Passage 1:Maria Manuela, Princess of PortugalDona Maria Manuela (15 October 1527 – 12 July 1545) was the eldest daughter and second child of King John III of Portugal and his wife Catherine of Austria. She was Princess of Asturias and Duchess of Milan as the first wife of the future Philip II of Spain, and Princess of Portugal as heir presumptive to the Portuguese throne between 1527 and 1535.Early lifeMaria was born in Coimbra on 15 October 1527 and was one of the two children of John III to survive childhood. In her youth, Maria received a humanistic education that was considered typical for a princess of her time.Marriage and later lifeShe married her double first cousin Philip II of Spain on 12 November 1543 at Salamanca. As she was to be married to the Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish crown, and being an Infanta of Portugal, their wedding became one of the most remarkable in the history of Spain due to its opulence. Contemporary writers have left detailed descriptions of the journey from Madrid to Badajoz to Salamanca to receive the princess and of the luxuries she was given by the Duke of Medina Sidonia in Badajoz.She gave birth to their son Carlos on 8 July 1545 in Valladolid, but died four days later due to a haemorrhage. She was initially buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada on 30 March 1549 but was later transferred to Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial.AncestryNotesPassage 2:Philip II of SpainPhilip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II,  Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584.Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish war carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).Philip was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious." Philip was married four times; all his wives predeceased him.Early life: 1527–1544A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father, Charles V, as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens, the son of his governor Juan de Zúñiga. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541.Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by the Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword".Domestic policyAfter living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Perez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled.Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern province of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the "Spanish Golden Age", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was Sofonisba Anguissola, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist.EconomyCharles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as Neapolitan sums). Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians.The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile, the assembly in Navarre, and one each for the three regions of Aragon, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single Estates-General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition.Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the Perez affair. Following a fire in Valladolid in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to Lisbon, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and Primacy seat of Toledo now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of Madrid. Except for a brief period under Philip III of Spain, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the Royal Alcázar of Madrid into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France.King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward modernity whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of El Escorial that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King Louis XIV of France would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada – motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion – had serious negative effects on the economy, particularly in that region.Foreign policyPhilip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Turks and against the forces of the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his fight against heresy, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories. These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the Cologne War. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies.In 1588, the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But war with England continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal.The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called relaciones geográficas. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively.ItalyCharles V abdicated the throne of Naples to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially called "Naples and Sicily") on 2 October by Pope Julius III. The date of Charles' abdication of the throne of Sicily is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom (officially "Sicily and Jerusalem") on 18 November 1554 by Julius. In 1556, Philip decided to invade the Papal States and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to Pope Paul IV's anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the Church.In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556, Francisco de Vargas wrote:I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the Apostolic See, in whose name, and that of the College of Cardinals, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve!In response to the invasion, Pope Paul IV called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (Duke of Alba and Viceroy of Naples) met Cardinal Carlo Carafa and signed the Treaty of Cave as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal states and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the Italian Wars. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557. The French were defeated again at the Battle of Gravelines in 1558. The resulting Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 secured Piedmont to the Duchy of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's direct control over Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under direct Spanish rule. Sicily and Naples were viceroyalties of the Crown of Castile, while Sardinia was part of the Crown of Aragon. In the north, Milan was a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the State of Presidi in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy. The Council of Italy was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year Franco-Habsburg wars for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning


Passage 1:Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzMaurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond (d. 1358) (Maurice Óg) was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, and his first wife, Catherine deBurgh. (Some sources list her as Margaret.)The 2nd Earl married Beatrice de Stafford, daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret Audley, but died at Castle Maine without any male issue, and wastherefore succeeded in the Earldom of Desmond by his half-brother Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond. FitzGerald's widow married Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros around a year after FitzGerald's death. He wasburied in Tralee Abbey.Passage 2:William Feilding, 1st Earl of DenbighAdmiral William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh (c. 1587 – 8 April 1643, Cannock) was an English naval officer and courtier.BiographyWilliam Feildingwas the son of Basil Fielding of Newnham Paddox in Warwickshire (High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1612) and of Elizabeth Aston, daughter of Sir Walter Aston (1530–1599).Feilding matriculated at Emmanuel College,Cambridge in 1603. In 1606 Feilding married Susan, daughter of Sir George Villiers and sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was ennobled as the favourite of King James I. With the rise of Villiers,both Feilding and his wife received various offices and dignities.Knighted on 4 March 1607, William Feilding was created Baron and Viscount Feilding in 1620. Two years later he was appointed Master of the GreatWardrobe and Custos Rotulorum of Warwickshire and Earl of Denbigh on 14 September 1622. He attended Prince Charles on the Spanish adventure, served as admiral in the unsuccessful Cadiz Expedition in 1625, andcommanded the disastrous attempt upon Rochelle in 1628, becoming the same year a member of the Council of war, and in 1633 a Member of the Council of Wales and the Marches.In 1631, Lord Denbigh ventured tothe East as erstwhile ambassador to the court of Safi of Persia. He visited the East India Company's fledgling Indian possessions where, in 1632, Lord Denbigh met with the Mogul emperor. He returned to England in late1633.On 6 July 1641 a barge carrying Feilding, his daughter Elizabeth, Lady Kinalmeaky, Lady Cornwallis, and Anne Kirke capsized while shooting the rapids at London Bridge. Kirke was drowned but the otherpassengers were rescued.On the outbreak of the English Civil War he served under Prince Rupert of the Rhine and was present at the Battle of Edgehill. On 3 April 1643 during Rupert's attack on Birmingham he waswounded and died from the effects on the 8th, being buried at Monks Kirby in Warwickshire. His courage, unselfishness and devotion to duty are much praised by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon.FamilySir William andhis wife, Susan Villiers, had six children:Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh (c. 1608–1675)George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614–1665)Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), married James Hamilton, 1st Duke ofHamilton.Lady Anne Feilding (died 1636), married Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount CampdenElizabeth Feilding, Countess of Guildford (died 1667), married Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle.Lady Henrietta Marie Feilding (diedyoung)His daughter, Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), also known as Margaret, was married to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, one of the heirs to the throne of Scotland after the descendants of James VI(James I of England). Her portrait was painted by Anthony van Dyck and Henry Pierce Bone. His eldest son, Basil, inherited the title of Earl of Denbigh. His second son, George Feilding, was awarded the right to the titleof Earl of Desmond at the same time as his father was made Earl of Denbigh in 1622. George Feilding was around eight years old at the time. Earl of Desmond was a lesser title than Earl of Denbigh, being a title in theIrish, rather than English, peerage.AncestryNotesPassage 3:George Feilding, 1st Earl of DesmondGeorge Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614 – 31 January 1665) was an English aristocrat, awarded the title of Earl ofDesmond in the Peerage of Ireland by Charles I  of England under the terms of a letter patent issued by James I of England.George Feilding was the second son of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh, and his wife, theformer Susan Villiers. Susan was the sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, confidant and lover of James I, and her family were showered with titles and preferment as a result of George Villiers' immenseinfluence.In 1622, when George Feilding was around 8 years old, James I created him Baron Fielding, of Lecaghe in the County of Tipperary, and Viscount Callan, of Callan in the County of Kilkenny. At the same time,George was given the right to the title Earl of Desmond as and when the previous holder of that title, Richard Preston, died without a male heir. Preston had also been a favourite and probably a lover of James I; he hada daughter who, the plan was, George Feilding would marry, but this did not happen. In 1628 Preston died and George inherited the title.All three titles were in the Peerage of Ireland. Earl of Desmond is an ancient Irishtitle, the 1622 creation was its 4th, and current, creation.George married Bridget Stanhope, who was the daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope and  Elizabeth Read and a sister-in-law of George Berkeley, 8th BaronBerkeley.The couple had several children:Lady Frances Feilding (died 1680), who married Sir Edward Gage, 1st Baronet, as his third wifeLady Mary Feilding (died 1691), who married Sir Charles Gawdy, 1st BaronetLadyBridget Feilding (died 1669), who married Arthur ParsonsWilliam Feilding, 2nd Earl of Desmond, later 3rd Earl of DenbighHon. George Feilding, who married a daughter of Sir John LeeColonel Hon. Sir Charles Feilding(1641–1722), who married Ursula Stockton, daughter of Sir Thomas Stockton and Ursula Bellot, and widow of Sir William Aston, (both Stockton and Aston were High Court judges in Ireland) and had two daughtersRev.Hon. John Feilding (1641–1697), who married Bridget Cokayne and had children, including John, secretary to the Governor of JamaicaHon. Basil Feilding (died May 1667), killed in a quarrel by his brotherChristopherHon. Christopher Feilding, sentenced to death in July 1667 for killing his brother Basil in a drunken quarrel."No one pitied him" was the terse verdict of Samuel Pepys.Passage 4:Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl ofDesmondGerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald (1335–1398), also known by the Irish Gaelic Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald), was the 3rd Earl of Desmond, in southwestern Ireland, under the first creation of that title, and a memberof the Hiberno-Norman dynasty of the FitzGerald, or Geraldines. He was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, by his third wife Aveline (Eleanor), daughter of Nicholas FitzMaurice, 3rd Lord of Kerry.  Hewas half-brother to Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond.Maurice Fitzgerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond, would have been followed by Gerald's older brother, Nicholas, but Nicholas was described as "an idiot", and so waspassed over for the earldom. Because of this, some older histories list Gerald as the 4th Earl.LifeIn 1356 he was brought to England as a hostage for his father's good behaviour, but as his father died that same year, hewas soon released. Three years later, he succeeded his brother Maurice, who had died without male heirs, and became the 3rd Earl of Desmond.King Edward III confirmed Gerald in his large estates in Munster, providedthat he marry Eleanor Butler, daughter of the Justiciar, James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. Gerald did so, but did not make peace with Ormond, nor adopt English ways and customs as expected.Career andpoetryAccording to Alfred Webb:"[He was] surnamed 'Gerald the Poet', [and] succeeded to the estates and honours of the family. He married, by the King's command, Eleanor, daughter of James, 2nd Earl of Ormond,who brought with her as her portion the barony of Inchiquin in Imokelly. Gerald was Lord Justice of Ireland, 1367. In 1398 he disappeared, and is fabled to live beneath the waters of Lough Gur, near Kilmallock, onwhose banks he appears once every seven years. O'Donovan quotes the following concerning his character: 'A nobleman of wonderful bountie, mirth, cheerfulness in conversation, charitable in his deeds, easy of access,a witty and ingenious composer of Irish poetry, and a learned and profound chronicler; and, in fine, one of the English nobility that had Irish learning and professors thereof in greatest reverence of all the English inIreland, died penitently after receipt of the sacraments of the holy church in proper form.' Fragments of Anglo-Norman verse attributed to him, known as Proverbs of the Earl of Desmond, survive."Duanaire GhearóidIarla (‘'The Poem-Book of Earl Gerald’') is preserved in a fifteenth-century manuscript, the Book of Fermoy. In addition, nine of his poems are preserved in the Book of the Dean of Lismore. Duanaire Ghearóid Iarla waspublished by Gearóid Mac Niocaill in Studia Hibernica 3 (1963): 7-59.In 1367 Desmond was made Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, but was soon replaced by Sir William de Windsor. In 1370 Brian O'Brien of Thomondexpelled his cousin Turlough. Desmond attempted to reinstate him. Brian marched on Limerick, and defeated Desmond, burning the city and Desmond's lands and imprisoning him.While in prison, Gerald wrote poetry inIrish, most famously the poem Mairg adeir olc ris na mnáibh (Speak not ill of womankind). Also an accomplished poet in Norman French, Gerald was instrumental in the move by the Desmond Geraldines towardsgreater use of the Irish language.In legendIn legend, Gerald's conception was the result of his father's romantic relationship with, or rape of, the goddess Áine, a legend that draws upon a pre-existing Celtic legendabout the King of Munster Ailill Aulom raping this deity, updating it with themes drawn from the Francophone courtly love poetry of Continental Europe, in particular the motif of the man who falls in love with a swanmaiden. The Geraldine claim to an association with Áine is typical of the family's Gaelicisation.After his disappearance in 1398, another legend grew up that Gerald sleeps in a cave beside (or under) Lough Gur, and willsomeday awaken and ride forth on a silver-shod steed to rule again in Desmond, – one of the many worldwide versions of the King asleep in mountain mythologisation of heroes.Marriage and issueIn 1359 Geraldmarried Eleanor (or Ellen) Butler, daughter of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. She died in 1404. They had four sons:John FitzGerald, 4th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGeraldJames FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond,'the Usurper'Robert FitzGerald de Adairand two daughters:Joan, who married Maurice FitzJohn, Lord of KerryCatherine, who married John FitzThomasSee alsoList of people who disappearedAncestryPassage 5:MauriceFitzGerald, 9th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond (died 1520) was the brother of James FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond.LifeUpon the murder of James FitzThomas FitzGerald, the 8th Earl ofDesmond, in 1487, his brother Maurice became the 9th Earl of Desmond. The murderer, John Murtagh was apprehended and put to death.In 1489 a plague ravaged the country, followed by a famine in 1497, and manydied.According to Alfred Webb: "Being lame, and usually carried in a horse-litter, he was styled 'Vehiculus,' and by some, on account of his bravery, 'Bellicosus.'"In 1495, Maurice FitzThomas FitzGerald supported thepretender, Perkin Warbeck, in the Siege of Waterford and other expeditions. Nevertheless, making a humble submission, King Henry VII not only forgave, but took him into favour, 26 August 1497, and granted him allthe 'customs, pockets, poundage, and prize-wines of Limerick, Cork, Kingsale, Baltimore, and Youghall, with other privileges and advantages.'About the year 1500, Maurice FitzGerald rebuilt Desmond Castle, athree-story tower house in the town of Kinsale, to serve as a Customs House for wine and gunpowder."The condition of the inhabitants within the Pale at this period is thus described by a contemporary writer: 'Whatwith the extortion of coyne and lyverye dayly, and wyth the wrongful exaction of osteing money, and of carryage and cartage dayly, and what with the Kinge's great subsydye yerely, and with the said trybute, andblak-rent to the Kinge's Iryshe enymyes, and other infynyt extortions, and dayly exactions, all the Englyshe folke of the countys of Dublyn, Kyldare, Meathe, and Uryell ben more oppressyd with than any other folke ofthis land, Englyshe or Iryshe, and of worsse condition be they athysside than in the marcheis.' O'Daly thus writes of Earl Maurice: 'This man was subsequently far famed for his martial exploits. He augmented his powerand possessions — for all his sympathies were English — and a furious scourge was he to the Irish, who never ceased to rebel against the crown of England. The bitterest enemy of the Geraldines he made his prisoner,to wit, MacCarthy Mor, Lord of Muskerry; and now having passed thirty years opulent, powerful, and dreaded, he died [1520] to the sorrow of his friends and the exultation of his enemies.' He was buried at Tralee. Hisfirst wife was daughter of Lord Fermoy; his second, daughter of the White Knight."Marriage and issue Maurice first married Ellen, daughter of Maurice Roche, 2nd Lord of Fermoy (distantly related to the Barons Fermoy),and his wife Lady Joan FitzGerald, daughter of James FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond, and had issue:Thomas FitzMaurice, who predeceased his father, leaving behind one daughterJames FitzGerald, 10th Earl ofDesmondJoan, who married Cormac Óg MacCarthyEllis, who married Connor O'Brien, King of ThomondMaurice's second wife was Honora, daughter of the White Knight.Passage 6:John FitzGerald, de facto 12th Earl ofDesmondJohn FitzGerald, de facto 12th Earl of Desmond (died December 1536) was the brother of Thomas FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Desmond. Upon his brother's death in 1534, John disputed the title to the earldom ofhis brother's grandson, James FitzGerald, de jure 12th Earl of Desmond.According to the Annals of the Four Masters, John FitzThomas FitzGerald was believed to have instigated the murder of his older brother, JamesFitzGerald, 8th Earl of Desmond in 1487, and had been expelled by his brother Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond.John died in 1536. His grandnephew, the de jure earl, died in 1540, and was succeeded by John'sson, James FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Desmond.Alfred Webb tells us of this earl that he, "being supported by a large faction, was de facto [12th] Earl. This Sir John died about Christmas 1536."Passage 7:James FitzGerald,6th Earl of DesmondJames FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond (d. 1462), called 'the Usurper', was a younger son of Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond, and Lady Eleanor, daughter of James Butler, 2nd Earl ofOrmond.LifeThe younger brother of John FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Desmond, James was uncle to the 4th Earl's only son Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond, whom he was able to deprive of his earldom anddispossess in 1418 for marrying far below his station. The marriage between a man of Norman ancestry and a woman of Gaelic blood was in violation of the Statutes of Kilkenny. James FitzGerald took a leading role inforcing his nephew into exile in France where he died at Rouen two years later.Although not acknowledged until 1422, he was in 1420 made Seneschal of Imokilly, Inchiquin, and the town of Youghal, by James Butler,4th Earl of Ormond. Also in 1420, he founded the Franciscan friary at Askeaton Abbey.In 1423 he was made Constable of Limerick for life. In 1445 he was excused attendance at Parliament. Along with his son-in-lawThomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare, James was a prominent Irish supporter of the House of York.He was also godfather to George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence.Dying in 1462 or 1463, Desmond was buried atthe Franciscan friary in Youghal.Marriage and issueJames married Mary, daughter of William de Burgh, and they had issue two sons:Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of DesmondSir Gerald Mor FitzGerald, ancestor of theFitzGerald Lords of Decies of County Waterfordand two daughters:Honor, married Thomas Fitzmaurice., Lord of KerryJoan/Jane, married Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of KildareAncestryNotesPassage 8:John FitzGerald,4th Earl of DesmondJohn FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Desmond (died 1399) was the son of Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond.  He married and had one son, Thomas, who succeeded him as Earl of Desmond.According toBurke, John FitzGerald married Joan Roche, the daughter of Lord Fermoy. On 4 March 1399, FitzGerald drowned at Ardfinnan on the River Suir, returning from an incursion into the territory of the Earl of Ormond..Hewas buried at Youghal, and succeeded by his son Thomas FitzJohn FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond.Passage 9:William Feilding, 3rd Earl of DenbighWilliam Feilding, 3rd Earl of Denbigh, 2nd Earl of Desmond (29December 1640 – 23 August 1685) was an aristocrat in the Peerage of England. He was the son of George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond, and his wife, the former Bridget Stanhope, daughter of Sir MichaelStanhope.Feilding inherited the title of Earl of Denbigh from his paternal uncle Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, who died without heirs in 1675.He married, firstly, Mary King (died 1669), daughter of Sir Robert Kingand Frances Folliott, daughter of Henry Folliott, 1st Baron Folliott and Anne Strode, and widow of Sir William Meredyth. Secondly, he married Lady Mary Carey, daughter of Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth. He diedon 23 August 1685 at age 44.By his first wife, Mary King, Feilding had the following children:Lady Mary Feilding (c. 1668 – c. December 1697), who married Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, and hadchildren.Basil Feilding, 4th Earl of Denbigh (1668 – 18 March 1717), who married Hester Firebrace, and had childrenThere were no children from the earl's second marriage.Passage 10:James FitzGerald, 1st Earl ofDesmondJames FitzGerald (c. 1570 – November 1601), an Irish nobleman, was the successor of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond. He assumed the title of Earl of Desmond, which had been suppressed in 1582after the Desmond Rebellions. He spent much of his life in captivity, and was temporarily, but unsuccessfully, restored to the earldom in 1600–01 by the English in an attempt to pacify Munster during the Nine YearsWar. He thus became the 1st Earl of Desmond, but soon returned to England, where he died in obscurity.Early lifeJames FitzGerald, the son of the 14th Earl and Eleanor Butler, was born during the earlier of theDesmond Rebellions; Queen Elizabeth of England was his godmother. He was resident in Ireland in 1579, when his father joined the later rebellion against the crown, and at that time his mother chose to deliver him toSir William Drury, lord deputy of Ireland, who placed him in custody in Dublin Castle. In August 1582, his mother complained bitterly to Lord Burghley that her son's education was being neglected and sought bettercare for him. After the death of his fugitive father, FitzGerald's gaolers made a petition to the English government for his removal to the Tower of London. The petition was granted in 1584, and before the end of theyear, he was removed to the Tower, where he remained for the next 16 years.CaptivityFitzGerald was the heir to the earldom of Desmond, but in 1585 his late father's estate was attainted by the Irish parliament and allits property confiscated by the crown. Most of the hereditary lands in the province of Munster then underwent a radical plantation by English settlers (see Plantation of Munster), but such was the loyalty attached to theFitzGerald name there that the government had good cause to fear a future rebellion. These events occurred during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and English fear was increased with the prospect of anintervention by the Spanish, who had a historical affinity with the west coast of Ireland.It was in this context that the young heir found himself nurtured in London, where he was to lead a miserable existence. Heappears to have been sickly, as shown by the accounts kept between 1588 and 1598 of payments for medicines, ointments, pills and syrups administered to him. In 1593, he wrote in pathetic terms to the queen'ssecretary, Sir Robert Cecil, but the government really only had one use for him.Irish campaignIn 1600, during the Nine Years War (Ireland) and following hostile intrusions into Munster at the direction of Hugh O'Neill,3rd Earl of Tyrone, it was suggested by Sir George Carew that FitzGerald be paraded through the province as the true Earl of Desmond, to counter the popularity of the pretender to the earldom, James FitzThomasFitzGerald, (known as the Súgán – i.e. Hayrope – Earl). The queen hesitated at this suggestion, but was convinced by Cecil that the risk was worth taking.A patent for the title of Earl of Desmond (the second creation)


Passage 1:Pooja BhattPooja Bhatt (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian film director, actress, voice over artist and film maker. Born into the Bhatt family, she is the daughter of Indian filmmaker, Mahesh Bhatt and the half-sister of Alia Bhatt and cousin of Emraan Hashmi. Bhatt played her first leading role in Mahesh Bhatt's television film Daddy in 1989. For the film, she won the Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year for Best Female Debut. She is also seen in the Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)Early lifePooja Bhatt was born on 24 February 1972 to Mahesh Bhatt and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright). On her father's side, Bhatt is of Gujarati descent and on her mother's side, she is of English, Scottish, Armenian, and Burmese ancestry. She is the step-daughter of Soni Razdan. She has a brother, Rahul Bhatt and half-sisters Shaheen and Alia Bhatt. Her cousins are Hitarth Bhat and Emraan Hashmi.CareerBhatt made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with Daddy, a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher.Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic It Happened One Night. Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust.Her most well-known films in the 1990s included Sadak opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), Junoon, Jaanam, and Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee opposite Rahul Roy, Sir (1993) and Guneghar (1995) opposite Atul Agnihotri, Tadipaar (1993) and Naaraaz (1994) opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Hum Dono opposite Rishi Kapoor, Angrakshak opposite Sunny Deol (1995), Chaahat opposite Shah Rukh Khan (1996), Tamanna (1997), the super-hit and multi-starrer Border (1997) and Zakhm (1998), opposite Ajay Devgan. Her last film appearance was in the English language film Everybody Says I'm Fine! in 2001.From 2003 to 2012, she focused on producing and directing. She made her directorial debut with Paap in 2004, starring John Abraham and Udita Goswami. Since then, she has made four more directorial ventures: Holiday (2006), Dhokha (2007), Kajraare (2010) and Jism 2 (2012).In 2020, Bhatt returned to acting with Sadak 2, a sequel to the hit 1991 film. Her father returned to directing with this film after 20 years. It was released on 28 August 2020 on the streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar.In 2021, Bhatt made her web series debut in the Netflix series Bombay Begums. It also featured Rahul Bose, Amruta Subhash, Shahana Goswami, Plabita Borthakur and Aadhya Anand.In 2022, she appeared in the film Chup: Revenge of the Artist.Currently , She is a Participant of Bigg Boss OTT 2FilmographyActing rolesTelevisionAwards and recognitionsPassage 2:Peter HamelPeter Hamel (1911–1979) was a German screenwriter and a director of film and television. He appeared as himself in the 1948 comedy Film Without a Title. He is the father of the composer Peter Michael Hamel.Selected filmographyFilm Without a Title (1948)Artists' Blood (1949)Oh, You Dear Fridolin (1952)The Daring Swimmer (1957)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Yasuichi OshimaYasuichi Oshima ( , Ōshima Yasuichi, born 24 March 1954 in Kyoto) is a Japanese manga artist. In 1984, he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Bats & Terry.He is the father of manga artist Towa Oshima.Selected worksKenkaku Shōbai (2008–2021)Passage 5:Paul BrookePaul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004), and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.CareerBrooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch "The Library". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the Classic and New series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.FilmographyFilmTelevisionExternal linksPaul Brooke at IMDbPassage 6:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting."As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 7:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 8:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 9:KajraareKajraare (transl. Collyrium) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pooja Bhatt, starring Himesh Reshammiya and Sara Loren in the lead roles. Reshammiya plays a singer who falls in love with a bar dancer and the film is centred on how they find true love. It is the first Hindi film to be shot in Petra, often called "the eighth wonder of the world."PlotRajiv Bhel (Himesh Reshammiya) is haunted by his very own past which torments him. He moves to Jordan where he has a job as a bartender, however Avtaar Singh forbids him to stay and immediately wants him to return to India. Rajiv then contemplates suicide but the eyes of a ravishing beauty strikes his own eyes. A chase ensues, until another man appears and takes the "beauty" in his own hands. The guy tells Rajiv if he wants to see what she does, he must come to the bar to "watch her dance".Rajiv visits the aquarium and he sees the lady again and develops immense love for her. The woman is Nargis who is revealed as a prostitute. He then falls in love. One night, Rajiv visits the "bar", and watches her (Nargis) dance. Embarrassed and feeling unworthy, Rajiv runs away, however, after the end of the night, its time to head home. Nargis and her colleagues get in a taxi which Rajiv follows. At the end of the trip, Rajiv gets closer to Nargis only for Rajiv to return the scarf that Nargis dropped at the bar. Mockingly, Nargis refuses it but Rajiv says if she keeps disappearing like this, he will hang himself with the scarf. Nargis offers for a longer one in a jokingly way.Regardless, Rajiv wants to marry Nargis. Rajiv wants Nargis to be free from prostitution. Rajiv must now get past Zohra Baano. She owns a prostitution business and hires other women to do their dirty work, the only source of income. Zohra Baano wants a price in exchange and Rajiv is willing to do that. Slowly, Nargis begins to develop feelings for Rajiv. One night, Nargis escapes the brothel, Rajiv finds her and takes her to a hotel. Nargis realises this was a mistake so she must return to the brothel. As soon as the "couple" leave the hotel, 3 drunkards approach them and one of them recognizes Rajiv as "Rocky". In fact, this is his real name, although "Rajiv" denies it. Rajiv fights off the drunkards and realises that Nargis knows the truth. So he decides to come clean about his life story.Rocky Desai (also Himesh Reshammiya), a singer, is on the aeroplane. An ardent boy, who's a fan of Rocky, and his granny wants an autograph so Rocky writes one for them. On the plane, an uneasy passenger heads for the restroom but he is a terrorist. He threatens the entire crew, until Rocky sees this. He gets into a fight but suddenly the gun goes off killing the terrorist. Avtaar tells Rocky, he just killed Babbar's brother. Babbar is a most-wanted terrorist. He vows revenge on Rocky. Avtaar recommends Rocky to change his identity and start afresh. And this is how Rocky becomes Rajiv.Rajiv breaks Avtaar's oath by going back to UK. He's playing with his sister in the park until he receives a call. It is Avtaar who wants him to return to London (as a cover up) Babbar is targeting his sister. After the call, his sister is gone. The white woman who witnessed the event says a man just took her. Babbar then tells Rocky he's sister is dead. This shatters him completely.What follows is the underlying quest for true love. At the climax, Babbar captures Zohra Baano and Nargis. Rajiv / Rocky rescues them and kills Babbar. At the end, they are married.CastHimesh Reshammiya as Rajiv Behl / Rocky DesaiSara Loren as Nargis (Mona Lizza)Amrita Singh as Zohra BaanoNatasha Sinha as Nargis (Mona Lizza)'s motherGaurav Chanana as Sadiq - DeadJaved Sheikh as Tariq AnwarGulshan Grover as Avtaar SinghAnupam Shyam as  NawazAdnan Shah as Babur Altaf KhanVeeru KrishnanReleaseThe film was supposed to be released on 6 August 2010, along with Aisha, but due to clashes between director Pooja Bhatt and the producer, Bhushan Kumar, the release was delayed. According to sources, Kumar later sold the satellite rights to a television channel, which wanted it to have an official theatrical release before they could air it. On 15 October 2010, the film was released in only two theatres in Mumbai.Bhushan Kumar stated in an interview that the film will release worldwide on the TV channel Colors in December 2010.The film was previewed on UTV Movies on 28 May 2011. The Film was also previewed on Star Gold Channel.Home mediaThe DVDs and VCDs of Kajraare were released by Eros in the first week of December 2010.SoundtrackThe soundtrack of Kajraare was released on 30 May 2010. The album has 7 tracks and 4 remixes. All songs are composed and sung by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics by Sameer.Track listingPassage 10:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru ( , August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the "father of the Japanese railways".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the "Chōshū Five":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue Masaru


Passage 1:Köpekler AdasıKöpekler Adası is a 1997 Turkish film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Mursit Bag, Ekrem Dümer, and Tanju Gürsu.Passage 2:Borsalino & Co.Borsalino & Co. is a 1974 French crime filmdirected by Jacques Deray and starring Alain Delon, Riccardo Cucciolla and Daniel Ivernel. It is the sequel to the 1970 film Borsalino, opening with the criminal Siffredi as he searches Marseille for the gang thatmurdered his friend Capella.PlotSiffredi, a prominent gangster in 1930s Marseille, learns that the murder of his associate and closest friend Capella was ordered by a new arrival in the city, Volpone. In revenge, he killsVolpone's brother by throwing him from a moving train. A gang war ensues. Volpone's men win, capturing Siffredi and putting his mistress Lola in a brothel. Siffredi is humiliated by the gang by turning him into analcoholic wreck who is shut up in a psychiatric hospital. Rescued by the only other survivor of the gang, he escapes by boat to Italy. Left supreme in Marseille, Volpone is backed by the government of Nazi Germany andhas the police in his pocket.Three years later, Siffredi has recovered his health, made some money and assembled a new gang. Returning to Marseille, they free Lola from the brothel and in a new war eliminate most ofVolpone's men. Capturing his right-hand man together with the police commissioner who kowtows to him, Siffredi makes the two roaring drunk and calls in journalists to publicise the shameful spectacle. A new policecommissioner decides to let Siffredi finish the job. When Volpone tries to flee to Germany, Siffredi captures him on the train and stuffs him into the firebox of the locomotive. Not wanting to start again in Marseille, withLola and his gang he then takes a ship for the United States.Partial castAlain Delon - Roch SiffrediRiccardo Cucciolla - VolponeDaniel Ivernel - Inspector FantiReinhard Kolldehoff - SamAndré Falcon - InspectorCazenaveLionel Vitrant - FernandAdolfo Lastretti - LucianoGreg Germain - Le 'Nègre'Pierre Koulak - SpadaMarius Laurey - TeissereSerge Davri - CharlieGünter Meisner - Le médecinJacques Debary - Le préfetDjéloulBeghoura - LucienBruno Balp - Un spectateur de l'AlcazarCatherine Rouvel - LolaAnton Diffring - GermanMireille Darc - CameoProductionFilming took place from 29 March to 25 June 1974.ReceptionThe film was a boxoffice disappointment, especially considering the success of the first movie.Passage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grewup in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden fromwatching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas andmusical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of MedicalSciences. He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provideoffspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues ofwomen’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from JinnahPublic School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with "theconflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways..." Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landedthemselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition." His third film Houseof Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where heconfronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starringFelissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets amysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 4:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of theABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed byPhiladelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor'sdegree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950Club" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of theABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on hispodium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at anursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 5:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова,tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727)was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary asthat of Peter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska.Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he marriedDorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likelythat two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculatethat he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent toMarienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered avery beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or JohannRabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, andField Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented inher undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was hismistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great ofRussia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikovand Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, whilevisiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new nameCatherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter aredescribed as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peterhad moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as thoughthey were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was veryenergetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was saidto have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of theother women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. Inany case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712.  She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married anddivorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom toEmpire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.IssueCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Annaand Elizabeth:Peter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancyPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancyCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15May 1728)Grand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)Grand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)Grand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June1715)Grand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)Grand Duke PeterPetrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)SiblingsUpon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titlesof Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.Krystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: СимонГейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.Anna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the CountsEfimovsky.Karol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, aRussian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.Fryderyk Skowroński,renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without havingchildren by either of them.Reign as empress regnantCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's formermistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine's secretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great dealof influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this hadbeen overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Monshad had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the "new men", commoners who had been brought topositions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup wasarranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia. Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and theBishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council.Catherine viewed the deposedempress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner.DeathCatherine I died two years after Peter I, on17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise.Before her death she recognized Peter II,the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor.Assessment and legacyCatherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, includingher daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia.  At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 menand supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe.  However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annualrevenue.  Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure.  For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers.  However, on this single issue, the reduction ofmilitary expenses, Catherine was able to have her way.  The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler.The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands ofone party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against GreatBritain.Catherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bearsher name.The city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name.She also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning "Catherine's Valley"), itsadjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution ofthe President.In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious.  The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.See alsoBibliography of Russian history(1613–1917)Rulers of Russia family treeNotesPassage 6:Jacques DerayJacques Deray (born Jacques Desrayaud; 19 February 1929 – 9 August 2003) was a French film director and screenwriter. Deray is prominentlyknown for directing many crime and thriller films.BiographyBorn Jacques Desrayaud in Lyon, France, in 1929 to a family of Lyon industrialists. At the age of 19 he went to Paris to study drama under René Simon. Derayplayed minor roles on the stage and in films from the age of 19. From 1952, Deray worked as assistant to a number of directors, including Luis Buñuel, Gilles Grangier, Jules Dassin, and Jean Boyer.Deray's first film wasthe drama Le Gigolo released in 1960. Deray was fascinated by  American film noir and began to focus on crime stories. Deray's early work includes Du rififi à Tokyo, an homage to Jules Dassin's Rififi. Deray's reputationwas established with the 1969 film La Piscine which starred Romy Schneider and Alain Delon. La Piscine was not distributed widely outside France, but the follow-up gave Deray his biggest international hit withBorsalino, a film starring Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo about two small-time gangsters who murder their way to the top in bustling 1930s Marseilles.Deray became dedicated to the genre that won him favor withaudiences and continued to make thrillers, action films, and spy films throughout the rest of his career adapting works of both French and English authors including Georges Simenon, Jean-Patrick Manchette, and DerekRaymond. In 1981, Deray served as president of the jury of the 34th Cannes Film Festival. Deray's last theatrical release was L'Ours en peluche in 1994. Deray worked professionally in television until his death in 2003.On his death, French President Jacques Chirac praised Deray, noting his "innate sense of storytelling and action" and adding that "France has lost one of its most talented filmmakers."Jacques Deray PrizeCreated by in2005 to honor Deray, who served as vice-president of the Institut Lumière until his death, the Jacques Deray Prize rewards the best French crime-thriller film of the year. Among the first laureates are 36 Quai desOrfèvres by Olivier Marchal, The Beat That My Heart Skipped by Jacques Audiard, Tell No One by Guillaume Canet, The Second Wind by Alain Corneau, and later Polisse by Maïwenn (2012).FilmographyPassage 7:Halit