Passage 1:Helena (empress)Flavia Julia Helena (; Greek: λένη, Helénē; c.  AD 246/248– c. 330), also known as Helena of Constantinople and Saint Helena, was an Augusta of the Roman Empire and mother ofEmperor Constantine the Great. She was born in the lower classes traditionally in the Greek city of Drepanon, Bithynia, in Asia Minor, which was renamed Helenopolis in her honor, though several locations have beenproposed for her birthplace and origin.Helena ranks as an important figure in the history of Christianity. In her final years, she made a religious tour of Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem, during which ancient traditionclaims that she discovered the True Cross. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and Anglican Communion revere her as a saint, and the Lutheran Church commemorates her.EarlylifeSources agree that Helena was a Greek, probably from Asia Minor in modern Turkey. Her birthplace is not known with certainty, but Helenopolis, then Drepanum, in Bithynia is, following Procopius, "generallyassumed" to be the place. Her name is attested on coins as Flavia Helena, Flavia Julia Helena and sometimes Aelena. Joseph Vogt suggested that the name Helena was typical for the Greek-speaking part of the RomanEmpire and that therefore her place of origin should be looked for in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The 6th-century historian Procopius is the earliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native ofDrepanum, in the province of Bithynia in Asia Minor. The name Helena appears in all areas of the Empire, but is not epigraphically attested in inscriptions of Bithynia (Helena's proposed region of origin) and it was alsocommon in Latin-speaking areas. Procopius lived much later than the era he was describing and his description may have been actually intended as an etymological explanation about the toponym Helenopolis. On theother hand, her son Constantine renamed the city "Helenopolis" after her death around AD 330, which supports the belief that the city was indeed her birthplace. The Byzantinist Cyril Mango has, however, argued thatHelenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network around Constantine's new capital in Constantinople, and was renamed simply to honor Helena, not to necessarily mark her birthplace. There wasalso a Helenopolis in Palestine and a Helenopolis in Lydia. These cities, and the province of Helenopontus in the Pontus, were probably all named after Constantine's mother. Two other locations in France and thePyrenees have been named after Helena. Equally uncertain to Drepanum and without strong documentation suggestions about her birthplace are: Naissus (central Balkans), Caphar or Edessa (Mesopotamia), Trier.Thebishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea states that Helena was about 80 on her return from Palestine. Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, she was probably born around 246 to 249. Information about hersocial background universally suggests that she came from the lower classes. Fourth-century sources, following Eutropius' Breviarium, record that she came from a humble background. Bishop Ambrose of Milan, writingin the late 4th century was the first to call her a stabularia, a term translated as "stable-maid" or "inn-keeper". He makes this comment a virtue, calling Helena a bona stabularia, a "good stable-maid", probably tocontrast her with the general suggestion of sexual laxness considered typical of that group. Other sources, especially those written after Constantine's proclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.BothGeoffrey of Monmouth and Henry of Huntingdon promoted a popular tradition that Helena was a British princess and the daughter of "Old King Cole" from the area of Colchester. This led to the later dedication of 135churches in England to her, many in around the area of Yorkshire, and revived as a suggestion in the 20th century in the novel by Evelyn Waugh.Marriage to Emperor ConstantiusIt is unknown where she first metConstantius. The historian Timothy Barnes has suggested that Constantius, while serving under Emperor Aurelian, could have met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against Zenobia. It is said that uponmeeting they were wearing identical silver bracelets; Constantius saw her as his soulmate sent by God. Barnes calls attention to an epitaph at Nicomedia of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate theemperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after AD 270. The precise legal nature of the relationship between Helena and Constantius is also unknown. The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes callingHelena Constantius' "wife", and sometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine's rival Maxentius, calling her his "concubine". Jerome, perhaps confused by the vague terminology of his own sources,manages to do both.Some scholars, such as the historian Jan Drijvers, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in a common-law marriage, a cohabitation recognized in fact but not in law. Others, like TimothyBarnes, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in an official marriage, on the grounds that the sources claiming an official marriage are more reliable.Helena gave birth to the future emperor Constantine I on 27February of an uncertain year soon after 270 (probably around 272). At the time, she was in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status, Constantius divorced Helena some timebefore 289, when he married Theodora, Maximian's daughter under his command. The narrative sources date the marriage to 293, when Constantius was appointed caesar (heir-apparent) of Maximian, but the Latinpanegyric of 289 refers to the new couple as already married. Helena and her son were dispatched to the court of Diocletian at Nicomedia, where Constantine grew to be a member of the inner circle. Helena neverremarried and lived for a time in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her.After Constantine's ascension to the throneConstantine was proclaimed augustus (emperor) in 306by Constantius' troops after the latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was brought back to the public life in 312, returning to the imperial court. She appears in the Eagle Cameo portraying Constantine'sfamily, probably commemorating the birth of Constantine's son Constantine II in the summer of 316.She lived in the Horti Spei Veteris in Rome which she converted into an even more luxurious palace.Pilgrimage andrelic discoveriesConstantine appointed his mother Helena as Augusta, and gave her unlimited access to the imperial treasury in order to locate the relics of the Christian tradition. In AD 326–28 Helena undertook a tripto Palestine. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, who records the details of her pilgrimage to Palestine and other eastern provinces, and Socrates Scholasticus, she was responsible for the construction or beautification ofthe Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, and the Church of Eleona on the Mount of Olives; sites of Christ's birth and ascension, respectively. Local founding legend attributes to Helena's orders the construction of achurch in Egypt to identify the Burning Bush of Sinai. The chapel at Saint Catherine's Monastery—often referred to as the Chapel of Saint Helen—is dated to the year 330.The True Cross and the Church of the HolySepulchreJerusalem was still being rebuilt following the destruction caused by Titus in AD 70. Emperor Hadrian had built during the 130s a temple to Venus over the supposed site of Jesus' tomb near Calvary, andrenamed the city Aelia Capitolina. Accounts differ concerning whether the temple was dedicated to Venus or Jupiter. According to Eusebius, "[t]here was a temple of Venus on the spot. This the queen (Helena) haddestroyed." According to tradition, Helena ordered the temple torn down and, according to the legend that arose at the end of the 4th century, chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of threedifferent crosses. The legend is recounted in Ambrose, On the Death of Theodosius (died 395) and at length in Rufinus' chapters appended to his translation into Latin of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, the main bodyof which does not mention the event. Then, Rufinus relates, the empress refused to be swayed by anything short of solid proof and performed a test. Possibly through Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem, she had a womanwho was near death brought from the city. When the woman touched the first and second crosses, her condition did not change, but when she touched the third and final cross she suddenly recovered, and Helenadeclared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be the True Cross.On the site of discovery, Constantine ordered the building of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Churches were also built on other sitesdetected by Helena.The "Letter From Constantine to Macarius of Jerusalem", as presented in Eusebius' Life of Constantine, states:"Such is our Saviour's grace, that no power of language seems adequate to describe thewondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his [Christ's] most holy Passion, so long ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years,until its reappearance to his servants now set free through the removal of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration. I have no greater care than how I may best adorn with asplendid structure that sacred spot, which, under Divine direction, I have disencumbered as it were of the heavy weight of foul idol worship [the Roman temple]; a spot which has been accounted holy from thebeginning in God’s judgment, but which now appears holier still, since it has brought to light a clear assurance of our Saviour’s passion."Sozomen and Theodoret claim that Helena also found the nails of the crucifixion.To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helena allegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. According to one tradition, Helena acquired the Holy Tunic on her trip toJerusalem and sent it to Trier.CyprusSeveral relics purportedly discovered by Helena are now in Cyprus, where she spent some time. Among them are items believed to be part of Jesus Christ's tunic, pieces of the holycross, and pieces of the rope with which Jesus was tied on the Cross. The rope, considered to be the only relic of its kind, has been held at the Stavrovouni Monastery, which was also said to have been founded byHelena. According to tradition, Helena is responsible for the large population of cats in Cyprus. Local tradition holds that she imported hundreds of cats from Egypt or Palestine in the fourth century to rid a monastery ofsnakes. The monastery is today known as "St. Nicholas of the Cats" (Greek Άγιος Νικόλαος των Γατών) and is located near Limassol.RomeHelena left Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome,bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in her palace's private chapel, now the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, where they can be still seen today. This has beenmaintained by Cistercian monks in the monastery which has been attached to the church for centuries.Death and burialHelena died around 330, with her son at her side. She was buried in the Mausoleum of Helena,outside Rome on the Via Labicana. Her sarcophagus is on display in the Pio-Clementine Vatican Museum, next to the sarcophagus of her granddaughter Constantina (Saint Constance). However, in 1154 her remainswere replaced in the sarcophagus with the remains of Pope Anastasius IV, and Helena's remains were moved to Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.SainthoodHelena is considered by the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox,Eastern and Roman Catholic churches, as well as by the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches, as a saint. She is sometimes known as Helen of Constantinople to distinguish her from others with similar names,and is "Ilona" in Hungarian, and "Liena" in Malta.Her feast day as a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church is celebrated with her son on 21 May, the "Feast of the Holy Great Sovereigns Constantine and Helena, Equal tothe Apostles". Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church and in Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate falls on 18 August. Her feast day in the Coptic Orthodox Church is on 9 Pashons.Some Anglican and Lutheran churcheskeep the 21 May date. Helena is honored in the Church of England on 21 May but in the Episcopal Church on 22 May.Her discovery of the Cross along with Constantine is dramatised in the Santacruzan, a ritual pageantin the Philippines. Held in May (when Roodmas was once celebrated), the procession also bears elements of the month's Marian devotions. Helena is the patron saint of new discoveries.In the Ethiopian and EritreanOrthodox Tewahedo Churches, the feast of Meskel, which commemorates her discovery of the cross, is celebrated on 17 Meskerem in the Ethiopian calendar (September 27, Gregorian calendar, or on 28 September inleap years). The holiday is usually celebrated with the lighting of a large bonfire, or Demera, based on the belief that she had a revelation in a dream. She was told that she should make a bonfire and that the smokewould show her where the true cross was buried. So she ordered the people of Jerusalem to bring wood and make a huge pile. After adding frankincense to it, the bonfire was lit and the smoke rose high up to the skyand returned to the ground, exactly to the spot where the Cross had been buried.Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails (Roodmas) by Empress Saint Helen in Jerusalem falls on 6 March.She is alsocommemorated every Bright Wednesday along with the saints from Mount Sinai, by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church in America.RelicsHer alleged skull is displayed in the Cathedral of Trier, inGermany. Portions of her relics are found at the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli in Rome, the Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles in Paris, and at the Abbaye Saint-Pierre d'Hautvillers.The church of Sant'Elena in Veniceclaims to have the complete body of the saint enshrined under the main altar. In 1517, the English priest, Richard Torkington, having seen the relics during a visit to Venice described them as follows: "She lith in a ffayrplace of religion, of white monks, ye may see her face perfythly, her body ys covered with a cloth of whith sylke ... Also there lyes upon her breast a lytell crosse made of the holy crosse ..." In an ecumenical gesture,these relics visited the Orthodox Church of Greece and were displayed in the church of Agia Varvara (Saint Barbara) in Athens from 14 May to 15 June 2017.Later cultural traditionsIn British folkloreIn Great Britain, laterlegend, mentioned by Henry of Huntingdon but made popular by Geoffrey of Monmouth, claimed that Helena was a daughter of the King of Britain, Cole of Colchester, who allied with Constantius to avoid more warbetween the Britons and Rome. Geoffrey further states that she was brought up in the manner of a queen, as she had no brothers to inherit the throne of Britain. The source for this may have been Sozomen's HistoriaEcclesiastica, which, however, does not claim Helena was British but only that her son Constantine picked up his Christianity there. Constantine was with his father when he died in York, but neither had spent much timein Britain.The statement made by English chroniclers of the Middle Ages, according to which Helena was supposed to have been the daughter of a British prince, is entirely without historical foundation. It may arise fromthe similarly named Welsh princess Saint Elen (alleged to have married Magnus Maximus and to have borne a son named Constantine) or from the misinterpretation of a term used in the fourth chapter of the panegyricon Constantine's marriage with Fausta. The description of Constantine honoring Britain oriendo (lit. "from the outset", "from the beginning") may have been taken as an allusion to his birth ("from his beginning")although it was actually discussing the beginning of his reign.At least twenty-five holy wells currently exist in the United Kingdom dedicated to a Saint Helen. She is also the patron saint of Abingdon and Colchester. StHelen's Chapel in Colchester was believed to have been founded by Helena herself, and since the 15th century, the town's coat of arms has shown a representation of the True Cross and three crowned nails in herhonour. Colchester Town Hall has a Victorian statue of the saint on top of its 50-metre-high (160 ft) tower. The arms of Nottingham are almost identical because of the city's connection with Cole, her supposedfather.Filipino legend and traditionFlores de Mayo honors her and her son Constantine for finding the True Cross with a parade with floral and fluvial themed parade showcasing her, Constantine and other people whofollowed her journey to find the True Cross. Filipinos named the parade Sagala.Medieval legend and fictionIn medieval legend and chivalric romance, Helena appears as a persecuted heroine, in the vein of such womenas Emaré and Constance; separated from her husband, she lives a quiet life, supporting herself on her embroidery, until such time as her son's charm and grace wins her husband's attention and so the revelation oftheir identities.Modern fictionHelena is the protagonist of Evelyn Waugh's 1950 novel Helena. She is also the main character of Priestess of Avalon (2000), a fantasy novel by Marion Zimmer Bradley and Diana L.Paxson. She is given the name Eilan and depicted as a trained priestess of Avalon.Helena is also the protagonist of Louis de Wohl's novel The Living Wood (1947) in which she is again the daughter of King Coel ofColchester. In the 2021 novel Eagle Ascending by Dan Whitfield she is depicted as having lived to age 118 as result of the powers of the True Cross.NotesPassage 2:John Patrick CarrollJohn Patrick Carroll (February 22,1864 – November 4, 1925) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Helena in Montana from 1904 until his death in 1925.BiographyEarly lifeCarroll was born on February22, 1864, in Dubuque, Iowa, to Martin and Catherine (née O'Farrell) Carroll, both Irish natives. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Raphael's Cathedral. Carroll then entered St. Joseph's Collegeat age 13, graduating in 1883. He studied for the priesthood at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Montreal, Quebec, where he earned his Doctor of Divinity degree.PriesthoodWhile in Montreal, Carroll was ordained apriest for the Archdiocese of Dubuque on July 7, 1889, by Archbishop Édouard-Charles Fabre. Upon his return to Dubuque, he performed his first Mass at St. Raphael's Cathedral on July 11, 1889. He was appointed tothe faculty of his alma mater, St. Joseph's College, assuming the role of professor of philosophy on September 12, 1889. On September 12, 1894, Carroll was promoted to president of St. Joseph's, a position he held forthe next decade.Bishop of HelenaOn September 12, 1904, Carroll was appointed the second bishop of the Diocese of  Helena by Pope Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on December 21, 1904, fromArchbishop John Keane, with Bishops Richard Scannell and Charles O'Reilly serving as co-consecrators, at St. Raphael's Cathedral. He was installed on January 31, 1905..In 1904, the Diocese of Helena contained 53priests, 65 churches, and nine parochial schools to serve 50,000 Catholics. By the time of Carroll's death 21 years later, there were 104 priests, 101 churches, 24 parochial schools, and a Catholic population of 64,000.During his tenure, he laid the cornerstone for the new Cathedral of Saint Helena in 1908 and established Mount St. Charles College the following year.Carroll was a vocal opponent of socialism, which he believed made"no allowance for the development of man's talents, intellectual gifts, his spirit of economy or his ability...Should this policy be pursued it would mean the ruin of a nation." He also condemned alcohol as "the mostprolific source of poverty and misery" and successfully lobbied the Helena City Council to require bars to close by midnight. The son of Irish immigrants, he supported the Irish Home Rule movement and served asnational chaplain of the Ancient Order of Hibernians.Death and legacyWhile traveling for his ad limina visit to Rome, Carroll died from a cerebral hemorrhage on November 4, 1925, while in Fribourg, Switzerland. Hisbody was shipped back to the United States and buried at Resurrection Cemetery in Helena. The diocesan college, Carroll College, is named for Carroll.Passage 3:Where Was I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"WhereWas I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter.


Passage 1:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate ofglobal governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studied Economics at the University ofParma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Lawat the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party,eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries. After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for NewsServices for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company. He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism awardin Italy.Inter Press Service (IPS)Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and theSouth of the world, particularly Latin America. Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries fora European audience.That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at ameeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany.From the outset, it was decided thatIPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South.Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” –acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new internationalinformation order between the South and the North.The agency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union –prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation as contributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth,trade and policy-making.IPS offers communication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels toall social sectors.IPS has been recognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC.With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to globalissues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million people are readers of its online services.Under Roberto Savio, IPS won theWashington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out.IPS won FAO’s A.H. Boerma Award for journalism in1997  for its "significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issuessuch as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children".On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whoseefforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries. In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect thetremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The Award, renamed the International Achievement Award, was given in recognition of thework of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order”.Roberto Savio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which alsoincludes former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prizelaureate Martti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue.After stepping down as Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio hascontinued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an international non-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media.OtherNewsIn 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other News service to provide “information that markets eliminate”.Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulationmedia, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news and opinion that they will not find in their local newspapers butwhich they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects of today’s globalisation”.Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes ofglobal governance and multilateralism, to several thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish.Communication initiativesAn internationally renowned expert in communications issues,Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developing world.Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information SystemsNetwork (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  the UNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and theWomen’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi.He also founded the Technological Information Promotion System (TIPS), a major U.N. project toimplement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and he developed Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed ateducating and empowering small and medium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries. The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network (DEVNET), aninternational association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultative status (category I) with the U.N. Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC).Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regional information services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as theOrganisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA).Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing the concept of a DevelopmentPress Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Studyof Communication Problems (MacBride Commission).Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information andcommunication with many United Nations organisations, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).Achievements andawardsIn 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission”.Hewas awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his “contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”. The award wasestablished by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo.He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in 2013.In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of LatinAmerican Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the "Salvador Allende" award, given to honour a personality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America'srich history and culture.In 2019, he received a special diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship.He was appointed by President of theRepublic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021. He also received an honorary degree in political science from the United Nations Peace University in 2021.AdvisoryactivitiesRoberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003. He also served as an internal communicationconsultant to Catherine Bertini, Executive Director of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000.AffiliationsFrom 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for Regional Integration, basedin Montevideo, Uruguay.After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), the world’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he waselected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’s Secretary-General Emeritus.Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas ofArgentina suffering from social breakdown.He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of the International Council and waselected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003.Roberto Savio is co-founder of Media Watch International, based in Paris, of which he is Secretary General.Until 2009,Roberto Savio was Chairman of the Board of the Alliance for a New Humanity, an international foundation established in Puerto Rico, which has been promoting the culture of peace since 2001 and whose Board includesthinker Deepak Chopra, Spanish judge Balthazar Garzon, Nobel prize winners Oscar Arias and Betty Williams, and philanthropists Ray Chambers, Solomon Levis and Howard Rosenfield. He is now a member of theBoard.He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded by Mikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and newthinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders.Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations of the European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission isto contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on the premise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived ashuman development.Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and is President of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videosand registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy.In 2016, Roberto Savio started contributing on a monthly basis to the Wall Street International Magazine with an economicaland political column.Films and publicationsIn 1972, Roberto Savio produced a three-part documentary on Che Guevara titled ‘Che Guevara – Inchiesta su un mito’ (Che Guevara – Investigation of a Myth), and has alsoproduced five films, two of which were presented at the Venice and Cannes film festivals.Roberto Savio has published several books, including ‘Verbo America’ together with Alberto Luna (1990), which deals with thecultural identity of Latin America, and ‘The Journalists Who Turned the World Upside Down’ (2012), which has been published in three languages (English, Italian and Spanish),  is a collection of narratives by over 100IPS journalists and key global players, including Nobel Peace Prize laureates, who have supported the agency. It looks at information and communication as key elements in changes to the old post-Second World Warand post-Cold War worlds. It provides an insight into the idealism that fired many of those who worked for the agency as well as the high esteem in which it was held by many prominent figures in the internationalcommunity.In October 2016, Roberto Savio presented the first Other News publication: “Remembering Jim Grant: Champion for Children”, an online edition of the book dedicated to Jim Grant, UNICEF Executive Director1980-1995, who saved 25 million childrenCurrent activitiesRoberto Savio is currently engaged in a campaign for the governance of globalisation and social and climate justice, which takes him as a speaker to numerousconferences worldwide, and about which he produces a continuous stream of articles and essays.He is Deputy Director of the Scientific Council of the New Policy Forum (formerly the World Policy Forum), founded byMikhail Gorbachev and based in Luxembourg, to provide a space for reflection and new thinking on the current international situation by influential global leaders.Roberto Savio is responsible for international relations ofthe European Centre for Peace and Development, based in Belgrade, whose mission is to contribute to peace and development in Europe and to international cooperation in the transfer of knowledge based on thepremise that development under conditions of peace is only possible when conceived as human development.Roberto Savio is Chairman of Accademia Panisperna, a cultural meeting space in the centre of Rome, and isPresident of Arcoiris TV, an online TV channel with the world’s largest collection of videos and registrations of political and cultural events (over 70,000 hours), based in Modena, Italy.Member of the ExecutiveCommittee for Fondazione Italiani, established in Rome, which publishes an online weekly magazine and organizes conferences about global issues.Member of the  Maurice Strong Sustainability Award Selection Panel,established by the Global Sustainability Forum.External linksRoberto Savio's stories published by IPS NewsOther News serviceRoberto Savio's stories on Other NewsOther News Facebook pageRoberto Savio's FacebookpagePREMIO SALVADOR ALLENDE A ROBERTO SAVIOInterviews and ArticlesThe ‘Acapulco Paradox’ – Two Parallel Worlds Each Going Their Own WayWhat if Youth Now Fight for Social Change, But From theRight?Global governance and common values: the unavoidable debateBanks, Inequality and CitizensIt is now official: the current inter-governmental system is not able to act in the interest of humankindEurope has lostits compassEver Wondered Why the World is a Mess?Sliding Back to the Victorian AgeGlobal Inequality and the Destruction of DemocracyA Future With No Safety Net? How Brutal Austerity Cuts Are Dismantling theEuropean DreamWE NEED BETTER, NOT MORE, INFORMATIONPassage 2:Philip NiarchosPhilip Niarchos (alternately: Philippos or Philippe; Greek: Φίλιππος Νιάρχος) (born 1954) is a Greek billionaire, the eldest son ofthe Greek shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos and Eugenia Livanos, herself the elder daughter of Stavros Niarchos' rival Stavros G. Livanos.Inheritance and workPhilip Niarchos was reported to be 54 in 2008 when TheSunday Times estimated his net worth at GBP 850 million, or about $1.687 billion US at that exchange rate of that time. He is a member of the board of trustees at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and aninternational council member of London's Tate Gallery. He was educated at Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland.Alongside his younger brother, Spyros, Niarchos is co-president and member of the board of directors at theStavros Niarchos Foundation. The foundation is one of the world’s largest global private philanthropies founded over 25 years ago with a total of $3.3 billion awarded across 5,00 grants, focuses on global funding forphysical and mental health. In 2022, the foundation announced a $15 million commitment for a youth mental health program in Greece collaborating with The Child Mind institute and The Greek Ministry of Health.ArtcollectorNiarchos owns his late father's art collection. The late Stavros Niarchos amassed one of the "most important collections of Impressionist and modern art in private hands." Among the collection's trophies arePablo Picasso's self-portrait Yo, Picasso, which the father had bought in 1989 for $47,850,000.Niarchos has made plenty of additions to his father's legacy. He was suspected as being the anonymous buyer of Vincentvan Gogh's "Self-Portrait", at a November 1998 Christie's auction; it sold for $71.5 million. He was certainly at the auction and was revealed as the anonymous buyer of Jean-Michel Basquiat's 1982 Self-Portrait, whichclosed at $3.3 million. In 1994, he bought Andy Warhol's Red Marilyn, at Christie's for $3.63 million. Andy Warhol's skull portraits are from Niarchos' CAT scan. Warhol completed these works in 1985, using silkscreensmade from CAT-scan films of the skull of Philip Niarchos, who commissioned the artist to paint his portrait. Niarchos is mentioned throughout The Andy Warhol Diaries. Warhol shares details of the dysfunctionalrelationship Niarchos had with the divorced and widowed socialite Barbara (née Tanner) de Kwiatkowski. Her married name was Barbara Allen at the time of her relationship with Niarchos; now she is the widow ofHenryk de Kwiatkowski.Marriage and familyIn 1984, Niarchos married, for the third time, Victoria Christina Guinness (born 1960), daughter of Patrick Benjamin Guinness (of the banking branch of the Guinness family)and Dolores Guinness (1936–2012). Niarchos and Guinness have two sons and two daughters:Stavros Niarchos III (born 1985). In October 2019, he married Dasha Zhukova, in a civil ceremony in Paris.EugenieNiarchos (born 1986), socialite and jewelry designer.Theodorakis Niarchos (born 1991)Electra Niarchos (born 1995)Niarchos was a first cousin, and step-brother, of the late heiress Christina Onassis whose motherAthina Livanos (1929–1974) was a younger sister of his own mother and later became his father's last wife. Niarchos is a first cousin once removed of Athina Onassis de Miranda.NotesPassage 3:Spyros NiarchosSpyrosStavros "Spiros" Niarchos (Greek: Σπύρος Νιάρχος; born 1955) is the second son of the Greek shipping magnate Stavros Niarchos and Eugenia Livanos. He is a grandson of another Greek shipping giant, his mother'sfather, Stavros G. Livanos.BiographyIn 1955 Vickers Armstrongs Shipbuilders Ltd launched for Stavros Niarchos what was then the World's largest supertanker. The 30,708 GRT ship was named SS Spyros Niarchosafter his new son.In 1987, while skiing in Switzerland, he met 19-year-old Daphne Guinness (artist, socialite and an heiress of the Guinness family) and they soon married. The marriage ended in divorce, with Guinnessreceiving a $39 million settlement in 1999.The couple has three children: Nicolas Stavros Niarchos (born 1989)Alexis Spyros Niarchos (born 1991)Ines Sophia Niarchos (born 1995)RelationshipsIn January 1999,Niarchos was a witness at the wedding of his best friend, Ernst August, Prince of Hanover. He is the godfather of Crown Prince Pavlos' youngest son, Aristides-Stavros. With his brother, Philip, Niarchos is co-president


Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of histelevision series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television filmcredits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed "Heart in Hiding", writtenby his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artistof The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board ofdirectors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' filmon Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and televisiondepartment at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the newdirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program forArabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director andscreenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby?(1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: TheWild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Muvva GopaluduMuvva Gopaludu is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film produced by S. GopalaReddy and directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti and Shobana, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is a remake of the Tamil film Aruvadai Naal (1986). The film wasreleased on 19 May 1987.PlotThe film begins in a village where Gopi an opulent active youth is squashed by his vicious brother-in-law Basava Raju with petrifying. Yet, his sister Nagalakshmi warmth on him. Meanwhile,Nirmala a medico reared by a Christian missionary is appointed as govt doctor in the same village. Nevertheless, Nirmala is unbiased about it as her ambition is to turn into a nun. But following a request of a Motherproceeds to the village. Wherein, she meets Father Lawrence an altruistic admired by the public. Presently, Gopi & Nirmala have been acquainted in an altercation and developed a good intimacy. Once, Gopi attemptssuicide as Basavaraju's mortifications peak. Forthwith, he is safeguarded by Nirmala when he puts his dearness into words. Now Nirmala is under the dichotomy when Father Lawrance enlightens her that love is not asin. Plus, it would be fair if she knits Gopi. Basava Raju is conscious of it and fakes his acceptance but plots to wedlock Gopi with his daughter Krishnaveni for his wealth. Nirmala delightfully moves to invite herrevivalists for the espousal. Consequently, Basava Raju forges Krishnaveni's puberty ceremony. On that occasion, he ruses by hiding a wedding chain Mangalsutram in a garland. Being unbeknownst Gopi puts it toKrishnaveni and Basava Raju declares them as man & wife. In the interim, Nirmala returns, understands the existing state, and is about to quit but backs on plead of the villagers. Grief-stricken Gopi turns into adrunkard. Spotting his pain Krishnaveni complains against Basava Raju and divulges the actuality with aid of Father Lawerance. Thus, the Panchayat passes on the annulment of Krishnaveni's marriage and also providesclearance to the nuptials of Gopi & Nirmala. As of today, the complete village comes together to perform the alliance when enraged Basava Raju onslaughts on them in which Father Lawerance is slain. On the verge ofkilling Nirmala, she sets foot in the church which stuns everyone. At this point, inflamed Gopi slaughters Basava Raju at the instigation of his sister and is sentenced to 7 years. At last, Gopi is acquitted Krishnaveni giveshim a warm welcome and Nirmala appears as a nun. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note Nirmala uniting Gopi & Krishnaveni.CastNandamuri Balakrishna as Muvva Gopala Krishna Prasad / GopiVijayashanti asNirmalaShobhana as KrishnaveniRao Gopal Rao as Basava RajuGollapudi Maruti Rao as Father LawrenceChidatala Appa Rao as VillagerK.K. Sarma as VillagerTelephone Satyanarayana as PresidentJayachitra asNagalakshmiSatyavathi as Jalaga LakshammaAnitha as NunChilaka Radha as SeetaluKalpana Rai as NukaluY. Vijaya as VeerammaSoundtrackMusic composed by K. V. Mahadevan. Lyrics were written by C. NarayanaReddy.AccoladesNandi Award for Second Best Story Writer – G. M. KumarPassage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has workedin Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the ToledoMuseum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently livesand works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, hesucceeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985)and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Irelandat the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he becameDirector of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian artabroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, hediscontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999,and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editionedprints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace,which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seenby some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor.However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi andattracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor ofNew York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion." In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition andstated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art". He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far."Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term ashad his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture,glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused themuseum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language."   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff,docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been afrequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenouspeoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and LucaGiordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publicationsto bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections onany American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art,with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of StoneSteles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:AlfredChester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990),ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), NationalGallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers(November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of theAssociation of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for arteducation.== Notes ==Passage 6:Kodi RamakrishnaKodi Ramakrishna (23 July 1949 – 22 February 2019) was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor. One of the most prolific directors of Telugu cinema, hedirected over 100 feature films in a variety of genres. He is known as a celluloid visionary who introduced high-end visual effects to the South Indian film industry through his supernatural fantasy films. In 2012, hereceived the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema.Kodi Ramakrishna began his career as an associate to Dasari Narayana Rao in Korikale Gurralaite (1979). His debuted as adirector with the film Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982). His filmography includes drama films like Mangamma Gari Manavadu (1984), Maa Pallelo Gopaludu (1985), Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987), Aahuthi (1987),Muddula Mavayya (1989), Pelli (1997), Dongaata (1997), and social problem films such as Ankusam (1989), Bharat Bandh (1991), and Sathruvu (1991). He also directed spy films like Gudachari No.1 (1983), andGudachari 117 (1989), and supernatural fantasy films like Ammoru (1995), Devi (1999), Devullu (2000), Anji (2004), and Arundhati (2009). Arundhati won ten state Nandi Awards and became one of the highestgrossing Telugu films ever at the time.Personal lifeKodi Ramakrishna was born in a Kapu family on 23 July 1949 in Palakollu, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. His career in the Indian cinema industry spannedmore than 30 years.His elder daughter Kodi Divya Deepti entered into film production with Nenu Meeku Baaga Kavalsinavaadini (2022).AwardsIn 2012, he received the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for hiscontribution to Telugu cinema.DeathKodi Ramakrishna died on 22 February 2019 in Hyderabad. He was under treatment at AIG Hospitals, Gachibowli for acute breathing problem.FilmographyDirectorAssociatedirectorKorikale Gurralayite? (1979)ActorMudilla Muchata (1985)Attagaaroo Swagatam (1986)Inti Donga (1987)Aasti Mooredu Aasa Baaredu (1995)Dongaata (1997)Rainbow (2008)Passage 7:Michael GovanMichaelGovan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was bornin 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who wasthen director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFAin fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed directorof the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of theFrank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006,Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, whichhouses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerlyfactory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for "needlessly and permanently" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time atDia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in theAmerican southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composedof eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographicaldistance from its European and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. "I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,"Govan has written, "[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that."Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by


Passage 1:Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg (25 August 1605 – 3 August 1638 in Hanau) succeeded his father as Count of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1612.LifePhilipp Moritz wasthe son of Count Philipp Ludwig II of Hanau-Münzenberg and his wife, Princess Catharina Belgica (1578–1648), a daughter of William the Silent.YouthPhilipp Moritz was seven years old when his father died and heinherited Hanau-Münzenberg. His father's will stipulated that his mother, Princess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, should be the sole regent and guardian, and the Imperial Supreme Court confirmed this.At the age ofeight, he was sent to the school that had been established after the Reformation in the buildings of the former monastery at Schlüchtern, which is today the Ulrich von Hutten-Gymnasium. In 1613, he continued hiseducation at University of Basel (where his grandfather had also studied), in Geneva and Sedan.ReignEnd of the regencyCount Philipp Moritz's rule began with an altercation between himself and his mother, PrincessCatharina Belgica, about the termination of the regency and nature and the size of her widow seat. She wanted to act as co-regent, even after his 25th birthday, the age of consent under the common law, despite anagreement closed in 1628 and an opinion from the Law Faculty of the University of Marburg. Philipp Moritz, tried to remove his mother from the government. They took their case to the Imperial Supreme Court andtreated each other rudely; Philipp Moritz even removed his mother from the countly palace in Hanau. However, he compensated her for this in 1629. They never managed to properly wind up the regency. On the otherhand, Philipp Moritz did manage to settle with his cousin Johann Ernst the fierce dispute which his father had had with Johann Ernst's father, his uncle Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels, about theprimogeniture and Albrecht's apanage.The Thirty Years' War and exileOne reason the regency was never properly wound up, was the Thirty Years' War, which approached Hanau around 1630. When the Imperial troopsreached Hanau, Philipp Moritz chose their side, in order to retain the military command of his capital. He was appointed Colonel and was expected to provide three companies. In November 1631, Swedish troopsoccupied Hanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city. Philipp Moritz decided to change sides. He was a Calvinist and for him choosing between the Catholic Emperor and the Lutheran Swedish kingmay have been like a choice between Scylla and Charybdis. Gustavus Adolphus appointed him to colonel and gave him a Swedish regiment. As a reward for his changing side, he gave him the district of Orb and theshares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the former County of Rieneck and the districts of Partenstein, Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau. He gave Philipp Moritz's brothers, Heinrich Ludwig (1609–1632) and JakobJohann (1612–1636) the town and district of Steinheim, which was also a former possession of Mainz. These possessions were lost when the Catholic side gained the upper hand after the Battle of Nördlingen inSeptember 1634. Changing sides again would make Philipp Moritz seem untrustworthy, so he decided to flee. He fled to Metz and from there via Chalon, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in theHague and Delft. He left his youngest brother, Jakob Johann, as regent in Hanau, because Jakob Johann was considered politically neutral.Hanau was a well-developed fortress town and remained occupied until 1638 bySwedish troops under General Jakob von Ramsay, who controlled the surrounding countryside from Hanau. He excluded Jakob Johann from any influence and so the later left the city.Hans Jakob Christoffel vonGrimmelshausen used the occupation of Hanau by the Swedish as background in his picaresque novel Simplicius Simplicissimus.Return from exileFrom September 1635 to June 1636, Hanau was unsuccessfully besiegedby imperial troops under General Guillaume de Lamboy. This siege proved the value of the modern defensive system, which had been constructed only a few years before. Thousands of refugees fled from thesurrounding villages into the city. After a nine-month siege, the city was relieved by an army under Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel. He was Philipp Moritz's brother-in-law, as he had married Philipp Moritz's sister,Amalie Elisabeth. A church service was held annually to commemorate the relief. After 1800, this developed into an annual Lamboy festival.In 1637, Philipp Moritz reconciled with the new Emperor, Ferdinand III andchanged sides again, back to the Catholic side. He returned to Hanau on 17 December 1637. General Ramsay ignored this and interned Philipp Moritz in the City Castle. He was obviously hoping to receive Hanau as afief.However, on 11 February [O.S. 2 February] 1638, Johann Winter von Güldenborn, a major in the Hanau army, supported by members of the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, staged a coup against theSwedes. He drove them out of Hanau and restored Philipp Moritz to power. General Ramsay was arrested and taken to Dillenburg, where he died months later from injuries he sustained during this action.TriviumPhilippMoritz was a member of the Fruitbearing Society, under the nickname der Faselnde.DeathPhilipp Moritz died on 3 August 1638 and was buried in the family crypt his father had established in the Church of St. Mary inHanau.Marriage and issuePhilipp Moritz returned to Hanau in 1626 and married Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau. They had the following children:Sibylle Mauritania (2 November 1630 – 24 March 1631). Shewas buried in the family vault in the St. Mary's Church in Hanau. The remains were reburied in 1879 in a new coffin, as the old one had rotted.Adolphine (31 October 1631 – 22 December 1631). Baptized on 4December 1631. Her Godfather was King Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, with Count Reinhard of Solms acting on his behalf.Philipp Ludwig III (26 November 1632 – 12 November 1641), who succeeded his father as ruler ofthe county of Hanau-Münzenberg.Johann Heinrich (3 May 1634 – 28 October 1634 in Metz). Johann Heinrich died while his relatives had fled from Hanau to the Netherlands. Because of the war, he was initially buried inZweibrücken in 1635. His mother had his body transported to Hanau as soon as it was possible again, and on 30 November 1638, he was buried in a metal coffin in the family vault in the Church of St. Mary inHanau.Louise Eleanor Belgica (born: 3 March 1636 in Metz; died later that year in the Hague, where she was buried).AncestorsPassage 2:Philipp Ludwig III, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergCount Philipp Ludwig III ofHanau-Münzenberg (26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632 in Hanau – 12 November 1641 in The Hague) was the last count of the main Hanau-Münzenberg line of the House of Hanau.  After his death, theHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line inherited Hanau-Münzenberg.YouthPhilipp Ludwig was the eldest son of Count Philipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg and Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau.  He was born inHanau on 26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632, and baptized there on 13 January [O.S. 3 January] 1633.In 1634, the political situation in the Thirty Years' War forced Philipp Moritz to flee with his family.  He fled viaMetz, Châlons, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in Delft and The Hague.  Philipp Moritz returned to Hanau-Münzenberg in 1637, however, he left his son with his mother, Countess Catharina Belgicaof Nassau.Philipp Moritz died in 1638, only 33 years old.  Thus Philipp Ludwig III inherited Hanau-Münzenberg at the age of 5.  The Reichskammergericht appointed his mother as his sole guardian.  Unlike earlier rulersof Hanau-Münzenberg, she maintained a relaxed relationship with the Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line of the family.DeathPhilipp Ludwig III died of the measles at the age of 8, on 12 November 1641 in TheHague.  He was the last member of the main Hanau-Münzenberg line.  His siblings had all died before him.  Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by his first cousin once removed Count Johann Ernst ofHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels.  When Johann Ernst died a year later, Hanau-Münzenberg fell to the Hanau-Lichtenberg line.Philipp Ludwig III was buried on 18 February 1646 in the family crypt in the Church of St.Mary in Hanau, together with his mother and his successor.  His pewter coffin was stolen in 1812, during the chaos of the Napoleonic Wars.  He was reburied in a joint coffin, together with corpses from other coffins thathad also been stolen.AncestorsPassage 3:Philipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – 4 February 1580) succeeded his father in the government ofthe County of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1561.BackgroundPhilipp Ludwig I, was the son of Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern. His godparents were:Duchess Palatinate Maria ofSimmern (1519–1567), daughter of the Margrave Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, married to Elector Friedrich IIICount Philipp of Solms-BraunfelsCount Ludwig of Stolberg-KönigsteinHis hobby was collecting coinsand medals.YouthChildhoodNothing is known about his early years. In 1560, when he was seven years old, his father appointed him as bailiff of the district of Steinau. Presumably, this was a sinecure.Just one yearlater, his father died and he inherited the county of Hanau-Münzenberg. A committee of regents was appointed to rule on his behalf.RegencyThe regency was established by the Reichskammergericht ("ImperialSupreme Court") at the request of his mother. Three regents were appointed, as requested:Count Johann VI of Nassau-Dillenburg, a step-great-uncle of the ward, who was also related directly to his wardCount PhilippIV of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the reigning Count of Hanau in the other line, and thus—very distantly—related to his ward.Elector Palatine Friedrich III is mentioned in the literature as the chief regent. There is, however, nodocumentary evidence that he acted as such.Count Reinhard I of Solms, who had already acted as a guardian for Philipp Ludwig's father and who was more closely related to Philipp Ludwig, was apparently ignoredwhen the regency was established. He had expected to be regent and had already accepted the homage of the subjects, whom he now had to release. The reason may have been that Reinhard was a Catholic andHanau-Münzenberg had joined to Reformation religiously as well as politically. On the other hand, the contrast between Calvinism (as practised in the Electorate of the Palatinate) and Lutheranism (inHanau-Lichtenberg) was not as pronounced at this time as it was a generation later, when again the Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg acted as regent for Hanau-Münzenberg and the difference it caused violent clashes withinthe regency. Under the regency for Philipp Ludwig I this was limited to discussions which education he should receive. In the end, the guardians reached an agreement.EducationThe young Count Philipp Ludwig I wasdescribed by his teachers as highly intelligent and eager to learn. From 1563 onwards, his guardians looked into the possibility of him being educated abroad. As this led to nothing, he stayed for three years at the courtof his guardian in Dillenburg, where he was educated together with his guardian's youngest brother, Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg (1550–1574). From 1567 to 1569, they studied together at the University of Strasbourgand after 1569 at the University of Tübingen. Here, count Philipp Ludwig I came into contact with the fiercely unfolding theological controversy within the Protestant movement.After a stay in Tübingen, the educationcontinued in France. Count Philipp Ludwig I arrived in Paris in 1572. Here, he came into contact with Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, the leader of Huguenots. He narrowly escaped the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacreand returned to Buchsweiler (now called Bouxwiller), the capital of the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.He continued his studies at the University of Basel, from where he also took excursions further into Switzerland. In1573, he travelled to Italy and visited in the numerous places in northern Italy before reaching his destination, the University of Padua. He then continued to study in Rome. The return journey took him to Vienna in1574. This educational program was quite extraordinary for a count.FamilyCount Philipp Ludwig I married Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen (1558–1599). Sources differ on the exact date of the wedding: 2February 1576, or 5 February or 6 February. His guardian opposed the marriage, because Magdalena was of lower rank than the Counts of Hanau, and her family held lands in Hesse and Cologne. He would havepreferred a bride from a family closer to Hanau. He may have married her out of true love, or to counter the political dominance of Nassau over Hanau.Philipp and Magdalena had four children together:Philipp Ludwig II(18 November 1576 – 9 August 1612).Juliane (13 October 1577 – 2 December 1577), buried in the choir of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau.William (26 August 1578 – 14 June 1579), also buried in the choir of St.Mary's Church in Hanau.Albert of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels (12 November 1579 – 19 December 1635).GovernmentOn 13 November 1562 Emperor Ferdinand I passed the residence of Hanau on his way to thecoronation of his son Maximilian II on 24 November 1562 in Frankfurt. Ferdinand was welcomed at court and Philipp Ludwig and Ferdinand went hunting together.In 1563, a consistory was founded in Hanau, so that theReformation was institutionalized administratively. The consistory was initially a department of the count's Chancery. Under his son, count Philipp Ludwig II, however, the authority of the church was legally separated asan independent institution in 1612.In 1571, the Statutes of Solms were published, codifying the law as it stood in the County of Solms. This work had been commissioned by the Counts of Solms. Since the law inneighbouring territories was very similar, the work spread quickly in the area of the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts.  Local differences from the Solms statute were published as local notices. In the county ofHanau-Münzenberg this law code collection was used from 1581 (if not earlier) until the introduction of the Civil Code on 1 January 1900.Count Philipp Ludwig I ruled the county autonomously from 1575. Hisgovernment is characterized by careful maneuvering among the various confessions and the imperial territories in pursuit of consolidation and the web of political relations in the Empire and in the Wetterau region. In1578 the Lutheran Church Order of Hanau-Lichtenberg was introduced in Hanau-Münzenberg as well. In this issue, Count Philipp Ludwig acted very carefully and did not follow, probably against his personal conviction,the more radical Calvinist model. His son and successor, Count Philipp Ludwig II, later carried through the so-called "second Reformation", the turn towards Calvinism.During Count Philipp Ludwig I's reign, Hanau couldfinally definitively purchase the villages of Dorheim, Schwalheim and Rödgen and the former monasteries Konradsdorf and Hirzenhain and one third of the district of Ortenberg from the Count of Stolberg. These areashad previously been pledged to Hanau. He also purchased Ober-Eschbach, Nieder-Eschbach, Steinbach and Holzhausen.DeathCount Philipp Ludwig I died quite suddenly. He had complained about weakness and nauseafor three or four days before his death, but even Philipp Ludwig himself had not taken it very seriously. He fainted unexpectedly between 4 and 5 PM while gambling and died soon after.He was buried in the choir of theSt. Mary's Church in Hanau, on the right side, hence near the south wall of the choir, in the immediate vicinity of his father. A funeral sermon was published. An epitaph was mounted above his grave, which wasconsidered a major example of High Renaissance art. The epitaph was destroyed during World War II, a few surviving fragments are kept in the Historical Museum of Hanau. The location of the epitaph on the south wallis indicated by four empty brackets.His widow, Countess Magdalene, née of Waldeck, remarried in 1581, with John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen.AncestorsReferences and sourcesAdrian Willem Eliza Dek: Deafstammelingen van Juliana van Stolberg tot aan het jaar van de vrede van Munster, Zaltbommel, 1968.Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, in: Hanauer Geschichtsblätter issue 34, Hanau1996, ISBN 3-9801933-6-5.Rolf Glawischnig: Niederlande, Kalvinismus und Reichsgrafenstand 1559–1584. Nassau-Dillenburg unter Graf Johann VI, in: Schriften des Landesamtes für geschichtliche Landeskunde issue36, Marburg, 1973.Hatstein, handwritten chronicle in the archives of the Hanauer Geschichtsverein.Carl Heiler: Johann Adam Bernhard's Bericht von der Jugendzeit des Grafen Philipp Ludwig I. von Hanau, in:Hanauisches Magazin issue 11, 1932, pp. 25–31.Heinrich Neumann: Eine gräfliche Reise vor mehr als 350 Jahren, in: Hanauisches Magazin issue 11, 1932, p. 92.Reinhards von Isenburg, Grafen zu Büdingen, an denjungen Grafen Philipp Ludwig in Anno 1563 den 6. Dec. selbst verfertigtes Consilium, sich vor und in der Regierung zu verhalten, partially in: Hanauisches Magazin issue 8, 1785, pp. 32–34.Hermann Kersting: DieSonderrechte im Kurfürstenthume Hessen. Sammlung des Fuldaer, Hanauer, Isenburger, Kurmainzer und Schaumburger Rechts, einschließlich der Normen für das Buchische Quartier und für die Cent Mittelsinn, sowieder im Fürstenthume Hanau recipirten Hülfsrechte, Fulda, 1857.Gerhard Menk: Philipp Ludwig I. von Hanau-Münzenberg (1553–1580). Bildungsgeschichte und Politik eines Reichsgrafen in der zweiten Hälfte des 16.Jahrhunderts, in: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte vol. 32, 1982, pp. 127–163.Georg Schmidt: Der Wetterauer Grafenverein, in: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, vol. 52, Marburg,1989, ISBN 3-7708-0928-9.Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894.Johann AdolfTheodor Ludwig Varnhagen: Grundlage der Waldeckischen Landes- und Regentengeschichte, Arolsen 1853.K. Wolf: Die vormundschaftliche Regierung des Grafen Johann des Älteren von Nassau-Dillenburg, in:Hanauisches Magazin, issue 15, p. 81 and issue 16, p. 1.Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, third edition, Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978.== Footnotes ==Passage 4:Albrecht of Hanau-MünzenbergAlbert ofHanau-Münzenberg (12 November 1579 – 19 December 1635 in Strasbourg) was the younger son of Philip Louis I of Hanau-Münzenberg (1553-1580) and his wife, Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen(1558-1599). The only sons of his parents to reach adulthood were Albert and his elder brother Philip Louis II. Albert's son John Ernest was the last male member of the Hanau-Münzenberg line of the House ofHanau.RegencyWhen his father died in 1580, Albert and his brother were still minors and a regency was necessary. The regents were Counts John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1536–1606), Louis I, Count ofSayn-Wittgenstein (1568–1607) and Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1514–1590), who was replaced in 1585 by his son, Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1541–1599).Albert's mother Magdalena remarried in1581 to John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen, the son of his guardian and regent. She and her sons from her first marriage then moved to the Nassau court in Dillenburg. At the time, this was a centre of Calvinism inGermany. The court in Dillenburg maintained cordial relations with the Reformed court of the Electorate of the Palatinate in Heidelberg.However, Philip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Albert's Lutheran guardian, and later hisson Philip V, vehemently resisted this Calvinist influence, though ultimately their resistance was in vain. Philip V tried to have the Lutheran Duke Richard of Simmern-Sponheim, a younger brother of Elector PalatineFrederick III appointed as co-regent. He managed to obtain a mandate to this effect from the Reichskammergericht, however, the Calvinist prevented Richard's installation and prevented the people ofHanau-Münzenberg from paying tribute to Duke Richard. Instead, they installed Duke John Casimir of the Palatinate-Simmern as upper guardian, an honorary position, which nevertheless strengthened the Calvinist holdon Hanau-Münzenberg.The end of the guardianship is difficult to determine. In 1600, the guardians had a dispute with Philip Louis II and ended their guardianship over him. However, Albert was still a minor in 1600 (at


Passage 1:5L5L or 5-L can refer to:TransportationAeroSur (IATA code)5L, a model of Toyota L engineCurtiss F-5L, see Felixstowe F5LSSH 5L (WA), former name of U.S. Route 12 in WashingtonAtlantic coast F-5L, seeFelixstowe F.5Auster J/5L, a model of Auster Aiglet TrainerBritish Rail Class 202 Diesel-electric multiple units (6L) when reduced to a five-carriage configurationBritish Rail Class 203 Diesel-electric multiple units (6B)when reduced to a five-carriage configuration by the removal of their buffet carsScience and technologyORC5LTAF5L5L, a model of HP LaserJet 5AIX 5L, see IBM AIXOther usesThe Horns of Nimon (production code: 5L),a 1979–80 Doctor Who serialSee alsoL5 (disambiguation)Passage 2:VariatorA variator is a device that can change its parameters, or can change parameters of other devices.Often a variator is a mechanical powertransmission device that can change its gear ratio continuously (rather than in steps).ExamplesBeier variable-ratio gearContinuously variable transmissionEvans friction coneNuVinci continuously variabletransmissionVariator (variable valve timing)VariomaticVANOSSee alsoEpicyclic gearingPassage 3:9F9F or 9-F may refer to:LocomotivesBR Standard Class 9F, a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotivesBR Standard Class 9F92020-9BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening StarList of preserved BR Standard Class 9F locomotivesGCR Class 9F, a class of 0-6-2T steam locomotivesOther uses2020 Salvadoran political crisis, commonly referred toas 9F (9th February)New York Route 9F, now New York State Route 9GFluorine (9F), a chemical elementSee alsoF9 (disambiguation)February 99ff, a German car tuning companyGrumman F9F Panther, an Americancarrier-based fighter aircraftGrumman F9F Cougar, an American carrier-based fighter aircraftPassage 4:ESTEst, EST, est, -est, etc. may refer to:Arts and entertainmentest: The Steersman Handbook, a science fictionbook published in 1970Ed Sullivan Theater, New York, built in 1927Ensemble Studio Theatre, New York, founded in 1968Esbjörn Svensson Trio, a Swedish jazz trioE.S.T., a song by British band White Lies from their2009 album To Lose My Life...E.S.T. - Trip to the Moon, a song by Alien Sex Fiend from their 1984 album Acid BathLanguage-est, the superlative suffix in English-est, an archaic verb ending in EnglishEstonian language(ISO 639 code: est)European Society for Translation StudiesExtended standard theory, a generative grammar frameworkPeopleDiana Est (born 1963), Italian singerEST Gee (born 1994), American rapperMichael Est (c.1580–1648), English composerThomas Est (c. 1540–1609), English printerVan Est, a Dutch surnamePlacesAfricaEst Department, a former division of Ivory CoastEst Province, RwandaEst Region (Burkina Faso)EstRegion (Cameroon)EuropeEst (Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg constituency), an electoral constituency in LuxembourgEst, Netherlands, a town in GelderlandEstonia (ISO 3166 alpha-3 code: EST)Science andmedicineEdinburgh Science Triangle, a multi-disciplinary partnership in ScotlandElectroconvulsive therapy, formerly electroshock therapy, a form of treatmentEndodermal sinus tumor, a cancerous germ celltumorEstrone sulfotransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the transformation of an unconjugated estrogen into a sulfated estrogenEuropean Solar Telescope, a proposed observatoryExpressed sequence tag, a shortsub-sequence of a cDNA sequenceTechnologyElectron spiral toroid, a claimed small stable plasma toroidElectronic sell-through, a method of media distributionEnrollment over Secure Transport, a cryptographicprotocolTime zonesAustralian Eastern Standard Time or AEST (UTC+10), see Time in AustraliaEastern Standard Time or EST (UTC−5) in the Americas, officially "Eastern Time Zone"Egypt Standard Time or EGY(UTC+2)European Summer Time (varies from UTC to UTC+3), in several time zones, see Summer time in EuropeOther usesEnergy Saving Trust, a British organization for fighting climate change, formed in 1992ErhardSeminars Training (est), a New Age large-group awareness training program, 1971–1984Espérance Sportive de Tunis, a Tunisian multi-sports club, founded in 1919Est Cola, a Thai soft drink, launched in 2012Effortsatisficing theory, a decision-making strategy; see Satisficing § Effort satisficing theoryEstablished; see AnniversarySee alsoEast (disambiguation)Passage 5:I Can ChangeI Can Change may refer to:"I Can Change"(Brandon Flowers song)"I Can Change" (LCD Soundsystem song)"I Can Change", a song from the South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut soundtrackPassage 6:L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..."L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..."(English: "The Story of a Fairy Is...") is a 2001 song recorded by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer. It was one of the singles from the soundtrack album for the film Rugrats in Paris: The Movie (known in Franceas Les Razmokets à Paris). With its lyrics written by Farmer and the song being composed and produced by her long-time songwriting collaborator Laurent Boutonnat, "L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." was released on 27February 2001. The song describes the fairy Mélusine with "childish" lyrics that contrast with double entendres and puns referring to sexual practices. Although the single had no music video nor airplay promotion, itreceived generally positive reviews from critics and reached top-ten charts in France and Belgium.Background and writingRugrats in Paris: The Movie was the second in a trilogy of films based on the children's animatedtelevision series Rugrats, which features the adventures of a group of toddlers. After filming, the producers wanted to record a soundtrack for the movie with mainly French songs, as well as a few in English. Severalsingers were contacted, including TLC member Tionne Watkins, the 1990s boys band 2Be3, Sinéad O'Connor, Cyndi Lauper and Mylène Farmer. Persistent but unconfirmed rumours claimed that Madonna, as the founderof the Maverick company producing the soundtrack, had expressly asked Farmer to participate in the album. Farmer accepted, but preferred to produce a new song instead of licensing the rights to one of her oldcompositions. The recording label Maverick signed a contract for an unreleased song, with lyrics written by Farmer and music composed by her songwriting partner Laurent Boutonnat. This was the first time that thesinger had recorded a song especially for a movie. An English version was canceled in favour of a French version, and eventually the song only played for about 15 seconds in the movie. The first title chosen,"Attrapez-moi", was also quickly abandoned as it was too similar to the Pokémon's cry of "Attrapez-les tous".Music and lyrics"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." is a synthpop song. It tells the story of a mischievous andmalicious fairy, Mélusine, here embodied by Farmer. Lyrically, the song uses words referring to magic, baffling several of Farmer's fans as the lyrics seem to be closer to the themes found in songs by young singers suchas Alizée. The lyrics also contain several double entendres and puns which refer to sexual practices. The song's title itself is ambiguous and can be deemed sexually suggestive as it contains a pun in French alluding tospanking: in French, the title "L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." could be phonetically understand as meaning "L'Histoire d'une fessée..." (translation: "The Story of a Spanking").ReleaseIn Europe the soundtrack release waspostponed until 7 February 2001 because Farmer had bought the song's royalties and finally decided to release it as a single, 14 days later. It was only released as a digipack CD single, in which the song's lyrics arewritten inside, and there was no promotional format. For the second time in the singer's career – after the song "XXL" – the single cover does not show her, but a drawing of a fairy from the film by Tom Madrid. Thesong began circulating online a month before the soundtrack's release and was well received by many fans who felt that it could be a hit. The song did not receive much radio airplay, with only Europe 2 playing itregularly. "L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." was also released on the soundtrack of the film in a longer version than the CD single version, and was later included on Mylène Farmer's greatest hits album Les Mots. It was alsoreleased as the third track on the European CD maxi "Les Mots", released in the Switzerland on 4 September 2002.Critical receptionThe song was generally well received by critics, who particularly noted the puns.According to author Erwan Chuberre, the lyrics are "as funny as disillusioned" and Farmer uses puns that "highlight her immoderate pleasure for impolite pleasures", with a music he deemed "effective". Author ThierryDesaules said that the song appears to be a childish fairly tale, but is actually structured in a perverse enough way to address the adult public, as the allusions to the spanking can be seen as references tosadomasochism. Journalist Benoît Cachin wrote that her puns are "of the funniest" and that the singer included in the lyrics "some very personal thoughts", including sadness; he added that Farmer appears to be "fun,dynamic and delightfully mischievous" on this song.Chart performanceOn 3 March 2001, the single debuted at a peak of number nine on the French SNEP Singles Chart, providing Farmer her 22nd top ten hit. In thefollowing weeks, the song fell steadily and remained in the top 50 for nine weeks and a total of 15 weeks on the chart. This chart performance was surprising given that the song was aired little on radio, the film met amixed commercial success in France and there was no music video, no promotion on television, and only one format. According to Instant-Mag the beauty of the single's cover undoubtedly helped increase sales. InBelgium, the single started at number 23 on 15 March 2001, climbed to number 11, then peaked at number 10. Thereafter, it dropped and fell off the Ultratop 50 after 13 weeks. On the 2001 Belgian singles year-endchart, "L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." ranked at number 89.Formats and track listingsThese are the formats and track listings of single releases of "L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...":CD single – DigipackOfficial versionsCreditsand personnelThese are the credits and the personnel as they appear on the back of the single:Mylène Farmer – lyricsLaurent Boutonnat – music, producerJohn Eng – artistic directorGena Kornyshev – stylistTom Madrid– drawingsRequiem Publishing – editionsPolydor – recording companyHenry Neu – designBertrand Chatenet – mixingChartsRelease historyPassage 7:I Can Change (LCD Soundsystem song)"I Can Change" is a song byAmerican rock band LCD Soundsystem. The song was released as the third official single from the band's third studio album This Is Happening, on May 29, 2010. It was written by band member Pat Mahoney and bandfrontman James Murphy and was produced by the DFA. The song was featured on the soundtrack for the video game FIFA 11 and peaked at number 85 on the French Singles Chart.Track listing12" vinylDFA22591CDDFA 2259XDigital downloadChartsPassage 8:R* (disambiguation)*R or R* denote hyperreal numbers.R* may also refer to:R* rule (ecology), or resource-ratio hypothesis, a hypothesis in communityecologyRockstar Games, an American video game publisherr* or r-star, natural rate of interestR*-tree, a tree data structure for spatial accessRstar, later called Okina, a sub-satellite of SELENESee alsoBerkeleyr-commands, to enable Unix users to issue commands to another Unix computer via TCP/IP computer networkCarbon starVariable starPassage 9:USEUSE or U.S.E. may refer to:United States of Europe, hypotheticalscenario of a single sovereign country in EuropeUnited State of Electronica, an American rock bandU.S.E. (album), by United State of ElectronicaUganda Securities Exchange, the principal stock exchange in UgandaUSEMethod, a systems performance methodology by Brendan GreggUnion State of Eurasia, an intergovernmental organisation in Europe and AsiaUnified State Exam, a series of university entrance exams in RussiaSeealsoUse (disambiguation)Passage 10:A6A6, A 6 or A-6 can refer to:Arts and entertainmentA6, a mutated flu virus in the short story "Night Surf" by Stephen KingA-6, a renamed version of the US Security Group in the1997 comic book movie SpawnElectronics and softwareA6 record, a type of DNS recordApple A6, a System-on-a-chip ARM processorHanlin eReader A6, an ebook readerSamsung Galaxy A6, a smartphone bySamsungMilitaryA6, the designation for air force headquarters staff concerned with signals, communications, or information technologyIn the United Kingdom, the A6 Air CIS (Computers & Information Systems) branch,also known as JFACHQ, UK Joint Force Air Component HeadquartersA 6, a Swedish artillery regimentGrumman A-6 Intruder, a twin-engine, mid-wing all-weather US Navy medium attack aircraft manufactured byGrumman, in service from 1962 to 1997Science and technologyBiologyBritish NVC community A6 (Ceratophyllum submersum community), a British Isles plants communityNoradrenergic cell group A6Subfamily A6, asubfamily of Rhodopsin-like receptorsXenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells in cell cultureTransportationCivil aviation transportA6, the IATA code for Air Alps AviationUnited Arab Emirates aircraft registration codeCivilianaircraftFocke-Wulf A6, a 1930s civilian aircraft from the German Focke-Wulf companyAutomobilesArrows A6, a British racing carAudi A6, a German executive carChanghe A6, a Chinese compact sedanJAC Refine A6, aChinese mid-size sedan conceptMaserati A6, an Italian sports coupe seriesRoads and routesA6 road, in several countriesRoute A6 (WMATA), a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area TransitAuthority\WatercraftA-6, formerly USS Porpoise (SS-7), a Plunger-class submarine of the United States NavyHMS A6, a British A-class submarine of the Royal NavyOtherPrussian A 6, a 1913 German railbusA6, anaggregate series (A1 to A12) German rocket design in World War II, never implementedLNER Class A6, a class of 4-6-2T locomotivesOther usesA6 (classification), an amputee sport classificationA-6 tool steel, anair-hardening SAE grade of tool steelA6, an ISO 216 international standard paper size (105×148 mm)A6, or A (musical note) above soprano C, the highest note written or acknowledged as musical in classicalmusicASICS, a footwear company whose name and logo resemble A6A06A.06, a track title on Linkin Park Underground Linkin Park fan club compilationA06 (band), a Massachusetts-based rock band associated withmulti-instrumentalist Casey CrescenzoATC code A06 Laxatives, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification SystemHMNZS Monowai (A06), a 1975 Royal New Zealand Navy hydrographic surveyvesselRéti Opening code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings