Passage 1:Virginia von FürstenbergPrincess Virginia Maria Clara von und zu Fürstenberg (Virginia Maria Clara Prinzessin von und zu Fürstenberg; 5 October 1974 – 10 May 2023) was an Italian artist, poet, filmmaker,and fashion designer.Early life and familyPrincess Virginia von Fürstenberg was born in Genoa, Italy on 5 October 1974 to Prince Sebastian zu Fürstenberg and Elisabetta Guarnati. She was a member of the House ofFürstenberg. Her paternal grandparents were Prince Tassilo zu Fürstenberg and Clara Agnelli. She was a niece of actress Princess Ira von Fürstenberg and fashion designer Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, the ex-husbandof Diane von Fürstenberg. Von Fürstenberg was a first cousin of Prince Alexandre von Fürstenberg, Tatiana von Fürstenberg, Prince Hubertus of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and the late Prince Christoph ofHohenlohe-Langenburg.CareerVon Fürstenberg was a fashion designer and creator of the fashion label Virginia Von Zu Furstenberg. She made her fashion debut in March 2011 at the Teatro Filodrammatici in Milan. Herfirst collection was sold exclusively at boutiques in Milan, Florence, and Rome. In September 2011, von Fürstenberg debuted a theatrical work titled DISMORPHOPHOBIA that combined spoken word, fashion, film,movement, and dance. She debuted her second collection at Milano Moda Donna in Milan on 23 September 2011. She also wrote poetry, and at times combined her poetry and fashion design in some of her work.In2012, von Fürstenberg collaborated with Tommaso Trak to shoot a film focusing on the life of her great-grandmother, Virginia Bourbon del Monte. In 2017, von Fürstenberg created an art installation dedicated to hermother titled There was a nice home, which was displayed at the Grossetti Arte Gallery in Venice.Personal life and deathVon Fürstenberg married Baron Alexandre Csillaghy de Pacsér, a Hungarian nobleman, in 1992.Their son, Baron Miklós Tassilo Csillaghy, is an equestrian. Their daughter, Baroness Ginevra Csillaghy, has modeled for the Virginia Von Zu Furstenberg fashion line. She and Csillaghy de Pacsér divorced in 2003. In2002, a year before her divorce was finalized, she gave birth to a daughter, Clara Bacco Dondi dall'Orologio, from her relationship with Giovanni Bacco Dondi dall'Orologio. In 2004, she married Paco Polenghi with whomshe had two children, Otto Leone Maria Polenghi and Santiago Polenghi. Von Fürstenberg and Polenghi later divorced. On 28 October 2017, she married Janusz Gawronski, a descendent of a noble and ancient Polishfamily. In 2020, the couple divorced.Virginia died on 10 May 2023, aged 48, after falling from the top floor of a hotel(falling/slipping in the washroom).Passage 2:Joseph Maria, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph MariaBenedikt zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (9 January 1758 – 24 June 1796) was a German nobleman and from 1783 until his death the seventh reigning prince of Fürstenberg. He was born in Donaueschingen, where he alsodied. He was the eldest son of Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg and his wife Maria Josepha von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. He died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother Karl Joachim.Passage 3:WhereWas I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere WasI? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music"Where was I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by RubyNewman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I(Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I", song by SawyerBrown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, SteveFox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Joseph Wenzel, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (21March 1728 - 2 June 1783) was a German nobleman and from 1762 to 1783 the sixth ruling Prince of Fürstenberg.LifeJoseph Wenzel was the eldest son of prince Joseph zu Fürstenberg and Maria Anna von Waldstein.He studied in Straßburg and Leipzig. He tried to develop the principality's education and introduced a chancery for it. Teaching was based on the Austrian system and a Jesuit was made head of the DonaueschingenGymnasium and later the Benedictine Franz Uebelacker was put in charge of the whole school system. He also had a history of the House of the Fürstenberg written from the principality's archives.He set up a zuchthausin Hüfingen and stopped his father's industrialisation policy and made resettlement difficult, since he saw industry as immoral - he preferred home handiwork such as watchmaking. In 1777 he set up a fire brigade. Hewas made director of the Swabian College of Reichsgrafen and in 1775 the Holy Roman Emperor appointed him a major general (with his rank effective from 1765).He was also a music lover and was said to have beenan excellent cellist. In 1762 he began building a private chapel at his court at Donaueschingen, and bringing a number of foreign musicians to man it. In 1783 he appointed Franz Christoph Neubauer as his musicaldirector. He employed Ernst Christoph Dressler as Kapellmeister at Wetzlar between 1767 and 1771. In 1766 Leopold Mozart and his son Wolfgang Amadeus spent around two weeks at Donaueschingen as JosephWenzel's guest.Marriage and successionOn 9 June 1748 Joseph Wenzel married Maria Josepha, countess of Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg, daughter of count Hans Ernst von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. They hadseven children:Joseph Maria BenediktKarl JoachimJohann Nepomuk Joseph (25 July 1755 - 6 October 1755)Josepha Maria Johanna (14 November 1756 - 2 October 1809) ∞ Phillip Maria von Fürstenberg-PürglitzMariaAnna Josepha (4 April 1759 - 26 June 1759)Karl Alexander (11 September 1760 - 19 February 1761)Karl Egon (5 June 1762 - 20 February 1771)Bibliography(in German) Carl Borromäus Alois Fickler: Geschichte desHauses und Landes Fürstenberg, Aachen und Leipzig 1832; Band 4, S. 267–280 at Google Books(in German) Erno Seifriz: „Des Jubels klare Welle in der Stadt der Donauquelle“. Musik am Hofe der Fürsten vonFürstenberg in Donaueschingen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert In: Mark Hengerer und Elmar L. Kuhn (ed.): Adel im Wandel. Oberschwaben von der frühen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Verlag Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006,ISBN 978-3-7995-0216-0, Band 1, S. 363–376.Passage 5:Matilde BorromeoPrincess Matilde zu Fürstenberg (born Donna Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna; 8 August 1983) is an Italian equestrian and horsebreeder. She is a member of the House of Borromeo, an Italian noble family with historic ties to the Catholic Church and the Duchy of Milan. Through her marriage to Prince Antonius zu Fürstenberg she is a member ofthe German House of Fürstenberg. Matilde Borromeo has competed in international equestrian competitions representing Italy.Early lifeMatilde Borromeo was born on 8 August 1983 in Milan, Italy. She is the thirddaughter of Carlo Ferdinando Borromeo, Count of Arona and Marion Sybil Zota. She is sister of Donna Lavinia Borromeo and Donna Isabella Borromeo. She is half-sister of Donna Beatrice Borromeo, who married intothe Monegasque princely family, and Carlo Borromeo. She is a sister-in-law of Italian fashion designer Marta Ferri. Her paternal grandfather was Vitaliano Borromeo, Prince of Angera.CareerMatilde Borromeo beganworking on her family's farm in Lomellina after she got her degree in breeding and animal welfare at the University of Milan. She works in the daily industry and she started breeding show-jumping horses in 2006.Shortly after she began competing in the equestrian circuit, riding horses she raised on her own. She has competed international events. She has competed at the Global Champions Tour, Master of Paris, Master ofVerona, and at the Piazza di Siena. Representing Italy, she has placed second in Monte Carlo, first in Tortona, second in Verona, and first in Truccazzano. She ranked ninth on the first and second days and tenth on thethird day in the CIS first class grand prix at the Milano Winter Show. In 2015, Matilde Borromeo served as chief ambassador for the Milano Winter Show and Fiera Verona Cavalli.Personal lifeOn 11 June 2011 Borromeomarried Prince Antonius of Fürstenberg, the youngest son of Heinrich, Prince of Fürstenberg, at Isola Bella, one of the Borromean Islands in Lake Maggiore owned by the Borromeo family. They have two children, PrinceKarl Egon and Prince Alexander.In February 2019 it was reported that Borromeo and Antonius had separated.Passage 6:Heinrich, Prince of FürstenbergHeinrich, Prince of Fürstenberg (German: Heinrich Fürst zuFürstenberg; born 17 July 1950) is a German landowner, businessman and nobleman, who is the head of the House of Fürstenberg.Early yearsPrince Heinrich zu Fürstenberg was born in 1950 at Schloss Heiligenberg inHeiligenberg, Germany. He is the son of Joachim Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, and Countess Paula von Königsegg-Aulendorf. He studied economics at university in Vienna.Personal life and familyIn 1976, Prince Heinrichmarried his second cousin, Princess Maximiliane of Windisch-Graetz, in Rome, Italy. In 1977, their first child, Prince Christian, was born. In 1985, their second child, Prince Antonius, was born.In 2010, his eldest sonmarried Jeannette Griesel. His younger son married Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna in 2011.In 2012, he was added to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame.CareerPrince Heinrich's father died in2002, and he assumed the role as head of the Princely House of Fürstenberg at that time.  He owns and manages the family businesses, which include landholdings and beer brewing.The Fürstenberg family is thesecond-largest forest owner in Germany. The family was granted the right to brew beer in 1283 by Rudolf I of Germany and has been in the business ever since. In 2005, Prince Heinrich joined the Fürstenberg Brewerywith Brau Holding International.Passage 7:Karl Aloys zu FürstenbergKarl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Field Marshal and died atthe Battle of Stockach.The third son of a cadet branch of the House of  Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career,and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the short War of the Bavarian Succession(1778–79). His career progressed steadily during the Habsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself at Šabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on the Savariver.During the French Revolutionary Wars, he fought with distinction again for the First Coalition, particularly at Ketsch and Frœschwiller, and in 1796 at Emmendingen, Schliengen and Kehl. He was stationed at keypoints to protect the movements of the Austrian army. With a force of 10,000, he defended the German Rhineland at Kehl, and reversed a bayonet assault by French troops at Bellheim; his troops also overran Speyerwithout any losses. By the end of the War of the First Coalition, at the age of 35, he had achieved the rank of Field Marshal. During the War of the Second Coalition, he fought in the first two battles of the Germancampaign, at Ostrach on 21 March 1799, and at Stockach on 25 March 1799. At the latter action while leading a grenadier regiment, he was hit by French case shot and knocked off his horse. He died shortlyafterward.Childhood and early military trainingAs the third son of a cadet (junior) branch of the Fürstenberg princely family, Karl Aloys was prepared for a military career. His tutor, Lieutenant Ernst, was in active servicein the Habsburg military, and took six-year-old Karl Aloys on maneuvers with him. In this way, he learned as a child the Habsburg military manual, and came into contact with important military men who later furtheredhis education and career; he also acquired an honorary rank as Kreis-Obristen, or Colonel of the Imperial Circle, by the time he was ten years old. As a youth, in 1776, he met the Habsburg war minister Count FranzMoritz von Lacy and Baron Ernst Gideon von Laudon; he was also invited to dine with Emperor Joseph II. He started his service in 1777 as a Fähnrich (ensign) in the Habsburg military organization. He saw his first fieldservice during the War of the Bavarian Succession (1777–78), although he was not involved in any battles.In 1780, at the age of twenty years, he was promoted to captain, and assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment,also known as the Anton Esterházy, named for Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy, the general of cavalry, field marshal of the Seven Years' War, and ambassador to Britain. While he was assigned to this unit, heparticipated in the border conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs, 1787–92, and stormed the fortress at Šabac (German: Schabatz) on the Sava River in Serbia on 27 April 1788. For his action atŠabac, he was personally commended by the Emperor; on the following day, he was promoted to major and given command of a grenadier battalion.On 1 January 1790, at Laudon's explicit request, Karl Aloys zuFürstenberg was promoted to major general; at the end of June of that year, he received the coveted position of second colonel of the 34th Infantry Regiment Anton Esterhazy, where he served as the executive officerfor Anton I, Prince Esterházy, the 34th Hungarian Regiment's Colonel and Proprietor. This was a customary appointment in which a less prominent officer completed the day-to-day administrative duties of the Coloneland Proprietor, who was usually a noble and was often posted in a different assignment, sometimes a different staff location. Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg also received the confraternal Order of Saint Hubert from the Dukeof Bavaria and married the "elegant" Princess Elisabeth of Thurn und Taxis (1767–1822), that year.Fight against Revolutionary FranceWhile Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg fought for the Habsburg cause in Serbia, in France,a coalition of the clergy and the professional and bourgeois class—the First and Third estates—led a call for reform of the French government and the creation of a written constitution. Initially, the rulers of Europeviewed the French Revolution as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790, Leopold succeeded his brother Joseph as emperor and by 1791, heconsidered the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater alarm. In August 1791, in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, he issued theDeclaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis XVI and his family. They threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything shouldhappen to the royal family. The French émigrés continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In the War of the First Coalition(1792–1797), France opposed most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire.War of the First CoalitionIn the early days of the French Revolutionary Wars,Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg remained as brigade commander of a small Austrian corps, approximately 10,000 men, under the overall command of Anton I, Prince Esterházy. He was stationed in the Breisgau, a Habsburgterritory between the Black Forest and the Rhine. This location between the forested mountains and the river included two important bridgeheads across the river which offered access to southwestern Germany, theSwiss Cantons, or north-central Germany. His brigade defended Kehl, a small village immediately across the Rhine from Strasbourg, but most of the action in 1792 occurred further north, in present-day Belgium, nearthe cities of Speyer and Trier, and at Frankfurt on the Main River.In the second year of the war, Fürstenberg was transferred to the cavalry of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, in the Army of the Upper Rhine, andplaced in charge of the advance guard near Speyer, which was still held by the French. On 30 March, he crossed the Rhine by Ketsch at the head of the advance guard, which included 9,000 men. He took the city ofSpeyer on 1 April, in the absence of the commander of the city, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, who was away with most of his troops; those that remained behind simply abandoned the city. On the following day,Fürstenberg occupied the town of Germersheim. His first combat action of the war occurred on 3 April, when Custine's infantry attacked him in a bayonet charge near the villages of Bellheim, Hördt and Leimersheim,and afterward at Landau and Lauterbourg. During these attacks, he lost all the ground he had gained in the days before. After these events, he was again transferred, this time to the command of the Regiment Countvon Kavanagh, where he continued to distinguish himself during the French counter-offensive of October–November 1793. In the action around Geidertheim, on the Zorn River, he assisted Lieutenant Field MarshalGabriel Anton, Baron Splény de Miháldy, in repelling a French counter-attack. Shortly afterward, he became very ill and, in December 1793, was sent to the Hagenau to recover. On 22 December, he rejoined Wurmser'sCorps for the Battle of Froeschwiller against Lazare Hoche and Jean-Charles Pichegru. After the French retreated over the Rhine at Huningue, near Basel, he directed the construction of its new fortifications.In June1796, Fürstenberg commanded a division of four infantry battalions, 13 artillery pieces, and the Freikorps (Volunteers) Gyulay and secured the Rhine corridor between Kehl and Rastatt. On 26 June 1796, the FrenchArmy of the Rhine and Moselle crossed the Rhine and chased the Swabian Circle's military contingent out of Kehl. In June 1796, Archduke Charles added the contingent to Fürstenberg's command, making him theSwabian's Feldzeugmeister, or General of Infantry. Fürstenberg's troops defended the imperial line at the town of Rastatt until support troops arrived, and they could make an orderly withdrawal into the Upper DanubeValley. The Swabian contingent was demobilized in July, and Fürstenberg returned to the command of Austrian regulars during the Austrian counter-offensive. At the Battle of Emmendingen on 19 October 1796, hisleadership was again instrumental in an Austrian victory. General Jean Victor Marie Moreau's Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle sought to retain a foothold on the eastern side of the Rhine, following his retreat fromsouthwestern Germany west of the Black Forest. Fürstenberg held Kenzingen, 2.5 miles (4 km) north of Riegel on the Elz River. Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg was ordered to feint against Riegel, to protect the primaryAustrian positions at Rust and Kappel.In the Battle of Schliengen (24 October 1796), Fürstenberg commanded the second column of the Austrian force, which included nine battalions of infantry and 30 squadrons ofcavalry; with these, he overwhelmed the force of General of Division Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, holding his position to prevent the French force from retreating north on the Rhine. While Maximilian Anton Karl,Count Baillet de Latour, engaged the main Austrian force at Kehl, Archduke Charles entrusted to Lieutenant Field Marshal Fürstenberg the command of the forces besieging Huningue, which included two divisions with20 battalions of infantry and 40 squadrons of cavalry. Charles' confidence in his young field marshal was well-placed. On 27 November, Fürstenberg's chief engineer opened and drained the water-filled moat protectingthe French fortifications. Fürstenberg offered the commander of the bridgehead, General of Brigade Jean Charles Abbatucci, the opportunity to surrender, which he declined. In the night of 30 November to 1 December,


Passage 1:SuhaaganSuhaagan (transl. Married woman) is a 1986 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by M. Arjuna Raju under the Roja Enterprises banner and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. It starsJeetendra, Sridevi, Padmini Kolhapure  and music composed by Bappi Lahari. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982).PlotRam Babu was a simple tiller of the soil, and he used to look after theagricultural lands of this neighbour Jagat Prasad. Jagat Prasad has two daughters, Janki and Jyoti. Janki is a well known punk while Jyoti is just a  plain and simple girl. Jyoti likes Ram Babu, but it is Janki who is marriedto Ram Babu. Ram Babu and Janki became the parents of baby girl, but their way of thinking is like two sides of the same coin, and to widen it more is a young man Murali. Murali was Jagat Prasad's friend's grandson,with his gift of talks, his bright outlook, he kindles a new light in the dull life of Janki. So far so, that Janki leaves her child and husband and elopes with Murali. On the insistence of Jagat Prasad, Ram marries Jyoti.Masterji comes to meet Janaki and Murali and tells them that what they did was very wrong. Janaki feels guilty and Murli understands that Janaki doesn't want to live with him anymore. Murli arranges a house on theoutskirts of Janaki's village where he ask her to go and stay. The same night Murali commits suicide. Janaki is surprised to see him dead however leaves for her village. Everyone berates her. Years pass and Janakisdaughter Meena starts going to school. Janaki meets her daughter and every evening takes her to her house to play. Jyoti learns of this and scolds Janaki and Meena. In anger she burns Meena's arm and when Ramscolds her for that she feels guilty and burns her own as well. Janaki falls sick and refuses to take medicines. Her mother visits her and she ask for forgiveness. She ask her mother to ask Ram to meet her once beforeshe dies. Ram agrees and goes to meet Janaki. Janaki cries for forgiveness and Ram forgives her. He also promises to perform her last rites as her husband once she dies. As soon as Ram leaves Janaki touches hisslippers that he left behind and dies. As promised and despite objection from Jagat Prasad and threat of being ostracized from the village Ram and Jyoti perform Janaki's last rites.CastJeetendra as RamSridevi asJankiPadmini Kolhapure as JyotiRaj Babbar as MurliPran as Jagat PrasadTanuja as ShantaKader Khan as MasterjiShakti Kapoor as Leela KrishnaAruna Irani as RadhaChandrashekhar as Murli'sgrandfatherAsraniSoundtrackThe music for the film was composed by Bappi Lahiri and written by Indeevar.Passage 2:Just Friends (1993 film)Just Friends is a 1993 Belgian-Dutch film. It was directed and produced byMarc-Henri Wajnberg, written by Pierre Sterckx and Alexandre Wajnberg, and starred Josse De Pauw, Ann-Gisel Glass, Charles Berling, and Sylvie Milhaud. Set in Antwerp, Just Friends is about the jazz scene in the1950s.The film received the André Cavens Award and won three Joseph Plateau Awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Wajnberg. It was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the66th Academy Awards.The music was written and supervised by Michel Herr and featured saxophonist Archie Shepp.See alsoList of Belgian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language FilmList ofsubmissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language FilmPassage 3:Just Friends (disambiguation)Just Friends is a 2005 romantic comedy film starring Ryan Reynolds and Amy Smart.Just Friends mayalso refer to:Film and televisionJust Friends (1993 film), a Belgian-Dutch film directed by Marc-Henri WajnbergJust Friends? (2009 film), a 2009 South Korean short film directed by Kim Jho Kwang-sooJust Friends (2018film), a 2018 Dutch film, original title Gewoon Vrienden, directed by Ellen Smit"Just Friends" (Degrassi High), an episode of Degrassi High"Just Friends" (Life with Derek), an episode of Life with Derek Just Friends (TVseries), a 1979 American sitcomMusicAlbumsJust Friends (Joe Temperley and Jimmy Knepper album), 1978Just Friends (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2005 filmJust Friends (Rick Haydon and John Pizzarellialbum), 2006Just Friends (Zoot Sims and Harry Edison album), 1980Just Friends, a 1989 album by Oliver JonesJust Friends, a 1989 album by Helen MerrillJust Friends (Buddy Tate, Nat Simkins and Houston Personalbum), 1992Riddim Driven: Just Friends, a 2002 compilation albumSongs"Just Friends" (Danny! song), 2009"Just Friends" (Hayden James song), 2018"Just Friends" (John Klenner and Sam M. Lewis song), 1931"JustFriends (Sunny)", a 1999 song by Musiq Soulchild"Just Friends", a song by Amy Winehouse from Back to Black"Just Friends", a song by Gavin DeGraw from Chariot"Just Friends", a song by the Jonas Brothers fromJonas Brothers"Just Friends", a song by Nine Black Alps from Everything Is"Just Friends", a song by Vanessa Williams from The Real Thing"Just Friends", a song by Virginia to Vegas from Hartland St."Just Friends", asong by Why Don't WeArtistsJust Friends (band), an American funk rock bandSee alsoJust Between Friends (album), a 2008 album by saxophonist Houston Person and bassist Ron CarterJust Between Friends(soundtrack)Just Good Friends (disambiguation)Friend zone, a strictly platonic relationship in which one partner, but not the other, wishes to enter into a strong and close romantic relationshipFriends(disambiguation)Friendship, a form of interpersonal relationshipPassage 4:The Fabulous SenoritaThe Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 American musical comedy film directed by R. G. Springsteen and starring EstelitaRodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva. The film came at the tail-end of a cycle of Latin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno.PlotCastEstelita Rodriguez as Estelita RodriguezRobertClarke as Jerry TaylorNestor Paiva as José RodriguezMarvin Kaplan as Clifford Van KunkleRita Moreno as Manuela RodríguezLeon Belasco as Señor GonzalesTito Renaldo as Pedro SanchezTom Powers as DelaneyEmoryParnell as Dean BradshawOlin Howland as Justice of the PeaceVito Scotti as Esteban GonzalesMartin Garralaga as Police Captain GarciaNita Del Rey as FeliceJoan Blake as BettyFrances Dominguez as AmeliaBettyFarrington as JanitressNorman Field as Dr. CampbellClark Howat as DavisFrank Kreig as Cab DriverDorothy Neumann as Mrs. BlackElizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the PeaceCharles Sullivan as Cab DriverArthurWalsh as PetePassage 5:Enkeyo Ketta KuralEnkeyo Ketta Kural (transl. A Voice Heard Somewhere) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by S. P. Muthuraman. The film stars Rajinikanth in the lead role,with Ambika and Radha playing his love interests and Meena as their daughter. The film was later remade in Telugu as Bava Maradallu in 1984, in Hindi as Suhaagan in 1986 and in Kannada as Midida Hrudayagalu in1993.PlotKumaran, a hardworking but easily aggrieved and very righteous man, is in love with his first cousin Ponni. Ponni works a very leisurely and laid-back job in a grand mansion. Ponni's younger sibling Kamatchiis fond of Kumaran, but he does not take her seriously. Vishwanathan, the father of Ponni and Kamatchi, plans to get Kumaran and Ponni married. Ponni reluctantly marries Kumaran. A daughter, Meena, is born after ayear. Ponni starts to detest Kumaran because of her newfound tasks. Later, her previous employer dies of old age. Ponni visits her employer's son (who is also unhappily married) after the funeral. They both converseabout their supposedly miserable lives and decide to elope. After Ponni runs away, her family disowns her and decides to have Kamatchi marry Kumaran. The initially reluctant Kumaran is convinced by his father-in-lawand marries Kamatchi. The pair bonds over time and lives in contentment with the child. Ponni realizes her blunder after a few weeks. Disgusted with herself, she leaves the eloped partner, remaining faithful toKumaran by not engaging in any debauchery with her partner. He confers her a small house near the village, where she spends the rest of her life. She meets her daughter, but her sister, disgusted with Ponni, ordersthe child not to meet her ever again. Kumaran comes to learn about her faithfulness and visits Ponni on her deathbed. She dies by Kumaran's side after reminiscing about her life. Kumaran is warned by his father-in-lawthat he will be banished from the village if takes part in her funeral. Kumaran defies him and performs the last rites for Ponni along with their daughter and Kamatchi.CastRajinikanth as KumaranAmbika as PonniRadhaas KamatchiMeena as child Meena (daughter of Kumaran and Ponni)Delhi Ganesh as VishwanathanKamala Kamesh as Vishwanathan's wifeV. S. RaghavanT. K. S. NatarajanK. KannanVairamKrishnamoorthyProductionThe film was completely shot at a village near Chengalpet.SoundtrackThe music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.AccoladesFilmfare Award for Best Film – TamilTamil Nadu State Film Award forBest Dialogue Writer – Panchu ArunachalamTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best FilmFilm Fans Association Award for Best Actor – RajinikanthRelease and receptionEnkeyo Ketta Kural was released on 14 August 1982.Due to competition from another Muthuraman-directed film Sakalakala Vallavan, released on the same day, it was less successful. Thiraignani of Kalki felt the reason for Ambika eloping and returning back reformedlacked strong reasons and added the ending of the story, which is not easy to accept, raises many problematic questions that make our heads turn gray but praised the performances of Ambika, Delhi Ganesh andKamala Kamesh. He also praised Arunachalam's dialogues and Babu's cinematography and concluded if Kamal was "Sakalakala Vallavan" in that film then here Rajinikanth was "Sakalakala Nallavan".Passage 6:TheNight of NightsThe Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald Ogden Stewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and RolandYoung.The film received positive contemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times. Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out, including Ocean's 11 and PorkChop Hill.BackgroundMilestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director for All Quiet on the Western Front.PlotDan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadwaytheater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business.  When he was younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter bygetting drunk.  When it was time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit.  The two left the theater and continued drinking, until they learn that they havebeen suspended. At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruining her performance in Laughter as Toni.  Despondent, he in left the business and went intoseclusion.Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates him and inspires him to return to Broadway.  He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part ofToni.  Hoping to make a glorious return with a show that would be a hit with critics and the public alike, O'Farrell enlists the aid of friends to embark on a full-fledged comeback.CastReceptionFrank S. Nugent wrote forThe New York Times that the work of actors Pat O'Brien and Roland Young, had "been a labor of love and the film has profited accordingly." In noting that the plot centered on "the theatre and some of the curious folkwho inhabit it", the newspaper's review stated that the film had an acceptable sentimentality and shared that the story was "an uncommonly interesting study of a man's mind, subtly written and directed, presentedwith honesty and commendable sincerity by Mr. O'Brien, Mr. Young and Olympe Bradna, and well worth any one's attention." The only objection in the review was that the stage play Laughter, the piece being producedwithin the film by O'Brien's character of Dan O'Farrell, "seemed to be the most awful tripe."Passage 7:Just Friends (soundtrack)Just Friends: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the musical accompaniment to the filmof the same name. It was released November 22, 2005 on New Line Records.Track listingBen Lee - "Catch My Disease"Fountains of Wayne - "Hackensack"Rogue Wave - "Eyes"Samantha James - "Forgiveness"BrendanBenson - "Cold Hands (Warm Heart)"Robbers on High Street - "Big Winter"The Sights - "Waiting on a Friend"Reed Foehl - "When It Comes Around"The Lemonheads - "Into Your Arms"'Just Friends' Holiday Players -"Christmas, Christmas"Dusty 'Lee' Dinkleman" - "Jamie Smiles"Samantha James - "Love from Afar"Jeff Cardoni - "Just Friends Score Medley"All-4-One - "I Swear"Passage 8:Just FriendsJust Friends is a 2005 AmericanChristmas romantic comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, written by Adam 'Tex' Davis and starring Ryan Reynolds, Amy Smart, Anna Faris, Chris Klein and Christopher Marquette. The plot focuses on a formerly obesehigh school student (Reynolds) who attempts to free himself from the friend zone after reconnecting with his best friend (Smart) whom he is in love with while visiting his hometown for Christmas.The film revolvesaround humorous observation of strictly platonic relationships as "just friends" or "just as best friends". It was shot in Regina and Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. Just Friends was released on November 23, 2005 andgrossed over $50 million.PlotIn 1995, Chris Brander, an obese high school senior, is secretly in love with his classmate and best friend Jamie Palamino. Confessing his feelings by writing in her yearbook, he attends theirgraduation party. As he returns Jamie's yearbook, it is swapped by her ex-boyfriend, Tim, who reads the declaration aloud to everyone, humiliating Chris. After kissing him on the cheek, Jamie admits she does notreciprocate his affections. He leaves the party in tears, announcing he will never return and vowing to be more successful than everyone else.Ten years later, a womanizing Chris has lost weight and lives in Los Angelesas a highly successful record producer and vice president of the company. Before Christmas, company CEO KC, asks him to accompany emerging, self-obsessed pop singer Samantha James to Paris so she signs withtheir label, and Chris reluctantly complies. She wants a relationship with him but he has no interest after their only date previously led to his hospitalization. On the way to Paris, Samantha accidentally sets her privatejet on fire, causing an emergency landing in New Jersey, near Chris's hometown.Chris takes Samantha to his mother's for the night and re-engages with his teenage past, including his unresolved feelings for Jamie. Shemeets his mother and 18-year-old brother Mike, a huge fan of Samantha who is infatuated with her. At the local bar, Chris encounters some old classmates, including his other best friend Clark and his wife Darla.Healso sees Jamie, working as a bartender to pay for graduate school for teaching. Chris asks Mike to keep Samantha busy during his date with Jamie, but realizing their platonic friendship is important to him hampers hisplan for them to have sex. During a friendly ice skating "day date", Chris is taken away in an ambulance after injuring himself during a hockey game with Jamie and a trio of kids (who dislike him). At the scene, Jamie isreunited with Dusty Dinkleman, a paramedic and former high school classmate also in love with her.The next night, Chris goes to Jamie's Christmas party to express his feelings for her, but Dusty is already there,charming everyone on guitar. Back at Chris's, Samantha ambushes Mike, demanding he reveal Chris's location. He refuses until she gives him a kiss. In a rage, she drives to Jamie's, crashing through her fence anddestroying the Christmas decorations. Chris returns home in embarrassment, and Jamie follows. She tells him she is not mad and they end up spending the night catching up and reminiscing. However, due to Chris'scontinuing lack of assertion, they end up just sleeping and nothing happens.The next day, Jamie speaks with Darla about the night before, while Chris goes to Clark for advice. Jamie admits that while they are "justfriends", she tried to show Chris she is interested in more. Clark tells Chris that "the timing wasn't right" and their history hinders him. Outside the office, Chris and Clark catch Dusty singing to a nurse and then kissingher. Dusty reveals his plans to have sex with Jamie and humiliate her in a way he felt she humiliated him in high school when he was attracted to her.Chris tries to warn Jamie, but instead attacks Dusty in front of her.She refuses to listen when he tries to explain. Consequently, he gets drunk and goes to Jamie's bar, finding her there with Dusty. When she gently declines Dusty's sexual advances, he storms out. Chris and Jamie getinto another fight, where he blames her for keeping him in the "friend zone" and says she will never amount to anything. Jamie punches Chris and he is tossed out.Upon returning to Los Angeles and rejectingSamantha's continued advances when she sees him again, Chris realizes that Jamie is his one and only true love. He returns to New Jersey, declares his love to her and they kiss, while the three kids (from the hockeygame earlier) watch in disgust. One of the boys hands the girl a cookie, which she gives to the other. She calls the boy who gave her a cookie her friend, which he replies with "the bestest" before realizing he has beenput in the friend zone.CastAlanis Morissette, then Reynolds' fiancée, made a cameo appearance as "herself" as a former client of his character. This came about when the casting director said "we need an AlanisMorissette type" and Reynolds said he knew someone who would fit. This scene was deleted, however, and is only available on the DVD.ProductionThe film was shot in Los Angeles and parts of Regina and Moose Jaw,Saskatchewan.MusicA soundtrack was released November 22, 2005 on New Line Records.Track listingBen Lee – "Catch My Disease"Fountains of Wayne – "Hackensack"Rogue Wave – "Eyes"Anna Faris (as SamanthaJames) – "Forgiveness"Brendan Benson – "Cold Hands (Warm Heart)"Robbers on High Street – "Big Winter"The Sights – "Waiting on a Friend"Reed Foehl – "When It Comes Around"The Lemonheads – "Into YourArms"'Just Friends' Holiday Players – "Christmas, Christmas""Dusty 'Lee' Dinkleman" – "Jamie Smiles"Anna Faris (as Samantha James) – "Love from Afar"Jeff Cardoni – "Just Friends Score Medley"All-4-One – "ISwear"Carly Simon – "Coming Around Again"Original songs performed in the film"Forgiveness", performed multiple times by Anna Faris."Jamie Smiles", performed multiple times by Chris Klein"Love from Afar",performed by Anna Faris and Renee Sandstrom"Just a Guy", performed by Anna Faris (only on the Alternate Ending)Most songs in the film were written by Adam Schiff, except "When Jamie Smiles", which was writtenby H. Scott Salinas.The orchestral score was written by Jeff Cardoni, and orchestrated by Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal.ReceptionBox officeJust Friends grossed $32.6 million domestically, and $18.3 million inother territories, for a box office total of $50.9 million.In the United States the film grossed $9.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.Critical responseJust Friends received mixed reviews fromcritics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "There are moments of mirth in this overly broad comedy,but mostly, Just Friends is just not that funny." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100 based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an averagegrade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.See alsoList of Christmas filmsPassage 9:Operation LeopardLa légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutard and filmed inFrench Guiana. The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978. It was diligently described in a book of the same name by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain PierreSergent. He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980. Coutard shot the film in a documentary style.PlotThe film is based on true events. In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters fromKatanga crossed the border to the Zaire and marched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt. They took 3,000 civilians as hostages. Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed. The rebels


Passage 1:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the "Patriarch of Dorchester", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., "Calamy Revised", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 2:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish:  , lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 3:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic:   ; c. 497–578), better known as Abd al-Mualib, (Arabic:  , lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-amd ("The white streak of praise").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mualib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mualib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mualib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mualib and arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mualib. Addressing arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mualib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mualib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mualib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. "Abdul-Mualib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mualib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mualib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mualib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mualib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mualib agreed to consult a "sorceress with a familiar spirit". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mualib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Mualib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 :  707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 4:Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-LangenburgErnst Christian Carl, 4th Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (7 May 1794 – 12 April 1860) was the son of Prince Charles Louis of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth.BiographyMarriageHe married Princess Feodora of Leiningen, the only daughter of Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld on 18 February 1828 at Kensington Palace in London. She was the elder half-sister of the future British queen.He succeeded to the title of 4th Prince zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg on 4 April 1825, and attained the rank of Major-General.IssueOrders and decorationsWürttemberg:Knight of the Military Merit Order, 3 July 1815Grand Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown, 1830Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1839 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 22 January 1848AncestryPassage 5:Fujiwara no NagaraThis is about the 9th-century Japanese statesman.   For the 10th-century Japanese poet also known as Nagayoshi, see Fujiwara no Nagatō.Fujiwara no Nagara (, 802 – 6 August 856), also known as Fujiwara no Nagayoshi, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period. He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.LifeNagara was born as the eldest son of the sadaijin Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, a powerful figure in the court of Emperor Saga. He was also a descendant of the early Japanese emperors and was well trusted by Emperor Ninmyō since his time as crown prince, and attended on him frequently. However, after Ninmyō took the throne, Nagara's advancement was overtaken by his younger brother Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. He served as director of the kurōdo-dokoro () and division chief () in the imperial guard before finally making sangi and joining the kugyō in 844, ten years after his younger brother.In 850, Nagara's nephew Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Nagara was promoted to shō shi-i no ge () and then ju san-mi (), and in 851 to shō san-mi (). In the same year, though, Nagara was overtaken once more as his brother Fujiwara no Yoshimi, more than ten years his junior, was promoted to chūnagon. In 854, when Yoshimi was promoted to dainagon, Nagara was promoted to fill his old position of chūnagon. In 856 he was promoted to  (ju ni-i), but died shortly thereafter at the age of 55.LegacyAfter Nagara's death, his daughter Takaiko became a court lady of Emperor Seiwa. In 877, after her son Prince Sadaakira took the throne as Emperor Yōzei, Nagara was posthumously promoted to shō ichi-i () and sadaijin, and again in 879 to daijō-daijin.Nagara was overtaken in life by his brother Yoshifusa and Yoshimi, but he had more children, and his descendants thrived. His third son Fujiwara no Mototsune was adopted by Yoshifusa, and his line branched into various powerful clans, including the five regent houses.Before the Middle Ages, there may have been a tendency to view Mototsune's biological father Nagara rather than his adoptive father Yoshifusa as his parent, making Nagara out as the ancestor of the regent family. This may have impacted the Ōkagami, leading it to depict Nagara as the head of the Hokke instead of Yoshifusa.PersonalityNagara had a noble disposition, both tender-hearted and magnanimous. Despite being overtaken by his brothers, he continued to love them deeply. He was treated his subordinates with tolerance, and was loved by people of all ranks. When Emperor Ninmyō died, Fuyutsugu is said to have mourned him like a parent, even abstaining from food as he prayed for the happiness of the Emperor's spirit.When he served Emperor Montoku in his youth, the Emperor treated him as an equal, but Nagara did not abandon formal dress or display an overly familiar attitude.GenealogyFather: Fujiwara no FuyutsuguMother: Fujiwara no Mitsuko (), daughter of Fujiwara no Matsukuri ()Wife: Nanba no Fuchiko ()Eldest son: Fujiwara no Kunitsune (, 828–908)Second son: Fujiwara no Tōtsune (, 835–888)Wife: Fujiwara no Otoharu (), daughter of Fujiwara no Fusatsugu ()Third son: Fujiwara no Mototsune ( , 836–891), adopted by Fujiwara no YoshifusaFourth son: Fujiwara no Takatsune (, ?–893)Fifth son: Fujiwara no Hirotsune (, 838–883)Sixth son: Fujiwara no Kiyotsune (, 846–915)Daughter: Fujiwara no Takaiko (, 842–910), court lady of Emperor Seiwa, mother of Emperor YōzeiUnknown wife (possibly Nanba no Fuchiko ())Daughter: Fujiwara no Shukushi (, 838–906), wife of Fujiwara no Ujimune, adoptive mother of Emperor Uda, Naishi-no-kami ()Daughter: Fujiwara no Ariko (, ?–866), wife of Taira no Takamune, Naishi-no-suke ()NotesPassage 6:Prithvipati ShahPrithvipati Shah (Nepali:  ) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom in the South Asian subcontinent, present-day Nepal. He was the grandfather of Nara Bhupal Shah and reigned from 1673–1716.King Prithvipati Shah ascended to the throne after the demise of his father. He was the longest serving king of the Gorkha Kingdom but his reign saw a lot of struggles.Passage 7:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one


Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played littlecricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. Hebegan playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invitedhim to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 notout) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowledunchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and hadonly two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in thefirst innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-enderBomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban playedone more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where heworked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Alejandro RomualdoAlejandro Romualdo (December 19, 1926 Trujillo, Peru – May 27, 2008 Lima, Peru)was a Peruvian poet of the 20th century. His best known work is the Song of Tupac Amaru, exalting the revolutionary spirit of the 18th-century leader. The poem, which glorified the Peruvian independence movement,won the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in 1997.LifeBorn Alejandro Valle, he is the son of famed Peruvian actor, Alex Valle, star of the popular TV series, Risas y Salsa. Romualdo studied literature at the NationalUniversity of San Marcos in 1946. His first poem, "La torre de los alucinados" made him the recipient of the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in 1949. Having earned a scholarship, he attended the University of Madridin 1951. Upon his return to Peru, Romualdo worked as a journalist as more of his works were published, which he used as an instrument of agitation and political propaganda that manifested his Marxist convictions. Bythe mid 1960s, he travelled to Mexico and Cuba, eventually returning to Peru where he had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture and also  working as a professor of journalism atUniversity of San Martín de Porres in Lima.He married Teresa Pereira (d. 1998) and had 2 sons and a daughter. His son Gabriel Valle, M.D. is a nephrologist and medical school professor at University of Miami.Granddaughter, Juliette Valle, (born 2001) is a professional musical theatre actress.He dedicated himself to teaching and journalism. He collaborated in the newspapers La Crónica and La Prensa, and in the magazinesCultura Peruana and Idea. His poetries, articles and caricatures, appear signed with his prename of Alejandro Romualdo; also with his nickname Xanno.In 1965 he traveled to Mexico and then went to Cuba. Back in Peruhe had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture. He then went on to teach at the University of San Martín de Porres, becoming a teacher for several generations of journalists.In 1976 hewon the OTI Festival award with his poem entitled I want to go out in the sun, set to music by Ernesto Pollarolo and performed by Fernando Llosa. He collaborated in the arts and letters magazine Hueso Hmero (1987,1990).DeathRomualdo was found dead in his home from heart complications in San Isidro District, Lima.See alsoPeruvian literatureBibliographyLuis Alberto Sánchez,: La literatura peruana. Derrotero para una historiacultural del Perú, tomo V, pp. 1581-1582. Cuarta edición y definitiva. Lima, P. L. Villanueva Editor, 1975.National Library of Peru, N.º 2012-03529. Toro Montalvo, César: Manual de Literatura Peruana, Tomo II, p. 1452.A.F.A. Editores Importadores S.A. Tercera edición, corregida y aumentada, 2012. Hecho el depósito legal.Mario Vargas Llosa, El pez en el agua. Memorias. Editorial Seix Barral, S. A., 1993. ISBN 84-322-0679-2Passage3:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and wasknighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived inGeraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became aJustice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutiveseasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. Hewent to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combinedwith good defence". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving." Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in theCanterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at theage of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 4:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class andNetherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to thenational team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands'One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected toplay for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 5:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is aCanadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as amultidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts ofplace and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in thecollections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa ArtGallery and the International Museum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received theIndspire Award for Arts.Passage 6:John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher, rugby player and cricketer.Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales. Heattended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA in human movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education. He played rugbyfor several clubs, most notably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship. He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney. At 21, he moved to England to study for hismaster's degree at University College, Oxford. While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket.Allen played as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league. He captained OxfordUniversity RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Match against Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year. Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in theRugby League Varsity Match at the Athletic Ground, Richmond.For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match.After completing his master's, Allen returned toteaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New South Wales.Passage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born firstBlack Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and aGoverning Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change,nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degreein Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the Universityof Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturerand researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Pressand the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing:Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (PalgraveMacmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation inNarration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty ofAfrican and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 8:Tom DickinsonThomas or Tom Dickinson may refer to: Thomas Dickenson, or Dickinson, merchant and politician of York, EnglandThomas R. Dickinson, United StatesArmy generalJ. Thomas Dickinson, American physicist and astronomerTom Dickinson (cricketer),  Australian-born cricketer in EnglandTom Dickinson (American football), American football playerPassage 9:Jörn LenzJörnLenz (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as partof the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners'Cup.CareerEarly careerLenz was born in Warnemünde. He began playing football for the youth teams of enterprise sports community BSG Schiffahrt/Hafen Rostock in Rostock. He was admitted into the Children andYouth Sports Scool (KJS) in 1981 and then taken over by football club FC Hansa Rostock. Lenz then joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1985. He was promoted to the reserve team of BFC Dynamo in 1987.Lenz made 54 appearances with the BFC Dynamo II in the second tier DDR-Liga between 1987 and 1989.BFC DynamoLenz made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo as a 19-year-old in the firstround of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 9 September 1988. He started the match as a substitute and was exchanged for Waldemar Ksienzyk in the 80th minute. He was thus given theopportunity to play alongside players such as Andreas Thom, Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde. Lenz then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Energie Cottbus on 5 May 1989. BFC Dynamowon the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team was set to play the first ever DFV-Supercup against SG Dynamo Dresden on 5 August 1989. Lenz started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Jörg Fügner in the77th minute. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.Lenz then made his international debut for BFC Dynamo in the return legof the first round of the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup against Valur on 26 September 1989. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Heiko Bonan in the 33rd minute. Lenz scored the winning2–1 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 83th minute. Lenz also played in the first leg of the second round against AS Monaco FC  at the  Stade Louis II on 17 October 1989. AS Monaco FC was coached by Arsène Wenger andfielded prominent players such as George Weah at the time. Lenz started the match in the starting line-up, but was exchanged for Eike Küttner in the 46th minute. He missed the return leg against AS Monaco FC due toan injury.Lenz made 12 appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. Lenz played five matches for FC Berlin the 1990 Intertoto Cup.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach at the beginning of the  1990–91 season. Lenz was recurringly included in the starting line-up and made 16 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. He made 23appearances for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberlig Nord and played all six matches for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 2. Bundesliga play-offs. However, FC Berlin failed to win promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for thesecond season in a row. Lenz left FC Berlin for  local rival Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.Tennis Borussia BerlinLenz joined Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1992–93 season. The former goalkeeper of BFC Dynamoand ten times East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit was the goalkeeper of Tennis Borussia Berlin at the time. Tennis Borussia Berlin reached the final of the 1992–93 Berlin Cup. The team defeated TürkiyemsporBerlin 2–0 in the final at the Mommsenstadion on 6 May 1993. Tennis Borussia Berlin also won the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. But the team finished the 1992–94 2. Bundesliga play-offs on second place. However,the winner 1. FC Union Berlin was denied a license and Tennis Borussia Berlin was therefore allowed to advance to the 2. Bundesliga instead. Lenz made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the on27 July 1993. Tennis Borussia Berlin was qualificied for the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal as a team in the 2. Bundesliga. Lenz made his debut in the DFB-Pokal in the second round of the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal against ASVNeumarkt on 24 August 1993. Lenz made 11 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga. He made a brief return to FC Berlin at the end of the 1993–94 season and played nine matches for FCBerlin in the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Tennis Borussa Berlin finished the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga on 17th place and was immediately relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. Lenz became regular player in TennisBorussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost. The team won the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost, but was defeated by VfB Oldenburg in the Play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The play-offs were lost after a 2–1 goal to VfBOldenburg on stoppage time in the return leg. Lenz has described the defeat in the play-offs as his hardest sporting moment. Lenz left Tennis Borussia Berlin for FC Energie Cottbus after the 1996–97 season. He made100 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 1997.Return to FC BerlinLenz joined FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 season. However, he was sparingly used and playedonly two matches for FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 2. Bundesliga. Lenz returned to FC Berlin during the winter break. He would be a key player in the team for several seasons to come. Lenz became the new teamcaptain of FC Berlin in the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost. FC Berlin reverted to its old club name BFC Dynamo during the season. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated BerlinTürkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. Lenz was team captain of BFC Dynamo also in the following season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal aswinner of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team lost 2–0 to DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the second of the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999 The teamfinished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost on 17th place and was relegated to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.VfB LeipzigBFC Dynamo dominated the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The team had only suffered three lossesand conceded 17 goals during the league season. However, BFC Dynamo was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg in  the play-offs for the Regionalliga. And it was now also clear that the club was in serious financialdifficulties. Insolvency proceeding were opened against BFC Dynamo on 1 November 2001. The club now had to continue under amateur conditions and the team was going to be automatically relegated to theVerbandsliga Berlin. Lenz left BFC Dynamo for VfB Leipzig when the insolvency proceeding were opened. VfB Leipzig was coached by SG Dynamo Dresden legend Hans-Jürgen "Dixie" Dörner at the time. Lenz played his