Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught atthe  "Vasile Kormilov" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  "Unirea" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău(1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium "Ion Heliade Rădulescu" in Bucureti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the "Queen Mother Elena"high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation isconsidered the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:PeteTownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (; born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the most influentialrock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and in other projects have earned him critical acclaim.Townshend haswritten more than 100 songs for 12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums, the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such as Who's Next (1971); aswell as dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songs that have appearedon his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.While known primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards, banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bassguitar, and drums; he is self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has also contributedto and authored many newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In 1983, Townshend received the BritAward for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who. Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list of Best Guitarists in The New Book ofRock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He was ranked No. 10 in Gibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50guitarists, and No. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He and Roger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend was born in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital, Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was a professionalalto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance band the Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras. The Townshends had a volatile marriage, asboth drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairs with other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and hewas sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as "clinically insane". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together on Woodgrange Avenuein middle-class Acton, and the young Pete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devout Jewish family upstairs shared their housing with them and cooking withthem—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhood reading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island.He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, sparking hisfascination with American rock and roll. Not long thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professional musician;instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At Acton County, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, anexperience that profoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar for Christmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him a couple of chords, Townshend was largelyself-taught on the instrument and never learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjo and Entwistle on horns.The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both became influenced by the increasingpopularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard's debut single, "Move It". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchaseda "reasonably good Czechoslovakian guitar" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisite grades to attend university, Pete wasfaced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at Ealing Art College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future Rolling Stonesguitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures at the college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.Musicalcareer1961–1964: the DetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as an additional guitarist. In the earlydays of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and trad jazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshend onrhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and Colin Dawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, "ran things the way he wanted them." Dawson quitin 1962 after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the sole guitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the groupobtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a support act for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, Shane Fenton and theFentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963, Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of "It Was You", the first song his son ever wrote. The Detours became aware of a group of the same name inFebruary 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with "The Who", and Daltrey decided it was the best choice.1964–1982: The WhoNot long after the name change,drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionally with the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicist named Peter Meaden whoconvinced them to change their name to the High Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single ("I'm the Face/Zoot Suit"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on by two newmanagers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The band anguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, anddropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performance at the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceiling and proceeded to destroy theentire instrument. The on-stage destruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American record producer Shel Talmy, who hadthe band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, "I Can't Explain", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, another group Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, "I Can't Explain" was theWho's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-up single ("Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in the UK. However, it was the release ofthe Who's third single, "My Generation", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, "cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected the feelings of thousands of pissed-offadolescents at the time." The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggest hit. The song and its famous line "I hope I die before I get old" was "very much about tryingto find a place in society", Townshend stated in an interview with David Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was releasedin late 1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successful singles for the band, including "Pictures of Lily","Substitute", "I'm a Boy", and "Happy Jack". Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music for the next album, which became "A Quick One, While He's Away". The album was subsequently titled AQuick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its release in December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a stylereminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commenced their first US tour on 22 March 1967. Townshend tookto trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimenting with LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the Monterey Pop Festival on 18June. Released in December, their next album was The Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and mockcommercials between songs, and the Who's biggest US single, "I Can See for Miles". Despite the success of "I Can See for Miles", which reached No. 9 on the American charts, Townshend was surprised it was not aneven bigger hit, as he considered it the best song he had written up to that point.By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba. He began to develop a musical piece about a deaf, dumb, andblind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The result was the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. Insupport of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included a memorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complainabout the arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting, "Fuck off my fucking stage!"In 1970, the Who released Live at Leeds, which several music critics cite as the best livealbum of all time. Townshend began writing material for another rock opera. Dubbed Lifehouse, it was designed to be a multi-media project that symbolised the relationship between a musician and his audience. Therest of the band were confused by its convoluted plot and simply wanted another album. Townshend began to feel alienated, and the project was abandoned after he suffered a nervous breakdown. Much of the materialintended for Lifehouse was released as a traditional studio album, Who's Next. It became a commercial smash, reaching number one in the UK, and spawned two successful hit singles, "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't GetFooled Again", that featured pioneering use of the synthesizer. "Baba O'Riley" in particular was written as Townshend's ode to his two heroes at the time, Meher Baba and composer Terry Riley.Townshend began writingsongs for another rock opera in 1973. He decided it would explore the mod subculture and its clashes with Rockers in the early 1960s in the UK. Entitled Quadrophenia, it was the only Who album written entirely byTownshend, and he produced the album as well due to the souring of relations with Lambert. It was released in November, and became their highest charting cross-Atlantic success, reaching No. 2 in the UK and US.NME reviewer Charles Shaar Murray called it "prime cut Who" and "the most rewarding musical experience of the year." On tour, the band played the album along to pre-recorded backing tapes, causing much friction.The tapes malfunctioned during a performance in Newcastle, prompting Townshend to drag soundman Bob Pridden onstage, scream at him and kick over all the amplifiers, partially destroying the malfunctioning tapes.On 14 April 1974, Townshend played his first solo concert, a benefit to raise funds for a London community centre.A film version of Tommy was directed by Ken Russell, and starred Roger Daltrey in the title role,Ann-Margret as his mother, and Oliver Reed as his step-father, with cameos by Tina Turner, Elton John, Eric Clapton, and other rock notables; the film premiered on 18 March 1975. Townshend was nominated for anAcademy Award for scoring and adapting the music in the film. The Who by Numbers came out in November of that year and peaked at No. 7 in the UK and 8 in the US. It featured introspective songs, often with anegative slant. The album spawned one hit single, "Squeeze Box", that was written after Townshend learned how to play the accordion. After a 1976 tour, Townshend took a year-long break from the band to focus onspending time with his family.The Who continues despite the deaths of two of the original members (Keith Moon in 1978 and John Entwistle in 2002). The band is regarded by many rock critics as one of the best livebands from the 1960s to the 2000s. The Who continues to perform critically acclaimed sets into the 21st century, including highly regarded performances at The Concert For New York City in 2001, the 2004 Isle ofWight Festival, Live 8 in 2005, and the 2007 Glastonbury Festival.Townshend remained the primary songwriter and leader of the group, writing over 100 songs which appeared on the band's eleven studio albums.Among his creations is the rock opera Quadrophenia. Townshend revisited album-length storytelling throughout his career and remains associated with the rock opera form. Many studio recordings also featureTownshend on piano or keyboards, though keyboard-heavy tracks increasingly featured guest artists in the studio, such as Nicky Hopkins, John Bundrick, or Chris Stainton.Townshend is one of the key figures in thedevelopment of feedback in rock guitar. When asked who first used feedback, Deep Purple guitarist Ritchie Blackmore said:Pete Townshend was definitely the first. But not being that good a guitarist, he used to justsort of crash chords and let the guitar feedback. He didn't get into twiddling with the dials on the amplifier until much later. He's overrated in England, but at the same time you find a lot of people like Jeff Beck andHendrix getting credit for things he started. Townshend was the first to break his guitar, and he was the first to do a lot of things. He's very good at his chord scene, too.Similarly, when Jimmy Page was asked about thedevelopment of guitar feedback, he said:I don't know who really did feedback first; it just sort of happened. I don't think anybody consciously nicked it from anybody else. It was just going on. But Pete Townshendobviously was the one, through the music of his group, who made the use of feedback more his style, and so it's related to him. Whereas the other players like Jeff Beck and myself were playing more single note thingsthan chords.Many rock guitarists have cited Townshend as an influence, among them Slash, Alex Lifeson, and Steve Jones.1972–present: solo careerIn addition to his work with the Who, Townshend has beensporadically active as a solo recording artist. Between 1969 and 1971 Townshend, along with other devotees to Meher Baba, recorded a trio of albums devoted to his teachings: Happy Birthday, I Am, and With Love. Inresponse to bootlegging of these, he compiled his personal highlights (and "Evolution", a collaboration with Ronnie Lane), and released his first major-label solo title, 1972's Who Came First. It was a moderate successand featured demos of Who songs as well as a showcase of his acoustic guitar talents. He collaborated with the Faces' bassist and fellow Meher Baba devotee Ronnie Lane on a duet album (1977's Rough Mix). In 1979Townshend produced and performed guitar on the novelty single "Peppermint Lump" by Angie on Stiff Records, featuring 11-year-old Angela Porter on lead vocals.Townshend made several solo appearances during the1970s, two of which were captured on record: Eric Clapton's Rainbow Concert in January 1973 (which Townshend organized to revive Clapton's career after the latter's heroin addiction), and the PaulMcCartney-sponsored Concerts for the People of Kampuchea in December 1979. The commercially available video of the Kampuchea concert shows the two rock icons duelling and clowning through Rockestramega-band versions of "Lucille", "Let It Be", and "Rockestra Theme"; Townshend closes the proceedings with a characteristic split-legged leap.Townshend's solo breakthrough, following the death of Who drummer KeithMoon, was the 1980 release Empty Glass, which included the top-10 single "Let My Love Open the Door", and lesser singles "A Little Is Enough" and "Rough Boys". This release was followed in 1982 by All the BestCowboys Have Chinese Eyes, which included the popular radio track "Slit Skirts". While not a huge commercial success, noted music critic Timothy Duggan listed it as "Townshend's most honest and introspective worksince Quadrophenia." Through the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s Townshend would again experiment with the rock opera and related formats, releasing several story-based albums including White City: A Novel(1985), The Iron Man: A Musical (1989), and Psychoderelict (1993).Townshend also got the chance to play with his hero Hank Marvin for Paul McCartney's "Rockestra" sessions, along with other rock musicians such asDavid Gilmour, John Bonham, and Ronnie Lane.Townshend has also recorded several concert albums, including one featuring a supergroup he assembled called Deep End, with David Gilmour on guitar, who performedjust three concerts and a television show session for The Tube, to raise money for his Double-O charity, supporting drug addicts. In 1993 he and Des McAnuff wrote and directed the Broadway adaptation of the Whoalbum Tommy, as well as a less successful stage musical based on his solo album The Iron Man, based upon the book by Ted Hughes. McAnuff and Townshend later co-produced the animated film The Iron Giant, alsobased on the Hughes story.A production described as a Townshend rock opera and titled The Boy Who Heard Music debuted as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater program in July 2007.On 2September 2017 in Lenox, Massachusetts, Townshend embarked with fellow singer and musician Billy Idol, tenor Alfie Boe, and an orchestra on a short (5-date) "Classic Quadrophenia" US tour which ended on 16September 2017 in Los Angeles, California.1996–present: latest Who workFrom the mid-1990s through the present, Townshend has participated in a series of tours with the surviving members of the Who, including a


Passage 1:Popiel IPopiel I was a legendary ruler of Poland, member of the Popielids dynasty. According to the legends reported by Wincenty Kadłubek in his Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, he wasthe son of Leszko III. Father of Popiel II.BibliographyJerzy Strzelczyk: Mity, podania i wierzenia dawnych Słowian. Poznań: Rebis, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7301-973-7.Jerzy Strzelczyk: Od Prasłowian do Polaków. Kraków:Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987. ISBN 83-03-02015-3.Passage 2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy lwa], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department innorth-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 3:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali inthe court of YazidSermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid  are the statements made by Zaynab bint Ali in the presence of Yazid I in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala when the captive family members ofMuhammad, prophet of Islam, and the heads of those murdered were moved to the Levant (equivalent to the historical region of Syria) by the forces of Yazid I. Zaynab delivered a defiant sermon in the court of Yazid inwhich she humiliated Yazid and exposed his army's atrocities while honoring the Ahl al-Bayt and those killed in Karbala and expounding upon the eternal consequences of the battle.Zaynab bint AliZaynab bint Ali(Arabic:   ) was one of the daughters of Ali and Fatimah. Like other members of her family she became a great figure of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam – in both the Sunni andShia sects of the religion. Zaynab married Abdullah ibn Ja'far and had three sons and two daughters. When her brother Husayn defended Islam and opposed the tyranny of Yazid caliph in 680 AD (61 AH), Zaynabaccompanied his companions, 72 men who, together with Husayn, were brutally slain by government forces numbering 30,000 men at the Battle of Karbala. Zaynab played an important role in disclosing the true eventsleading up to the massacre of the third Shia Imam Husayn, and his supporters. She also protected the life of her nephew Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the fourth Shia Imam, as he lay seriously ill and unable to go tothe battlefield. Because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the "Hero of Karbala". Zaynab died in 681, and her shrine is located in Damascus, Syria.BackgroundAfter the battle of Karbala the capturedfamily of the prophet and the heads of those who were killed were taken to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. On the first day of the month of Safar, according to Turabi, they arrived in the Levant and the capturedfamily and heads were taken into Yazid's presence. First, the identity of each head was told to him. Then he paid attention to a woman who was objecting. Yazid asked, "Who is this arrogant woman?" All the audiencepaused for a moment. The woman rose to answer and said: "Why are you asking them [the woman]? Ask me. I'll tell you [who I am]. I am Muhammad's granddaughter. I am Fatima's daughter." People at the courtwere impressed and amazed by her. According to the narration of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, in Yazid's presence a man with red skin asked Yazid for one of the captured women to be his slave. Yazid hit the lips and teeth ofHussein with his stick while saying: "I wish those of my clan who were killed at Badr, and those who had seen the Khazraj clan wailing (in the battle of Uhad) on account of lancet wounds, were here. At this time,Zaynab bint Ali began to give her sermon.ContextZaynab bint Ali started her sermon with the praise of Allah:In the name of Allah, The most Gracious, the most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds.May praise and salutations be upon my grandfather, the leader of Allah's messengers and upon his progeny.God gives time to disbelieversVerse 178 of chapter of Al Imran was descended about polytheists of Meccasuch as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. Zainab bint Ali once again relates this verse to Yazid, grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. She said: "Do not be satisfied with this temporal achievement; this time passes quickly and Allahwill punish you. You will be humiliated."As we see in the sermon:O Yazid! Do you think that we have become humble and despicable owing to the martyrdom of our people and our own captivity? Do you think that bykilling the godly persons you have become great and respectable and the Almighty looks at you with special grace and kindness? You have, however, forgotten what Allah says: The disbelievers must not think that ourrespite is for their good We only give them time to let them increase their sins. For them there will be a humiliating torment. (Quran 3:178 (Yusuf Ali))Humiliate the enemy and honoring the Ahl al-BaytOne concern ofZaynab bint Ali in the battle of Karbala was the humiliation of the enemy and the honor of the Ahl al-Bayt.O son of the freed ones! Is it justice that you keep your women and slave-girls in seclusion but have made thehelpless daughters of the Holy Prophet ride on swift camels and given them in the hands of their enemies so that they may take them from one city to anotherPosition of those killed in KarbalaZaynab bint Ali told Yazidnot to be happy because of his victory. She named verse 169 of Al Imran and emphasized that those dying for a just cause are victors and that Yazid's happiness will end with the torture of Allah.It will be the day whenAllah will deliver the descendants of the Holy Prophet from the state of being scattered and will bring all of them together in Paradise. This is the promise which Allah has made in the Holy Quran. Do not think of thosewho are slain for the cause of Allah as dead. They are alive with their Lord and receive sustenance from Him.(Quran 3:169 (Yusuf Ali))Referring to the oppressionAt this point in the sermon she referred to all theoppression and injustices of the Umayyad from time of Abu Sufyan till the time of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. She also believed that the Umayyad owed their power to the Islamic Ummah's failure to uphold the Quran and therightful succession to Muhammad. She further stated that:Our blood is dripping from their hands and our flesh is falling down from their mouths.External consequences of the battleZaynab bint Ali stated that the battleof Karbala had a positive effect on history. She believed that jihad, struggle in the path of Allah, had eternal effects.You (Yazid) may employ your deceit and cunning efforts, but I swear by Allah that the shame anddisgrace which you have earned by the treatment meted out to us cannot be eradicated.In the NewsIn his book, Explanations on Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali at the Levant, published by Bustan publications, Ali KarimiJahromi reviews different opinions about this sermon.See alsoBattle of KarbalaSermon of Ali ibn Husayn in DamascusPassage 4:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one'sancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"Motherland (NatalieMerchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent warfilmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including alist of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person wasborn. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs indifferent countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it'sdetermined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new babylive. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place ofbirth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept offödelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is consideredunimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated,not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice oftenreferred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of thecountries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Someadministrative forms may request the applicant's "country of birth". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality at birth".For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takesplace.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Yazid IIIYazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn Abd al-Malik (701 – 3/4 October 744) (Arabic:      ) usually known simply as Yazid IIIwas the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.Birth and backgroundYazid was the member of the influential Umayyad dynasty.Hisfather, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen, while historian al-Tabari (d. 923) names nineteen. Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother wasWallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya.Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I. His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of Peroz. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet ofYazid's on his own ancestry:I am the son of Chosroes, my ancestor was Marwan,Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khagan.Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome.Downfallof Al-WalidDuring the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims, and Yazidreceived further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human free will). Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from thetreasury.According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Abd al-Malik to meet Walid at al-Bakhra'. 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (shura) to decide the future of the realm.Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life. Yazid had Walid's head hoisted "on a lance and paraded around Damascus"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and Hakam, whom Walidhad designated as his heirs.AccessionOn accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon theweak. He promised "to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no money from one province to another" without reason, "keep no troops on the field too long", and not to overtaxthe ahl al-dhimma; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle to al-amr shura – to an electedcaliphate.Tabari records Yazid's nickname "the Diminisher" (Naqis), given because he reduced military annuities by 10%, whereas his predecessor had promised a raise. According to Islamic popular tradition, recordedin an apocalyptic style, Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.The city of Homs refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements against him. Another cousin, Marwan ibn Muhammadibn Marwan, governor of Armenia, had initially supported Walid and on Walid's death entered Iraq to avenge him. Marwan eventually rallied around Yazid.ReignYazid appointed Mansur ibn Jumhur to replace Yusuf ibn'Umar as governor of Iraq. On May 15, Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in al-Mada'ini (reproduced in Tabari) and in al-Baladhuri. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including "the enemy ofAllah" al-Walid II, at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequentlyimprisoned and later killed by the son of Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, but Nasr refused to accept this. Facing opposition from Juday al-Kirmani,Nasr invited al-Harith ibn Surayj to return from his thirteen-year stay in Turgesh territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had given him and gained the support of many people inKhurasan.DeathYazid ruled the Caliphate from April 744 to 4 October 744. Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour and died on October 3 or 4, 744. Ibrahim duly succeededhim.See alsoUmar ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leaderAbd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military leaderAl-Abbas ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military generalBishr ibnal-Walid, an Umayyad prince and a military generalSulayman ibn Hisham, an Umayyad military general and cousin of Yazid IIIPassage 7:Where Was I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay by DavidHawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny,Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking atphotos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music"Where was I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and PeggyMcCall  1939"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Passalbum)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song byRosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 8:Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in DamascusThe Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus (Arabic:     ) are the statements of Ali ibn Husayn in the presence of Umayyad caliph Yazid I. After the Battle of Karbala, the captured family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, and the heads of those killed weremoved to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. By order of Yazid, a pulpit was prepared, and a public speaker gave a lecture that placed blame on Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.In reply to the Yazid's speaker, Ali IbnHusayn;introduced himself and his descendants. Also, he recounted the events leading to the death of Husayn ibn Ali.Ali ibn HusaynAli ibn Husayn (Arabic:   ), also known as Zaynal-Abidin (Arabic:  , "Adornment of the Worshippers"), was the fourth Shia Imam, after his father Husayn. Ali ibn Husayn survived the Battle of Karbala and was taken, along withenslaved women, to the caliph in Damascus. Eventually, he was allowed to return to Medina, where he led a secluded life with a few intimate companions. Zayn al-Abidin's life and statements were entirely devoted toasceticism and religious teachings, mostly in the form of invocations and supplications. His famous supplications are known as Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.BackgroundAfter the Battle of Karbala, the captured family of theprophet Muhammad and the heads of those killed were moved to the Levant by the forces of Yazid. According to Turabi, on the first day of Safar they arrived in the Levant (Damascus) and were taken into Yazid'spresence.According to Bihar al-Anwar, Yazid ordered a pulpit to be constructed in Damascus. He designated a public speaker to blame Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. The public speaker sat at the pulpit and began his lecture bypraising Allah and insulting Ali and his son, Husayn. Also, he devoted a long time to praising Yazid and his father Muawiyah. In the middle of the lecture, Ali ibn Husayn called out to him and said: "O you who preach!Woe be to you! You have bought the wrath of the Creator in lieu of the pleasure of the creatures, while your place is hell." Then he turned towards Yazid and said: "Do you permit me to speak that which would beagreeable to Allah and would be a means of reward for those present?" Yazid refused, but the people said, "Permit him to ascend the pulpit. Perhaps we may hear something (worthwhile) from him." Yazid replied, "If Ipermit him to mount the pulpit, he shall not descend it until he humiliates me and the progeny of Abu Sufyan." They said, "How could this ailing youth do such a thing?' Yazid replied, "He comes from a family that hasfrom infancy consumed wisdom along with their milk." Yazid finally relented, and Ali ibn Husayn ascended the pulpit and gave his sermon.(According to Kamile Bahai, Ali ibn Husayn asked Yazid to let him give thesermon on Friday.)ContextAli ibn Husayn began his sermon by praising Allah.Praise be to Allah Who has no beginning, and the Everlasting Who has no end. The foremost Whose beginning has no beginning, and the LastWhose end has no end.Then he said about the knowledge, forbearance, munificence, eloquence, valor, and friendship of Ahl al-Bayt and also the name of Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib.O people! Wehave been bestowed six qualities and seven merits (by Allah). Knowledge, forbearance, munificence, eloquence, valor and friendship in the hearts of the believers are present in us. While our merits are that the Prophetin Authority is from amongst us; the Truthful (Imam Ali) is from amongst us; the Flyer (Ja’far at Tayyar) is from amongst us; the Lion of Allah, and that of His Prophet, is from amongst us; while also the two Sibtain(Hasan and Husayn) of this nation are from amongst us. Those who know me, know me, while those who do not know me, I reveal my pedigree and ancestry for them until they recognize me.He drew attention to


Passage 1:IwamuraIwamura (written:  lit. "rock village") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:Akinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball playerNoboru Iwamura, Japanese biologistAi Iwamura, Japanese actressIwamura Michitoshi, Meiji era politicianShunichi Iwamura ( , born 1940), Japanese sprint canoeistSee alsoIwamura Castle in Gifu Prefecture, JapanIwamura, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan67853 Iwamura, main-belt asteroidPassage 2:Little Rock Trojans women's basketballThe Little Rock Trojans women's basketball team represents the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The school will join the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) on July 1, 2022 after 31 seasons in the Sun Belt Conference.HistoryLittle Rock has won the West Division in the Sun Belt in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. They won the Sun Belt Conference Tournament in 2011, 2012, and 2015. They have made the WNIT in 2008, 2009, and 2013. They made the Second Round of the NCAA Tournament in 2010 beating Georgia Tech 63–53. They lost to Oklahoma 60–44 in the subsequent game. They made the Second Round in 2015 after beating Texas A&M 69–60. They lost 57–54 to Arizona State in the subsequent game. As of the end of the 2015–16 season, the Trojans have an all-time record of 384–485, with a 288–231 record since joining Division I in 1999.NCAA tournament resultsPassage 3:University of Arkansas at Little RockThe University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA Little Rock) is a public research university in Little Rock, Arkansas. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927, the institution became a private four-year university under the name Little Rock University in 1957. It returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The former campus of Little Rock Junior College is now (2019) the campus of Philander Smith College.At 250 acres (100 ha), the UA Little Rock campus encompasses more than 56 buildings, including the Center for Nanotechnology Integrative Sciences, the Emerging Analytics Center, the Sequoyah Research Center, and the Ottenheimer Library Additionally, UA Little Rock houses special learning facilities that include a learning resource center, art galleries, KUAR public radio station, University Television, and a campus-wide wireless network. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".AcademicsThe university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including graduate certificates, master's degrees, and doctorates, through both traditional and online courses. Students attend classes in one of the university's three new colleges and a law school:College of Business, Health, and Human ServicesCollege of Humanities, Arts, Social Sciences, and EducationDonaghey College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsWilliam H. Bowen School of LawStudent lifeThe student life at UA Little Rock is typical of public universities in the United States. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities and interests. Some of the services offered by the UA Little Rock Office of Campus Life are intramural sports and fitness programs, diversity programs, leadership development, peer tutoring, student government association, student support programs including groups for non-traditional and first generation students, a student-run newspaper, and fraternity and sorority life. The proximity of the UA Little Rock campus to downtown Little Rock enables students to take advantage of a wide array of recreational, entertainment, educational, internship and employment opportunities that are not available anywhere else in Arkansas.Campus livingUA Little Rock provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four residence halls on the eastern side of the campus and the University Village Apartment Complex on the southern side of campus. Six learning communities focusing on criminal justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers, and STEM are available to students.AthleticsUA Little Rock's 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, with almost all teams participating in the Sun Belt Conference. Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football (UT Arlington being the other); UA Little Rock last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rock's main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center. UA Little Rock offers the following sports:Two Little Rock teams that do not compete in the Sun Belt are the women's swimming and diving team (Missouri Valley Conference) and wrestling (Pac-12 Conference), neither of which the Sun Belt sponsors. Wrestling is the school's newest sport, starting in 2019 and is the first Division I program in Arkansas.Little Rock will move to the Ohio Valley Conference for the 2022-23 season.Collections and archivesOn July 1, 2014, the UA Little Rock Collections and Archives division was created. The division encompasses:Ottenheimer LibraryCenter for Arkansas History and CultureSequoyah National Research CenterWeekend programsThe Japanese School of Little Rock ( Ritoru Rokku Nihongo Hoshūkō), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at the University Plaza.Notable students and alumniGovernmentCamille Bennett – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKarilyn Brown – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentJames Richard Cheek (1957) – U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1979–1981), Ethiopia (1985–1988), Sudan (1989–1992) and Argentina (1993–1996)Charlie Daniels (attended) – Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands (1985–2001), Arkansas Secretary of State (2002–2010), Arkansas State Auditor (2001–present)Vivian Flowers (B.S. in political science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKenneth Henderson - Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–present Douglas House (1976) Arkansas House of Representatives, 2013–presentAllen Kerr (attended) – Arkansas Insurance Commissioner (2015–present) and former member of the Arkansas House of RepresentativesMike Ross (1987) – U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2013Bill Sample (attended) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2005–2010; Arkansas Senate 2011–presentRobert William Schroeder III (1989) - U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Nominated June 2014Frank Scott Jr. – current mayor of Little Rock, AR.Vic Snyder (1988) – U.S. House of Representatives, 1997–2011James Sturch – (B.S., Political Science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentEducationJames E. Cofer – Ed.D. alumnus, former UA Little Rock professor, and former president of both Missouri State University and the University of Louisiana at MonroeEntertainmentJulie Adams (1946) – Actress (film & television)Symone (2017) - Drag Performer & Model (winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 13)AthleticsMalik Dixon - basketball player, top scorer in the 2005 Israel Basketball Premier LeagueDerek Fisher – Former Los Angeles Lakers player and New York Knicks head coachRayjon Tucker - Professional basketball player in the NBA with Milwaukee BucksNotesPassage 4:Little Rock Port Authority RailroadThe Port of Little Rock Railroad, sometimes called the Little Rock Port Authority Railroad, provides switching services through a 20-mile system of tracks at the 4,000-acre Little Rock Port Industrial Park at the Port of Little Rock, Arkansas.  It provides port access and railroad interchange services not only to the more than twenty businesses at the park, but also to any business seeking to ship or receive cargo through the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System.HistoryPurchase of 151 acres in July 1967 started the planning process for the dock area at the Port.  Four miles of railroad were constructed by July, 1968, the year in which the port began operations.   In 1970, the railroad connected to what were then the Rock Island Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and started work on a marshalling yard.  By 1974 the marshalling yard was complete.    In 1977, railroad engine storage and maintenance buildings were completed.InterchangeThe line extends from the dock to the interchange point with what is now the Union Pacific (UP) at a junction near Clinton National Airport.  Access to what is now the BNSF is obtained through trackage/haulage rights.OperationsThe port railroad operates with two locomotives and five crew members.  It utilizes a tandem unit with an EMD GP15-1 locomotive owned by the port, and one EMD SW1500 locomotive leased from GATX.  The railroad handles over 20,000 cars annually.Passage 5:Jamal BeygJamal Beyg (Persian:  , also Romanized as Jamāl Beyg) is a village in Dezhkord Rural District, Sedeh District, Eqlid County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 76 families.Passage 6:Little Rock Trojans baseballThe Little Rock Trojans baseball team, is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference, which is part of the NCAA Division I. The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock, Arkansas.On July 1, 2015, the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas–Little Rock or "UALR," but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately.Year-by-year resultsReferences:See alsoList of NCAA Division I baseball programsPassage 7:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called "estate named after Abba", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that was the main route through the village was by-passed in the 1960s.ChurchesGreat Abington's parish church has been dedicated to St Mary since at least the 16th century and comprises a chancel, nave with south aisle and porch, and west tower. The majority of the present building dates from the 13th century, possibly earlier, including the two-storey tower with short leaded spire.Little Abington's parish church is also dedicated to St Mary, and has been since at least the 16th century. The present building consists of a chancel, nave with north chapel and south porch, and west tower. The nave is believed to date from around 1100, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 13th century. The three-storey tower is probably 14th century.A Protestant chapel was built in Little Abington towards the end of the 19th century. It closed in late 2019 and the land has now been sold. Demolition of the chapel has been confirmed.Village lifeThe village has a vibrant community with a primary school, village shop, pub, football and cricket team and a large number of local businesses, most of them at Granta Park including The Welding Institute which started in Abington Hall in 1946. In 2009 Abington cricket club played a friendly against Babraham cricket club to commemorate 150 years of the cricket team.The village also has a village hall, called The Abington Institute, which has a café, a large main hall with video projection and an audio system allowing the showing of films and presentations. It also has a meeting room, another large room overlooking the cricket pitch and two changing rooms with showers. The Institute is used by many local clubs and organisations and also hosts regular lunches for older Abington residents.The remaining public house, The Three Tuns in Great Abington, is a 17th-century building that was possibly open in 1687 and certainly by 1756. Former pubs in Little Abington include The Crown which closed in the late 20th century, and The Bricklayers' Arms, which opened in the mid-19th century and was sold in 1912. The Princess (later Prince) of Wales in Great Abington opened at the end of the 19th century and closed in about 1963. The King's Arms opened on the Stump Cross to Newmarket road (now the A11) just north of Bourn Bridge in the late 17th century, closing in 1850 with the advent of the railway. The antiquary William Cole was born there while his father was publican. The White Hart opened on the same road just south of the bridge in around 1750, but closed by the end of the century.Passage 8:Little Rock CreekLittle Rock Creek may refer to:Little Rock Creek (Los Angeles County, California)Little Rock Creek (Minnesota River), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Mississippi River), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Red Lake), a stream in MinnesotaLittle Rock Creek (Montana)Passage 9:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called "estate named after Abba", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that was the main route through the village was by-passed in the 1960s.ChurchesGreat Abington's parish church has been dedicated to St Mary since at least the 16th century and comprises a chancel, nave with south aisle and porch, and west tower. The majority of the present building dates from the 13th century, possibly earlier, including the two-storey tower with short leaded spire.Little Abington's parish church is also dedicated to St Mary, and has been since at least the 16th century. The present building consists of a chancel, nave with north chapel and south porch, and west tower. The nave is believed to date from around 1100, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 13th century. The three-storey tower is probably 14th century.A Protestant chapel was built in Little Abington towards the end of the 19th century. It closed in late 2019 and the land has now been sold. Demolition of the chapel has been confirmed.Village lifeThe village has a vibrant community with a primary school, village shop, pub, football and cricket team and a large number of local businesses, most of them at Granta Park including The Welding Institute which started in Abington Hall in 1946. In 2009 Abington cricket club played a friendly against Babraham cricket club to commemorate 150 years of the cricket team.The village also has a village hall, called The Abington Institute, which has a café, a large main hall with video projection and an audio system allowing the showing of films and presentations. It also has a meeting room, another large room overlooking the cricket pitch and two changing rooms with showers. The Institute is used by many local clubs and organisations and also hosts regular lunches for older Abington residents.The remaining public house, The Three Tuns in Great Abington, is a 17th-century building that was possibly open in 1687 and certainly by 1756. Former pubs in Little Abington include The Crown which closed in the late 20th century, and The Bricklayers' Arms, which opened in the mid-19th century and was sold in 1912. The Princess (later Prince) of Wales in Great Abington opened at the end of the 19th century and closed in about 1963. The King's Arms opened on the Stump Cross to Newmarket road (now the A11) just north of Bourn Bridge in the late 17th century, closing in 1850 with the advent of the railway. The antiquary William Cole was born there while his father was publican. The White Hart opened on the same road just south of the bridge in around 1750, but closed by the end of the century.Passage 10:Little Rock VillageLittle Rock Village was a Native American village of the Potawatomi people located on the north bank of the Kankakee River, at a site close to the current boundary between Kankakee and  Will counties of the state of Illinois in the United States. The location now lies within the present-day Kankakee River State Park, close to the mouth of Rock Creek on Kankakee River.


Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (, Kuhio Taisa, lit. "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:Star Quest: The OdysseyStar Quest: The Odyssey is a 2009 low budget American science-fiction film directed by Jon Bonnell, written by Carlos Perez, and starring Aaron Ginn-Forsberg, Davina Joy and Tamara McDaniel. The film was released on November 3, 2009.External linksStar Quest: The Odyssey at IMDbTrailer Star Quest: The Odyssey on YouTubePassage 3:Men's GroupMen's Group is a 2008 Australian drama film. The film is directed by Michael Joy from a screenplay co-written with John L. Simpson.PlotThe film follows the lives of six men over a period of months as they convene weekly in a self-help style group. Meeting at the home of Paul, the men include Freddy, a depressed stand-up comedian; the elderly Cecil; businessman Lucas; the bereaved Anthony; taciturn Moses; and talkative, middle-aged Alex. As trust grows between the men they gradually begin to open up and learn to listen to each other, discovering they are not alone in their fears as they had presumed. When a tragedy befalls the group, the men realize they must take responsibilities for their own lives and those of their loved ones.CastGrant Dodwell as AlexPaul Gleeson as PaulSteve Le Marquand as LucasDon Reid as CecilSteve Rodgers as FreddyPaul Tassone as MosesWilliam Zappa as AnthonyProductionDevelopmentThe concept of the film was conceived by Michael Joy and John L. Simpson, while working together on another project dealing with men's issues and their inability to communicate. At that time, director Michael Joy was experiencing depression and attended a men's support group on the advice of a telephone counsellor. Joy was struck by the pain of the men in the room and the safe environment in which they could express what they were going through.FilmingJoy worked with each of the actors separately, workshopping the script over two months. Using this technique, Michael and John L. would create scenes from key character points and events. Only then was a comprehensive screenplay drafted and delivered to the heads of departments.The actors were not allowed to see the screenplay prior to shooting, and had little or no idea of other characters' story lines. The filmmakers did this to capture the actors' first responses to what was unfolding in front of them. There was only one take for each shot that appears in the film, and the shoot lasted only 14 days. It was shot in sequence, so the filmmakers could not go back to reshoot. Before each scene, Joy spent time talking to the actors quietly and individually about their lives at that point, trying to get them to speak about specific things that needed to happen in the film.The film was a micro-budget production, created on a reverse finance model, with each key crew member and actor taking an equity position in the film.ReceptionThe film was praised and is particularly recognised for the strong performances by the lead actors. Anton Bitel of Eye for Film wrote the film "represents a refreshing examination of the collective male psyche through pure drama", and added the improvisational nature of the film results in an "ensemble performances of searing, warts-and-all realism, so utterly believable that viewers themselves will feel like silent members of the party, compelled by the power of the proceedings to watch, listen, learn – and maybe join in the conversation after the credits have rolled." On At the Movies, Margaret Pomeranz awarded the film four stars and David Stratton awarded it three and a half stars.On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Men's Group has an approval rating of 86% based on 7 reviews.AFI Fellowship and TourFollowing the theatrical release of the film by Titan View, John L. Simpson was approached by men's health groups who wished to screen the film and use it as a tool to prompt discussions about men's mental health. With this interest, Simpson proposed to tour the film around Australia to non-theatrical venues for community group screenings, and in the process create a map of all venues in Australia suitable to screen from. For this proposal he was awarded the 2008 AFI Fellowship.The program has allowed the film to tour to towns such as Tamworth, Armidale, Bellingen, Dorrigo, Bowraville, and Bowral.In early March 2009, Men’s Group was screened to men's and women's prisons in Tasmania.Awards and nominationsFilm Critics Circle of Australia2009: Nominated, Best Actor – Grant DodwellInside Film Awards2008: Won, Best Actor – Grant Dodwell2008: Won, Best Feature Film – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Won, Best Script – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Nominated, Best Music – Haydn Walker2008: DigiSPAA AwardPassage 4:Un Soir de JoieUn Soir de Joie (French)  is a Belgian comic film directed by Gaston Schoukens and released in 1955.The film's plot takes place in German-occupied Belgium during World War II and focuses on the so-called Faux Soir, a satirical version of the German-controlled newspaper Le Soir produced by the resistance.The film includes extensive footage of Brussels in the 1950s, where it was filmed on location.Marcel Roels, Roger Dutoit, Jean-Pierre Loriot, Victor Guyau, Madeleine Rivière, Jacques Philippet, Francine Vendel all acted in the film.PlotBased on a true story from November 1943: the Resistance manages to publish a fake edition of the pro-German newspaper 'Le Soir', put on sale by surprise in the newsstands and stuffed full of parodic articles pouring ridicule upon occupying forces. The film faithfully traced the course of this humorous and enterprising attempt to wake up the populace, filling out the basic plot with irreverent patriotic gags.Passage 5:Times of Joy and SorrowTimes of Joy and Sorrow (USA title), The Lighthouse (UK title), or (Yorokobi mo Kanashimi mo Ikutoshitsuki), is a 1957 color Japanese film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, who shot on location at 10 different lighthouses throughout Japan, including opening scenes at Kannonzaki, the site of the country's first lighthouse.PlotIn 1932, a young lighthouse keeper returns from his father's funeral with a new bride, who quickly learns the importance of the marital bond to members of her husband's profession, which is often characterized by the hardships of physical isolation and sudden reassignment. Over the next 25 years they transfer to ten different lighthouses throughout Japan, raising two children and befriending multiple colleagues and their families. They endure wartime attacks on the strategically relevant lighthouses as well as a tragedy involving one of their children, ultimately celebrating the other's marriage and settling together into middle age.CastHideko Takamine as Kiyoko ArisawaKeiji Sada as Shiro ArisawaTakahiro Tamura as Mr. NozuKatsuo Nakamura as KotaroYōko Katsuragi as Fuji TatsukoKōji Mitsui as Mr. KanemakiKuniko Igawa as Itoko SuzukiShizue Natsukawa as Mrs. NatoriMasako Arisawa as YukinoHiroko Itō as MasakoNoboru Nakaya as Shingo NatoriTakeshi Sakamoto as PostmasterRyūji Kita as NatoriMutsuko Sakura as Mrs. KanemakiFeatured LighthousesKannonzaki Lighthouse - Miura Peninsula, KanagawaIshikari Lighthouse - Ishikari, HokkaidoIzu Oshima Lighthouse - Izu Ōshima, Izu IslandsMizunokojima Lighthouse - Bungo Channel, OitaMeshima Lighthouse - Gotō Islands, NagasakiHajiki Saki Lighthouse - Sado Island, NiigataOmaesaki Lighthouse - Omaezaki, ShizuokaAnorisaki Lighthouse - Shima, MieOgijima Lighthouse - Seto Inland Sea, KagawaHiyoriyama Lighthouse - Otaru, HokkaidoLegacyThe highly-popular film has been remade three times for Japanese television, and in 1986 Kinoshita himself reworked it as Big Joys, Small Sorrows, the Western version of its actual title (), which translates roughly as New Times of Joy and Sorrow.Its rousing, eponymous theme song was a major hit for Akira Wakayama and became a cultural touchstone of 1950s Japan.In 1993 a statue depicting the movie's two stars in an iconic pose from publicity materials was erected at Hajikizaki Lighthouse on Sato Island, one of the filming sites, as a tribute to lighthouse staff nationwide.AvailabilityAlthough the film has not been released on disc or for streaming in the United States, Kinoshita's remake Big Joys, Small Sorrows was among the inaugural films available in Spring 2019 for streaming on The Criterion Channel.Passage 6:Eve's LeavesEve's Leaves is a 1926 American silent romantic comedy film starring Leatrice Joy and William Boyd. The film was produced and distributed by Cecil B. DeMille and directed by Paul Sloane It is based upon the 1925 play of the same name by Harry Chapman Ford.PlotCaptain Corbin (Edeson), who operates the tramp cargo ship Garden of Eden, has raised his daughter Eve (Joy) as a boy. After learning about men after reading some romance novels belonging to the cook Cookie (Harris), she goes ashore in a Chinese port to find her true love and spies American Bob Britton (Boyd), whom she then has kidnapped to augment the ship's crew. Pirate Chang Fang (Long) and his pirates capture the ship seeking passage to his stronghold. With Cookie's help, Eve remakes herself using an outfit made from a curtain and some beads, which draws the interest of both Chang and Bob. In the end, Eve saves the day and she and Bob are married on board by a missionary (Hoyt).CastProductionLeatrice Joy had impulsively cut her hair short in 1926, and DeMille, whom Joy had followed when he set up Producers Distributing Corporation, was publicly angry as it prevented her from portraying traditional feminine roles. The studio developed projects with roles suitable for her “Leatrice Joy bob”, and Eve's Leaves was the second of five films before she regrew her hair. In both Eve's Leaves and The Clinging Vine (1926), Joy's character is mistaken as being male in at least one scene. In 1928, a professional dispute would end the Joy / Demille partnership and she signed with MGM.Intertitles featuring quotes from stereotype Chinese characters are in a racist fictional Asian dialect that today would be considered offensive.PreservationA 16mm print of Eve's Leaves is preserved film at the UCLA Film and Television Archive and the film has been released on DVD.Passage 7:Wasted TimeWasted Time(s) may refer to:Songs"Wasted Time" (Fuel song), 2007"Wasted Time" (Keith Urban song), 2016"Wasted Time" (Kings of Leon song), 2003"Wasted Time" (Skid Row song), 1991"Wasted Time" (Vance Joy song), 2014"Wasted Times" (The Weeknd song), 2018"Wasted Time", by Bret Michaels from Custom Built, 2010"Wasted Time", by Cloves, 2018"Wasted Time", by the Eagles from Hotel California, 1976"Wasted Time", by Europe from Wings of Tomorrow, 1984"Wasted Time", by Heavenly from Virus, 2006"Wasted Time", by Holy Knights from Between Daylight and Pain, 2012"Wasted Time", by Lionel Richie from Renaissance, 2000Other usesThe Wasted Times, a 2016 Chinese-Hong Kong filmSee alsoWasting Time (disambiguation)Wasting My Time (disambiguation)"Waste Time", a song by the Fire Theft from their self-titled albumPassage 8:City of Joy (2016 film)City of Joy is a 2016 documentary film directed and written by Madeleine Gavin. It follows the first class of students at a leadership center in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo.The film was released by Netflix on September 7, 2018.PremiseThe east of the Democratic Republic of Congo is a region in which being a woman is hard since she often experiences violence in the wake of a 20-year war, driven by colonialism. In the film, women band together at the leadership center to find a way to handle the horrible experiences that they had to live and to come out on the other side to be leaders and inspirations for other women in the region.Passage 9:TalentimeTalentime is a 2009 Malaysian drama film written and directed by Yasmin Ahmad. Yasmin, in her blog, has described it "as a story full of joy and pain, hope and despair, a host of beautifully-written songs, and rich characters". A Hindu open cremation and a scene reminiscent of the 2001 Kampung Medan riots are included in the film.The film was released on 26 March 2009 in Malaysia and marks Yasmin's last feature film prior to her death on 25 July 2009.Plot"The music teacher, who is herself a great performer is organising an inter-school talentime. Through the days of auditions, rehearsals and preparations, running up to the big day of the contest, the characters get embroiled in a world of heightened emotions - ambition, jealousy, human comedy, romance, heartbreak - all of which culminate in a day of great music and performances." Yasmin also mentioned that the idea behind Talentime was that as humans, we have to go through a lot of pain and some measure of suffering before we can reach greater heights.A talent search competition has matched two hearts - that of Melur, a Malay-mixed girl and an Indian male student, Mahesh. Melur, with her melodious voice, singing whilst playing the piano is one of the seven finalists of the Talentime competition of her school organised by Cikgu Adibah. Likewise Hafiz, enthralling with his vocalist talent while playing the guitar, dividing his time between school and mother, who is hospitalised for brain tumor.It all started after Mahesh, amongst the students assigned to get the finalists to school for practice, delivered the notice of successful audition to Melur's house. His handsome looks attracted the girl. Early on in their relationship, tragedy struck Mahesh's family when his uncle Ganesh who had been the care-taker of the family since the loss of Mahesh's father, was stabbed to death on his wedding day. Melur thinking that Mahesh's silence was due to his grief over the tragedy became furious when she was continuously ignored. She regretted it however after Hafiz revealed Mahesh's situation.That changed Melur's perception of Mahesh. Likewise Mahesh, who grew comfortable with the presence of the girl who often quotes beautiful poetry. Mahesh, realising that the relationship will be opposed, kept it hidden from his mother, still grieving over the death of Ganesh. At last, the secret was exposed and Mahesh was assaulted before Melur's very eyes. Just a day before the competition, is Melur resilient enough to sing the poetic lyrics of her song when her heart is tormented by the thoughts of Mahesh? What about Mahesh who has found his first love? On Talentime night, everything unfolds.CastMahesh Jugal Kishor as Mahesh, a hearing impaired Indian boy who becomes Melur's love interest.Pamela Chong as Melur, a Eurasian girl in the Talentime finals who sings and plays the piano.Syafie Naswip as Hafiz, a Malay boy in the Talentime finals who sings and plays the guitar.Jaclyn Victor as Bhavani, Mahesh's elder sister who has a penchant for picking on him.Howard Hon Kahoe as Kahoe, a Chinese boy in the Talentime finals who plays the erhu and resents Hafiz.Amelia Henderson as Melati, Melur's younger sister.Adibah Noor as Cikgu Adibah, the teacher in charge of organising the Talentime.Azean Irdawaty as Embun, Hafiz's mother who is diagnosed with terminal brain cancer.Harith Iskander as Harith, Melur's comical father.Sukania Venugopal as Mahesh's mother.Jit Murad as Ismael, A patient who befriends Embun at the hospital during her final days.Mislina Mustaffa as Melur's mother.Tan Mei Ling as Mei Ling, a Chinese Muslim convert who works as a maid for Melur's family.Ida Nerina as Datin Kalsom, a friend of Melur's mother who distrusts Mei Ling.Sharifah Amani was supposed to be cast as Melur in the film. However, due to clash of schedules, she was replaced by Pamela Chong. She did, however, play a role as the 3rd Assistant Director for the film. This would mark the first time that Sharifah Amani has played a behind-the-scene role in Yasmin Ahmad's films.MusicThe film score was composed by Pete Teo. Songs include:O Re Piya by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, taken from the Bollywood movie, Aaja NachleI Go by Aizat Amdan.Just One Boy by Aizat Amdan.Angel by Atilia.Kasih Tak Kembali by Atilia.All songs were written and produced by Teo himself, except Kasih Tak Kembali which was written by Ahmad Hashim.The original soundtrack album was released by Universal Music, which also includes Malay language versions of many of the principal songs in the film. This includes I Go (as 'Pergi'), Angel, and Just One Boy (as 'Itulah Dirimu').ScreeningAs in all of Yasmin's previous works, Talentime opens with the basmalah (Bismillahirahmanirrahim, "In the name of God, the most Gracious and most Merciful"). Like Muallaf, the verse is displayed in a language and script different from Arabic in Talentime, i.e. in Tamil - .Awards and nominationsPassage 10:Komaligal"Komaligal" (1976) (Tamil: , "The Clowns") is a Sri Lankan Tamil language film written by S.Ramdas and produced by M.Mohamed.   This was the remake of the most popular radio comedy drama, "Komaligalin Kummalam" which was broadcast in Radio Ceylon in the mid 1970s. It was written by S. Ramdas who acted in lead role.DevelopmentM. Mohamed, a businessman, who used to listen this radio drama weekly, was attracted by it. Thus he thought to make it as a film. He expressed his idea to S.Ramdas. He also agreed and film was started.  Story and dialogues were written by S.Ramdas who acted as Marikkar in lead role. Film was directed by Ramanathan, an experienced person in the Sinhala film industry.CastingThe highlight of the film was the performances of S.Ramdas, a Brahmin in real life, who played the role of a Muslim, and B.H.Abdul Hameed, a Muslim in real life, who played a Brahmin role. Also T.Rajagopal acted as a role of "Appukutty", S.Selvasekaran as "Upali" and Sillaiyur Selvarajan and his wife Kamalini Selvarajan acted as lovers in the film. K.A.Jawahir (Aboo Nana) acted as "Thanikasalam" in villain role.SoundtrackMusic - Kannan NesamLyrics - Sillaiyur Selvarajan, Fouzul Ameer and SaathuPlayback singers - Muthazhagu, Kalavathi, Sujatha and S.RamdasBox officeKomaligal was produced in 45 days. On 22 November 1976 the film was screened in 6 places. Film was very successful in box office rather than previous Sri Lankan Tamil movies. Komaligal was running in Central Colombo (Sellamahal) 76 days, in South Colombo (Plaza) 55 days, in Jaffna 51 days, in Trincomalee 33 days and Batticolao 32 days. As per Dominic Jeeva, author of Malligai magazine, "Viewers returned from Theatre without seeing the movie since it was houseful."The financial success of Komaligal gave the belief to other producers that they could produce successful Tamil cinema in Sri Lanka.SourcesIlankai Thamil Cinemavin Kathai, Thambyayah Thevathashttp://www.noolaham.net/project/04/379/379.htmJeyaraj, D. B. S. (25 June 2012). "For a distinct identity". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2009."Komaligal (1976) Srilankan Tamil Movie". You Tube. Chennai, India. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.