) of Major Cordwell's (Lowery), who has just arrived. When McGuire wakes the next morning, he is horror-struck to learn that he is married to Katie. Katie finally comes to love McGuire, though he can never findit in him to forget his Julie. She refuses to carry on any further with the plans of Lusk and Decker, so they plan a new way of getting McGuire. They tell Katie that he is in love with Major Cordwell's wife and are ready toprove it if she will invite her to her house. They also tell the major to be present. As they had expected, the Major comes in while McGuire and Mrs. Cordwell are in a perfectly innocent, though somewhat compromisingattitude. A fight ensues and Lusk, watching from the outside, fires his gun and kills the major. McGuire is accused and runs to Julie for refuge. Running back to the hotel after seeing the major killed, Katie is made aprisoner by Lusk and Henri while they prepare to make a getaway. In her attempts to free herself Katie overturns a lamp and starts a fire which threatens to destroy the place. One of McGuire's brothers in the service issent out to bring him in and on the way back to the village they are told that the hotel is burning and that Katie is locked in. McGuire saves the girl. She is fatally burned, however, but before dying tells who the guiltyparty is.CastPreservationWith no prints of McGuire of the Mounted located in any film archives, it is a lost film.Passage 9:McKenna of the MountedMcKenna of the Mounted is a 1932 American pre-Code Western filmdirected by D. Ross Lederman. A print is housed in the Library of Congress collection.CastBuck Jones as Sergeant Tom McKennaGreta Granstedt as Shirley KennedyWalter McGrail as Inspector Oliver P. LoganMitchellLewis as Henchman PierreNiles Welch as MorganRalph Lewis as KennedyJames Flavin as Corporal Randall McKennaJohn Lowell as Man at MeetingPassage 10:The Man UnconquerableThe Man Unconquerable is a 1922American silent drama film directed by Joseph Henabery and written by Julien Josephson and Hamilton Smith. The film stars Jack Holt, Sylvia Breamer, Clarence Burton, Anne Schaefer, Jean De Briac, and EdwinStevens. The film was released on July 2, 1922, by Paramount Pictures.PlotSilent Era describes the film as a South Seas drama.From a newspaper story of the era: \"The police force of the island in question is limited tothree men of assorted uniforms and arms, who would rather do anything than face danger. Many parts of the world are no better policed and the comparative freedom from fear of punishment makes these gentry boldand aggressive. Jack Holt, in the role of Robert Kendall, shows how a man who believes that the same conditions of comparative honesty and freedom from danger obtain on the island as elsewhere, and finds himselfmistaken, runs into a situation where he has to take the law into his own hands. When out in one of his boats, he provides himself with a machine gun and in one encounter with pearl pirates, sinks their schooner whenthey try to drive him away from his own pearl concession.\"CastJack Holt as Robert KendallSylvia Breamer as Rita DurandClarence Burton as NilssonAnne Schaefer as DuennaJean De Briac as PerrierEdwin Stevens asMichaelsWillard Louis as Governor of PapeeteFilming troublesFrom a period newspaper:\"Famous Plea Fruitless.\"Don't give up the ship.\"This time this was not the appeal of the famous Perry, but Clarence Burton'sinstructions, and he found them difficult to carry out, especially when the ship gave him up-by sinking. Burton, together with a gang of men who took the parts of pearl divers, was in command of a pearling tug in the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_262","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paolo Delle PianePaolo Delle Piane (born 1 May 1964 in Bologna) is a retired Italian racing driver.See alsoMotorsport in ItalyPassage 2:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African bornfirst-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, butreturned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named inthe Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, hewas selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 3:Carlo CicalaCarlo Cicala orCarlo Cicada was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Albenga (1554–1572).).BiographyOn 30 March 1554, Carlo Cicala was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius III as Bishop of Albenga. He servedas Bishop of Albenga until his resignation in 1572.Episcopal successionWhile bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:Benedetto Lomellini, Bishop of Ventimiglia (1565);Filippo Spinola, Bishop of Bisignano (1566);andLuca Fieschi, Bishop of Andria (1566).Passage 4:Bronisław DembowskiBronisław Dembowski (2 October 1927 – 16 November 2019) was a Polish Catholic bishop.Dembowski was born in Poland and was ordained tothe priesthood in 1953. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Włocławek, Poland, from 1992 to 2003.== Notes ==Passage 5:Carlo Delle PianeCarlo Delle Piane (2 February 1936 – 23 August 2019) was an Italianfilm actor. From 1948 until his death, he appeared in more than 100 films.Born in Rome, Delle Piane made his debut at the age of twelve in Duilio Coletti's Heart; he starred in the stereotypical role of an arrogant butbasically kind-hearted boy in many films until the mid-fifties. The turning point of his career was the encounter with Pupi Avati, with whom Delle Piane experienced more significant and varied roles, going from comicsurreal performances to melancholic and even dramatic shades.In 1984, he won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor for his performance in Una gita scolastica. For his role in Regalo di Natale he won the Volpi Cup at the43rd Venice International Film Festival.Selected filmographyPassage 6:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor ofAfricana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics,democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. andPh.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist andeditor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the AfricanAmerican and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute andthe Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and EthnicPolitics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)Inaddition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 7:Carlo CesioCarlo Cesio or Carlo Cesi (17 April 1622– 6January 1682) was a Baroque-style painter and engraver of the Roman school.BiographyCesio was born in 1622 at Antrodoco in the present Province of Rieti, then part of the Roman States. He was brought up at Rome,in the school of Pietro da Cortona, and was employed in several prominent public works during the pontificate of Alexander VII. He painted historical subjects. He died in 1686 at Rieti.In the Quirinal, he painted TheJudgment of Solomon, and others of his works are in Santa Maria Maggiore and in the Rotunda. Carlo Cesio was also an engraver of some eminence; we have by him several plates after the Italian painters of his time.His plates are etched and finished off with the graver, in a free, masterly style.Among his works as an engraver:The Virgin and Infant Jesus with St. John; half-length.St. Andrew led to Martyrdom, prostrating himselfbefore the Cross; after Guido.The Frontispiece to the book entitled Discorsi della Musica.Sixteen plates from the Pamphili Gallery; after Pietro da Cortona.Forty-one plates (1657) of the Farnese Gallery; after AnnibaleCarracci.Eight plates of the Buongiovanni Chapel in the church of St. Augustine at Rome; after Lanfranco.A book of anatomical drawings, published posthumously in German: L'anatomia dei pittori del signore CarloCesioPassage 8:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset CountyCricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London andbrought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey'sleading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at anaverage of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 ofSurrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece,while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of theCounty Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spinof Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played inalmost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championshipagain.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards oftheir craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47(Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141,which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runsin the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the sidefinished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langfordreturning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, hewas dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-seasonfriendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not becomepublic knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night atthe Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match atMidsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselvesagain\". As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"anembarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to bereinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles tocricket magazines.== Notes and references ==Passage 9:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Lifeand familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch.One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to QueenVictoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days aftergiving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.CricketcareerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was outwith the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match againstOtago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in someforceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury teamthat inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 10:HartleyLobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica.He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing forKidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play forthem, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of hisvictims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchangedthroughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only tworeally successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the firstinnings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender BomberWells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one moreSecond XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as ateacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters."}
{"doc_id":"doc_263","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played littlecricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. Hebegan playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invitedhim to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 notout) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowledunchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and hadonly two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in thefirst innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-enderBomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban playedone more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where heworked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony'sCollege, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently aPresidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations,identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from theUniversity of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwiworked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa:Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage3:Howard HawksHoward Winchester Hawks (May 30, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era. Critic Leonard Maltin called him \"the greatestAmerican director who is not a household name.\"  Roger Ebert called Hawks \"one of the greatest American directors of pure movies, and a hero of auteur critics because he found his own laconic values in so manydifferent kinds of genre material.\" He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for Sergeant York (1941) and earned the Honorary Academy Award in 1974.A versatile film director, Hawks explored manygenres such as comedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, war films, and westerns. His most popular films include Scarface (1932), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His GirlFriday (1940), To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World (1951), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), and Rio Bravo (1959). His frequent portrayals of strong,tough-talking female characters came to define the \"Hawksian woman\".Early life and backgroundHoward Winchester Hawks was born in Goshen, Indiana. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks(1865–1950), a wealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestorJohn Hawks had emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in the Midwest, due mostly to the highly profitableGoshen Milling Company.Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded in Neenah, Wisconsin, in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town's paper mill andother industrial endeavors. Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed by Kenneth Neil Hawks (August 12,1898 – January 2, 1930), William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, thefamily moved back to Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time in Pasadena, California, during thecold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910. The family settled in a house downthe street from Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the Hawks children began attending the school's Polytechnic Elementary School in 1907. Hawks was an average student and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 haddiscovered coaster racing, an early form of soapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, died suddenly of food poisoning. From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attended Pasadena High School. In 1912, the Hawksfamily moved to nearby Glendora, California, where Frank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora. During this time he worked as abarnstorming pilot.He was sent to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to the elite private school. Even though he was 17, he wasadmitted as a lower middleclassman, the equivalent of a sophomore. While in New England, Hawks often attended the theaters in nearby Boston. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from PasadenaHigh School that year. Skilled in tennis, by 18 years old, Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship. That same year, Hawks was accepted to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majored inmechanical engineering and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playing craps and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks wasalso known to be a voracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.While working in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer to StanfordUniversity. He returned to Cornell that September, leaving in April 1917 to join the Army when the United States entered World War I. He served as a lieutenant in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. During WorldWar I, he taught aviators to fly, and he used these experiences as influence for future aviation films such as The Dawn Patrol (1930). Like many college students who joined the armed services during the war, hereceived a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, he returned to Hollywood and, by the end of April 1917, was working on a Cecil B. DeMille film.CareerEntering films (1916–1925)HowardHawks's interest and passion for aviation led him to many important experiences and acquaintances. In 1916, Hawks met Victor Fleming, a Hollywood cinematographer who had been an auto mechanic and early aviator.Hawks had begun racing and working on a Mercer race car—bought for him by his grandfather C.W. Howard—during his 1916 summer vacation in California. He allegedly met Fleming when the two men raced on a dirttrack and caused an accident. This meeting led to Hawks's first job in the film industry, as a prop boy on the Douglas Fairbanks film In Again, Out Again (on which Fleming was employed as the cinematographer) forFamous Players–Lasky. According to Hawks, a new set needed to be built quickly when the studio's set designer was unavailable, so Hawks volunteered to do the job himself, much to Fairbanks's satisfaction. He wasnext employed as a prop boy and general assistant on an unspecified film directed by Cecil B. DeMille. (Hawks never named the film in later interviews, and DeMille made roughly five films in that time period). By theend of April 1917, Hawks was working on Cecil B. DeMille's The Little American. Hawks then worked on the Mary Pickford film The Little Princess, directed by Marshall Neilan. According to Hawks, Neilan did not show upto work one day, so the resourceful Hawks offered to direct a scene himself, to which Pickford consented.Hawks began directing at age 21 after he and cinematographer Charles Rosher filmed a double exposure dreamsequence with Mary Pickford. Hawks worked with Pickford and Neilan again on Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley before joining the United States Army Air Service. Hawks's military records were destroyed in the 1973Military Archive Fire, so the only account of his military service is his own. According to Hawks, he spent 15 weeks in basic training at the University of California in Berkeley where he was trained to be a squadroncommander in the air force. When Pickford visited Hawks at basic training, his superior officers were so impressed by the appearance of the celebrity that they promoted him to flight instructor and sent him to Texas toteach new recruits. Bored by this work, Hawks attempted to secure a transfer during the first half of 1918 and was eventually sent to Fort Monroe, Virginia. The Armistice was signed in November of that year, andHawks was discharged as a Second Lieutenant without having seen active duty.After the war, Hawks was eager to return to Hollywood. His brother Kenneth Hawks, who had also served in the Air Force, graduated fromYale University in 1919, and the two of them moved to Hollywood together to pursue their careers. They quickly made friends with Hollywood insider (and fellow Ivy Leaguer) Allan Dwan. Hawks landed his firstimportant job when he used his family's wealth to loan money to studio head Jack L. Warner. Warner quickly paid back the loan and hired Hawks as a producer to \"oversee\" the making of a new series of one-reelcomedies starring the Italian comedian Monty Banks. Hawks later stated that he personally directed \"three or four\" of the shorts, though no documentation exists to confirm the claim. The films were profitable, butHawks soon left to form his own production company using his family's wealth and connections to secure financing. The production company, Associated Producers, was a joint venture between Hawks, Allan Dwan,Marshall Neilan, and director Allen Holubar, with a distribution deal with First National. The company made 14 films between 1920 and 1923, with eight directed by Neilan, three by Dwan and three by Holubar. More of a\"boy's club\" than a production company, the four men gradually drifted apart and went their separate ways in 1923, by which time Hawks had decided that he wanted to direct rather than produce.Beginning in early1920, Hawks lived in rented houses in Hollywood with the group of friends he was accumulating. This rowdy group of mostly macho, risk-taking men included his brother Kenneth Hawks, Victor Fleming, Jack Conway,Harold Rosson, Richard Rosson, Arthur Rosson, and Eddie Sutherland. During this time, Hawks first met Irving Thalberg, the vice-President in charge of production at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Hawks admired hisintelligence and sense of story. Hawks also became friends with barn stormers and pioneer aviators at Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, getting to know men like Moye Stephens.In 1923, Famous Players–Lasky presidentJesse Lasky was looking for a new Production Editor in the story department of his studio, and Thalberg suggested Hawks. Hawks accepted and was immediately put in charge of over 40 productions, including severalliterary acquisitions of stories by Joseph Conrad, Jack London, and Zane Grey. Hawks worked on the scripts for all of the films produced, but he had his first official screenplay credit in 1924 on Tiger Love. Hawks wasthe Story Editor at Famous Players (later Paramount Pictures) for almost two years, occasionally editing such films as Heritage of the Desert. Hawks signed a new one-year contract with Famous-Players in the fall of1924. He broke his contract to become a story editor for Thalberg at MGM, having secured a promise from Thalberg to make him a director within a year. In 1925, when Thalberg hesitated to keep his promise, Hawksbroke his contract at MGM and left.Silent films (1925–1929)In October 1925, Sol Wurtzel, William Fox's studio superintendent at the Fox Film Corporation, invited Hawks to join his company with the promise of lettingHawks direct. Over the next three years, Hawks directed his first eight films (six silent, two \"talkies\"). Hawks reworked the scripts of most of the films he directed without always taking official credit for his work. He alsoworked on the scripts for Honesty – The Best Policy in 1926 and Joseph von Sternberg's Underworld in 1927, famous for being one of the first gangster films. Hawks's first film was The Road to Glory which premiered inApril 1926. The screenplay was based on a 35-page composition written by Howard Hawks. This represented one of the only films on which Hawks had extensive writing credit. It is one of Hawks's only two lostfilms.  Immediately after completing The Road to Glory, Hawks began writing his next film, Fig Leaves, his first (and, until 1935, only) comedy. It received positive reviews, particularly for the art direction and costumedesigns. It was released in July 1926 and was Hawks's first hit as a director. Although he mainly dismissed his early work, Hawks praised this film in later interviews.Paid to Love is notable in Hawks's filmography,because it was a highly stylized, experimental film. He attempted to imitate the style of German film director F. W. Murnau. Hawks's film includes atypical tracking shots, expressionistic lighting and stylistic film editingthat was inspired by German Expressionist cinema. In a later interview, Hawks commented, \"It isn't my type of stuff, at least I got it over in a hurry. You know the idea of wanting the camera to do those things: Nowthe camera's somebody's eyes.\" Hawks worked on the script with Seton I. Miller, with whom he would go on to collaborate on seven more films. The film stars George O'Brien as the introverted Crown Prince Michael,William Powell as his happy-go-lucky brother, and Virginia Valli as Michael's flapper love interest Dolores. The characters played by Valli and O'Brien anticipate those found in later films by Hawks: a sexually aggressiveshowgirl, who is an early prototype of the \"Hawksian woman\", and a shy man disinterested in sex, found in later roles played by Cary Grant and Gary Cooper. Paid to Love was completed by September 1926, butremained unreleased until July 1927. It was financially unsuccessful. Cradle Snatchers was based on a 1925 hit stage play by Russell G. Medcraft and Norma Mitchell. The film was shot in early 1927. The film wasreleased in May 1927 and was a minor hit. For many years it was believed to be a lost film until film director Peter Bogdanovich discovered a print in 20th Century Fox's film vaults, although the print was missing part ofreel three and all of reel four. In March 1927, Hawks signed a new one-year, three-picture contract with Fox and was assigned to direct Fazil, based on the play L'Insoumise by Pierre Frondaie. Hawks again worked withSeton Miller on the script. Hawks was over schedule and over budget on the film, which began a rift between him and Sol Wurtzel that would eventually lead to Hawks leaving Fox. The film was finished in August 1927,though it was not released until June 1928.A Girl in Every Port is considered by film scholars to be the most important film of Hawks's silent career. It is the first of his films to utilize many of the Hawksian themes andcharacters that would define much of his subsequent work. It was his first \"love story between two men\", with two men bonding over their duty, skills, and careers, who consider their friendship to be more importantthan their relationships with women. In France, Henri Langlois called Hawks \"the Gropius of the cinema\" and Swiss novelist and poet Blaise Cendrars said that the film \"definitely marked the first appearance ofcontemporary cinema.\" Hawks went over budget once again with this film, and his relationship with Sol Wurtzel deteriorated. After an advance screening that received positive reviews, Wurtzel told Hawks, \"This is theworst picture Fox has made in years.\" The Air Circus was Hawks's first film centered around aviation, one of his early passions. In 1928, Charles Lindbergh was the world's most famous person and Wings was one of themost popular films of the year. Wanting to capitalize on the country's aviation craze, Fox immediately bought Hawks's original story for The Air Circus, a variation of the male friendship plot of A Girl in Every Port abouttwo young pilots. The film was shot from April to June 1928, but Fox ordered an additional 15 minutes of dialogue footage in order that the film could compete with the new \"talkies\" being released. Hawks hated thenew dialogue written by Hugh Herbert, and he refused to participate in the re-shoots. The film was released in September 1928 and was a moderate hit. It is one of two films directed by Hawks that are lost films.Trent'sLast Case is an adaptation of British author E. C. Bentley's 1913 novel of the same name. Hawks considered the novel to be \"one of the greatest detective stories of all time\" and was eager to make it his first sound film.He cast Raymond Griffith in the lead role of Phillip Trent. Griffith's throat had been damaged by poison gas during World War I, and his voice was a hoarse whisper, prompting Hawks to later state, \"I thought he ought tobe great in talking pictures because of that voice.\" However, after shooting only a few scenes, Fox shut Hawks down and ordered him to make a silent film, both because of Griffith's voice and because they only owned"}
{"doc_id":"doc_264","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mr. Right (2009 film)Mr. Right is a 2009 British film directed by David Morris and Jacqui Morris. The jointly-made gay-themed film is the debut for both directors.SynopsisThe film presents life of a number of individuals who live in London's Soho area in their quest for their \"Mr. Right\". One of the highlights of the film is when all the characters gather for an excruciatingly awkward and hilarious dinner party at which wine and secrets are spilled.Harry (James Lance) is a TV producer but dreams to get way. He loves Alex (Luke de Woolfson), an aspiring yet insecure actor who also works as a caterer. Meanwhile Alex is struggling to create an identity for himself and decides to live independently through monetary help from his brother despite Harry wanting him backTom (David Morris, the co-director of the film) is a successful art dealer who is in a precarious relationship with Lars (Benjamin Hart), a handsome sometime-model. Tom finds excuses for Lars' flings so long as Lars doesn't leave him. Meanwhile Lars has this attraction to Harry and can't get over his feelingsWilliam (Rocky Marshall) a divorced former rugby player finds it difficult very difficult to parent his nine-year-old daughter Georgie while trying to get on a new relationship with Lawrence (Leon Ockenden), a striving soap actor. Their relationship is complicated as Georgie is intent on sabotaging his relationship.Louise (Georgia Zaris), a fag hag, is dating Paul (Jeremy Edwards), but suspects Paul is gay. Paul is slowly but surely getting drawn into the gay scene, despite visibly and verbally protesting every step of the way.By the end of the film three months later, the characters are still striving to make new paths for themselves. Harry is appealing for Alex, now in a small studio residence to return, but the latter turns him gently down despite having feelings for him. Things are much better between William and Lawrence as Georgie becomes more accepting of their relationship. Things have soured between Lars and William. Devastated Lars catches Harry while the latter has just packed to leave everything behind for his long-planned trip away from his dreaded work. Meanwhile Paul is getting more and more into the gay scene despite putting a brave face that he is still straight.CastMainJames Lance as HarryLuke de Woolfson as AlexDavid Morris as TomBenjamin Hart as LarsRocky Marshall as WilliamLeon Ockenden as LawrenceGeorgia Zaris as LouiseJeremy Edwards as PaulOthersJan Waters as Harry's MotherMaddie Planer as Georgie, Williams's daughterSheila Kidd as William's motherAndrew Dunn as Alex's FatherKaren Meagher as Alex's MotherRick Warden as Alex's BrotherKaty Odey as PresenterLucy Jules as EmmaSarah Carleton as WaitressDolly Wells as FizzHarry Serjeant as RunnerIan Tytler as CharlieJim Cole as HeathArchie Kidd as BarnabyHeather Bleasdale as Barnaby's MotherYvonne O'Grady as Business WomanMax Karie as MarcelKate Russell as The Yellow TeamIan Russell as The Yellow TeamMark Hayford as The Blue TeamDiane Morgan as The Blue TeamTerry Bird as Red TeamCheryl Fergison as Red TeamPassage 2:Mr. and Mrs. IyerMr. and Mrs. Iyer is a 2002 Indian English-language drama film written and directed by Aparna Sen and produced by N. Venkatesan. The film features Sen's daughter Konkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi Iyer, a Tamil Iyer Brahmin who is a Hindu. Rahul Bose portrays the character of Raja Chowdhury, a Bengali Muslim wildlife photographer. The story revolves around these two lead characters during a fateful bus journey amidst the carnages of a communal strife in India. Zakir Hussain, an Indian tabla maestro, composed the background score and music for the film;  Goutam Ghose, a film director himself, was the cinematographer.Mr. and Mrs. Iyer premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was showcased at other prominent film festivals. The film opened to Indian audiences on 19 July 2002. It was met with critical acclaim upon release, and won several national and international awards, including the Golden Maile award at the Hawaii International Film Festival and the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration in India. The film, which was also released as a DVD, had English as its predominant language with a sporadic use of Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali.PlotMeenakshi Iyer and her infant son, Santhanam, embark on a bus journey to return home, after visiting her parents. At the bus station, Meenakshi is introduced to Raja Chowdhury by a common friend. Raja, a wildlife photographer, is requested by Meenakshi's parents to look after their daughter and grandson during the journey. The passengers of the bus include a boisterous group of youngsters, two Sikh men, an elderly Muslim couple, a young couple high on romance, a mentally challenged boy and his mother, and some card-playing men. The bus faces a roadblock and the bus driver attempts a detour, but  is stopped by traffic jam caused by sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims in nearby areas.Raja reveals his Muslim identity to Meenakshi. As someone who comes from a high caste and conservative Hindu Brahmin family, Meenakshi shudders at the very fact that during their travel she drank water offered by Raja, a Muslim. She is shocked and asks Raja to not touch her. Raja contemplates leaving the bus, but is forced to stay inside by the patrolling police, who declare a curfew due to the riot. After the police leaves to scout other areas, a rioting Hindu mob arrives and forcibly enters the bus. They begin interrogating passengers about their religious identities and when in doubt, they even resort to check if the person is circumcised.In order to protect himself from them, one of the passengers, who is Jewish and hence circumcised, points to the old Muslim couple to divert the  mob's attention. The mob's leader drags the old couple out of the bus. One of the teenagers resists this, but she is assaulted by the mob. As Raja attempts to rise in revolt, Meenakshi plants Santhanam on his lap, ordering him to hold the baby with an intent to shield Raja's Muslim identity. The mob asks about their identities, and Meenaksi tells the leader that she is Mrs. Iyer and Raja is her husband. After this chilling encounter, the passengers spend the night in the bus.In the morning, the passengers trek to a nearby village to seek accommodation. Raja and Meenakshi, identifying themselves as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, fail to find any accommodation. However, the police officer, who was patrolling the earlier evening, bails them out by providing shelter at an abandoned forest bungalow. They are provided with the single usable bedroom available in the bungalow. Meenakshi refuses to share the room with Raja, and curses herself for coming along with a stranger. Raja confronts her on her outdated prejudices about caste and religion. After a brief quarrel, Raja allows her the comfort of the bedroom and prefers to sleep outside. The next morning when Meenakshi does not find Raja, she gets worried and angry as to why he left Santhanam and her in such a place. Soon, she feels relieved to find Raja sleeping outside. After they reach a restaurant in the nearby village, they meet the teenagers from the bus. The girls are excited and curious to know about Meenaakshi and Raja's love story. To keep their farce alive, both of them cook up an impromptu story right from how they met till where they went for their honeymoon. During their stay at the bungalow, they discover each other's beliefs and understanding of religion. That night, as they witness a horrific murder by one of the mobs, a shocked Meenakshi is comforted by Raja.The next day, they reach a railway station with the army's help. There, they board the train towards their destination. At their destination station, Kolkata, Meenakshi's husband, Mr. Iyer arrives to receive her and Santhanam. Meenakshi introduces Raja to her husband as Jehangir Chowdhury, a Muslim man who helped her (a Hindu woman) during the curfew. Raja hands over a camera roll to Meenakshi, containing the photos of their journey; they bid an emotional farewell to each other.CastKonkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi S. Iyer – A traditional Tamil Iyer Brahmin traveling with her   son, Santhanam, in the bus on her way to meet her husband. She meets a fellow-traveler, Raja Chowdhury, and gets drawn to him due to the surrounding circumstances.Rahul Bose as Jehangir \"Raja\" Chowdhury – A liberal Muslim by faith, he is a wildlife photographer by profession. With the imminent danger from the rioters, Meenakshi contrives a protective identity for him as her husband.Bhisham Sahni as Iqbal Ahmed Khan – An elderly conservative Muslim traveling along with his wife, Najma. He ends up as one of the victims of the sectarian violence.Surekha Sikri as Najma Ahmed Khan – The dutiful and loving wife of Iqbal, Najma perishes in the riots when she comes in defence of her husband.Anjan Dutt as Cohen – He is responsible for diverting the attention of the Hindu mob, in self-defence, towards the old Muslim couple. Thereafter, he is petrified thinking that he may also have been killed by the mob who could wrongly identify him as a Muslim, since he is circumcised.Bharat Kaul as  Rajesh Arora – The police officer responsible for controlling and maintaining the law and order in the riot-stricken area. He gets acquainted with the bus passengers and helps the Iyer 'couple' find a place to stay during the curfew.Niharika Seth, Riddhi Basu, Richa Vyas, Eden Das, Jishnu Sengupta  as Khushbu, Mala, Sonali, Amrita, Akash – An enthusiastic young group of friends riding the bus.ProductionDevelopmentAparna Sen, a noted actress and director of Bengali cinema, made her debut as a director with the English film 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981). Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was her second film in English. She hoped to write a simple romantic story, but it shaped out to be a relationship drama in the backdrop of sectarian violence. Sen came up with the background of the story in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2002 Gujarat riots. In an interview, Sen stated that the omnipresent, circumstantial violence in the film was only to serve as a strain in the script which aimed to show how the relationship evolves between two people who are forced to be together under trying times. She stated that the time frame of the film was set after the attacks on the Parliament of India on 13 December 2001.In an interview at the screening at the Locarno Film Festival, Sen revealed that Konkona was involved in the pre-production research, and she suggested the title. About the cinematographer Gautam Ghose, Aparna Sen said that they had a good rapport and that Ghose, himself an acclaimed director, was one of the best cinematographers she knew. Ghose, in reply, said that he hoped to give his best for the film and thus contribute to their friendship.CastingRahul Bose's work in English, August (1994) and Split Wide Open (1999) made Aparna Sen feel that he was a good, controlled and intelligent actor. After a costume and a makeup test, he was chosen for the character of Raja Chawdhury. Sen admitted that Bose's work was up to the mark, and working with him was a wonderful experience. She told in an interview that Konkona Sen Sharma's abilities as a sensitive actress fetched her the role of Meenakshi Iyer. Konkona said that she chose this film as she was interested in Indian films made in English, and was reluctant to do regular commercial films. Sen had penned the elderly Muslim woman's character bearing Surekha Sikri in mind. Eventually Sikri and the author and playwright Bhisham Sahni were cast to play the roles of the Muslim couple in the film. Santhanam, the infant son of Meenakshi Iyer in the film is Sen's grand niece.Aparna Sen chose English as the film's narrative since the characters are linguistically diverse. She had to make sure that the characters spoke in English with their regional accent. Konkona admitted in an interview that playing the role of a Tamil Brahmin did not come easy. The director forced her to visit Chennai (where the major language is Tamil) for two weeks to research her character. She also said that she had learned many characteristics, nuances and mannerisms native to Tamilian housewives. She took a close look at Iyer lifestyles and customs in and around Mylapore, a cultural hub in Chennai. She attempted listening to recorded  conversations in Iyer households to get a suitable Tamil accent.FilmingThe production commenced in December 2001. Sen chose to keep the geographical setting unstated because she felt that it was a journey that could take place anywhere. The film was shot in the Himalayan foothills of northern West Bengal. The producers provided a state-of-the-art camera from Chennai's Prasad Studios to ensure that the shooting crew was technically better equipped. Rupali Mehta, from Triplecom Productions, the co-producer oversaw the crew of over 100 complete the production schedule in 50 days. The production team resorted to certain cost-cutting measures to ensure they committed fewer mistakes. For example, they had organised a workshop for the actors to avoid mistakes while filming.While filming in Jalpaiguri, Sen got embroiled in a controversy for damages caused to the forest bungalow, a heritage property, where a portion of filming was done. She admitted that, to give the bungalow a haunted look, they \"... sprayed slush on the walls and plastered cobwebs all over the place.\" However, she claimed that the place was cleaned up after the completion of their shoot.Release and receptionFollowing objections from the local police, two scenes were removed by producers from the version of the film screened in the city of Mumbai. One scene showed a Hindu man saying—using profanity—that Muslims should be sent back to Pakistan; the other featured a policeman using obscenities with a communal undertone. The police felt both scenes were too \" provocative\" for a \"communally sensitive\" city. However, for the rest of India, the film was screened in its entirety.The film had only modest box office success; domestically, it made 7.3 million rupees in its first release. However, thanks to its low budget and the spread of multiplexes in India, it brought in some revenue. Furthermore, the contemporary trend in the Indian television channels is to showcase films within months of their release. This trend helped modest box-office successes such as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer to get additional thrust to their financial returns. Indeed, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was one of the first films that led to reworking of the business models for small films in India. In addition, Triplecom Productions sold the dubbed version in Italy for $20,000. A trade analysis by Rediff.com suggested that small-budget films such as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer did not compromise on marketing budgets, instead they put efforts in marketing themselves more innovatively.Special screenings and awardsIn 2002, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was chosen as India's official entry at the Locarno International Film Festival. It ran for 3 minutes longer than its runtime of 120 minutes at Locarno. Though it missed out on the Golden Leopard Award at Locarno, it won the Netpac Jury Prize along with two other films. The film won the Golden Maile award at the 22nd Hawaii International Film Festival, the Audience Award for the Best Feature Film at the Philadelphia Film Festival, and the best screenplay award at the 2003 Cinemanila International Film Festival.In 2003, the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles chose to open with Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, while New Zealand's first Asian film festival in 2004 chose to close its 10-day fest with it. The India International Women's Film Festival had a special retrospective to Aparna Sen for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer. The film was also showcased at the Pusan International Film Festival, Regus London Film Festival, Mill Valley Film Festival, International Film Festival of India, Braunschweig International Film Festival, and High Falls Film Festival. At the International Film Festival of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, it won the Gold prize, awarded to the best film screened that year. Rahul Bose said that when the film was showcased at the Geneva festival, it was seen and liked by Kofi Annan, the United Nations Secretary-General.Back home in India, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer won the Golden Lotus Award for best direction, the Silver Lotus Awards for best actress, the best screenplay, and the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration at the 2003 National Film Awards ceremony.Govind Nihalani, an Indian film director wondered if Mr. and Mrs. Iyer could have been sent to the Oscars instead of the regular song-and-dance entries. Eventually, Film Federation of India, the apex organisation that sends the nation's official entries to the Oscars, did not find any film worth sending for the 76th Academy Awards.ReviewsLawrence van Gelder commented in his review in The New York Times that \"The well-acted romance, as the two principal characters are thrown together by unanticipated events, is hard to resist, even though the answer to the crucial question it raises is all too conveniently deferred time and again.\" However, he added that Mr. and Mrs. Iyer \"... is not a subtle film ...\" The Chicago Reader also said, \"Sen is anything but subtle in populating the bus with a cross section of class and ethnic types ... but the friendship that blossoms between the leads is tenderly depicted and hints at a solution to sectarian strife\" TIME magazine praised Aparna sen for her \"... attention to detail ...\" that \"... skillfully captures the characters' idiosyncrasies.\" The Village Voice said, \"The actors appear game, yet director Aparna Sen, who conceived the film in the wake of September 11, resorts often to hokey pseudo-lyricism and prefers sound-bite ballyhoo to sociological depth.\" Metacritic, a website with a medley of reviews by American critics, gives the film a score of 50/100, meaning mixed or average reviews.In his review, Derek Elley of Variety remarked that the film had \" ... the awkward, issue-driven dialogue and wavering direction, showing influences from both the arty and commercial. [The] two leads just about scrape through.\" Although The Hindu review praised the director for \"... handling (these) scenes in an understated, muted fashion ...\" giving \"... them the power to disturb and haunt you.\" it questioned certain aspects of the film, stating, \"Though the flutters of the heart have been treated with finesse—sometimes a little too prudishly, pandering, perhaps, to middle class morality—we are never entirely convinced that love could blossom between Meenakshi Iyer and Raja Chowdhary.\" Indeed, Sen was criticised for contriving cinematic situation not quite fitting to the real world, \"Can a married woman with a baby in arms fall in love with a total stranger that she meets on a very short bus journey, however extraordinary the situation may have been? Having decided to drive them to each other's arms, Sen thinks up situations, which are terribly contrived ... Sen's story and script are found wanting elsewhere too. The police officer, who plays the good Samaritan, appears so unreal in the world of rancour that Sen creates ... [She], probably in her over enthusiasm, lets her own emotions derail her.\"Konkona Sen Sharma, who had not been widely seen outside Bengal before the release of the film, received particular praise for her performance, \"... the movie clearly belongs to Konkona Sen Sharma ... who as Meenakshi [Iyer] gets so beautifully into the psyche of a Tamil Brahmin ... she emotes just splendidly: when her eyes well up at the thought of parting with Raja [Chowdhary], when she gently rests her head on his shoulders in the train, and when her expressions suggest the faintest hint of love, we know that here is a great actress.\" A Rediff.com review said, \"... Konkana, a youngster, bowls you over with her silently sledge-hammering portrayal of Meenakshi Iyer, a conservative Tamilian Brahmin housewife ... [Her] eyes tell a thousand untold stories.\" An Australian critic said that the film, with \"wonderfully nuanced performances by Sensharma and Rahul Bose, whose love affair is as innocent as the lyrical, lingering soundtrack. Mr and Mrs Iyer is a gentle film, whose simple and haunting love story will appeal to the romantic traveller.\"The \"... attractive lensing by Gautam Ghose (a director in his own right) and atmospheric scoring by Ustad Zakir Hussain ...\" were well received. \"Looking through the eyes of Gautam Ghose's illuminating lens, Aparna Sen builds a miniature, but epic, world of tremendous inner strength. In her first seriously politically committed film, Sen takes on the issue of communal conflict with the surging humanism of Gabriel García Márquez, painting words on celluloid ... If [Zakir] Hussain creates sounds within the seesaw of silences and screams, cinematographer Gautam Ghose creates a lucid contrast between the silently majestic Himalayan hinterland and the fundamentalists.\"Home mediaDVDThe DVD, which released on 2 June 2004, has subtitle options in English, Hindi, Punjabi, Tamil and Urdu. It is available in 16:9 Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 FPS, widescreen and NTSC format.SoundtrackUstad Zakir "}
{"doc_id":"doc_265","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bohemond III of AntiochBohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (French: Bohémond le Bambe/le Baube; c. 1148–1201), was Prince of Antioch from 1163 to 1201. He was the elder son of Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. Bohemond ascended to the throne after the Antiochene noblemen dethroned his mother with the assistance of the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Thoros II. He fell into captivity in the Battle of Harim in 1164, but the victorious Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo released him to avoid coming into conflict with the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond went to Constantinople to pay homage to Manuel I Komnenos, who persuaded him to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch. The Latin patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges, placed Antioch under interdict. Bohemond restored Aimery only after the Greek patriarch died during an earthquake in 1170.Bohemond remained a close ally of the Byzantine Empire. He fought against the new lord of Armenian Cilicia, Mleh, assisting in the restoration of Byzantine rule in the Cilician plain. He also made alliances with the Muslim rulers of Aleppo and Damascus against Saladin, who had begun to unite the Muslim countries along the borders of the crusader states. Since Bohemond repudiated his second wife and married an Antiochene lady, Patriarch Aimery excommunicated him in 1180.Bohemond forced the Armenian rulers of Cilicia to accept his suzerainty in the late 1180s. He also secured the County of Tripoli for his second son, Bohemond, in 1187. However, Saladin occupied almost the whole Principality of Antioch in the summer of 1188. To preserve the peace with Saladin, Bohemond did not provide military assistance to the crusaders during the Third Crusade.  The expansionist policy of King Leo I of Armenia in the 1190s gave rise to a lasting conflict between Antioch and Cilicia. Bohemond was captured in 1194 by Leo, who tried to seize Antioch, but the burghers formed the Commune of Antioch and expelled the Armenian soldiers from the town. Bohemond was released only after he acknowledged Leo's independence.New conflicts emerged after Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, died in 1197. Raymond's widow, who was Leo's niece, gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, but Bohemond's younger son, Bohemond of Tripoli, wanted to secure his succession in Antioch with the assistance of the commune. The elderly Bohemond seems to have supported his son during his last years. The War of the Antiochene Succession began with Bohemond's death and lasted until 1219.Early lifeBohemond was the elder son of Princess Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. He was born around 1148. Prince Raymond died fighting against Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, in the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149.Neither Baldwin III of Jerusalem nor the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos could persuade the widowed Constance to take a new husband. Finally, she chose Raynald of Châtillon, a French knight who had recently settled in Syria. Raynald ruled the principality as Constance's husband from 1153 until he was captured by Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, in late November 1160 or 1161.Urged by the Antiochene noblemen, Baldwin III proclaimed Bohemond the rightful ruler, charging Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, with the administration of the principality during Bohemond's minority. However, Constance appealed to Manuel Komnenos, who confirmed her position as the sole ruler of Antioch. Constance wanted to retain power even after Bohemond reached the age of majority. However, the Antiochene noblemen rebelled against her with the assistance of Thoros II, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, forcing her to leave Antioch in February 1163.Prince of AntiochFirst yearsBohemond was installed as prince after his mother was dethroned. Nur ad-Din laid siege to Krak des Chevaliers in the County of Tripoli in September 1163. Raymond III of Tripoli appealed to Bohemond for assistance. Bohemond and Constantine Kalamanos, Byzantine governor of Cilicia, hurried to the castle. The united Christian armies defeated the besiegers in the Battle of al-Buqaia.Amalric of Jerusalem entrusted the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to Bohemond before departing for his campaign against Egypt in July 1164. Taking advantage of Bohemond's absence, Nur ad-Din attacked the fortress at Harenc in the Principality of Antioch (present-day Harem, Syria). Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, Thoros II of Armenian Cilicia, and Constantine Kalamanos joined their forces and marched to Harenc, compelling Nur ad-Din to retreat.Reynald of Saint-Valery, Lord of Harenc, tried to convince Bohemond not to pursue the enemy, but Bohemond did not follow his advice. The armies clashed at the battle of Harim on 10 August 1164. Nur ad-Din almost annihilated the Christian army. Most Christian commanders (including Bohemond) were captured. Two days later, Harenc fell to Nur ad-Din. Nur ad-Din took his prisoners to Aleppo. His advisors urged Nur ad-Din to proceed to Antioch, but he declined, fearing that an attack on Antioch could provoke Emperor Manuel into annexing the principality. Amalric of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch to start negotiations with Nur ad-Din. Before long, Nur ad-Din released Bohemond, along with Thoros II of Cilicia, for a ransom because he regarded them as vassals of the Byzantine emperor.The Muslims advised [Nur ad-Din] to proceed to Antioch and seize it because it was devoid of defenders and fighting men to hold it, but he did not do so. He said, \"The city is an easy matter but the citadel is strong. Perhaps they will surrender it to the Byzantine emperor because its ruler is his nephew. To have Bohemond as a neighbor I find preferable to being a neighbour of the ruler of the Constantinople.\" He sent out squadrons in those areas and they plundered, seized and killed the inhabitants. Later he ransomed Prince Bohemond for a large sum of money and the release of many Muslim captives.Byzantine allianceSoon after his release, Bohemond visited Emperor Manuel in Constantinople and paid homage to him. In return for monetary aid, Bohemond agreed to allow Athanasius, the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, to accompany him back to Antioch. The Latin Patriarch, Aimery, left Antioch and imposed an interdict on the city. Manuel's cousin, Andronicus Komnenus, who was made Byzantine governor of Cilicia in 1166, often visited Antioch to meet Bohemond's beautiful young sister, Philippa. Bohemond appealed to Manuel, who dismissed Andronicus, replacing him with Constantine Kalamanos.Bohemond granted Apamea to the Knights Hospitaller in 1168. An earthquake destroyed most towns of northern Syria on 29 June 1170. The Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, died when the edifice of the Cathedral of St. Peter collapsed on him during the Mass. Bohemond went to Qosair (present-day Altınözü, Turkey) and persuaded the exiled Latin Patriarch to return to his see.Mleh, who had seized Cilicia with Nur ad-Din's help, besieged Bagras, the fortress of the Knights Templars near Antioch, in early 1170. Bohemond sought assistance from Amalric of Jerusalem, and their united army defeated Mleh, also forcing him to restore the towns of the Cilician plains to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond's relationship with Armenian Cilicia remained tense, which prevented him from pursuing an active foreign policy until Mleh was dethroned in 1175.Bohemond concluded an alliance with Gumushtekin, atabeg of Aleppo, against Saladin, the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Syria, in May 1176. On Bohemond's demand, Gumushtekin released his Christian prisoners, including Bohemond's stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon. To strengthen his alliance with the Byzantine Empire, in 1177 Bohemond married Theodora, who was closely related to Emperor Manuel.Bohemond met Philip, Count of Flanders, who had come to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in September 1177. According to the contemporaneous William of Tyre, many crusaders blamed Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli for dissuading Philip from participating in a military campaign against Egypt, preferring instead to take advantage of Philip's presence in their own realms. Indeed, in December Philip and Bohemond jointly laid siege to Harenc, a fortress of As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, Emir of Damascus, seizing the opportunity following a mutiny of the garrison. They lifted the siege soon after As-Salih informed them that Saladin (the common enemy of both As-Salih and Bohemond) had left Egypt for Syria. As-Salih paid 50,000 dinars and renounced half of the nearby villages in favor of Bohemond.Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli marched to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early 1180, according to William of Tyre. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem feared that the two princes (who were his father's cousins) had come to dethrone him, the symptoms of his leprosy having become \"more and more evident\" by that time. Historian Bernard Hamilton, who accepts William of Tyre's narration, says that Bohemond and Raymond came to Jerusalem to choose a husband for Baldwin's sister and heir, Sibylla, wishing to decrease the influence of the king's maternal relatives. However, Baldwin gave her in marriage to Guy of Lusignan, who was supported by their mother, Agnes of Courtenay. Sibylla's marriage contributed to the formation of two parties of noblemen. Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, and the Ibelin brothers became the leaders of the group that opposed Guy of Lusignan.ConflictsManuel I Komnenos died on 24 September 1180. Bohemond soon repudiated his wife, Theodora, to marry an Antiochene lady of bad reputation, Sibylla. Ali ibn al-Athir described her as a spy who was \" in correspondence with Saladin and exchanged gifts with him\". Patriarch Aimery accused Bohemond of adultery and excommunicated him. After Bohemond confiscated church property, Aimery imposed an interdict on Antioch and fled to his fortress at Qosair. Bohemond besieged the fortress, but Rainald II Masoir, Lord of Margat, and other noblemen who supported the patriarch rose up against him.Baldwin IV sent Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, along with other bishops, and Raynald of Châtillon to Antioch to mediate. After preparatory negotiations with the envoys in Latakia, Bohemond and Aimery met in Antioch. Bohemond agreed to restore confiscated church property and Aimery lifted the interdict, but Bohemond's excommunication remained in force because he refused to return to Theodora. Peace was not fully restored, and the leaders of the opposition fled to Armenian Cilicia.Bohemond made peace with Imad ad-Din Zengi II, the Zengid ruler of Aleppo, in May 1182. However, Imad ad-Din was forced to surrender Aleppo to Saladin on 11 June 1183. Fearing an attack on Antioch, Bohemond sold Tarsus to Roupen III, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, to raise funds. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem promised to send 300 knights to Antioch. Saladin did not invade the principality and signed a peace treaty with Bohemond. Bohemond attended the assembly that Baldwin IV had summoned to discuss the administration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in autumn 1183. At the meeting, Guy of Lusignan was dismissed as regent, and his five-year-old stepson, Baldwin, was proclaimed co-ruler. A charter shows that Bohemond was in Acre in April 1185, suggesting that he was present when the leper Baldwin IV died around that time.Roupen III of Armenian Cilicia laid siege to Lampron, the seat of his rival, Hethum III of Lampron. Hethum sent envoys to Bohemond, seeking his assistance. Bohemond invited Roupen to a banquet to Antioch where he had Roupen captured and imprisoned in 1185. Bohemond invaded Cilicia, but he could not prevent Roupen's brother, Leo, from seizing Lampron. An Armenian nobleman, Pagouran of Barbaron, mediated a peace treaty. Roupen agreed to pay a ransom and to renounce Sarventikar, Tall Hamdun, Mamistra, and Adana. He also acknowledged Bohemond's suzerainty. After the ransom was paid in 1186, Bohemond released Roupen, who soon reconquered the fortresses and towns that he had ceded to Antioch.Saladin's triumphThe child Baldwin V of Jerusalem died in late summer 1186. Raymond of Tripoli and his supporters could not prevent Baldwin V's mother, Sibylla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, from seizing the throne. Baldwin of Ibelin, who was the only Jerusalemite baron to refuse to pay homage to Sibylla and Guy after their coronation, moved to Antioch. Bohemond granted a fief to him.Nomad Turkmen bands invaded Cilicia, forcing the new ruler, Leo, to swear fealty to Bohemond shortly after his ascension in 1186 or 1187. The Turkmens also broke into the Principality of Antioch, pillaging the lowlands around Latakia and the monasteries in the nearby mountains. Bohemond was forced to make a truce with Al-Muzaffar Umar, Saladin's governor in Syria, who joined Saladin's invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in May. Even so, Bohemond sent 50 knights under the command of his elder son, Raymond, to Jerusalem after a Christian army was almost annihilated in the Battle of Cresson. The Turkmens continued their plundering raid until the Antiochene army defeated them and seized their booty.Saladin launched a crushing defeat on the Christian army in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. Bohemond's son was one of the few Christian leaders to flee from the battlefield. Within three months, Saladin captured almost all towns and fortresses of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Raymond III of Tripoli, who died before the end of the year, willed the County of Tripoli to Bohemond's elder son and heir, Raymond. Bohemond sent his younger son and namesake to take control of Tripoli, convinced that one ruler could not defend both Antioch and Tripoli. After his son was installed in Tripoli, Bohemond became \"the greatest of the Franks and their most extensive ruler\", according to Ibn Al-Athir. Bohemond offered to pay homage to William II of Sicily in exchange for military assistance.Saladin started the invasion of northern Syria on 1 July 1188. His troops captured Latakia on 22 or 23 July, Sahyun six days later, and the fortresses along the Orontes River in August. After the Knights Templar surrendered their fortress at Bagras to Saladin on 26 September, Bohemond pleaded for a truce, offering the release of his Muslim prisoners. Saladin granted the truce from 1 October 1188 to 31 May 1189. Bohemond managed to retain only his capital and the port of St Symeon. Saladin stipulated that Antioch was to be surrendered without resistance if no reinforcements came before the end of May 1189. Bohemond urged the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, to come to Syria, offering him the suzerainty over Antioch.This summer the unspeakable Saladin totally destroyed the city of Tortosa except for the Templar citadel, burnt down the city of Valania before moving on to the region of Antioch where he claimed the famous cities of Jabala and Latakia, the strongholds of Saône, Gorda, Cavea and [Burzey] and the lands as far as Antioch. Beyond Antioch he besieged and captured Darbsak and [Bagras]. Thus, with the whole of the principality apart from our stronghold at Margat, more or less destroyed and lost, the prince and the people of Antioch made a pitiful agreement with Saladin, that if no help was forthcoming in the seven months from the beginning of that month of October they would formally surrender Antioch, alas without even a stone being thrown, a city acquired with the blood of valiant Christians.Third crusadeGuy of Lusignan, who had recently been released, came to Antioch in July or August 1188. Bohemond did not provide him with military assistance, and Guy left for Tripoli.Frederick Barbarossa departed from the Holy Roman Empire in May 1189. The defence of Antioch was a principal aim of his crusade, but he died unexpectedly near Seleucia in Asia Minor (present-day Silifke in Turkey) on 10 June 1190. His son Duke Frederick VI of Swabia took over the command of the army, but most crusaders decided to return to Europe. The remnants of the German crusaders reached Antioch on 21 June 1190. Bohemond paid homage to Frederick of Swabia. Barbarossa's body, which had been carried to Antioch, was buried in the cathedral before the duke continued his crusade toward the Holy Land.In May 1191 Bohemond sailed to Limassol along with Guy of Lusignan and Leo of Cilicia to meet King Richard I of England, who had arrived to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. He once again met Richard during the siege of Acre in summer 1191, but he did not provide military support to the crusaders. Bohemond's relationship with Leo of Cilicia became tense when Leo captured Bagras and refused to cede it to the Knights Templar.After Richard of England left the Holy Land, Bohemond met Saladin in Beirut on 30 October 1192. According to Ibn Al-Athir, Bohemond \"did obeisance\" and Saladin \"bestowed a robe of honour upon him\" at their meeting. They signed a ten-year truce that included both Antioch and Tripoli but did not cover Armenian Cilicia even though Leo of Cilicia was Bohemond's vassal.Last yearsBohemond's wife, Sibylla, wanted to secure Antioch for her son, William, with the assistance of Leo of Cilicia (whose wife, Isabel, was her niece). Leo invited Bohemond and his family to Bagras, saying that he wanted to start negotiations regarding the surrender of the fortress either to Antioch or to the Templars in early 1194. The meeting was a trap: Bohemond was captured and taken to Leo's capital, Sis.Bohemond was compelled to surrender Antioch to Leo. He appointed his marshal, Bartholomew Tirel, to accompany the Armenian troops, which were under the command of Hethoum of Sason, to Antioch. The Antiochene noblemen allowed Leo's soldiers to enter the town, but the mainly Greek and Latin burgers opposed Leo's rule. An Armenian soldier's rude remark about Saint Hilary, to whom the royal chapel was dedicated, provoked a riot, forcing the Armenians to withdraw from the town. The burghers assembled in the cathedral to form a commune under the auspices of Patriarch Aimery. They declared Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, regent for his imprisoned father. Raymond's younger brother, Bohemond, also hurried from Tripoli to Antioch, and the Armenian forces had to return to Cilicia.Henry I of Jerusalem came to Antioch to mediate a peace treaty in early 1195. After Bohemond renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia and acknowledged Leo's possession of Bagras, Leo released him and his retainers. Before long, Bohemond's son, Raymond, married Leo's niece and heir, Alice.Raymond died in early 1197, but his widow gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen. The elderly Bohemond sent her and her infant son to Cilicia wanting either to secure Antioch for his son by Sibylla, or to guarantee their security. Bohemond assisted Duke Henry I of Brabant in capturing Beirut in October 1197. Before long, he decided to besiege Jabala and Latakia, but he had to return to Antioch to meet the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, the archbishop of Mainz. The archbishop had come to Antioch to secure Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed Bohemond. On Conrad's demand, Bohemond summoned the Antiochene noblemen, who swore fealty to his grandson.Bohemond of Tripoli regarded himself his father's lawful heir, because he was Bohemond's elder surviving son. He came to Antioch at the end of 1198 and persuaded the commune to accept his rule. Before long, the younger Bohemond returned to Tripoli, enabling his father to re-take control of state affairs, suggesting that the elder Bohemond had tacitly supported his son's coup. Leo I of Cilicia appealed to the Holy See to protect Raymond-Roupen's interest, but the Knights Templar submitted a complaint against him for refusing to restore Bagras to them.Bohemond died in April 1201. His son hurried to Antioch to attend his funeral. The commune proclaimed him prince, but many noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia. The ensuing War of the Antiochene Succession lasted for years, until the death of Leo in May 1219.FamilyBohemond's first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc, was first mentioned in charters issued in 1170, suggesting that Bohemond married her in or before that year. She was last mentioned in February or March 1175. She was the mother of Bohemond's two eldest sons, Raymond and Bohemond.Bohemond's second wife, Theodora (whom the Lignages d'Outremer mentioned as Irene) was a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Historian Charles M. Brand identifies her as the daughter of Manuel's nephew, John Doukas Komnenos. According to the Lignages d'Outremer, Theodora gave birth to a daughter, Constance, who was not mentioned in other sources.William of Tyre described Sibylla, the third wife of Bohemond, as a witch who \"practised evil magics\" to seduce Bohemond. Michael the Syrian stated that Sibylla was a whore. Her "}
{"doc_id":"doc_266","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Daltons' WomenThe Daltons' Women is a 1950 American Western film directed by Thomas Carr starring Lash LaRue and Al \"Fuzzy\" St. John. It was the seventh of LaRue's films for Ron Ormond's WesternAdventures Productions Inc.The film was the first to be released by Howco, Ron Ormond's new film company composed of Ormond and drive-in movie owners Joy N. Houck and J. Francis White, and director ThomasCarr's first film in the Lash LaRue series. The film features appearances by several well known stars such as Jack Holt, Tom Tyler and Tom Neal and a lengthier running time of 77 minutes featuring a multitude ofmusical numbers, juggling, and a lengthy catfight. Though the Women of the title have little to do with the narrative of the film, \"the frontier's first dance hall belles\" were played up in the publicity with the original filmtrailer giving Lash LaRue last billing. The film was shot at the Iverson Movie Ranch.PlotUS Marshal Lash and Deputy Marshal Fuzzy work undercover together with a female Pinkerton detective to end the Dalton Brothersworking with a corrupt mayor and sheriff.Criticism\"carelessly assembled oater that moves erratically from a thin story line to irrelevant little subplots and gives the general impression that the film was slapped togetherfrom bits of disconnected pieces,...the women involved have no relationship between the Dalton Brothers, who themselves are only slightly concerned in the proceedings\"-Hollywood ReporterCastLash La Rue ... MarshalLash La RueAl St. John ... Deputy Fuzzy Q. JonesJack Holt ... Clint Dalton/Mike LeonardTom Neal  ... MayorPamela Blake ... Joan TalbotJacqueline Fontaine ... Jacqueline FontaineRaymond Hatton ... Sheriff DoolinLyleTalbot ... Jim ThorneTom Tyler ... Emmett DaltonJ. Farrell MacDonald ... Alvin - Stage Company Representative Terry Frost ... Jess Dalton/Billy SaundersArchie R. Twitchell  ... Honest HankStanley Price ... MansonBudOsborne ... Adams the Stage DriverCliff Taylor ... George the BartenderJune Benbow ... MayHenry \"Duke\" Johnson ... The JugglerPassage 2:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.Histelevision credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmerhas also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. Heattended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom TheInbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back(2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 3:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi filmdirector who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabifilm. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxenamarried Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu,which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz,this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 AbhishekSaxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj'slife.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happenonly with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films andserials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistantdirector in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 4:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film is DaivathinteSwantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born to M. S. Gopalan Nair and P. Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed hisbachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery.CareerAfter completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directedby Rajeevnath in 1995. His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associate director for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starringMammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAsassociate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 5:TangledDestiniesTangled Destinies is a 1932 pre-Code American murder mystery film directed by Frank R. Strayer. The film is also known as Who Killed Harvey Forbes? in the United Kingdom.CastGene Morgan as Capt. Randall\"Randy\" GordonDoris Hill as DorisGlenn Tryon as Tommy Preston, the Co-pilotVera Reynolds as Ruth, the Airline StewardessEthel Wales as Prudence DaggottMonaei Lindley as Monica van BurenSyd Saylor as Buchanan,the PrizefighterSidney Bracey as McGinnis, posing as Professor MarmontLloyd Whitlock as Floyd MartinJames B. Leong as LingWilliam P. Burt as Harvey ForbesHenry Hall as Dr. Wingate, the ParsonWilliam Humphrey asProfessor HartleyPassage 6:The Daltons Ride AgainThe Daltons Ride Again is a 1945 American Western film directed by Ray Taylor starring Alan Curtis, Lon Chaney Jr., Kent Taylor and Noah Beery Jr. The movie wasmade by Universal Pictures and the supporting cast features Milburn Stone (\"Doc\" in the subsequent television series Gunsmoke) and Douglas Dumbrille.PlotCastAlan Curtis as Emmett Dalton, a BrotherLon Chaney Jr.as Grat Dalton, a BrotherKent Taylor as Bob Dalton, a BrotherNoah Beery Jr. as Ben Dalton, a BrotherMartha O'Driscoll as Mary Bohannon, Emmett's girlfriendJess Barker as Jeff ColtonThomas Gomez as 'Professor' J. K.McKenna, the Town drunkJohn Litel as Mitchael J. 'Mike\" Bohannon, the Newspaper editorMilburn Stone as Parker W. Graham, a Land developer / bad guyWalter Sande as Wilkins / bad guyDouglass Dumbrille as SheriffHoskinsStanley Andrews as Tex Walters, the Dalton's friendCritical receptionCritic John Howard Reid called it \"a handsome little oater with good performances and a fine violent shootout as its climax.\"Passage 7:FrankR. StrayerFrank Raymond Strayer (September 21, 1891 – February 3, 1964) was an actor, film writer, director and producer. He was active from the mid-1920s until the early 1950s. He directed a series of 14 Blondie!(1938) movies as well.BiographyStrayer attended Carnegie Tech and then the Pennsylvania Military Academy. After graduation, he served in the Navy during World War I. After the War, he found work at Metro Studios,which would later become known as MGM. While there, he worked as an assistant director and also acted in a few films. During the 1920s, he moved on to Columbia Pictures. While there, he became a successful writer,director and producer.FilmographyWriterThe Man Who (1921)By Appointment Only (1933)Murder at Midnight (1931)DirectorFrank Strayer is credited with having directed 86 films. These include 14 movies in a seriesbased on the Blondie and Dagwood comic strip, dramas such as Manhattan Tower (1931), starring Mary Brian and James Hall, and several horror films, including The Monster Walks (1932). Unless otherwise noted,credits below are as listed in the AFI database.ProducerFootlight Glamour (1943)It's a Great Life (1943)ActorThe Man Who (1921)Passage 8:Thomas Carr (director)Thomas Howard Carr (July 4, 1907 - April 23, 1997)was an American actor and film director of Hollywood movies and television programs. Often billed as \"Tommy Carr\", he later adopted his more formal \"Thomas Carr\" birth name as his billing name.BiographyCarr wasborn into an acting family on July 4, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was the actor William Carr and his mother was the actress Mary Carr.  Thomas Carr followed the family profession, and in 1915 beganacting in silent films.  From 1915 through 1953, Carr played small supporting roles in a number of low budget Hollywood films. However, Carr's star as an actor did not rise.In 1945, he turned to directing, and from1945 through 1951 Carr directed numerous B movies for Hollywood's Poverty Row.  Most of Carr's films were Westerns; however, in 1948 he was co-director (along with Spencer Gordon Bennet) of the live-actionSuperman serial.  From 1951 to 1968, Carr's directing was focused mainly on television.  He directed episodes of numerous television shows in the 1950s and 1960s, including episodes of Lassie, Adventures ofSuperman, Daniel Boone, Wanted: Dead or Alive, and Gunsmoke.His older brother Stephen was a recurring cast member, in various roles, during the first season of Adventures of Superman. Steve is also seen pointing\"up in the sky\" during the opening credits of the black and white episodes.Thomas Carr retired from directing in 1968.  He died in Ventura, California on 23 April 1997.Partial filmographyBibliographyHolmstrom, John.The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 30.External linksThomas Carr at IMDbTommy Carr in middle age,signed portrait(archived)Passage 9:JesseJames vs. the DaltonsJesse James vs. the Daltons is a 1954 American 3-D Western film directed by William Castle and starring Brett King, Barbara Lawrence and James Griffith. It was produced and distributed byColumbia Pictures and was one of three films shot by Castle in 3-D during the 1950s 3-D 'golden era'.PlotJoe Branch (Brett King), rumored to be the son of outlaw Jesse James, sets out to contact the infamous DaltonGang and to learn the truth about his legendary father.CastBrett King as Joe BranchBarbara Lawrence as Kate ManningJames Griffith as Bob DaltonWilliam Phipps as Bill DaltonJohn Cliff as Great DaltonRory Mallinson asBob FordWilliam Tannen as Emmett DaltonRichard Garland as GilkieNelson Leigh as Father KerriganPassage 10:When the Daltons RodeWhen the Daltons Rode is a 1940 American Western film directed by GeorgeMarshall and starring Randolph Scott, Kay Francis and Brian Donlevy. Based on the 1931 book of the same name by Emmett Dalton, a member of the Dalton Gang, and Jack Jungmeyer Sr., the film also includes afictional family friend who tries to dissuade the Dalton brothers from becoming outlaws.PlotThe Dalton brothers, law-abiding farmers, move to Kansas from Missouri to begin a new life. Bob Dalton meets lawyer TodJackson and persuades him to defend his kin Ben Dalton in a court case against a corrupt land-development company.A melee erupts during the trial and the Daltons shoot their way out of the courtroom. Cronies of theland developers and the press portray the brothers negatively. Ben is shot in the back. Unable to live lawfully, the Daltons rob a stagecoach and their reputation as dangerous outlaws spreads.Tod has fallen in love withBob Dalton's fiancée Julie. He urges the Daltons to change their ways, but they defy him and pull one more bank job in Kansas. Bob and Grat are killed there, as are two other members of the gang, but Emmettsurvives.CastRandolph Scott as Tod JacksonKay Francis as Julie KingBrian Donlevy as Grat DaltonGeorge Bancroft as Caleb WintersBroderick Crawford as Bob DaltonStuart Erwin as Ben DaltonAndy Devine as OzarkJonesFrank Albertson as Emmett DaltonMary Gordon as Ma DaltonHarvey Stephens as RigbyEdgar Dearing as SheriffQuen Ramsey as Clem WilsonDorothy Granger as NancyRobert McKenzie as PhotographerFayMcKenzie as HannahWalter Soderling as Judge Lucius Thorndown (Judge Swain in the credits)Mary Ainslee as MinnieErville Alderson as Dist. Atty. WadeSally Payne as AnnabellaEdgar Buchanan as Old Timer(uncredited)June Wilkins as SuzyProductionThe film was based on Emmett Dalton's autobiography. Universal announced the project in March 1940 with filming to begin in May. Stuart Anthony and Lester Cole worked onthe script. The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California."}
{"doc_id":"doc_267","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hell and Mr. FudgeHell and Mr. Fudge is a 2012 American drama film directed by Jeff Wood and written by Donald Davenport. Based on a true story, the film stars Mackenzie Astin as Edward Fudge, a real life Alabama preacher who has been hired to determine the nature of hell. The real life Fudge is best known for his book The Fire That Consumes, in which he argues against the immortal soul and eternal torment in hell.CastMackenzie Astin as Edward FudgeCody Sullivan as young EdwardKeri Lynn Pratt as Sara FudgeJohn Wesley Shipp as Bennie Lee FudgeEileen Davidson as Sibyl FudgeWes Robertson as Joe MarkTrevor Allen Martin as young JoeHelen Ingebritsen as Mrs. HerneChristian Fortune as Davy HollisSean McGowan as Don HalowayTom Hillmann as Simon ClarageProductionFilming took place in Athens, Alabama in June and July 2011. The film had a scheduled release date of \"first quarter 2012\". Fudge cooperated in the film's development.ReceptionIn April 2012, the film received a Platinum award in the \"Christian theatrical feature film\" category at the Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival. The film's producers subsequently sought a distributor for a wider release.Passage 2:Yes or NoYes or No  or Yes/No may refer to:Yes and no in EnglishYes–no question, a form of question which can normally be answered using a simple \"yes\" or \"no\"Film and TVYes or No?, a 1920 silent filmYes or No (film), a 2010 Thai romantic filmYes or No (game show), a version of Deal or No Deal airing in South KoreaYes or No (TV series), (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000) a Tamil-language talent game show in India\"Yes/No\" (Glee)\", an episode of Glee\"Yes or No, Tsunade's answer\" (\"YES\u0000NO\u0000!\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\"), a season four episode of the anime series Naruto (see list of Naruto episodes)MusicAlbumsYes/No, a 2012 EP by Fake BloodYes, No (T-Square album), 1988Songs\"Yes/No\" (Banky W. song), 2012\"Yes or No\" (song), by The Go-Go's\"Yes or No\" by Wayne Shorter from the 1965 album JuJu\"Yes or No\", song by Tommy SeebachOther uses\"Yes\" or \"No\" the Guide to Better Decisions a book by Spencer JohnsonSee alsoYes and no (disambiguation)Passage 3:Yes or YesYes or Yes (stylized as YES or YES) is the sixth extended play by the South Korean girl group Twice. It was released on November 5, 2018, by JYP Entertainment and distributed by Iriver. It contains seven tracks, including the lead single of the same name and the Korean version of \"BDZ\". Twice members Jeongyeon, Chaeyoung and Jihyo took part in writing lyrics for three songs on the EP.The album became a commercial success for the group, topping the Gaon Album Chart and becoming Twice's first Korean album to top Japan's Oricon Album Chart. It recorded over 300,000 copies sold, and with its release, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea. A reissue, titled The Year of \"Yes\", was released on December 12, 2018.Background and releaseIn early October 2018, advertisements with the phrase \"Do you like Twice? Yes or Yes\" (Korean: \"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000? YES or YES\") were put up on subway billboards, drawing attention online. On October 11, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release a third Korean album that year on November 5. Yes or Yes was revealed as the album's title on October 20 and a special video commemorating Twice's third anniversary contained a short clip of the album's lead single of the same name.Twice released their first group teaser photo regarding their comeback on October 23. On October 24, individual teaser posters featuring Nayeon, Jeongyeon, and Momo were uploaded. A track list image for the album's eponymous title track was also posted, revealing that it was written by Sim Eun-jee, who previously worked with Twice as a songwriter for \"Knock Knock\". On October 25, individual teaser photos featuring Sana, Jihyo, and Mina were posted by the group. On the same day, a second track list image for the album was posted, revealing the titles of three songs written by Twice members: \" LaLaLa\" penned by Jeongyeon, \"Young & Wild\" co-written by Chaeyoung, and \"Sunset\" being written by Jihyo. On October 26, individual teaser photos featuring Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu were uploaded. A third track list image unveiling additional details about the album was also posted, revealing seven songs in total.On October 27, a second group teaser photo was released by Twice. On October 28, a second set of individual teaser photos featuring each member was uploaded. Twice then revealed their first music video teaser for \"Yes or Yes\" on October 29. On October 30, Twice unveiled their third group teaser poster. The following day, the group released the second music video teaser for the album's title track, revealing their opening choreography. A full preview of the album's contents was revealed by the group on November 1. On November 2, Twice uploaded their third music video teaser, revealing more of their choreography and opening verse. More parts of the lead track's opening verse was revealed by the group on November 3. A highlight medley featuring snippets from all of the album's tracks was uploaded on November 4.Yes or Yes alongside its eponymous lead single was officially released on November 5, with Twice holding their live showcase at the KBS Arena Hall in Hwagok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul.CompositionYes or Yes is an EP consisting of seven tracks. The title track \"Yes or Yes\" was composed by David Amber and Andy Love, with Korean lyrics by Sim Eun-jee. Amber previously co-composed \"Heart Shaker\" and Sim Eun-jee co-wrote lyrics for \"Knock Knock\". \"Yes or Yes\" was described as a bright and lively \"color pop\" song in the synth-pop genre with influences from Motown, reggae and arena pop. Lyrically, it is about only being able to reply \"yes\" to a confession of love.\"Say You Love Me\" is an upbeat song which lyrically describes the feeling of one who is admitting to their romantic interest and waiting for their reply. \"LaLaLa\" is written by Jeongyeon, and is described as a \"quintessential love song\". \"Young & Wild\" is penned by Chaeyoung and lyrically talks about self-confidence. \"Sunset\", written by Jihyo, features a mono-speaker sound effect with its lyrics comparing one's romantic interest to a sunset. \"After Moon\" is classified as a ballad track. The album's final track is the Korean version of \"BDZ\" from their Japanese album BDZ.PromotionTwo days before the album's release, Twice appeared on the television show Knowing Bros and performed part of \"Yes or Yes\" for the first time. The group held a showcase for the album on November 5, 2018, at the KBS Arena Hall in Gangseo-gu, Seoul. The first televised performance of \"Yes or Yes\" was at the 2018 MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards on November 6. Twice also appeared on Idol Room as part of the promotion for the album.The group promoted the album on several Korean music show programs, first performing the title track and \"BDZ\" on M Countdown on November 8. They also performed on KBS2's Music Bank on November 9 and 23, SBS' Inkigayo on November 11, MBC M's Show Champion on November 14, and MBC's Show! Music Core on November 17. The title track \"Yes or Yes\" garnered a total of four music show wins, first getting a win on Show Champion on November 14. It received a music show win on M!Countdown and Inkigayo, and achieved its fourth win on Show Champion for the second week.Twice also performed \" Yes or Yes\" at the 39th Blue Dragon Film Awards held on November 23.Commercial performanceFollowing the release of Yes or Yes, the lead single achieved an 'all-kill' by topping the real-time rankings on Melon, Mnet, Naver, Genie, Olle, Soribada, and Bugs. The EP also reached the top of 17 iTunes Album charts. Additionally, all seven tracks from the mini-album charted in the top 7 of Japan's Line Music charts.  In South Korea, the album topped the Gaon Album Chart and the title track topped the Gaon Digital Chart after the first week of its release. Yes or Yes was Twice's first Korean album to rank number 1 on Japan's Oricon Albums Chart and Digital Albums Chart. On November 11, Yes or Yes received a Platinum certification from Gaon for reaching sales of over 250,000 copies. The album then ranked at number three on the Monthly Gaon Album Chart for the month of November, recording 322,803 copies sold.With the release of Yes or Yes, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea, achieving the feat within three years of their career.Track listingContent productionCredits adapted from album liner notes.LocationsPersonnelChartsCertificationsAccoladesPassage 4:Yes or No (film)Yes or No (Thai: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Yak Rak Ko Rak Loei; literally \"Let's Love As We Wish\") is a 2010 Thai romantic comedy-drama film directed by Sarasawadee Wongsompetch, starring Sucharat \"Aom\" Manaying and Suppanad \"Tina\" Jitaleela. It is the first lesbian-genre film from Thailand with a \"tom\" (i.e. butch) lead character.PlotPie comes from an upper middle class Thai family that adheres to traditional thought and customs, including the very vocal disapproval of homosexuality. Kim, on the other hand, carries herself with  deliberate masculinity that defies convention and intimidates Pie upon first encounter, so much so that she immediately requests a roommate change which the college promptly denies.Pie is reluctant to converse or interact with her roommate so she takes tape and  draws boundaries in the room to separate her space from Kim's to avoid as much contact as possible. On the first day of class, Kim by chance meets Jane, who is seen still crying after her breakup. Kim offers her a handkerchief and Jane immediately gets smitten by her. Later that week, Jane walks into Pie and Kim's room and is embarrassed and shocked to see Kim. She immediately walks out, then comes back in and drags Pie out in the hallway. Jane confesses that Kim is the girl she has fallen for and uses Pie to get an introduction and thus begins her chase for Kim.Despite how hard Pie tries to ignore or discourage Kim, the two begin to intermingle when Kim cooks and shares with Pie and the two have a short conversation together. One day Kim receives a package from her father's worker and is told to deliver to Aunt In. She asks Pie to help her get there but Pie hurriedly turns her down and gives her fast directions before walking away. Night time falls and Kim is seen sitting near a lake, completely lost. Pie finds her and offers her to take her to Aunt In but only as a thank you for the food.That starts a series of moments where the two begin to spend increasingly more time together and soon those “boundary lines” disappear and Pie finds herself drifting away from her then boyfriend, to Kim. The two share many sweet moments, most notably, when  Kim took Pie to the park to help her record information for school. The two share a lollipop and Kim in a roundabout way, confesses her attraction to Pie. The latter does not reply but she is seen smiling.But as Pie's feelings grow, so do those of Jane for Kim, and of P'van for Pie. Because Pie has yet to accept that she may have feelings for Kim, and Kim is reluctant to confess, this triggers mutual jealousy and sadness. When P'van unexpectedly pops up at the school to take Pie out, she tries to turn him down but Jane comes along and invites herself and forces Kim and Pie to accept his offer. During their time together, Pie gets visibly upset at how close Jane is to Kim and tries various times to either make Kim jealous or have them spend time alone. After a failed attempt, she and Jane leave for a moment where P'van talks about Pie's mother and her heavy dislike of homosexuals. He then goes on to say that Kim needs to leave Pie alone because Pie does not like her like that nor will she ever, and then taunts Kim by saying Pie would want the real thing versus silicone (referring to sex). Angry, Kim storms off. When Pie and Jane return they ask for Kim but P'van says he doesn't know what happened.Pie calls Kim several times throughout the time period and looks all over the mall for her. Eventually she is seen at the dorm with an angry expression. Kim walks in with her hands full of bags, Pie begins to yell at her for leaving and Kim yells back that she had P'van anyway so it did not matter. Pie then yells at Kim for being too close to Jane but rather than announce it was jealousy, says she was disgusted by two girls together. This prompts Kim to dump her bags and leave the room. Regretful, Pie looks through the bags and finds a Jellyfish lamp, something she told Kim she had wanted. She then grabs an umbrella and runs to find Kim. Eventually she finds Kim in a phone booth, soaking wet and shivering. Upon finding her, Kim declares her love for Pie and that she knows though Pie will never love her, she will do so. Pie then drops the umbrella and embraces Kim.After the confession, the two have their first kiss and begin a relationship together, unbeknownst to anyone. The happiness is short lived though as Pie's mother drops by the dorm. In a rush, Pie tells her mother to go use the restroom while she takes down photos of herself and Kim. Soon after, Pie and her mother sit on the bed and chat. Kim, not knowing Pie's mother is there, walks into the room. Surprised, Kim realizes the situation and pretends to be a student from down the hall asking for her book back from Pie, confused and scared, Pie quickly fumbles for some books and gives them to Kim with a \"Thank You\". When Kim leaves she leaves the door ajar and listens to the nasty comments Pie's mother makes about her, she begins to cry and walks away.Shortly after, Kim gets sick. Pie takes care of her but soon has to leave for class, to make sure Kim gets some rest, she gives her some medicine and puts a blindfold over her eyes. Jane learns that Kim is sick and stops to make a visit. She lays next to Kim and begins to massage her. Eventually Pie comes back to the dorm to find Kim and Jane in a romantic position, rubbing and cradling each other. Jane hurriedly get up and Kim takes off her blindfold. Realizing that it was Jane that she was with the entire time, she rushes to explain but Pie begins to cry and throws a glass Jellyfish lamp Kim had bought her on the floor and runs out of the room. Kim tries to go after her but Jane holds onto her, demanding she stays and what is it she and Pie are hiding.Kim races around the campus, going to all the spots she and Pie would always go too and constantly calling her cellphone but gets sent to voicemail and does not find her. She eventually ends up at Aunt In' who tries to find out what's wrong but Kim receives a phone call from Jane crying for an explanation and threatening to expose Pie and Kim's relationship. After Jane hangs up the phone, she takes out a blade, ready to cut herself. But Nerd shows up and smacks her. Kim runs back to the dorm and find Jane, telling her that she only wanted a friendship with her and that she loves Pie. Eventually the two get to a mutual understanding.Later, you see that Pie has gone home to her mother and is crying in bed. Her mother, who doesn't know what's going on, is worried that Pie has been crying for so long. After Pie settles down she asks her mother would she be mad if she didn't love P'van, her mother responds that she does not care if Pie doesn't love him. Pie then asks her mother what if she liked someone of the same sex, her mother does not respond but is seen with a shocked expression. Kim finds her way to Pie's home days later and speaks to the mother, confessing how she feels for Pie. The mother rejects her and calls down Pie to either accept Kim or not. Pie is too scared and rejects Kim in front of her mother. Heartbroken,  Kim leaves the house.Kim goes back home to her father and works on the farm, after a few weeks, Pie is seen going to the farm and meets Kim's father. After a short introduction, he tells her where Kim is and she rushes to her. As soon as she spots Kim, she begins to confess her feelings and states that she will openly go against her mother and that she needs Kim in her life. When Kim does not answer, Pie apologizes saying \"I was too late\" and turns to leave crying. Kim stops her with a back hug and thanks pie for daring to love her. The two then embrace each other in a longing hug with Pie's voice reading off a letter she had left to her mother stating she is sorry but she loves Kim and will continue a relationship with her.CastSucharat Manaying - as PieSuppanad Jittaleela - as KimArisara Tongborisuth - as JaneSoranut Yupanun - as P'vanIntira Youenyong - as Aunt. InnManeerut Wongjirasak - as Pie's MotherPuttipong Promsaka Na Sakolnakorn - as Kim's FatherThanapat Sornkoon - as BoyNarumon Reanaiprai - as NerdBandit Thongdee - as OddSophon Phoonsawat - as JeabPongsit Phisitthakarn, Nuttapatch Arunsirisakul, Tantong Funyueang, Watchanan Jitpakdee- as Boy Gang MembersReleaseYes or No premiered theatrically in Thailand on 16 December 2010.Home mediaThe DVD for region 3 was released in Thailand by MVD Company Limited on 10 May 2011. The region-free Blu-ray with subtitles in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese was released by Canon Yuri Films on 1 January 2012.The film was released as VOD on Netflix in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 December 2018.ReceptionCritical responseOne of Thailand's widely known movie critic websites, filmbiz stated: \"Slowly on the heels of gay-male teen movie Love of Siam (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 2007) comes Thailand's first lesbian romance, Yes or No (Yes or No \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), a much more path-breaking undertaking in the outwardly permissive but underlyingly very conservative country. Professionally shot on a less than $500,000 budget, with good-looking photography by d.p. Ruengwit Ramasoota (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and a poppy soundtrack that includes one obvious anthem to gay relationships, the movie is tame even by the standards of other Asian countries but gets by on a simple, ingenuous charm that's both very Thai and very necessary (given the nature of its subject).\" The film was given 4 and a half out of 5 stars.AccoladesYes or No received the Special Mention jury award at the 2012 Milan International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.Soundtrack2012 sequel: Yes or No 2The sequel Yes or No 2: Come Back to Me (Thai: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Rak Mai Rak Ya Kak Loei), also directed by Sarasawadee Wongsompetch with Sucharat Manaying and Suppanad Jittaleela returning in the roles of Pie and Kim, was released on 16 August 2012.The VOD became available on Netflix in the United States and United Kingdom on 7 November 2018.See alsoList of LGBT-related films directed by womenList of Thai filmsPassage 5:Yes or No?Yes or No? is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Norma Talmadge in a duo role. It is based on the 1917 Broadway play Yes or No by Arthur Goodrich.  Talmadge and Joe Schenck produced the picture and released it through First National Exhibitors.It is preserved at the Library of Congress Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation.PlotCastNorma Talmadge as Margaret Vane / Minnie BerryFrederick Burton as Donald VaneLowell Sherman as Paul DerreckLionel Adams as Dr. MalloyRockliffe Fellowes as Jack BerryNatalie Talmadge as Emma MartinEdward Brophy as Tom Martin (credited as Edward S. Brophy)Dudley Clements as Horace HookerGladden James as Ted LeachPassage 6:The Law and Mr. LeeThe Law and Mr Lee is a 2003 American TV film.PlotAn ex-con becomes a private detective.CastDanny GloverPassage 7:Hell and BackHell and Back or Hell and Back Again or To Hell and Back may refer to:BooksHell and Back (comics), a 1999–2000 comic book seriesTo Hell and Back (Murphy book), a 1949 autobiography of soldier and actor Audie MurphyTo Hell and Back (Kershaw book), 2015 history book by Ian KershawMeat Loaf: To Hell and Back, a 2004 autobiography of Meat Loaf, or its film adaptationFilm and TVHell and Back (film), a 2015 animated comedy filmTo Hell and Back (film), a 1955 film adaptation of Audie Murphy's autobiographyUno di più all'inferno, a 1968 film also known as To Hell and Back\"To Hell and Back\", a 1996 episode of American GothicMusicHell and Back (album), a 2004 album by Drag OnTo Hell and Back (album), a 2000 album by SinergyTo Hell 'n' Back, a 2009 album by Grong GrongHell and Back Together: 1984–1990, a 1992 compilation album by T.S.O.L.\"To Hell & Back\" (song), a 2020 song by Maren Morris\"Hell and Back\", a song by Metallica from the 2011 EP Beyond Magnetic\"Hell n Back\", a 2019 song by Bakar\"To Hell & Back\", a 2009 song by Blessthefall from the album Witness\"To Hell and Back\", a 2014 song by Sabaton from the album Heroes\"To Hell and Back\", a 2015 song by Symphony X from the album Underworld\"To Hell and Back\", a 1982 song by Venom from the album Black MetalVideo gamingTo Hell and Back (video game), a platform game developed for the Commodore 64See alsoHell and Back Again, a 2011 film\"To Hull and Back\", a 1985 Christmas "}
{"doc_id":"doc_268","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de EstudiosSuperiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellitelocation service in the world and established international distribution agreements.He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becomingGeneral Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked forTelevisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services.He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. OnApril 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managingpartnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB(Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.Passage 2:John DonatichJohn Donatich is the Director of YaleUniversity Press.Early lifeHe received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude.CareerDonatich worked asdirector of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollinsfrom 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of BasicBooks. While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, SamanthaPower, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H.Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T. J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea and ClaudioMagris. He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in thedecision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel,The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhy Books Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing,Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his televisionseries credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film creditsinclude Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by hiswife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)WhoseBaby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not QuiteHollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Mrs. Gibbons' Boys (film)Mrs. Gibbons' Boys is a black and white 1962 British comedy film directedby Max Varnel and starring Kathleen Harrison, Lionel Jeffries and Diana Dors. It is based on the play Mrs. Gibbons' Boys by Joseph Stein and Will Glickman; and was released in the UK as the bottom half of a double billwith Constantine and the Cross (1961).PlotAn ageing widow finally finds new love and happiness; but matters are complicated when her two convict sons escape from prison and beg her to hide them.CastKathleenHarrison as Mrs GibbonsLionel Jeffries as Lester GibbonsDiana Dors as MyraJohn Le Mesurier as ColeFrederick Bartman as Mike GibbonsDavid Lodge a sFrank GibbonsDick Emery as WoodrowEric Pohlmann asMorelliWilliam Kerwin as MatthewMilo O'Shea as HorsePeter Hempson as RonniePenny Morrell as  PearlNancy Nevinson as Mrs MorelliMark Singleton as PCTony Hilton as Dustcart driverProductionDiana Dors was living inLos Angeles but returned to England to make the film.Passage 6:Lisa JakubLisa Jakub () (born December 27, 1978) is a Canadian writer, yoga teacher, and former actress. She is best known for her roles as Lydia Hillardin the comedy-drama film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) and as Alicia Casse in Independence Day (1996).Childhood and educationJakub was born on December 27, 1978, in Toronto, Ontario. She is of Slovak (father) and Welshand Scottish (mother) descent. She attended multiple schools in her early life, including Hillfield Strathallan College.Jakub graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Sociology in 2010.ActingJakub's firstrole was as Katis' Granddaughter in the 1985 film Eleni. She appeared in comedy-drama film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) alongside Mara Wilson, Sally Field, Matthew Lawrence, and Robin Williams. When Jakub received thepart of Lydia in Mrs. Doubtfire, her high school expelled her for accruing too many absences. Robin Williams wrote a letter to Jakub's high school, pleading with them to re-admit Jakub but this was unsuccessful.Sheplayed Sandra in Matinee (1993), appeared in A Pig's Tale (1994) and Independence Day (1996), The Beautician and the Beast (1997), and played the \"inspiration\" for Princess Leia in the short film George Lucas inLove (1999). She starred in Picture Perfect (1995), and portrayed a bordello worker in the American Old West in Painted Angels (1997).Personal lifeAfter retiring from acting in 2001 at the age of 22, Jakub moved toVirginia and married her longtime best friend, former Hollywood theater manager Jeremy Jones, in 2005. She has publicly stated that she has no plans to return to acting. Jakub later became a writer, authoring twobooks called You Look Like That Girl (2015) and Not Just Me (2017) and regularly contributes to online blogs. Jakub is also a qualified Kripalu yoga teacher. She has openly discussed her battles with anxiety, depressionand panic attacks, which she has suffered from since her teenage years and credits her yoga practice in helping her overcome her battles. In 2021, Lisa launched a new website, BlueMala, which she described as theresource that she wished she had when she was in her darkest moments. The website contains her articles on mental wellness along with her yoga and meditation videos.WritingsYou Look Like That Girl: A Child ActorStops Pretending and Finally Grows Up (2015)Not Just Me: Anxiety, Depression, and Learning to Embrace Your Weird (2017)(Don't) Call Me Crazy (contributing writer) (Algonquin,2018)FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 7:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 8:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation inNew York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts atWilliams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. Afterreceiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor atWilliams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994,a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after itsextensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited withcatalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly andpermanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists'respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a nationalmonument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has statedthat he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt thatbecause of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a localand international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to theaddition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari todesign an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo.Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ...crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), aseries of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), andMichael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part tothe popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than itcollected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board'sco-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As ofJanuary 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on WilshireBoulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan'stechnically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\".Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries itwill replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could nolonger be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no othermuseum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an\"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided byLACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is nowworth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza atSanta Monica Airport.Passage 9:Tomris GiritlioğluTomris Giritlioğlu (born 1957) is a Turkish film director and producer. She is best known for directing the 1999 film Mrs. Salkım's Diamonds.Selected filmographyPassage10:Max VarnelMax Varnel (21 March 1925 – 15 January 1996) was a French-born Australian film and television director who worked primarily in the United Kingdom and Australia.BiographyBorn Max Le Bozec in Paris,France, he was the son of the film director Marcel Varnel. He began his career as an assistant director of The Magic Box (1951) and continued in this rol for The Card (1952), Devil Girl from Mars (1954), and TheCockleshell Heroes (1955), among others. His directing credits encompass a long string of B movies, including Moment of Indiscretion, A Woman Possessed (both 1958), Top Floor Girl, Web of Suspicion, The Child andthe Killer, and Crash Drive (all 1959).Varnel's television credits include The Vise, The Cheaters, Softly Softly, and The Troubleshooters in the UK, and Skippy, Glenview High, The Young Doctors, and Neighbours inAustralia, where he emigrated in the late 1960s.Varnel died of a heart attack in Sydney at the age of 70.Selected filmographyEnter Inspector Duval (1961)Return of a Stranger (1961)Mrs. Gibbons' Boys (1962)ExternallinksMax Varnel at IMDbMax Varnel at the BFI's Screenonline"}
{"doc_id":"doc_269","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at NorthwesternUniversity. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directedthe musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and televisionfilms. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some ofhis television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heartin Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, hedirected productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and wasalso an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a 1977 French comedy filmdirected by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenri Guybet - TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Lecommandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, le passeurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is anIrish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of theToledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), theEuropean Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughoutAustralia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversawseveral years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained governmentsupport for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection ofIndonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new\"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institutioncannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephantdung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack onreligion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision ofmy professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contractbeyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections ofEuropean and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of arteducation.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included babyand toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA)conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has mademajor acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects werestolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large andsmall-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea andthe Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body,toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generousendowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded theAustralian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently,Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 5:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) isthe executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is afilm director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew upin Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival,2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city ofKfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel;director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 6:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où estdonc passée la septième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 duringthe Battle of France.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near the Machecoul woods, but survive and hide in thewoods. Captain Dumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill,and takes position within a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, andorder a puzzled 7th Company to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff Sergeant Chaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night.Pithiviers is content to slow down and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the campwithout their weapons to look for Pithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into thelake. While Chaudard teaches his men how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes anemergency landing and escapes before his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes forPithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm, but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard.Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door, comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit theycaught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard has been lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killing its two drivers. Theyoriginally planned to abandon the truck and the two dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans'uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company, who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol,who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures the newest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck's cannon gun.Theyplanned to go to Paris but are misguided by their own colonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowing thecompany to get away. When Captain Dumont joins his Chaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : StaffSergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobert Lamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : The peasantJacques Marin:The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A French soldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by Robert Lamoureux;–1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune (The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well asJouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. The famous grocery scene was filmed in Bazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences in June 1940 during the war.The finalscene with the parachute is based on a true story. The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups of three, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the rail network of Normandy Landings inBrittany, two days before.Box officeThe movie received a great success in France reaching the third best selling movie in 1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septième compagnie? at IMDbPassage7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was thedirector of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:Cloudy Sunday\"CloudySunday\" (Greek: Συννεφιασμένη Κυριακή, romanized: Synefiazmeni Kyriaki) is a 1943 or 1944 song composed and originally performed by the Greek songwriter Vassilis Tsitsanis (1915–84). It is one of the mostcelebrated compositions in the popular genre of Rebetiko. It has been described as \"a sort of unofficial national anthem\".Content\"Cloudy Sunday\" is a love song with a strongly melancholy tone. The lyrics emphasize theprotagonist's emotion while providing provides little or no factual detail. A. A. Fatouros notes that no name is provided for the female character and that it contains no obvious social or political context. However, he"}
{"doc_id":"doc_270","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Fred M. Wilcox (director)Fred McLeod Wilcox (December 22, 1907 – September 23, 1964) was an American motion picture director. He worked for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for many years  and is bestremembered for directing Lassie Come Home (1943) and Forbidden Planet (1956). These films were entered in the National Film Preservation Board's National Film Registry in 1993 and 2013respectively.FilmographyJoaquin Murrieta (1938)Lassie Come Home (1943)Courage of Lassie (1946)Three Daring Daughters (1948)Hills of Home (1948)The Secret Garden (1949)Shadow in the Sky (1952)Code Two(1953)Tennessee Champ (1954)Forbidden Planet (1956)I Passed for White (1960)External linksFred M. Wilcox at IMDbPassage 2:Dan RhodesDan Rhodes (born 1972) is an English writer known for the novel TimoleonVieta Come Home (2003), a subversion of the popular Lassie Come Home movie. He is also the author of Anthropology (2000), a collection of 101 stories, each consisting of exactly 101 words. In 2010 he was awardedthe E. M. Forster Award.BiographyRhodes grew up in Devon, and graduated in Humanities from the University of Glamorgan (now the University of South Wales) in 1994, returning in 1997 to complete an MA in CreativeWriting. Don't Tell Me the Truth About Love was written at this time. He has held a variety of jobs, including stockroom assistant for Waterstone's, barman in his parents' pub, and a teacher in Ho Chi Minh City. He hasalso worked on a fruit and vegetable farm and is still employed as a postman.Following the publication of his second book, Rhodes's frustration with the publishing industry led him to announce his retirement fromwriting, though he later said, \"I haven't really given up. I'm certainly not making any more grand pronouncements. I was just sick of the business and wanted out. Not just the publishers; everyone around me.\"Rhodeswas included on Granta's Best of Young British Novelists list in 2003, to his own bemusement and frustration, partly because of Granta's selection methods (\"It's one thing to judge a writer by stuff they've written, butto judge them on stuff they're going to write is lunacy\") but also because some of the others on the list failed to respond to his request to sign a joint statement protesting the Iraq War.In 2014, Rhodes self-publishedthe novel When the Professor Got Stuck in the Snow, a \"rural farce\" about a visit to an obscure English village by a fictional Richard Dawkins, stating that he wanted to get the book out faster than conventionalpublishing allowed. Traditional publishers were loath to publish the novel for fear of legal action from Professor Richard Dawkins, who is parodied in it. Rhodes appealed repeatedly to Dawkins, a defender of satire andfree speech, for permission to \"publish and be damned\" but received no response. The novel was republished by Aardvark Bureau in October 2015.In 2021, Lightning Books published his novel Sour Grapes, a satire onthe literary world set at a rural book festival.Rhodes is married with two children.BibliographyCollectionsAnthropology: And a Hundred Other Stories (2000) ISBN 1-84195-614-7Don't Tell Me the Truth About Love(2001) ISBN 1-84195-613-9Marry Me (2013) ISBN 0-85786-849-7NovelsTimoleon Vieta Come Home (2003) ISBN 1-84195-481-0The Little White Car (under the pen name Danuta de Rhodes) (2004) ISBN1-84195-528-0Gold (2007) ISBN 978-1-84195-953-5Little Hands Clapping (2010) ISBN 1-84767-529-8This Is Life (2012) ISBN 0-85786-245-6When the Professor Got Stuck in the Snow (2014, self-published limitededition; 2015 formal publication by Aardvark Bureau) ISBN 9781910709016Sour Grapes (2021) ISBN 9781785632921Passage 3:Prairie ThunderPrairie Thunder is a 1937 American Western film directed by B. ReevesEason and written by Ed Earl Repp. The film stars Dick Foran, Janet Shaw, Frank Orth, Wilfred Lucas, Albert J. Smith and Yakima Canutt. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 11, 1937. It was the last of12 B-westerns Foran made for Warners as a singing cowboy (as he was often billed) from 1935 to 1937.PlotIn the Old West, a telegraph line is coming to Buffalo Creek, where general store owner Nate Temple lives withdaughter, Joan. Joan is courting Rod Farrell, a scout for the Union Army. Rod is ordered to investigate a break in the telegraph line, along with sidekick, Wichita, a Union soldier. Rod finds the break in the line in Indianterritory and repairs it. Rod suspects a white man assisted the local Indian tribe in sabotaging the line. Rod and Wichita ride up on an Indian camp. The Indian chief, High Wolf, tells Rod the Indians intend to make warbecause the railroad and the telegraph coming to the region have depleted the buffalo population. High Wolf confirms a white man, who he will not name, is the only friend to his tribe. Rod and Wichita discover a mannamed Lynch and his gang are supplying the Indians with weapons and ammunition in exchange for the Indians hijacking supply trains. Rod and Wichita breach the gang's hideout, take Lynch and his gang into custody,hold them at Temple's store, and telegraph the cavalry for help. Rod rides off with Joan while Wichita guards the gang. Matson, one of Lynch's men not arrested, tells High Wolf of the gang's arrest, and a slew of Indianbraves invade Buffalo Creek terrorizing the town with gunfire. Rod and Joan, hearing the gunfire, head toward town. Matson and High Wolf free the gang and Lynch orders the Indians to burn the town. Lynch interceptsRod and Joan. Rod is taken to the Indian camp. Joan is taken to Lynch's hideout. Wichita overhears Lynch and sneaks into the Indian camp where Rod is tied to a stake to be burned. Lynch also arrives at the camptelling High Wolf to strike the railroad workers camp. Wichita, dressed as an Indian, frees Rod and the pair head for Lynch's hideout where they rescue Joan, then head to the railroad construction camp with the Indiansin pursuit. The citizens of Buffalo Creek, now displaced after the town was burned, fortify their wagons on the outskirts of town and a gunfight ensues as the Indians arrive. Rod, Wichita and Joan join in the fight. Thecavalry arrives and the Indians retreat. High Wolf is shot and Rod subdues Lynch. Rod is awarded a congressional medal and promoted to colonel. Rod and Joan ride off as Rod sings \"The Prairie Is My Home.\"CastDickForan as Rod FarrellJanet Shaw as Joan TempleFrank Orth as WichitaWilfred Lucas as Nate TempleAlbert J. Smith as LynchYakima Canutt as High WolfGeorge Chesebro as MatsonSlim Whitaker as Indian FighterJ. P.McGowan as Colonel StantonJohn Harron as Lieutenant AdamsJack Mower as PortlandHenry Otho as ChrisPaul Panzer as JedPassage 4:Gypsy ColtGypsy Colt is a 1954 American drama film directed by Andrew Martonand starring Donna Corcoran, Ward Bond and Frances Dee. Shot in Ansco Color, it was produced and distributed by Hollywood studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film's basic plot was taken from Lassie Come Home withthe focus changed from a dog to the eponymous horse.A 60-minute version of Gypsy Colt was made available in 1967 as part of the weekly TV anthology Off to See the Wizard.PlotA young girl, Meg (Donna Corcoran), isdisheartened when her parents Frank (Ward Bond) and Em MacWade (Frances Dee) are forced to sell Gypsy Colt, her favorite horse, to a rancher. Gypsy Colt escapes several times, ultimately taking a 500-mile journeyto return to his rightful owner.CastDonna Corcoran as MegWard Bond as FrankFrances Dee as EmLee Van Cleef as HankLarry Keating as Wade Y. GeraldNacho Galindo as PanchoRodolfo Hoyos Jr. as RodolfoPeggy Maleyas PatRobert Hyatt as Phil Gerald (as Bobby Hyatt)Highland Dale as Gypsy, the HorseReceptionAccording to MGM records, the movie earned $721,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $704,000 in other markets, making aprofit of $259,000.Comic book adaptationDell Four Color #568 (June 1954)Passage 5:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu moviewas released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life andbackgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. Hismother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has alsodirected a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming inhis upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will makehis Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also withthin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has atelevision serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugulanguage.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 6:Rich GosselinRichmond \"Rich\" Gosselin (born April 25, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) and theSwiss-A League. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft by the Montreal Canadiens. Gosselin played three games with the Winnipeg Jets during the 1978–79 WHA season, after which hewent overseas to play in Switzerland.Gosselin served as a head coach in various European leagues after his playing career ended. In Manitoba, he has coached the Eastman Midget 'AAA' Selects, South East PrairieThunder, and Steinbach Pistons junior hockey team.  Gosselin coached the Prairie Thunder to a second-place finish at the 2009 Allan Cup.Passage 7:Eric KnightEric Mowbray Knight (10 April 1897 – 15 January 1943)was an English novelist and screenwriter, who is mainly known for his 1940 novel Lassie Come-Home, which introduced the fictional collie Lassie.  He took American citizenship in 1942 shortly before hisdeath.BiographyBorn in Menston, West Riding of Yorkshire, Knight was the youngest of three sons born to Marion Hilda (née Creasser) and Frederic Harrison Knight, both Quakers. His father was a rich diamondmerchant who, when Eric was two years old, was killed during the Boer War. His mother then moved to St. Petersburg, Imperial Russia, to work as a governess for the imperial family. The family later settled in theUnited States in 1912.Knight had a varied career, including service in the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry during World War I as a signaller then served as a captain of field artillery in the U.S. Army Reserveuntil 1926. His two brothers were both killed in World War I serving with the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.  He did stints as an art student, newspaper reporter and Hollywood screenwriter.He married twice, firston 28 July 1917, to Dorothy Caroline Noyes Hall, with whom he had three daughters and later divorced, and secondly to Jere Brylawski on 2 December 1932.Writing careerKnight's first novel was Invitation to Life(Greenberg, 1934). The second was Song on Your Bugles (1936) about the working class in Northern England.  As \"Richard Hallas\", he wrote the hardboiled genre novel You Play the Black and the Red Comes Up(1938). Knight's This Above All is considered one of the significant novels of the Second World War. He also helped co-author the film, Battle of Britain in the \"Why We Fight\" Series under the direction of FrankCapra.Knight and his second wife Jere Knight raised collies on their farm in Pleasant Valley, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. They resided at Springhouse Farm from 1939 to 1943. His novel Lassie Come-Home (ISBN0030441013) was published in 1940, expanded from a short story published in 1938 in The Saturday Evening Post.One of Knight's last books was Sam Small Flies Again, republished as The Flying Yorkshireman (PocketBooks 493, 1948; 273 pages).  On the back of The Flying Yorkshireman, this blurb appeared:England's answer to America's James Thurber or Thorne Smith, Knight created the character Sam Small, a villager fromYorkshire whose stock in trade was an endless parade of outrageous tarradiddles and tall tales.  Sam's adventures are chronicled in the ten stories of this vintage volume, originally published as Sam Small FliesAgain.  That's right, Sam can literally fly, which puts him into all sorts of mischief.  \"An immensely funny book.\" – The New York Times.WorksSong On Your Bugles (1936)You Play The Black and The Red Comes Up(written as: Richard Hallas) (1940)Now Pray We for Our Country (1940)Sam Small Flies Again (also titled: The Flying Yorkshireman) (1942)This Above All (1942)Lassie Come-Home (1943)Portrait of a FlyingYorkshireman (edited by Paul Rotha) (1952)Source:DeathIn 1943, at which time he was a major in the United States Army – Special Services where he wrote two of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series, Knight was killedin a C-54 air crash in Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) in South America.Passage 8:B. Reeves EasonWilliam Reeves Eason (October 2, 1886 – June 9, 1956), known as B. Reeves Eason, was an American film director,actor and screenwriter. His directorial output was limited mainly to low-budget westerns and action pictures, but it was as a second-unit director and action specialist that he was best known. He was famous for stagingspectacular battle scenes in war films and action scenes in large-budget westerns, but he acquired the nickname \"Breezy\" for his \"breezy\" attitude towards safety while staging his sequences—during the famous cavalrycharge at the end of Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), so many horses were killed or injured so severely that they had to be euthanized that both the public and Hollywood itself were outraged, resulting in theselection of the American Humane Society by the beleaguered studios to provide representatives on the sets of all films using animals to ensure their safety.CareerBorn in Massachusetts, Eason studied engineering atthe University of California. Eason directed 150 films and starred in almost 100 films over his career. Eason's career transcended into sound and he directed film serials such as The Miracle Rider starring Tom Mix in1935. He used 42 cameras to film the chariot race as a second-unit director on Ben-Hur (1925), the climactic charge in Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), and also directed the \"Burning of Atlanta\" in Gone with theWind (1939).Family and personal lifeHis son, B. Reeves Eason Jr., was a child actor who appeared in 12 films, including Nine-Tenths of the Law, which Eason, Sr. directed. Born in 1914, he died in 1921 after being hit bya runaway truck outside of his parents' home shortly after the filming of the Harry Carey silent western The Fox was completed, just before his seventh birthday.DeathOn June 9, 1956, Eason died of a heart attack atthe age of 69. He is buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles.FilmographyDirectorActorScreenwriterPassage 9:Lassie Come HomeLassie Come Home is a 1943 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Technicolor feature filmstarring Roddy McDowall and  canine actor Pal, in a story about the profound bond between Yorkshire boy Joe Carraclough and his rough collie, Lassie. The film was directed by Fred M. Wilcox from a screenplay by HugoButler based upon the 1940 novel Lassie Come-Home by Eric Knight. The film was the first in a series of seven MGM films starring \"Lassie.\"The original film saw a sequel, Son of Lassie in 1945 with five other filmsfollowing at intervals through the 1940s. A British remake of the 1943 movie was released in 2005 as Lassie to moderate success. The film has been released to VHS and DVD.In 1993, Lassie Come Home was includedin the annual selection of 25 motion pictures added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and recommended for preservation.PlotSet inDepression-era Yorkshire, England, Mr and Mrs Carraclough are hit by hard times and forced to sell their collie, Lassie, to the rich Duke of Rudling, who has always admired her. Young Joe Carraclough grows despondentat the loss of his companion.Lassie will have nothing to do with the Duke, however, and finds ways to escape her kennels and return to Joe. The Duke finally carries Lassie to his home hundreds of miles distant inScotland. There, his granddaughter Priscilla senses the dog's unhappiness and arranges her escape.Lassie then sets off for a long trek to her Yorkshire home. She faces many perils along the way, dog catchers and aviolent storm, but also meets kind people who offer her aid and comfort. At the end, when Joe has given up hope of ever seeing his dog again, the weary Lassie returns to her favorite resting place in the schoolyard athome. There, Lassie is joyfully reunited with the boy she loves.Main castProductionThe film was shot in Washington state and Monterey, California, while the rapids scene was shot on the San Joaquin River. It alsofeatures scenes from the former Janss Conejo Ranch in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California. Additional photography occurred in Big Bear Lake.During the film's production, MGM executives previewingthe dailies were said to be so moved that they ordered more scenes to be added to \"this wonderful motion picture.\"Some sources say that, initially, a female collie was selected for the title role, but was replaced whenthe dog began to shed excessively during shooting of the film in the summer. The trainer, Rudd Weatherwax, then substituted the male collie, Pal, in the role of \"Lassie\". Pal had been hired to perform the rapids stuntand, being male, looked more impressive in the part. Still other accounts, such as a 1943 New York Times article written while the film was in production, say that Pal was cast by director Fred Wilcox after first beingrejected, because no other dog performed satisfactorily with the \"near human attributes\" he sought for the canine title role. Weatherwax would later receive all rights to the Lassie name and trademark in lieu of backpay owed him by MGM.MusicIn 2010, Film Score Monthly released the complete scores of the seven Lassie feature films released by MGM between 1943 and 1955 as well as Elmer Bernstein’s score for It's a Dog's Life(1955) in the CD collection Lassie Come Home: The Canine Cinema Collection, limited to 1000 copies.  Due to the era when these scores were recorded, nearly half of the music masters have been lost so the scores hadto be reconstructed and restored from the best available sources, mainly the Music and Effects tracks as well as monaural ¼″ tapes.The score for Lassie Come Home was composed by Daniele Amfitheatrof.Track listingfor Lassie Come Home (Disc 1)Main Title*/The Story of a Dog* – 2:23Time Sense—Second Version*/Have a Good Time/Waking Up Joe*/Lassie is Sold – 6:30Lassie is Sold, Part 2 – 1:07Joe is Heartbroken*/PriscillaMeets Lassie – 2:40Time Sense—Second Version*/First Escape (beginning)* – 1:33Hynes Arrives/Time Sense—Second Version*/Second Escape – 2:09Day Dreaming – 1:30Bid Her Stay*/Honest is Honest/Lassie Goesto Scotland*/Lassie in Scotland – 4:45Lassie is Chained* – 0:51Hynes Walks Lassie – 0:59Time Sense—Second Version*/Lassie Runs Away*/The Storm/Over the Mountains*/The Lake & Time Sense #3/Lassie vs.Satan*/The Dog Fight (Amfitheatrof–Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco)*/Lassie vs. Satan, Part 2*/A Surprise for Joe*/Crossing the River* – 13:09Dan and Dally*/Lassie Recovers/Joe Can’t Sleep*/Time Sense—SecondVersion* – 4:40Lassie is Not Happy/Time Sense—Second Version*/Goodbye, Girl*/Meeting Palmer/Lassie Refuses Food*/Lassie Follows Palmer – 6:28Lassie Wants to Go That Way/Lassie is a Lady/Next Morning –3:11Toots Gives a Performance*/The Dogs Play*/Thousand Kronen (Bronislau Kaper)*/Last Fight*/Toots is Dead/It’s Goodbye, Then*/The Dog Catchers*/Out of Work/Lassie Comes Home*/Duke Arrives* & This is No"}
{"doc_id":"doc_271","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gaius Julius AquilaGaius Julius Aquila was the name of a number of people who lived during the Roman Empire.Prefect of EgyptGaius Julius Aquila was a praefectus of Roman Egypt between 10 CE and 11.Governor of Bythinia et PontusGaius Julius Aquila was a Roman knight, stationed with a few cohorts, in 45 CE, to protect Tiberius Julius Cotys I, king of the Bosporan Kingdom, who had received the sovereignty after the expulsion of Tiberius Julius Mithridates. In the same year, Aquila obtained the praetorian insignia. He also erected a monument honouring the emperor Claudius in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) known as the Kuşkayası Monument.Passage 2:Maximus of TyreMaximus of Tyre (Greek: Μάξιμος Τύριος; fl. late 2nd century AD), also known as Cassius Maximus Tyrius, was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who lived in the time of the Antonines and Commodus, and who belongs to the trend of the Second Sophistic.  His writings contain many allusions to the history of Greece, while there is little reference to Rome; hence it is inferred that he lived longer in Greece, perhaps as a professor at Athens. Although nominally a Platonist, he is really a sophist rather than a philosopher, although he is still considered one of the precursors of Neoplatonism.WritingsThe DissertationsThere exist 41 essays or discourses on theological, ethical, and other philosophical subjects, collected into a work called The Dissertations. The central theme is God as the supreme being, one and indivisible though called by many names, accessible to reason alone:In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord, you will see one according law and assertion in all the earth, that there is one God, the king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of God, ruling together with him.As animals form the intermediate stage between plants and human beings, so there exist intermediaries between God and man, viz. daemons, who dwell on the confines of heaven and earth. The soul in many ways bears a great resemblance to the divinity; it is partly mortal, partly immortal, and, when freed from the fetters of the body, becomes a daemon. Life is the sleep of the soul, from which it awakes at death. The style of Maximus is superior to that of the ordinary sophistical rhetorician, but scholars differ widely as to the merits of the essays themselves.Dissertation XX discusses \"Whether the Life of a Cynic is to Be Preferred\". He begins with a narrative of how Prometheus created mankind, who initially lived a life of ease \"for the earth supplied them with aliment, rich meadows, long-haired mountains, and abundance of fruits\" – in other words, a Garden of Eden that resonates with Cynic ideas. It was \"a life without war, without iron, without a guard, peaceful, healthful unindigent\".Then, taking perhaps from Lucretius, he contrasts that Garden to mankind's \"second life\", which started with the division of the earth into property, which they then enclosed into fortifications and walls, and started to wear jewellery and gold, built houses, “molested the earth by digging into it for metals”, and invaded the sea and the air (killing animals, fish and birds), in what he described as a “slaughter and all-various gore, pursuing gratification of the body”. Humans became unhappy and, to compensate, sought wealth, “fearing poverty...dreading death...neglecting the care of life...They blamed base actions but did not abstain from them and “the hated to live, but dreaded to die”.He then contrasts the two lives – that of the original Garden and of the “second life” he has just described and asks, which man would not choose the first, who “knows that by the change he shall be liberated from a multitude of evils” and what he calls “a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined to a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined in a dark recess, with large iron fetters round their feet, a great weight about their neck…passing their time in filth, in torment, and in weeping”. He asks, “Which of these images shall we proclaim blessed”? He goes on to praise Diogenes of Sinopeus, the Cynic, for choosing his ascetic life, but only because he avoided the often fearful fates of other philosophers – such as Socrates being condemned. But there is no mention of he himself taking up the ascetic life himself; rather he only talks about how the Garden would be preferable to the life mankind has made for itself. So it is unlikely he was a Cynic, but was just envious of that idealised pre-civilisation Life in the Garden.Maximus of Tyre must be distinguished from the Stoic Claudius Maximus, tutor of Marcus Aurelius.Ancient Greek TextMaximus Tyrius, Philosophumena, Dialexeis - Edited by George Leonidas Koniaris, Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 1995, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882568 - this critical edition presents the Ancient Greek text of Maximus of Tyre.TranslationsTaylor, Thomas, The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius. C. Wittingham (1804)Trapp, Michael. Maximus of Tyre: The Philosophical Orations, (NY: Oxford University Press, 1997)Passage 3:R. Charlton (poet/songwriter)R. Charlton, who lived in the early nineteenth century, was a Tyneside poet/songwriter.DetailsR. Charlton (lived ca. 1812) was a Tyneside songwriter, who, according to the information given by Thomas Allan in the Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs published in 1891, has the song \"Newcastle Improvements\" attributed to his name.The song is sung to the tune of \"Canny Newcassel\" according to W & T Fordyce. It is written in Geordie dialect and has a strong Northern connection). Unlike the others songwriters who wrote about the town improvements and mentioned changes to layout, street plans, new buildings etc., Charlton concentrated on the social changes brought about by the work, and sometimes not too kindly.The same song without any comment, except the author's name, appears on page 159 of The Tyne Songster published by W & T Fordyce published in 1840 and on page 151 of A Collection of Songs, Comic, Satirical, and Descriptive published by Thomas Marshall published in 1829Nothing more appears to be known of this person, or their life, or even their Christian name or sex.See alsoGeordie dialect words(Geordie) Rhymes of Northern Bards by John Bell JuniorJohn Bell (folk music)Passage 4:Mubarak KhwajaMubarak Khwaja (Kazakh: М\u0000б\u0000р\u0000к \u0000ожа, Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the khan of White Horde in 1320–1344. He succeeded his brother, Ilbasan, with the assistance of Uzbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde and the House of Batu. However, he declared his independence from Sarai. The Khan sent his son Tini Beg to overthrow him. Thus, he was replaced by Chimtay, son of Ilbasan. He may have lived longer after his dethronement, occupying some lands.GenealogyGenghis KhanJochiOrda KhanSartaqtayKöchüBayanSasibuqaMubarak KhwajaSee alsoList of Khans of the Golden HordePassage 5:Chou Meng-tiehChou Meng-tieh (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhōu Mèngdié; 29 December 1921 – 1 May 2014) was a Taiwanese poet and writer.  He lived in Tamsui District, New Taipei City.BiographyHe was born Chou Chi-shu in Xichuan County, Henan in 1921. In 1948, Chou joined the China Youth Corps and was forced to drop out of school. He was sent to Taiwan following the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek's army in the Chinese Civil War, leaving his wife, two sons, and daughter behind in Mainland China. He settled in Tamsui District, New Taipei City.Chou started writing in the Central Daily News and publishing poetry in 1952. He retired from the army in 1955.In 1959, he started selling books outside the Cafe Astoria in Taipei and published his first book of poetry entitled Lonely County. Chou's book stall became a gathering spot for well-known writers, such as Huang Chun-ming, Pai Hsien-yung, and Sanmao. Chou wrote often on the subjects of time, life, and death, and was influenced by Buddhism.In 1980, the American magazine Orientations praised him as the \"Amoy Street Prophet\".  During the same year, he was forced to close his book stall in front of Cafe Astoria due to gastric ulcer surgery. He was the first recipient of the National Culture and Arts Foundation Literature Laureate Award in 1997.Chou died of pneumonia in New Taipei City on May 1, 2014 at the age of 92. His funeral was held twelve days later, with writers and politicians including Chang Show-foong, Lung Ying-tai, Timothy Yang, and Hsiang Ming in attendance.A bilingual selection from Chou's poetry with English translations by Lloyd Haft, Zhou Mengdie: 41 Poems, was published by Azoth Books (Taiwan) in 2022.Passage 6:Zhou YouguangZhou Youguang (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhōu Y\u0000uguāng; 13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017), also known as Chou Yu-kuang or Chou Yao-ping, was a Chinese economist, banker, linguist, sinologist, Esperantist, publisher, and supercentenarian, known as the \"father of Pinyin\", a system for the writing of Mandarin Chinese in Roman script, or romanization, which was officially adopted by the government of the People's Republic of China in 1958, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1982, and the United Nations in 1986.Early life and careerZhou was born Zhou Yaoping in Changzhou (Changchow), Jiangsu Province, on 13 January 1906 to a Qing Dynasty official. At the age of ten, he and his family moved to Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. In 1918, he entered Changzhou High School, during which time he first took an interest in linguistics. He graduated in 1923 with honors.Zhou enrolled that same year in St. John's University, Shanghai where he majored in economics and took supplementary coursework in linguistics. He was almost unable to attend due to his family's poverty, but friends and relatives raised 200 yuan for the admission fee, and also helped him pay for tuition. He left during the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925 and transferred to Guanghua University, from which he graduated in 1927.On 30 April 1933, Zhou married Zhang Yunhe (\u0000\u0000\u0000). The couple went to Japan for Zhou's studies. Zhou started as an exchange student at the University of Tokyo, later transferring to Kyoto University due to his admiration of the Japanese Marxist economist Hajime Kawakami, who was a professor there at the time. Kawakami's arrest for joining the outlawed Japanese Communist Party in January 1933 meant that Zhou could not be his student. Zhou's son, Zhou Xiaoping (\u0000\u0000\u0000), was born in 1934. The couple also had a daughter, Zhou Xiaohe (\u0000\u0000\u0000).In 1937, due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou and his family moved to the wartime capital Chongqing, and his daughter died. He worked for  Sin Hua Bank before entering public service as a deputy director at the National Government's Ministry of Economic Affairs, agricultural policy bureau (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000). After the 1945 Japanese defeat in World War II, Zhou went back to work for Sin Hua where he was stationed overseas: first in New York City and then in London. When he was in New York, he met Albert Einstein twice while visiting friends at Princeton University.Zhou participated for a time in the China Democratic National Construction Association. After the founding of the People's Republic was established in 1949 he returned to Shanghai, where he taught economics at Fudan University for several years.Designing PinyinBecause of his friendship with Zhou Enlai who recalled the economist's fascination with linguistics and Esperanto, he summoned Zhou to Beijing in 1955 and tasked his team with developing a new alphabet for China. The Chinese government placed Zhou at the head of a committee to reform the Chinese language to increase literacy. While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Zhou said the task took about three years, and was a full-time job. Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system. Zhou's team based Pinyin on several preexisting systems: the phonemes were inspired by Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928 and Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, while the diacritic markings representing tones were inspired by zhuyin.In April 1979, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Warsaw held a technology conference. Speaking on behalf of the People's Republic of China, Zhou proposed the use of the \"Hanyu Pinyin System\" as the international standard for the romanization of Chinese. Following a vote in 1982 the scheme became ISO 7098.In the modern era Pinyin has largely replaced older romanization systems such as Wade-Giles.Later activitiesDuring the Cultural Revolution, Zhou was sent to live in the countryside and to be \"reeducated\", as were many other intellectuals at that time. He spent two years at a labor camp.After 1980, Zhou worked with Liu Zunqi and Chien Wei-zang on translating the Encyclopædia Britannica into Chinese, earning him the nickname \"Encyclopedia Zhou\". Zhou continued writing and publishing after the creation of Pinyin; for example, his book \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 (Zhōngguó y\u0000wén de shídài y\u0000njìn), translated into English by Zhang Liqing, was published in 2003 as The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts. Beyond the age of 100, he published ten books, some of which have been banned in China.In 2011, during an interview with NPR, Zhou said that he hoped to see the day China changed its position on the Tiananmen Square killings in 1989, an event he said had ruined Deng Xiaoping's reputation as a reformer. He became an advocate of political reform and democracy in China, and was critical of the Communist Party of China's attacks on traditional Chinese culture when it came into power.In early 2013, both Zhou and his son were interviewed by Dr. Adeline Yen Mah at their residence in Beijing. Mah documented the visit in a video and presented Zhou with a Pinyin game she created for the iPad. Zhou became a supercentenarian on 13 January 2016 when he reached the age of 110.Zhou died on 14 January 2017 at his home in Beijing, one day after his 111th birthday; no cause was given. His wife had died in 2002, and his son had died in 2015.Google honored what would have been his 112th birthday with an animated version of its logo in Mandarin.BooksZhou was the author of more than 40 books, some of them banned in China and over 10 of them published after he turned 100 in 2006.GallerySee alsoYuen Ren ChaoList of centenarians (educators, school administrators, social scientists and linguists)Passage 7:Fredy SchmidtkeFredy Schmidtke (1 July 1961 – 1 December 2017) was a German track cyclist. He won a gold medal in the 1000 metres time trial at the 1984 Summer Olympics and finished eighth in the sprint.Schmidtke died of a heart attack on 1 December 2017, at the age of 56.Passage 8:Fred H. FrankFred H. Frank (July 1, 1895 in Lessor, Wisconsin – July 10, 1957) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly who lived in Appleton. During World War I, he served with the First Army of the American Expeditionary Forces. From 1940 to 1945, Frank was Sheriff of Outagamie County, Wisconsin.Political careerFrank first served in the Assembly from 1945 to 1949. He was re-elected to the Assembly in 1956 and remained a member until his death. Previously, Frank had been a member of the Outagamie County Board from 1930 to 1936. He was a Republican.Passage 9:Zou YixinZou Yixin or Chou Yi-Hsin (1911–1997) was a Chinese astronomer, who has been called \"the first female astronomer in China\".Passage 10:Justin (historian)Justin (Latin: Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus; fl. c. 2nd century) was a Latin writer and historian who lived under the  Roman Empire.LifeAlmost nothing is known of Justin's personal history, his name appearing only in the title of his work. He must have lived after Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, whose work he excerpted, and his references to the Romans and Parthians' having divided the world between themselves would have been anachronistic after the rise of the Sassanians in the third century. His Latin appears to be consistent with the style of the second century. Ronald Syme, however, argues for a date around AD 390, immediately before the compilation of the Augustan History, and dismisses anachronisms and the archaic style as unimportant, as he asserts readers would have understood Justin's phrasing to represent Trogus' time, and not his own.WorksJustin was the author of an epitome of Trogus' expansive Liber Historiarum Philippicarum, or Philippic Histories, a history of the kings of Macedonia, compiled in the time of Augustus.  Due to its numerous digressions, this work was retitled by one of its editors, Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs, or Philippic History and Origins of the Entire World and All of its Lands.  Justin's preface explains that he aimed to collect the most important and interesting passages of that work, which has since been lost.  Some of Trogus' original arguments (prologi) are preserved in various other authors, such as Pliny the Elder.  Trogus' main theme was the rise and history of the Macedonian Empire, and like him, Justin permitted himself considerable freedom of digression, producing an idiosyncratic anthology rather than a strict epitome.LegacyJustin's history was much used in the Middle Ages, when its author was sometimes mistakenly conflated with Justin Martyr.Notes"}
{"doc_id":"doc_272","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anne Elizabeth RectorAnne Elizabeth Rector (June 26, 1899 – February 17, 1970) was an American artist.Rector was the daughter of Enoch J. Rector and she attended the Art Students League of New Yorkstudying under John French Sloan. Ann also studied landscape painting under Andrew Dasburg. She married Edmund Duffy and they moved to New York City in 1948, when her husband began work for the SaturdayEvening Post. She later headed Rector Studios that manufactured glass top tables. Her daughter married Ivan Chermayeff, the son of Serge Ivan Chermayeff.Rector's childhood diaries were published in 2004. They hadbeen found many years after Rector's death and described her life for the year of 1912.Passage 2:Edmund DuffyEdmund Duffy (March 1, 1899 – September 12, 1962), was an American editorial cartoonist.  He grew upin Jersey City, New Jersey, eventually moving to metropolitan areas. Duffy did not attend high school, but instead went into the Art Students League of New York. Duffy's career took him to London, Paris, New York, andfinally to Baltimore, where he spent the majority of his professional career working for The Baltimore Sun.Duffy won three Pulitzer Prizes for Editorial Cartooning in 1931, 1934, and 1940. Duffy began working for theBaltimore Sun in 1924, when he was only about 25 years old, and he received high praise from the famous journalist H.L. Mencken.Journalism careerDuffy first came into the journalism field with his submission of apage of sketches for Armistice Day. The sketches were put into the New York Tribune in the Sunday section. Duffy worked on a variety of assignments in order to save up money, then launching his European career. Hemoved to London and worked for the London Evening News. Duffy worked in Paris for a few years, and he finally returned to the United States in 1922. He worked for two years with both the New York Leader and theBrooklyn Eagle.The longest period of his career began in 1924 when he began working for The Baltimore Sun. Duffy worked there until 1948, in order to work a less tiring job, working for the Saturday EveningPost.  Duffy drew numerous noteworthy cartoons, approaching major issues and incidents, such as lynching and the Ku Klux Klan, but also the famous Monkey Scopes Trial of 1925.Denouncing racism through artDuffywas known for his daring nature in relation to his work. H.L. Mencken saw promise in his work and “Duffy with his sometimes savage artwork, did the kind of thing that delighted Mencken, who loved nothing more thanto ‘stir up the animals’”. Duffy was not afraid to please Mencken, and held nothing back  He was one of the few people of his time that would boldly approach the topic of racism.  He blatantly condemned lynching andthe actions of the KKK.  This was one of his main issues that he approached during his career.  During the time period that Duffy worked it was not popular to advocate against racism, so Duffy was civil rights before itwas a wide movement in the United States. S.L. Harrison, a late professor of Communication at the University of Miami, wrote that Duffy “displayed uncommon vigor in attacking the Ku Klux Klan”.Scopes TrialJust ayear after Duffy began working for The Baltimore Sun, 1925, a famous trial began in Tennessee.  Tennessee had passed a law, the Butler Act, barring teachers against the topic of evolution in the classroom, but onebiology teacher, John T. Scopes, ignored the law and taught his students evolution.  Scopes decided that the students should learn evolution, even if it went against the teachings of the bible.  Since the trial was popularand a nationwide topic, Mencken took a staff from The Sun, including Duffy, to cover the trial.  “[Edmund Duffy’s] graphic artwork played a significant role in the public’s perception of the trial proceedings reported inthe pages of The Sun, then one of America’s most influential newspapers”.  His cartoons brought more attention to the issue, as he derided Tennessee for crushing knowledge in one of his more notable cartoons fromthe trial called ‘A Closed Book in Tennessee.’ In this cartoon, Duffy shows a man, representing Tennessee, holding a sign that says “Fundamentalists Only Wanted as Teachers.”  The man is standing on top of the bookof knowledge, holding it shut.  Duffy knew that this powerful cartoon would cause a great response, but that is exactly what Mencken wanted and expected from him.  Many more of his cartoons from the trial held thesame message, in which he was publicly shaming Tennessee for the law, the trial, and the verdict.  Mencken once said that with a good cartoonist he would not need a whole editorial staff, and a great cartoonist hefound in Duffy.Pulitzer PrizesOver Edmund Duffy's career, he won three Pulitzer Prizes, which is a lot compared to other recipients over the years.  His three prize winning cartoons are the following:“An Old Struggle StillGoing On” (1931)This cartoon references the anti-communism era that began in the 1920s and 1930s.  At the time, communism was seen as being anti-religion, which is what Duffy conveys in the cartoon.  “CaliforniaPoints with Pride!” (1934)This cartoon is one of Duffy's many anti-lynching pieces.  This one, however, deals with white on white lynching.  In California, people took two kidnappers from prison and lynched them in apark, but the Governor praised the people that did the lynching.  Duffy condemned the Governor in this cartoon.“The 'Outstretched Hand'” (1940)In this cartoon, Duffy's topic is Adolf Hitler and his brutality.  By the timethe cartoon was drawn, Germany had already invaded Poland, and Duffy shows Hitler's broken promises and peace offerings.  Hitler's hand drips with blood in the image.Passage 3:Anne EvansAnne or Ann Evans mayrefer to:Ann Evans (midwife) (1840–1916), New Zealand nurseAnne Evans (poet) (1820–1870), English poet and composerAnne Evans (arts patron) (1871–1941), art patron in ColoradoAnne Evans (soprano) (born1941), British operatic sopranoAnne Evans Estabrook, American real estate developerSee alsoMary Ann Evans, writer better known as George EliotMary Anne Disraeli, née Evans, wife of DisraeliEvans (surname)Passage4:James Randall MarshJames Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and the husband of Anne Steele Marsh.BiographyMarsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France. He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh andAlice Randall Marsh. He was the brother of the painter Reginald Marsh.He married Anne Steele in 1925 and the couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey. There Marsh set up a metal forge which he used to createindustrial and residential lighting fixtures. In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where James continued operating a forge, expanding the operation to include decorative metal work. His work wasmainly in the American Arts and Craft style.In 1952, Marsh was instrumental in establishing the Hunterdon Art Museum. When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn itinto an art center, with Marsh providing most of the purchase price. The museum, with workshops, is still in operation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Register of Historic Places listings inHunterdon County, New Jersey.In 1964, he purchased the M. C. Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP, and donated it to the Clinton Historical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village. On October9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at the museum.Marsh died on January 20, 1966, in Flemington.Passage 5:Michael RectorMichael Rector (born December 16, 1993) is a former Americanfootball wide receiver. He played college football at Stanford.Professional careerRector signed with the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent on May 12, 2017. He was waived by the Lions on September 2,2017.Passage 6:Stan RiceStanley Travis Rice Jr. (November 7, 1942 – December 9, 2002) was an American poet and artist. He was the husband of author Anne Rice.BiographyRice was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1942.He met his future wife Anne O'Brien in high school. They briefly attended North Texas State University together, before marrying in 1961 and moving to San Francisco in 1962, to enroll at San Francisco State University,where they both earned their bachelor's and master's degrees.Rice was a professor of English and Creative Writing at San Francisco State University. In 1977, he received the Academy of American Poets' Edgar AllanPoe Award for Whiteboy, and in subsequent years was also the recipient of the Joseph Henry Jackson Award, as well as a writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. Rice retired after 22 years asChairman of the Creative Writing program as well as Assistant Director of the Poetry Center in 1989.It was the death of his and Anne's first child, daughter Michele (1966–1972), at age six of leukemia, which led to StanRice becoming a published author. His first book of poems, based on his daughter's illness and death, was titled Some Lamb, and was published in 1975. He encouraged his wife to quit her work as a waitress, cook andtheater usher in order to devote herself full-time to her writing, and both eventually encouraged their son, novelist Christopher Rice, to become a published author as well.Rice, his wife and his son moved to GardenDistrict, New Orleans, in 1988, where he eventually opened the Stan Rice Gallery. In 1989, they purchased the Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard.Stan Rice's paintings arerepresented in the collections of the Ogden Museum of Southern Art and the New Orleans Museum of Art. He had a one-person show at the James W. Palmer Gallery, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. The ArtGalleries of Southeastern Louisiana presented an exhibition of selected paintings in March 2005. Prospective plans are underway to present exhibitions of Rice's paintings at various locations in Mexico.In Prism of theNight, Anne Rice said of Stan: \"He's a model to me of a man who doesn't look to heaven or hell to justify his feelings about life itself. His capacity for action is admirable. Very early on he said to me, 'What more couldyou ask for than life itself'?\"Poet Deborah Garrison was Rice's editor at Alfred A. Knopf for his 2002 collection, Red to the Rind, which was dedicated to novelist son Christopher, in whose success as a writer his fathergreatly rejoiced. Garrison said of Rice: \"Stan really attempted to kind of stare down the world, and I admire that.\"Knopf's Victoria Wilson, who edited Anne's novels and worked with Stan Rice on his 1997 book,Paintings, was particularly impressed by his refusal to sell his artworks, saying, \"The great thing about Stan is that he refused to play the game as a painter, and he refused to play the game as a poet.\"Personal lifeRicewas an atheist.DeathStan Rice died of brain cancer at age 60, on December 9, 2002, in New Orleans where he lived and was survived by Anne and Christopher, as well as his mother, Margaret; a brother, Larry; and twosisters, Nancy and Cynthia.Rice is entombed in Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.Poetry collectionsSome Lamb (1975)Whiteboy (1976) (earned the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Academy of American Poets)Body ofWork (1983)Singing Yet: New and Selected Poems (1992)Fear Itself (1997)The Radiance of Pigs (1999)Red to the Rind (2002)False Prophet (2003) (Posthumous)Poetry video recordingsTwo series of recordings – onefrom 1973 at San Francisco State University and the other from 1996 at the poet's New Orleans home by filmmaker Blair Murphy – capturing Stan Rice reading several of his poems are on the YouTube site dedicated tothe poet.Other booksPaintings (1997)FootnotesNotesPassage 7:Stan MarksStan Marks is an Australian writer and journalist. He is the husband of Holocaust survivor Eva Marks.LifeBorn in London, Marks moved toAustralia aged two. He became a reporter on rural daily papers and then on the State's evening The Herald (Melbourne), reporting and acting as a critic in the Melbourne and Sydney offices. He worked in London,Canada and in New York City for Australian journals. Back in Australia, Stan Marks became Public Relations and Publicity Supervisor for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, looking after television, radio andconcerts, including publicity for Isaac Stern, Yehudi Menuhin, Igor Stravinsky, Daniel Barenboim, Maureen Forrester and international orchestras for Radio Australia and the magazine TVTimes. Later he became PublicRelations and Publicity Manager for the Australian Tourist Commission, writing articles for newspapers and journals at home and abroad. Marks was also the editor of the Centre News magazine of the Jewish HolocaustMuseum and Research Centre for over 16 years.He is the author of 14 books, published in Australia, England, United States, Israel and Denmark. He originated and co-wrote MS, a cartoon strip dealing with male-femalerelationships, which appeared daily in Australian and New Zealand newspapers. Marks wrote the play VIVE LA DIFFERENCEabout male-female relations in the 21st century.Stan Marks has given radio talks over BBC,CBC (Canada) and Australian Broadcasting Commission and to numerous groups, schools and organisations on many topics, particularly humour in all its forms. He has written much in Australia and overseas aboutfostering understanding and combating racism, hatred and prejudice, often advocating one united world.  He wrote the first article (in the London Stage weekly) suggesting a British Commonwealth Arts Festival andthen in various journals world wide. He also was first to suggest an Olympics Arts Festival as a way of possibly bringing the nations closer. A believer in bringing age-youth closer, including advocating, in the New YorkTimes and other journals,  a Youth Council at the United Nations and also later an Australian organization to help young and old to better understand each other and work together.MeritsOrder of Australia for communityactivities, 2007Glen Eira Citizen of the Year for community activitiesB'nai B'rith Merit award for services to the communityWorksGod gave you one face (1966)Animal Olympics (1972)Rarua lives in Papua New Guinea(1973)Malvern sketchbook (1980)Out & About In Melbourne (1988)St Kilda heritage sketch book (1995)Reflections, 20 years 1984-2004 : Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre Melbourne (2004)Passage8:Andrew UptonAndrew Upton is an Australian playwright, screenwriter, and director. He has adapted the works of Gorky, Chekhov, Ibsen, and others for London's Royal National Theatre and the Sydney TheatreCompany. He wrote the original play Riflemind (2007), which premiered at the Sydney Theatre Company to favourable reviews, with Hugo Weaving starring and Philip Seymour Hoffman directing the Londonproduction.Upton and his wife, the actor Cate Blanchett, are the co-founders of the film production company, Dirty Films, under which Upton served as a producer for the Australian film Little Fish (2005). Upton andBlanchett became joint artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company from 2008 until 2012.Early life and educationUpton attended The King's School, Parramatta and University of Sydney.CareerAs a playwright,Upton created adaptations of Hedda Gabler, The Cherry Orchard, Cyrano de Bergerac, Don Juan (with Marion Potts), Uncle Vanya, The Maids, Children of the Sun and Platonov for the Sydney Theatre Company (STC)and Maxim Gorky's The Philistines for the Royal National Theatre in London.Upton's original play Riflemind opened with Hugo Weaving, playing an ageing rock star planning a comeback, at the Sydney Theatre Companyon 5 October 2007, and received a  favourable review in Variety (magazine). The London production of Riflemind, directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman, opened in 2008, but closed as a result of the financial pressure ofthe Global Financial Crisis after receiving poor popular press reviews.In 2008, Upton and wife Cate Blanchett became joint artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company for what became a five-year term.Upton andBlanchett formed a film production company, Dirty Films, whose projects include the films Bangers (1999) and Little Fish (2006). Upton wrote, produced and directed the short, Bangers, which starred Blanchett. Uptonshares writing credits for the feature film Gone (2007).Upton wrote the libretto to Alan John's opera Through the Looking Glass, which premiered with the Victorian Opera in Melbourne in May 2008.Upton acted in one ofJulian Rosenfeldt's thirteen-part art film, Manifesto (2015).Awards and recognitionIn June, 2014, Upton was recognised with the Rotary Professional Excellence Award, an award instituted \"to honour a person who hasdemonstrated consistent professional excellence in his or her chosen vocation by contributing to the benefit of the wider community beyond their typical workplace role\".Personal lifeUpton and Blanchett met in Australiain the mid-1990s and married on 29 December 1997. The couple have three sons and one daughter, the latter adopted in 2015. The couple's children appeared with Upton in segment 11 of the 2015 filmManifesto.Upton and Blanchett purchased a house in East Sussex, England, in early 2016.Passage 9:Jon LeachJonathan Leach (born April 18, 1973) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He isthe husband of Lindsay Davenport.Professional careerLeach, an All-American player at USC, made his Grand Slam debut at the 1991 US Open when he partnered David Witt in the men's doubles. He competed in thedoubles at Indian Wells in 1992 with Brian MacPhie and before exiting in the second round they defeated a seeded pairing of Luke Jensen and Laurie Warder. A doubles specialist, his only singles appearance came atIndian Wells in 1994. With Brett Hansen-Dent as his partner, Leach made the second round of the 1995 US Open, with a win over Dutch players Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink. At the 1996 US Open, his third andfinal appearance at the tournament, Leach partnered with his brother Rick. He also played in the mixed doubles, with Amy Frazier. His only doubles title on the ATP Challenger Tour came at Weiden, Germany in1996.Personal lifeThe son of former USC tennis coach Dick Leach, he was brought up in California and went to Laguna Beach High School. Leach married tennis player Lindsay Davenport in Hawaii on April 25, 2003.Their first child, a son named Jagger, was born in 2007. They have had a further three children, all daughters. An investment banker, Leach is also involved in coaching and worked with young American player MadisonKeys in the 2015 season. His elder brother, Rick Leach, was also a professional tennis player, who won five Grand Slam doubles titles and reached number one in the world for doubles.Challenger titlesDoubles:(1)Passage 10:Devisingh Ransingh ShekhawatDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat (c. 1934 – 24 February 2023) was an Indian agriculturist and politician who served as the first gentleman of India as the husband ofPresident Pratibha Patil. He also served as the first gentleman of Rajasthan and also as mayor of Amravati. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.Early lifeDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat, who was then alecturer in chemistry, married Pratibha Patil on 7 July 1965. The couple had a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.Shekhawat was awarded a PhD from the University of Mumbai in 1972.Prior to his wife's elevation to her presidential role, he had been principal of a college operated by his wife's Vidya Bharati Shikshan Sanstha foundation and also a First Mayor of Amravati (1991–1992). Like his wife, hewas a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was also an agriculturalist and a former member of the Legislative Assembly, being elected for the period 1985–1990 from the Amravati constituency in theMaharashtra state legislature. He lost his deposit in the 1995 contest for that constituency.Various accusations against Shekhawat and Patil emerged after the latter was nominated for the office of president. Amongthese was the case of Kisan Dhage, a teacher in a school run by Vidya Prasarak Shikshan Mandal in Buldana district, who committed suicide in November 1998. He left a note saying that he was committing suicidebecause he was tired of the mental harassment caused by Shekhawat, who was chairman of the institution, and four others. When the police registered the case as \"accidental death\", Dhage's wife appealed to theJudicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) in Jalgaon Jamod, a tehsil in Buldana district. The JMFC ordered the police to start criminal proceedings. Shekhawat petitioned the courts seeking dismissal of charges of abettingDhage's suicide. Two lower courts turned down this plea and by June 2007 the issue was pending in the Bombay High Court. A judge at that court dismissed the charges against Shekhawat in 2009 on the grounds that"}
{"doc_id":"doc_273","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rumbi KatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry.Passage 2:Sam the ManSam the Man is a 2001 American film directed by Gary Winick and starring Fisher Stevens.PlotA writer having difficulty completing his second novel goes on a journey of self-discovery.CastExternal linksSam the Man at IMDbSam the Man at Rotten TomatoesPassage 3:The Man Is ArmedThe Man Is Armed is a 1956 film noir crime film directed by Franklin Adreon starring Dane Clark, William Talman, May Wynn and Robert Horton.PlotFramed by another man, truck driver Johnny Morrison serves a year in prison. After his release, Johnny confronts the man, Mitch Mitchell, who plunges off a roof to his death.Johnny then learns that his former employer, Hackett, was the one who set him up as a fall guy. Hackett claims it was a test of loyalty, and since Johnny passed, he now stands to earn $100,000 for helping Hackett pull off the robbery of an armored transport company.Johnny's old girlfriend, Carol Wayne, still has feelings for him, even though she has been seeing Mike Benning, a young doctor. While the death of Mitchell is investigated by police Lt. Coster as a homicide, Johnny and three other thugs pull off the heist.Unable to get the loot to Hackett due to roadblocks, Johnny hides out. Hackett, believing he has been double-crossed, shoots Johnny and buries the money on his family farm, but the police catch up to him. A wounded Johnny knocks out Mike and abducts Carol, but collapses and dies after a few steps. Mike leads Carol away as the cops arrive.CastDane Clark as Johnny MorrisonWilliam Talman as HackettMay Wynn as Carol WayneRobert Horton as Dr. Michael BenningBarton MacLane as Det. Lt. Dan CosterFredd Wayne as EganRichard Benedict as Lew ' Mitch' MitchellRichard Reeves as RutbergHarry Lewis as ColeBobby Jordan as ThorneLarry J. Blake as Ray PerkinsDarlene Fields as TerryclothJohn Mitchum as OfficerSee alsoList of American films of 1956Passage 4:Wolf WarriorWolf Warrior (Chinese: \u0000\u0000) is a 2015 Chinese war film written and directed by Wu Jing. It stars Wu Jing along with Scott Adkins, Yu Nan and Kevin Lee. It was released on 2 April 2015. A sequel, titled Wolf Warrior 2, was released in China in 2017 and became the all-time highest-grossing film in China.PlotIn 2008, a combined task group of People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and Chinese police raid a drug smuggling operation in an abandoned chemical facility in southern China. The leader of the smuggling operation, Wu Ji, holds one of his own men hostage while taking cover behind a section of the facility's reinforced wall.Leng Feng, a skilled PLA sniper, ignores orders to stand down and fires three shots at a weak section of the wall, penetrating through on the third shot and killing Wu Ji. Leng Feng is sent to solitary confinement as punishment, but is approached by Long Xiaoyun, the female commander of the legendary 'Wolf Warriors', an elite unit within the PLA tasked with simulating foreign tactics for the PLA to train against. Long Xiaoyun offers Leng Feng a place in the Wolf Warriors. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, crime lord Min Deng, the older brother of Wu Ji, hires ex-US Navy SEAL “Tom Cat” (Scott Adkins) and his group to assassinate Leng Feng and avenge his brother.The Wolf Warriors participate in a training exercise in a remote and uninhabited forested region on China's southern border. During the exercise, Tom Cat and his mercenaries ambush a Wolf Warrior squad, killing one of Leng Feng's comrades. Subsequently, the PLA and the Wolf Warriors are tasked with hunting down Tom Cat‘s squad to restore their honor. The combined infantry force move into the forest but are delayed by multiple traps set by Tom Cat and pinned down by sniper fire until Leng Feng manages to kill the shooter. Afterwards, the rest of the PLA force engages Tom Cat's other mercenaries, who stage a fighting retreat but are eventually overwhelmed and killed one by one. Meanwhile, Long Xiaoyun and the other PLA commanders deduce that Ming Deng himself is also in the training area to take possession of a smuggled cache of biotechnology, which could allow the creation of a genetic weapon that could target Chinese people exclusively.Leng Feng eventually catches Tom Cat just before China's southern border. Leng Feng is nearly defeated, but manages to kill Tom Cat with his own knife. Medical personnel from a PLA relief force arrive, but Leng Feng recognises the wrist tattoo of the medic that approaches him and realizes that they are Min Deng's men in PLA uniforms. He attacks them, eventually holding Min Deng himself at bayonet point on the very edge of the Chinese border. Min Deng's paramilitary force approaches from the other side of the border, but so do the rest of the Wolf Warriors and PLA soldiers. Min Deng's force retreats, leaving him to be arrested.CastWu Jing as Leng Feng, a marksman in the People's Liberation Army who was initially court martialled and reprimanded for failing to obey a direct order during an operation. He is later recruited into a Chinese Special Forces Unit called \"War Wolf\" after Long Xiaoyun takes an interest in him.Yu Nan as Lieutenant Colonel Long Xiaoyun, Commander of the Chinese Special Forces Unit \"War Wolf\"Ni Dahong as Ming Deng, a drug lord who hires a group of foreign mercenaries to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Leng Feng.Scott Adkins as \"Tom Cat,\" a former US Navy SEAL turned mercenary, who is hired by Meng Deng to kill Leng FengKevin Lee as \"Mad Cow\"Shi ZhaoqiZhou XiaoouFang ZibinGuo GuangpingRu PingHong WeiWang SenZhuang XiaolongChris CollinsProductionThe script went through 14 drafts over seven years. In order to portray more realistic combat scenes, the movie used five missiles (each at a value of one million yuan), more than 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a variety of Chinese active military aircraft, including the Chengdu J-10, Harbin Z-9, and CAIC Z-10. In one large battle scene, 32 active tanks appeared in the same shot, including a Type 96 tank.In order to prepare for the film, with the support of Chinese PLA Nanjing Military Region, Wu Jing trained for 18 months at a camp in Nanjing Military Region. On the first day of shooting, it was the hottest summer in Nanjing's history. The temperature was up to 49.8 °C, making 5 extra actors suffer from shock.Most of the film was made on location in Jiangsu province, at sites including Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.Box officeAs of 25 May 2015, it has earned US$89.11 million in China.In China, it opened on 2 April 2015, earning US$33.32 million in its 4-day opening weekend topping the Chinese box office. In its second weekend, it fell to number two, earning US$36.19 million (behind Furious 7).Critical responseThe film had an overall rating of 6.8 on the Chinese review site Douban as of August 2017. Variety magazine wrote: \"To a layperson's eyes, the military exercise does look authentic, and the cross-country skirmishes are ruggedly watchable on an acrobatic level. Yet it's impossible to overlook the inanity of the plotting\".AwardsInternational influenceWolf Warrior and its sequel, Wolf Warrior 2, are the namesake of China's aggressive 'wolf warrior diplomacy' under Xi Jinping's administration.Passage 5:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 6:Arms and the Man (1932 film)Arms and the Man is a 1932 British film based on the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw. It was written and directed by Cecil Lewis.Passage 7:Wu Jing (actor)Wu Jing, also known as Jacky Wu, (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; pinyin: Wú Jīng; born 3 April 1974) is a Chinese actor, director and martial artist best known for his roles in various martial arts films such as Tai Chi Boxer, Fatal Contact, the Sha Po Lang films, and as Leng Feng in Wolf Warrior, its sequel Wolf Warrior 2, and most recently The Battle at Lake Changjin. Wu Jing is one of the most profitable actors in China and his movies are often the highest grossed films in China and around the world. Wu ranked first on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2019 and 23rd in 2020.CareerIn April 1995, Wu was spotted by martial arts choreographer Yuen Woo-ping, Wu played Hawkman / Jackie in 1996 film Tai Chi Boxer, his first Hong Kong film debut. Since then Wu has appeared in numerous mainland Chinese wuxia television series. He has also worked with choreographer and director Lau Kar-leung in 2003 film Drunken Monkey. Wu achieved success in Hong Kong action cinema for his role as a vicious assassin in 2005 film SPL: Sha Po Lang.In 2006, Wu was continuing his move into Hong Kong cinema by starring in the film Fatal Contact. Wu is the male lead in 2007 film Twins Mission, starring the Twins duo. He also worked on the police action film Invisible Target which was released in July 2007.In March 2008, Wu made his directorial debut, alongside action choreographer Nicky Li, on his film Legendary Assassin.Wu played the Assassin in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor his American film debut.Wu played Jing Neng in 2011 martial arts film Shaolin alongside Nicholas Tse, Andy Lau and Jackie Chan. Wu reprised a different role as Chan Chi-kit in the 2015 Hong Kong action film SPL II: A Time for Consequences.Wu directed and starred in the action war film Wolf Warrior and its 2017 sequel Wolf Warrior 2. The latter film has become a hit at the Chinese summer box office and became the highest grossing film in China.In 2019, Wu starred in hit film The Wandering Earth, based on a novella of the same name by Liu Cixin. When he discovered that the production team lacked funds to complete the film, he invested his own money to make up for the shortfall. The film ended up grossing $700 million worldwide, including $691 million in China but only 9 million for the rest of the world combined. It became China's third highest-grossing film of all time, 2019's third highest-grossing film worldwide, the second highest-grossing non-English film to date, and one of the top 20 highest-grossing science fiction films to date.Personal lifeWu Jing and Xie Nan's relationship began in 2012 and they got married in 2014. On 25 August 2014, Wu Jing's wife gave birth to a son Wu Suowei (\u0000\u0000\u0000) (also named as Wu You (\u0000\u0000)). On 24 September 2018, they had a second son Wu Lü (\u0000\u0000).FilmographyFilmTelevision seriesAccoladesPassage 8:Franklin AdreonFranklin \"Pete\" Adreon (November 18, 1902 – September 10, 1979) was an American film and television director, producer, screenwriter, and actor.Early life and careerBorn in Gambrills, Maryland, Adreon was a Marine Reservist during the 30s, and served in the United States Marine Corps in World War II.  Serving initially with the 6th Marines in Iceland, Major Adreon was put in charge of the Marine Corps Photographic Unit in Quantico.Adreon, an ex-bond salesman who entered motion pictures in 1935 with no experience, landed some small paying jobs, including as a technical advisor on the serial The Fighting Marines (in which he also appeared in the role of Captain Holmes).  This led to a writing position at Mascot Pictures and its successor Republic Pictures.  Adreon stayed with the serial unit and soon, through hard work and toil, was awarded the title of associate producer. Adreon stayed with the studio for nearly all of its short life. He worked with serial director William Witney at Republic Pictures, who was also in the Marines in the war.He then worked as a director, producer, and writer on various television series and films.Adreon died on September 10, 1979, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the age of 76.Selected filmographyPassage 9:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life and songsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, \"The Proms\", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.His setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms.AmericaIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:on-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;composer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);musical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;contributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue1921 in LondonThough domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namelyLeague of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;Fun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyricsBack to BroadwayBack in the US he returned to Broadway, working ascomposer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romanceRadio playsIn later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)Men of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)PersonalIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner. They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen. He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City.Note on his first nameThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to \"his son William Augustus Barratt\" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a \"William\" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as \"W. Augustus Barratt\", and thereafter mostly as simply \"Augustus Barratt\".Passage 10:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_274","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was thesinger of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milanowas also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 EpitaphRecords release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 2:Don't You Believe It\"Don'tYou Believe It\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Bob Hillard and recorded by Andy Williams. Released as a single, the B-side was a cover of the George Gershwin song \"Summertime\".Chart performanceThe songreached No. 15 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and No. 39 on the Hot 100 in 1962.Passage 3:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a solo artist, he is the leadsinger of indie rock band One eskimO.Early lifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and around Londonwhilst concentrating on music when he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor. At the time, Leontiou was dubbed \"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Story of MyLife\" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart. His second single \"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies.Leontioutoured the album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 hedecided to take his music in a new direction.  Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song \"Hope & Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that sawhim unleash the One eskimO moniker.  It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimO project. Being more thanimpressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album.It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, adrummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album. They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recordedlive then headed back to Rollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA. Thefunds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchfordand Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started anew management venture with ATC Music. By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London.  Now with allanimation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's \"Fast Car\", which was originally released as asingle in 2005. Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, thesong entered the singles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as a single inApril 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\" did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Also featured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate LoveCollection (Shining)Summerland OST (The Crying)Passage 4:Can't Believe It (Flo Rida song)\"Can't Believe It\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida. The song features a rap verse from Cuban-American rapper Pitbull.The song samples \"Infinity\" by London-based duo Infinity Ink. The music video for \"Can't Believe It\" was directed by Geremey and Georgie Legs.Chart performanceWeekly chartsYear-end chartsCertificationsPassage5:Meek MillRobert Rihmeek Williams (born May 6, 1987), known professionally as Meek Mill, is an American rapper. Born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he embarked on his music career as a battle rapper,and later formed a short-lived rap group, The Bloodhoundz. In 2008, Atlanta-based rapper T.I. signed Meek Mill to his first record deal. In February 2011, after leaving Grand Hustle Records, Mill signed withMiami-based rapper Rick Ross's Maybach Music Group (MMG). Mill's debut album, Dreams and Nightmares, was released in 2012 under MMG and Warner Bros. Records. The album, preceded by the lead single \"Amen\"(featuring Drake), peaked at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200.In October 2012, Mill announced the launch of his own label imprint, Dream Chasers Records, named after his mixtape series. Meek Mill rose to fameafter featured on MMG's Self Made compilation, with his debut singles \"Tupac Back\" (featuring Rick Ross) and \"Ima Boss\" (featuring Rick Ross), being included on volume one (2011). He released his second album,Dreams Worth More Than Money, in 2015 and his third album, Wins & Losses, in 2016. His fourth studio album, Championships, was released in November 2018 and debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart. Itslead single, \"Going Bad\" (featuring Drake), peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Mill's highest charting single to date. Meek's fifth album, Expensive Pain, was released on October 1, 2021.InNovember 2017, he was sentenced to two to four years in prison for violating parole, before being released while his trial continues after serving five months. In August 2019, a documentary series about his battle withthe criminal justice system, Free Meek, was released on Amazon Prime Video. Mill served as executive producer on the series alongside fellow rapper Jay-Z. The two also became the co-founders of nonprofitorganization Reform Alliance, which focuses on national prison reform through lobbying.Early lifeRobert Rihmeek Williams was born on May 6, 1987, in the South Philadelphia area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the sonof Kathy Williams. He has an older sister, Nasheema Williams. Kathy grew up in poverty and her mother died when she was young. Meek's father was killed when Meek was five years old, apparently during anattempted robbery. His uncle, Robert, described Meek Mill's father as a \"black sheep of the family\". After her husband's death, Kathy moved with Meek and his sister to North Philadelphia, where they lived in athree-bedroom apartment on Berks Street. Their financial condition was poor and she started cutting hair, doing other jobs, and shoplifting in order to support her family. At home, Meek was shy and rarely spoke. As akid, he became acquainted with another of his father's brothers, who under the MC name Grandmaster Nell was a pioneering disc jockey (DJ) in the late-1980s Philadelphia hip-hop scene and influenced rap artists WillSmith and DJ Jazzy Jeff. Meek's interest in hip-hop grew as a result of these early influences. He was also influenced by the independent hip-hop artists Chic Raw and Vodka, whom he learned to emulate by watchingtheir DVDs.During his early teenage years, Meek often took part in rap battles under the pseudonym Meek Millz. He often stayed up well past midnight filling notebooks with phrases and verses that he later drew on.Later he and three friends formed the rap group The Bloodhoundz. They bought blank CDs and jewel cases at Kinkos, encouraging friends to burn them with the group's songs and distribute them.Career2006–2010:Career beginningsThe Bloodhoundz lasted long enough to release four mixtapes. From 2006 to 2008 Mill released three solo mixtapes including The Real Me, The Real Me 2, and Flamers. In 2009, Mill released his fourthsolo mixtape, Flamers 2: Hottest in tha City, which spawned the promotional singles \"I'm So Fly,\" \"Prolli,\" and \"Hottest in the City.\" Flamers 2 caught the attention of Charles \"Charlie Mack\" Alston, founder and presidentof 215 Aphillyated Records. Mack, who previously represented for other Philadelphians Will Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff, Boyz II Men and Ms. Jade, was so impressed with Mill that he immediately signed him to his managementcompany. During that same year, Meek Mill also met the founder and owner of Grand Hustle Records, Atlanta-based rapper and record executive T.I. T.I. was also impressed by Mill and offered him an opportunity totravel, to meet with him and Warner Bros. Records; within a week both record companies offered him a deal. Although he was offered other record deals, Mill felt collaborating with T.I. was \"an opportunity of a lifetime\"and thus chose his label. However, a setback occurred, when Mill was sentenced to a stint in jail for a drug and gun charge.After being released in 2009, he continued working as an artist under Grand Hustle, Mill formeda work relationship with the label's resident disc jockey, DJ Drama. Mill and Drama teamed up to release the third edition of Mill's Flamers series. The mixtape, titled Flamers 3: The Wait Is Over, was released on March12, 2010, and is helmed as a \"Gangsta Grillz mixtape\". The mixtape features his promotional single \"Rosé Red\", which was later remixed with additional verses from fellow American rappers T.I., Rick Ross and Vado.Rick Ross contributed his verse after he was visiting Philadelphia and asked his Twitter followers who he should collaborate with; Meek Mill was the overwhelming response. The remix was included on Mill's followingmixtape, Mr. Philadelphia. Due to Mill and T.I.'s respective legal troubles, Mill was never able to release an official album under Grand Hustle and they parted ways in 2010. That same year, a film was released  calledStreets. A direct-to-DVD crime drama, starring Mill, produced by Alston and directed by Jamal Hill.2011–2012: Dreams & NightmaresIn February 2011, Rick Ross announced the signing of Mill along with fellow Americanrapper Wale to his Maybach Music Group (MMG) label. In March 2011, Mill was included in XXL's \"Freshman Class of 2011\". Later that year, he released his debut single, \"Tupac Back\", featuring Rick Ross, from hislabel's compilation album Self Made Vol. 1 (2011). That same year he released his second single, \"Ima Boss\", also take from the compilation and featuring Ross. The song was later remixed, featuring T.I., Birdman, LilWayne, DJ Khaled, Swizz Beatz and Rick Ross. The remix charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at No. 51, becoming Mill's most successful single at that time. In August 2011, Mill released Dreamchasers, a wellreceived mixtape featuring his urban hit \"House Party\" and guest appearances from Rick Ross, Yo Gotti and Beanie Sigel among others.In February 2012, MTV listed Meek Mill as the \"#7 hottest MC\" in their annual\"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. On May 7, 2012, Mill released the second installment to his Dreamchasers series. Within six hours of its release on mixtape website DatPiff.com, Dreamchasers 2 was downloaded 1.5million times. On May 10, it was announced Meek Mill signed with Roc Nation management.On June 19, 2012, \"Amen\" - originally included on Dreamchasers 2, was released as the lead single from Mill's debut studioalbum. Before releasing his debut studio album Dreams & Nightmares, Mill received co-signs from both Mariah Carey and Nas, with him appearing on Carey's 2012 single \"Triumphant (Get 'Em)\" and the latter stating, \"Igot my eyes on him. He's the next one to take this shit over.\" The album was released on October 30, 2012. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 165,000 copies. Inits second week, the album sold 41,000 more copies, dropping six spots on the chart to number eight.2013–2017: Dreams Worth More Than Money, DC4 and Wins & LossesMill released the third installment of theDreamchasers series, Dreamchasers 3. The mixtape featured guest appearances from Rick Ross, Akon, Future, Waka Flocka Flame, Wale, Trina and Jadakiss among others. The mixtape was scheduled to be released onMay 6, 2013. However, he had announced that it would be pushed back, eventually to be released on September 29, 2013. In November 2013, Mill announced thathe was half-way finished with his second studio album.On March 8, 2014, Mill announced that the album would be titled Dreams Worth More Than Money. Mill's album, Dreams Worth More Than Money, which was released on June 28, 2015, topped the Billboard 200 as ofthe issue dated July 18, 2015.Meek Mill posted 6 videos on his Instagram previewing music for his mixtape, DC4. The mixtape was planned to have featured a remix of his enemy, Drake's song, \"Back to Back\", and aremix to Drake and Future's song, \"I'm the Plug\", but unfortunately, due to DC4 being released commercially, neither of these two remixes made the final cut. On January 16, 2016, Meek Mill dropped songs on hisextended play, 4/4, with 4 tracks. On January 30, 2016, Meek Mill released another extended play title 4/4, Pt. 2.Meek Mill released DC4 on October 28, 2016.On July 21, 2017, Mill released his third studio album titledWins & Losses.2018–2021: Championships and Expensive PainOn November 16, 2018, Mill announced his fourth album, Championships, which was released on November 30. The album received positive reviews fromcritics and debuted atop the US Billboard 200, selling 229,000 album-equivalent units in its first week (42,000 coming from pure sales).In June 2020, Mill released his protest song \"Otherside of America\", amid theprotests following the murder of George Floyd.On November 20, 2020, Meek returned with a four-track EP, Quarantine Pack, which features rappers 42 Dugg, Vory, and Lil Durk, who also appears in the video for thetrack, \"Pain Away\". That same month, the film, Charm City Kings, was released exclusively on HBO Max. Originally scheduled for a May 2020 theatrical release by Sony Pictures, it was delayed due to the COVID-19pandemic and later acquired by HBO. The Angel Manuel Soto-directed and Will Smith-produced drama stars Mill and opposite Jahi Di'Allo Winston as street bikers who end up under a wave of crime in Baltimore. Itreceived positive critical reviews. A month earlier, in October, Mill also claimed to have had plans to release an album before the end of the year. However, this did not occur, as his fifth studio album, Expensive Pain,was only released a year later, on October 1, 2021. It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 after accumulating 95,000 equivalent units. Mill went on to state that Atlantic Records was responsible for the lowsales of the album. He went as afar to state that the label wouldn't allow him to bring PnB Rock nor Roddy Ricch as artists to his Dream Chasers imprint, while also clarifying that Atlantic restricted him from releasingany more music for the following nine months and demanded his release alongside labelmates, fellow Philadelphian Lil Uzi Vert, and YoungBoy Never Broke Again.On July 11, 2022, Mill confirmed that he had ended hismanagement deal with Jay-Z's Roc Nation Entertainment, stating that although he and the company are no longer partners in the exact term, he and Jay remain on good terms. Despite his departure, the two still workon their prison reform venture, the REFORM Alliance.Dream Chasers RecordsOn October 26, 2012, Meek Mill announced the launch of his own record label imprint, Dream Chasers Records, with the flagship artists LouieV. Gutta, Lee Mazin and Goldie. On July 24, 2019, Meek Mill announced the official launch of Dream Chasers Records as a joint venture with Roc Nation. Mill spoke on the deal saying \"Creating a record label has alwaysbeen the next step in my journey as a businessman and I appreciate Roc Nation and Jay-Z's support on this new venture. I want to take my experiences in the music industry, use them to find young, hungry talent andopen doors for the next generation of artists.\" The label also handles its own operations, creative strategy, marketing and business affairs. Jay-Z spoke on the joint venture, saying \"Everything he has done leading up tothis point shows he is ready to [lead] the next generation. We look at the big picture — this is way beyond signing artists and having hot records.\" As president of the label, Mill oversees a team in a corporate New Yorkoffice and also help operate a recording studio for the label's artists.Legal issuesCriminal proceedings2005-2006: Police brutality and first arrestWhen he was 18, while walking to a corner store armed, Meek wasarrested for illegally possessing a firearm and was beaten up by the police. Because of the beating, his lips and both eyes became swollen and one of his braids was ripped out. He was charged with attempted oraggravated assault against a police officer after two black cops gave a statement against him in the case, saying he chased them down with a gun and tried to shoot one of them. He was then placed on probation.2008:Drug and gun convictionIn 2008, Mill was convicted of possession of drug paraphernalia, and second-degree possession of a loaded firearm by a convicted felon. He was sentenced to eleven to twenty-three months inprison, followed by eight years probation, by Philadelphia County Superior Court Judge Genece Brinkley. After Mill's 2008 conviction, Brinkley continued to handle Mill's further legal cases and oversaw his probation. Millwas released in early 2009 under a five-year parole agreement after serving seven months.2012-2016: Several violations, incarceration and house arrestOn the night of Halloween 2012, following an album releaseparty for his debut, Dreams and Nightmares, in South Philadelphia, Mill was detained by city police after a car which he was riding in was pulled over. The outcome of the arrest remains unknown; no charges were filed,and Mill was released from custody. However, in December, because of the incident, Mill was found to have violated his probation for his 2008 federal drug and gun charges, resulting in Judge Brinkley revoking Mill'stravel permit.In May 2013, Mill was again found to have violated his probation and ordered to take etiquette classes. The violation was a failure to report travel plans as required and social media postings that resultedin death threats to the probation officer who assigned his case. In requiring the classes and stressing the requirement to report travel, Brinkley noted, \"You need to try to get this right next time.\" In June 2013, thecourt noted that Mill continually failed to report his travel plans. Brinkley established an August deadline for the classes, noting that Mill has \"a lot of issues\" and that the classes would provide him with a \"big-pictureperspective\" on his personal and professional actions. Brinkley said the classes were \"more important than any concerts he might have.\" Of the requirement to provide travel plans to his probation officer, Millcomplained, \"You just gonna miss money all day.\" The ADA explained that it was a consequence of being on probation. On July 11, 2014, Mill's probation was revoked and he was sentenced to three to six months in jail.He was released on December 2, 2014.He was found guilty for a parole violation again on December 17, 2015, due to him performing at an Atlanta show for Nicki Minaj's Pinkprint tour, the 2015 BET Awards andAmerican Music Awards respectively, all without reporting his actions as related court orders to gain approval. The judge hearing his case refused to give him a second chance and ordered him not to work or performbefore his sentencing on February 5, 2016. He was sentenced to 90 days of house arrest on February 5. The sentence became effective on March 1. Mill was not allowed to work and was required to do daily communityservice with groups serving adults. He was also sentenced to an extended six years probation. On June 2, 2016, Mill was sentenced to eight additional days of house arrest as a result of him not completing his required"}
{"doc_id":"doc_275","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marc-Kanyan CaseMarc-Kanyan Case (14 September 1942 – 6 January 2023) was a French professional footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.Passage 2:StoneyCaseStoney Jarrod Case (born July 7, 1972) is a former quarterback for three teams in the National Football League (NFL) and three teams in the Arena Football League (AFL).High school and collegeCase played highschool football for the Odessa Permian Panthers, quarterbacking the team to an undefeated, 16–0 season and the Texas 5A football title in 1989, one year after the events chronicled in the Friday Night Lights book andmovie. The Panthers were voted ESPN's National Champion team as a result. During his Permian career, Case also lettered in baseball as an outfielder, first baseman and pitcher. His brother Stormy Case also playedquarterback for the Panthers and went on to play for Texas A&M.Recruited to play college football for the University of New Mexico, Case was a four-year starter for the Lobos and was the first player in NCAA DivisionI-A (now FBS) history to post 9,000 career passing yards and 1,000 career rushing yards. In the course of his college career he threw or ran for 98 touchdowns, which at the time of his graduation was second in I-Ahistory to Ty Detmer.  In 1994, Case was the WAC player of the year and led the NCAA with 33 total TD'S and 3,649 total yards.1991: Threw for 1,564 yards with 10 TD vs 6 INT with 2 rushing TD's.1992: Threw for2,289 yards with 18 TD vs 13 INT with 4 rushing TD's.1993: Threw for 2,490 yards with 17 TD vs 8 INT with 14 rushing TD's.1994: Threw for 3,117 yards with 22 TD vs 12 INT on 409 pass attempts with 11 rushingTD's.Professional careerNFLCase was a third round pick in the 1995 NFL Draft and played quarterback for Arizona Cardinals from 1995 to 1998, though he spent part of that time with the Barcelona Dragons in the NFLEurope. He was signed as a free agent by both the Indianapolis Colts and the Baltimore Ravens in 1999, and went to the Detroit Lions as an unrestricted free agent in 2000.Case saw limited action during his NFL career.He played in two games during his rookie season, but saw no action in either 1996 or 1998. He played twice in 1997 as a replacement for injured starter Kent Graham. He played in 10 games for the Baltimore Ravens in1999, starting four games and winning two of them. He also played in five other games later in the season, receiving playing time as a back-up quarterback. In all, Case played in a total of 24 career NFL games over sixyears, 12 as a starter, in which he passed for 1,826 yards and 4 touchdowns while rushing for 270 yards and 5 touchdowns. His best game came in 1999 against the Atlanta Falcons, Case threw for 2 touchdowns and nointerceptions with a QB rating of 96.5.As an NFL player, Case was criticized by some fans for his uncertainty and lack of ability to throw an effective long pass. His worst career performance came in October 1999 whenhe appeared for the Ravens against the Kansas City Chiefs, completing only 15 of 37 passes for 103 yards. \"The Chiefs\", noted the Baltimore City Paper, \"by comparison, ran back his intercepted passes for 108 yards.Repeat: 103 yards forward, 108 yards backward. Add in those two touchdowns off interceptions and Case did almost precisely as much for Kansas City as did the Chiefs' own quarterback, Elvis Grbac (112 yards, two TDpasses).\"In 2000, Case signed with the Detroit Lions as the primary backup to quarterback Charlie Batch. Appearing in five games, Case passed for 503 yards, 1 touchdown, and 4 interceptions. His best game came onNovember 30 in a game against the Minnesota Vikings.  Even though the Lions lost 24–17, Case filled in for an injured Batch and put up 230 yards on 23–33 passing with a touchdown and an interception.AFLAfter majorshoulder surgery at the end of his contract with Detroit and seemingly out of the NFL, Case subsequently moved to the Arena Football League. In 2004, he was signed by Tampa Bay Storm, playing in just three gamesin 2005 and completing 4 of 7 passes for 35 yards and 2 touchdowns.In 2006, Case was the backup to Mark Grieb with the San Jose SaberCats in the AFL American Conference, Western Division. On October 31, hereturned to Tampa Bay as a free agent.  Four games into the 2007 season, Case took over as the Storm's starting quarterback. However, that was short-lived when he dislocated his shoulder against the OrlandoPredators and had season ending surgery.See alsoList of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leadersPassage 3:Richard CaseRichard Case (born 1964) is an American comics artist best known for his work forDC Comics especially the Vertigo imprint.He is not to be confused with the similarly-named Richard Case, a comics artist who worked for the Iger Studio and Fiction House in the 1940s.CareerAfter receiving a Bachelorof Fine Arts degree from the Rhode Island School of Design, Richard Case worked as an assistant to comics artist Walt Simonson in 1985. Case's first credited published comic book story appeared in Marvel Comics'Strange Tales vol. 2 #10 (Jan. 1988). He moved to DC Comics and pencilled the majority of issues of Grant Morrison's run on Doom Patrol beginning with issue #19 (Feb. 1989). In 1992, he drew several issues ofDarkhold: Pages from the Book of Sins for Marvel. Back at DC, Case inked Marc Hempel's pencils on the Sandman story \"The Kindly Ones\" and penciled a few pages in Hempel's style. He illustrated Jamie Delano'sGhostdancing limited series, the final story arc of Peter Milligan's Shade, the Changing Man, and Hunter: The Age of Magic with Dylan Horrocks. Since leaving the comics industry, he has worked extensively in computergame illustration especially for Ubisoft.BibliographyDC ComicsImage ComicsGen 13 Bikini Pin-Up Special #1 (one page) (1997)Marvel ComicsPassage 4:Gregory C. CaseGregory C. Case (born 1963) is the chiefexecutive officer of Aon plc. He has held this position since April 2005.Early life and educationCase was born in Kansas City.Case received an undergraduate degree from Kansas State University, where he graduatedsumma cum laude. Case holds a Master of Business Administration from Harvard School of Business.CareerCase was at first an investment banker.He then worked for 17 years at McKinsey & Company, where heeventually became head of the global insurance practice and then head of the financial services practice.In April 2005, Case was named chief executive officer of Aon plc.In September 2006, Case testified on behalf ofAon and the Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers to the US House of Representatives on the topic of risks of catastrophic terrorism events.In 2018, Case received the Owen B. Butler Education Excellence Awardfrom the Committee for Economic Development.Case was named one of the 100 best performing CEOs in world in 2019 according to the Harvard Business Review.CompensationCase's annual salary as CEO of Aonamounts to around US$14.6 million, and has varied widely over the years.  Case's total compensation for 2005 and 2006, respectively, was US$21 million and US$7.5 million.  In both 2007 and 2008, Case'scompensation from Aon of US$11.3 million and US$12.9 million, respectively, placed him as the 13th highest compensated CEO in Illinois and Northwest Indiana. Case's compensation dropped to US$10.4 million in2009, placing him at 15th rank in the same geography, then rose dramatically in 2010 to US$20.8 million, making him the 3rd highest compensated in the region.  Compensation for 2011 and 2012 was US$17.5 millionand US$2.5 million, respectively.  Case's compensation across 2007 to 2009 did not substantially change (11.3, 12.9, 10.4 million) despite a 95% drop in profits for the company in the 4th quarter of 2008.Passage5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story ofOzploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:Andrew CaseAndrew Paul William Case (born January 6, 1993) is a Canadian professional baseball pitcher for the Piratas de Campeche ofthe Mexican League. He was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays as an undrafted free agent in 2013.CollegeCase attended Lethbridge College in Lethbridge, Alberta.Professional careerToronto Blue JaysCase signed with theToronto Blue Jays as an undrafted free agent on October 16, 2013. He drew the attention of the Blue Jays after throwing a no-hitter during \"Tournament 12\", an annual tournament for the top college players in Canada.He was assigned to the Low-A Vancouver Canadians for the entire 2014 season, and was a mid-season All-Star for the Canadians. He pitched to a 0–1 win–loss record, 2.45 earned run average (ERA), and 37 strikeoutsin 44 innings that year. He split time in 2015 between Vancouver and the Single-A Lansing Lugnuts. Case made 39 total relief appearances in the 2015 season, and posted a 3–4 record, 3.10 ERA, and 44 strikeouts in521⁄3 total innings, and was again named a mid-season All-Star for Vancouver. Before the start of the 2016 season, Case was suspended for 50-games for failing to take a drug test. He made one appearance for theRookie-level Gulf Coast League Blue Jays and was then promoted to Lansing, where he finished the season. In 252⁄3 total innings, Case posted a 0–2 record, 2.10 ERA, and 22 strikeouts in the 2016 campaign. Duringthe offseason, Case made nine relief appearances for the Canberra Cavalry of the Australian Baseball League (ABL). Case opened 2017 with the High-A Dunedin Blue Jays, and later earned promotions to the Double-ANew Hampshire Fisher Cats and Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, posting a combined 7–1 record with a 2.84 ERA in a career-high 66 innings pitched.On January 24, 2018, the Blue Jays invited Case to spring training. He did notmake the club and spent the year split between Buffalo and New Hampshire, posting a 1-3 record and 4.96 ERA with 35 strikeouts in 49.0 innings of work between the two teams. He was assigned to New Hampshire tobegin the 2019 season, and posted a 5.40 ERA in 3 games. On April 18, 2019, Case announced his retirement from professional baseball.Québec CapitalesCase initially came out of retirement in 2020 to sign with theQuébec Capitales of the Frontier League, but did not play in a game for the team following the cancellation of the Frontier League season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On February 15, 2021, Case re-signed withQuébec. Case made 14 appearances for the Capitales, posting a 3.29 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 132⁄3 innings pitched.Olmecas de TabascoOn July 17, 2021, Case signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the MexicanLeague. In 10 relief appearances, Case posted a 2-0 record with a 1.80 ERA and 9 strikeouts. He was released following the season on October 20, 2021.Québec Capitales (second stint)On May 11, 2022, Case re-signedwith the Québec Capitales of the Frontier League. He made 2 appearances, pitching two scoreless innings out of the bullpen.Piratas de CampecheOn June 4, 2022, Case's contract was purchased by the Piratas deCampeche of the Mexican League.International baseballCase played for Team Canada at the 2017 World Baseball Classic and 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier.Passage 7:Jay CaseJay Case (born October 10, 1970) isan American politician who has served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from the 63rd district since 2013.Passage 8:My CaseMy Case (Portuguese: O meu caso) is a 1986 Portuguese drama- fantasy filmdirected by Manoel de Oliveira. It entered the main competition at the 43rd Venice International Film Festival. The film is based on the play of the same name by José Régio, but also on the Book of Job as well as textsby Samuel Beckett.CastBulle Ogier as Actrice # 1Luís Miguel Cintra as L'IntrusAxel Bogousslavsky as L'EmployéFred Personne as L'AuteurWladimir Ivanovsky as Le spectateurHéloïse Mignot as Actrice # 2GrégoireOestermann as Le projectionnistePassage 9:Simon CaseSimon Case  (born 27 December 1978) is a British civil servant who is the current Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service since 9 September 2020,succeeding Sir Mark Sedwill.Case was Downing Street Permanent Secretary to Prime Minister Boris Johnson from May to September 2020. That role had been vacant for eight years after Sir Jeremy Heywood left in2012. From January 2016 to May 2017, Case served under David Cameron and Theresa May as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.Early life and educationCase was born on 27December 1978 in Bristol, England. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in History. While at Cambridge, he rowed and wasPresident of Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club. He then undertook postgraduate research in political history and studied at Queen Mary University of London and was awarded Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)degree from University of London in 2007. His doctoral supervisor was Professor Peter Hennessy, and his thesis was entitled The Joint Intelligence Committee and the German Question, 1947–61.CareerCase joined theCivil Service in 2006. He worked first within the Ministry of Defence as a policy adviser. He then worked in the Northern Ireland Office and the Cabinet Office. In 2012, he served as Head of the Olympic Secretariat, atemporary team within the Cabinet Office that was set up to oversee the delivery of the 2012 Summer Olympics.From 2012 and July 2014, Case worked at 10 Downing Street as a Private Secretary to the Prime Ministerand then as Deputy Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. He then returned to the Cabinet Office, where he was Executive Director of the Implementation Group. In March 2015, he joined GovernmentCommunications Headquarters (GCHQ) as Director of Strategy.On 8 January 2016, Case was announced as the next Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister in succession to Chris Martin who had died while inoffice. He took up the appointment on 11 January 2016.In March 2017, Case was announced as the Director General for the UK–EU Partnership, being succeeded by Peter Hill as Principal Private Secretary to the PrimeMinister on 10 May 2017. He took up the post in May 2017. In this role he was \"leading the UK Government's work on exiting and seeking a new partnership with the European Union within the UK Representation to theEU\". On 23 June 2017, he was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in recognition of his service as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister.In January 2018, he was appointed DirectorGeneral Northern Ireland and Ireland: in this role, he acted as the lead civil servant for finding a solution to the Irish border issue post-Brexit.In March 2018, it was announced that Case would be the next PrivateSecretary to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; he took up the appointment in July 2018. Also in 2018, Case was appointed a Visiting Professor at King's College London, having previously been a Visiting SeniorResearch Fellow at the university.Head of the Civil Service and Cabinet SecretaryIn August 2020 Case was chosen by Prime Minister Boris Johnson as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service, succeeding MarkSedwill on 9 September 2020, the youngest Cabinet Secretary to date.In April 2021, in light of the Greensill scandal, Case ordered all civil servants to declare paid roles or outside interests that \"might conflict\" with CivilService rules after it emerged that a senior official had joined a firm while still a civil servant.On 15 June 2021, Case and Prime Minister Johnson jointly signed a Declaration on Government Reform intended to improvethe way government operates in the UK.In December 2021, the Prime Minister appointed Case to lead an inquiry into the Westminster Christmas parties controversy, where government departments had been alleged tohave carried out social gatherings in late 2020 in contravention of COVID-19 regulations. Just over a week later, on 17 December 2021, it was announced that he was to recuse himself from the inquiry because ofreports that a party had been held in his private office. The next day, on 18 December 2021, Case officially resigned from the inquiry position. His role in the inquiry was taken over by the civil servant Sue Gray.In aletter to civil servants in May 2022, Case said that up to 91,000 civil servants would lose their jobs to return it to 2016 levels, which would be the biggest decrease in staff since World War Two. Case said civil servicestaffing had grown \"substantially\" since 2016, partly because of the pandemic. \"We must consider how we can streamline our workforce and equip ourselves with the skills we need to be an even more effective, leanand innovative service that continues to deliver for the people we serve,\" he wrote.On 8 September 2022, Case informed then-Prime Minister Liz Truss that Queen Elizabeth II had died.On 13 September 2022, Case wassworn-in as a member of the Privy Council.Westminster COVID-19 pandemic controversiesGatheringsCase was the highest ranking public official to be implicated in the 'partygate' scandal; however, he stated he wouldnot resign. Junior colleagues were reportedly furious that Case did not have to pay a penalty for the parties, despite having to recuse himself from investigating them.Case, denied giving Boris Johnson any reassurancesthat Covid rules and guidance were followed at all times. In evidence from the Commons privileges committee, which is investigating whether the former prime minister deliberately misled MPs over lockdowngatherings.Lockdown FilesIn early March 2023, The Daily Telegraph published a number of WhatsApp messages from the UK's COVID-19 Lockdown period, named the Lockdown Files. Case, who was said to be indiscussion with the then-Health Secretary Matt Hancock, reportedly mocked holidaymakers stuck in hotel rooms by the UK's quarantine policy, saying it was \"hilarious\" and how he wanted to \"see some of the faces ofpeople coming out of first class and into a Premier Inn shoe box\". In some messages Case said how some opposition to COVID restrictions were \"pure Conservative ideology\".Case described Johnson as \"nationallydistrusted figure\" and warned the public were unlikely to follow isolation rules laid down by him.Personal lifeIn 2007, Case married Elizabeth Kistruck, chief finance officer for Hotels.com at Expedia Inc. They have threedaughters.Passage 10:Manoel de OliveiraManoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira  (Portuguese: [m\u0000nu\u0000\u0000l doli\u0000v\u0000j\u0000\u0000]; 11 December 1908 – 2 April 2015) was a Portuguese film director and screenwriter born inCedofeita, Porto. He first began making films in 1927, when he and some friends attempted to make a film about World War I. In 1931 he completed his first film Douro, Faina Fluvial, a documentary about his home cityPorto made in the city-symphony genre. He made his feature film debut in 1942 with Aniki-Bóbó and continued to make shorts and documentaries for the next 30 years, gaining a minimal amount of recognition withoutbeing considered a major world film director.  In 1971, Oliveira directed his second feature narrative film, Past and Present, a social satire that both set the standard for his film career afterwards and gained himrecognition in the global film community. He continued making films of growing ambition throughout the 1970s and 1980s, gaining critical acclaim and numerous awards. Beginning in the late 1980s he was one of themost prolific working film directors and made an average of one film per year past the age of 100. In March 2008 he was reported to be the oldest active film director in the world.Among his numerous awards were theCareer Golden Lion from the 61st Venice International Film Festival, the Special Lion for the Overall Work in the 42nd Venice International Film Festival, an Honorary Golden Palm for his lifetime achievements in 2008Cannes Film Festival, and the French Legion of Honor.Early life and educationOliveira was born on 11 December 1908 in Porto, Portugal, to Francisco José de Oliveira and Cândida Ferreira Pinto. His family were wealthyindustrialists and agricultural landowners. His father owned a dry-goods factory, produced the first electric light bulbs in Portugal and built an electric energy plant before he died in 1932. Oliveira was educated at theColégio Universal in Porto before attending a Jesuit boarding school in Galicia, Spain.As a teenager his goal was to become an actor. At 17, he joined his brothers as an executive in his father's factories, where he"}
{"doc_id":"doc_276","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rotrou III, Count of PercheRotrou III (bef. 1080 – 8 May 1144), called the Great (le Grand), was the Count of Perche and Mortagne from 1099. He was the son of Geoffrey II, Count of Perche, and Beatrix deRamerupt, daughter of Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier. He was a notable Crusader and a participant in the Reconquista in eastern Spain, even ruling the city of Tudela in Navarre from 1123 to 1131. He is commonlycredited with introducing Arabian horses to the Perche, giving rise to the Percheron breed. By his creation of a monastery at La Trappe in memory of his wife, Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, in 1122 he also laidthe foundations of the later Trappists.First CrusadeRotrou took part in the First Crusade, travelling with the army of the duke of Normandy, Robert Curthose. What influenced Rotrou in this regard were probably familialconnexions. He was related to the Anglo-Norman aristocracy and the Perche was a march (border region) in southern Normandy. A sister was married to Raymond I of Turenne, who was a fellow Crusader in thefollowing of Raymond IV of Toulouse. His mother, Beatrix, was a sister of Ebles II of Roucy, who had campaigned in Spain in 1073, and Felicia, who married Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon. A religious motivationcannot be discounted.According to the Chanson d'Antioche, Rotrou was under the command of Bohemond of Taranto during the Siege of Antioch, and was one of the first to go over the city's walls through scalingladders on 3 June 1098. When the Crusaders had to confront a Seljuk relief force two weeks later in open battle, Rotrou was one of the front line commanders. He fulfilled his vow and made it all the way to Jerusalem.The Chanson also mentions his bravery at the siege of Nicaea of 1097.In 1107, Rotrou built a castle on land held partly allodially and partly in lordship by Hugh II of Le Puiset, thus challenging Hugh's rights to theestate. Since Pope Urban II had taken Crusaders' \"houses, families, and all their goods into the protection of Saint Peter and the Roman church\", and both Hugh and Rotrou were veterans of the First Crusade, thedispute was intractable. Bishop and lawyer Ivo of Chartres could not resolve it, since it involved a judicial duel, over which the church was not allowed to preside, and so remitted it to the court of the County of Blois.There Hugh lost, but in the violence that followed his tenant, who held the land from him as a fief, was captured by Rotrou's men. The reigning pope, Paschal II, who was in Chartres in April, sent the case back to Ivo,who complained in a letter that since \"this law of the Church protecting the goods of knights going to Jerusalem was new. . . they did not know whether the protection applied only to their properties or also applied totheir fortifications.\" Rotrou denied that the case had anything to do with the novel canon law.Norman politicsDuring Rotrou's absence his father, Geoffrey of Mortagne, died in 1099. On the first Sunday after returning toFrance, Rotrou paid a visit to the monastery of Nogent-le-Rotrou, a foundation of his family's and the location of his father tomb. There he asked to become a confrater (brother) of the Abbey of Cluny, Nogent's motherhouse, and to show his sincerity and prove the fulfillment of his Crusading vow he placed a charter confirming his predecessors' donations to the abbey and the palm frond brought back from Jerusalem on thealtar.Rotrou's position in the Duchy of Normandy was that of defender of the frontier with the Île-de-France. His position was probably enhanced by his participation in the First Crusade. Whereas his father had only heldthe title of viscount, Rotrou is usually called a count. In the war between Henry I of England and Robert Curthose, Rotrou sided with the former and was an important figure in Henry's administration of the duchy afterthe capture of Robert at Tinchebrai in 1106. Rotrou was a direct vassal of Henry in England, where he held fiefs jure uxoris, in right of his wife, the king's daughter Matilda. He was not often in England, but is purportedto have been close to his wife.ReconquistaEarly participationRotrou's actual first participation in the Reconquista dates to the first decade of the twelfth century (possibly 1104–5). He and a group of Normans are said tohave fought the Muslims in the service of Alfonso the Battler, then King of Aragon and Navarre, until the Aragonese plotted against them and they returned home. It has been speculated that the Norman involvement inthe campaign originated as gossip designed to discredit Alfonso by Cluny, an ally of Alfonso's rival, Alfonso VI of Castile. More probably the Normans just accomplished too little to be noticed, or were perhaps sent backhome without encountering any Muslims because their services were not need at the time, when Alfonso the Battler had an alliance with the taifa (faction-kingdom) of Zaragoza. Perhaps the 'Aragonese plot' originatedas a rumour with dissatisfied returning Normans.After the death of his wife, eldest son and two of his nephews in the wreck of the White Ship (1120), Rotrou returned to Spain. His parting may have been an act ofpenitence (perhaps he believed his sins had brought on the tragedy), or perhaps a public demonstration of grieving, since his wife was a daughter of the king, who had also lost his heir, William Adelin, in the wreck.According to the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña, Rotrou took part in the conquests of Zaragoza (1118) and Tudela (1119), but this account has been shown to be apocryphal. Many French barons can be connectedwith the expedition against Zaragoza, but although his Anales de la Corona de Aragón name Rotrou as fighting under Alfonso of Aragon on several occasions, Jerónimo Zurita does not mention him by name whenrecording the call for transpyrenean assistance put out by the Battler. Likewise Rotrou is attested fighting for Henry I in Normandy in 1119 and so could not have had any hand in the conquest of Tudela, although theChronicle of San Juan makes him out to be the chief conqueror and the first and independent ruler of the town. Neither is he mentioned in the charter of surrender of Tudela.Rule of TudelaRotrou was still in Normandy in1120 when he signed the reconfirmation act of the abbey of Arcisses. Since he received land in Zaragoza after the conquest, it might be assumed that he sent either money or men to assist in the enterprise. He did notsign the city's fueros, which the nobles of southern France who had participated in its conquest did. He had arrived in Aragon by 1123, perhaps as early as 1121. His first participation was probably in the campaignagainst Lleida. An Aragonese charter dating to April 1123 refers to Rotrou as \"count in Tudela\", although it does not specifically refer to him as the ruler of the place. The Norman lord Robert Burdet, who later held theTarragona as a principality, may originally have fought alongside Rotrou in Normandy and then followed him to Spain c.1123. Robert is first mentioned in a charter issued by Rotrou in Spain, in which the count grantedsome houses in Zaragoza to a knight of his named Sabino in gratitude for his services (December 1124). There is a slightly later reference which shows that Rotrou was in control of Tudela and that he had appointedRobert to act as his alcalde (mayor) or military commander of the citadel and one Duran Pixon to act as administrator (justiciar). This charter also affirms, against the Chronicle of San Juan, that Rotrou ruled Tudela as avassal of Alfonso the Battler, who is called \"emperor\" in the document. Similar charters from February 1128 and November 1131 show that this arrangement continued for almost a decade, even though Rotrou wasoften absent in Normandy and Robert Burdet in Tarragona. When Alfonso granted fueros to Tudela in 1127 he also mentioned Rotrou, Robert and Duran. It has been suggested that Rotrou's rise to an important frontierpost in a city in whose conquest he played no role was either recompense for the mistreatment he received in the first decade of the century or due to the deterrent effect of his private army of Normans on theneighbouring Muslims.In the winter of 1124–25, Rotrou led an expedition against the hilltop Muslim fortress of Peña Cadiella (Benicadell), which guarded the road from Alicante to Valencia. Since Muslim troops fromMurcia often moved up this road to Valencia, it was of great strategic importance for any planned campaign in eastern al-Andalus. Rotrou's expedition, which had royal approval, may have been planned in conjunctionwith Alfonso's Andalusian expedition that took place in 1127–28. Rotrou was assisted in his endeavour by the Aragonese knights of the Confraternity of Belchite and their master, Galindo Sánchez. Rotrou returned toNormandy with his retinue in 1125, leaving Robert Burdet in command of Tudela (where he is attested in charters from 1126 through 1128). Rotrou did not participate in Alfonso's Andalusian campaign, and a rumour inNormandy claimed that Alfonso made his war out of envy for Rotrou's achievements.Rotrou returned to Alfonso the Battler in 1130, when he was at the Siege of Bayonne. On 26 October, from the siege, Alfonso grantedthe fuero previously given to Tudela to the small town of Corella. Rotrou was one of the signatories, since the castle of Corella had been granted to him by the king in December 1128. He is last attested as ruler inTudela with Robert as his underling in a private act of November 1131. He was still in Iberia in March 1132, when he witnessed Alfonso's grant of a fuero to the town of Asín.Second trip to the Holy LandSometime before1144, Rotrou returned to the Mideast on Crusade, one of the few north French barons to do so. On this second trip Rotrou obtained some relics which he donated to the monastery he had founded at La Trappe.In Spain,Rotrou established links with García Ramírez, the future king of Navarre. García married Margaret of L'Aigle, daughter of Rotrou's sister Juliana. Margaret's daughter Margaret, married William I of Sicily and raised to thechancellorship her cousin Stephen du Perche, a younger and illegitimate son of Rotrou. She also made Gilbert, another cousin from the Perche, count in Gravina. This Gilbert was one of Rotrou's grandsons, although bywhich son is not known. Another relation, Henry of Montescaglioso, was a son of Margaret, perhaps illegitimate.FamilyRotrou's first wife's name is unknown.  They had one daughter:Beatrix, married Renaud IV, lord ofChâteau-GontierRotrou's second wife was Matilda, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England and one of his many mistresses, Edith. Matilda drowned in the wreck of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.  They hadtwo daughters:Philippa, married Elias II, Count of MaineFeliciaRotrou's third wife was Hawise, daughter of Walter of Salisbury and sister of Patrick, Earl of Salisbury. They had three sons:Rotrou IV, killed at the Siege ofAcreGeoffrey (died after 1154)Stephen, Archbishop of PalermoRotrou also had an illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:Bertrand, father of Gilbert, Count of GravinaRotrou was succeeded as Count of Perche by hisson of the same name.== Notes ==Passage 2:Thomas Beaufort, Count of PercheThomas Beaufort, styled 1st Count of Perche (c. 1405 – 3 October 1431) was a member of the Beaufort family and an Englishcommander during the Hundred Years' War.He was the third son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and his wife, Margaret Holland.CareerWith his elder brother, Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset, Thomas joinedin Henry V's 1419 campaigns in France.  In 1421, he accompanied the king's younger brother Thomas of Lancaster to the fighting in Anjou.  Lancaster was killed at the Battle of Baugé while John Beaufort, the new Earlof Somerset (following the death of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset at the  Siege of Rouen) and Thomas were captured. Thomas was eventually released around 1427 in a prisoner exchange negotiated by hisuncle, Cardinal Beaufort.As an able male member of the Beaufort family, Thomas rejoined the fighting almost immediately. He was granted the title Count of Perche in December 1427, his title being more a claim toland, rather than a recognized title since it was already held by the French Duke John II of Alençon. This was part of a continuing attempt by Cardinal Beaufort to carve out estates for his nephews from conqueredFrench land. During the 1430 royal coronation expedition of Henry VI, Thomas was granted a retinue of 128 soldiers and 460 archers. He commanded soldiers at a battle at La Charité-sur-Loire in late 1430 and died 3October 1431 at the siege of Louviers, three weeks before the city's fall.ArmsAs the legitimised great-grandson of Edward III he bore his arms altered by a bordure gorbony argent and azure.AncestryNotesPassage3:Rotrou IV, Count of PercheRotrou IV (1135-1191), was the Count of Perche. He joined Louis VII of France in a war against Henry II of England, in which he lost lands to the English. Rotrou later went on crusade withPhilip II of France and died after the Siege of Acre in 1191.BiographyBorn in 1135, Rotrou was the son of Rotrou III, Count of Perche, and Hawise, daughter of Walter of Salisbury, and Sibilla de Chaworth. Upon thedeath of his father in 1144, Rotrou continued the fight against his archenemy, William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu and Lord of Alençon. Aside from this long-running blood feud, his uncle Patrick had married WilliamTalvas' daughter Adela. His mother Hawise and her second husband, Robert I of Dreux, served as regents at Perche until he reached the age of maturity.Rotrou aided Louis VII the Younger against Henry II of England inan ineffective war that saw their troops routed, lands ravaged and property stolen. He was forced to yield the communes of Moulins and Bonsmoulins to the crown England. Nevertheless, a matrimonial alliance with theHouse of Blois consolidated the declining power of the Counts of Perche.In 1189,  Rotrou joined Philip II of France and Richard I the Lionheart in the Third Crusade. He died sometime after the Siege of Acre in1191.Marriage and issueIn 1160, Rotrou married Matilda of Blois-Champagne, daughter of Theobald II, Count of Champagne, and Matilda of Carinthia.Rotrou and Matilda had:Geoffrey III, Count of PercheStephen (d. 14April 1205), Duke of Philadelphia, killed in the Battle of AdrianopleRotrou du Perche (d. 10 December 1201), Bishop of Chalons (1190-1200)William II, Count of Perche and Bishop of ChalonsBeatrix, married Renaud III,lord of Chateau-GonthierRotrou was succeeded as Count of Perche by his son Geoffrey upon his death.Passage 4:Geoffrey II, Count of PercheGeoffrey II (died October 1100), Count of Mortagne and Count of Perche,was the son of Rotrou I, Viscount of Châteaudun, and Adelise de Bellême, daughter of Guérin de Domfron. Geoffrey was Count of Mortagne and Seigneur of Nogent from 1060 to 1090, and Count of Perche from 1090until his death.As a young man, Geoffrey participated in the conquest of England and fought at the Battle of Hastings. For his service, William the Conqueror gave him a reward of significant property in England.Geoffreysucceeded his father in 1080, receiving the Percheron fields (Mortagne-au-Perche and Nogent-le-Rotrou), while his younger brother Hugues received Châteaudun. A third brother, Rotrou, acquired by marriage thelordship of Montfort-le-Rotrou. One of his first actions as count was to hand over the monastery of Nogent-le-Rotrou to Cluny, after engineering the deposition of its abbot Hubert. As a result, the role of the count's courtan increased role, since disputes about the abbey's endowment were solved at that court.  About 1089, Geoffrey waged war on Robert of Bellême, due to a land dispute. According to Orderic Vitalis, Geoffrey contestedthe distribution of the Belleme inheritance between Mabel de Bellême (Robert's mother) and Adeliza (his mother).    The war was long and protracted, as even in 1091 we know the conflict was still going on.  Hedevoted the rest of his life to religious pursuits, and founded the first leper colony in Perche.His successful rule and increased political role can be appreciated from his dynastic alliances, which ranged far into northernFrance (with his wife Beatrix), Normandy (with the marriage of his daughter Marguerite to Henry de Beaumont) and southern France (through his daughter Matilde's marriage  to the viscount of Turenne). Geoffreymarried Beatrix de Ramerupt, daughter of Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier, and Alice de Roucy.  Geoffrey and Beatrix had:Rotrou III the Great, Count of PercheMarguerite (d. after 1156), married to Henry de Beaumont,1st Earl of Warwick.  Their sons included Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick, Robert de Neubourg and Rotrou, Archbishop of Rouen.Juliana du Perche (d. after 1132), married to Gilbert, Lord of d’Aigle.  They hadtwo sons, Geoffrey and Engenulf, who died in the wreck of the White Ship. Their daughter was Marguerite de l’Aigle, who married García Ramírez, King of Navarre.Mathilde (d. 27 May 1143), married first Raymond I,Vicomte de Turenne and, widowed, Guy IV de Lastours.Orderic Vitalis gives him high praise: In time of peace he was gentle and lovable and conspicuous for his good manners; in times of war, harsh and successful,formidable to the rulers who were his neighbours and an enemy to all. Geoffrey was succeeded by his son Rotrou as Count of Perche upon his death.NotesSourcesBarlow, Frank (1983). William Rufus. University ofCalifornia Press.Guenée, Bernard (May–June 1978). \"Les généalogies entre l'histoire et la politique: la fierté d'être Capétien, en France, au Moyen Age\" (PDF). Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 33 (3): 450–477.doi:10.3406/ahess.1978.293943.Thompson, Kathleen (2002). Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 1000-1226. The Boydell Press.Passage 5:Thomas, Count of PercheThomas (1195– 20 May 1217), Count of Perche, was the son of Geoffrey III, Count of Perche, and Matilda of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, and Matilda of England. He died young.Only seven whenhis father died, Thomas became Count of Perche under the regency of his mother and her new husband Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy.BiographyIn 1216, the English barons rebelled in the First Barons' War against KingJohn Lackland, and offered the English crown to Louis VIII the Lion, King of France. The death of King John ended this arrangement and the crown went to Henry III, John's son. In the end, Louis VIII renounced theEnglish crown, but in the interim fought the forces of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. In the decisive Battle of Lincoln of 1217, Thomas, the commander of the French forces, was killed.Thomas married HélisendeRethel, daughter of Hugh II, Count of Rethel, and Felicitas, daughter of Simon of Broyes. This union produced no children. His widow remarried Garnier de Traînel, Seigneur de Marigny.Following Thomas's death in1217, King Philip II of France gained control of the castles of Moulins-la-Marche, Bonsmoulin, and Bellême, which had been contested since 1182. Thomas’s uncle William, who was also Bishop of Châlons, succeeded himas the Count of Perche.NotesPassage 6:William II, Count of PercheWilliam II (died 1226), count of Perche and bishop of Châlons, son of Count Rotrou IV of Perche and Matilda, daughter of Count Theobald II ofChampagne and Matilda of Carinthia.William began his career as treasurer and provost of the Church of St. Martin of Tours, and was elected bishop of Chalons in 1215, consecrated in 1216. The following year hebecame count of Perche upon the death of his nephew Thomas in the Battle of Lincoln. As count-bishop, William was a valuable advisor to the kings of France and was listed among those by Pope Honorious III toparticipate in the Albigensian Crusade. His death in February 1226 left the question of the succession to the County of Perche unresolved for years. He left money to his cousin Countess Isabelle of Chartres for the\"support of the poor\".Passage 7:John Beaufort, 1st Earl of SomersetJohn Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset and 1st Marquess of Dorset, later only 1st Earl of Somerset,  (c. 1373 – 16 March 1410) was an Englishnobleman and politician. He was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (1340–1399) (third surviving son of King Edward III) by his mistress Katherine Swynford, whom he later married in 1396. TheBeaufort children were declared legitimate twice by parliament, first during the reign of King Richard II, in 1397, which was confirmed by Henry IV, as well as by Pope Boniface IX in September 1396. Even though theywere the grandchildren of Edward III and next in the line of succession after their father's legitimate children by his first two wives, the Beauforts were barred from succession to the throne by their half-brother HenryIV.Early lifeBeaufort's surname (properly de Beaufort, \"from Beaufort\") probably reflects his birthplace at his father's castle and manor of Beaufort (\"beautiful stronghold\") in Champagne, France. The Portcullis heraldic"}
{"doc_id":"doc_277","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Everything's DuckyEverything's Ducky is a 1961 comedy film directed by Don Taylor and written by Benedict Freedman and John Fenton Murray. The film stars Mickey Rooney, Buddy Hackett, Jackie Cooper,Joanie Sommers, Roland Winters and Elizabeth MacRae. The film was released on December 20, 1961, by Columbia Pictures.PlotTwo sailors sneak a talking duck aboard their ship. Complications ensue. The duckwaddles all over the ship until he escapes.CastMickey Rooney as Kermit 'Beetle' McKayBuddy Hackett as Seaman Admiral John Paul 'Ad' JonesJackie Cooper as Lt. J.S. ParmellJoanie Sommers as Nina LloydRolandWinters as Capt. Lewis BollingerElizabeth MacRae as Susie PenroseGene Blakely as Lt. Cmdr. Bernard KempGordon Jones as Chief Petty Officer ConroyRichard Deacon as Dr. DeckhamJames Millhollin as GeorgeImhoffJimmy Cross as DrunkRobert Williams as Duck HunterKing Calder as FrankEllie Kent as NurseWilliam Hellinger as CorpsmanAnn Morell as WaveGeorge Sawaya as SimmonsDick Winslow as FröehlichAlvy Moore asJim LipscottWalker Edmiston as Scuttlebutt – The DuckPassage 2:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released intheaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life andbackgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. Hismother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has alsodirected a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming inhis upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will makehis Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also withthin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has atelevision serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugulanguage.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 3:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born toM. S. Gopalan Nair and P. Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College,Changanassery.CareerAfter completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995. His next work was BritishMarket, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associate director for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAs associate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam(Malayalam TV series) - pilot episodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 4:Don Taylor (American actor and director)Donald RichieTaylor (December 13, 1920 – December 29, 1998) was an American actor and film director. He co-starred in 1940s and 1950s classics, including the 1948 film noir The Naked City, Battleground, Father of the Bride,Father's Little Dividend and Stalag 17. He later turned to directing films such as Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Tom Sawyer (1973), Echoes of a Summer (1976), and Damien: Omen II(1978).BiographyEarly life and workThe son of Mr. and Mrs. D. E. Taylor, Donald Ritchie Taylor was born in Freeport, Pennsylvania on December 13, 1920. (Another source says that he was born \"in Pittsburgh andraised in Freeport, Pa.\") He studied speech and drama at Penn State University and hitchhiked to Hollywood in 1942. He was signed as a contract player at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and appeared in small roles. Draftedinto the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) during World War II, he appeared in the Air Forces's Winged Victory Broadway play and movie (1944), credited as \"Cpl. Don Taylor.\"Acting careerAfter discharge from theAAF, Taylor was cast in a lead role as the young detective, Jimmy Halloran, working alongside veteran homicide detective Dan Muldoon (Barry Fitzgerald) in Universal's 1948 screen version of The Naked City, which wasnotable for being filmed entirely on location in New York. Taylor was later part of the ensemble cast in MGM's classic World War II drama Battleground (1949).  He then appeared as the husband of Elizabeth Taylor inthe comedies Father of the Bride (1950) and its sequel Father's Little Dividend (1951), starring Spencer Tracy. Another memorable role was Vern \"Cowboy\" Blithe in Flying Leathernecks (1951). In 1952, Taylor played asoldier bringing his Japanese war-bride back to small-town America in Japanese War Bride. In 1953, Taylor had a key role as the escaping prisoner Lt. Dunbar in Billy Wilder's Stalag 17. His last major film role came inI'll Cry Tomorrow (1955).Directorial careerFrom the late 1950s through the 1980s, Taylor turned to directing movies and TV shows, such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, the short-lived Steve Canyon, starring DeanFredericks, and Rod Serling's Night Gallery.  One of his memorable efforts, in 1973, was the musical film Tom Sawyer, which boasted a Sherman Brothers song score. Other films that Taylor directed are Escape from thePlanet of the Apes (1971), Echoes of a Summer (1976), The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday (also 1976), The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977) starring Burt Lancaster, Damien: Omen II (1978) with William Holden, andThe Final Countdown (1980) with Kirk Douglas.Taylor occasionally performed both acting and directing roles simultaneously, as he did for episodes of the TV detective series Burke's Law.Writing careerTaylor \"wroteone-act plays, radio dramas, short stories, and the 1985 TV movie My Wicked, Wicked Ways ... The Legend of Errol Flynn.\"Personal lifeTaylor was married twice.His first wife was Phyllis Avery, whom he married in1944; they divorced in 1955, but not before the births of their daughters Anne and Avery.His second wife was Hazel Court, whom he married in 1964 and stayed with until his death; they had a son, Jonathan, and adaughter, Courtney.DeathTaylor died on December 29, 1998, at the University of California Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, of heart failure.AwardsNominee, Best Director – Saturn Awards (The Island of Dr.Moreau) (1977)Nominee, Best Director-Comedy – Emmy Awards (The Farmer's Daughter) (1963)Selected filmography as directorIn addition to his Hollywood credits, Taylor directed 27 television movies and episodesfor 53 television series including Cannon, Rod Serling's Night Gallery, Mod Squad, It Takes a Thief, The Big Valley, The Flying Nun, Vacation Playhouse, The Tammy Grimes Show,  The Wild Wild West, Burke's Law, TheRogues, The Farmer's Daughter, The Lloyd Bridges Show, The Dick Powell Theatre, Dr. Kildare, Checkmate, 87th Precinct, Zane Grey Theater, The Rifleman, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Honky Tonk, andothers.Everything's Ducky (1961)Ride the Wild Surf (1964)Jack of Diamonds (1967)The Five Man Army (1969)Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)Tom Sawyer (1973)Echoes of a Summer (1976)The Great Scout& Cathouse Thursday (1976)The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977)Damien: Omen II (1978)The Final Countdown (1980)The Diamond Trap (1988)Selected filmography as actorPassage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)BrianPatrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museumin Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the NationalGallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy wasborn in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the IrishDepartment of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89).He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitionsand loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-mediasite.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship,the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public disputewith the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported twoacquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigningfor the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\"(scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that anational cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibitionfeatured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, apainting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive,vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it\"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly onthe NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would notseek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for itsexceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership inthe field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives haveincluded baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association(IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has mademajor acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects werestolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large andsmall-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea andthe Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body,toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generousendowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists),Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (withRaymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, HoodMuseum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded theAustralian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently,Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 6:M. Krishnan Nair (director)M. Krishnan Nair (2 November 1926 –10 May 2001) was an Indian film director of Malayalam films. He directed over 100 films. He also directed 18 Tamil movie including  four films starring M. G. Ramachandran and two Telugu movies, one each withsuperstars N. T. Rama Rao and Krishna Eminent filmmakers including Hariharan, K. Madhu, S. P. Muthuraman, Bharathiraja and Joshiy apprenticed under him as assistant directors.In 2000, he was honoured with the J.C. Daniel Award, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.Personal lifeHe was married to K. Sulochana Devi, and had three sons. His eldest son K. Jayakumar is a poet, lyricist and aformer bureaucrat who currently serves as the Vice Chancellor of Malayalam University. His second son is Harikumar, while his youngest son Sreekumar Krishnan Nair is a film director best known for directing O' Faby,India's first live-action/animation hybrid feature film.Selected filmography1987 Kalam Mari Katha Mari1985 Puzhayozhukum Vazhi1984 Manithali1983 Maniyara1983 Paalam1982 Mylanji1982 Oru Kunju Janikkunnu1980Dwik Vijayam1980 Rajaneegandhi1979 Ajnatha Theerangal1979 Kalliyankattu Neeli1979 Oru Raagam Pala Thaalam1978 Ashoka Vanam1978 Aval Kanda Lokam1978 Ithanente Vazhi1978 Rowdy Ramu1978 UrakkomVaraatha Rathrikal1977 Madhura Swapanam1977 Santha Oru Devatha1977 Thaalappoly1977 Yatheem1976 Amma1976 Neela Sari1976 Oorukku Uzhaippavan (Tamil)1974 Suprabhatham1973 Bhadradeepam1973Thottavadi1973 Yamini1973 Thalai Prasavam (Tamil)1972 Manthrakodi1972 Naan Yen Pirandhen (Tamil)1972 Annamitta Kai (Tamil)1971 Rickshawkaran (Tamil)1971 Agnimrigam1971 Tapaswini1970 BheekaraNimishangal1970 Chitti Chellelu (Telugu)1970 Detective 9091970 Palunkupaathram1970 Sabarimala Shri Dharmasastha1970 Tara1970 Vivahitha1969 Anaachadanam1969 Mannippu (Tamil)1969 Jwala1969 MaganeyNee Vazhga (Tamil)1969 Padicha Kallan1968 Circar Express (Telugu)1968 Agni Pareeksha1968 Anchu Sundariakal1968 Inspector1968 Kadal1968 Karthika1968 Paadunna Puzha1968 Muthu Chippi (Tamil)1967Agniputhri1967 Cochin Express1967 Collector Malathy1967 Kaanatha Veshangal1967 Khadeeja1967 Kudumbam (Tamil)1966 Kalithozhan1966 Kalyana Rathriyil1966 Kanaka Chilanga1966 Kusruthy Kuttan1966 PinchuHridhayam1965 Kadathukaran1965 Kathirunna Nikah1965 Kattu Thulasi1965 Kavya Mela1964 Bharthavu1964 Karutha Kai1964 Kutti Kuppayam1963 Kaattu Mynah1962 Viyarpintae Vila1960 Aalukkoru Veedu(Tamil)1955 Aniyathi1955 C.I.DPassage 7:Drew EsocoffDrew Esocoff (born c. 1957) is an American television sports director, who as of 2006 has been the director of NBC Sunday Night Football.Early lifeEsocoff wasborn in Elizabeth, New Jersey, graduating from Thomas Jefferson High School in 1975, later attending Colgate University. While in college he worked as a substitute teacher at Elizabeth High School where one of his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_278","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ann SheridanClara Lou \"Ann\" Sheridan (February 21, 1915 – January 21, 1967) was an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles in the films San Quentin (1937) with Humphrey Bogart,Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Bogart, They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raft and Bogart, City for Conquest (1940) with Cagney and Elia Kazan, The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) withBette Davis, Kings Row (1942) with Ronald Reagan, Nora Prentiss (1947), and I Was a Male War Bride (1949) with Cary Grant.Early lifeClara Lou Sheridan was born in Denton, Texas, on February 21, 1915, theyoungest of five children (Kitty, Pauline, Mabel and George) of garage mechanic George W. Sheridan and Lula Stewart (née Warren). According to Sheridan, her father was a grandnephew of Civil War Union generalPhilip Sheridan.She was active in dramatics at Denton High School and at North Texas State Teachers College. She also sang with the college's stage band and played basketball on the North Texas women's basketballteam. Then, in 1933, Sheridan won the prize of a bit part in an upcoming Paramount film, Search for Beauty, when her sister Kitty entered Sheridan's photograph into a beauty contest.CareerParamountAfter the releaseof Search for Beauty in 1934, Paramount put the 19-year-old under contract at a starting salary of $75 a week ($1,641 today), where she played mostly uncredited bit parts for the next two years. She can be glimpsedin the following 1934 films, and if credited, as Clara Lou Sheridan: Bolero, Come On Marines!, Murder at the Vanities, Shoot the Works, Kiss and Make-Up with Cary Grant, The Notorious Sophie Lang, College Rhythm(directed by Norman Taurog whom Sheridan admired), Ladies Should Listen with Cary Grant, You Belong to Me, Wagon Wheels, The Lemon Drop Kid with Lee Tracy, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, Ready for Love,Limehouse Blues with George Raft and Anna May Wong, and One Hour Late.Along with fellow contractees, Sheridan worked with Paramount's drama coach Nina Mouise and performed on the studio lot in such plays asThe Milky Way and The Pursuit of Happiness. While in The Milky Way, Paramount decided to change her first name from Clara Lou to the same as her character Ann.Sheridan was then cast in the film Behold My Wife!(1934) at the behest of director and friend Mitchell Leisen. The role provided two standout scenes for the actress, including one in which her character commits suicide, to which she attributed Paramount's keeping herunder contract.She continued with bit parts in Enter Madame (1935) with Elissa Landi and Cary Grant, Home on the Range (1935) with Randolph Scott and Evelyn Brent, and Rumba (1935) with George Raft and CaroleLombard, until her first lead role in Car 99 (1935), with Fred MacMurray. \"No acting, it was just playing the lead, that's all\", she later said. She next had a support role as the romantic interest in Rocky Mountain Mystery(1935), a Randolph Scott Western. She then appeared in Mississippi (1935) with Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields, The Glass Key (1935) with George Raft in a brief speaking role for which she was billed as \"Nurse\" in thecast list at the end of the film, and (having one line) The Crusades (1935) with Loretta Young. In her last picture under her deal with Paramount, the studio loaned her out to Poverty Row production company Talismanto make The Red Blood of Courage (1935) with Kermit Maynard. After this, Paramount declined to renew her contract. Sheridan made Fighting Youth (1935) at Universal and then signed a contract with Warner Bros. in1936.Warner Bros.Sheridan's career prospects began to improve at her new studio. Her early films for Warner Bros. included Sing Me a Love Song (1936); Black Legion (1937) with Humphrey Bogart; The GreatO'Malley (1937) with Pat O'Brien and Bogart, her first real break; San Quentin (1937), with O'Brien and Bogart, singing for the first time in a film; and Wine, Women and Horses (1937) with Barton MacLane.Sheridanmoved into B picture leads: The Footloose Heiress (1937); Alcatraz Island (1937) with John Litel; and She Loved a Fireman (1937) with Dick Foran for director John Farrow. She was a lead in The Patient in Room 18(1937) and its sequel Mystery House (1938). Sheridan was in Little Miss Thoroughbred (1938) with Litel for Farrow and supported Dick Powell in Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938).Universal borrowed her for a support rolein Letter of Introduction (1938) at the behest of director John M. Stahl. For Farrow, she was in Broadway Musketeers (1938), a remake of Three on a Match (1932).Sheridan's notices in Letter of Introduction impressedWarner Bros. executives and she began to get roles in better quality pictures at her own studio starting with Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), wherein she played James Cagney's love interest; Bogart, O'Brien and theDead End Kids had supporting roles. The film was a big hit and critically acclaimed.Sheridan was reunited with the Dead End Kids in They Made Me a Criminal (1938) starring John Garfield. She was third-billed in theWestern Dodge City (1939), playing a saloon owner opposite Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. The film was another success.Oomph girlIn March 1939, Warner Bros. announced Sheridan had been voted by acommittee of 25 men as the actress with the most \"oomph\" in America. \"Oomph\" was described as \"a certain indefinable something that commands male interest\".She received as many as 250 marriage proposals fromfans in a single week. Sheridan reportedly loathed the sobriquet that made her a popular pin-up girl in the early 1940s. However, she expressed in a February 25, 1940, news story distributed by the Associated Pressthat she no longer \"bemoaned the \"oomph\" tag.\" She continued, \"But I'm sorry now. I know if it hadn't been for \"oomph\" I'd probably still be in the chorus.\"This was later referenced and spoofed on the 1941 animatedshort Hollywood Steps Out.StardomSheridan co-starred with Dick Powell in Naughty but Nice (1939) and played a wacky heiress in Winter Carnival (1939).She was top billed in Indianapolis Speedway (1939) withO'Brien and Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) with the Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Castle on the Hudson (1940) put her opposite Garfield and O'Brien.Sheridan's first real starring vehicle was It All Came True(1940), a musical comedy costarring Bogart and Jeffrey Lynn. She introduced the song \"Angel in Disguise\".Sheridan and Cagney were reunited in Torrid Zone (1940) with O'Brien in support. She was with George Raft,Bogart and Ida Lupino in They Drive by Night (1940), a smash-hit trucking melodrama. Sheridan was back with Cagney for City for Conquest (1941) and then made Honeymoon for Three (1941), a comedy with GeorgeBrent.Sheridan did two lighter films: Navy Blues (1941), a musical comedy, and The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) with Bette Davis, wherein she played a character modeled on Gertrude Lawrence. She then madeKings Row (1942), in which she received top billing playing opposite Ronald Reagan, Robert Cummings, and Betty Field. It was a major success and one of Sheridan's most memorable films.Sheridan and Reagan werereunited for Juke Girl (1942) released about six weeks after Kings Row. She was in the war film Wings for the Eagle (1942) and made a comedy with Jack Benny, George Washington Slept Here (1943). She played aNorwegian resistance fighter in Edge of Darkness (1943) with Errol Flynn and was one of the many Warner Bros., stars who had cameos in Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943).She was the heroine of a novel, Ann Sheridanand the Sign of the Sphinx, written by Kathryn Heisenfelt and published by Whitman Publishing Company in 1943. While the heroine of the story was identified as a famous actress, the stories were entirely fictitious.The story was probably written for a young teenaged audience and is reminiscent of the adventures of Nancy Drew. It is part of a series known as \"Whitman Authorized Editions\", 16 books published between 1941 and1947 that always featured a film actress as heroine.Sheridan was given the lead in the musical Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944), playing Nora Bayes, opposite Dennis Morgan. She was in a comedy The Doughgirls(1944).Sheridan was absent from screens for over a year, touring with the USO to perform in front of the troops as far afield as China. She returned in One More Tomorrow (1946) with Morgan. She had an excellent rolein the noir Nora Prentiss (1947), which was a hit. It was followed by The Unfaithful (1948), a remake of The Letter, and Silver River (1948), a Western melodrama with Errol Flynn.Leo McCarey borrowed her to supportGary Cooper in Good Sam (1948). She was meant to star in Flamingo Road. She then left Warner Bros., saying: \"I wasn't at all satisfied with the scripts they offered me.\"Freelance starHer role in I Was a Male War Bride(1949), directed by Howard Hawks and starring Cary Grant, was another success. In 1950, she appeared on the ABC musical television series Stop the Music.She made Stella (1950), a comedy with Victor Mature atFox.In April 1949, she announced she wanted to produce Second Lady, a film based on a story by Eleanore Griffin. She was going to make My Forbidden Past (originally titled Carriage Entrance) at RKO. They fired herand Sheridan sued for $250,000 (equivalent to $3.1 million today) The New York Times reported the amount as $350,000 ($4.3 million today). Sheridan ultimately won $55,162 ($680,000 today).UniversalSheridanmade Woman on the Run (1950), a noir also starring Dennis O'Keefe which she produced. She wanted to make a film called Her Secret Diary.Woman on the Run was distributed by Universal, and Sheridan signed acontract with that studio. While there, she made Steel Town (1952), Just Across the Street (1952), and Take Me to Town (1953), a comedy with Sterling Hayden that was the first film directed by Douglas Sirk in theUnited States.Later careerSheridan starred with Glenn Ford in Appointment in Honduras (1953), directed by Jacques Tourneur. She appeared opposite Steve Cochran in Come Next Spring (1956) and was one of severalstars in MGM's The Opposite Sex (1956), a remake of The Women starring June Allyson, Joan Collins, Dolores Gray, Sheridan and Ann Miller. Her last film, Woman and the Hunter (1957), was shot in Africa.Sheperformed in stage tours of Kind Sir (1958) and Odd Man In (1959), and The Time of Your Life at the Brussels World Fair in 1958. In all three shows, she acted with Scott McKay, whom she later married.In 1962, sheplayed the lead in the Western series Wagon Train episode titled \"The Mavis Grant Story\".In the mid-1960s, Sheridan appeared on the NBC soap opera Another World.Her final role was as Henrietta Hanks in thetelevision comedy Western series Pistols 'n' Petticoats, which was filmed while she became increasingly ill in 1966, and was broadcast on CBS on Saturday nights. The 19th episode of the series, \"Beware the Hangman\",aired as scheduled on the same day that she died in 1967.For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Ann Sheridan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7024 Hollywood Boulevard.Personal lifeSheridanmarried actor Edward Norris August 16, 1936, in Ensenada, Mexico. They separated a year later and divorced in 1939. On January 5, 1942, she married fellow Warner Bros. star George Brent, who co-starred with her inHoneymoon for Three (1941); they divorced exactly one year later. Following her divorce from Brent, she had a long-term relationship with publicist Steve Hannagan that lasted until his death in 1953. Hannaganbequeathed Sheridan $218,399 (equivalent to $2.4 million today).Sheridan engaged in a romantic affair with Mexican actor Rodolfo Acosta, with whom she appeared in 1953's Appointment in Honduras.  She and themarried Acosta shared an apartment in Mexico City for several years, and Sheridan was charged with criminal adultery in Mexican federal court in October, 1956, following an accusation by Acosta's wife, Jeanine CohenAcosta.  Mexican authorities issued a warrant for Sheridan's arrest.  Nothing came of the criminal charges, and the relationship ended c. 1958.On June 5, 1966, Sheridan married actor Scott McKay, who was with herwhen she died, seven months later.Sheridan supported Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 presidential elections.DeathIn 1966, Sheridan began starring in a new television series, a Western-themed comedy called Pistols 'n'Petticoats. She became ill during the filming and died of esophageal cancer with massive liver metastases at age 51 on January 21, 1967, in Los Angeles. She was cremated and her ashes were stored at the Chapel ofthe Pines Crematory in Los Angeles until they were interred in a niche in the Chapel Columbarium at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in 2005.FilmographyRadio appearancesPassage 2:Jack A Cooper (athlete)Jack A.Cooper was a male athlete who competed for England.Athletics careerHe competed for England in the 880 yards at the 1934 British Empire Games in London.Passage 3:H. Bruce HumberstoneH. Bruce \"Lucky\"Humberstone (November 18, 1901 – October 11, 1984) was an American film director. He was previously a movie actor (as a child), a script clerk, and an assistant director, working with directors such as King Vidor,Edmund Goulding, and Allan Dwan.Early yearsHumberstone was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended Miami Military Academy in Miami, Florida.FilmOne of 28 founders of the Directors Guild of America, Humberstoneworked on several silent movie films for 20th Century Fox. Humberstone did not specialize; he worked on comedies, dramas, and melodramas. Humberstone is best known today for the seminal film noir I Wake UpScreaming (1941) and his work on some of the Charlie Chan films. In the 1950s, Humberstone worked mostly on TV. He retired in 1966.RecognitionHumberstone has a star on the Hollywood Walk ofFame.DeathHumberstone died of pneumonia in Woodland Hills, California, on October 11, 1984, aged 82, and was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California.Partial filmography asdirectorPassage 4:South Sea SinnerSouth Sea Sinner is a 1950 American adventure film directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and starring Macdonald Carey and Shelley Winters. It is a remake of Seven Sinners (1940).Liberace has a small role.PlotA cafe owner on a South Sea island plays a dangerous game of blackmail with a fugitive from justice.CastMacdonald Carey as 'Jake' DavisShelley Winters as CoralLuther Adler asCognacFrank Lovejoy as DocHelena Carter as Margaret LandisArt Smith as GraysonLiberace as MaestroProductionSouth Sea Sinner was known as East of Java during filming. Helena Carter replaced Dorothy Hart. StarMacdonald Carey was borrowed from Paramount.Filming took place in July 1949. Winters was accused of having a number of temperamental outbursts on set including a clash with Helena Carter. Winters admitted tobeing \"nervous and tired\" after making three films in five months and was \"unused\" to Humbersome's \"close direction during song and dance scenes.\" She said she had to perform \"a suggestive dance\" when someexhibitors and their families visit the set and she was upset when an eight-year-old boy filmed her; she asked that he be removed to where she couldn't see him.ReceptionThe New York Times called it a \"ridiculouslyromance-soggy film which has about as much South Seas flavour as a roadside papaya bar.\"Filmink called it \"an okay film, not as good as the one it was remaking... most notable for giving a small role to Liberace.Winters gets all the sympathy here... but it is nice to see several scenes where Carter and Winters are friendly to each other...Carter doesn’t seem particularly enthusiastic in this one.\"Passage 5:Howard HawksHowardWinchester Hawks (May 30, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era. Critic Leonard Maltin called him \"the greatest American director who isnot a household name.\"  Roger Ebert called Hawks \"one of the greatest American directors of pure movies, and a hero of auteur critics because he found his own laconic values in so many different kinds of genrematerial.\" He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for Sergeant York (1941) and earned the Honorary Academy Award in 1974.A versatile film director, Hawks explored many genres such ascomedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, war films, and westerns. His most popular films include Scarface (1932), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His Girl Friday (1940), ToHave and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World (1951), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), and Rio Bravo (1959). His frequent portrayals of strong, tough-talkingfemale characters came to define the \"Hawksian woman\".Early life and backgroundHoward Winchester Hawks was born in Goshen, Indiana. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks (1865–1950), awealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestor John Hawks hademigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in the Midwest, due mostly to the highly profitable Goshen MillingCompany.Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded in Neenah, Wisconsin, in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town's paper mill and other industrialendeavors. Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed by Kenneth Neil Hawks (August 12, 1898 – January 2,1930), William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, the family moved backto Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time in Pasadena, California, during the cold Wisconsinwinters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910. The family settled in a house down the street fromThroop Polytechnic Institute, and the Hawks children began attending the school's Polytechnic Elementary School in 1907. Hawks was an average student and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 had discovered coasterracing, an early form of soapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, died suddenly of food poisoning. From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attended Pasadena High School. In 1912, the Hawks family moved tonearby Glendora, California, where Frank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora. During this time he worked as a barnstorming pilot.He wassent to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to the elite private school. Even though he was 17, he was admitted as a lowermiddleclassman, the equivalent of a sophomore. While in New England, Hawks often attended the theaters in nearby Boston. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from Pasadena High School that year.Skilled in tennis, by 18 years old, Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship. That same year, Hawks was accepted to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majored in mechanical engineeringand was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playing craps and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks was also known to be avoracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.While working in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer to Stanford University. Hereturned to Cornell that September, leaving in April 1917 to join the Army when the United States entered World War I. He served as a lieutenant in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. During World War I, hetaught aviators to fly, and he used these experiences as influence for future aviation films such as The Dawn Patrol (1930). Like many college students who joined the armed services during the war, he received adegree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, he returned to Hollywood and, by the end of April 1917, was working on a Cecil B. DeMille film.CareerEntering films (1916–1925)Howard Hawks's"}
{"doc_id":"doc_279","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Daphne and the PirateDaphne and the Pirate is a 1916 American drama film directed by  Christy Cabanne and starring Lillian Gish.CastLillian Gish as Daphne La TourElliott Dexter as Philip de MornayWalter Long as Jamie d'ArcyHoward Gaye as Prince HenriLucille Young as FanchetteRichard Cummings as Francois La TourJack Cosgrave as Duc de MornayJoseph SingletonGeorge C. Pearce (as George Pearce)W. E. LawrencePearl ElmoreJewel Carmen (as Jewell Carman)See alsoLillian Gish filmographyPassage 2:The Dream (1966 film)The Dream or Dream (Serbian: San) is a 1966 Yugoslavian war film directed by Mladomir Puriša Đorđević. It was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.CastLjubiša Samardžić as MaliMihajlo Janketić as DecakOlivera Katarina as Devojka (as Olivera Vuco)Mija Aleksić as CiganinLjuba Tadić as Mile GrkSinisa Ivetić as HeinrichAleksandar Stojković as BerberinBata Živojinović as LazarStole ArandjelovićFaruk Begolli as PetarViktor Starčić as DirigentKarlo Bulić as ProfesorZoran BečićPassage 3:The Pirate (1984 film)The Pirate (French: La Pirate) is a 1984 French drama film directed by Jacques Doillon. It was entered in the 1984 Cannes Film Festival.Plot summaryCastJane Birkin as AlmaMaruschka Detmers as CarolePhilippe Léotard as n° 5Andrew Birkin as Andrew, le mariLaure Marsac as L'enfantMichael Stevens as Concierge de l'hôtelDidier Chambragne as Le coursierArsène Altmeyer as Le taxiPassage 4:Morgan, the PirateMorgan, the Pirate (Italian: Morgan il pirata) is a 1960 Italian-French international co-production historical adventure film, directed by André de Toth and Primo Zeglio, and starring Steve Reeves as Sir Henry Morgan, the pirate who became the Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica.PlotIn 1670, freeborn Englishman, Henry Morgan, is enslaved by the Spaniards in Panama and sold to Doña Inez, daughter of Governor Don José Guzmán. Morgan falls in love with his mistress, much to the dismay of her father, who punishes him by sentencing him to a life of hard labor aboard a Spanish galleon. Morgan leads his fellow slaves in mutiny, takes command of the ship, and becomes a pirate, without knowing that Doña Inez was on board, on her way to Spain. She becomes his prisoner, but spurns him when he declares his love in Tortuga. Not long after, Morgan's daring exploits on the Spanish Main pique the interest of King Charles II of England, and Morgan agrees to attack only Spanish vessels in return for English ships and men. Fearing for the security of Doña Inez, after the pirates discover her identity, he permits her to return to Panama. Once there, she warns Don José of Morgan's planned invasion, and the pirate ships are either easily sunk or routed by the alerted Spanish. Not giving up, Morgan leads his men overland and attacks the city from the rear. The maneuver succeeds, Panama falls to the pirates, and Doña Inez finally admits her love for Morgan.CastSteve Reeves as Sir Henry MorganValérie Lagrange as Doña InezIvo Garrani as Governor Don José GuzmánChelo Alonso as ConcepciónLydia Alfonsi as Doña MaríaArmand Mestral as François l'OlonnaisGiulio Bosetti as Sir Thomas ModyfordAngelo Zanolli as DavidGeorge Ardisson as WalterReleaseMorgan, the Pirate was released in Italy on 17 November 1960. It was released in the United States on 6 July 1961 with a 93-minute running time.ReceptionTurner Classic Movies' Jeff Stafford writes, \"Largely due to de Toth's direction, Morgan the Pirate is a lively, fast-paced entertainment with moments of tongue-in-cheek humor that is several notches in quality above the usual turgid, Italian-made spectacle. The striking cinematography, filmed in garish Eastmancolor, is by the award-winning Tonino Delli Colli who has lensed such art house classics as Pasolini's The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Marco Bellocchio's China Is Near (1967), and Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). And the amusing, Ravel-inspired score by Franco Mannino strikes the perfect mock-epic tone. Among the more memorable set pieces are an exotic voodoo dance performed by Cuban sex bomb Chelo Alonso (a former dancer at the Folies Bergère in Paris), a battle at sea in which Morgan's men, disguised as women, storm a Spanish galleon in full drag, and the bloody, climactic sacking of Panama with shootings, stabbings and explosions galore.\"Passage 5:Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem AstaPrem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta (Marathi: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a Marathi drama film released on 19 April 2013. Produced by Sachin Parekar and directed by Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni. The film stars are Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni, Sachin Khedekar, Pallavi Joshi, Sunil Barve, Suhas Joshi, Mohan Agashe and Smita Talwalkar. The film's music is by Milind Ingle and Surel Ingle.The film is based on the connection between love and marriage.PlotThe movie is a heart-warming story of two different individuals who at one point in their lives were married. A single mother along with her two daughters live with her mother-in-law. Her husband had abandoned them 4 years ago, but staying in the same city had never bothered to check on his family. The only thing he did in those 4 years was to send divorce papers, which his wife has not signed.Other side of the story revolves around a doctor who is a father to two kids. His ex-wife had to choose between staying home with family or career in USA and she chose career. But she never let the divorce hamper the relation she shares with her ex-husband. But this incident had definitely made her ex-husband depressed and alone.One eventful day at their kids school gets them together and a conversation begins, which blooms into something amazing. Until there is a twist in the tale.CastMrinal Dev-KulkarniSachin KhedekarPallavi JoshiSunil BarveSuhas JoshiMohan AgasheSmita TalwalkarRitika ShrotriCrewDirector - Mrinal Dev-KulkarniStory - Mrinal Dev-KulkarniProducer - Sachin ParekarCinematographer - Amlendu ChaudharyArt Director - Vinod Gunaji and Nitin BorkarMusic Director - Milind Ingle and Surel IngleLyricist - Kishore KadamSoundtrackThe music has been directed by Milind Ingle and Surel Ingle, while the lyrics have been provided by Kishore Kadam.Track listingPassage 6:The Pirate's DreamThe Pirate's Dream (Italian: Il pirata sono io!) is a 1940 Italian film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Erminio Macario.PlotThe setting is Santa Cruz, in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Governor of the island, to ingratiate himself with the Viceroy, contrives to have the island assaulted from a mock pirate ship. The plan is to have a mock battle, defeat the aggressors and throw them back into the sea. The trouble is that the pirates really come...CastErminio Macario as JoséJuan de Landa as Bieco de la MuerteEnzo Biliotti as Il governatoreDora Bini as OliviaMario Siletti as Il viceréCarmen Navasqués as La viceregina (as Carmen Navascues)Agnese Dubbini as La nutriceKatiuscia Odinzova as LupitaCarlo Rizzo as PedroTino Scotti as Il barbierePassage 7:A Dream or Two AgoA Dream or Two Ago is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by James Kirkwood and starring Mary Miles Minter. It is one of approximately a dozen of Minter's films known to have survived. The film was restored in 2004 and was shown along with The Innocence of Lizette (1916) at a Dutch film festival.PlotAs described in Motography magazine:The mother of Millicent Hawthorne prefers society to home life and neglects her daughter. One day the child, then about five years old, runs away, intending to buy a gift for her mother. She is injured when a gang of thieves break into the jewelry store. Unable to remember her name or address, she is cared for by Mother Gumph, leader of the gang. In this environment she grows up, becoming a pickpocket of some ability. She is happy in this life and only in dreams remembers dimly another existence.One night she aids the gang in robbing the Hawthorne home, and at the sight of the familiar rooms she is puzzled but still unable to remember.In the meantime, her mother, overcome by remorse after her child is lost, gives up her frivolous diversions and devotes her time to charity. Her father, on the contrary, becomes the owner of a notorious café which he manages through Kraft. One day Kraft meets Millicent and offers her a position as a dancer. The first evening she dances Mrs. Hawthorne, on a tour of investigation, enters the place and is saddened at conditions.That evening Mrs. Hawthorne learns who really owns the café, and begs her husband to give it up, telling him of the pathetic little dancer she saw there. He refuses but changes his mind when a little later word is brought from a dying member of the gang of the real identity of Millicent and he knows that the dancer is his own daughter. Millicent is rescued from Kraft and through an operation her memory is restored. And only as a dream does she remember her career as a thief.CastMary Miles Minter - Millicent HawthorneDodo Newton - Millicent (age 5)Lizette Thorne - Her MotherClarence Burton - Her FatherJohn Gough - HumpyOrral Humphrey - KraftGertrude Le BrandtPassage 8:The Pirate and the Slave GirlThe Pirate and the Slave Girl (Italian: La scimitarra del Saraceno, also known as  The Pirate's Captive) is a 1959 Italian  adventure film written and directed  by Piero Pierotti and starring Lex Barker.PlotCaptain Drakut, called the \"Dragon\", is a ruthless Saracen pirate who makes the Mediterranean unsafe with his ship. On his forays he hijacks ships and kidnaps the women captured on the ships in order to later sell them as slaves to Turkish human traffickers in North Africa. The rogue pirate only becomes weak when it comes to one woman: the glow-eyed princess Miriam, ruler of a desert tribe of Arabs. One day, Drakut makes a crucial mistake when he raids the \"San Luca\" and kidnaps Bianca, who is traveling with him. She is the daughter of the governor of Rhodes, which currently belongs to the Republic of Venice. There were also several secret papers from the Doge of Venice on board. The governor is in dire need, as he has to assume that his Bianca could also be bartered away to some lecherous Arab despot. But he is lucky in his misfortune, because a certain Roberto Diego, a notorious adventurer and son of the once feared \"Red Corsair\", offers his father his help.  Diego has just been sentenced to incarceration because of high debts, but is willing to risk his life to save the beautiful little daughter and the secret documents for the good of Bianca and the Doge of Venice if his sentence is released. However, the governor has no idea that Roberto has very personal motives for bringing himself up as a rescuer and liberator. Because Roberto still has a score to settle with Drakut: He was once responsible for the death of Roberto's father. The governor agrees to this bargain, and Diego joins Drakut's crew on board. In the Catalan painter Francesco he found his only ally. As a newcomer on board, Roberto has to be very careful because people are very suspicious of him. When he tries to flirt with Bianca, Drakut's right hand man, the brutal Gamal, notices and flogs the Red Corsair's son. Soon, the general emotional chaos puts the whole rescue operation in danger, because Roberto falls in love with Drakut's hostage Bianca, while Miriam, the pirate captain's lover, falls in love with Roberto.     Arriving on North Africa's shores, Drakut travels on to an oasis. Miriam is the sole ruler here so far. Drakut, who once owed her his life, also has other reasons for being on good terms with Miriam, since he hopes to rule over her desert kingdom one day. In order to get rid of the annoying competitor for the favor of the exotic beauty, Drakut uses an opportunity to let Roberto die of thirst on the way to the oasis. But he is brave and tough enough to fight his way through to the saving goal. Diego begins to play a double game: on the one hand he loves the kidnapped Bianca, but he also keeps Miriam warm because he needs her help for his plan to finally put an end to Drakut.  In fact, Roberto's battle plan succeeds: he can save the kidnapped girls from the hands of greedy Turkish slave traders, wins Bianca's heart en passant and achieves that Drakut sinks in the sea with his pirate ship, which is set on fire, together with Miriam, who was killed in battle.CastLex Barker as The Dragon DrakutChelo Alonso as Princess MiriamMassimo Serato as Roberto DiegoGraziella Granata as  BiancaLuigi Tosi  as FranciscoBruno Corelli as  SelimMichele Malaspina as Gouvernor of RhodesAnna Arena as  ZairaEnzo Maggio as  CandelaDaniele Vargas as  GamalFranco Fantasia as  Captain VolanIgnazio BalsamoUbaldo LayGianni RizzoUgo SassoErminio SpallaAmedeo TrilliPassage 9:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 10:TPB AFKTPB AFK: The Pirate Bay Away From Keyboard is a 2013 Swedish documentary film directed and produced by Simon Klose. It focuses on the lives of the three founders of The Pirate Bay – Peter Sunde, Fredrik Neij, and Gottfrid Svartholm – and the Pirate Bay trial. Filming began sometime in 2008, and concluded on 28 February 2012.ProductionThe film's website was launched on 28 August 2010, along with a Kickstarter campaign to raise US$25,000 to hire an editor after the Court of Appeal trial. The campaign was fully funded within three days and raised $51,424 in total. In February 2011, the Swedish Arts Grants Committee (Swedish: Konstnärsnämnden) granted the project an additional 200,000 SEK (≈$30,000).ReleaseThe full film was released under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license onto The Pirate Bay, YouTube, and other BitTorrent sites. Additionally, a four-minute shorter version with certain copyright restricted content removed was released at the same time under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license to allow remixing.TPB AFK premiered at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival on 8 February 2013 – opening the festival's 'Panorama Dokumente' section – coinciding with its free online release on YouTube and The Pirate Bay.On 19 February 2013, the film was broadcast on BBC Four in the UK as part of the BBC's Storyville documentary series.ReceptionPeter Sunde, one of the subjects of the documentary, wrote that he has \"mixed feelings about the movie and the release of it\". Whilst he likes the technical side of the documentary, he has issues with some scenes and general attitude of the documentary; this includes too much focus put on the trial, too dark depiction of it, and portraying himself beyond self-recognition. Despite having such different views on the subject, he regards the director as a friend.Censorship by HollywoodIn May 2013, Hollywood studios – such as Viacom, Paramount, Fox and Lionsgate – started to censor Google Search links pointing to the documentary, an action criticized by Simon Klose. In June, after the initial controversy, HBO and Lionsgate sent additional bogus DMCA takedown notices to Google requesting the removal of links related to TPB AFK. In response, Simon Klose contacted Chilling Effects, who recommended him to file a DMCA counter-notice once he had found out whether Google had taken down the links or not. Two months later, the censored links were reinstated only after public complaints made by Klose.See alsoGood Copy Bad CopyPiracy is theftMay 2006 police raid of The Pirate BayRiP!: A Remix ManifestoSteal This Film"}
{"doc_id":"doc_280","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nancy BurneNancy Burne (23 December 1907 – 25 March 1954) was an English stage and film actress.Born in Chorlton, Lancashire, she began her film career at British International Pictures, starringalongside comedians such as Gene Gerrard, Stanley Lupino and Will Hay. Most of her subsequent screen appearances were as a leading lady in quota quickies.She starred alongside John Loder in the 1935 romanticcomedy It Happened in Paris, which marked Carol Reed's debut as director. In 1937 she had a supporting role in the independent film Thunder in the City, an expensive drama starring Edward G. Robinson which was amajor financial and critical failure. Her final screen appearance was in the 1939 horseracing film Flying Fifty-Five.FilmographyThe Love Nest (1933)The Butterfly Affair (1933)Facing the Music (1933)The Warren Case(1934)Irish Hearts (1934)Song at Eventide (1934)Dandy Dick (1935)Lend Me Your Husband (1935)Trust the Navy (1935)Once a Thief (1935)Old Roses (1935)It Happened in Paris (1935)Reasonable Doubt (1936)AWife or Two (1936)Royal Eagle (1936)Skylarks (1936)Knights for a Day (1937)Thunder in the City (1937)John Halifax (1938)Flying Fifty-Five (1939)Passage 2:The Flying Fifty-Five (1924 film)The Flying Fifty-Five is a1924 British silent sports film directed by A. E. Coleby and starring Lionelle Howard, Frank Perfitt and Lionel d'Aragon. It is based on a 1922 novel of the same title by Edgar Wallace, and was remade as a sound film in1939.CastLionelle Howard as Reggie CambreyStephanie Stephens as Stella BarringtonBrian B. Lemon as Lord FountwellFrank Perfitt as Joanh UrquhartLionel d'Aragon as Sir Jacques GregoryBert Darley as HonourableClaude BarringtonAdeline Hayden Coffin as AuntJohn Alexander as JebsonJohnny ButtAnnie EsmondFurther readingLow, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.Passage 3:TheFlying Fifty-FiveThe Flying Fifty-Five may refer to:The Flying Fifty-Five (1924 film), a British silent sports filmFlying Fifty-Five, a 1939 British sports drama filmPassage 4:2001–02 UEFA Champions League second groupstageIn the second group stage of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, eight winners and eight runners-up from the first group stage were drawn into four groups of four teams, each containing two group winnersand two runners-up. Teams from the same country or from the same first round group could not be drawn together. The top two teams in each group advanced to the quarter-finals.SeedingSeeding was determined bythe UEFA coefficients and participants' first group stage positions. Four best-ranked group winners were seeded in Pot 1, the remaining four in Pot 2. Group runners-up were seeded to Pots 3 and 4accordingly.Tie-breaking criteriaBased on Article 7.06 in the UEFA regulations, if two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria will be applied to determine therankings:higher number of points obtained in the group matches played among the teams in question;superior goal difference from the group matches played among the teams in question;higher number of goalsscored away from home in the group matches played among the teams in question;superior goal difference from all group matches played;higher number of goals scored;higher number of coefficient points accumulatedby the club in question, as well as its association, over the previous five seasons.GroupsGroup AGroup BGroup CGroup DNotesPassage 5:Jane PiersonJane Pierson was a French film actress. She appeared in fifty fivefilms between 1924 and 1952.Selected filmographyThe Imaginary Voyage (1926)Captain Rascasse (1927)The Marriage of Mademoiselle Beulemans (1927)Little Devil May Care (1928)The Maelstrom of Paris (1928)TheWonderful Day (1929)Under the Roofs of Paris (1930)Everybody Wins (1930)Le Million (1931)You Will Be My Wife (1932)Youth (1933)La tête d'un homme (1933)Forty Little Mothers (1936)The Brighton Twins(1936)Fire in the Straw (1939)The Stairs Without End  (1943)Passage 6:Flying Fifty-FiveFlying Fifty-Five is a 1939 British sports-drama film directed by Reginald Denham and starring  Derrick De Marney, Nancy Burne,Marius Goring, John Warwick and Peter Gawthorne. It was made by Admiral Films at Welwyn Studios. The film is based on a 1922 novel of the same name by Edgar Wallace which had previously been made into a 1924silent film The Flying Fifty-Five.PlotAfter being disinherited by his wealthy father, an amateur jockey, Bill Urquhart goes to work under an assumed name (Bill Hart) at a rural racing stables owned and run by StellaBarrington and her drunken brother, Charles, who is an old friend of Bill's. Confusion arises when Bill is mistakenly reported to have been murdered.Partial castDerrick De Marney as Bill UrquhartNancy Burne as StellaBarringtonMarius Goring as Charles BarringtonJohn Warwick as JebsonPeter Gawthorne as Jonas UrquhartD. A. Clarke-Smith as Jacques GregoryAmy Veness as Aunt ElizaRonald Shiner as Scrubby OaksBilly Bray asCheerfulFrancesca Bahrle as ClareTerry-Thomas as Young manNorman Pierce as CreditorBasil McGrail as JockeySee alsoThe Flying Fifty-Five (1924)List of films about horse racingPassage 7:ApproachingMidnightApproaching Midnight is a 2013 American independent drama film directed, written, and produced by Sam Logan Khaleghi, and starring Jana Kramer, Sam Logan Khaleghi, Brandon T. Jackson, and Mia Serafino.Approaching Midnight was filmed in Michigan, United States.PremiseA U.S. Army staff sergeant (Sam Logan Khaleghi) fights the threat of corruption and deception in his hometown after returning from battle.CastJanaKramer.... AspenSam Logan Khaleghi.... Staff Sergeant Wesley KentBrandon T Jackson.... Corporal Artie AJ CulpepperMia Serafino.... WhisperJeff Stetson.... Mayor Steven MalvernePatrick Sarniak.... Malverne'sAttorneyProductionDevelopmentApproaching Midnight is directed, written, and directed by Sam Logan Khaleghi. Khaleghi chose to film Approaching Midnight in Michigan because he loves the state and wanted to featurethe amazing architecture and geography. American Legion members were a part of making the film as they stood in as extras and an American Legion honor guard appears in the film.FilmingApproaching Midnight wasfilmed in Detroit, Farmington, and West Bloomfield, Michigan. The war sequences in the movie were filmed in Milan near Ann Arbor.ReleaseIn July 2013, Monterey Media bought the United States distribution rights andwill release the film in the United States in Fall 2013. Approaching Midnight had its world theatrical premiere on August 27, 2013 at Emagine Royal Oak. The film was also released at the American Legion NationalConvention in Houston, Texas.Passage 8:Jackie ParisCarlo Jackie Paris (September 20, 1924 – June 17, 2004) was an American jazz singer and guitarist. He is best known for his recordings of \"Skylark\" and \"'RoundMidnight\" from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.Music careerEarly yearsParis was born and raised in Nutley, New Jersey, to an Italian-American family, where he attended Nutley High School. His uncle Chick had beena guitarist with Paul Whiteman's orchestra. Paris was a popular child entertainer in vaudeville who shared the stage with Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson and the Mills Brothers. He tap danced from his youth and into his yearsin the US Army.After serving in the army during World War II, he was inspired by his friend Nat King Cole to assemble a trio featuring himself on guitar and vocals. The Jackie Paris Trio was a hit at the Onyx Club onNew York's 52nd Street.Recording and performingHe recorded from the 1940s into the 2000s. His albums include Songs by Jackie Paris (EmArcy), Jackie Paris Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (Time), and The Song IsParis (Impulse!). The first song that he recorded was \"Skylark\", on one of two sessions made by his trio for MGM Records in 1947. He recorded Thelonious Monk's \"Round Midnight\", which was produced by the criticLeonard Feather and featured a young Dick Hyman on piano.In 1949, he toured with the Lionel Hampton Orchestra and was invited to join Duke Ellington's Orchestra, but he was too exhausted to take it. Paris was partof the Lionel Hampton Orchestra that played at the famed Cavalcade of Jazz in Los Angeles at Wrigley Field which was produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on July 10, 1949. They did a second concert at Lane Field in San Diegoon September 3, 1949. He was the only vocalist to tour as a regular member of the Charlie Parker Quintet. Unfortunately, no recordings exist of the Parker–Paris combination, but there is a photograph of the twoworking together. He worked often with Charles Mingus, who called Paris his favorite singer and recorded with him often, including 1952's \"Paris in Blue\" and \"Duke Ellington's Sound of Love\" on the album Changes Twoin 1974.During the 1960s–70s, Paris frequently performed with his wife at the time Anne Marie Moss.Paris performed or recorded with Bobby Scott, Charlie Shavers, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie, Donald Byrd,Eddie Costa, Gigi Gryce, Hank Jones, Joe Wilder, Johnny Mandel, Lee Konitz, Max Roach, Neal Hefti, Oscar Pettiford, Ralph Burns, Terry Gibbs, Tony Scott, and Wynton Kelly.A documentary about him, 'Tis Autumn: TheSearch for Jackie Paris came out in 2006.RecognitionHe won many jazz polls and awards, including those of Down Beat, Playboy, Swing Journal, and Metronome. In 1953, he was named Best New Male Vocalist of theYear in the first Down Beat Critics Poll. The winning female vocalist was Ella Fitzgerald, who repeatedly named Paris as one of her favorites.In 2001, Paris played to a standing room crowd – and to a standing ovation –at New York's Birdland jazz club in Times Square. He was virtually the only performer to have appeared at every incarnation of the famed night spot, from the legendary Birdland of the 1950s to the present.He waspraised by comic Lenny Bruce, who shared the bill with him on many occasions. Bruce said, \"I dig his talent. The audience loves him and he gets laughs. He is too much!\"Awards and honorsNew Star Male Vocalist, DownBeat Critics Poll, 1953Best Male Vocalist, Playboy Musicians & Critics Poll, 1957–1961Gold Disc Award, Lucky to Be Me, Swing Journal, 1989DiscographySongs by Jackie Paris (Wing, 1956)Skylark (Brunswick, 1957)TheJackie Paris Sound (EastWest, 1958)The Song Is Paris (Impulse!, 1962)Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (Time, 1962)Live at the Maisonette with Anne Marie Moss (Differant Drummer, 1975)Jackie Paris (Audiophile,1981)Nobody Else but Me (Audiophile, 1988)Lucky to Be Me (EmArcy, 1989)Love Songs (EmArcy, 1990)The Intimate Jackie Paris (Hudson, 2001)Passage 9:55 (number)55 (fifty-five) is the natural number following 54and preceding 56.Mathematics55 is a triangular number (the sum of the consecutive numbers 1 to 10), and a doubly triangular number.the 10th Fibonacci number.  It is the largest Fibonacci number to also be atriangular number.a square pyramidal number (the sum of the squares of the integers 1 to 5) as well as a heptagonal number, and a centered nonagonal number.In base 10, it is a Kaprekar number.55 is a multiple of 5and 11, 5 being the prime index of 11.ScienceThe atomic number of caesium.AstronomyMessier object M55, a magnitude 7.0 globular cluster in the constellation SagittariusThe New General Catalogue object NGC 55, amagnitude 7.9 barred spiral galaxy in the constellation SculptorMusicThe name of a song by Kasabian. The song was released as a B side to Club Foot and was recorded live when the band performed at London's BrixtonAcademy.\"55\", a song by Mac Miller\"I Can't Drive 55\", a song by Sammy Hagar\"Ol' '55\", a song by Tom WaitsOl' 55 (band), an Australian rock band.Primer 55 an American bandStation 55, an album released in 2005 byCristian Vogel55 Cadillac, an album by Andrew W.K.TransportationIn the United States, the National Maximum Speed Law prohibited speed limits higher than 55 miles per hour (90 km/h) from 1974 to 1987Film55 Daysat Peking a film starring Charlton Heston and David NivenYearsAD 5555 BC175518551955Other usesGazeta 55, an Albanian newspaperAgitation and Propaganda against the State, also known as Constitution law 55, alaw during Communist Albania.The code for international direct dial phone calls to BrazilA 55-gallon drum for containing oil, etc.The Élysée, the official residency of the French Republic president, which address is 55 ruedu Faubourg-Saint-Honoré in Paris.See also55th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)Channel 55 (disambiguation)Type 55 (disambiguation)Class 55 (disambiguation)List of highways numbered 55Passage 10:The FlyingFifty-Five (1924 film)The Flying Fifty-Five is a 1924 British silent sports film directed by A. E. Coleby and starring Lionelle Howard, Frank Perfitt and Lionel d'Aragon. It is based on a 1922 novel of the same title by EdgarWallace, and was remade as a sound film in 1939.CastLionelle Howard as Reggie CambreyStephanie Stephens as Stella BarringtonBrian B. Lemon as Lord FountwellFrank Perfitt as Joanh UrquhartLionel d'Aragon as SirJacques GregoryBert Darley as Honourable Claude BarringtonAdeline Hayden Coffin as AuntJohn Alexander as JebsonJohnny ButtAnnie EsmondFurther readingLow, Rachael. The History of the British Film 1918-1929.George Allen & Unwin, 1971."}
{"doc_id":"doc_281","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peggy PettittPeggy Pettitt (born February 8, 1950) is an American actress, dancer, teacher, playwright, and storyteller. Pettitt is best known for her role as Billie Jean in the 1972 family–drama film Black Girl,starring alongside Brock Peters and Claudia McNeil. Pettitt is a native of St. Louis, Missouri.Playwright and storytellerThe centerpiece of Pettitt's theater career is a unique style of solo performance rooted inAfrican-American storytelling. She developed this form to portray a spectrum of characters. Related by blood and circumstance, these characters shed light on the multifaceted history of African American men andwomen. And they tell \"stories addressing important issues of our time.\" In collaboration with director Remy Tissier, she has created over 10 original full-length plays. These examine issues of domestic violence, sexualabuse, cross-generational differences, voting registration, the Civil Rights Movement, identity and the world HIV/Aids crisis. Titles include Women Preachers, Caught Between the Devil and The Deep Blue Sea,Tricksters: All Over You Like White On Rice, Wrapped Up, Tied Up and Tangled, Mollie Oil BETWIXT, Wild Steps and In The Spirit For Real.One play was the product of her 2000-01 Fulbright Fellowship to Senegal: TheSpirit Factor. An original play, it's based on the living history and the art of storytelling in West Africa. Another play, Voyage, was presented at the Avignon Off Festival in 2010. It explores American history through boththe blues and a spiritual heritage that lives along the Mississippi River but originated in West Africa. Pettitt has presented her work at the Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni Les Rencontres du Bout des Mondes InternationalFestival in 2011 (French Guiana). In addition to the Fulbright Fellowship, she has received numerous other grants and awards. These include grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the New YorkFoundation for the Arts. Pearls of Wisdom is a storytelling ensemble of the Elders Share the Arts in N.Y. City. Pettitt is its founding artistic director, and with the Pearls of Wisdom, she was inducted in 2007 into CityLore's People's Hall of Fame.ActressIn 1972, during the era of Blaxploitation movies, Pettitt starred in Black Girl, her first feature film. Pettitt was nominated for Best Actress by the NAACP for her role in Black Girl,written by J.E. Franklin (from her 1969 WGBH (Boston) teleplay and her 1971 play), and directed by Ossie Davis. Another of her noteworthy roles was at Lincoln Center as Miss Lindsey in Mule Bone, Zora Neale Hurstonand Langston Hughes’ historical comedy.TeacherPettitt has professional experience and training in directing and storytelling workshops. She teaches a step-by-step process of creating, writing and performing originalmaterial. Partnering with a wide array of organizations, she has helped scores of diverse groups present their own original stories as both theater and storytelling performances. She also works extensively with dramatherapists, social workers and educators in public schools.Both in the U.S. and abroad, Pettitt has worked at numerous schools and educational institutions. Her teaching experience extends to facilities such as homelessshelters, prisons, drug treatment centers, VA hospitals, and senior and adolescent centers. Additionally she has ample experience working with the emotionally and physically disabled and their families. She currentlyteaches self-scripting at New York University's Experimental Theatre Wing.BiographyIn 1974, after earning a BA from Antioch College, she moved to London on a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Pettitt now resides in NewYork City. She has been married since 1982 to writer, director and painter Rémy Tissier.Awards and honors2008, Story gatherer for \"Another River Flows\" recipient of the Pennsylvania Human Relation Award2010,Voyage was presented at the Avignon, France Off FestivalNominated for an NAACP Image Award for role in Black Girl2007, Ms. Pettitt and the Pearls of Wisdom were inducted into New York City Lore's People's Hall ofFameRecipient of New York City's Arts In Education Roundtable Award for sustained achievement in theaterHonored by the William Hodson Senior Center, The Roundtable Senior Center and Elders Share the Arts for\"Commitment to the art of storytelling that transforms lives and communities\"2011, Performance Space 122 founders and board pioneers Shining Star AwardIn booksOut of Character, Mark Russell, 1997PerformingDemocracy, Susan Chandler Haedicke, 2004Mapping Memories, Pam Schweitzer, 2004Local Acts, An International Anthology, Jan Cohen Cruz, 2005Ensemble Works, An Anthology, Ferdinand Lewis, 2005ReminiscenceTheatre: Making Theatre from Memory, Pam Schweitzer, 2007Forget Memory: Creating Better Lives For People With Dementia, Ann Basting, 2009.== Notes ==Passage 2:Maksim KedrinMaksim Kedrin (born 21September 1982 in Beloretsk) is a Russian former alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics.External linkssports-reference.comMaksim Kedrin at FIS (alpine)Maksim Kedrin at OlympediaPassage3:François van der MerweFrançois van der Merwe is a South African professional rugby union player. He plays at lock for Lyon Olympique in the Top 14. He is older brother of Flip van der MerwePassage 4:FilipArsenijevićFilip Arsenijević (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Арсенијевић; born 2 September 1983) is a Serbian footballer. He is older brother of Nemanja Arsenijević.Club careerBorn in Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia,between 2001 and 2009 he played in Serbian clubs FK Sloboda Užice, OFK Beograd, FK Mačva Šabac, FK Sevojno and FK Javor Ivanjica. Between 2009 and 2011 he has been in Greece playing with Panthrakikos in theGreek Super League.On 30 August 2011 he returned to Serbia and signed a one-year deal with top league club FK Jagodina. Later, he spent the 2012 season playing with the Kazakhstan Premier League team FCShakhter Karagandy and winning the national title, before returning to Jagodina by early 2013 in time to help the team with the Serbian Cup.HonoursJavor IvanjicaSerbian First League: 2007–08ShakhterKaragandyKazakhstan Premier League: 2012JagodinaSerbian Cup: 2013Passage 5:Aleksandar LomaAleksandar Loma (Serbian: Александар Лома; born March 2, 1955) is a Serbian philologist, Indo-Europeanist and acorresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts since October 30, 2003.Aleksandar Loma emphasized that Serbian epic poetry about Kosovo events is older than the events it describes, having itsorigin in the pre-Christian and pre-Balkan periods of Serbian history.Bibliography\"Sloveni i Albanci do XII veka u svetlu toponomastike\" [Slavs and Albanians till the 12th century in the light of the toponomastics],Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji (in Serbian), Cetinje, pp. 279–327, 1990, OCLC 439986558Ogledna sveska, 1998, Department for etymology of Institute for Serbian language of SANU(coauthorship)Ljubinko Radenković, ed. (2002), Prakosovo : slovenski i indoevropski koreni srpske epike (in Serbian), Belgrade: SANU Institute of Balkanology, ISBN 9788671790338, OCLC 54098329Etymologicaldictionary of Serbian language, 2003 (coauthorship)Passage 6:Robin KačaniklićRobin Kačaniklić (Serbian Cyrillic: Робин Качаниклић, Macedonian: Робин Качаниклиќ; born 25 August 1988) is a Swedish footballer whoplays for Real Åstorp FF as a midfielder. He is older brother to the former Swedish national team player Alexander Kačaniklić.Passage 7:Peggie CrombiePeggie (or Peggy) Crombie (1901–1984) was an Australianmodernist painter. She was a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors.BiographyCrombie was born in 1901 in Melbourne, Australia. In 1921 she studied art at Stott's Commercial Art TrainingInstitute. From 1922 through 1928 she attended the National Gallery Art School in Melbourne, where she was taught by Lindsay Bernard Hall, William Beckwith McInnes and George Bell.Crombie exhibited her work withmodernist groups in Melbourne, specifically The Embryos, the 1932 Group, the New Art Club, the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, and the Victorian Artists Society.Crombie died in 1984.Externallinksimages of Peggy Crombie's paintings on MutualArtPeggy Crombie [Australian art and artists file], State Library VictoriaPassage 8:Ognen StojanovskiOgnen Stojanovski (Macedonian: Огнен Стојановски; bornJanuary 25, 1984) is a Macedonian professional basketball player. He was under contract with MZT Skopje until 2014. He is 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays at the point guard position.Born in Skopje, Republic ofMacedonia, he is older brother of the twins Vojdan Stojanovski and Damjan Stojanovski, who are also basketball players.Achievements RabotničkiMacedonian League Champion - 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,2009Macedonian Cup Winner - 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Feni IndustriesMacedonian League Champion - 2010, 2011Macedonian Cup Winner - 2010 MZT SkopjeMacedonian League Champion - 2012, 2013,2014Macedonian Cup Winner - 2012, 2013, 2014Passage 9:Peggy Jones (musician)Peggy Jones (later Malone, July 19, 1940 – September 16, 2015), known on stage as Lady Bo in recognition of her relationship with BoDiddley, was an American musician. A pioneer of rock and roll, Jones played rhythm guitar in Bo Diddley's band in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming one of the first (perhaps the first) female rock guitarists in ahighly visible rock band, and was sometimes called the Queen Mother of Guitar.Early lifeBorn in Harlem, New York City, in 1940, Jones grew up in the Sugar Hill section, and attended the High School of Performing Artswhere she studied tap and ballet dance and trained in opera. Even from a very young age, she found herself completely consumed with music; purchasing her first guitar at the age of 15. She was briefly in a localdoo-wop group, the Bop Chords, which disbanded in 1957.  A chance meeting with Bo Diddley, who was impressed to see a girl with a guitar case, led to an invitation to join Diddley's band as a guitarist and singer.  Sherecorded with him from 1957 to 1961 or 1963, appearing on singles including \"Hey! Bo Diddley\", \"Road Runner\", \"Bo Diddley's A Gunslinger\", and the instrumental \"Aztec\" which she wrote and played all the guitarparts. However, throughout her career, Peggy Jones always strived to be an independent artist and was involved in an R&B band known as the Jewels, among other various names.Throughout her time with Diddley,Jones maintained the separate career she had begun independently as a songwriter, session musician, and bandleader.  She led her own band, the Jewels (also known as the Fabulous Jewels, Lady Bo and the FamilyJewels, and various other names, but not to be confused with The Jewels), which became a top R&B band on the New York – Boston east coast club scene the 1960s and 1970s.  She eventually left Diddley's band toconcentrate on the Jewels and other activities.  She was replaced with another female guitarist, Norma-Jean Wofford (\"The Duchess\").Jones played guitar on Les Cooper's 1962 instrumental \"Wiggle Wobble\" andpercussion on the 1967 hit \"San Franciscan Nights\" by Eric Burdon and The Animals and other recordings and later backed James Brown and Sam & Dave.  She remained musically active well into the 21st century.SoloworkShe left Bo Diddley's band in 1961 to focus on her work with the Jewels. In 1970, she re-joined Bo Diddley’s band, bringing The Jewels with her.Jones was known for playing the Roland guitar synthesizer, anexperimental instrument not typically heard in rhythm and blues music.RelationshipsJones met Bo Diddley in 1956 backstage after playing with the Bop-Chords in the Apollo Theater in the neighborhood of Harlem. Manyassumed that Lady Bo and Bo Diddley were a couple but that was not the case. She was married to the band’s bass player, Wally Malone.Malone lived in the mountains of western Pennsylvania when he first met Jonesin a New York club in the 1960s. Later, Jones invited Malone into her band in 1968 and got married. They both moved to San Jose, California where Jones played at a show with Bo Diddley and that was the time shereceived her nickname, “Lady Bo.” In 1962 Jones left Bo Diddley and recruited The Duchess to play for him. In 1979, Malone and Jones moved to Boulder Creek.DeathAt the age of 75, Peggy Jones died on September16, 2015, leaving behind her husband, Wally Malone. He announced his wife’s death via Facebook, saying, “Today is one of the saddest days of my life. My wife and partner of 47 years has been called up to that greatrock & roll band in the heavens to be reunited with Bo Diddley, Jerome Green and Clifton James. The last hour and a quarter I spent by her side and the last thing I said to her was the quote above regarding Diddley andband. The other thing I added at the end of it is that band doesn’t have a bass player and for them to please hold that seat until it is my time to join them. The incredible part of this is immediately after saying this toher there was a quick sound that came from her and right then her heart stopped beating. Many of you know about the Bo Diddley connection but in case not my wife’s professional stage name is LadyBo.”DiscographyWith Bo DiddleyGo Bo Diddley (Checker, 1959)Have Guitar Will Travel (Checker, 1960)Bo Diddley in the Spotlight (Checker, 1960)Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger (Checker, 1960)Bo Diddley Is a Lover(Checker, 1961)Bo Diddley's a Twister (Checker, 1962)Bo Diddley (Checker, 1962)Passage 10:Jovan MarkovskiJovan Markovski (born March 28, 1988) is a Macedonian professional basketball small forward who lastplayed for TFT. He is older brother of Gorjan Markovski who is also basketball player and plays for KumanovoExternal links[1][2]"}
{"doc_id":"doc_282","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Chang YiThe Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or by his Chinese name Huangdi (), is either an individual deity (shen) in Chinese religion, one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and cultural heroes included among the mytho-historical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, or a part of the Five Regions' Highest Deities (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: W\u0000fāng Shàngdì). Calculated by Jesuit missionaries, who based their work on various Chinese chronicles, and later accepted by the twentieth-century promoters of a universal calendar starting with the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi's traditional reign dates are 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC.Huangdi's cult became prominent in the late Warring States and early Han dynasty, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, as a cosmic ruler, and as a patron of esoteric arts. A large number of texts – such as the Huangdi Neijing, a medical classic, and the Huangdi Sijing, a group of political treatises – were thus attributed to him. Having waned in influence during most of the imperial period, in the early twentieth century Huangdi became a rallying figure for Han Chinese attempts to overthrow the rule of the Qing dynasty, which they considered foreign because its emperors were Manchu people. To this day the Yellow Emperor remains a powerful symbol within Chinese nationalism. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations – ranging from the lunar calendar (Chinese calendar), Taoism, wooden houses, boats, carts, \"the compass needle\", \"the earliest forms of writing\", civilization and its benefits, and/or an early form of football – the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Han culture (later Chinese culture).Names\"Huangdi\": Yellow Emperor, Yellow ThearchUntil 221 BC when Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty coined the title huangdi (\u0000\u0000) – conventionally translated as \"emperor\" – to refer to himself, the character di \u0000 did not refer to earthly rulers but to the highest god of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) pantheon. In the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), the term di on its own could also refer to the deities associated with the five Sacred Mountains of China and colors. Huangdi (\u0000\u0000), the \"yellow di\", was one of the latter. To emphasize the religious meaning of di in pre-imperial times, historians of early China commonly translate the god's name as \"Yellow Thearch\" and the first emperor's title as \"August Thearch\", in which \"thearch\" refers to a godly ruler.In the late Warring States period, the Yellow Emperor was integrated into the cosmological scheme of the Five Phases, in which the color yellow represents the earth phase, the Yellow Dragon, and the center. The correlation of the colors in association with different dynasties was mentioned in the Lüshi Chunqiu (late 3rd century BC), where the Yellow Emperor's reign was seen to be governed by earth. The character huang \u0000 (\"yellow\") was often used in place of the homophonous huang \u0000, which means \"august\" (in the sense of 'distinguished') or \"radiant\", giving Huangdi attributes close to those of Shangdi, the Shang supreme god.Xuanyuan and YouxiongThe Records of the Grand Historian, compiled by Sima Qian in the first century BC, gives the Yellow Emperor's name as \"Xuan Yuan\" (traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000; simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000; pinyin: Xuān Yuán < Old Chinese (B-S) *q\u0000a[r]-[\u0000]\u0000a[n], lit. \"Chariot Shaft\"). Third-century scholar Huangfu Mi, who wrote a work on the sovereigns of antiquity, commented that Xuanyuan was the name of a hill where Huangdi had lived and that he later took as a name. The Classic of Mountains and Seas mentions a Xuanyuan nation whose inhabitants have human faces, snake bodies, and tails twisting above their heads; Yuan Ke, a contemporary scholar of early Chinese mythology, \"noted that the appearance of these people is characteristic of gods and suggested that they may reflect the form of the Yellow Thearch himself\". The Qing dynasty scholar Liang Yusheng (\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1745–1819) argued instead that the hill was named after the Yellow Emperor. Xuanyuan is also the name of the star Regulus in Chinese, the star being associated with Huangdi in traditional astronomy. He is also associated to the broader constellations Leo and Lynx, of which the latter is said to represent the body of the Yellow Dragon  (\u0000\u0000 Huánglóng), Huangdi's animal form.Huangdi was also referred to as \"Youxiong\" (\u0000\u0000; Y\u0000uxióng). This name has been interpreted as either a place name or a clan name. According to British sinologist Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935), that name was \"taken from that of [Huangdi's] hereditary principality\". William Nienhauser, a modern translator of the Records of the Grand Historian, states that Huangdi was originally the head of the Youxiong clan, which lived near what is now Xinzheng in Henan. Rémi Mathieu, a French historian of Chinese myths and religion, translates \"Youxiong\" as \" possessor of bears\" and links Huangdi to the broader theme of the bear in world mythology. Ye Shuxian has also associated the Yellow Emperor with bear legends common across northeast Asia people as well as the Dangun legend.Other namesSima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian describes the Yellow Emperor's ancestral name as Gongsun (\u0000\u0000).In Han dynasty texts, the Yellow Emperor is also called upon as the \"Yellow God\" (\u0000\u0000 Huángshén). Certain accounts interpret him as the incarnation of the \"Yellow God of the Northern Dipper\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángshén Běid\u0000u), another name of the universal god (Shangdi \u0000\u0000 or Tiandi \u0000\u0000). According to a definition in apocryphal texts related to the Hétú \u0000\u0000, the Yellow Emperor \"proceeds from the essence of the Yellow God\".As a cosmological deity, the Yellow Emperor is known as the \"Great Emperor of the Central Peak\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Zhōngyuè Dàdì), and in the Shizi as the \"Yellow Emperor with Four Faces\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángdì Sìmiàn). In old accounts the Yellow Emperor is identified as a deity of light (and his name is explained in the Shuowen jiezi to derive from guāng \u0000, \"light\") and thunder, and as one and the same with the \"Thunder God\" (\u0000\u0000 Léishén), who in turn, as a later mythological character, is distinguished as the Yellow Emperor's foremost pupil, such as in the Huangdi Neijing.HistoryThe Chinese historian Sima Qian – and much Chinese historiography following him – considered the Yellow Emperor to be a more historical figure than earlier legendary figures such as Fu Xi, Nüwa, and Shennong. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian begins with the Yellow Emperor, while passing over the others.Throughout most of Chinese history, the Yellow Emperor and the other ancient sages were considered to be historical figures. Their historicity started to be questioned in the 1920s by historians such as Gu Jiegang, one of the founders of the Doubting Antiquity School in China. In their attempts to prove that the earliest figures of Chinese history were mythological, Gu and his followers argued that these ancient sages were originally gods who were later depicted as humans by the rationalist intellectuals of the Warring States period. Yang Kuan, a member of the same current of historiography, noted that only in the Warring States period had the Yellow Emperor started to be described as the first ruler of China. Yang thus argued that Huangdi was a later transformation of Shangdi, the supreme god of the Shang dynasty's pantheon.Also in the 1920s, French scholars Henri Maspero and Marcel Granet published critical studies of China's accounts of high antiquity. In his Danses et légendes de la Chine ancienne [\"Dances and legends of ancient China\"], for example, Granet argued that these tales were \"historicized legends\" that said more about the time when they were written than about the time they purported to describe.In the \"middle of the [20th] century, a group of\" Chinese \"historians proposed the theory that [the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]\" were originally Chinese gods who became thought of as human during the later period of the Zhou dynasty. Most scholars now agree that the Yellow Emperor originated as a god who was later represented as a historical person. K.C. Chang sees Huangdi and other cultural heroes as \"ancient religious figures\" who were \"euhemerized\" in the late Warring States and Han periods. Historian of ancient China Mark Edward Lewis speaks of the Yellow Emperor's \"earlier nature as a god\", whereas Roel Sterckx, a professor at University of Cambridge, calls Huangdi a \"legendary cultural hero\".Origin of the mythThe origin of Huangdi's mythology is unclear, but historians have formulated several hypotheses about it. Yang Kuan, a member of the Doubting Antiquity School (1920s–40s), argued that the Yellow Emperor was derived from Shangdi, the highest god of the Shang dynasty. Yang reconstructs the etymology as follows: Shangdi \u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huang Shangdi \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huangdi \u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huangdi \u0000\u0000, in which he claims that huang \u0000 (\"yellow\") either was a variant Chinese character for huang \u0000 (\"august\") or was used as a  way to avoid the naming taboo for the latter. Yang's view has been criticized by Mitarai Masaru and by Michael Puett.Historian Mark Edward Lewis agrees that huang \u0000 and huang \u0000 were often interchangeable, but disagreeing with Yang, he claims that huang meaning \"yellow\" appeared first. Based on what he admits is a \"novel etymology\" likening huang \u0000 to the phonetically close wang \u0000  (the \"burned shaman\" in Shang rainmaking rituals), Lewis suggests that \"Huang\" in \"Huangdi\" might originally have meant \"rainmaking shaman\" or \"rainmaking ritual.\"  Citing late Warring States and early Han versions of Huangdi's myth, he further argues that the figure of the Yellow Emperor originated in ancient rain-making rituals in which Huangdi represented the power of rain and clouds, whereas his mythical rival Chiyou (or the Yan Emperor) stood for fire and drought.Also disagreeing with Yang Kuan's hypothesis, Sarah Allan finds it unlikely that such a popular myth as the Yellow Emperor's could have come from a taboo character.  She argues instead that pre-Shang \"'history',\" including the story of the Yellow Emperor, \"can all be understood as a later transformation and systematization of Shang mythology.\" In her view, Huangdi was originally an unnamed \" lord of the underworld\" (or the \"Yellow Springs\"), the mythological counterpart of the Shang sky deity Shangdi.  At the time, Shang rulers claimed that their mythical ancestors, identified with \"the [ten] suns, birds, east, life, [and] the Lord on High\" (i.e., Shangdi), had defeated an earlier people associated with \"the underworld, dragons, west.\"  After the Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang dynasty in the eleventh century BC, Zhou leaders reinterpreted Shang myths as meaning that the Shang had vanquished a real political dynasty, which was eventually named the Xia dynasty. By Han times – as seen in Sima Qian's account in the Shiji – the Yellow Emperor, who as lord of the underworld had been symbolically linked to the Xia, had become a historical ruler whose descendants were thought to have founded the Xia.Given that the earliest extant mention of the Yellow Emperor was on a fourth-century BC Chinese bronze inscription claiming that he was the ancestor of the royal house of the state of Qi, Lothar von Falkenhausen speculates that Huangdi was invented as an ancestral figure as part of a strategy to claim that all ruling clans in the \"Zhou dynasty culture sphere\" shared common ancestry.History of Huangdi's cultEarliest mentionExplicit accounts of the Yellow Emperor started to appear in Chinese texts during the Warring States period. \"The most ancient extant reference\" to Huangdi is an inscription on a bronze vessel made during the first half of the fourth century BC by the royal family (surnamed Tian \u0000) of the state of Qi, a powerful eastern state.Harvard University historian Michael Puett writes that the Qi bronze inscription was one of several references to the Yellow Emperor in the fourth and third centuries BC within accounts of the creation of the state. Noting that many of the thinkers who were later identified as precursors of the Huang–Lao – \"Huangdi and Laozi\" – tradition came from the state of Qi, Robin D. S. Yates hypothesizes that Huang–Lao originated in that region.Warring States periodThe cult of Huangdi became very popular during the Warring States period (5th century–221 BC), a period of intense competition between rival states which ended with the unification of the realm by the state of Qin. In addition to his role as ancestor, he became associated with \"centralized statecraft\" and emerged as a figure paradigmatic of emperorship.The state of QinIn his Shiji, Sima Qian claims that the state of Qin started worshipping the Yellow Emperor in the fifth century BC, along with Yandi, the Fiery Emperor. The altars were established at Yong \u0000 (near modern Fengxiang County in Shaanxi province), which was the capital of Qin from 677 to 383 BC. By the time of King Zheng, who became king of Qin in 247 BC and First Emperor of a unified China in 221 BC, Huangdi had become by far the most important of the four \"thearchs\" (di \u0000) who were then worshiped at Yong.The Shiji versionThe figure of Huangdi had appeared sporadically in Warring States texts. Sima Qian's Shiji (or Records of the Grand Historian, completed around 94 BC) was the first work to turn these fragments of myths into a systematic and consistent narrative of the Yellow Emperor's \"career\". The Shiji's account was extremely influential in shaping how the Chinese viewed the origin of their history.The Shiji begins its chronological account of Chinese history with the life of Huangdi, whom it presents as a sage sovereign from antiquity. It recounts that Huangdi's father was Shaodian and his mother was Fubao(\u0000\u0000). The Yellow Emperor had four wives. His first wife Leizu of Xiling bore him two sons. His other three wives were his second wife Fenglei (\u0000\u0000), third wife Tongyu (\u0000\u0000) and fourth wife Momu (\u0000\u0000). The emperor had a total of 25 sons, 14 of whom began their own surnames and clans. The oldest was Shaohao or Xuan Xiao, who lived in Qingyang by the Yangtze River. Changyi, the second son, lived by the Ruo River. When the Yellow Emperor died, he was succeeded by Changyi's son, Zhuan Xu.The chronological tables found in chapters 13 of the Shiji represent all past rulers – legendary ones such as Yao and Shun, the first ancestors of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, as well as the founders of the main ruling houses in the Zhou sphere – as descendants of Huangdi, giving the impression that Chinese history was the history of one large family.Imperial eraThe Yellow Emperor was credited with an enormous number of cultural legacies and esoteric teachings. While Taoism is often regarded in the West as arising from Laozi, many Chinese Taoists claim the Yellow Emperor formulated many of their precepts. The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángdì Nèijīng), which presents the doctrinal basis of traditional Chinese medicine, was named after him. He was also credited with composing the Four Books of the Yellow Emperor (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángdì Sìjīng), the Yellow Emperor's Book of the Hidden Symbol (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángdì Yīnfújīng), and the \"Yellow Emperor's Four Seasons Poem\" included in the Tung Shing fortune-telling almanac.\"Xuanyuan (+ number)\" is also the Chinese name for Regulus and other stars of the constellations Leo and Lynx, of which the latter is said to represent the body of the Yellow Dragon. In the Hall of Supreme Harmony in Beijing's Forbidden City, there is also a mirror called the \"Xuanyuan Mirror\".In TaoismIn the second century AD, Huangdi's role as a deity was diminished because of the rise of a deified Laozi. A state sacrifice offered to \"Huang-Lao jun\" was not offered to Huangdi and Laozi, as the term Huang-Lao would have meant a few centuries earlier, \"yellow Laozi\". Nonetheless, Huangdi kept being considered as an immortal: he was seen as a master of longevity techniques and as a god who could reveal new teachings – in the form of texts such as the sixth-century Huangdi Yinfujing – to his earthly followers.Twentieth centuryThe Yellow Emperor became a powerful national symbol in the last decade of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) and remained dominant in Chinese nationalist discourse throughout the Republican period (1911–49). The early twentieth century is also when the Yellow Emperor was first referred to as the ancestor of all Chinese people.Late QingStarting in 1903, radical publications started using the projected date of his birth as the first year of the Chinese calendar. Intellectuals such as Liu Shipei (1884–1919) found this practice necessary in order to \" preserve the [Han] race\" (baozhong \u0000\u0000) from both dominance by Manchu people and foreign encroachment. Revolutionaries motivated by Anti-Manchuism such as Chen Tianhua (1875–1905), Zou Rong (1885–1905), and Zhang Binglin (1868–1936) tried to foster the racial consciousness they thought was missing from their compatriots, and thus depicted the Manchus as racially inferior barbarians who were unfit to rule over Han Chinese. Chen's widely circulated pamphlets claimed that the \"Han race\" formed one big family descended from the Yellow Emperor. The first issue (Nov. 1905) of the Minbao \u0000\u0000 (\"People's Journal\"), which was founded in Tokyo by revolutionaries of the Tongmenghui, featured the Yellow Emperor on its cover and called Huangdi \"the first great nationalist of the world.\" It was one of several nationalist magazines that featured the Yellow Emperor on their cover in the early twentieth century. The fact that Huangdi meant \"yellow\" emperor also served to buttress the theory that he was the originator of the \"yellow race\".Many historians interpret this sudden popularity of the Yellow Emperor as a reaction to the theories of French scholar Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1845–94), who in a book called The Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, from 2300 B.C. to 200 A.D. (1892) had claimed that Chinese civilization was founded around 2300 BCE by Babylonian immigrants.  Lacouperie's \"Sino-Babylonianism\" posited that Huangdi was a Mesopotamian tribal leader who had led a massive migration of his people into China around 2300 BC and founded what later became Chinese civilization. European sinologists quickly rejected these theories, but in 1900 two Japanese historians, Shirakawa Jirō and Kokubu Tanenori, omitted these criticisms and published a long summary that presented Lacouperie's views as the most advanced Western scholarship on China. Chinese scholars were quickly attracted by \"the historicization of Chinese mythology\" that the two Japanese authors advocated.Anti-Manchu intellectuals and activists who searched for China's \"national essence\" (guocui \u0000\u0000) adapted Sino-Babylonianism to their needs. Zhang Binglin explained Huangdi's battle with Chi You as a conflict opposing the newly arrived civilized Mesopotamians to backward local tribes, a battle that transformed China into one of the most civilized places in the world. Zhang's reinterpretation of Sima Qian's account \"underscored the need to recover the glory of early China.\"  Liu Shipei also presented these early times as the golden age of Chinese civilization. In addition to tying the Chinese to an ancient center of human civilization in Mesopotamia, Lacouperie's theories suggested that China should be ruled by the descendants of Huangdi. In a controversial essay called History of the Yellow Race (Huangshi \u0000\u0000), which was published serially from 1905 to 1908, Huang Jie (\u0000\u0000; 1873–1935) claimed that the \"Han race\" was the true master of China because it was descended from the Yellow Emperor. Reinforced by the values of filial piety and the Chinese patrilineal clan, the racial vision defended by Huang and others turned vengeance against the Manchus into a duty owed to one's ancestors.Republican periodThe Yellow Emperor continued to be revered after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. In 1912, for instance, banknotes carrying Huangdi's effigy were issued by the new Republican government.   After 1911, however, the Yellow Emperor as national symbol changed from first progenitor of the Han race to ancestor of China's entire multi-ethnic population.  Under the ideology of the Five Races Under One Union, Huangdi became the common ancestor of the Han Chinese, the Manchu people, the Mongols, the Tibetans, and the Hui people, who were said to form the Zhonghua minzu, a broadly understood Chinese nation. Sixteen state ceremonies were held between 1911 and 1949 to Huangdi as the \"founding ancestor of the Chinese nation\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and even \"the founding ancestor of human civilization\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000).Modern significanceThe cult of the Yellow Emperor was forbidden in the People's Republic of China until the end of the Cultural Revolution. The prohibition was halted during the 1980s when the government reversed itself and resurrected the \" Yellow Emperor cult\". Starting in the 1980s, the cult was revived and phrases relating to the \"Descendants of Yan and Huang\" were sometimes used by the Chinese state when referring to people of Chinese descent.  In "}
{"doc_id":"doc_283","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Waitrose Duchy OrganicWaitrose Duchy Organic (formerly Duchy Originals from Waitrose and earlier simply Duchy Originals) is a brand of organic food sold in Waitrose stores in the United Kingdom. The brand is a partnership between Waitrose and Duchy Originals Limited, a company set up in 1990  by King Charles III when he was Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall. The Duchy Originals company is named after the Duchy of Cornwall estates that are held in trust by the Duke of Cornwall, who often holds the title Prince of Wales.HistoryThe Duchy Originals brand was originally conceived in 1990 as an outlet for the organic food grown on the Prince of Wales' Highgrove House estate and nearby Home Farm which he had leased from the Duchy of Cornwall in the mid-1980s. The first Duchy Originals product was oaten biscuits. Products were initially sold through high-end stores such as Harrods and Fortnum & Mason. During the 1990s, Duchy Originals products began being stocked in farm shops and independent delicatessens and expansion during the 2000s saw a selected range of Duchy Originals products becoming widely available in most major UK supermarkets, with Waitrose as the brand's largest customer. By 2008 sales of Duchy Originals had raised over £7 million cumulatively for The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.Following the 2007–2008 financial crisis the Duchy Originals business began making losses, amounting to around £3 million in 2009, and in September of that year it was announced that Duchy Originals had agreed an exclusive deal with Waitrose. From August 2010 products were relaunched under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose brand and the then range of around 200 lines was expanded to over 300. Waitrose invested heavily in the brand and sales doubled during the first three years of the exclusive arrangement. By 2013 the brand was selling in 30 countries including Australia and Japan. In the summer of 2015 the brand name was changed to Waitrose Duchy Organic. The tradition of donating royalties to charity continued and Prince Charles continued his involvement with the brand which operates separately from the Duchy of Cornwall. The lease on Home Farm was not renewed in 2020, but the Prince of Wales continued to farm organically at Sandringham House. The new tenant of Home Farm continued the relationship with Waitrose Duchy Organic, which reported a profit of £3.6 million in 2021.The brandsThe company Duchy Originals, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund, originated the Duchy Originals brand in 1990 as a premium organic food and drink brand. It also created two other brands, Duchy Selections and Duchy Collections. Duchy Selections was a range of premium free-range (but not organic) pork and fish products and mineral waters, and Duchy Collections was a range of high quality non food products. The Duchy Originals company has never sold the goods that carry the brand names, and other than the short-lived Duchy Originals Food company venture it has not manufactured them. Instead Duchy branded products have been sold and manufactured by a number of different retail companies, all of whom have paid royalties to the Duchy Originals Company.Financial informationBy the end of the 1990s the brand had an annual turnover of around £1 million. This had grown to £4.86 million by 2006/7. Administrative expenses came to £3.31 million, giving an operating profit of £1.53 million. The company was badly hit by the recession in 2007 and started making a loss. For the financial year 2008/9, the company failed to make any profits and turnover dropped to £2.2 million, with an operating loss of £3.3 million, compared to the previous year's operating profit of £57,000. Fortunes improved after the 2009 Waitrose arrangement, and by 2013 annual profits were £2.8 million.The Duchy Originals Food companyDuchy Originals' only venture into manufacturing has been the Duchy Originals Food company. This was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Duchy Originals company and it opened a factory in Launceston, Cornwall in 2006. The factory was a bakery making both sweet and savoury pastry products. The venture suffered financial problems, with the factory making a loss of £447,158 in the financial year 2006/7. In 2009, the Duchy Originals company decided to sell the bakery, with one-off costs from the sale contributing towards Duchy Originals making a loss for 2009–10.Herbal medicinesIn 2008, Duchy Originals partnered with the alternative medicine company Nelsons to produce a line of herbal remedies. This led to controversy, in which leading UK scientists said that Duchy Originals promoted its herbal remedies with scientifically unsound claims. Edzard Ernst, the UK's first professor of complementary medicine, said Duchy Originals detox products were \"outright quackery\". Subsequently, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) ruled that healing claims were misleading and required the company to amend an advertising campaign promoting two herbal medicines.Mineral waterIn 2002 the Deeside Water Company began to produce some of its bottled mineral water for the Duchy Originals brand. In 2010, Waitrose rebranded the product as Duchy Originals from Waitrose and in 2016 the supermarket repackaged it as part of its Waitrose One premium range.Garden toolsGardening tools were produced under the Duchy Originals brand by the Lancashire company Caldwells until it went into administration in 2009.Charitable givingThe company Duchy Originals Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary company of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund and donates to the charity from its profits. By 2013 the brand had raised £11 million from its profits for the Prince's Charities. In Canada the proceeds from sales of Duchy Originals products are donated to the charities associated with The Prince's Charities Canada. By 2012 more than one million Canadian dollars were being raised annually in this manner.The Duchy Future Farming programmeThe Duchy Future Farming programme was set up in 2013 in partnership with the Soil Association to provide advice and support to UK farmers and growers in conducting research into organic farming methods. Participants are encouraged to carry out experiments in their own fields, and over 3000 farmers had been involved in this by 2015. A research fund offering up to £25,000 is also available.Passage 2:John De MargheritiJohn De Margheriti (born July 1962) is an Italian-born Australian electrical engineer, software developer and entrepreneur. De Margheriti is widely seen as a founding 'father' of Australia's video games industry and Australia's most experienced interactive entertainment business executive.He is the founder and former CEO of BigWorld Pty Limited and the founder of parent company Micro Forté Pty Limited. De Margheriti is also the Executive Chairman of the Academy of Interactive Entertainment, the Chairman of Canberra Technology Park, the founder of the Game Developers' Association of Australia, the founder of the Australian Game Developers Conference, and the founder of the three Canberra business parks, the co-founder of DEMS Entertainment, the co-founder of Dreamgate Studios, the co-founder of Game Plus and co-founder of The Film Distillery.De Margheriti has been recognised as an Honorary Ambassador for Canberra due to his contribution to Australia's national capital and in 2022 was awarded the Pearcey Medal, Australia's highest honour in the ICT Industry, for his lifetime contribution to the establishment and ongoing success of the Australian games industry. Without his vision, tenacity and passion, the industry would not be as successful and vibrant as it is in now. John has effectively had an influence on just about every Australian games studio and developer in operation today, not to mention his contribution to the broader ICT community and the international games industry.Early yearsBorn in Rome, Italy, De Margheriti arrived in Canberra with his family in 1970. He experimented with CB radios and electronics early as a young teenager. When he was sixteen De Margheriti experimented with making computer games independently. During his senior years at Hawker College, De Margheriti co-created an amateur 8 millimetres (0.31 in) science fiction film after watching the 1977 film, Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope. During the development of his amateur film, he co-developed a robotics system entitled 3DIM that would enable him to film complex stop-motion animation footage of large scale spaceship models.  De Margheriti's need to create scrolling film credits led him to discover computers as a tool. The film involved dozens of actors and as a result, De Margheriti gained his first taste in management working with actors and prop builders. During filming he met Steve Wang which would later form the basis of a longstanding business association. He wrote his first computer game called “Maze” on a PDP-11 and his peer, Steve Wang developed a computer game called “Caves”, also on a PDP-11 computer.De Margheriti graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from the UNSW Sydney (UNSW), and holds an MBA from Sydney University. Wang also went on to study at UNSW in the field of computer science. Together they devoted much of their time during university hours to developing computer games. They pooled their money to purchase a Commodore PET. During this time John also met Stephen Lewis and he joined the group, helping make games on the Commodore PET.The most memorable game that they developed during university years was made for the Commodore 64. Whilst working part-time at the Computer 1 computer store in Randwick to put himself through university, De Margheriti met Gerry Gerlach who was interested in finding a person who could develop a computer game based on the recent Australian win of the Americas Cup 12 metres (39 ft) sailing.  After a conversation with Gerlach, De Margheriti approached his friends at the university and pulled together a team including Wang, Stephen Lewis and John Reidy capable of developing the simulation game. The team spent 72 hours straight developing a demo, pitched it to Armchair Entertainment and won a contract to develop the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation game for the Commodore 64 and Amstrad which was ultimately developed and then sold to Electronic Arts.Soon after starting to develop their first game, Wang and Lewis tactfully told De Margheriti that his true strength was not programming but managing and winning new projects for the fledgling group. This “truth” ultimately saw De Margheriti become the entrepreneur and visionary for a group of profit and not for profit companies that have offices around the globe.In addition to the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation, De Margheriti went on to program two other of games for Electronic Arts including Demon Stalkers and Fireking for the Commodore 64 and IBM PC, which was later released by Sydney-based Strategic Studies Group. http://www.ssg.com.au/Later careerMicro Forte Pty LimitedBetween 1985 and 1988, De Margheriti turned his focus towards business negotiations and contract development. He co-founded a games development company called Micro Forté Pty Limited and wrote games for a new company called Electronic Arts.In 1995 De Margheriti came up with the concept of developing a software solution that would somehow group bulletin board services (BBS) together so that many people could play games together. He called this concept Game Net. Game Net was a precursor to what would later become known as BigWorld Technology. De Margheriti's idea was to allow  large scale Multi User Dungeons [MUDs] to be developed where hundreds of people could be playing together in a multiplayer game. He was greatly influenced by an EA friend Danielle/Dan Bunten who had designed M.U.L.E, Modem Wars  as well as a game called Command HQ which he often played with Stephen Lewis.Those seminal games influenced De Margheriti in terms of coming up with the concept of building what is now commonly known as Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs). While developing the idea of Game Net, De Margheriti became increasingly more aware of the advent of the internet particularly after playing Ultima Online and Meridian 59, two of the first MMOGs.He realised that these two games were an extension of the multiplayer games he loved and that in the future many developers would want to create massively multiplayer games. De Margheriti decided to switch his focus away from BBS, and made the decision to build a middleware engine that would help developers deal with the complexities of creating these online games. In 1996 Stephen Lewis and John lodged patents for a Communication System and Method and in 1999 he lodged an application for funding through AusIndustry's R&D Start program and received a multimillion-dollar grant. This was subsequently matched by venture capital from Allen & Buckeridge, an Australian Venture capital firm. The name of “Large Scale Multi Player Universe” (LSMPU) was originally used to describe the server, client and tools middleware system that De Margheriti had in mind. In 2011 the Micro Forte company acquired all the shares from the venture capital company.The Academy of Interactive EntertainmentIn 1996, during Micro Forté's expansion years, there was a need for the hiring of 3D animators and artists. At that time there was a clear lack of knowledge in that area and little or no available talent. De Margheriti established the Academy of Interactive Entertainment (AIE) as a business unit of Micro Forté to work towards solving this problem. The academy was to focus on developing 3D animation skills, and a course taught by De Margheriti, Steve Wang and other 3D experts was created for a group of 10 students.Later on in 1997 it was spun out as a separate non profit organisation called the Academy of Interactive Entertainment Limited (AIE) to assist the greater industry. De Margheriti had realised that Micro Forté's shortages were not just his shortages; other industry related companies like Beam Software were also suffering a similar fate. The AIE has since grown from a small division of Micro Forté with 10 students, to an independent, nationally accredited, small registered training organisation that specialises in education for computer game development and the 3D Digital Content Industry. The AIE now has campuses in Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne, Online, Adelaide, Seattle, and Lafayette.The Founding of the Australian Game Development IndustryIn 1999 De Margheriti realised that to really help the Australian games industry grow, not only for Micro Forté's needs, but to solve the problem that the nation had, a wider support infrastructure was needed for the Australian industry. He established, personally funded and launched the inaugural Australian Game Developers Conference (AGDC) to foster the growth and collective presence of the Australian Games Industry. The AGDC at its peak had over 1,200 delegates and brought in numerous international speakers and publishers. The conference also brought capital to the Australian games industry. In December 2005, the GDAA announced that it would hold its own conference, Game Connect Asia Pacific (GCAP), and so De Margheriti in turn also announced the closing of the privately held (AGDC) to ensure that the GDAA would not have to compete with AGDC.  In his AGDC closing talk he hoped that the GDAA could take their new conference, GCAP,  to a whole new level for Australia.It was at the inaugural Australian Game Developers Conference (AGDC) that De Margheriti, along with Adam Lancman and others, formed the local industry representative body titled the Game Developers Association of Australia [GDAA] in order to increase the profile of the Australian games industry both domestically and internationally. De Margheriti acted as treasurer until late 2005 when he resigned from the Board to focus his energies on expanding BigWorld Pty Limited. De Margheriti is credited with creating and personally funding the GDAA (determining its aims and objectives, board composition, voting rights, constitution, web pages and accounting needs) as well as choosing its first President and Board. The AIE funded the Australian Game Developers Conference and donated most if not all its profits made from AGDC to the GDAA.De Margheriti is a founding member of the Association of Christian Entertainment.De Margheriti established Canberra Technology Park (CTP) in 1997, a business park to facilitate the growth of the computer game development, 3D animation and other information technology [IT] related industries within Canberra.In November 2000, ACT Chief Minister, Gary Humphries, appointed De Margheriti Honorary Ambassador for Canberra in recognition of De Margheriti's contribution in assisting Canberra to develop a significant business base. De Margheriti continues to foster business growth for start ups, mentor industry rookies and support industry development. He has participated as a guest presenter at industry conferences; is pro-active in seeking government support and assistance for the Australian industry, and features in industry related media. Since 2005 De Margheriti has focused more on his growing world-wide businesses and is less involved in local industry politics.In 2005 De Margheriti took over the site management of the Capital Region Enterprise and Employment Development Association (CREEDA) Business Centres Downer, Narrabundah and Erindale that had gone into liquidation, with a view to negotiate a long term lease on the sites. De Margheriti's main motivation in taking over the defunct sites was to restore an important business incubator function in Australia's capital city, Canberra. The sites were re-branded as Canberra Business Parks and in May 2008, De Margheriti largely donated the CBP name [and associated brands] and business, which were now a profitable business [almost operating at full capacity] to the ACT Government and the local business community.De Margheriti saw an opportunity within the online game market for a definitive MMOG middleware solution. His studios shifted their focus into developing the multi award-winning BigWorld Technology which he later [2002] spun out into a middleware company - BigWorld Pty Limited. On 7 August 2012 Wargaming acquired BigWorld middleware firm for $45M.Published gamesPassage 3:Charles, Prince of WalesCharles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, George VI, and was three years old when his mother, Elizabeth II, acceded to the throne in 1952, making him the heir apparent. He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun, and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a history degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer, with whom he has two sons: William, Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner, Camilla Parker Bowles.As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother. He founded the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsored the Prince's Charities, and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism; he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food, while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised. He has authored or co-authored 17 books.Charles became king upon his mother's death on 8 September 2022. At the age of 73, he became the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 6 May 2023.Early life, family, and educationCharles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948, during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI. He was the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His parents had three more "}
{"doc_id":"doc_284","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pieces of a WomanPieces of a Woman is a 2020 drama film directed by Kornél Mundruczó, from a screenplay by Kata Wéber. The film stars Vanessa Kirby, Shia LaBeouf, Molly Parker, Sarah Snook, IlizaShlesinger, Benny Safdie, Jimmie Fails, and Ellen Burstyn as the family and associates of Martha (Kirby) involved in her traumatic childbirth, baby loss, and a subsequent court case against the midwife, Eva (Parker),whom Martha's mother Elizabeth (Burstyn) blames for the baby's death. Martin Scorsese and Sam Levinson served as executive producers, and the film was scored by Howard Shore.An international co-production ofthe United States and Canada, the film is partly based on Mundruczó and Wéber's stage play of the same name and explores themes of grief and loss. It premiered on September 4, 2020, at the 77th VeniceInternational Film Festival, where Kirby won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. It was released in select theaters on December 30, 2020, before beginning to digitally stream on Netflix on January 7, 2021, and becamenoted for its long take childbirth scene at the start of the film.The film received generally positive reviews, with praise for the actors, particularly Kirby, though elements of the plot were criticized. For her performance,Kirby received Academy Award, BAFTA, SAG, Critics' Choice, and Golden Globe nominations.PlotMartha and Sean, a young Boston couple, are expecting their first child. Sean resents Martha's mother Elizabeth, awealthy Holocaust survivor, who is buying them a minivan.Martha goes into labor at their home and Sean calls their midwife Barbara, who is unavailable and sends another midwife named Eva in her place. Marthastruggles with nausea and pain during contractions and, when she reaches ten centimeters, Eva realizes the baby's heart rate has dropped dangerously low. Sean asks Eva if they are safe to continue and Eva tells Seanto call an ambulance. Martha soon gives birth to a baby girl who at first seems healthy. Eva then notices the baby is turning blue and attempts to revive her, but she goes into cardiac arrest and dies.The followingmonth, Martha and Sean attend an appointment with a coroner; Sean is eager to find out what went wrong, while Martha is reluctant. They learn the cause of death has not yet been established but are told they wereable to determine that the baby was in a low-oxygen environment and start proceedings against Eva. Sean leaves, overcome with emotion, while Martha remains and decides that she wants to donate the baby's body toscience.The relationship between Martha and Sean continues to be strained, as is Martha's relationship with her mother, who wants to bury the baby and have a funeral. Both Martha and Sean remain deeply depressed.Sean returns the car that Elizabeth bought for them. He later has sex with Martha's cousin, Suzanne, and uses cocaine after being sober for almost seven years. Suzanne, who is also the attorney prosecuting Eva,informs him that a potential lawsuit against Eva could be very lucrative.At a tense family gathering at her home, Elizabeth tells Martha that she has to attend Eva's trial and blames Martha for her baby's death becauseshe decided to have a home birth. Elizabeth then tells Sean that she never liked him before offering him a check for a large sum of money to leave and never return. Martha drops Sean off at Logan International Airportand he leaves for Seattle.Months later, Martha testifies at Eva's trial. After her testimony, the judge allows her to address the court, and she states that Eva is not at fault for the death and that she does not blame her.Back home, she discovers that the apple seeds she stored in her refrigerator have started to sprout. A month later, Martha scatters her daughter's ashes into the river from the bridge that Sean helped to build.Yearslater, a little girl climbs an apple tree, picks an apple, and eats it. Martha calls her name, Lucianna, then helps her down. The two go inside together.CastProductionPlayThe play Pieces of a Woman was created by KornélMundruczó and Kata Wéber, a couple who experienced miscarriage during pregnancy. The couple did not initially talk about their experience or process their grief, but Mundruczó read a scene written in Wéber'snotebook depicting a woman and her mother debate child loss and felt that it needed exploration. Wéber, who had already titled the scene \"Pieces of a Woman\", became the playwright after Mundruczó encouraged herto make a \"family drama\" from the scene; the play was originally performed at TR Warszawa in Warsaw, Poland. Following (Polish) Maja, her senile mother, and her Norwegian husband, the play contained two scenes:the childbirth and a family dinner in the aftermath. For BroadwayWorld, Filip Piotrowicz wrote that the scenes being performed in real time with real props (including a working oven and food being cooked inside) feltboth like a film and classic theatrical form. The birth scene was multimedia, with the performance being recorded by a camera freely roaming the stage and live-streamed on screens in the theater, and other screensshowing ultrasound scans of the fetus.Development and themesThe film Pieces of a Woman was announced to be in production in October 2019, with Mundruczó directing from a screenplay by Wéber. It is based ontheir play, and also incorporates fictionalized aspects of the trial of Hungarian midwife Ágnes Geréb. Wéber consulted with psychiatrists and other women who had lost babies while writing the film. In developing theplay for the screen, Mundruczó chose to set it in Boston, thinking the city's historic Irish Catholic culture was a good translation of the conservative Polish society of the original. It is his first film in the English language.Wéber submitted the script to the Hungarian National Film Fund but did not get support; Aaron Ryder read the script and showed it to producers Ashley Levinson and Kevin Turen, who took it on. Sam Levinson andMartin Scorsese, among others, served as executive producers on the film; Scorsese, who was shown the film by composer Howard Shore prior to its release, boarded after the film was complete, hoping to help itsdistribution as Mundruczó and Wéber were unknown filmmakers. Supporting actress Ellen Burstyn, who was directed by Scorsese in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, said that he \"picked up on things [about Pieces of aWoman] that [she] never heard anybody else pick up on. And he has such an appreciation of the art of moviemaking that you feel seen.\"The film explores themes of trauma, which Dr. Lipi Roy writing for Forbes foundrelevant during the COVID-19 pandemic when it was released; Mundruczó and lead actress Vanessa Kirby both also commented that the loss in the film can speak to people who have been bereaved in the pandemic,and Wéber spoke of the relevance of the isolation and inability to talk about feelings that Martha experiences. Kirby has described the film as \"almost a character study on grief\" that also explores intergenerationaltrauma. In the film, Martha's family are all physically present but not emotionally available to her, and they each find different ways to process their loss, according to Roy. Midwives speaking with NOW also noted thatfilms exploring grief often do so by presenting it as a bonding experience, while Pieces of a Woman focused on the differences. Renaldo Matadeen of CBR compared the film's exploration of grief to that of Marriage Story,though he felt that Pieces of a Woman did not explore the shared grief Martha and Sean experience. Also for NOW, Kevin Ritchie noted that the film shifts focus on themes throughout, featuring class tensions at thestart and, at the end, focusing on generational divides and present baggage of Holocaust survival. The New Yorker's Anthony Lane wrote that the film \"amounts to a set of variations on the theme of winter\", reflected inits little-changing Boston setting; similarly, Lee Marshall of Screen International opined that the wintry setting and its \"oppressive\" Gothic Revival architecture helped to inform the themes of the film.CastingThe firstperson to be cast was Shia LaBeouf as Sean. He was followed shortly by Vanessa Kirby, playing Martha, who had been shown the script by Sam Levinson; she had met with the Levinsons and told them she wanted tomake a film like A Woman Under the Influence. Mundruczó was a fan of The Crown and wanted to cast Kirby after watching her as Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and thinking her performance resembledClaudia Cardinale and Catherine Deneuve. He also wanted to work with Kirby at this point in her career, \"Where all of the skills are already there, but the fear is not [...] When you are very established, you are moreand more careful.\" Though Kirby was considered a frontrunner in discussions for the role, the production had been turned down by bigger names before Kirby was shown the script; the day after she read it, she flew toBudapest and they had a two-hour meeting with Mundruczó. Asked about this, Kirby said that she \"just loved the script ... You just know when you know\".Kirby and LaBeouf were revealed as the lead roles when the filmwas announced in October 2019. Kirby spoke with women who had experienced baby loss to prepare for her role, and prepared extensively for her performance of labor in the opening scene. She had not given birthherself and was concerned about realism; she first watched childbirth documentaries but felt these were too edited and so she wrote to obstetricians and was invited by one, Claire Mellon, to observe on a labor ward,including being allowed to witness a birth, which she told NPR she would not have been able to perform in the film without.In December 2019, Jimmie Fails, Ellen Burstyn, Molly Parker and Iliza Shlesinger joined the castof the film, followed by Sarah Snook and Benny Safdie in January 2020. Burstyn said getting cast in the film felt like \"a win-win-win situation\", as she was able to work with Mundruczó, whose White God Burstynenjoyed, and Kirby, whose The Crown performance Burstyn had been impressed by; Kirby was also excited to work with Burstyn.FilmingPrincipal photography began on December 3, 2019, in Montreal, Canada, andlasted until the end of January 2020.The film is noted for its 24-minute long take labor scene at the start, dubbed \"The Scene\" by The Guardian's Adrian Horton and described as \"one of the most controversial scenes ofthe year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Writer Wéber did not anticipate a one-shot take, which Mundruczó planned from the start, though knew she wanted all the details present. Mundruczó began the scene with Martha'sfirst pains and ended with the arrival of an ambulance \"because [they didn't] want to show exactly what's happening\", wanting to leave the audience having only seen the baby alive while creating suspense. As thedirector, Mundruczó wanted the actors to make their own performance choices in the scene; there were no marks to hit, LaBeouf came up with the bad jokes used himself, and the production team would not show thecast any of the stage performance so as not to influence them. Kirby told Empire that the cast \"had a map of where to be, and then [they would] freefall and see what happened.\" Three crewmembers were used for thescene: director of photography Benjamin Loeb, acting as camera operator upon Mundruczó's request, and two boom operators. A birthing coach, Elan McAllister, had also been brought to the set to assist Kirby andLaBeouf. Loeb chose to shoot the scene with a gimbal as he wanted a \"floaty\" quality to the scene to represent the baby's perspective and felt that using a hand-held camera would make it look too much like adocumentary; he also explained the smooth gimbal movement made the scene easier to physically watch, which was something Mundruczó wanted in order to compensate for the potentially-divisive subject matter.Loeb physically trained beforehand so that he would have the strength to carry a gimbal-loaded camera for the whole take, though the shoot still negatively affected his health.The scene was filmed six times over twodays, four times on one day and twice the next, with one camera; it was the first scene shot for the film and took up over 30 pages in the script. The choice to use a single take stemmed from the scene in the play andits inclusion of live video. Loeb said that they \"wanted to make sure that the sequence felt like it was presented as a long-winded breath in some ways\". The fourth of the six takes was used; though less technicallyaccurate than the takes on the second day, Mundruczó felt it was more alive. Kirby was glad to be filming the scene in one take, which, while intimidating, meant that she kept the same energy throughout; she saidfilming the scene was like performing on stage, and that it was \"the best film experience of [her] life\", though it took a long time to come down from the emotions she went through in making it. To stay in the emotionalplace between scenes, Kirby listened to a playlist of songs about expectancy and birth.Set within the couple's apartment, the scene was filmed in a real house. It had large archways that allowed Loeb and the castmovement – Kirby was encouraged to make use of the space if she wanted to – except for the bathroom door; Mundruczó initially wanted to pass in and out of the bathroom three times but this was reduced to once tolimit the possibility of the shot being ruined. He had chosen the house because it had the same layout as the set design of their play. Before shooting, one practice run was taken; filmed on Loeb's phone, the practicetook 38 minutes. Mundruczó did not do another practice, telling Vulture that \"if you are very choreographed, then the whole shot can be really cold and calculated, [and] when you don't fix anything, it [can] become aDogme style of shaking camera.\" A real baby was used in the scene, with a CGI umbilical cord; the baby was held by its mother just outside the apartment and brought in off-camera for the moment of birth. Mundruczóand Kirby both felt the real baby was integral to the film. Other realism was achieved in the scene: partway through the scene, Sean frantically searches for a phone to call 9-1-1, and in about half of the takes, includingthe final cut, LaBeouf really struggled to remember where the prop was placed.Richard Brody of The New Yorker described the scene as a \"mere stunt\", saying that it is emotionally empty until the last moments and itssignificance to the rest of the film is an \"ultimately pointless symbolic function: as evidence.\" Vulture's Hillary Kelly instead felt that the scene \"is a technical trick, but an emotional lever, too, a reminder that labor is aprocess you cannot wriggle out of once it has begun.\"MusicHoward Shore composed the film's score. The opening piece of the film is a previously released Shore track, the second movement of his Ruin and Memorypiano concerto performed by Lang Lang. The movement is ten minutes long and reflects the action of the film's 24-minute opening scene; following this, the music becomes \"gradually thornier\" as the story progresses,at times displaying discomfort. Much of the score comprises piano pieces, as well as featuring celesta and oboe, and was said by Maddy Shaw Roberts of Classic FM to guide the audience \"through the story in acontemplative, dreamlike manner, accompanying Martha's reckoning\". Shore became involved after he was introduced to Mundruczó by mutual friend Robert Lantos, and the pair collaborated due to Mundruczó's operabackground; Mundruczó wanted a score that was classical. They began working on the music during COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, collaborating remotely with Shore in New York, Mundruczó in Budapest, and themusicians at Teldex Studio in Germany.Shore wanted to express the perspectives of Martha and of her child through his music, showing both grief and hope. Though he does not have a theme, Sean is often representedwith darker music. The themes representing Martha and the baby recur throughout the film, including the baby's theme playing while Martha solemnly watches other children, and pieces of Ruin and Memory arerepurposed in other parts of the score. At the end of the film, a new melody, which was \"partly improvised\" by Holger Groschopp, is used to represent Martha moving on.The soundtrack was released digitally by DeccaRecords on January 8, 2021. Reviewers criticized the score as \"intrusive\".ReleaseThe film had its world premiere at the 77th Venice International Film Festival in official competition on September 4, 2020, and had itsNorth American premiere at TIFF Bell Lightbox during the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) shortly afterward. On September 12, Netflix acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film at TIFF. Mundruczówas happy to sell to Netflix, saying their appreciation of independent filmmakers is comparable to United Artists in the 1970s.A trailer was released in November 2020, and the film opened in select theaters onDecember 30, 2020, before beginning to digitally stream on Netflix on January 7, 2021. Upon its digital release, it was the most-watched film over its first three days of release, and finished second overall in its debutweekend.ReceptionCritical responseOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 238 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads:\"Pieces of a Woman struggles to maintain momentum after a stunning opening act, but Vanessa Kirby's performance makes the end result a poignant portrait of grief.\" On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of66 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Pippa Vosper of Vogue, who had lost a child in a similar way to Martha in the film, said that Kirby played Martha \"with unnerving accuracy\" andwas pleased that the film did not shy away from the harsher realities of baby loss. The Evening Standard's Charlotte O'Sullivan also praised Mundruczó for treating Martha's extended grief with compassion. Hortoncritiqued that the film centered on Martha's trauma rather than Martha herself, which he found frustrating, though he highly praised Kirby's performance, as did other reviewers. Empire's Terri White and EntertainmentWeekly's Leah Greenblatt also praised LaBeouf's performance.Xan Brooks of The Guardian wrote that the film was an \"acting masterclass\" but felt too staged; colleague Peter Bradshaw agreed on the acting talent butfelt that, besides the birth scene and the ending, the film comprises \"a lot of frankly inauthentic, silly and jarring plot points\". The Hollywood Reporter's David Rooney opined that while Kirby's performance is \"themovie's shattered core\", the film was undermined by a \"pedestrian\" courtroom speech and awkwardly upbeat ending. Rooney, O'Sullivan, and Justin Chang for NPR were critical of simplistic metaphors andmelodrama.AccoladesDistributor Netflix initially campaigned for Kirby, LaBeouf, Burstyn, Mundruczó, Wéber, Safdie, Fails, and Snook for awards contention in acting, directing, and writing categories, but removedLaBeouf from their publicity after assault allegations were made against him by former girlfriend FKA Twigs in late 2020 to maintain focus on the film and its significance.Passage 2:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a Frenchfilm director born in Paris.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto,etc.Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize: Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, PhilippeClévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinémafrançaisCompetition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries \"LaurelWreath\"Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, CairoPaula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 -Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ?(1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huître boudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLequinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes"}
{"doc_id":"doc_285","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Servillano AquinoServillano Aquino y Aguilar (April 20, 1874 – February 3, 1959) was a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War. He served as a delegate to theMalolos Congress and was the grandfather of Benigno S. \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr. He is the great-grandfather of Benigno Aquino III, the 15th President of the Philippines.Early life and educationAquino, known by his nickname\"Mianong\", was born on April 20, 1874, to Don Braulio Aquino y Lacsamana and Doña Petrona Aguilar y Henson. He had his early education from a private tutor in Mexico, Pampanga. He moved to Manila and enteredthe Colegio de San Juan de Letran, and later, the University of Santo Tomas.Philippine–American WarIn 1896, Aquino became a mason and joined the Katipunan. He was also elected mayor of Murcia, Tarlac and underGeneral Francisco Macabulos, he organized the Filipino revolutionary forces against the Americans. He was promoted to major but was defeated in the battle at Mount Sinukuan or Mount Arayat in Arayat, Pampanga.After the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed, Aquino was self-exiled to Hong Kong together with Emilio Aguinaldo and the revolutionary government after receiving 100,000 pesos from the Spanish government inexchange of their surrender. He returned to the Philippines in 1898 and joined General Antonio Luna to fight against the American forces. Together they attacked Manila but retreated to Mount Arayat. In September1902, he surrendered and was jailed in Bilibid Prison and sentenced to hang. However, United States President Theodore Roosevelt pardoned Aquino after two years.Personal lifeHe married Guadalupe Quiambao, withwhom he had three children, namely Gonzalo (born 1892), Benigno (1894–1947) and Amando (born 1896). Later, he married his sister-in-law, Belen Sanchez, and had a child with her, Herminio (born1949).DeathAquino died of a heart attack on February 3, 1959.AncestrySee alsoList of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United StatesPassage 2:Stanisław of MasoviaStanisław of Masovia(pl: Stanisław mazowiecki; 17 May 1501 – 8 August 1524), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, Zakroczym and Nur during 1503-1524(under regency until 1518) jointly with his brother.He was the eldest son of Konrad III the Red and his third wife Anna, a daughter of Mikolaj Radziwiłł the Old, Voivod of Vilnius and the first Grand Chancellor ofLithuania.LifeAfter the death of their father on 28 October 1503, Stanisław and his younger brother Janusz III inherited his domains but, because they were minors, remained under the regency of their mother.Most ofthe Masovian inheritance (except Czersk, which had already been given to Konrad III as a hereditary fief in 1495) was seriously threatened by the Kingdom of Poland at the time of Konrad III's death, and was notsecured in his sons' hands until 14 March 1504, when by a ruling of King Alexander, the young princes received their whole patrimony as a fief.Stanisław and his brother took the government in 1518, because of theconstant riots of the local nobility. Despite this, Anna Radziwiłł retained the real power in Masovia until her death in 1522. In the same year when they attained their majority, both princes attended the wedding of KingSigismund I the Old to Bona Sforza in Kraków.In 1519, fulfilling their duties as Polish vassals, Stanisław and Janusz III intervened in the Polish-Teutonic War, sending auxiliary troops to the Polish King, and in the winterof 1519-1520 they personally captured several towns in Masuria. At the same time, Stanisław secretly entered into talks with the Teutonic Knights for a ceasefire, which finally took place in December 1520, a fewmonths before a peace treaty ended the war between Poland and the Teutonic Order.In their private lives, both Stanisław and his brother were heavily inclined to drink and women; however, in order to continue hisbloodline, in 1523 Stanisław started negotiations for marriage with Princess Hedwig of Poland, only surviving daughter of King Sigismund I and his first wife, Barbara Zápolya. The wedding never took place; one yearlater, and likely as a result of his dissolute lifestyle, Stanisław died on 8 August 1524. He was buried at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.The sudden death of Stanisław, and that two years later of his younger brotherJanusz III, were considered suspicious at the time. The main suspect was a Płock lady called Katarzyna Radziejowska, who after being seduced and abandoned by both princes, was believed to have poisoned firstly AnnaRadziwiłł, then Stanisław and finally Janusz III in revenge. Declared guilty, she and her supposed accomplice were tied naked to poles and beaten for hours, and finally burned alive. The hurry where the sentence wascarried raised even more suspicion that in fact the real instigator of the crimes was Queen Bona. The controversy was so intense that King Sigismund I, in order to clarify the matter once and for all, ordered aninvestigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 which ruled that the princes \"weren't victims of a human hand, but was the will of the Almighty Lord that caused theirdeaths\".According to Jan Długosz, the real cause of the death of both princes could be an inherited disease of the Masovian princes: tuberculosis.Passage 3:Konrad V KantnerKonrad V Kantner (ca. 1385 – 10 September1439) was a duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1412–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1427 sole ruler over Oleśnica.He was the second son of Konrad III the Old, Duke ofOleśnica, by his wife Judith. Like his one older and three younger brothers, at the baptism he received the name of Konrad, which was characteristic in this branch of the House of Piast. His nickname of Kantner wasderived from the town of Kanth (pl: Kąty Wrocławskie), who was a property of the Oleśnica dukes since 1379.LifeAfter the death of his father in 1412, Konrad V succeeded him in all his lands together with his olderbrother Konrad IV the Older as co-rulers, due to the minority of their younger brothers.In 1416, when all Konrad III's sons attained his majority, Konrad IV renounced to the government on behalf of Konrad V and therest of his brothers. However, because two other brothers (Konrad VI the Dean and Konrad VIII the Younger), also pursued a Church career, the main beneficiaries in the government are two others laic brothers:Konrad V and Konrad VII the White, who in 1431 co-founded in Koźle a Minorites Cloister. In 1434 they purchased the town of Wołczyn to Duke Louis II of Brieg. The co-rulership was maintained until 1427, when wasmade the division of the Duchy: Konrad V retained the main city of Oleśnica.Like his brothers, Konrad V fought against the Hussites. In 1428 they tried unsuccessfully to prevent their depredations in the Duchy ofTroppau. On 4 April 1431 they raided Gliwice, which was occupied by the Hussites and where just held religious discussions in which the Lithuanian prince Sigismund Korybut, a nephew of Vytautas, was involved.Presumably, therefore, undertook the Hussites in 1432 a raid into the Duchy of Oleśnica, which was largely spared from them until then. Konrad V and his brothers, however, managed to defeat them at Ścinawa.Together with his brother Konrad IV, other Piast Dukes and the cities of Wrocław, Świdnica and Nysa was notarized on 13 September 1432 for the Hussites the still occupied cities of Niemcza, Kluczbork and Otmuchówthe amount of 10,000 groschen for damages.Their fight against the Hussites was rewarded by Emperor Sigismund, who, in his capacity as King of Bohemia, in 1434 transfer to them the districts of Psie Pole and Psary.Three years later, in 1437 he confirmed to them the complete investiture of this territories by Escheat, so that upon the death of the childless Konrad VII they could reverted to the Kingdom. Two years later, Konrad Vdied of the plague. The guardianship of his minor sons was taken by his brother Konrad VII.Marriage and issueBy 9 October 1411, Konrad V married Margareta (d. 15 March 1449), whose origins are unknown. They hadfive children:Agnes (b. aft. 1411 – d. Herbst, September 1448), married in 1437 to Kaspar I Schlik, Count of Passaun-Weisskirchen and Imperial Chancellor.Konrad IX the Black (b. ca. 1415 – d. 14 August1471).Konrad X the White (b. 1420 – d. 21 September 1492).Anna (b. ca. 1425? – d. aft. 15 August 1482), married by 1444 to Duke Władysław I of Płock.Margareta (b. by 1430 – d. 10 May 1466), Abbess of Trebnitz(1456).In his will, Konrad V leave the town of Wołów to his wife as her dower, who was ruled by her until her own death. His sons were excluded from the government by their uncle Konrad VII, who maintained his ruleuntil 1450, when they finally deposed him and assumed the full control over the Duchy.Passage 4:Konrad IV the OlderKonrad IV the Elder (Polish: Konrad IV Starszy, German: Konrad von Oels) (c. 1384 – 9 August1447) served as the Duke of Oels (Oleśnica), Koźle, half of Bytom, and half of Ścinawa from 1412 to 1416, sharing the rule with his brothers. After 1416, he became the sole ruler over Kąty, Bierutów, Prudnik, andSyców. In 1417, he assumed the role of Bishop of Wrocław and also held the title of Duke of Nysa.Born to Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica, and his wife Judith, Konrad IV the Elder was the eldest among his siblings.It is worth noting that his four younger brothers also shared the name Konrad; however, historians primarily distinguish them through letters and regnal numbers.LifeChurch careerKonrad IV, despite being the oldestson and having a strong potential to inherit his father's duchy, made the decision to pursue a religious vocation. He quickly advanced within the church hierarchy and by the end of 1399, he assumed the role of cleric inWrocław. Within a year, he was elected as the canon of Wrocław and the provost of Domasław/Domslau, although he did not succeed in this position. Nevertheless, this setback did not deter him, and in 1410 he wasultimately chosen as the canon of Wrocław. From 1411 to 1417, he held the office of provost of the chapter. During this time, Konrad IV devoted himself entirely to his candidacy for the position of Bishop of Warmia,concentrating all his efforts towards this goal. He embarked on a lengthy journey to Rome in pursuit of this appointment, although the endeavor proved unsuccessful. Nonetheless, as compensation, he was awarded amaster's degree and appointed as a papal notary. In 1412, he also assumed the role of Canon of Olomouc.Following the resignation of Duke Wenceslaus II of Legnica, the Bishop of Wrocław, on 17 December 1417, PopeMartin V appointed Konrad IV as the new Bishop of Wrocław. He received his ordination as bishop on 22 January 1418 from John Tylemann, a suffragent of the Kolegiata of St. Nicholas in Otmuchów.Beginning of hisinvolvement in politicsKonrad IV, in addition to his clerical duties, actively participated in politics during his time. In 1402, he joined the newly formed alliance of Silesian princes. In 1409, he supported his fatheralongside King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia during the truce negotiations between Poland and the Teutonic Knights. In 1412, Konrad IV served as a mediator in conflicts involving the Dukes of Opole, King Wenceslaus IV,and the city of Wrocław. Subsequently, in 1416, he, along with his brothers, allied with the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, against the Kingdom of Poland.Following the death ofhis father in 1412, Konrad IV became the Duke of Oleśnica, sharing the rule with his younger brother Konrad V Kantner as co-ruler. In the pursuit of advancing his ecclesiastical career, Konrad IV relinquished most ofhis governance over the duchy in 1416, favoring Konrad V and his other younger brothers. However, he retained control over the several towns within the duchy, including Kąty (Kanth), Bierutów (Bernstadt), Prudnik,and Syców.During his tenure as the ruler of the Diocese of Wrocław and the Duchy of Nysa-Otmuchów, Konrad IV faced the challenges posed by the Hussite Wars, a period marked by significant political upheaval thatgreatly influenced the policies of the duke-bishop.The Hussite WarsIn the early months of 1420, Konrad IV, along with other Silesian princes, convened in the Silesian Sejm in Wrocław and paid homage to EmperorSigismund. Subsequently, he accompanied the emperor to Prague, where Sigismund was crowned King of Bohemia. Konrad IV remained loyal to the House of Luxembourg, even after the loss of the German Kingdom,retaining authority solely over Silesia. He played a role in organizing a campaign against the reigning delinquency in the Silesian lands, which resulted in the occupation of Broumov.Recognizing his contributions, KonradIV was appointed Governor of Silesia by the emperor in 1422, with the official responsibility of organizing the fight against the Hussites.In January 1423, Konrad IV participated in negotiations for a potential alliancebetween Emperor Sigismund and the Teutonic Order against King Władysław II of Poland. The agreement stipulated territorial acquisitions for the Silesian princes in the event of a Polish defeat. However, the treaty wasnot upheld as King Władysław II obtained the emperor's refusal to join the alliance after their meeting in Kežmarok. Following the example of his sovereign, Konrad IV reestablished relations with Poland in April 1424,joining his brother Konrad V in Kalisz.In 1425, Konrad IV led a new crusade against the Hussites, organized by the Kingdom of Bohemia, which ultimately ended in failure.Beginning in 1427, the Hussites retaliatedagainst the allies of Emperor Sigismund through a series of military expeditions. During these campaigns, they ravaged Lusatia, Złotoryja, and Lubań.To counter the Hussite threat, the Silesian princes and several majorcities, including Wrocław and Świdnica, sought mutual aid from the Bishop of Wrocław and offered him leadership of the coalition. The fear of these cities and princes became evident the following year when a Hussitearmy, led by Prokop the Great, invaded Silesia. Most of the princes reached agreements with Prokop, securing the safety of their properties in exchange for a substantial ransom and unhindered passage through theirterritories.Despite the treachery of some princes, Konrad IV chose to fight, supported by a contingent led by Duke Jan of Ziębice. The Battle of Stary Wielisław near Nysa took place on 27 August 1428. The coalitionforces were decisively defeated, resulting in the death of Duke Jan of Ziębice. However, Konrad IV managed to escape.Following the battle, Prokop the Great's army devastated large portions of Lower and Upper Silesia,particularly targeting the possessions of the Bishopric of Wrocław. In search of protection, the duke-bishop forged a closer alliance with Duke Bolko V of Opole, one of the prominent Hussite leaders among the Silesianprinces.In the subsequent years, despite the defeat in 1428, Konrad IV made continued efforts to wage war against the Hussites in Silesia, receiving support from the majority of the Wroclaw nobility.By 1430, a newHussite expedition, bolstered by Polish mercenary Sigismund Korybut, advanced from the northwest. As a result, Konrad IV had to accept the loss of two significant fortresses, Niemcza and Otmuchów, which he wouldonly regain five years later through a purchase from Hussite commanders.Finally, in 1432, the personal domain of Konrad IV, the Duchy of Oleśnica, suffered severe damage as Oleśnica itself was burned, including themonasteries of Lubiąż and Trzebnica.In order to safeguard the church's possessions, Konrad IV decided to revive the Union of Silesian Princes (Związek książąt śląskich) in 1433, once again assuming the position of itsleader.Civil war in SilesiaIn 1437, Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, died, triggering a civil war in Bohemia and Silesia. Before his death, Sigismund designated his son-in-law, Albert V ofHabsburg, as his successor in all his possessions. However, a faction of the electors opted to choose Casimir, the younger brother of the King of Poland, as their preferred candidate.Standing alongside Albert V, KonradIV played a pivotal role in the decisive battle that ensued in 1438. The Polish army attempted to rally the Silesian princes to acknowledge Casimir as the King of Bohemia through a swift attack. Nevertheless, theduke-bishop, along with his brother Konrad V, convinced the Polish troops to retreat. This retreat was primarily influenced by the unexpected arrival of the formidable Austrian army.The relative tranquility experiencedin Silesia was short-lived, lasting less than two years. In 1440, another double election for the King of Bohemia took place. This time, the contenders were Władysław, the posthumous son of Albert V, and Władysław III,the King of Poland and Hungary. The situation became significantly more complex as both candidates garnered substantial support. Notably, Konrad IV remained loyal to the Habsburg cause, while his younger brother,Konrad VII the White, sided with the Polish king.The ensuing protracted conflict ravaged the Silesian lands further, exacerbated by a new Hussite expedition in 1444.Financial difficulties and the dispute with the chapter,deathKonrad IV's extensive involvement in political affairs and prolonged wars had a significant impact on the bishopric, leading to a substantial debt of 8,500 Hungarian guilders at the time of his death. This financialburden posed a challenging situation for his successors.One notable aspect of Konrad IV's financial activities was his encouragement of Pope Eugene IV to condemn simony in Basel. This prompted the chapter toinvestigate the matter, revealing that Konrad IV had amassed considerable sums of money from both Western and Orthodox churches within the diocese. As a result, on 1 August 1444, the chapter formally decided todepose the duke-bishop, citing his substantial personal debts and the lack of funds to maintain his court. However, Pope Eugene IV declined to endorse this decision and, through the Bull issued on 21 July 1445, orderedKonrad IV's reinstatement as bishop.It was not until 1446, under pressure from the military forces of the duke-bishop, that a final reconciliation took place between Konrad IV and the chapter. This reconciliation allowedhim to implement diocesan statutes that aimed to reform the ecclesiastical life of Wrocław.Konrad IV died on the evening of 9 August 1447, in Jelcz. He was buried in the Wrocław Cathedral.Passage 5:Konrad VII theWhiteKonrad VII the White (aft. 1396 – 14 February 1452) was a Duke of Oels / Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1416–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), sole Duke of Koźle and half ofBytom during 1427–1450, Duke of Oleśnica during 1421–1450 (until 1439 with his brother as co-ruler) and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa during 1447–1450.He was the fourth son of Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica,by his wife Judith. Like his three older and one younger brothers, at the baptism he received the name of Konrad, which was characteristic in this branch of the House of Piast.LifeAt a young age, he fought in the famousBattle of Grunwald (1410) on the side of the Teutonic Order and was taken captive by the Polish, but was soon released.Konrad VII began his rule over the family lands only in 1416, when all his brother (including him)attained his majority. The older brother, Konrad IV renounced in favor of his brothers the government over the Duchy. Konrad VII and his brothers remained as co-rulers until 1427, when a second division of the Duchywas made: Kornad VII obtained Koźle and half of Bytom.After the death of his brother Konrad V Kantner in 1439, Konrad VII obtain Oleśnica, this time as a regent on behalf of his nephews, Konrad V's sons, who wereeffectively excluded from the government. After the death of Konrad VIII the Younger (5 September 1444), Konrad VII inherited half of Ścinawa; three years later (9 August 1447), Konrad VII also inherited Kątach(Kanth) and Bierutów after Konrad IV's death.In 1449 he obtain Wołów after the death of his sister-in-law Margareta (widow of Konrad V), who ruled this land as her dower; however, one year later, in 1450, he wasfinally deposed by the sons of Konrad V. He died two years later.MarriagesBy 2 February 1437 Konrad VII married firstly Katharina (d. bef. 20 Jun 1449), whose origins are unknown. They had no children.By 7 March1450 Konrad VII remarried. According to some sources the name of his second wife is unknown, and others stated that she was Dorothea (d. aft. 16 July 1450), daughter of Janusz the Younger, eldest son and heir ofDuke Janusz I of Warsaw. Like his first marriage, this union was also childless.Passage 6:Konrad VI the DeanKonrad VI the Dean (Polish: Konrad VI Dziekan) (ca. 1391 – 3 September 1427) was a Duke of Oleśnica,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_286","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC LokomotivNizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Roshan Lal VermaRoshan Lal Verma is an Indian politician and a member of the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in India. Herepresents the Tilhar constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Samajwadi Party.Early life and educationRoshan Lal Verma was born in Shahjahanpur district. He attended the Adarsh School and is educatedtill eighth grade.Political careerRoshan Lal Verma has been a MLA for three term. He represented the Tilhar constituency and was a member of the  political party, Bahujan Samaj Party. Later he joined Bhartiya JantaParty until 2021.In 2022 he joined Samajwadi Party.Members of Legislative AssemblyHe was elected in 2007 as  Member, 15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. And re-elected in 2012 for 16th LegislativeAssembly of Uttar Pradesh and again in 2017 as Member, 17th Legislative AssemblyElectoral performanceSee alsoTilhar (Assembly constituency)Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh LegislativeAssemblyPassage 3:Vrindavan Lal VermaVrindavan Lal verma (9 January 1889 – 23 February 1969) was a Hindi novelist and playwright. He was honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works; Agra Universitypresented him with honorary D. Lit. He received Soviet Land Nehru Award and the government India also awarded him for his novel, Jhansi Ki Rani.Life and careerHe was drawn toward mythological and historicalnarratives from early childhood. His masterpiece, Mriganayani, set at the end of the 15th century in Gwalior, tells the legend of Man Singh Tomar and his \"doe-eyed queen\" Mrignayani.His historical novels areGadhKundar (1927)Virata ki Padmini (1930)Musahibju (1943)Jhansi ki Rani (1946)Kachnar (1947)Madavji Sindhia (1949)Tute Kante (1949)Mriganayani (1950)Bhuvan Vikram (1954)Ahilya Bai (1955)RaniDurgavatiLalitadityaVarma's social novels includeSangam (1928)Lagan (1929)Pratyagat (1929)Kundali Chakra (1932)Prem ki Bheni (1939)Kabhi na Kabhi (1945)Achal Mera Koyi (1947)Rakhi ki Laj (1947)Sona(1947)Amar Bel (1952).His plays include an adaptation of his novel, Jhansi ki Rani, Hans Mayur (1950), Bans ki Phans (1950), Pile Hath (1950), Purva ki Aur (1951), Kevat (1951), Nilkanth (1951), Mangal Sutra(1952), Birbal (1953), and Lalit Vikram (1953).Varma wrote short stories also which have been published in seven volumes. His autobiography Apni Kahani has also been applauded.Passage 4:Manikya LalVermaManikya Lal Verma (Born on 4 December 1897 in a Mathur kayastha family) was a member of Constituent Assembly of India in 1949. He was prime minister of Rajasthan, India before full formation of the state.He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1957 from Chittorgarh and in 1952 from Tonk. He was recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1965.He played pivotal role in Bijolia movement, a farmers agitation raised between 1919 and 1923in Bhilwara. He remained in prison for several years being a freedom fighter.  Verma was an untiring social activist. He played a vital role in promoting education among Tribes, other backward classes and women insouthern Rajasthan.  He founded Vimukt Janjaati sangh to promote social conditions of notified castes. This organisation established several hostels for notified caste students in Rajasthan. In Western border district'sSimant (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) Chatrawas were established on his initiative.He died on 14 January 1969. His wife Smt. Narayni Devi was a member of Rajya Sabha and son Deen Bandhu Verma was a member of Loksabha fromUdaipur constituency. His son in law Shiv Charan Mathur was also Chief Minister of Rajasthan for two terms.The Manikya Lal Verma Textile and Engineering College was named after him. A huge garden at bank ofPichola lake, Udaipur is also named behind him.Other details as per loksabha.nic.in ...Social and Political worker; Secretary, Vidya Pracharini Sabha, Bijolia (1916); Organised Peasant Satyagraha against taxes andforced labour in 1918; Imprisoned in 1919, also 1923, thrice in 1927 and again in 1931; Interned at Kumbhalgarh in 1932-33 and expelled from Udaipur State in 1938 for establishing 'Praja Mandal' and conductingSatyagraha against the State and imprisoned again for one year, 1939; Participated in 'Quit India Movement'; Chairman of Reception Committee, All India States' People's Conference, 1945; Chief Minister of Rajasthan,1948–49; President, Rajasthan State Congress Committee, 1951; Member, All India Congress Working Committee, 1952–54; President, Rajasthan Bhil Seva Mandal Vimukta Jati Sevak Sangh, 1954–55; Convener, AllIndia Gadia Luhar Sammelan and Bharat Sevak Samaj, 1955–56; President, Gadiya Lohar Sewak Sangh, 1956–62, Rajasthan Adim Jati Sevak Sangh, 1957–62; Rajasthan Van Shramik Sahakari Sangh, 1959–62;Member, Constituent Assembly, 1947–50; Provisional Parliament, 1950–52; First Lok Sabha, 1952—57 and Second Lok Sabha, 1957–62.Social activities:  Organised Harijan Ashram at Nareli in Ajmer Merwara, 1934;Did constructive work among Bhils and Meenas of Rajasthan at Village Khadlai, Dungarpur State in August, 1934; Established Akal Pidit Seva Sangh, Mewar, 1940; Established Harijan Sevak Sangh and Bhil Seva Sanghin Udaipur; Established Mahila Ashram, Bhilwara, 1944; Established Rajasthan Kalbeliya Seva Sangh.Special interests:  Improvement of agriculture on modern lines; Establishment of Socialistic Society on thecooperative principles; Established three Tribes colony in Udaipur and Kota District and settled Gadia Lohars in Jodhpur, Nagor, Bikaner, Ajmer, Pali District and Banjaras in Bhilwara District, Kalbeliyas in UdaipurDistrict.Passage 5:Kerem İnanKerem İnan (born 25 March 1980) is a Turkish professional football goalkeeper who plays for Erokspor.Career statisticsAs of 20 August 2010HonoursGalatasarayTurkish League: 2(1999–00, 2001–02)Turkish Cup: 2 (1998–99, 1999–00) UEFA Cup: 1 (1999–00)UEFA Super Cup: 1 (2000)Passage 6:Jhunnilal VermaJhunnilal Verma (also Jhunni Lal Verma or J. L. Verma) was an Indian lawyer andpolitician from Madhya Pradesh. He was freedom fighter from Bundelkhand Damoh region.In December 1933, Verma was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council of the Central Provinces and Berar, to fill thevacancy caused by the death of G. S. Singhai. He represented the Damoh district non-Muhammadan rural constituency. He was still a member in 1936.During establishment of Saugor University he was in the team withDr. Hari Singh Gour and also the founder of Damoh Degree College. J. L. Verma Law College, the law school affiliated with Dr. Hari Singh Gour University was named in his honor.  He wrote two books Bharat Darshanand Karm Sanyasi Krishna.External linksJhunni Lal Verma, author profile at Rajkamal PrakashanPassage 7:Roman SmishkoRoman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professionalfootballer who played as a goalkeeper.He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko.CareerHe played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels.In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he setthe league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after EdwinVan der Sar's 1,311 minutes.Passage 8:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of LazarZličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16thfixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal.Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, invictory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 9:Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)Dmitri NikolayevichVarfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player.He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev.HonoursZhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier Leaguechampion: 2001Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001Passage 10:Baboo Lal VermaBaboo Lal Verma as an Indian politician. He is a Cabinet Minister of Food & Civil Supply, Consumer Affairs in Government of Rajasthan and MLAin Keshoraipatan constituency Bundi district from Rajasthan."}
{"doc_id":"doc_287","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, onthe west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tombwas discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth,meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 2:ThadThad is a masculine given name, often a short form(hypocorism) of Thaddeus. It may refer to:Thad Allen (born 1949), United States Coast Guard admiralThad Altman (born 1955), American politicianThad Balkman (born 1971), American politician, lawyer, andjudgeThaddeus Thad Bingel, American educator and political consultantThaddis Thad Bosley (born 1956), American baseball playerThaddeus Thad F. Brown (1902–1970), American police chiefThad Busby (born 1974),American football playerThaddeus Thad Carhart (born 1950), American writerThad Castle, character in the TV series Blue Mountain StateWilliam Thad Cochran (1937–2019), United States Senator from MississippiThadCockrell, American singer-songwriterThaddeus Thad A. Eure (1899–1993), American politicianThad McIntosh Guyer (born 1950), American lawyerThad Heartfield (1940–2022), American lawyer and federaljudgeThaddeus Thad Hutcheson (1915–1986), American attorney and politicianThad J. Jakubowski (1924–2013), American Roman Catholic bishopThad Jaracz (born 1946), American basketball playerThaddeus ThadJones (1923–1986), American jazz trumpeter and bandleaderThad Krasnesky (fl. 2000s–2020s), American children's authorThad Levine (born 1971), American baseball executiveThaddeus Thad Lewis (born 1987),American football playerThaddeus Thad Luckinbill (born 1975), American actor and film producerThad Matta (born 1967), American men's basketball coachThad McArthur (born 1928), American Olympic modernpentathleteThad McClammy (1942–2021), American politicianThaddus Thad McFadden (American football) (born 1962), American football playerThaddus Thad McFadden (basketball) (born 1987), American basketballplayerThaddeus Thad Moffitt (born 2000), American racing driverThaddeus Thad Mumford (1951–2018), American television writer and producerThaddeus Thad Spencer (1943–2013), American heavyweight boxerThadStarner (fl. 1980s–2010s), American computer scientistThaddeus Thad Stem Jr. (1916–1980), American author and poetThaddeus Stevens (1792–1868), United States Representative from PennsylvaniaRobertThaddeus R. Thad Taylor (1925–2006), American theatre directorThaddeus Thad Tillotson (1940–2012), American baseball pitcherThad Vann (1907–1982), American football player and coachThad Viers (born 1978),American politicianThad Vreeland Jr. (1924–2010), American materials scientistThad Weber (born 1984), American baseball pitcherPassage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay byDavid Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With ReginaldDenny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location bylooking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylorand Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Passalbum)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song byRosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Lydia Hamilton SmithLydia Hamilton Smith (February 14, 1813 – February 14, 1884) was the long-time housekeeper of Thaddeus Stevens and aprominent black businesswoman after his death.Early lifeLydia Hamilton was born at Russell Tavern near Gettysburg in Adams County, Pennsylvania, US. She \"was the widow of a Gettysburg Negro barber [JacobSmith-died 1852], by whom she had two children.\" Her mother was a free mulatto woman of European and African descent, and her father was Irish.Career with StevensSeparated from her husband, Smith moved toLancaster with her mother and sons in 1847 and accepted a position as housekeeper to prominent lawyer and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens, who had moved from Gettysburg five years earlier but practiced law and hadbusiness interests in several counties in the Susquehanna River basin. Stevens was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives the following year, and Smith continued to keep the bachelor's house (including hishouse in Washington, D.C.) until Stevens died in 1868.Smith was described as \"giving great attention to her appearance,\" and in later years she had her clothes made to resemble those of Mary Lincoln. Carl Sandburgdescribed Smith as \"a comely quadroon with Caucasian features and a skin of light-gold tint, a Roman Catholic communicant with Irish eyes ... quiet, discreet, retiring, reputed for poise and personal dignity.\"Smith hadtwo sons, William and Isaac, by her late husband, Jacob Smith. She and Stevens also raised the latter's nephews, whom he adopted in the 1840s.  On April 2, 1861, Smith's older son, William Smith, fatally shot himselfwhile handling a pistol at Stevens's home, as his mother watched. William Smith was 26 years old and worked as a shoemaker in Lancaster. Her other son, Isaac Smith, a banjo player and barber, enlisted in the 6thUnited States Colored Infantry Regiment in 1863 and served in Virginia.No evidence exists as to the exact nature of the relationship between Stevens and Smith. In the one brief surviving letter from Stevens to her, headdresses her as \"Mrs. Smith,\" unusual deference to an African-American servant in that era. Family members also asked Stevens to be remembered to \"Mrs. Smith.\" Nonetheless, during her time with Stevens,neighbors considered her his common-law wife. Smith not only handled social functions for the politician, she also mingled with Stevens's guests, who were instructed to address her as \"Madame\" or \"Mrs. Smith.\"Opposition newspapers (for Stevens's views concerning racial equality were quite controversial) claimed she was frequently called \"Mrs. Stevens\" by people who knew her.Smith was at Stevens's bedside when he died inWashington, D.C. on August 11, 1868, along with his friend Simon Stevens and surviving nephew (Thaddeus Stevens Jr.), two African-American nuns, and several other people. Under Stevens's will, Smith was allowedto choose between a lump sum of $5,000 or a $500 annual allowance; she was also allowed to take any furniture in his house. With the inheritance, Smith purchased Stevens' house and the adjoininglot.BusinesswomanStevens and Smith were active in the Underground Railroad, which led to the burning of his ironworks, Caledonia Furnace, during the Civil War. Recent excavation of their house in Lancasterunearthed a cistern with a passageway to a nearby tavern, as well as a spittoon inside, which some historians think was used to shelter escaping slaves. Smith bought her house in Lancaster next to Stevens's house in1860. During and after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Smith hired a horse and wagon, and collected food and supplies for the wounded of both sides from neighbors in Adams, York and Lancaster counties anddelivered them to the makeshift hospitals. After Stevens's death in 1868, in addition to buying his house in Lancaster, Smith operated a prosperous boarding house across from the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., aswell as invested in real estate and other business ventures.Death and legacyLydia Hamilton Smith died in Washington on her 71st birthday in 1884 and, per her wishes, was buried in St. Mary's Catholic cemetery inLancaster, although she also left money for the continued upkeep of Stevens's grave at the Shreiner-Concord cemetery.In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln, Smith was portrayed by actress S. EpathaMerkerson.Notes and referencesFurther readingCarlson, Peter. \"Lincoln's Feisty Foil.\" American History, vol. 48, no. 1 (Apr. 2013), pp. 50–55.Delle, James A., and Mary Ann Levine.  \"Archaeology, Intangible Heritage,and the Negotiation of Urban Identity in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.\" Historical Archaeology, vol. 45, no. 1 (2011), pp. 51–66Passage 5:Thaddeus P. MottThaddeus Phelps Mott (December 7, 1831 – November 23, 1894)was an American adventurer, sailor and soldier of fortune. A former Union Army officer during American Civil War, he also took part in wars in Mexico, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. He was primarily responsible forrecruiting former Union and Confederate soldiers for service in the Egyptian Army, in which he held the rank of major general, and was the first officer to take service with the Khedive Isma'il Pasha as his aide-de-campin 1870. At the time of his death, he was also the last surviving son of the eminent surgeon Valentine Mott.BiographyEarly life and military careerMott was born in New York City, New York, the son of Dr. Valentine Mott(1785–1865) and Louisa Dunmore Munn. He was one of nine children born to the couple. Little is known of his early life except that, as a child, he \"developed a spirit of adventure\". He was a natural linguist and waseducated at New York University where his father was emeritus professor of surgery.At age 17, he left the country to fight in revolutionary Italy, commissioned as a second lieutenant, serving under Giuseppe Garibaldi.Suffering from ill health following his Italian service, mostly due to exposure and privation, Mott subsequently served as a shipmate on various clipper ships during the next several years. He initially signed on to theHornet bound for California, then as a third mate on the Hurricane in 1851, a second mate on the St. Denis in 1852 and the mate of the St. Nicholas in 1854. He returned to California a year later and spent 1856–57 inthe Mexican Army under General Ignacio Comonfort prior to and during the Reform War. In 1858, he married Emily Josephine Daunton and had two children with her, Marie Louise and Valentine Mott.Return to theUnited States and the American Civil WarHe eventually returned to the United States and enlisted in the Union Army shortly before the American Civil War where he was assigned as captain of artillery at the ChainBridge fortification in Washington, D.C. He initially served as captain of the 3rd Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery, which was active on the upper Potomac during the first year of the war. Mott and the3rd New York Artillery saw action during the Seven Days Battles fought for five consecutive hours defeating each Confederate force put against them though sustaining heavy casualties. All the officers from the batterywere promoted from the ranks. Mott resigned as battery commander to accept a commission to the 19th Infantry Regiment but briefly returned in September 1862 to lead the regiment at Lewinsville, Virginia in battlewith the famed Washington Battery and forced them to retreat.A year later, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel of cavalry, and then reassigned to the 14th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. Mottwas one of the organizers of the regiment which mustered in on Rikers Island as part of a volunteer brigade sponsored by the New York Metropolitan Police. He led the regiment during the New York Draft Riots later thatyear. On the third day of the riots, in what would be the first major engagement of the day, Mott was dispatched along with units commanded by Captain John H. Howell and General Charles C. Dodge to confront riotersreportedly gathering at Thirty-Second Street and Eighth Avenue. With orders to confront and disperse the mob, Mott led a troop of cavalry and a battery of howitzers supporting General Dodge and the 8th New YorkVolunteer Infantry Regiment. Upon reaching Eighth Avenue, the soldiers discovered three African-Americans hanging to lamp posts \"while a gang of ferocious women crowded about the dangling bodies, slashing themwith knives as a mob of men estimated at more than five thousand yelled and cheered\". The crowd fell back as the soldiers advanced and Mott charged forward on his horse to cut one of the men down from the lamppost. As he was doing so, a rioter attempted to drag Mott off his horse and Mott was forced to kill him with his cavalry sabre.Almost immediately after returning to his command, Mott and his men were assaulted bybricks and stones hurled by the rioters, followed by \"a brisk fire from muskets and pistols\". The mob charged down the street. Believing they intended to capture the regiment's guns, Mott ordered Captain Howell tobring two howitzers into position in Seventh Avenue and prepare to sweep Thirty-Second Street with artillery fire. Mott led his men against the rioters; the cavalry and infantry units charged with sabre and bayonet andmanaged to drive the mob back to Eighth Avenue. The rioters returned, however, when the soldiers withdrew to protect the artillerymen. Howell shouted to the rioters to surrender. The crowd's jeers and tauntsprompted Howell to give the order to fire. The howitzers, loaded with grape and canister shot, ripped through the tightly packed mob and inflicted heavy casualties. The crowd withstood six rounds before scattering andmoving northward. The soldiers were broken up into small groups to clear the side streets and cut down the men hanging from the lamp posts before returning to their headquarters on Mulberry Street. A half-an-hourafter the soldiers left, the rioters returned to carry away their dead and wounded, and \"again strung up the Negros\". The bodies would remain there until an NYPD squad under Captain Samuel Brower could safelyremove them from the site. Afterwards, Mott was transferred to the Department of the Gulf where he was chief of outposts before finally resigning his commission in 1864.Service to the Ottoman EmpireMott remainedin the United States for several years after the war. While in New York, he was a member of both the Freemasons' Holland Lodge No. 8 and Jerusalem Chapter No. 8, R.A.M. In 1867, he was nominated to replaceGeneral Lawrence as U.S. Minister to Costa Rica but declined the offer. A year later, he travelled to Turkey to join the Ottoman Army and then on to Cairo where he was appointed a major general or \"ferik-pacha\". Thatsame year, he was named Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Madjidieh by Sultan Abdülaziz I. He also became a member of the \"Conseal de Guerre\" and saw plenty of service in the Balkans during the next fewyears.In early-1869, Mott was contacted by the then Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha to enlist his help in recruiting American officers to reorganize Egypt's military forces. Being subordinate to the Ottoman Empire, andthus without official diplomatic representation, Isma'il was not able to request assistance directly from the U.S. Government and instead had to rely on independent agents. Mott was an ideal candidate given hismercenary background and family connections to the Ottomans. His father, Valentine Mott, had been personal physician to Sultan Mehmed II and one of his sisters was married to the Ottoman ambassador to the UnitedStates, Blacque Bey. Generals Charles Pomeroy Stone, Henry H. Sibley and William W. Loring, all recommended by General William T. Sherman, accompanied Mott to Egypt later that year. Many of the men recruited byMott had fought on one side or the other during the Civil War, were graduates from West Point and Annapolis Naval Academy and helped rebuild both the Egyptian army and navy. Mott and others also commandedtroops in exploration missions not only to improve the overall Egyptian military establishment but also to increase knowledge of Egypt's geography.In 1870, Mott was made the first aide-de-camp to the Isma'il Pasha.Two years later, he also became a Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Osmanieh. He remained in Egyptian service until his contract expired four years later. Declining to renew it, Mott instead turned overcommand to Charles Stone and returned to Turkey to take part in the wars between Serbia, the Russian and Ottoman Empires. He later distinguished himself during the Battle of Shipka Pass.Retirement and lateryearsIn September 1876, he visited Paris to consult a French physician regarding a chronic ailment. He was forced to retire from military service for health reasons three years later. Prior to his retirement, he wasawarded the war medal of the \"Croissant Rouge\" which, at the time, had been awarded to only 18 men including the Sultan himself. He settled in Toulon to work as an American consular agent and continued to livethere with his family for over ten years until his death on November 23, 1894. He was the last surviving son of the Mott family. Mott's military career in Egypt, as well as those of other American officers, was featured inReal Soldiers of Fortune (1906) by Richard Harding Davis.Passage 6:Valentine MottValentine Mott (August 20, 1785 – April 26, 1865) was an American surgeon.LifeValentine Mott was born at Glen Cove, New York. Hegraduated at Columbia College, studied under Sir Astley Cooper in London, and also spent a winter in Edinburgh. After acting as demonstrator of anatomy he was appointed professor of surgery in Columbia College in1809. From 1811 to 1834 he was in very extensive practice as a surgeon, and most successful as a teacher and operator.He tied the innominate artery in 1818; the patient lived twenty-six days. He performed a similaroperation on the carotid for the first time in the USA on 20 Sept 1829 before going on to carry out this operation forty-six times with good results; and in 1827 he was also successful in the case of the common iliac. Heis said to have performed one thousand amputations and one hundred and sixty-five lithotomies.After spending seven years in Europe (1834-1841) Mott returned to New York where he was on the founding faculty ofthe university medical college of New York, now New York University School of Medicine. He translated AALM Velpeau's Operative Surgery, and was foreign associate of the Imperial Academy of Medicine of Paris.Acollection of his correspondence is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.FamilyIn 1849, the same year he was elected President of the New York Academy of Medicine, Mott and his wife, theformer Louisa Dunmore Munn, moved to a four-story Italianate brownstone mansion at #1 Gramercy Park West with their large family. The couple had 9 children: 6 sons, including Alexander Brown Mott (1826–1889),Valentine Mott, Jr. (1822–1854), and Thaddeus P. Mott; and 3 daughters, including Louisa Dunmore Mott, who in 1842 married the surgeon William Holme Van Buren. A son of Alexander B. Mott, the surgeon Dr.Valentine Mott (1852–1918) studied under Louis Pasteur in Paris and was the first to introduce rabies vaccine into the U.S.Upon his death in 1865, Mott was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, NewYork.Passage 7:Anthony Ellmaker RobertsAnthony Ellmaker Roberts (October 29, 1803 – January 23, 1885), was an American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from 1855 to 1859, anabolitionist and close associate of Thaddeus Stevens.Early lifeAnthony Ellmaker Roberts was born near Barneston Station in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was the son of John Roberts and Mary Ellmaker. His familymoved to Lancaster County in 1804. Growing up, Roberts received the limited education available from the local common school. In 1816, at the age of thirteen, Roberts began working for his uncle Isaac Ellmaker as aclerk in Isaac's country store in New Holland; at the age of twenty, Anthony received a share in the ownership of the store, and continued in the business until 1839.Early political careerOn October 8, 1839, Roberts was"}
{"doc_id":"doc_288","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Sun LuyuSun Luyu (died August or September 255), courtesy name Xiaohu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (\u0000\u0000\u0000/\u0000\u0000) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.LifeSun Luyu was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She had an elder sister, Sun Luban. The sisters' courtesy names, Xiaohu (\u0000\u0000) and Dahu (\u0000\u0000), respectively mean \"small tiger\" and \"big tiger\". Sun Luyu initially married Zhu Ju, a general who briefly served as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu. She and Zhu Ju had a daughter, who married Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, who was also a half-brother of Sun Luyu.In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the position of Crown Prince. The power struggle had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects; two opposing factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, emerged from among them. During this time, Sun Luyu's husband Zhu Ju supported Sun He, while Sun Luyu's sister Sun Luban and her husband Quan Cong sided with Sun Ba. When Sun Luban tried to get Sun Luyu to support Sun Ba, Sun Luyu refused and became estranged from her sister as a result.In 250, the power struggle came to an end when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince. Many of the officials involved in the power struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office. Sun Luyu's husband, Zhu Ju, was demoted and reassigned to a new post in Xindu Commandery (\u0000\u0000\u0000; around present-day Chun'an County, Zhejiang). While Zhu Ju was en route to Xindu Commandery, Sun Hong (\u0000\u0000) , one of Sun Ba's supporters, took advantage of Sun Quan's poor health to issue a fake imperial decree ordering Zhu Ju to commit suicide. Zhu Ju thought that the decree was genuine so he killed himself as ordered. The general Liu Zuan (\u0000\u0000) had previously married Sun Quan's second daughter (a half-sister of Sun Luban and Sun Luyu), but she died early, so Sun Quan arranged for him to marry the widowed Sun Luyu.In August or September 255 during Sun Liang's reign, Sun Yi (\u0000\u0000) and others plotted to overthrow the regent Sun Jun, but were discovered and executed before they could carry out their plan. Sun Luban, who had a secret affair with Sun Jun after her husband Quan Cong died in 249, seized the opportunity to falsely accuse her estranged sister Sun Luyu of being involved in the plot. Sun Jun believed Sun Luban and had Sun Luyu arrested and executed. She was buried at Shizigang (\u0000\u0000\u0000; literally \"stones hill\"), a hill in present-day Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu.Postmortem eventsAfter Sun Jun died in 256, his cousin Sun Chen succeeded him as the regent for the Wu emperor Sun Liang. Sometime between 256 and 258, Sun Liang suspected that Sun Luban had something to do with Sun Luyu's death, so he summoned his half-sister and questioned her. A fearful Sun Luban lied to him, \"I really don't know. I heard it from Zhu Ju's sons, Zhu Xiong (\u0000\u0000) and Zhu Sun (\u0000\u0000).\" Sun Liang thought that Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun betrayed Sun Luyu to Sun Jun – especially since Zhu Sun married Sun Jun's younger sister – so he ordered Ding Feng to execute Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun.In 258, Sun Chen deposed Sun Liang and replaced him with Sun Xiu, Sun Quan's sixth son, as the third emperor of Wu. Sun Xiu's wife, Lady Zhu, was the daughter of Zhu Ju and Sun Luyu. On 18 January 259, Sun Xiu staged a coup d'état against the regent Sun Chen, succeeded in ousting him from power, and ordered Sun Chen and his entire family to be executed. Sun Xiu also had Sun Jun's dead body unearthed and stripped of the honours accorded to him, and posthumously rehabilitated the people who were executed during Sun Jun and Sun Chen's regencies. Sun Luyu was one of them.Sometime between 6 November and 5 December 264, Sun Hao, the fourth emperor of Wu, ordered Sun Luyu's remains to be unearthed and reburied with honours befitting her status as a princess. The Soushen Ji recorded an account as follows: [Sun Hao] wanted to have [Sun Luyu]'s remains unearthed and properly reburied, but the graves all looked the same and he could not tell which was hers. Some palace servants claimed they could remember the clothes she wore when she died, so [Sun Hao] ordered two shamans to separately summon her spirit and observe closely. After some time, the shamans saw a woman in her 30s dressed in purple and white, wearing a blue patterned headpiece and red silk shoes. She walked up the hill to the middle, placed her hands on her knees and sighed, and stopped there for a while before walking towards a grave. She wandered around the grave and disappeared suddenly. The descriptions given separately by the two shamans were very similar. When her coffin was opened, they saw that her appearance was exactly as described.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun QuanNotesPassage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShaiba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning ' the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was ' Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 3:Sun Huan (Jiming)Sun Huan (194-234), courtesy name Jiming, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the fourth son of Sun Jing, uncle of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and a younger brother of Sun Jiao (\u0000\u0000).LifeBorn in the county of Wu, he was raised to be a soldier for the glory of the Sun family. In 212, his elder brother Jiao was promoted to general and left in charge of Xiakou in Jiangxia, replacing the general Cheng Pu (\u0000\u0000) who had organised the defences of this territory after it was transferred to Liu Bei, two years earlier. Sun Huan entered military service serving under his elder brother Jiao for several years. In 219, Jiao died and he inherited the command of Jiao's men. He was then named General of the Household and acted as Administrator of Jiangxia.  He was tasked with protecting the contested border with Wei. He distinguished himself against Shu in the battle of Yiling under Lu Xun in 222. In 226, despite Sun Quan's unsuccessful campaign to seize northern Jiangxia, he captured three Wei generals at Shiyang and was then enfeoffed for his achievements.He died in 234 and was well remembered by the people of Wu, who praised him for his contributions to promoting scholarship in Jiangxia.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun Jing (Youtai)NotesPassage 4:Sun QuanSun Quan (pronunciation , Chinese: \u0000\u0000) (182 – 21 May 252), courtesy name Zhongmou (\u0000\u0000), posthumously known as Emperor Da of Wu, was the founder of the Eastern Wu dynasty, one of the Three Kingdoms of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother, Sun Ce, in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from November 222 to May 229 as the King of Wu and from May 229 to May 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Sun Quan was much younger than they were and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country.Sun Quan was born while his father Sun Jian served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze River, until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the Jiangdong region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong (\u0000\u0000) in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong (\u0000\u0000), and Cheng Pu (\u0000\u0000) supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the middle Yangtze. Huang Zu was killed in battle.In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su, opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs.In late 220, Cao Pi, King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China, ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the Han dynasty. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Wei capital Luoyang and he refused. In November 222, he declared himself independent by changing his era name. It was not until May 229 that he formally declared himself emperor.After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When Sun He succeeded Sun Deng as the new crown prince, he was supported by Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke, while his rival Sun Ba (\u0000\u0000) was supported by Quan Cong (\u0000\u0000) and Bu Zhi and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan "}
{"doc_id":"doc_289","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Christopher LawfordChristopher Kennedy Lawford (March 29, 1955 – September 4, 2018) was an American author, actor, and activist. He was a member of the prominent Kennedy family, and son of Englishactor Peter Lawford and Patricia \"Pat\" Kennedy Lawford, who was a sister of President John F. Kennedy.  He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from Boston College in 1983. Helater earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University and was a lecturer on drug addiction.After struggling with addiction for 17 years, he became an actor, performing in several movies andtelevision shows for over 20 years.  He wrote several books, based on his own experience, about addiction and recovery.  He also traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years,and was a public health campaigner, working with organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), and for the U.S. federal government.Early life and educationLawford was born onMarch 29, 1955, at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California .  He was named for Saint Christopher and because his mother liked the name.: p. 1   He was the eldest child and only son of actor and \"RatPack\" member Peter Lawford (1923–1984) and Patricia \"Pat\" Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006), who was President John F. Kennedy's sister. His three younger sisters were Sydney Lawford McKelvy (born 1956), VictoriaPender (born 1958), and Robin Lawford (born 1961).  Lawford described himself as a \"second-string Kennedy\" because he did not get as much attention as his cousins.  His parents divorced in 1966; Patricia Lawfordmoved from California to New York City with her son and daughters.Before his parents' divorce, Lawford attended St. Martin of Tours Elementary School in Los Angeles, where at the age of 8, he was informed about hisuncle John F. Kennedy's assassination.  After moving to New York City with his mother, he attended the Middlesex School, a prep school in Concord, Massachusetts. He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 andearned a J.D. degree from Boston College Law School in 1983.  He later earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University, and lectured on drug addiction at Harvard, Columbia University, andother colleges.Drug and legal issuesIn 1969, the year after his uncle Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, when Lawford was 14, he was introduced to LSD by his peers at school.: p. 110   He was addicted to alcohol,cocaine, uppers, downers, and \"any other drugs he could buy\" for the next 17 years.  During that time, he was \"in and out of hospitals and arrested three times\", including in 1980,  for impersonating a doctor in Aspen,Colorado in order to purchase prescription medication. The charges were later dropped when Lawford completed his probation.  In 2000, Lawford was diagnosed with hepatitis C, which he contracted due to his years ofdrug use.Lawford briefly attended Fordham Law School, but dropped out after a few months due to his dependency on heroin.  In April 1984, the same year his father Peter Lawford died at the age of 61, after years ofalcohol and drug abuse, Lawford's cousin and best friend David Kennedy, and third oldest son of Robert Kennedy, who also battled substance abuse issues, died of a drug overdose at the age of 28. David's deathprompted Lawford to seek professional help for his issues.  In 1986, at the age of 30, Lawford entered rehab and got treatment for his drug addiction, and remained clean and sober until his death in2018.CareerActingLawford chose to become, like his father, an actor in the mid-1980s, after realizing that a law career would not suit him.  He performed in commercials in Boston for two years, and then he and hiswife moved to Southern California in 1988 so that he could pursue an acting career.  He worked in film and television for over 20 years.  His acting credits included the sitcom Frasier and the drama The O.C. .  In 2003,he had a brief stint on the soap opera General Hospital, but was best known for playing Philip “Charlie” Brent, Jr. on All My Children from 1992 to 1995.Lawford had small roles in films such as The Russia House, a 1990spy thriller co-starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Sean Connery, and the 1991 rock-music film The Doors, which was directed by Oliver Stone.  Lawford played a Navy officer in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, a drama about the1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.  In 1997, Lawford had a role in the independent comedy Kiss Me Guido as the gay lover of the main character.  He also had a small role in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, co-starringArnold Schwarzenegger, who directed Lawford in a 1990 episode of the HBO anthology series Tales from the Crypt (\"The Switch\") and was married to Lawford's cousin Maria Shriver at the time.  In 2005, Lawfordappeared in the motorcycle racing film The World's Fastest Indian, co-starring Anthony Hopkins.WritingLawford wrote several books \"that described his efforts to recover from drug addiction\".  In 2005, he published hismemoir, Symptoms of Withdrawal, in which he recounted decades of \"better living through chemistry\".  In 2009, he wrote Moments of Clarity, a compilation of first-person recollections by famous addicts, including EdBegley, Jr., Alec Baldwin, Buzz Aldrin, Richard Dreyfuss, Martin Sheen, Judy Collins, and musician and federal prisoner Dejuan Verrett.  The book was dedicated to Lawford's cousin David Kennedy, and another cousin,Patrick J. Kennedy, wrote the introduction.  Lawford told interviewer Connie Martinson that although writing Moments of Clarity was \"difficult\" and he did not want to do it, the book was \"meant to happen\".In 2013,Lawford published Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, in which he interviewed 100 addiction specialists and described treatments for alcohol and drug dependence, gambling, sex and porn, eatingdisorders, smoking, and hoarding.  In 2014, he published What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons From Recovery To Benefit Everyone; Dr. Drew Pinsky wrote the foreword.  Lawford's final book about addiction and recoverywas 2016's When Your Partner Has an Addiction, \"a how-to manual for people who want to stay with their addicted partners\", which he co-authored with psychotherapist Beverly Engel.Lawford also wrote a book aboutdealing with hepatitis C, called Healing Hepatitis C, which he co-wrote with Diana Sylvestre in 2009.ActivismLawford traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years.  He was a publichealth campaigner, and worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, and the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, and was a public advocacy consultant toCaron Treatment Centers, an organization that ran treatment programs.  In 2001, Lawford founded and was CEO of the Global Recovery Initiative, a not-for-profit organization that \"seeks to remove barriers and provideopportunities for people in recovery\".Lawford also worked with the United Nations (UN).  In March 2010, he traveled to Ukraine on behalf of the UN, to participate in a discussion with health officials and advocates about\"issues related to hepatitis C (Hep C) prevention in Ukraine\", and to raise awareness.  In 2011, was named a Goodwill Ambassador on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care, in 2012, was involved in a campaign againstopiate use in Afghanistan, and served on the UN's Office on Drugs and Crime.  His cousin, former Rhode Island congressman Patrick J. Kennedy, said about Lawford: \"Chris was one of those people who had a way oftelling stories that lifted people’s perceptions and judgments of those who suffer from the disease of addiction\".Personal lifeMarriages and childrenLawford was married and divorced three times.  He had three children,David Christopher Kennedy Lawford (named after his cousin David Kennedy),: pp. 319–320 Savannah Rose Lawford, and Matthew Peter Valentine Lawford with his first wife Jeannie Olsson, an ad-sales assistant for NewYork Magazine.  They divorced in 2000.  In 2005, he married Russian actress Lana Antonova; they divorced in 2009.  In 2014, Lawford married yoga instructor Mercedes Miller in Hawaii.  At the time of his death in2018, he had been in a relationship with his girlfriend Kyla Resch since August 2017.DeathOn September 4, 2018, Lawford died of a heart attack in Vancouver, British Columbia, where he was living with his girlfriendand working to open a recovery center.  He had a medical emergency at a yoga studio and later died.  Patrick Kennedy told the Associated Press that Lawford had been doing \"hot yoga, which he did often, but the strainof it 'must have been too much for him at that point'\".  Lawford's cousins Maria Shriver, Patrick Kennedy, and Kerry Kennedy took to Twitter after his death, honoring Lawford's work in the recoverycommunity.FilmographyFilmTelevisionBibliographySymptoms of Withdrawal: A Memoir of Snapshots and Redemption, 2005Healing Hepatitis C, 2009Moments of Clarity: Voices from the Front Lines of Addiction andRecovery, 2009Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, 2013What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons from Recovery to Benefit Everyone, 2014See alsoKennedy family treeKennedy cursePassage 2:Joseph P.Kennedy Sr.Joseph Patrick Kennedy (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of hischildren and was the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy family, which included President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.Kennedy wasborn into a political family in East Boston, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock market and commodity investor and later invested his profits in real estate and a wide range of businesses across the UnitedStates. During World War I, he was an assistant general manager of a Boston area Bethlehem Steel shipyard; through that position, he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the Assistant Secretary ofthe Navy. In the 1920s, Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions were ultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Studios. Kennedy increasedhis fortune with distribution rights for Scotch whisky. He owned the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.Kennedy was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the IrishCatholic community. President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedy later directed the MaritimeCommission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability tosurvive attacks from Nazi Germany. During the Battle of Britain in November 1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, \"Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States].\" After a controversy regardingthis statement, Kennedy resigned his position.Kennedy was married to Rose Fitzgerald and had nine children. During his later life, he was heavily involved in the political careers of his sons. Three of Kennedy's sonsattained distinguished political positions: John served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts and as the 35th president of the United States, Robert served as the U.S. attorney general and as a U.S. senator from NewYork, and Ted also served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts.Background, early life, and educationJoseph Patrick Kennedy was born on September 6, 1888, at 151 Meridian Street in East Boston, Massachusetts.Kennedy was the elder son of Mary Augusta (Hickey) Kennedy and businessman and politician Patrick Joseph \"P.J.\" Kennedy. Kennedy attended Boston Latin School, where he excelled at baseball and was elected classpresident before graduating in 1908.Kennedy then attended Harvard College, where he gained admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club but was not invited to join the Porcellian Club. Kennedy graduated in1912 with a bachelor's degree in economics.On October 7, 1914, Kennedy married Rose Fitzgerald, the eldest daughter of Boston Mayor John F. \"Honey Fitz\" Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine \"Josie\" Hannon.BusinesscareerKennedy set his sights on a business career upon his graduation from Harvard. During his mid to late 20s, he made a large fortune as an active commodity and stock investor; he then reinvested much of this intofilm studios, real estate, and shipping. Though he never built a significant business from scratch, Kennedy's timing as both buyer and seller was nonetheless excellent.Various criminals, such as Frank Costello, haveboasted they worked with Kennedy in mysterious bootlegging operations during Prohibition. Although his father was in the whisky importation business, scholars dismiss the claims. The most recent and most thoroughbiographer David Nasaw asserts that no credible evidence has been found to link Kennedy to bootlegging activities. When Fortune magazine published its first list of the richest people in the United States in 1957, itplaced Kennedy in the $200–400 million group.Early venturesKennedy's first job after graduating from Harvard was a position as a state-employed bank examiner; this job allowed him to learn a great deal about thebanking industry. In 1913, the Columbia Trust Bank, in which his father held a significant share, was under threat of takeover. Kennedy borrowed $45,000 (equivalent to about $1.3 million today) from family andfriends and bought back control. At the age of 25, he was rewarded by being elected the bank's president. Kennedy told the press he was \"the youngest\" bank president in America.Kennedy emerged as a highlysuccessful businessman who possessed an eye for value. For example, he was an active real estate investor who cleared a handsome profit from his privately-controlled ownership of Old Colony Realty Associates, Inc.,an investment company which bought distressed real estate throughout the United States.Although he was skeptical of American involvement in World War I, Kennedy sought to participate in wartime production as anassistant general manager of Fore River, a major Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. There, he oversaw the production of transports and warships. Through this job, he became acquainted withAssistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt.Wall Street and stock market investmentsIn 1919, Kennedy joined the prominent stock brokerage firm of Hayden, Stone & Co. where he became an expert dealingin the unregulated stock market of the day, engaging in tactics that were later considered to be insider trading and market manipulation violations. He happened to be on the corner of Wall and Broad Streets at themoment of the Wall Street bombing on September 16, 1920, and was thrown to the ground by the force of the blast. In 1923, he established his own investment company. Kennedy subsequently became amulti-millionaire as a result of taking \"short\" positions following the 1929 stock market crash.1929 Wall Street CrashKennedy formed alliances with several Irish American catholic investors, including Charles E. Mitchell,Michael J. Meehan, and Bernard Smith. He helped establish a \"stock pool\" to control trading in the stock of glassmaker Libbey-Owens-Ford. The arrangement drove up the value of the pool operators' holdings in thestock by using insider information and the public's lack of knowledge. Pool operators would bribe journalists to present information in the most advantageous manner. Pool operators tried to corner a stock and drive theprice up, or drive the price down with a \"bear raid\". Kennedy got into a bidding war for control of Yellow Cab Company, a taxi cab operator.Kennedy later claimed he understood that the rampant stock speculation of thelate 1920s would lead to a market crash. Supposedly, he said that he knew it was time to get out of the market when he received stock tips from a shoe-shine boy. Kennedy survived the crash \"because he possessed apassion for facts, a complete lack of sentiment and a marvelous sense of timing\".During the Great Depression, Kennedy shrewdly increased his wealth by devoting most of it into investment-grade real estate. In 1929,Kennedy's fortune was estimated to be $4 million (equivalent to $68.2 million today). By 1935, his wealth had increased to $180 million (equivalent to $3.84 billion today).InvestmentsHollywoodKennedy generatedwindfall profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood film studios. Film production in the U.S. was much more decentralized than it is today, with many different movie studios producing film product. Onesmall studio was Film Booking Offices of America (or FBO), which specialized in Westerns produced cheaply. Its owner was in financial trouble, and asked Kennedy to help find a new owner. Kennedy formed his owngroup of investors and bought it for $1.5 million.In March 1926, Kennedy moved to Hollywood to focus on running film studios. At that time, film studios were permitted to own exhibition companies, which werenecessary to get their films on local screens. With that in mind, in a hostile buyout, he acquired the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theaters across the UnitedStates that had begun showing movies. He later purchased another production studio called Pathé Exchange, and merged those two entities with Cecil B. DeMille's Producers Distributing Corporation in March 1927.InAugust 1928, he unsuccessfully tried to run First National Pictures. In October 1928, he formally merged his film companies FBO and KAO to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) and made a large amount of money in theprocess. Then, keen to buy the Pantages Theatre chain, which had 63 profitable theaters, Kennedy made an offer of $8 million ($136 million today). It was declined. He then stopped distributing his movies to Pantages.Still, Alexander Pantages declined to sell. However, when Pantages was later charged and tried for rape, his reputation took a battering, and he accepted Kennedy's revised offer of $3.5 million ($59.6 million today).Pantages, who claimed that Kennedy had \"set him up\", was later found not guilty at a second trial. The girl who had accused Pantages of rape, Eunice Pringle, confessed on her deathbed that Kennedy was themastermind of the plot to frame Pantages.Many estimate that Kennedy made over $5 million ($85.2 million today) from his investments in Hollywood. During his three-year affair with film star Gloria Swanson, hearranged the financing for her films The Love of Sunya (1927) and the ill-fated Queen Kelly (1928). The duo also used Hollywood's famous \"body sculptor\", masseuse Sylvia of Hollywood. Their relationship ended whenSwanson discovered that an expensive gift from Kennedy had been charged to her account.Liquor importingAs soon as it became legal to do so, Kennedy ventured into liquor importing. One of his shipping ventures hewas involved in were the importation of large shipments of high-priced Scotch where he earned a handsome profit in the process. Various contradictory \"bootlegging\" stories surrounding Kennedy have circulated buthistorians have not accepted them. At the start of the Franklin Roosevelt administration in March 1933, Kennedy and future Congressman James Roosevelt II founded Somerset Importers, a business entity that acted asthe exclusive American agent for Haig & Haig Scotch, Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Scotch. Kennedy kept his Somerset company for years. In addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from SchenleyIndustries, a Canadian distillery and liquor company. Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a stereotypical Irish vice that he offered his sons $1,000 not to drink until they turned21.Real estateKennedy reinvested the proceeds he made from liquor importing into various residential and commercial real estate ventures, much of it concentrated in New York, the Le Pavillon restaurant, and theHialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. The most important purchase of his real estate investment career was marked by the land acquisition of the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago'sMerchandise Mart, which gave his family an important base in that city and an alliance with the Irish-American political leadership there to lay the groundwork for realizing his son's future political ambitions. TheMerchandise Mart's revenues became a principal source of wealth that formed much of the Kennedy family's private fortune, including being a source of funding for financing his son's future political campaigns.Political"}
{"doc_id":"doc_290","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shari RomanShari Roman is an American artist, author, screenwriter and director.BiographyOriginally commissioned by John Pierson for his Independent Film Channel (USA) program  Split Screen, Roman'sfirst short film, Lars from 1-10 about Danish Dogme film maker Lars von Trier won a slot at the Sundance Film Festival in 1999 and went on to screen at Edinburgh, London, Los Angeles, Tokyo, NYC's Museum ofModern Art, on television and in cinemas worldwide. She has directed a series of shorts, pop promos and additional docs  on filmmakers, including British director Mike Figgis and cinematographer Anthony DodMantle.  Along with the four original Dogme films; \"Celebration,\" \"The Idiots,\" \"Mifune\" and \"The King is Alive,\"  two of her short films were selected for 2005's  official Dogme' 95 DVD collection, celebrating the 10thanniversary of von Trier's filmmaking manifesto. She was named one of the \"Top 25 New Faces In Independent Film\" by Filmmaker Magazine.Her book on approaches to new cinema, Digital Babylon: Hollywood,Indiewood and Dogme '95 was published in 2001 by Lone Eagle Publishing, and reissued by HCD/The Hollywood Reporter in 2003 and 2007.  Her essay on von Trier, The Man Who Would Be Dogme, was published in the2003 collection, Lars von Trier: Interviews by the University Press of Mississippi, as part of their Conversations with Filmmakers Series. Her fiction has appeared in Veneer Magazine,  writings on cinema, music and arthave been seen in numerous publications, including British Vogue, Mojo, The Guardian, The Independent and Time Out London. For the cover of Filmmaker Magazine (USA) she wrote The Genius of the System, a profileof multi-media artist Matthew Barney under a National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) grant.MiscellaneousShe 'sings' on Greg Weeks's 2008 solo album.DeathOn October 4, 2009, Filmmaker Magazine reported thatShari Roman had died on September 9, 2009 at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York after a brief illness.See alsoThe SpotPassage 2:Stately Wayne ManorErnie Santilli is an American writer, musician and performer betterknown under the pen name of Stately Wayne Manor. He is best known for his participation in professional wrestling as the longtime magazine columnist for Power Slam and Wrestling World.CareerMusicSelf-taught,Manor became competent in songwriting, synthesizer, drum set and related percussion instruments, harmonica, vocals and electric bass. He performed in a public demonstration with synthesizer inventor Dr. RobertMoog. He also wrote three articles for Modern Drummer magazine.Stately is one of the \"Sigma Kids,\" a group of eleven (among dozens) of David Bowie devotees who kept a ten-day vigil outside the studio and band'shotel during the recording of Young Americans rewarded afterwards with an exclusive listening party hosted by Bowie, as documented in Rolling Stone magazine.  In 2007, a special CD/DVD re-release of the albumfeatures Manor visible in four photos in the enclosed booklet.  Photos from the event also appear in books about Bowie and the original supermodel, Gia, as well as on the SWM website ‘Photos’ archive.  The May 2014issue of Britain's Mojo magazine, in an article chronicling the YA sessions, featured two photos from said booklet, including a never-before-released color version of one, capturing Stately in the foreground. The samephoto ran in the September 2016 editing of Wax Poetics magazine. Inspired by the Sigma experience, Manor assembled a short-lived band, recruiting bassist Gail Ann Dorsey.In the latter half of the Seventies, Statelybecame deeply immersed in the emerging punk rock music scene.  He was a regular and occasional performer at Philadelphia's Hot Club and frequented NYC venues such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City, regularlysleeping on the couch of future recording-engineer superstar Bob Clearmountain while in New York. Manor was also slated to drum behind former Sex Pistol Sid Vicious on the Philly date of the latter's aborted \"solotour.\"  Additionally, he wrote the liner notes for the aborted Cheetah Chrome debut solo album on Polish Records.  (Stately did receive a 'Thank You' on that label's release \"Siren\" by Ronnie Spector.)ProfessionalwrestlingManor later regained interest in a childhood hobby, professional wrestling, and was particularly drawn towards the \"heel\" (‘bad guy’) characters.Manor eventually broke into the sport as a feature writer in 1984and, in 1986, as a pro-heel columnist for Wrestling World magazine. Manor expanded into color commentating, managing grapplers, performing in-ring skits and ghostwriting wisecracks for the performers. Manor was acolor commentator for the ECW promotion (in their pre-Extreme days).  He is also the first American magazine writer to give international exposure to Sabu, Rey Misterio, Sean Waltman, John Cena, Sandman andVictoria/Tara (Lisa Marie Varon).During 1993, in the midst of his 17-year Wrestling World’ employment, Manor debuted a second villain-praising column in the British Power Slam. The combined consecutive tenuresmakes Manor the longest-running magazine columnist in pro wrestling history.Other mediaPrintStately takes on the general public via ‘’On Manor's Mind’’ rants for the alternative set, and rages about inane celebrities inhis SNAPS—Suckas Needing A Pimp Slap—Of The Month column.A lifelong fan of obscure so-bad-they're-good films, Stately also authors ‘’Manor On Movies’’, an affectionate homage to the genre, and one of the earliestcolumns of its kind still regularly published.  It is available in hard copy and on a few websites besides its own, e.g. The Spinning Image.  His long-term side project is a book dedicated to the horror/sci-fi end of whatManor has dubbed \"junkfilms.\"Other journals that have carried Stately's work, under the Manor moniker or otherwise, include Inside Karate, Video Review, People (Australia), Filmfax, Tuber’s Voice (the originators ofthe term ‘couch potato’), Comic Release, Carbon 14, and Brutarian, to name a few.  In addition, he has repeatedly scored ‘Dishonorable Mention’ in the annual international Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, where thechallenge is to compose the worst possible opening line for a novel.Radio and televisionIn character, Manor has guested on radio programs throughout the US and Canada, including morning drive time shows inPhiladelphia and New York City.Manor was once booked on Sneak Previews Goes Video—an Eighties reworking of the popular movie-review program—to discuss wrestling videos, but the segment was red-lighted by PBSexecutives who considered the subject matter \"too lowbrow.\"VideoStately can be heard providing color commentary on two volumes from the Pro Wrestling From Japan series, Bam Bam Bigelow And Friends, andBruiser Brody Memorial, both featuring the American stars as they toured with the New Japan Pro-Wrestling promotion in the late Eighties.  A few tapes of his work with primordial ECW were briefly marketed, as well. InJuly 2019 WWE Network made some of these extremely early ECW matches available in their Hidden Gems section.Passage 3:Schloss Hausen (Oberaula)Schloss Hausen is a German castle and stately home inOberaula.Passage 4:LacordaireLacordaire is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Jean Théodore Lacordaire (1801–1870), Belgian entomologistJean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861), FrenchpreacherSee alsoColegio LacordaireLacordaire AcademyPassage 5:ThibilisThibilis (a.k.a. Tibilis) was a Roman and Byzantine era town in what was Numidia but is today northeast Algeria. The site has extensive Romanand Byzantine ruins.HistoryThe numerous Latin inscriptions discovered on the site of Thibilis provided indications on the status and magistrates of this city: during the Early Empire, Thibilis was first a pagus dependenton the Cirtaian confederacy which united Cirta, Rusicade, Chullu and Milève. Enjoying a certain autonomy, the city was administered by two magistri of annual mandate, assisted by one or two aediles.During the reignsof Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, notables of Thibilis gained the highest office of the Imperial administration, Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus, consul suffect about 167, and his son Lucius AntistiusBurrus, son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius And consul in 181.Thibilis gained the rank of municipality headed by two duumviri  between 260  and 268  which corresponds to the period estimated for the dissolution of theconfederacy.Local cults included flamen Augusti for imperial worship and Saturni (priest of Saturn) and a local deity, Bacax and Magna Mater deorum Idaea, the Great Mother of the Gods.See alsoList of cultural assets ofAlgeriaPassage 6:Roman and the Four StepsRoman and the Four Steps was a popular band in Hong Kong in the 1960s. Roman formed the band drawing inspirations from The Beatles.CareerThe band was noteworthy forsinging in English and often singing British and American songs.  Roman Tam would eventually leave the band and enter the cantopop genre solo where he would eventually be labelled the \"Godfather of Cantopop\" afterhis death.DiscographyReflections of Charlie Brown b/w I Just Can't Wait (1967)Day Dream b/w Cathy Come Home (1969)Passage 7:DugèsDugès is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Antoine LouisDugès (1797–1838), French obstetrician and naturalistAlfredo Dugès (1826–1910), French-born Mexican physician and naturalist, son of AntoineMarie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797), French midwifePassage 8:ĆiroTruhelkaĆiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian and art historian who devoted much of his professional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hewrote about prehistoric, Roman and medieval findings, Turkish documents, Stećci, Roman and medieval money, and bosančica. He was also engaged in albanology. In addition, he was the first curator of the NationalMuseum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Early life and educationĆiro Truhelka was born on 2 February 1865 in Osijek to Antun Vjenceslav and Marija (née Schön) Truhelka. His father was of Czech and mother of Germanorigin. He finished elementary school in Osijek after which he enrolled in high school that he eventually finished in Zagreb where he moved after his father's death along with his mother and siblings, Dragoš and JagodaTruhelka. In youth, he showed interest in painting and technical sciences, but because of his family's poor financial situation, he opted for the study of philosophy at the University of Zagreb which lasted three years. Hechose art history and history as main subjects. He received his doctorate in 1885 with the dissertation \"Andrija Medulić: His Life and Work\".Professional careerAs a student, Truhelka worked with Izidor Kršnjavi at theStrossmayer Gallery of Old Masters and made institutions' first catalog (1885). In 1886, he became secretary of the Museum Society for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first curator of the National Museum of Bosniaand Herzegovina. His task was preparing Museum's opening in 1888. He was only 21 years old when he came to Sarajevo in which he lived for 40 years. In the  Museum, he managed the ethnographic, prehistoric, andmedieval collections, but as there were not many experts, he cared for all museum collections except those from the field of natural sciences. As a curator, Truhelka arranged Bosnian pavilions at exhibitions in Budapest(1896), Brussels (1897) and Paris (1900). In 1905, he succeeded Kosta Hörmann as director of the National Museum and editor of the Gazette of the National Museum of Music (until 1920). Thanks to him, in 1913, theNational Museum got a new building. He retired in 1922. In 1926, he got out of retirement as he was appointed a professor of archeology and art history at the University of Skopje, Macedonia. He eventually retiredagain in 1931. He served as the president of the Zagreb branch of the Society of Bosnian Croats.Truhelka made an outstanding contribution to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Work at the Museumhas influenced his diverse interest. He was engaged in the excavation of archaeological sites, Ilyrian graves and castles on prehistoric necropolises at Glasinac, a penitentiary settlement in Donja Dolina, a prehistoric cultedifice in Gorica near Posušje, and also dug up the early Christian basilica in Zenica and warned of the phenomenon of \"Bosnian churches\" and their early Christian background, explored the localities in the valley ofLašva river and around Stolac, the medieval Jajce and many other medieval cities. This brought him the recognition of anthropological congress in Vienna and membership in the Society. In the field of ethnology, heworked on an ethnographic collection and gave an overview of the national life in BiH. Truhelka made many important findings about pre-Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, and gave a significant contribution to theresearch of the history of medieval Bosnia by the study of stećaks, material culture, bosančica, topography, numismatics, political, social and religious situation. He also proposed that a grave he found on Vran mountainbelongs infect to a Diva Grabovčeva, a 17th century legendary heroin and a virgin in Prozor-Rama local oral tradition, thus claiming that he confirmed the myth. However, the legend was never verified in local or anyother written sources, and her existence was neither recorded in chronicles of the local Franciscan friary, Šćit nor its martyrology. In 1888, Truhelka excavated the mortal remains of a decapitated male at the locationcalled Kraljev Grob (transl. King's Grave) near Jajce, which he proposed are remains of king Stjepan Tomašević. Although never confirmed, these remains are now housed in the Franciscan friary, Jajce. Truhelka studiedthe Albanian and Turkish languages for his researches.In addition, his sister Jagoda Truhelka was a renowned Croatian writer.ControversyIn order to provide anti-Yugoslavist Croat nationalism with a firm scientific basis,Truhelka used racial anthropology to differentiate between Croats and Serbs. Truhelka claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats, who, according to him, belonged predominantly to the Nordic-Dinaric racial type.On the other hand, the majority of Serbs belonged to the degenerate race of the Vlachs, similar to the Jews and Armenians, although Truhelka 'was cautious to distinguish between the dark-skinned Serbs of Vlachdescent and the fair-haired Serbs who, according to him, were pure Slavs'.At the time he was leading \"Zemaljski muzej\" in Sarajevo, some of scientific work and research were subordinate to the proving some of hispseudo-scientific views and attempts to find a confirmation of exaggerated assertions regarding the presence of Catholicism in Bosnia. On the other hand, in line with the politics of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,everything related to the Serbian heritage or Serbs was systematically avoided or suppressed.Truhelka, like many others, enthusiastically welcomed the creation of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. By his deatha year later, he wrote some racist and pseudoscientific remarks towards Serbs in his book \"Memoires of a Pioneer\"; \"Serbs are an ethnically-alien racial element that, according to their geopolitical position, belong todifferent cultural areas, and never had a common cultural history, faith nor cultural life, and that struggle being held in front of our eyes is the struggle of Vlah inhabitants against the indigenous Bosnian population,which has always been only Croatian.\" He claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats who belonged to the racially superior Nordic race. Miljenko Jergović wrote that the book, if this racist remark was put aside,was \"one of the most powerful, literally superior, documentary precious Croatian books about Bosnia and Sarajevo at a time when this city turned from the fringes of the Turkish čaršija into one of the metropolises ofthe Habsburg Empire\".WorksStarobosanski pismeni spomenici, 1894Starobosanski natpisi, 1895Slavonski banovci, 1897Osvrt na sredovječne kulturne spomenike Bosne, (1900.)Djevojački grob, (1901.)Državno isudbeno ustrojstvo Bosne u doba prije Turaka, 1901Kraljevski grad Jajce, 1904Naši gradovi, 1904Arnautske priče, 1905Hrvarska Bosna: Mi i \"oni tamo\" (Croatian Bosnia: We and \"They over There\"), 1907Crtice izsrednjeg vijeka, 1908Dubrovačke vijesti o godini 1463., 1910Tursko-slavjenski spomenici dubrovačke arhive, 1911Gazi Husrefbeg, 1912Kulturne prilike Bosne i Hercegovine u doba prehistoričko, 1914Historička podlogaagrarnog pitanja u Bosni, 1915Das Testament des Gost Radin, 1916Stari turski agrarni zakonik za Bosnu, 1917Konavoski rat 1430.-1433., 1917Nekoliko misli o rješenju bosanskog agrarnog pitanja, 1918Sojenica kaoishodište pontifikata, 1930Starokršćanska arheologija, 1931O porijeklu bosanskih muslimana, 1934Studije o podrijetlu. Etnološka razmatranja iz Bosne i Hercegovine, 1941Uspomene jednog pionira, Croatian Publishingand Bibliographic Institute, 1942Passage 9:BatcaveThe Batcave is a subterranean location appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is the headquarters of the superhero Batman, whose secretidentity is Bruce Wayne and his partners, consisting of caves beneath his personal residence, Wayne Manor.The Batcave appears in the 1960s Batman television series and in films Batman (1989), Batman Returns(1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman and Robin (1997), in The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–2012), in the DC Extended Universe (2016–2023) and The Batman (2022).Publication historyOriginally, there was only asecret tunnel that ran underground between Wayne Manor and a dusty old barn where the Batmobile was kept. Later, in Batman #12 (August–September 1942), Bill Finger mentioned \"secret underground hangars\". In1943, the writers of the first Batman film serial, titled Batman, gave Batman a complete underground crime lab and introduced it in the second chapter entitled \"The Bat's Cave\". The entrance was via a secret passagethrough a grandfather clock and included bats flying around.Bob Kane, who was on the film set, mentioned this to Bill Finger who was going to be the initial scripter on the Batman daily newspaper strip. Finger includedwith his script a clipping from Popular Mechanics that featured a detailed cross-section of underground hangars. Kane used this clipping as a guide, adding a study, crime lab, workshop, hangar and garage. Thisillustration appeared in the Batman \"dailies\" on October 29, 1943, in a strip entitled \"The Bat Cave!\"In this early version the cave itself was described as Batman's underground study and, like the other rooms, was justa small alcove with a desk and filing cabinets. Like in the film serial, Batman's symbol was carved into the rock behind the desk and had a candle in the middle of it. The entrance was via a bookcase which led to a secretelevator.The Batcave made its comic book debut in Detective Comics #83 in January 1944. Over the decades, the cave has expanded along with its owner's popularity to include a vast trophy room, supercomputer, andforensics lab. There has been little consistency as to the floor plan of the Batcave or its contents. The design has varied from artist to artist and it is not unusual for the same artist to draw the cave layout differently invarious issues.Fictional historyThe cave was discovered and used long before by Bruce Wayne's ancestors as a storehouse as well as a means of transporting escaped slaves during the Civil War era. The 18th-centuryfrontier hero Tomahawk once discovered a gargantuan bat belonging to Morgaine le Fey inside what can be assumed would become the Batcave. Wayne himself rediscovered the caves as a boy when he fell through adilapidated well on his estate, but did not consider it as a potential base of operations until returning to Gotham to become Batman. In addition to a base, the Batcave serves as a place of privacy and tranquility, muchlike Superman's Fortress of Solitude.In earlier versions of the story, Bruce Wayne discovered the cave as an adult. In \"The Origin of the Batcave\" in Detective Comics #205 (March 1954), Batman tells Robin he had noidea the cave existed when he purchased the house they live in. He discovered the cave by accident when testing the floor of an old barn on the rear of the property, and the floor gave way. This story also establishedthat a frontiersman named Jeremy Coe used the cave as a headquarters 300 years earlier. Bruce Wayne discovering the cave as an adult remained the case at least through Who's Who #2 in 1985.Upon his initial forayinto crime-fighting, Wayne used the caves as a sanctum and to store his then-minimal equipment. As time went on, Wayne found the place ideal to create a stronghold for his war against crime, and has incorporated aplethora of equipment as well as expanding the cave for specific uses.AccessThe cave is accessible in several ways. It can be reached through a secret door in Wayne Manor itself, which is almost always depicted as in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_291","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook,Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiraland was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and livedin Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore becamea Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutiveseasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. Hewent to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combinedwith good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in theCanterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at theage of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor atSt Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He iscurrently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, racerelations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication fromthe University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwiworked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa:Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage3:Milton RosmerMilton Rosmer (4 November 1881 – 7 December 1971) was a British actor, film director and screenwriter. He made his screen debut in The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1915) and continued to act intheatre, film and television until 1956. In 1926 he directed his first film The Woman Juror and went on to direct another 16 films between 1926 and 1938.He began his acting career as a stage actor and appeared asFrancis Tresham in \"The Breed of the Treshams\" (1903) opposite John Martin-Harvey.Milton Rosmer died in Chesham, Buckinghamshire in 1971.Partial filmographyActorScreenwriterBalaclava (1928)DirectorThe PerfectLady (1931)P.C. Josser (1931)Many Waters (1931)After the Ball (1932)Channel Crossing (1933)The Secret of the Loch (1934)What Happened to Harkness? (1934)Emil and the Detectives (1935)Everything Is Thunder(1936)The Great Barrier (1937)The Challenge (1938)Passage 4:Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red BarnMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn is a 1935 British film melodrama film starring Tod Slaughter andEric Portman. It was directed by Milton Rosmer. It is based on the true story of the 1827 Red Barn Murder where a 25 year old mother is shot dead by her lover (Squire William Corder) and her stepmother claims tohave dreamt of the murder the night of the event, before the young woman's body was discovered. The film is also known as Murder in the Red Barn (short UK title).The film is based on the popular 19th-centurymelodramas about the case and is highly theatrical, with an opening in which all the characters are introduced by a Master of Ceremonies in front of a painted backdrop, but is also slightly more lavishly produced andcinematically inventive than the later films directed by Tod Slaughter's producer George King. Slaughter gives a full-throated over-the-top performance in a calculatedly melodramatic style, encouraging the audience tovicariously share in his villainy; this approach became his trademark and gives his films a cult status of their own peculiar kind.PlotWilliam Corder seduces then murders innocent country maiden Maria Marten in the redbarn before burying her body beneath the barn floor. She gets murdered because she becomes pregnant and too annoying for William. Her gypsy lover Carlos is hunted down as a suspect, but brings Corder tojustice.CastTod Slaughter as Squire William CorderSophie Stewart as Maria MartenD. J. Williams as Farmer Thomas MartenEric Portman as Carlos, the gypsyClare Greet as Mrs. MartenGerard Tyrell as TimothyWinterbottomAnn Trevor as Nan, the maidStella Rho as Gypsey CroneDennis Hoey as Gambling WinnerQuentin McPhearson as Matthew SennettAntonia Brough as Maud SennettNoel Dainton as Officer Steele of the BowStreet RunnersExternal linksMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn at IMDbPassage 5:Maria Marten (1928 film)Maria Marten is a 1928 British silent drama film directed by Walter West starring Trilby Clark,Warwick Ward and Dora Barton. It is based on the real story of the Red Barn Murder in the 1820s, and is one of five film versions of the events. The film shifted the action to fifty years earlier to the height of theGeorgian era. This was the last of the silent film adaptations of the Maria Marten story, and its success paved the way for the much better 1935 sound film remake starring Tod Slaughter. A 35mm print of the 1928silent film exists in the British Film Institute's archives.PlotWhen his secret lover Maria Marten tells him she is pregnant with his child and asks him to marry her, the villainous Squire Corder murders her and buries herbody in the red barn. The dead woman's ghost later visits her mother in a dream, and leads her to find her daughter's body, incriminating the squire.CastTrilby Clark as Maria MartenWarwick Ward as Squire WilliamCorderDora BartonJames Knight as CarlosCharles Ashton as Sam GilesVesta Sylva as Ann MartenFrank Perfitt as John MartenMargot Armand as Lady Maud DerringhamJudd Green as William GilesTom Morris asIshmaelChili BouchierPassage 6:Viva Knievel!Viva Knievel! is a 1977 American action film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Evel Knievel (as himself), Gene Kelly and Lauren Hutton, with an ensemble supportingcast including Red Buttons, Leslie Nielsen, Cameron Mitchell, Frank Gifford, Dabney Coleman and Marjoe Gortner.PlotDaredevil motorcycle rider Evel Knievel stars as himself in this fictional story. The film openswith  Knievel sneaking into an orphanage late at night to deliver presents: Evel Knievel action figures. One of the boys casts away his crutches, telling Knievel that he'll walk after his accident just as Knievel had.Knievelthen prepares for another of his stunt jumps. We are introduced to his alcoholic mechanic Will Atkins (Gene Kelly), who was a former stunt rider himself before his wife died, driving him to drink. While signingautographs, Knievel is ambushed by photojournalist Kate Morgan (Lauren Hutton), who has been sent to photograph the jump: if Knievel is killed, it will be a great story.As it happens, Evel does crash while attemptingthe stunt, and though badly injured, survives. He berates Morgan, announces his retirement, and is taken to the hospital.While rehabilitating, Knievel resists all attempts to get back on the horse, including those fromJessie (Marjoe Gortner), a former protégé with mysterious backers who want Evel to do a jump in Mexico. Eventually, though, Knievel relents and agrees.A subplot develops when Will's estranged son Tommy shows upfrom boarding school, and asks to join the tour. Will, who is reminded of his dead wife, is cold to Tommy, leaving Knievel to show the boy kindness. Likewise, Kate reappears, apologetic for her previous motives, andnow wishes that he will never stop jumping.Meanwhile, Jessie's benefactor is revealed: drug lord Stanley Millard (Leslie Nielsen). Millard (without Jessie's knowledge) plans to cause a fatal accident during the jump. Hewill then have Knievel's body transported back to America in an exact duplicate of the tour trailer, but one that has a massive supply of drugs hidden in the walls.Will, however, stumbles onto the plot, is drugged, andsent to a psychiatric ward under the control of the corrupt Ralph Thompson (Dabney Coleman) to prevent him from spilling the beans. Evel sneaks into the ward late at night when Will has dried out, but all Will canremember is that someone knocked him out. Knievel leaves him there to keep whoever is behind the plot in the dark.As Knievel prepares for the jump (down a massive ramp and over a fire pit), Jessie—hopped up ondrugs—confronts Evel, claiming that he will prove who the best jumper is. Jessie knocks Evel out and dresses in Knievel's signature red, white, and blue outfit. Jessie then successfully makes the jump, however, the bikehas been sabotaged and he is killed as he lands (footage from a real Knievel crash was used). While the body is taken away for the drug smuggling plot, Evel wakes up, gets on another bike, and goes to free Will.Afterbreaking out of the psych ward, the two find the mockup trailer, in which, by an amazing coincidence, both Tommy and Kate have been taken hostage. Pursuing the truck, Will and Evel decide to split up: Will will disablethe semi, Evel will lead off the gun-toting drug lords riding guard in another car.At the end of several extended chase scenes, the drug lords are defeated, Will and his son are reunited, and Kate has fallen head overheels for Knievel. The film ends with Knievel performing a daredevil jump over a pit of fire, this time successfully.The end jump is stopped in a freeze-frame shot and a color matte, similar to that of the one that appearsin the opening credits, appears over Evel in mid-air. The song that plays over the opening credits also plays over the film's end credits.CastProductionThe production was done under the Irwin Allen banner, with Allenserving as the uncredited Supervisor Producer.  Irwin Allen's wife, Sheila Allen, has a credited role as Sister Charity.For the more dangerous motorcycle stunts, the producers hired the professional stuntman GaryCharles Davis.  However, Davis' role in the production was kept under wraps to avoid questions about Knievel himself performing his own motorcycle stunts.The original footage used for Jessie's failed jump was fromEvel Knievel's May 1975 crash at Wembley Stadium.To allow for a love interest to occur with Lauren Hutton's character, Evel is apparently single and there is no mention of Knievel's then-wife, Linda, or his (at the time)three children.Popular culture receptionThe film premiered in June 1977, three months before Knievel and his associates attacked promoter Shelly Saltman with an aluminum baseball bat on September 21, 1977. WithKnievel losing most of his sponsorship and marketing deals as a result of the bad publicity, the film became much less commercially attractive, only opening in four further international markets after Knievel'sconviction. In addition, the wholesome image of Knievel the movie promoted and the plot point concerning Knievel's promoter being corrupt seemed ill-judged in the light of the events that saw Knievel imprisoned. As aresult, the film fell into comparative obscurity until the 2005 DVD release was rediscovered by film review sites such as The A.V. Club and Ruthless Reviews.In 2013, the film received an internet release with a RiffTraxaudio commentary by comedians and Mystery Science Theater 3000 alumni Mike Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett.Passage 7:Lester RaymerLester Wilton Raymer (September 24, 1907 – 1991) was an Americanartist from Alva, Oklahoma.Raymer studied at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1930 to 1933, received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. While there, he studied with Russian painter Boris Anisfeld and art historian HelenGardner.Most well known for his paintings, Raymer worked in many mediums including prints, fiber art, metal work, mosaics, ceramics, wood carving, jewelry, cast concrete, sculptures, tin ornaments, furniture, toys,and more.Many of his works are now on display at the Red Barn Studio in Lindsborg, Kansas.Passage 8:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vied'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc.Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize: FestivalJeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno,Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma françaisCompetition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le RoiLaid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries \"Laurel Wreath\"Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, CairoPaula etPaulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères,Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huîtreboudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLe quinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination -Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films \"militants\"TelevisionSeries of seven dramas in GermanNumerousdocumentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)Contemplatives... et femmes (TF1 - 1976)Suzel Sabatier (FR3)Un autre Or Noir (FR3)Vivre enGéorgiePortrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)Television documentariesLa porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)Une histoire balbynienne (2002)Tamara,une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)Hana et Khaman (unfinished)En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtreLes quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une fermel'autreHistoire du peuple kurde (in development)Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)Réalisation de films institutionnels et industrielsPassage 9:The Crimes of Stephen HawkeThe Crimes of Stephen Hawke is a 1936 Britishhistorical melodrama film directed by George King and starring Tod Slaughter as the nefarious Stephen Hawke - who masquerades as the 'Spine-Breaker'. It also features Marjorie Taylor, D. J. Williams and EricPortman. It was made at Shepperton Studios, with sets designed by Philip Bawcombe.This is the third of Tod Slaughter's film outings, billed as a 'new-old melodrama'. In the introduction Slaughter appears in person, ina BBC studio, where he describes with relish his murderous activities in his two previous films: Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn (1935) and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936).In the filmSlaughter plays a seemingly kindly money-lender who dotes on his daughter Julia. He has however a double life as the notorious 'Spine-Breaker', Victorian England's most maniacal serial killer. His nefarious activitiesare eventually detected by his daughter's suitor Matthew Trimble, the son of one of his victims, who after pursuing and failing to catch him somewhat charitably opines to his daughter:'Julia, Julia, my darling, listen tome. I know that he's the notorious 'Spine-Breaker' and he ought to be dead a hundred times but I also know that his death cannot bring my father back to life. But alive or dead it cannot alter my love for you.'In theend Slaughter comes out of hiding to kill another unwelcome suitor of his daughter, before falling to his death from the roof of his house in a dramatic final exit.CastTod Slaughter as Stephen HawkeMarjorie Taylor asJulia HawkeD.J. Williams as Joshua TrimbleEric Portman as Matthew TrimbleGraham Soutten as NathanielGerald Barry as Miles ArcherGeorge M. Slater as Lord BrickhavenCharles Penrose as Sir FranklinNorman Pierce asLandlordFlotsam and Jetsam (Bentley Collingwood Hilliam and Malcolm McEachern) as ThemselvesCecil Bevan as Small Boys' FatherAnnie Esmond as Small Boys' NannyHarry Terry as 1st Prisoner In CellBen Williams asPrison WarderExternal linksThe Crimes of Stephen Hawke at IMDbPassage 10:Gordon Douglas (director)Gordon Douglas Brickner (December 15, 1907 – September 29, 1993) was an American film director and actor,who directed many different genres of films over the course of a five-decade career in motion pictures.Early lifeBorn Gordon Douglas Brickner in New York City, he began his career as a child actor, appearing in somefilms directed by Maurice Costello.  He also worked at MGM as a book-keeper.CareerHal Roach and Our GangAs a teenager, Douglas got a job at the Hal Roach Studios, working in the office and appearing in bit parts invarious Hal Roach films. He made walk-on appearances in at least three Our Gang shorts: Teacher's Pet (1930), Big Ears (1931) and Birthday Blues (1932).By 1934, Douglas was assistant to director Gus Meins andserved as assistant director on Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's 1934 film Babes in Toyland and on the Our Gang comedies made between 1934 and mid-1936.Beginning with Bored of Education in 1936, Our Gang movedfrom two-reel (20-minute) comedies to one-reel (10-minute) comedies, and Douglas became the senior director of the series. Bored of Education won the 1936 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film, and was theonly Our Gang entry ever honored with the award. Douglas remained with the series as director for two years.His Our Gang shorts, featuring Spanky, Alfalfa, Darla, Porky, Buckwheat, Waldo, Butch and Woim, are the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_292","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ma che freddo fa\"Ma che freddo fa\" is a 1969 song composed by Claudio Mattone (music) and Franco Migliacci (lyrics).  The song premiered at the 19th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival with a double performance of Nada and The Rokes, placing at the fifth place. The first verses include a citation of Donovan's \"Laléna\". Nada's version was a massive success, selling about one million copies, mainly in the Italian and Spanish markets.The song was later covered by numerous artists, including Mina, Giusy Ferreri, Renzo Arbore, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel, and, with the title \"Et pourtant j'ai froid\", Dalida.Track listingNada version7\" single - TL 19\"Ma che freddo fa\" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)\"Una rondine bianca\" (Claudio Mattone)The Rokes version7\" single - AN 4172\"Ma che freddo fa\" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)\"Per te, per me\" (Shel Shapiro, Franco Migliacci)CertificationsPassage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Xu ShaofaXu Shaofa (Hsu Shao-Fa) (born 1947), is a male former international table tennis player from China.Table tennis careerHe won a gold medal at the 1975 World Table Tennis Championships  with Li Zhenshi, Liang Geliang, Lu Yuansheng and Li Peng as part of the Chinese team. In addition he won a silver medal in 1973.See alsoList of table tennis playersList of World Table Tennis Championships medalistsPassage 4:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 5:Wang Chien-faWang Chien-fa (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Wáng Qiánfā; born 19 March 1949) is a politician in Taiwan. He was the Magistrate of Penghu County from 20 December 2005 until 25 December 2014.EducationWang obtained his bachelor's degree from the Department of Public Administration at National Open University.Penghu County Magistrate2005 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was elected Magistrate of Penghu County as the Kuomintang candidate on 3 December 2005 and assumed office on 20 December 2005.2009 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was reelected for a second term on 5 December 2009.See alsoPenghu County GovernmentPassage 6:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon the Wicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Courage was replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editors had difficulty finding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic \"whoosh\" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score two more episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes \"The Enterprise Incident\" and \"Plato's Stepchildren,\" allegedly as a courtesy to Producer Robert Justman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestrated Goldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme became one of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films based upon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith.DeathCourage had been in declining health for several years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades, California. He had suffered a series of strokes prior to his death. His mausoleum is in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Passage 7:Shue Ming-faShue Ming-fa (born 2 November 1950) is a former Taiwanese cyclist. He competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.Passage 8:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c. 1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to be written in continental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was in Tournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No other documentation on his life has yet come to light.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two may have been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was still being copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired other composers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus (four voices)Missa sine nomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 9:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 10:Claudio MattoneClaudio Mattone (born 28 February 1943) is an Italian composer, lyricist and music producer.Born in Santa Maria a Vico, Caserta, Mattone approached music at young age, as a jazz pianist. After leaving the university he moved to Rome, where he debuted in 1968 as a singer-songwriter with the song \"E' sera\", that premiered without any success at Cantagiro '68. Focusing on composition, between late sixties and early eighties he successfully teamed with the lyricist Franco Migliacci and signed several hits, contributing to launch the careers of Nada and Eduardo De Crescenzo; also working as music producer and as lyricist of his songs, in nineties Mattone launched the careers of Neri per caso and Syria, that respectively won the 1994 and 1995 editions of the Sanremo Music Festival in the \"giovani\" category.In 1990 Mattone won a David di Donatello and a Nastro d'Argento for the soundtrack of the 1989 film Scugnizzi. His earlier scores had included Cugini carnali (1974), Così parlò Bellavista (1984), Il mistero di Bellavista (1985) and Fatto su misura (1985). From 2000s his principal occupation is the theater, as author and producer of musicals."}
{"doc_id":"doc_293","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseEleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse (1182–1226) was a daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile.She married Raymond VI, Count ofToulouse.LifeAccording to the Ex Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium, she was the second daughter and fourth of nine children of the troubadour king, Alfonso II of Aragon and his wife Sancha of Castile. She had for olderbrothers Pierre II the Catholic and Alphonse II, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and for sisters Constance, first queen of Hungary, then empress by her marriage with Frederick II, and Sancie, countess ofToulouse.According to the Crónica of San Juan de la Peña, her brother Peter II sealed the union of Eleanor, with Raymond VI of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence, in order to put an end to thedissensions with the counts of Toulouse.Raymond VI was the eldest son of Raymond V and Constance of France, daughter of King Louis VI and Adelaide de Maurienne. Eleanor was Raymond VI's 6th wife, havingdivorced an unknown daughter and sole heiress of Emperor Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus just two years earlier. Raymond and Eleanor did not have children.By this marriage she became countess of Toulouse which wouldsuffer the pangs of the war and the Albigensian Crusade, in the following years. The crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III and headed by the French Crown against Toulouse and Catharism.Passage 2:Maria ofAragon, Queen of CastileMaria of Aragon ((1403-02-24)24 February 1403 – (1445-02-18)18 February 1445) was the Queen of Castile as the first wife of King John II from their marriage in 1420 until her death in 1445.She was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.LifeMaria was married by her brother in his ambition to place his father's issue on the thrones of Castile and Aragon. The marriage took placein simplicity. Maria was occasionally politically active on behalf of her brothers, the princes of Aragon; she disregarded her husband's policy in favor of her brothers and the relationship between Maria and John wassomewhat tense.After her death on 18 February 1445, her husband married Isabella of Portugal and they became the parents of Isabella I of Castile. Maria has no descendants today, her line having gone extinct withina few decades of her death.ChildrenMaria and John II of Castile had four children:Catherine, Princess of Asturias ((1422-10-05)5 October 1422–(1424-09-17)17 September 1424).Eleanor, Princess of Asturias((1423-09-10)10 September 1423–(1425-08-22)22 August 1425).Henry IV of Castile ((1425-01-05)5 January 1425–(1474-12-11)11 December 1474). First married Blanche II of Navarre and later married Joan ofPortugal.Infanta Maria (c. 1428–c. 1429).AncestryPassage 3:Sancha of LeónSancha of León (c. 1018 – 8 November 1067) was a princess and queen of León. She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile wholater became King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle. She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha.LifeSancha was a daughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, ElviraMenéndez. She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo.In 1029, a political marriage was arranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile. However, having traveled to León for the marriage,García was assassinated by a group of disgruntled vassals. In 1032, Sancha was married to García's nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of Castile, when the latter was 11 years old.At the Battle of Tamarón in 1037Ferdinand killed Sancha's brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León. Sancha's own position as queen of León is unclear and contradictory. Shesucceeded to the throne of León as the heir of her brother and in her \"own right\" but despite this, she is not clearly referred to as queen regnant, and after the death of her husband the throne passed to her son, despitethe fact that she was still alive.Following Ferdinand's death in 1065 and the division of her husband's kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons.She was a devout Catholic, who,with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro.ChildrenSancha had five children:Urraca of ZamoraSancho II of León and CastileElvira of ToroAlfonso VI of Leónand CastileGarcía II of GaliciaDeath and burialShe died in the city of León on 8 November 1067. She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and herchildren Elvira, Urraca and García.The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:\"H. R. SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE, MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDIUXOR. FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR. OBIIT ERA MCVIIII. III N. M.\"Which translates to:\"Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinandand daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction of Almanzor. Died in the one thousand one hundred eighth era on the third nones of May [5 May 1071].\"Passage 4:Eleanor of Aragon, Queen ofCastileEleanor of Aragon (20 February 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. She was a member of the House of Barcelona and Queen of Castile by hermarriage.FamilyEleanor was the youngest child and only daughter of her father by his third marriage. Eleanor was a sister of John I of Aragon and Martin of Aragon. She was a half-sister of Constance, Queen of Sicily,Joanna, Countess of Ampurias and Isabella, Countess of Urgell.MarriageAt Soria on the 18 June 1375, Eleanor married John I of Castile. Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace betweenAragon and Castile agreed at Almazán on the 12 April 1374 and at Lleida on the 10 May 1375.Eleanor and John were married for seven years, in which time they had three children:Henry (4 October 1379 – 25December 1406), succeeded his father as King of CastileFerdinand (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416), became King of Aragon in 1412Eleanor (b. 13 August 1382), died youngAfter seven years of marriage on 13August 1382, Eleanor died giving birth to her daughter and namesake Eleanor, who died young. Eleanor's son Ferdinand later claimed his mother's rights on the Kingdom of Aragon when both of Eleanor's brothers diedwithout surviving sons.Passage 5:Sancha of Castile, Queen of AragonSancha of Castile (21 September 1154/5 – 9 November 1208) was the only surviving child of King Alfonso VII of Castile by his second wife, Richezaof Poland.  On January 18, 1174, she married King Alfonso II of Aragon at Zaragoza; they had at least eight children who survived into adulthood.A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and PeireRaymond, the queen became involved in a legal dispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possession ofvarious castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background of political affairs by her son  Peter II. She retired from court,withdrawing to the Hospitaller convent for noble ladies, the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, at Sigena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she woreuntil the end of her life. The queen mother entertained her widowed daughter Constance at Sigena prior to her leaving Aragon to marry Emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, aged fifty-four, and wasinterred in front of the high altar of her foundation at the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena; her tomb is still there to be seen.IssuePeter II (1174/76 – 14 September 1213), King of Aragon and Lord ofMontpellier.Constance (1179 – 23 June 1222), married firstly King Imre of Hungary and secondly Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209), Count of Provence, Millau and Razès.Eleanor(1182 – February 1226), married Count Raymond VI of Toulouse.Ramon Berenguer (ca. 1183/85 – died young).Sancha (1186 – aft. 1241), married Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, in March 1211Ferdinand (1190 –1249), cistercian monk, Abbot of Montearagón.Dulcia (1192 – ?), a nun at Sijena.Passage 6:Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)Eleanor of Castile (1200—1244) was Queen of Aragon by her marriage to King James I ofAragon.QueenshipEleanor was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England. In 1221 at Ágreda, Eleanor married King James I of Aragon; she was nineteen and he was fourteen. The next six years ofJames's reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. The couple had a son, Alfonso, who married Constance of Béarn. Eleanor'smarriage to James was annulled in 1230, and the agreement prohibited her from remarrying. Their son, Alfonso, was declared legitimate, but he pre-deceased James.Monastic lifeEleanor became a nun after theannulment. She went to the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas to join her elder sister Berengaria who had retired from ruling Castile and Leon, and their other sister Constance, who was long a nun there.  Allthree sisters died there, Constance in 1243, Eleanor in 1244, and Berengaria in 1246.  All are buried in the Abbey.BurialEleanor was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas in Burgos. Her remains were deposited in atomb which is now located in the Nave of Santa Catarina of the Gospel, and lies between the tomb containing the remains of Philip, son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, which is placed to the right, and the tombcontaining the remains of Peter, brother of Philip.During work on the Monastery in the middle of the twentieth century it was found that the remains of Eleanor, mummified and in good condition, lay in her tomb oflimestone; the roof had two slopes and was smooth, although in the past was polychrome. Her coffin was wooden and devoid of cover, although there were still remnants of its shell and lysed cross made of studded goldbraid, as well as clothing that was buried with the Queen, among which highlighted three brocade garments in Arabic, which Manuel Gómez Moreno considered similar to those found in the grave of her grandnephewPhilip.Passage 7:Constance of AragonConstance of Aragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and Holy RomanEmpress. She was regent of Sicily from 1212 to 1220.She was the second child and eldest daughter of the nine children of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile.Queen of HungaryHer father died in 1196 andConstance's fate was decided by the new King, her brother Peter II. Peter arranged her marriage with King Emeric of Hungary, and the nineteen-year-old Constance left Aragon for Hungary. The wedding took place in1198. Two years later, in 1200, the Queen gave birth to a son, called Ladislaus.When King Emeric was dying, he crowned his son Ladislaus co-ruler on 26 August 1204. The King wanted to secure his succession and hadhis brother Andrew promise to protect the child and help him govern the Kingdom of Hungary until reaching adulthood. Emeric died three months later, on 30 November.Ladislaus succeeded him as King while Andrewbecame his Regent. Andrew soon took over all regal authority while Ladislaus and Constance were little more than his prisoners. Constance managed to escape to Vienna with Ladislaus.The two found refuge in the courtof Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, but Ladislaus would soon die (7 May 1205). The former Regent and now King Andrew II of Hungary took the body of his nephew and buried him in the Royal Crypt of Székesfehérvár.Duke Leopold sent Constance back to Aragon.Queen of Sicily and Holy Roman EmpressWhen Constance returned to Aragon, she took up residence with her mother, Queen Sancha, in the Abbey of Nuestra Senora, atSijena; Sancha had founded the abbey after her husband's death, and now lived there in retirement. Constance spent the next three years in the abbey with her mother, until her fate, again, was changed by herbrother.Peter II wanted to be on good terms with Pope Innocent III, since he wanted an annulment of his marriage with Maria of Montpellier, and needed the blessing of the Pope. The Pope solicited the hand of theDowager Queen of Hungary for his pupil, the young King Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Aragonese King accepted the proposal; Constance left her mother and the abbey of Nuestra Senora and began her trip toSicily (1208). She never returned to Aragon or saw her mother again. Sancha died shortly after the departure of her daughter.Constance and Frederick were married in the Sicilian city of Messina on 15 August 1209. Inthe ceremony, she was crowned Queen of Sicily. By this time, Constance was thirty years old and her new husband only fourteen. Two years later, in 1211, Constance gave birth to a son, called Henry, who later had atragic end.On 9 December 1212, Frederick was crowned King of Germany in opposition to Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. During the absence of her husband, Constance stayed in Sicily as regent of the Kingdom until1220.At first Frederick controlled Southern Germany but Otto IV was effectively deposed on 5 July 1215. This time Constance was crowned German Queen with her husband.Pope Honorius III crowned Frederick HolyRoman Emperor on 22 November 1220. Constance was crowned Holy Roman Empress while their son Henry became the new King of Germany. She died of malaria less than two years later in Catania and was buried inthe Cathedral of Palermo, in a Roman sarcophagus with a crown, the Crown of Constance.Passage 8:Sancha of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseSancha of Aragon (1186, Zaragoza –1241) was the daughter of King AlfonsoII of Aragon and his wife, Sancha of Castile. Sancha was married to Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse in 1211. Upon the death of Raymond's father, Raymond VI, in 1222, she acquired the titles Countess consort ofToulouse and Marquise consort of Provence until their divorce in 1241.Sancha's paternal grandparents were Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon; her maternal grandparents were AlfonsoVII of León and Castile and Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile. She was the sister of Peter II of Aragon and Alfonso II, Count of Provence. She and Raymond had one child, Joan, Countess of Toulouse, who inheritedthe same titles upon the death of her father from 1249 to 1271.Passage 9:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian ofthe Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaabaafter him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that theopportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic:\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess(Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib andAbdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamilytree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 10:Alfonso VII of León and CastileAlfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of Leónand Castile in 1126. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Alfonso later held anotherinvestiture in 1135 in a grand ceremony reasserting his claims to the imperial title. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy, the first of the House of Ivrea to rule in the Iberian peninsula.Alfonso wasa dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler.Though he sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice to both Christian and Muslim populations, his hegemonic intentions never saw fruition. During his tenure, Portugal became de facto independent, in1128, and was recognized as de jure independent, in 1143. He was a patron of poets, including, probably, the troubadour Marcabru.Succession to three kingdomsIn 1111, Diego Gelmírez, Bishop of Compostela and thecount of Traba, crowned and anointed Alfonso King of Galicia in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. He was a child, but his mother had (1109) succeeded to the united throne of León-Castile-Galicia and wished toretain sole rulership of the kingdom. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. On 10 March 1126, after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery ofthe Kingdom of Castile, which was then under the domination of Alfonso the Battler. By the Peace of Támara of 1127, the Battler recognised Alfonso VII of Castile. The territory in the far east of his dominion, however,had gained much independence during the rule of his mother and experienced many rebellions. After his recognition in Castile, Alfonso fought to curb the autonomy of the local barons.When Alfonso the Battler, King ofNavarre and Aragón, died without descendants in 1134, he willed his kingdom to the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller. The aristocracy of both kingdoms rejected this. García Ramírez, Count of Monzón waselected in Navarre while Alfonso pretended to the throne of Aragón. The nobles chose another candidate in the dead king's brother, Ramiro II. Alfonso responded by reclaiming La Rioja and \"attempted to annex thedistrict around Zaragoza and Tarazona\".In several skirmishes, he defeated the joint Navarro-Aragonese army and put the kingdoms to vassalage. He had the strong support of the lords north of the Pyrenees, who heldlands as far as the River Rhône. In the end, however, the combined forces of the Navarre and Aragón were too much for his control. At this time, he helped Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, in his wars with theother Catalan counties to unite the old Marca Hispanica.Imperial ruleA vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held León.  Sancho the Great considered the city the imperialeculmen and minted coins with the inscription Imperator totius Hispaniae after being crowned in it. Such a sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigothic kings, who had been themselves therepresentatives of the Roman Empire. But though appearing in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of León and Alfonso the Battler, the title had been little more than a flourish of rhetoric.On 26 May 1135, Alfonso wascrowned \"Emperor of Spain\" in the Cathedral of León. By this, he probably wished to assert his authority over the entire peninsula and his absolute leadership of the Reconquista. He appears to have striven for theformation of a national unity which Spain had never possessed since the fall of the Visigothic kingdom. The elements he had to deal with could not be welded together. The weakness of Aragon enabled him to make hissuperiority effective. After Afonso Henriques recognised him as liege in 1137, Alfonso VII lost the Battle of Valdevez in 1141 thereby affirming Portugal's independence in the Treaty of Zamora (1143). In 1143, he"}
{"doc_id":"doc_294","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lifted BellsLifted Bells are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The band consists of members of the bands Their/They're/There, Braid, and Stay Ahead of the Weather.CareerLifted Bells began in2013 with the release of a self-titled EP, via Naked Ally Records. In 2014, Lifted Bells released their second EP titled Lights Out via Naked Ally. In 2016, Lifted Bells signed to Run For Cover Records and released theirthird EP titled Overreactor.DiscographyEPsLifted Bells (2013, Naked Ally)Lights Out (2014, Naked Ally)Overreactor (2016, Run For Cover)Minor Tantrums (2018, Run For Cover)Passage 2:Tri-State (band)Tri-State is anAmerican rock band from New Jersey.AboutTri-State is a four-piece jangle pop and indie rock band from Maplewood, New Jersey, that formed in 2010, consisting of vocalist and guitarist Julian Brash, drummer BradyMcNamara, bassist and vocalist Scott Stemmermann and vocalist and guitarist Jeff Zelevansky. Their music is described as \"jangle-pop\" and \"guitar-based rock'n'roll,\" and they draw comparison to the groups R.E.M.,Dinosaur Jr., Eleventh Dream Day, and the artist Neil Young. They self-released the six-track EP, entitled Tri-State, on May 24, 2016. A review of the EP by Jim Testa in Jersey Beat says \"this is a terrific record [...] thatneatly draws inspiration from Nineties alterna-rock without sounding dated or derivative. The guitars rumble and roar, the drumming always keeps things moving forward, and the vocals and lyrics bring a perspectiveyou just don't find in younger bands.\" Independent Clauses writes \"Tri-State's tunes unfold in pleasing ways[,] creat[ing] an ominous mood that builds and builds,\" adding that \"if you're into '90s indie-rock or maturesongwriting that appreciates with multiple listens, give [Tri State] a spin.\" Tri-State signed with Mint 400 Records in 2014.Mint 400 RecordsThat year they contributed the song \"Take a Bow\" for the compilation,Patchwork, and a rendition of \"Carrie Anne\" for the 2015 compilation, 1967. Tri-State released two singles \"New Minuits\" and \"Titanic Brothers,\" on September 21, 2015. They performed at the 2016 North Jersey IndieRock Festival. Their second EP, the five-track We Did What We Could Do, was released with Mint 400 Records, on October 22, 2016. Bob Makin of Courier News describes the EP as \"pop hooks, vocal harmonies, drivingbeats, and intricate, intertwined guitars with intelligent [and] probing lyrics.\" It was listed in Jersey Beat's Top Local Releases\" of 2016. The lead track \"Summer Nun\" appears on the compilation album, NJ / NYMixtape.DiscographyLP\"Hey Pal\" (2019)EPsDoom Loop (2021)Tri-State (2013)We Did What We Could Do (2016)Singles\"New Minuits / Titanic Brothers\" (2015)Appearing onPatchwork (2014)1967 (2015)NJ / NY Mixtape(2018)Passage 3:The M'sThe M's is an American indie rock band from Chicago.HistoryThe M's were formed in 2000 by Josh Chicoine, Joey King, Steve Versaw and Robert Hicks. Chicoine, King and Versaw met in thewinter of 1999 and began collaborating in a makeshift studio in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood in which the short lived group, Sanoponic, was formed. After Sanoponic's dissolution, they began working on newmaterial with Hicks who had the name The M's in mind for a new project. Their debut EP appeared in 2002 on Brilliante Records, followed by a full-length in 2004. They signed with Polyvinyl Record Co. for their 2006and 2008 releases. Glenn Rischke joined the group in 2008 for the release of their last recording to date \"Real Close Ones\". The group decided to go into \"a long hiatus\" on March 6, 2009. In 2011, The M's released adigital-only EP \"The Personal Touch\" on Movings label, recorded collaboratively with electronic trio from Chicago TV Pow.MembersJosh Chicoine - vocals, guitarSteve Versaw - drumsJoey King - vocals, bassRobert Hicks -vocals, guitarGlenn Rischke - Keyboards, percussion (Joined 2008/2009)DiscographyThe M's EP (Brillante Records, 2002)The M's LP (Brillante, 2004)Split with Dr. Dog (Polyvinyl Record Co., 2006)Future Women(Polyvinyl, 2006)Real Close Ones (Polyvinyl, 2008)The Personal Touch with TV Pow (Movings, 2011)Passage 4:Knuckle PuckKnuckle Puck is an American rock band, formed in 2010 in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. Thegroup released several EPs, one of which, While I Stay Secluded (2014), peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. The band released a split EP with the UK band Neck Deep. The group signed to Rise in2014 and released its debut album, Copacetic, through the label in 2015.The band's name comes from the \"knucklepuck\" shot in ice hockey, which was popularized by the 1994 film D2: The MightyDucks.HistoryFormation and early releases (2010–2014)Knuckle Puck started out covering songs in fall 2010 in the outskirts of Chicago. The band got its name from a Stick to Your Guns t-shirt that said \"Knuckle PuckCrew\". The band consisted of lead vocalist Joe Taylor, lead guitarist Kevin Maida, and drummer John Siorek. The group started writing original songs in April 2011 with the addition of rhythm guitarist Nick Casasanto.The group had friends fill in on bass. In July, the band played its first ever show. In October, the band released a self-titled EP, this was followed up by the Acoustics EP in March 2012. In October, the band released theDon't Come Home EP. The band co-headlined a tour with Seaway from late May to early June 2013. In August, the band self-released The Weight That You Buried EP. In February 2014 Bad Timing and Hopeless releaseda split EP that featured two songs each from Knuckle Puck and Neck Deep. Both bands toured together (alongside Light Years) from late February to early April. On March 16, the band performed at South by So What?!festival. In spring, the band gained bassist Ryan Rumchaks. Between May and June, the band supported Man Overboard on the group's The Heart Attack Tour alongside Transit, and Forever Came Calling.A music videowas released for the song \"No Good\" in June. It was directed by Eric Teti. In late July, it was announced the band were recording, and in early August the band finished recording its next release. Knuckle Puck supportedSenses Fail on the band's Let It Enfold You 10th anniversary tour from late August till early October 2014. In early September, the band released a 7\" flexi containing the songs \"Oak Street\" and \"Home Alone\", theformer of which was intended for release on the group's next EP. The flexi was released by Bad Timing. On October 16, 2014, \"Bedford Falls\" was available for streaming. On October 23, the While I Stay Secluded EPwas made available for streaming and on October 28, it was released by Bad Timing. The EP had peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums in the U.S. Guitarist Kevin Maida revealed that the band \"firmly andconfidently\" considered the EP the group's best work so far. On October 31, the band released a music video for \"Oak Street\". In November and December, the band supported Modern Baseball on the group's wintertour.Copacetic and Shapeshifter (2014–2020)In November 2014, the various artists compilation album Punk Goes Pop 6 was released, it featured Knuckle Puck covering The 1975 song \"Chocolate\". On December 22,2014, Knuckle Puck signed to Rise Records. Maida said that Rise would be \"a bountiful new home\" for the group and would help the band evolve. Throughout January and February 2015 the band supported Neck Deepon the band's The Intercontinental Championships Tour. In late February, the band announced it had started recording its debut album and by early April, the group had finished. The group joined The Maine's TheAmerican Candy Spring 2015 Tour, as a support act, throughout April and May. On June 11, the band's debut album, Copacetic, was announced. The artwork and track list was revealed. On June 19, a music video wasreleased for \"Disdain\". On June 30, \"True Contrite\" was made available for streaming. The band played on the 2015 edition of Warped Tour. On July 14, \"Pretense\" was made available for streaming. On July 23, thealbum was made available for streaming. Copacetic released on July 31. The band supported State Champs on the group's European tour in September and October. The band toured the U.S. in October and November,with support from Seaway, Head North and Sorority Noise. In February and March 2016, the band supported Neck Deep and State Champs on the groups' co-headlining tour of the U.S.In March 2017, a 7-inch vinylsingle was released, featuring the tracks \"Calendar Days\" and \"Indecisive\". On July 27, the band released the first single from their at the time upcoming album onto YouTube and iTunes titled \"Gone\". A few monthslater in September the second single \"Double Helix\" was released on YouTube with its music video. The group released their second album, Shapeshifter, on October 13.In October 2019 Knuckle Puck released a 7\" vinylcontaining Gold Rush and Fences, previously released with Neck Deep and containing two more tracks. This vinyl sold out in a few hours.20/20 (2020–present)On February 21, 2020, the band released a single called\"Tune You Out\", and commenced a tour across North America with Heart Attack Man throughout February and March 2020, which was cut short by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, 2020, a secondsingle and 7\" record \"RSVP\" was released. A music video for the song \"Breathe\" was released on June 18, 2020, the song features Derek Sanders from the band Mayday Parade. The band released their third album20/20 on September 18, 2020. The band played multiple drive in shows in October 2020 with Hot Mulligan. In December 2021, the band headlined a tour celebrating their tenth anniversary with Arm's Length, CarlyCosgrove, and Snow Ellet.On December 1, 2021, the band released a single \"Levitate\" and announced a US and European tour from March 2022 to June 2022 with co-headliner Hot Mulligan with support by Meet Me atthe Altar and Anxious during the US shows. The band released an extended play Disposable Life on February 4, 2022, with Joe Taylor calling the recording of the EP \"the most fun we've had in a long time\" The bandsupported New Found Glory on the group's US tour through September 2022 to November 2022.On October 20, 2022, the band announced that they had signed with Pure Noise Records and released a new singleGroundhog Day. The band announced that their upcoming 4th LP would release in 2024.  The band later announced a compilation vinyl release Retrospective consisting of their first two EP's and their split with NeckDeep.StyleKnuckle Puck sound has been described by AllMusic biographer James Christopher Monger as a \"melodic blend of old-school punk rock and emo\", compared to the likes of The Wonder Years, The Story So Far,and Rise Against. Copacetic has been described as emo and pop punk. AllMusic reviewer Timothy Monger noted the album's sound \"ranging from blazing, epic emo and pop-punk to slower, more contemplative fare.\"Cleveland.com reviewer Troy L. Smith noted that people who liked early 2000s pop punk albums such as Simple Plan's No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls (2002) and New Found Glory's Sticks and Stones (2002) wouldenjoy Copacetic.Side projectsRumchaks released a solo EP, Decades, in July 2013. Rumchaks plays guitar and sings vocals in Oak Lawn, Illinois-based band Homesafe, alongside vocalist/bassist Tyler Albertson anddrummer Eman Duran. The group has released three EPs and one full-length studio album, Homesafe (2014), Inside Your Head (2015), ‘’Evermore’’ (2016), And ‘’ONE’’ (2018). Homesafe is currently signed to PureNoise Records.Taylor and Rumchaks joined with Real Friends' vocalist Dan Lambton to form Rationale. With Rationale., Taylor plays guitar and vocals, Rumchaks plays drums, and Lambton on guitar and vocals.\"Hangnail\" was made available for streaming in December 2015, and the group's debut EP Confines  followed shortly after.Kevin Maida plays guitar in Chicago hardcore-punk band Lurk.John Siorek has played drums forbands William Bonney, Droughts, and Matter of Fact.Critical receptionKnuckle Puck was included on Alternative Press's \"12 Bands You Need To Know: AP Editors pick their favorite 100 Bands\" list in 2014. The band wereincluded on Idobi's \"Artists To Watch In 2014\" list.Knuckle Puck was nominated for the Best Underground Band in the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards.Knuckle Puck was nominated for Album of the Year and BestBreakthrough Band in the 2016 Alternative Press Music Awards.Band membersCurrent membersJoe Taylor – lead vocals (2010–present)Kevin Maida – lead guitar (2010–present)John Siorek – drums, percussion(2010–present)Nick Casasanto – rhythm guitar, co-lead vocals (2011–present)Ryan Rumchaks – bass guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)DiscographyStudio albumsCopacetic (2015)Shapeshifter (2017)20/20(2020)Passage 5:The Sessions (band)The Sessions were a Canadian dance-rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia. The band won the world's largest battle of the bands, Emergenza, in 2006.HistoryThe Sessionsformed in 2005. Members included bassist Tobias Jesso Jr. drummer Martin Kottmeier, guitarist Tristan Norton and singer Josh Helgason. In 2006, The Sessions joined the Emergenza band competition, along with 7,631bands from 16 countries.  The band won a competition in Calgary, and then moved on to the national competition in Montreal. The Sessions won first place at the Emergenza finals in Rothenburg, Germany.The bandrecorded a six-song EP with producer Bob Rock, entitled The Sessions Is Listed as In a Relationship. The album received a mixture of reviews. Two songs from the album, \"My Love\" and \"18 Candles\", were featured inthe mountain biking film Seasons by The Collective. The beginning of \"18 Candles\" is used as some of the Question and Answer music in \"Pawn Stars\".The Sessions toured the western United States in February 2008,hitting Popscene in San Francisco as well as dates in Las Vegas, Hollywood, and San Diego.  Helgason left the band in March 2008 and co-formed Stars Blvd soon after. The band members did some session work inCalifornia, including recording with singer Melissa Cavatti.After break-upBand members Tristan Norton and Martin Kottmeier have since co-formed electronic music DJ/production duo Young Bombs. Tobias Jesso Jr.started a career as a singer-songwriter.MembersMartin Robert Kottmeier - drums, vocalsJoshua Helgason - vocals, synthesizerTristan Norton - guitar, vocals, keyboardsTobias Jesso Jr. - bass, vocalsPassage 6:Welcome(band)Welcome is a band from Seattle.DiscographySirs (Fat Cat Records)Sun as Night Light (RX Remedy)Six Songs on a CD (RX Remedy)Stoma 7\" (RX Remedy)Split 7\" with Mars AcceleratorPassage 7:Marseille(band)Marseille were a British heavy metal band from Liverpool, England, formed in 1976 by Neil Buchanan, Andy Charters and Keith Knowles. Marseille were the first band to win the \"UK Battle of the Bands\"competition at Wembley Arena in 1977. Marseille were the first new wave of British heavy metal band to secure a major recording contract and to tour in the United States, as well as the first NWOBHM band to releasean album there.HistoryMarseille was formed in Liverpool, England in early 1976. Original members were Paul Dale (vocals), Neil Buchanan (lead guitar), Andy Charters (second guitar), Keith Knowles (drums) and SteveDinwoodie (bass). The band was originally called AC/DC, during the time that the Australian rock band of the same name was gaining success in the UK, forcing the band to change their name in mid-1976 to \"Marseille\".Marseille won the first ever \"UK Battle of the Bands\" with the finals judged by Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen at Wembley Arena on October 31, 1977. This led the band to secure a five-year recording contractwith Mountain Records in late 1977, and the band released their debut album, Red, White and Slightly Blue in 1978, which included the songs \"The French Way\" and \"Can Can\". Marseille became the first new wave ofBritish heavy metal to play at a big festival in Europe: the Bilzen Festival in Belgium, supporting American rock band Cheap Trick.Marseille gathered a small fan base while promoting their first album as support for othergroups such as Judas Priest, Nazareth, Whitesnake and UFO. Keith Knowles stated: \"I was the drummer on all albums and an original member of Marseille. We took the name because 'Marseille' was a French roughseaport like Liverpool and to be honest we were struggling to rename ourselves as we were originally called AC/DC but had to change for obvious reasons. All tracks on this album were recorded 'live' so what you hear isnot manufactured in any way. We all have great memories of touring with UFO who were absolutely brilliant with us and made sure we had sound-checks every night. Phil Mogg and Pete Way were like a double act andsuch great blokes... to stand in the wings listening to Schenker's lead break on Love to Love will live with me forever... and what a nice person he was.\" Their debut album contained very raunchy lyrics but sufferedsomewhat from lack of promotion and limitation of release. The single \"Kiss Like Rock 'n' Roll\" was produced by Nazareth guitarist Manny Charlton.Their second album release, the eponymous Marseille, received radioairplay, extending their fanbase in the UK. Several tracks from the album featured on the \"Alternative Top 20 Charts\" published in Sounds magazine with other emerging new wave of British heavy metal bands such asSaxon, Def Leppard and Iron Maiden. Marseille were the first NWOBHM band to tour and have an album released in the United States through RCA Records. The band promoted their Marseille album on tour in the USwith Nazareth and American south coast boogie band Blackfoot during the summer of 1980. The band arrived back in the UK to witness the demise of Mountain, their record and management company. With all theirequipment still stranded in the US, the band were forced off the road and into a two-year legal battle with liquidators, which precluded them pursuing another recording contract. During this time, Paul Dale, AndyCharters and Neil Buchanan left the band. Charters moved to the US, and Buchanan started a career in television, hosting the popular CITV programme Art Attack from 1990-2007. The two remaining members, KeithKnowles and Steve Dinwoodie later recruited vocalist Sav Pearse and guitarist Marc Railton from local Liverpool band Savage Lucy to complete a third album entitled Touch the Night, on the Ultra Noise label in 1984. Asong from the album, \"Walking on a Highware\" became Marseille's first and only single to enter the UK Singles chart, peaking at number 98 and spending one week in the listing. However, lack of industry interest in theband caused this iteration of Marseille to split up soon after. Touch the Night was labeled by Kerrang! magazine as a closet classic that should have taken the band to higher ground.In 2003, a two-disc CD aptly titledRock You Tonight became the Marseille Anthology and was released by Castle Communications, a subsidiary division of Sanctuary Records Group. The album, containing material from all three of Marseille's previousalbums, garnered some critical acclaim being hailed \"The best box set of 2003\" by George Smith of Village Voice magazine.The original line-up reunited for a handful of gigs in 2008, however, Paul Dale soon left theband and was replaced in February 2009 by Nigel Roberts. The band recorded an EP, FourPlay which was produced by Neil Buchanan, and released on the Gas Station Music label in 2009. In 2010, Keith Knowles andSteve Dinwoodie stepped down to be replaced by Gareth Webb (drums) and Lee Andrews (bass). The band recorded their first full album in 25 years, Unfinished Business, which was also produced by Buchanan, andlater released on September 6, 2010. The album was unveiled at the band's appearance at the Hard Rock Hell festival in December 2010. A full UK tour supported by Exit State followed.In April 2011, drummer GarethWebb stepped down and was replaced by Ace Finchum (also a member of Tigertailz) on drums. A few months later, bassist Lee Andrews also left the band and was replaced by Kevin Wynn (mid-2011), then by PhilIreland (late 2011-early 2012), and later by Rob Brooks (2012-2014). The band continued a heavy gig schedule from 2011 to early 2012, and worked on new material for a release in 2012 but this never materialised.The band were featured in several appearances at gigs and concerts, including the 2012 Cambridge Rock Festival and the Hard Rock Hell VI: A Fistful Of Rock in late 2012; however, those appearances were cancelled.Later, Marseille announced a UK tour planned for November 2013, which was later postponed to 2014 due to Andy Charters' travel visa problems. It was also announced that an EP will be released in the Summer of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_295","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marzuban ibn Muhammad ibn ShaddadMarzuban ibn Muhammad ibn Shaddad was a Kurdish ruler, the brother of Lashkari ibn Muhammad. He succeeded his brother to the throne of the Shaddadids in 978. He was incompetent, however, and reigned only until his murder by his younger brother Fadl ibn Muhammad in 985.SourcesMinorsky, Vladimir (1977) [1953]. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.Peacock, Andrew (2011). \"SHADDADIDS\". Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition.Passage 2:Shabbir MuhammadShabbir Muhammad (born 3 March 1978) is a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics.Passage 3:Maria al-QibtiyyaMāriyya bint Sham\u0000ūn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), better known as Māriyyah al-Qib\u0000iyyah or al-Qub\u0000iyya (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), or Maria the Copt, died 637, was an Egyptian woman who, along with her sister Sirin bint Shamun, was sent to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 as a gift by Al-Muqawqis, a Christian governor of Alexandria, during the territory's Sasanian occupation. She and her sister were slaves. She spent the rest of her life in Medina and had a son, Ibrahim with Muhammad. The son died as an infant and she died almost five years later.Al-Maqrizi says that she was a native of Hebenu (Coptic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Koinē Greek: \u0000λάβαστρων πόλις Alábastrōn pólis, Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: al-Khafn), a village located near Antinoöpolis.BiographyIn the Islamic year 6 AH (627 – 628 CE), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the continuation of the monotheistic faith with its final messages and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings. Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as al-Muqawqis. Maria was a slave who was offered as a gift of goodwill to Muhammad in reply to his envoys inviting the governor of Alexandria to Islam. Muhammad emancipated her after the birth of her son.Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:In this year Hātib b. Abi Balta'ah came back from al-Muqawqis bringing Māriyah and her sister Sīrīn, his female mule Duldul, his donkey Ya'fūr, and sets of garments. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the latter stayed with them. Hātib had invited them to become Muslims before he arrived with them, and Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon Him, lodged them with Umm Sulaym bt. Milhān. Māriyah was beautiful. The prophet sent her sister Sīrīn to Hassān b. Thābit and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān b. Hassān.The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.Status as a wife or concubineMuhammad's earliest biographers, like Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa’d, and al-Tabari, mentioned Mariyah as the Prophet’s slavegirl or concubine in their sirah.Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya is another scholar and biographer of prophet Muhammad who writes a sirah called Zad al-Ma'ad where he mentioned Mariyah as a slave girl.Like Rayhana bint Zayd, there is some debate between historians and scholars as to whether Mariyah ever became Muhammad's wife or remained a concubine. An indication that she was a concubine is that when she bore her son to Muhammad, she was set free.Ibn ‘Abbas said: When Maria gave birth to Ibrahim the Messenger of Allah (\u0000) said, ‘Her son has set her free.’  There is also strong evidence that there was no living quarter for her in the proximity of the Prophet's Mosque. Only the wives of Muhammad had their quarters adjacent to one another in the proximity of his mosque at Medina. Maria was made to reside permanently in an orchard, some three kilometers from the mosque. Evidence that suggests she was a concubine is in the narration:Anas said:  The Messenger of Allah (\u0000) had a female-slave (amat) with whom he had intercourse, but ‘Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: “O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you.’ until the end of the Verse.”The ‘female-slave’ referred to in this narration was Maria, the Copt, as specified in a hadith attributed to Umar and classified as sahih by Ibn Kathir, which names her Umm Ibrahim (the mother of Ibrahim).In a report from Ibn ‘Abbas and ‘Urwah b. al-Zubair concerning the same incident, Muhammad said to Hafsa:I make you witness that I my concubine (surriyyati) is now forbidden unto me.Some Islamic scholars point to a different Asbāb al-nuzūl (circumstance of revelation) for the above incident, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammed's wife Aisha:The Prophet (\u0000) used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet (\u0000) entered upon either of us, she would say, \" I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?\" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), \"No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again.\"However, another narration in Sunan Abu Dawud indicates that drinking honey is a euphemism for sexual intercourse:The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was asked about a man who divorced his wife three times, and she married another who entered upon her, but divorced her before having intercourse with her, whether she was lawful for the former husband. She said: The Prophet (peace be upon him) replied: She is not lawful for the first (husband) until she tastes the honey of the other husband and he tastes her honey.Al-Tabari lists Maria as both one of Muhammad's wives and his slave, perhaps using \"wife\" in the sense of one whom Muhammad slept with and who mothered his child.Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God’s son Ibrahim. These were the Messenger of God's wifes.The Prophet admired Umm Ibrahim [\"Mother of Ibrahim,\" Mariyah’s title], who was fair-skinned and beautiful. He lodged her in al-‘Aliyah, at the property nowadays called of Umm Ibrahim. He used to visit her there and ordered her to veil herself, [but] he had intercourse with her by virtue of her being his property...One hadith attributed to Mus‘ab b. ‘Abdullah al-Zubairi states that the two were married, though another rendering of the hadith by Mus‘ab's nephew Zubair b. al-Bakkar makes no mention of marriage.See alsoAisha bint Abu BakrList of non-Arab SahabaNotesPassage 4:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-SheikhIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh  was a leading Salafi scholar in Saudi Arabia and minister of justice between 1975 and 1990.BackgroundIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh was born into the noted family of Saudi religious scholars, the Al ash-Sheikh, descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the influential Muslim scholar. He was the eldest son of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia until 1969.CareerIbrahim ibn Muhammad was one of the most influential religious leaders in the early 1970s. He maintained a close relationship with King Faisal, with whom he met on a weekly basis. He believed that Saudi Arabia should take a leading role in the Arab world and pushed for Saudi involvement in war with Israel.Between 1975 and 1990, he served as minister of justice.FamilyHis brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, a younger son of the late Grand Mufti, also served as minister of justice, from 1993 to 2009. His grandson Turki is a lawyer practicing in London and Riyadh.Passage 5:Abdullah ibn Muhammad\u0000Abd Allāh ibn Mu\u0000ammad (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) also known as al-\u0000āhir (lit. 'the pure') and al-\u0000ayyib (lit. 'the good') was one of the sons of Muhammad and Khadija. He died in childhood.His full name was Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Shaiba. His father became a successful merchant and was involved in trade. Due to his upright character Muhammad acquired the nickname \"al-Amin\" (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), meaning \"faithful, trustworthy\" and \"al-Sadiq\" meaning \"truthful\" and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator. His reputation attracted a proposal in 595 from Khadija, a successful businesswoman. Muhammad consented to the marriage, which by all accounts was a happy one. After the marriage was consummated, his elder brother al-Qasim was born. Qasim was the eldest son of Muhammad and Khadija. After Qasim, his four sisters were born. Abd Allah was born around 611. He was the youngest child of Muhammad and Khadija.Muhammad gave him the name of his father. Abd Allah died at 4 in 615 CE.SiblingsQasim ibn MuhammadZainab bint MuhammadRuqayya bint MuhammadUmm Kulthum bint MuhammadFatima bint MuhammadIbrahim ibn MuhammadPassage 6:Ibrahim ibn MuhammadIbrāhīm ibn Mu\u0000ammad (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was the son of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. He died at the age of 2.Eclipse occurrenceIn his book \"Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya\" Ibn Kathir mentions that Ibrahim died on Thursday 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 10 AH, and on the same day right after his death, an eclipse of the sun occurred, so people at the moment started talking that Allah is showing his condolences to his prophet by eclipsing the Sun. Muhammad, not wanting his companions to fall into Fitna by ascribing divinities to him or his son, stood at the mosque and said:  \"The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death or life (i.e. birth) of someone. When you see the eclipse pray and invoke Allah.\"Illness and deathMuhammad's wife, and the mother of believers, Ibrahim's mother was an Egyptian woman who came from Byzantine official to Muhammad in 628. According to Ibn Kathir, quoting Ibn Sa'd, he was born in the last month of the year 8 AH, equivalent of 630 CE. Muslim scholars such as Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj and Al-Nasa'i mention that Al-Waqidi is not reliable and is not trustworthy to be quoted. The child was named after Abraham (or Ibrahim in Arabic) the Biblical prophet revered in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions. Ibrahim was placed in the care of a nurse called Umm Sayf, wife of Abu Sayf, the blacksmith, in the tradition of the Arabs of the time, to whom Muhammad gave some goats to complement her milk supply. When he fell ill he was moved to a date orchard near the residence of his mother, under the care of her and her sister Sirin. When it was clear that he would not likely survive, Muhammad was informed. His reaction to the news is reported as:He was so shocked at the news that he felt his knees could no longer carry him, and asked `Abd al Rahman ibn `Awf to give him his hand to lean upon. He proceeded immediately to the orchard and arrived in time to bid farewell to an infant dying in his mother's lap. Prophet Muhammad took the child and laid him in his own lap while shaking his hand. His heart was torn apart by the new tragedy, and his face mirrored his inner pain. Choking with sorrow, he said to his son, \"O Ibrahim, against the judgement of God, we cannot avail you a thing,\" and then fell silent. Tears flowed from his eyes. The child lapsed gradually, and his mother and aunt watched and cried incessantly, and the Prophet never ordered them to stop. As Ibrahim surrendered to death, Prophet Muhammad's hope which had consoled him for a brief while completely crumbled. With tears in his eyes he talked once more to the dead child: \"O Ibrahim, were the truth not certain that the last of us will join the first, we would have mourned you even more than we do now.\" A moment later he said: \"The eyes send their tears and the heart is saddened, but we do not say anything except that which pleases our Lord. Indeed, O Ibrahim, we are bereaved by your departure from us.\"BurialMuhammad is also reported as having informed Maria and Sirin that Ibrahim would have his own nurse in Paradise. Different accounts relate that the ghusl for Ibrahim was performed by either Umm Burdah, or al-Fadl ibn \u0000Abbas, in preparation for burial. Thereafter, he was carried to the cemetery upon a little bier by Muhammad, his uncle al-\u0000Abbas, and others. Here, after a funeral prayer led by Muhammad, he was interred. Muhammad then filled the grave with sand, sprinkled some water upon it, and placed a landmark on it, saying that \"Tombstones do neither good nor ill, but they help appease the living. Anything that man does, God wishes him to do well.\"SiblingsQasim ibn MuhammadAbd Allah ibn MuhammadZainab bint MuhammadRuqayya bint MuhammadUmm Kulthum bint MuhammadFatimah al-Zahra bint MuhammadSee alsoIslam and childrenPassage 7:Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn (Ibn al-Walid)Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Ibrāhīm ibn al-\u0000usayn ibn \u0000Alī ibn Mu\u0000ammad ibn al-Walīd) was the eleventh Tayyibi Isma'ili Dā\u0000ī al-Mu\u0000laq in Yemen, from 1287 to his death in 1328.LifeIbrahim was a member of the Banu al-Walid al-Anf family, that dominated the office of Dā\u0000ī al-Mu\u0000laq almost continuously in the 13th to early 16th centuries. He was the son of the eighth Dā\u0000ī, Al-Husayn ibn Ali, and brother of the ninth Dā\u0000ī, Ali ibn al-Husayn. Ibrahim moved his seat from Sanaa to the fortress of Af'ida, and in 1325 he took over the town of Kawkaban, where he started gathering military forces to oppose the Zaydi imams.He was succeeded by Muhammad ibn Hatim (1327–1328), who in turn was succeeded by Ibrahim's son Ali Shams al-Din I.TombHis grave, along with those of the 12th and 13th Dā\u0000īs, were hidden and unknown until recently, when the archaeological authority of Yemen, along with Dawoodi Bohras living there, located them on Hisn Af'ida. On 25 November 2018, Mufaddal Saifuddin, the 53rd Dā\u0000ī al-Mu\u0000laq, unveiled its existence. A mausoleum will soon be made and declared open.Passage 8:Amir Muhammad (director)Amir Muhammad (born 5 December 1972) is a Malaysian writer and independent filmmaker.Life and careerHe was born on 5 December 1972 in Kuala Lumpur to civil servant Muhammad Abdullah and housewife Asiah Kechik. He was educated at the University of East Anglia with a degree in Law, though he never did his bar but rather worked in his sponsoring company's legal company for nine months.He had also written for Malaysian print media since the age of 14, notably the New Straits Times, where he had worked there as a part timer under several editors. He had a dedicated column there from 1995 until it was stopped in 1999 during the general elections as the column was considered to be \"unhelpful to the government in its bid to win the elections.\"Amir took up filmmaking on the encouragement of film director U-Wei Haji Saari after interviewing the latter during his part-time job as the latter's film Perempuan, Isteri Dan...? was released in 1993. In 2000, he wrote and directed Malaysia's first DV feature. Some of his works have also been featured in a number of international film festivals including the Sundance Film Festival and the Berlin International Film Festival. Two of his films, Apa Khabar Orang Kampung and The Last Communist have been banned in Malaysia. A full retrospective of his work was screened at the 2008 Pesaro Film Festival, Italy. He is a partner at Da Huang Pictures.He also publishes books under his companies Matahari Books (started in 2007) and Buku FIXI (since 2011), taking a break from film-making during this time period.FilmographyFilmsLips to Lips (2000)The Big Durian (2003) - Special citation, Dragons and Tigers Award in 2004 Vancouver International Film Festival; Special mention, New Asian Currents in 2003 Yamagata International Documentary Film FestivalThe Year of Living Vicariously (2005)Tokyo Magic Hour (2005)The Last Communist (Lelaki komunis terakhir) (2006)Apa Khabar Orang Kampung (Village People Radio Show) (2007)Susuk (2008)Malaysian Gods (2009)Kisah Pelayaran Ke Terengganu (2016)Short films6horts #1: Lost (2002) - Won, Critics prize for Best Asian Digital Film in 2002 Singapore International Film Festival (SIFF)6horts #2: Friday (2002)6horts #3: Mona (2002)6horts #4: Checkpoint (2002)6horts #5: Kamunting (2002) - Won, Silver Screen Award for Best Asian Digital Short in 2003 SIFF6horts #6: Pangyau (2002)The Amber Sexalogy (2006)BooksYasmin Ahmad's Films (Matahari Books, 2009)Rojak (ZI Publications, 2010)120 Malay Movies (Matahari Books, 2010)Malaysian Politicians Say the Darndest Things series (Matahari Books)Passage 9:Ridhuan MuhammadMuhammad Ridhuan bin Muhammad (born 6 May 1984) is a former Singaporean professional footballer who played in the Singapore Premier League and Liga 1 as a defender and occasionally winger.Club careerRidhuan started playing football at the Milo Soccer School. Ridhuan was part of the pioneer batch at the National Football Academy that was set up in 2000.Young LionsRidhuan started his career with S.League clubs Young Lions. First catching the eye for the national U18 team with his speed and mazy dribbling skills, he joined the Young Lions for the 2003 S.League season.Tampines RoversIn 2007, Tampines Rovers head coach Vorawan Chitavanich offered Ridhuan to play at Tampines Rovers which he accepted.Arema MalangIn 2009, Ridhuan was in the midst of discussion with Indonesian club Persib Bandung when fellow national footballer, Noh Alam Shah, invited him to join Arema F.C. Ridhuan eventually signed with Arema and spent three and a half season with Arema and helped Arema to win the 2009-2010 Indonesian Super League title.In 2003, Ridhuan also spent half a season on loan at Putra Samarinda. He was wildly popular during his time in Indonesia and was often referred to as R6, a moniker of Cristiano Ronaldo's CR7.Due to a possible ban by FIFA on football activities in Indonesia, Ridhuan left the club and returned to Singapore.Geylang InternationalWith a FIFA ban looming on all Indonesian footballing activities, he moved back to Singapore with Geylang International after his 4-year sojourn.Tampines RoversFollowing his release by Tampines Rovers at the conclusion of the 2015 S.League season, Ridhuan announced his retirement from football to forge a new career in the oil and gas industry following his failure to secure a contract.Warriors FCHowever, the speedy winger was snapped up by Warriors FC just before the start of the 2016 S.League season and made his debut as a substitute in a 3–1 loss against Brunei DPMM. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Geylang International to rescue a point for the Warriors after coming on as a substitute. He repaid the faith that the Warriors had shown him by accumulating a total of four goals and six assists in all competitions. His performances for the Warriors was rewarded with a contract extension for the 2017 S.League season.Borneo FCRidhuan planned to end his footballing career in Indonesia and signed a one month deal with Borneo FC in early 2018 to participate in a tournament. After his contract ended, Warriors FC contacted Ridhuan to sign him back to the club but was rejected by him.Tanjong Pagar UnitedOn 13 January 2021, Tanjong Pagar United has announced that they have signed Ridhuan for the 2021 season. This marks him coming out of retirement from football since 2018. On 10 October 2021, Ridhuan retired from football after a season with the Jaguars, making four appearances for the club.Managerial careerTanjong Pagar United U15On 28 December 2021, Tanjong Pagar United has announced that Ridhuan will be a part of the coaching team. He will coach the club’s U15 team.International careerWhile Ridhuan did not feature much in the league, Singapore coach Radojko Avramović saw something in the talented youngster and gave him his international debut against Qatar on 19 November 2003.With midfielder Shahril Ishak, defender Baihakki Khaizan and keeper Hassan Sunny, he is part of the 'NFA Gang of Four', the quartet which has played together since their early teenage years and earned senior international honours in 2003.He was also part of the national side that won the 2004 AFF Championship albeit only featuring in the opening game. Three years later in the 2007 AFF Championship, he played a major role in the team's success in retaining the championship.As of December 2017, Ridhuan has amassed 68 caps for Singapore.Personal lifeRidhuan went to Hong Kah Primary and Secondary School. Apart from playing football, he owns a home based barber service called 1E_Xpress. Amongst his clients was his former lions teammates Baihakki Khaizan, Khairul Amri, Noh Alam Shah and Shahril "}
{"doc_id":"doc_296","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jean de LimurJean de Limur (13 November 1887, Vouhé, Charente-Maritime – 5 June 1976, Paris) was a French film director, actor and screenwriter. His works include La Garçonne (1936) and The Letter(1929). A French army officer and a designer, he first came to the United States with his parents, Count and Countess de Limur in September 1920; their destination was Burlingame, California, where lived Jean'sbrother André (who married Ethel, daughter of William Henry Crocker).FilmographyThe Arab (1924) actorHuman Desires (1924)The Legion of the Condemned (1928) co-screenplayThe Letter (1929) directorJealousy(1929) directorMy Childish Father (1930)Paprika (1933) directorL'Auberge du Petit-Dragon (1935)La Garçonne (1936) director; with Arletty, Edith Piaf, and Marie BellPassage 2:Andréa FerréolAndréa Ferréol (bornAndrée Louise Ferréol; January 6, 1947) is a French actress and officer of the Ordre national du Mérite (2009).Her debut was in the 1973 film La Grande bouffe, which made a big scandal at the Cannes Film Festival.Shewas the last partner of Egyptian actor Omar Sharif.FilmographyPassage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Irelandand Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Artin Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in theUnited States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded DanMonroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989)degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the ChesterBeatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublinfrom 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increasedthe number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued theemphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporatesponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during DrKennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud'sAfter Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiplesand unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship.He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there wereother exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted largeattendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York,Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated thatthe events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on hismanagement of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his twopredecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass,antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents,volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequentspeaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples.Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 4:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with highhonors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film onGavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directedthe mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage5:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 6:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barryis an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989)(mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008)(documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 7:La Grande MeuteLa Grande Meute is a 1945 French film directed by Jean de Limur.The title refers to a pack of dogs inherited by Côme de Lambrefaut throughthe family mansion on the death of his father. Everything else apart from the 110 hunting dogs has been mortgaged. He marries Agnès de Charençay, who shares his enthusiasm for the hunt, but this leads to the deathof their son and hopes of descendants. Agnès divorces and marries a man whose wealth helps her to humiliate Côme, by buying his debts, slowly acquiring everything. In September 1939, the house is destroyed bygunfire and the dogs all escape.The film recorded admissions in France of 1,754,414.CastJean Brochard: Maître MarvaultAimé Clariond: Martin du BocageSuzanne Dantès: La marquise de BadoulJean Dasté:L'huissierGuy Decomble: Me FrouasJacques Dumesnil: Côme de LambrefautCamille Guérini: La RaméeJulienne Paroli: SylvieJacqueline Porel: Agnès de CharançayMaurice Schutz: Patrice de LambrefautPaul Villé: LecuréPaulette Élambert: LaurettePaul BargeKetty KervielFrédéric MariottiMorissPassage 8:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he wasdecorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 9:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directingepisodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law &Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) andamong other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor inseveral Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University.Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse]with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 10:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRIInternational from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married JessieEugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948."}
{"doc_id":"doc_297","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ismail HoxhaIsmail Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 2:Ilir BanoIlir Bano is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania forthe Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 3:Viktor GumiViktor Gumi is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 4:Paulin SterkajPaulin Sterkaj is a member of theAssembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania. Sterkaj moved to the Socialist Party of Albania.Passage 5:Fatos HoxhaFatos Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for theDemocratic Party of Albania.Passage 6:Dashnor SulaDashnor Sula (14 March 1969) is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania. He started his political career in 2005when he won the elections and became the deputy of Peqin city.Early life and familyDashnor Sula was born in Peqin, on 14 march 1969 to Riza Sula and Refije Sula. He was raised in Peqin and continued his studiesthere until he finished high school. Afterwards he moved to Tirana to continue his studies. He did his Bachelor studies in Law at the University of Tirana and his Master studies in Criminal Law. He has been married toElida Magani Sula since 1994 and they have two children, Paola Sula and Silvio Sula.Career1992-1993: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Peqin1993-1996: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Elbasan1996-1998:Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Tirana1998-1998: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Gjirokaster1999-2000: Attorney at the general prosecutor's office; Supreme court.  2002-2005: Attorney at the generalprosecutor's office regarding organized crimes.2005-2013: Member of Albanian Parliament.2020-present: Member of Albanian Parliament.Other worksDashnor Sula has also taken the lawyer licence and he stillcontinues to practice his profession.Passage 7:Ylli LamaYlli Lama is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 8:Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982)Leka,Prince of Albania (Leka Anwar Zog Reza Baudouin Msiziwe Zogu, born 26 March 1982) is a claimant to the defunct throne of Albania and the head of the House of Zogu.At the time of his birth on 26 March 1982, theSouth African government, by order of Prime Minister P. W. Botha, declared his maternity ward extraterritorial land, to ensure that Leka was born on Albanian soil. Leka is the only child of Leka, Crown Prince of Albaniaand his wife Susan, Crown Princess of Albania. He is the only grandchild of King Zog I of the Albanians, succeeding as head of the royal house upon the death of his father in 2011. He has worked as an official at thecountry's interior and foreign ministries. He also served as a political advisor to the Albanian President from 2012 to 2013.In May 2010, Leka became engaged to Elia Zaharia, an Albanian actress and singer. Theymarried on 8 October 2016 in Tirana.Early lifeLeka is the son of the pretender to the defunct throne of Albania, Crown Prince Leka, and his Australian wife Crown Princess Susan.He was named in honour of Egyptianpresident Anwar El Sadat, his grandfather King Zog I, Emperor Mohammed Reza of Iran, and Baudouin I, King of the Belgians. Msiziwe is a Zulu term meaning 'the one who was assisted'. Leka is a member of the Houseof Zogu.Education and activitiesLeka's was educated in South Africa at St Peter's College, Johannesburg, and in the United Kingdom at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he was named Best Foreign Studentof the Academy, being congratulated by the Albanian Minister of Defence. He was also educated at the Skanderbeg Military Academy in Albania, at the Università per Stranieri in Perugia, where he studied the Italianlanguage, and in Kosovo, where he studied international relations.Leka resides in Tirana. He speaks Albanian, English, some Zulu, and Italian. He owns boxer dogs, and his interests include martial arts, volleyball, andswimming. He is fond of wildlife and has taken part in mountain climbing, abseiling, and target shooting.On 5 April 2004, Leka accepted the Mother Teresa Medal on behalf of his late grandmother, Queen Géraldine, forher humanitarian efforts.Leka is known to have worked with youth organizations, like MJAFT!, and supported a wide range of humanitarian efforts in Albania, but he maintains that he only supports self-help projects tostimulate Albanian and Kosovar economic growth, Gazeta Sot.Leka is known as a supporter of Kosovar independence from Serbia and has close ties to the Kosovar leadership in Pristina.Leka founded the youthleadership of the Movement for National Development, which was a movement created by his father in 2005 to change the political face of Albania.On 24 June 2010, Prince Leka unveiled a blue plaque at Parmoor Housein Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, which was the home of King Zog during his wartime exile.Public serviceOn 21 August 2007, Foreign Minister Lulzim Basha announced that Leka had been appointed to his office.The prince intended to pursue a career in diplomacy. After three years he had been transferred to the office of the Minister of Interior. After the election of Bujar Nishani as president in 2012, Leka was appointed aspolitical adviser to the President.Leka was considered as a candidate in the 2022 Albanian presidential election, though the position ultimately went to Bajram Begaj.Personal lifeLeka met Elia Zaharia in Paris, and in May2010 they were engaged. Since then she has accompanied him on most of his visits and meetings with members of royal families. She is also head of the Queen Geraldine Foundation, which is a humanitarian, charitableand non-profit organisation, created by the Royal Court. The foundation aims to be close to the Albanian families who need help and to children who need care. It has reconstructed numerous schools and kindergartensin northern Albania, especially in the Mat District, from where the Zogu Family comes.On 27 March 2016 it was announced by Skënder Zogu (born 1933), a member of the Zogu family, that the couple would be marriedon 8 October 2016 in the Royal Palace in Tirana.WeddingLeka was married on Saturday 8 October 2016 in Tirana. The ceremony was a semi-official ceremony, held in Tirana in the Royal Palace, with many guestsincluding members of other noble and royal families. The event was a civil wedding officiated by the Mayor of Tirana, Erion Veliaj. A blessing was given by the five religious leaders of Albania representing the faiths ofSunni Islam, Bektashi, and the Christian traditions of Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant. This tradition of the Albanian royal family is part of the tradition of religious tolerance in Albania.Wedding guests included friendsand relatives from around the world including relatives of his mother from Australia. Guests also included members of other royal families from neighbouring countries and further afield. These included Queen Sofía ofSpain and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. Prince Michael of Kent is a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and his wife Princess Michael of Kent is related to Prince Leka through her mother, Countess Marianne Szapáry,who was a 5th cousin of Queen Géraldine and had been a bridesmaid at her wedding to King Zog in 1938. Other royal guests included Empress Farah of Iran, Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine ofYugoslavia, Crown Princess Margareta of Romania, Custodian of the Crown and Prince Radu of Romania, Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg together with Princess Sibilla, Georg Friedrich,Prince of Prussia, Princess Léa of Belgium and other members from the royal families of Russia, Liechtenstein, Romania, Greece, Georgia, Morocco and members of other noble families. Heads of state of Albania alsoattended the ceremony.ChildrenElia gave birth to a daughter on 22 October 2020 at Queen Geraldine Maternity Hospital in Tirana, on the 18th anniversary of Leka's grandmother Queen Geraldine's death. Theirdaughter was named Geraldine in her honour. On 28 January 2023, on the day of her baptism, her full name is Geraldine Sibilla Francesca Susan Marie.Honours and awardsHonoursNational dynastic honoursHouse ofZogu: Sovereign Knight with Collar of the Royal Order of Albania House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Skanderbeg AlbanianRoyal Family: Sovereign of the Military Order and Medal of BraveryForeign honoursItalian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight GrandCross of the Royal Order of Francis I Russian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Andrew Royal House of Ghassan: Knight Grand Collar of the Equestrian Order of Michael ArchangelSovereign Military Order of Malta : Grand Cross pro Merito Melitensi – civilian special class –AwardsAlbania – Honored Citizen of the City of Burrel (2012) Albania – Honored Citizen of the Commune of Bërdicë (2012)USA – Key to City of New Orleans (2011) USA – Honorary Mayor of the City of Baton RougeSee alsoHeads of former ruling familiesPassage 9:Susan of AlbaniaSusan, Crown Princess of Albania (née Susan BarbaraCullen-Ward, formerly Williams; 28 January 1941 – 17 July 2004) was the Australian-born wife of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania.Her husband, known as King Leka, had been proclaimed King of the Albanians by theanti-communist Albanian government-in-exile in 1961, upon the death of his father King Zog. Meanwhile, Albania itself was a communist republic.Early lifeSusan Cullen-Ward was born in the Sydney suburb of Waverley.Her mother was Phyllis Dorothea Murray-Prior and her father was Alan Robert Cullen-Ward, a pastoralist. Susan Cullen-Ward was a great-granddaughter of the Queensland politician Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior(1819–1892).Cullen-Ward grew up on her father's sheep station. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College at Orange, then studied at Sydney Technical College before teaching art at a private studio.She was marriedto Richard Williams from 1965 to 1970. Susan Cullen-Ward was an Anglican.Marriage to the Crown Prince of AlbaniaSusan Cullen-Ward met Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, the only child of King Zog I of the Albanians, ata dinner party in Sydney. In October 1975, they married in a civil ceremony in Biarritz, France. The couple were later married in a religious ceremony in Madrid.Australian authorities refused to recognise her as a queenbut, in a compromise when Andrew Peacock was foreign minister, issued a passport in the name of \"Susan Cullen-Ward, known as Queen Susan\".She lived a turbulent life after marrying Leka, as they moved from onecountry to another, having no permanent residence or fixed point of reference. In the first few years of their marriage, the couple lived in Spain. They later settled in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe). After a fallingout with the government of Robert Mugabe, the couple moved again, this time to South Africa where their son, Leka, was born in 1982. She also had a stillborn daughter while resident in Rhodesia.DeathThe CrownPrincess of Albania died of lung cancer on 17 July 2004 in Tirana, Albania. After her death, she lay in state in a chapel outside Tirana. She is buried next to her mother-in-law, Queen Geraldine, her husband, CrownPrince Leka, and his father, whose body was reburied in 2012.Sources\"Queen Susan of the Albanians (obituary)\". The Daily Telegraph. 21 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2008.The Age, 19 July 2004 – A royal dreamdiesObituary, The Scotsman\"Leka's queen, if not Albania's\", The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 July 2004\"Would-be Queen Susan dies uncrowned\", The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 July 2004\"Burke's Royal Families of theWorld, Vol. I, Europe & Latin America\", Burkes Publishing Co., 1977, ISBN 0-85011-029-7Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), Patrice Najbor –  JePublie – Paris – 2008La dynastie des Zogu, PatriceNajbor –  Textes & Pretextes – Paris – 2002Monarkia Shqiptare 1928–1939, Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike & Instituti i Historisë, Botimet Toana, Tirana, 2011Passage 10:Gjergji PapaGjergji Papa is a member of theAssembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania."}
{"doc_id":"doc_298","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild,Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film andTelevision School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduatedfrom the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr onhis film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter herstudies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the establishedcultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 DanaBlankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new SeriesLab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping(debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Rolan BykovRolan Antonovich Bykov (Russian: Ролан Антонович Быков; October 12, 1929 – October 6, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian stage andfilm actor, director, screenwriter and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1990).Early lifeRolan Bykov was born to Anton Mikhailovich Bykov and Olga Matveyevna Bykova (née Sitnyakovskaya), the youngest of twobrothers. There are many myths surrounding his biography, including the names of Rolan and his parents, date and place of birth. Different directories showed that he was born in Moscow, yet Bykov and his brotherGeronim stated that their family moved to Moscow from Kyiv in 1934. Throughout his life Rolan Antonovich Bykov was officially known as Roland Anatolyevich Bykov and his date of birth — as November 12 which,according to him, was caused by a mistake in his passport. He named various reasons for this: from a drunken militsioner at the passport office to his own aunt who confused names and dates while arranging hisdocuments. As for the unusual name, Rolan explained that he was named after Romain Rolland (according to the Russian pronunciation) by his parents who confused Romain's surname for his name.Bykov's father wasa military and intelligence officer of mixed Polish-Czech ancestry originally named Semyon Geronimovich Gordanovsky. He started his career by participating in World War I and making a successful escape after beingtaken captive by Austria-Hungary. During the Russian Civil War he fought as part of the 1st Cavalry Army led by Semyon Budyonny. Between 1924 and 1926 he worked in Cheka and regularly visited Germany underdifferent passports. His last code name was Anton Mikhailovich Bykov which he adopted as a real name. He was later promoted to a high-ranking position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and served as amanaging director at various enterprises.Bykov's mother also changed her name from Ella Matusovna to Olga Matveevna at one point. While Bykov regularly referred to her and her relatives as «Ukrainians», she was infact a daughter of a prosperous Jewish NEPman. She wanted to become an actress and finished two courses of a theater institute, but was expelled for truancy.Between 1937 and 1947 Bykov studied in Moscow schools.In 1939 he joined a youth theatrical studio organized by a Pioneers Palace where he met Alexander Mitta, Boris Rytsarev and Igor Kvasha. During the Battle of Moscow his family was evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola for threeyears, although his father chose to stay and volunteered for the front line. In 1947 he entered the Boris Shchukin Higher Theater College to study acting under Vera Lvova and Leonid Shikhmatov.CareerIn 1951 Bykovgraduated and immediately joined the Moscow Youth Theater where he served as an actor and a stage director until 1959. Simultaneously he also appeared in several movies in episodic roles, worked as an actor at theMoscow Drama Theater (1951—1952), as the head of the theater studio at the Bauman Palace of Culture (1951—1953), as a stringer for various children's programmes at the Soviet Central Television and as an editoron radio (1953—1959). He made his acting debut in the film School of Courage. In 1957 he organized a Student's Theater at the Moscow State University where he served as the main director up until 1959. Iya Savvinawas among actors he discovered in the process.Between 1959 and 1960 Bykov headed the Lenin Komsomol Theatre in Leningrad, but left it for cinema. In 1959 he played the main part of Akaki Akakiyevich in TheOvercoat, an adaptation of Nikolai Gogol's story directed by Aleksey Batalov. Soon after he joined Mosfilm where he spent the rest 40 years working as an actor and a film director. He played over 100 roles and becamehighly popular as a comedy actor with such roles as Chebakov from Balzaminov's Marriage (1964), Barmalei from Aybolit-66 and Skomorokh from Andrei Rublev (both 1966), Ivan Karyakin from Two Comrades WereServing (1968), Petrykin from Big School-Break (1973), Cat Bazilio from The Adventures of Buratino (1975), Father Fyodor from The Twelve Chairs (1976) and others.As a film director he became known for hisexperimental children's and family movies. Among his most famous works are Seven Nannies (1962), Aybolit-66 (1966), Attention, a Turtle! (1970) and Scarecrow (1983). His films are generally associated withpostmodernism, presented as a mix of different styles, genres and techniques, with theatrical musical numbers, arthouse editing, fourth wall breaking and so on. An unexpectedly grim Scarecrow released in 1984became especially controversial and led to a lot of public criticism; some insisted it should be banned. Bykov survived a heart attack in the process. Yet in 1986 with the start of perestroika he was awarded the USSRState Prize for his movie.Apart from his movie career Bykov also worked as an educator at High Courses for Scriptwriters and Film Directors. Between 1986 and 1990 he served as a secretary of the Union ofCinematography of the USSR. He was also a member of the Nika Award organization.In 1989 Bykov headed the Younost studio at Mosfilm dedicated to children's cinema. Between 1989 and 1992 he also headed theAll-Soviet Center of Cinema and TV for Children and Youth. In 1992 he created and headed the Rolan Bykov's Fund (also known as International Fund for Development of Cinema for Children and Youth). According tohis 1994 interview to Vladislav Listyev, they had produced 64 movies by that time and received various awards internationally, yet none of them were shown at Russian movie theaters since new management saw themas nonprofitable.Since 1989 Bykov had been involved in the political life of Russia. Between 1989 and 1991 he served as a member of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. He also headed aNonpartisan Socio-Political Movement 95 that expressed support to culture, science, education and ecology. During the 1995 Parliamentary elections he headed a liberal pro-government Common Cause party along withIrina Khakamada and Vladimir Dzhanibekov. He also served as a president of the Help bank at one point.In 1996 Bykov was diagnosed with lung cancer and survived a surgery. He died two years later from thrombosis.He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.Personal lifeFirst wife — an actress Lydia Nikolayevna Knyazeva (1925—1987). They met at the Moscow Youth Theater and spent 15 years together. They also adopted a boyfrom an orphanage and raised him under the name of Oleg Rolanovich Bykov (1958—2002). He appeared in Scarecrow in minor role and produced several movies, but left the industry shortly after.Second wife — anactress Elena Sanayeva, daughter of the acclaimed Soviet actor Vsevolod Sanayev. Bykov adopted her son from the first marriage Pavel Sanayev (born 1969) who became a popular Russian film director and writer. Hispart-autobiographical novel Bury Me Behind the Baseboard published in 1994 became a national bestseller. Bykov is featured in it under a name of Tolik. The book was adapted as a 2009 drama film Bury Me Behind theBaseboard, although the Sanayev family were displeased with it.Bykov also wrote poetry since childhood and published a book of poems in 1994 entitled Poems by Rolan Bykov that was re-released several times. In2010 his widow Elena Sanayeva published a book of Bykov's diaries (from 1945 to 1996) that contained a lot of personal thoughts along with his wife's commentaries.In later years Bykov expressed a lot of concernregarding the movie industry and newer times in general. In his interview to Vladislav Listyev he stated that modern cinema was solely built around money, or the golden calf as he called it, with no place for art. «Backin 1984 I survived a heart attack following the release of Scarecrow; these days I survived a stroke during the production of a 10-minute short under Belgian producers». In his interviews to Leonid Filatov hecharacterized modern times as «corrupted», «a collapse of culture and morals», and modern cinema — as «a cigarette butt's art». In his diaries he continued those themes, predicting a Third World War, anenvironmental disaster and a general «schizophreniation» of the world population. The only exit he saw was a cultural and spiritual renaissance.Selected filmographyActorDirectorAwards and honorsMedal \"For LabourValour\" (1967)Jubilee Medal \"In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin\" (1970)Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1973)USSR State Prize (1986) – for film ScarecrowPeople's Artist ofthe RSFSR (1987)Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR (1987) – for his role as Professor Larsen in film Dead Man's LettersNika Award for Best Actor (1988) – for film CommissarPeople's Artist of the USSR(1990)Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", 4th class (11 November 1994)Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has workedin Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the ToledoMuseum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently livesand works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, hesucceeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985)and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Irelandat the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he becameDirector of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian artabroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, hediscontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999,and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 5:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the ArmourResearch Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering fromthe California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_299","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mickey's Tent ShowMickey's Tent Show is a 1933 short film in Larry Darmour's Mickey McGuire series starring a young Mickey Rooney. Directed by Jesse Duffy, the two-reel short was released to theaters onOctober 27, 1933 by Post Pictures Corp.SynopsisMickey and the Gang decide to put on a circus show for the neighborhood kids. As usual, Stinkie Davis and his pals try whatever they can to make their rivals miserable.Throughout the show, whenever Mickey and his friends try to perform an act, Stinkie interrupts them by playing his father's new radio.CastIn order by credits:Mickey Rooney - \"Mickey McGuire\"Douglas Scott - \"Stinkey\"DavisMarvin Stephens - \"Katrink\"Jimmie Robinson - \"Hambone\" JohnsonBilly Barty - Billy McGuire (\"Mickey's Little Brother\")Shirley Jeane Rickert - \"Tomboy Taylor\"External linksMickey's Tent Show at IMDbPassage2:Kadamba (1983 film)Kadamba is a 1983 film, directed by P. N. Menon and produced by P. V. George. The film stars Prakash, Jayanthi, Sathaar and Achankunju in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K.Raghavan.PlotJanu is brought up by her father after the sudden death of her mother. Problems start brewing in her life when her father searches for a perfect groom, unaware that she is in love with someoneelse.CastJayanthi as JanuPrakashAchankunju as Velu, janu's fatherBalan K. Nair as KeshavanSathaar as KunjiramanBhaskara KuruppuSoundtrackThe music was composed by K. Raghavan and the lyrics were written byBichu Thirumala and Thikkodiyan.Passage 3:Thulasi (1987 film)Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ameerjan. The film stars Murali and Seetha. It was released on 27 November1987.PlotThirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheist and he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love witheach other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully. Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva.Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for hisson Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference. Sammadham then challenges him to marry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water. In themeantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi.CastMurali as Sivalingam \"Siva\"Seetha as ThulasiChandrasekhar as SammadhamMajor Sundarrajan asThirunavukarasuSenthilCharle as KhanThara as PonniMohanapriya as SarasuVathiyar RamanA. K. Veerasamy as KaliyappanSoundtrackThe music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written byVairamuthu.ReceptionThe Indian Express gave a negative review calling it \"thwarted love\".Passage 4:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror filmdirected by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classic Clash of theTitans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlène Delcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban as CorneliusJean-PierreBouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la têteThomas Smith asThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Le masque de la Méduse.Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into twodistinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire.  The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which iswhere the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.ReleaseThe film was not released theatrically, although itpremiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse. As part of \"An Evening with Jean Rollin\", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007film La nuit des horloges.Home mediaNo official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book Jean Rollin: Écrits completsVolume 1.Passage 5:P. N. Menon (director)Palissery Narayanankutty Menon alias P. N. Menon (2 January 1926 – 9 September 2008) was an Indian film director and art director in the Malayalam cinema. He is alsofamous as the Designer of Promotional Posters. Menon was also the uncle of another popular film director Bharathan, being the younger brother of the latter's father. In 2001, he was honoured with the J. C. DanielAward, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.Early lifeBorn in Wadakkancherry, he completed his studies at Thrissur and from School of Art in Chennai. He came to Chennai whenhe was only 20 years old. He couldn't find any job in Chennai, so travelled to Salem and become a production boy in a Studio. But, after two-and-a-half years, the studio was shut down and went back to Chennai. Hegot back to sketches, then painting, then doing magazine covers. One of his designing assignments was for one of Producer B. Nagi Reddy's magazines. The production house was so impressed with his talent that whenthey bought Vahini Studio in 1951, Nagi Reddy's son appointed him as a paid apprentice in the painting department.He got a job as an art director in an English play produced by the daughter of the then Andhra ChiefMinister. They had three performances in Delhi, one for the then Vice President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, another for then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the third for then Army Chief Field Marshal K. M.Cariappa. Ninamaninja Kalpadukal was his first movie Malayalam movie as the art director and his debut in the field of film direction in the 60s with the film Rosie (1965).CareerMenon's Olavum Theeravum based on M.T. Vasudevan Nair's script and released in 1970. It won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film. Menon's boldest film is Kuttiyedathi (Eldest Sister), again based on a short story by M. T. Vasudevan Nair.Perhaps hismost successful commercial film was Chembarathi (Hibiscus) which was based on a script by Malayattoor Ramakrishnan and starred newcomers like Raghavan, Sudhir and Roja Ramani (Sobhana) along with veteranactors like Madhu and Rani Chandra. Another script of Malayattoor Ramakrishnan named Gayathri which was directed by him was awarded the President's Special Film Award Medal for National Integration. Menon's filmMalamukalile Daivam, has won National Award too.After a long period of absence lasting more than a decade, he directed a film, Nerkkuneraey (\"Face to Face\"), in (2004).Poster DesignerMenon made a name as aversatile Poster Designer as well. He artistic posters always helped the film to gain attention of cinegoers. He has also done posters even for Bollywood films like Anokha Rishta starring Rajesh Khanna. Some of theMalayalam films he had designed posters are Oomakkuyil, Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal, Itha Innu Muthal, Poomadhathe Pennu, Aavanazhi, Amrutham Gamaya and Manivathoorile AayiramSivarathrikal.Personal lifeHis wife's name was Bharathi Menon and they had two daughters, named Rajasree and Jayasree. Popular film director Bharathan was his nephew, and was trained by him in direction.Bharathan predeceased his uncle.DeathDuring his last years, Menon lived with his daughter in Kochi. He suffered from many serious illnesses like Alzheimer's disease during this period. Finally, he died on 9 September2008 aged 82, at a private hospital in Kochi. He was cremated with full state honours at Ravipuram Crematorium the next day.AwardsKerala State Film Awards1970 – Best Film: Olavum Theeravum1972 – Second BestFilm: Chembarathi1973 – Second Best Film: Gayathri1983 – Special Jury Award: Malamukalile Daivam2001 – J. C. Daniel AwardNational Film Awards1973 – Best Feature Film in Malayalam: Gayathri1983 – Best FeatureFilm in Malayalam: Malamukalile DaivamFilmographyPassage 6:Mike FieldsMaurice John Bernard Fields (12 August 1935 – 27 May 2014), known as Mike or Mickey Fields, was an English footballer who played in theFootball League for Chester.Playing careerA forward, Fields was offered a trial at Nottingham Forest as a youngster but accepted an offer from his hometown club of Chester to begin playing for their junior side.Fieldsbroke into Chester's first–team late in 1955–56, with his first and only league goal following against Chesterfield in September 1956. A year later he helped create history by scoring Chester's winner against Burnley inthe final of the Lancashire Senior Cup as they became the first club from outside Lancashire to win the competition.Fields soon began to suffer cartilage problems, leading to his release by the club in May 1959 as hejoined Borough United.Fields remained a part-timer throughout his career at Chester, working for Shell where he continued to be employed after his playing days ended.Passage 7:Happy WeHappy We (Swedish: Tvåkillar och en tjej) is a Swedish 1983 film directed by Lasse Hallström.CastBrasse Brännström -  Thomas BengtssonMagnus Härenstam - Klasse WallinPia Green - Anna WallinLars Amble - Fredrik WahlgrenGösta Engström- Gammal studiekamratEwa Fröling - DoctorSvea Holst - Gammal patientExternal linksHappy We at IMDbPassage 8:Jesse DuffyJesse Duffy (March 24, 1894 – December 14, 1952), sometimes billed as J. A. Duffy, wasan American serial screenwriter for Republic Pictures and Columbia Pictures during the 1940s. He also directed some of the \"Mickey McGuire\" series starring Mickey Rooney released by Post Pictures Corporation, andlater distributed by Columbia.External linksJesse Duffy at IMDbPassage 9:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis,adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailor GeorgesQuerelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle's brother. Querellehas a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also managesLa Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slittinghis throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playing a game of chance with allof her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that \"That way, I can say mywife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" to Robert, who won his dice game, the brothers end up in aviolent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him.  Gil hides fromthe police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closely resembles hisbrother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior, Lieutenant Seblon, is in love withQuerelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss andembrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl as Robert / GilGünther Kaufmann asNonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert van Ackeren as DrunkenlegionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with ascenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including John Schlesinger and SamPeckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took the linear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotes Schidor as saying \"Fassbinder did somethingtotally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate policestory that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots, but Fassbinder insteadshot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, \"Everything is bathed in an artificial light and the architectural elementsare all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each Man Kills the Things He Loves\" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\" (Music by Peer Raben,lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its release in Paris, the first timethat a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was \"amess...a detour that leads to a dead end.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibility to come from amajor filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it \"visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose.\" Genet, in discussion with Schidor, said that he hadnot seen the film, commenting \"You can't smoke at the movies.\"Passage 10:Ironmaster (film)Ironmaster (Italian: La guerra del ferro: Ironmaster) is a 1983 film directed by Umberto Lenzi.ProductionIronmaster wasfilmed on location at Custer State Park in South Dakota with interiors shot at RPA-Elios Studios in Rome.ReleaseIronmaster was released in Italy on 10 March 1983. The film was released on Blu-ray on 23 January 2017in North America by Code Red and on 10 April 2017 in the United Kingdom by 88 Films.ReceptionAccording to Michael Klossner, author of Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television, while Ironmaster received \"few andvery bad notices [and is] simple, only modestly ambitious and has its share of flaws … it's hard not to like a film which shows intelligent, articulate prehistoric people making discoveries, facing moral issues and showingcapacity for great evil and finally for good.\" Hal Erickson wrote in AllMovie that \"Seldom has there been a more predictable 98 minutes' worth of Sword and Sorcery, but that doesn't mean it isn't enjoyable.\""}