Passage 1:The Slaughter RuleThe Slaughter Rule is a 2002 independent film directed by Alex Smith and Andrew J. Smith and starring Ryan Gosling and David Morse.  The film, set in contemporary Montana, exploresthe relationship between a small-town high school football player (Gosling), and his troubled coach (Morse). The film was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.PlotRoy Chutney is a highschool senior in the fictional Montana town of Blue Springs. Roy does not have an especially close relationship with his mother Evangeline and has not seen his father in years. That does not prevent Roy from feelingemotionally devastated when he learns that his father has killed himself, and Roy's self-esteem takes a beating when he is cut from the high school football team shortly afterward. Roy whiles away his time by swillingbeer with his best friend, Tracy Two Dogs, and falling into a romance with Skyla, a barmaid at a local tavern, but Roy's short time on the high school gridiron seems to have impressed Gideon Ferguson, a local characterwho coaches an unsanctioned high school six-man football team when he is not delivering newspapers or trying to score a gig singing country songs at nearby honky-tonks.Gideon thinks that Roy has potential and askshim to join his team; encouraged by Gideon's belief in him, Roy agrees, and he persuades Tracy and his friend Russ to tag along. While playing hardscrabble six-man football helps restore Roy's self-confidence, he findsit does not answer his questions about his future or his relationship with Skyla. When Gideon's overwhelming interest in Roy begins to lend credence to town rumors that Gideon is gay, Roy starts to wonder just why hewas asked to join the team.CastRyan Gosling as Roy ChutneyDavid Morse as Gideon FergusonClea DuVall as Skyla SiscoKelly Lynch as Evangeline ChutneyDavid Cale as StudebakerEddie Spears as Tracy Two DogsAmyAdams as DoreenKen White as Russ ColfaxProductionJay Farrar, founder of the alternative country bands Uncle Tupelo and Son Volt, composed the film's musical score. New songs were written and performed by VicChesnutt and Freakwater, and existing songs by Ryan Adams, Uncle Tupelo, and the Pernice Brothers were also included.Filming for the movie largely took place in Great Falls, Montana, and a series of small towns inthe Great Falls vicinity.The title of the film comes from the term "slaughter rule." The unofficial rule provides for an athletic competition's premature conclusion if one team is ahead of the other by a certain number ofpoints prior to game's end. The rule helps to avoid humiliating the losing team further.ReleaseThe film premiered in January 2002 during the Sundance Film Festival. Later that year, the film entered the South bySouthwest Film Festival and the AFI Film Festival. It went into limited release nationwide beginning January 2003.Critical receptionOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74%based on 31 reviews, and an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A bleak but original indie, The Slaughter Rule benefits from outstanding performances by Ryan Gosling and David Morse."On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".While the performances by Morse and Gosling were generally received positively, somereviews of the film criticized the script. Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Stephen Holden praised the performances of Gosling and Morse, but opined that the film is "confused" and "doesn't have muchdramatic momentum". In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Manohla Dargis praised the film's cinematography but wrote that although the film has the virtue of sincerity, the story is "over-explained".Joe Leydon ofVariety claimed the script "plays like a first draft". However, Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle thought that the "writing and directing team of twin brothers Alex and Andrew Smith have made anastonishingly good first feature". J. R. Jones, writing in Chicago Reader, described the film as "powerful" and especially praised David Morse's performance.AccoladesThe film received the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2002Stockholm Film Festival and the Milagro Award at the 2002 Santa Fe Film Festival. The film was also nominated for the John Cassavetes Award at the 2003 Film Independent Spirit Awards and the Grand Jury Prize at the2002 Sundance Film Festival.See alsoList of American football filmsPassage 2:It's Never Too Late (1956 film)It's Never Too Late is a 1956 British comedy film directed by Michael McCarthy and starring Phyllis Calvert,Patrick Barr, Susan Stephen and Guy Rolfe. It was based on a 1952 play of the same name by Felicity Douglas.PlotFeeling her combative family has long taken her for granted, genteel British housewife Laura Hammondsomehow finds time to write a film script amidst the chaos of her home life. Her work catches the attention of a Hollywood producer, and Laura unexpectedly finds herself the author of a hit film. She also finds she canonly write when she's surrounded by her dysfunctional family. Eventually, Laura must choose between being a highly paid writer and celebrity or a housewife.CastPhyllis Calvert as Laura HammondPatrick Barr asCharles HammondSusan Stephen as Tessa HammondGuy Rolfe as Stephen HodgsonJean Taylor Smith as GrannieSarah Lawson as Anne HammondDelphi Lawrence as Mrs Madge DixonPeter Hammond as TonyRichardLeech as John HammondRobert Ayres as Leroy CranePeter Illing as GuggenheimerIrene Handl as NeighbourSam Kydd UncreditedFred Griffiths as Removal Man (uncredited)Critical receptionTV Guide noted, "someclever moments, but the film suffers from a staginess that makes it a mildly amusing comedy at best" ; while the Radio Times found it "an amiable comedy...This is very much of its time, with its West End originsmasked by skilful art direction, but the period cast is a British film fan's delight: Guy Rolfe, Patrick Barr, Susan Stephen, Irene Handl, and even a young Shirley Anne Field. Director Michael McCarthy whips up a fair oldstorm in this particular teacup, and, although nothing really happens, there's a great deal of pleasure to be had from watching Calvert attempt to rule over her unruly household."Passage 3:Never Too Late (1997film)Never Too Late is a 1996 Canadian comedy-drama film starring Olympia Dukakis, Jean Lapointe, Cloris Leachman and Corey Haim. It was filmed in Montreal, Quebec.Plot summaryJoseph, Rose, and Olive suspectCarl, the owner of a retirement home, of misusing the funds of the home's residents. Together they set out to see that no one takes advantage of their unhealthy friend Woody.CastOlympia Dukakis as RoseClorisLeachman as OliveJan Rubeš as JosephMatt Craven as CarlJean Lapointe as WoodyCorey Haim as MaxAwardsAt the 17th Genie Awards in 1996, Paola Ridolfi received a nomination for Best Art Direction/ProductionDesign, and Donald Martin was nominated for Best Original Screenplay.Passage 4:Never Too Late (1935 film)Never Too Late is a 1935 American crime film directed by Bernard B. Ray and stars Richard Talmadge,Thelma White and Robert Frazer.PlotCastRichard Talmadge as Det. Dick ManningThelma White as Helen LloydRobert Frazer as Commissioner George HartleyMildred Harris as Marie Lloyd HartleyVera Lewis as MotherHartleyRobert Walker as Matt Dunning - Henchman bidding at auctionGeorge Chesebro as Dude Hannigan - Second Henchman At AuctionBull Montana as Monte, an escaped convictPaul Ellis as Lavelle, the jewelthiefLloyd Ingraham as Chief of Detectives WinterPassage 5:It's Never Too Late to MendIt's Never Too Late to Mend (alternatively just Never Too Late to Mend; US release title Never Too Late) is a 1937 Britishmelodrama film directed by David MacDonald and starring Tod Slaughter, Jack Livesey and Marjorie Taylor. In the film, a villainous squire and Justice of the Peace conspires to have his rival in love arrested on falsecharges.It is based on the 1856 novel It Is Never Too Late to Mend by Charles Reade. The film was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie for release by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was popular enough to bere-released in 1942.The novel was adapted once before, as a British silent film in 1922, starring Russell Thorndike as Squire Meadows.Plot summaryCastTod Slaughter as Squire John MeadowsJack Livesey as TomRobinsonMarjorie Taylor as Susan MertonIan Colin as George FieldingLaurence Hanray as Lawyer CrawleyD.J. Williams as Farmer MertonRoy Russell as Reverend Mr. EdenJohn Singer as Matthew JosephsLeonard Sharpas BradshawMavis Villiers as BettyCecil Bevan as Prison InspectorDouglas Stewart as Prison InspectorJack Vyvian as InnkeeperCritical receptionTV Guide wrote, "Great fun in the old cloak-and-dagger melodramastyle...Played in an exaggerated, bigger-than-life manner, this melodrama is a good enough outing, particularly for fans of camp." and Sky Movies wrote, "As usual, Tod Slaughter ignores the intimacy of the filmmedium and roars through this movie at full throttle, giving the kind of marvellously storming performance that would easily have reached the back row of the upper circle...David MacDonald is more a referee than aconventional director, coming up with a highly entertaining slice of ripe and fruity hokum."Passage 6:Alex Smith (golfer)Alexander Smith (28 January 1874 – 21 April 1930) was a Scottish-American professional golferwho played in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a member of a famous Scottish golfing family. His brother Willie won the U.S. Open in 1899, and Alex won it in both 1906 and 1910. Like many Britishprofessionals of his era he spent much of his adult life working as a club professional in the United States.Early lifeSmith was born in Carnoustie, Scotland, on 28 January 1874, the son of John D. Smith and Joann Smithnée Robinson. On 18 January 1895 he was married to Jessie Maiden—sister of James Maiden—and they had two daughters, Fannie and Margaret, born in 1896 and 1899, respectively. Smith was sometimes referred toas "Alec" Smith, especially early in his career.Golf careerHe was the head professional at Nassau Country Club in Glen Cove, New York, from 1901 through 1909. James Maiden, who would forge a successful golf careerof his own, served as assistant professional under Smith at Nassau.In 1901, Smith lost to Willie Anderson in a playoff for the U.S. Open title. Smith's 1906 U.S. Open victory came at the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest,Illinois. His 72-hole score of 295 was the lowest at either the U.S. Open or the British Open up to that time, and he won $300. The 1910 U.S. Open was played over the St. Martin's course at the Philadelphia CricketClub. Smith won a three-man playoff against American John McDermott and another of his own brothers, Macdonald Smith. Alex Smith played in eighteen U.S. Opens in total and accumulated eleven top tenplacings.Smith, who partnered with C. A. Dunning in the 1905 Metropolitan Open four-ball tournament held on 16 September 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, tied for first place with George Low and FredHerreshoff with a score of 71. A playoff wasn't held due to the fact that Smith was also competing in the medal competition which he won from Willie Anderson.Smith also won the Western Open twice and theMetropolitan Open four times.Later lifeIn 1910, Smith was a widower and lived with his two young daughters and sister-in-law, Allison Barry, in New Rochelle, New York. He was the head professional at the WestchesterCountry Club in Rye, New York. After the death of his brother, Willie Smith, he took over responsibility for the design of Club de Golf Chapultepec, which has hosted the Mexican Open multiple times, and theWGC-Mexico Championship since 2017.Death and legacySmith died on 21 April 1930 at a sanatorium in Baltimore, Maryland.Tournament winsNote: This list may be incomplete1903 Western Open1905 MetropolitanOpen1906 U.S. Open, Western Open1909 Metropolitan Open1910 U.S. Open, Metropolitan Open1913 Metropolitan OpenMajor championshipsWins (2)1Defeated John McDermott and MacDonald Smith in an 18-holeplayoff – A. Smith 71 (−2), McDermott 75 (+2) & M. Smith 77 (+4).Results timelineSmith died before the Masters Tournament was founded.NYF = Tournament not yet foundedNT = No tournamentDNP = Did notplayWD = Withdrew"T" indicates a tie for a placeGreen background for wins. Yellow background for top-10Team appearancesFrance–United States Professional Match (representing the United States): 1913Passage 7:ItIs Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)It Is Never Too Late to Mend is an Australian feature-length silent film written and directed by W. J. Lincoln. It was based on a stage adaptation of the popular 1865 novel It IsNever Too Late to Mend: A Matter-of-Fact Romance by Charles Reade about the corrupt penal system in Australia. It was called "certainly one of the best pictures ever taken in Australia."The novel has been creditedwith exposing cruelties in the Australian prison system and having helped end the convict system.It is considered a lost film. It was filmed again in 1913 and in 1937 (the latter film being the definitive version starringTod Slaughter as the evil squire).The film was made by the Tait family, who also made the first Australian feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang. The Taits went on to make several more films with Lincoln, includingThe Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1911), The Luck of Roaring Camp (1911), Called Back (1911), The Lost Chord (May 1911), The Bells (1911) and The Double Event (1911). This was Lincoln's first film in a rather shortcareer, as he died soon after in 1917 in Sydney, Australia at age 47.PlotThe film begins at Grance Farm in England, rented by Georgie and William Fileing. The farm is struggling and the brothers have to sell their newhay to stave off the landlord. The Honorable Frank Winchester contemplates going abroad and asks George to accompany him. However, George is in love with his cousin, Susan Merton, and does not want to make thetrip.Susan is also loved by the villainous John Meadows. He refuses to lend money to Georgie and there is an eviction sale on the farm.George Fielding travels to Australia to make enough money to marry Susan. Georgediscovers gold and a bushranger gang tries to rob him but the other miners come to George's rescue.There is a subplot about a thief acquaintance of George, Tom Robinson, who is sent to gaol and suffers brutaltreatment at the hands of the guards. Susan is about to marry the evil Meadows but he is unmasked at the wedding by Isaac Levy. The wedding goes ahead with Susan marrying George instead.The film consisted of 60scenes. It was issued with a summary of the story and featured chapter titles which prepared the audiences for incidents before they happened. It was also often accompanied by a lecturer.According to The Age"Interesting phases of early Australian life are revealed, including the fascinating stories of the gold discoveries... in the construction of the story for picture purposes, the salient features of the novel have been retainedand a descriptive address accompanies the production."CastStanley WalpoleProductionStage adaptations of the novel had been popular since 1865.In February 1911 The Bulletin reported that:The Taits are going toproduce It’s Never Too Late To Mend in biograph drama form at Melbourne Glaeiarium.   "Willie" Lincoln, who was an Australian playwright in his youth, and is nowadays running the "Paradise" Pictures at St. Kilda, isunderstood to be responsible for this biograph version of Charles Reade’s drama.   Picture show condensations of familiar stories, also original film dramas of the sort now imported from America and Europe, might aswell be locally fixed up.  There’s no better country than Australia for open-air photography, and few that are nearly as good.The film was shot in Melbourne and "enacted by a specially-selected company of Victorianartists" who were "a selected metropolitan company of 60 performers." The estimated budget was £300-£400.ReceptionBox officeThe movie debuted at the Olympia Theatre in Haymarket, Sydney in January 1911. Alecturer accompanied screenings and would explain the action that took place.The movie broke box office records at the Olympia. It later drew strong crowds in Melbourne as well.CriticalThe Bulletin called it:Aninteresting piece... adapted by W.J. Lincoln for dumb show purposes, and Johnson and Gibson had prepared three or four thousand feet of photographs for reproduction on the screen. The picture promised well for thefuture of the Australian "art film" industry. Theadapter has "potted" the novel, rather than the drama of the same name, and done it very well. The actors look their parts and play them dramatically, and the heroine,who is a first consideration and the only girl in the piece, fills the bill quite charmingly. For about an hour   "It’s Never Too Late To Mend " kept a packed house interested. A man with a ripe, sonorous voice supplied briefdescriptive details, and kept the story in a state of coherency, the only noticeable shortcoming being the absence of a moral tag, to the effect that the conversion of the English thief, Tom Robinson, had been fullycompleted in The Sunny South.The Sydney Sunday Times said there "was special performances by a company of Australian actors."Melbourne's Table Talk called it "a most gratifying success in all ways. The pictures areclear and the acting is adequate, while to our ideas it is more natural, for it has not the Gallic mannerisms and excessive gesture noticeable in some of the imported pictorial dramas, which are usually interpreted byFrench artists."The Riverine Herald stated "the cast was well chosen and well balanced, and the dramatic action of the play was finely brought out."The Launceston Examiner said "in its construction the adapter hasendeavoured to retain all the main and most salient features of the novel, allowing for the bridging over of many incidents, to make a natural sequence and clear-cut story."The Launceston Daily Telegraph said the novelhad been "exceedingly well adapted by W. J. Lincoln... [a] magnificent pictorial representation, so full of strong human interest".USA ReleaseThe film was released in the US in August 1914.LegacyThe box office successof the film encouraged the Tait brothers and Millard and Johnson to appoint Lincoln as the main director for their new company, Amalgamated Pictures, which operated for over a year.Passage 8:It's Never Too Late(1953 film)It's Never Too Late (Italian: Non è mai troppo tardi) is a 1953 Italian comedy film directed by Filippo Walter Ratti. The film is based on the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.PlotAntonioTrabbi is a greedy old man with a very rough personality and obsessed by money. He deprecates charity and love and has no friends or love interest, being lonely and avoided by people. On Christmas Eve he is visitedby the ghost of his former business partner, who warns him about his life-style and announces the visit of three spirits, who will show Antonio past, present and future Christmas days. During the night, the three spiritsactually appear to Trabbi, showing him his sad past, the bad reputation he has with everyone and the bad outcome of his actions, which will lead him to a lonely death and to terrible punishments in Hell. When Trabbiwakes up he is greatly distressed by the visions and eager to change his life, starting with that very same Christmas Day.CastPaolo Stoppa as Antonio TrabbiGuglielmo BarnabòIsa Barzizza as Rosanna GennariLuigiBatzella (as Gigi Batzella)Sergio BergonzelliLola Braccini as Antonio's motherArturo Bragaglia as L'ominoEnzo Cerusico as Antonio as childOlinto Cristina as FranciGiorgio De Lullo as The Strange Man in the PubGiulioDonnini as Orazio ColussiAttilio Dottesio as The man who poses the riddle at the partyLeda Gloria as Anna ColussiSusanne Lévesy as Giulia - Daniele's wifeEllida Lorini as Rosanna as childMarcello Mastroianni asRiccardoLeonilde MontesiValeria Moriconi as MartaLuisa RivelliDaniela SpallottaLuigi Tosi as Daniele TrabbiSee alsoList of Christmas filmsList of ghost filmsAdaptations of A Christmas CarolPassage 9:Alberto ManziAlbertoManzi (Italian pronunciation: [albrto mandzi]; Rome, 3 November 1924 – Pitigliano, 4 December 1997) was an Italian school teacher, writer and television host, best known for being the art director of Non è maitroppo tardi (Italian for It's never too late), an educational TV programme broadcast between 1959 and 1968.BiographyHe attended navy studies before ending his primary training high school degree and followed apeculiar path of studies, achieving three academic degrees: in biology, pedagogy and philosophy.He worked as an educator in a teen-age prison in Rome before a full-time job as a primary school teacher.He was chosen


Passage 1:Roy Rowland (film director)Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed a number of films in the 1950s and 1960s including OurVines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The Girl Hunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGMproducer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland, born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK.BiographyEarly lifeRoy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. Thefamily moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He thenbegan working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at the Santa Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Herfamily disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped. This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer.He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films, starringJohnny Weissmuller in the 1930s.Short filmsRowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the "How to" series of shorts starring Robert Benchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an AcademyAward. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in the Pete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Payseries.FeaturesRowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town (1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel(1948). He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and The Seven Hills of Rome (1957). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. Hedirected Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's son Steve.Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son.Partial filmographyHollywood Party (1934) –co-directorSunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) – shortCinema Circus (1937) – shortHollywood Party (1937) – shortSong of Revolt (1937) – shortHow to Start the Day (1937) – shortA Night at the Movies (1937) –short film with Robert BenchleyMusic Made Simple (1938) – shortAn Evening Alone (1938) – shortHow to Raise a Baby (1938) – shortThe Courtship of the Newt (1938) – shortHow to Read (1938) – shortHow to WatchFootball (1938) – shortOpening Day (1938) – shortMental Poise (1938) – shortHow to Sub-Let (1939) – shortAn Hour for Lunch (1939) – shortDark Magic (1939) – shortHome Early (1939) – shortHow to Eat (1939) –shortThink First (1939) – shortJack Pot (1940) – shortPlease Answer (1940) – short (documentary)You, the People (1940) – shortSucker List (1941) – shortChanged Identity (1941) – shortA Stranger in Town(1943)Lost Angel (1943)Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945)Boys' Ranch (1946)The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947)Killer McCoy (1947)Tenth Avenue Angel (1948)Scene of the Crime (1949)The Outriders (1950)TwoWeeks with Love (1950)Excuse My Dust (1951)Bugles in the Afternoon (1952)The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T (1953)Affair with a Stranger (1953)The Moonlighter (1953)Rogue Cop (1954)Witness to Murder (1954)Light'sDiamond Jubilee (1954, TV special, with six other directors)Many Rivers to Cross (1955)Hit the Deck (1955)Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956)These Wilder Years (1956)Slander (1956)Gun Glory (1957)Seven Hills of Rome(1957)The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1959–60, TV series) – also producerThe Girl Hunters (1963) – also writerGunfighters of Casa Grande (1964)Man Called Gringo (1965)The Sea Pirate (1966) – also producerIlgrande colpo di Surcouf (1966)Land Raiders (1970) – associate producer onlyPassage 2:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder andstarring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgiansailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle'sbrother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the barand also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders hisaccomplice Vic by slitting his throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playinga game of chance with all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that"That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes." Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's "loss" to Robert, who won his dice game,the brothers end up in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexuallyassaulting him.  Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love withGil, who closely resembles his brother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior,Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to adrunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl asRobert / GilGünther Kaufmann as NonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert vanAckeren as Drunken legionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by WernerSchroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including JohnSchlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then "took the linear narrative and jumbled it up". White quotes Schidor as saying"Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was asort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots,but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, "Everything is bathed in an artificial light and thearchitectural elements are all symbolic."SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – "Each Man Kills the Things He Loves" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol")"Young and Joyful Bandit"(Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for "Worst Original Song".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its releasein Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57%calculated based on 14 critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted thatQuerelle was "a mess...a detour that leads to a dead end."Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's "perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibilityto come from a major filmmaker." Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it "visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose." Genet, in discussion with Schidor, saidthat he had not seen the film, commenting "You can't smoke at the movies."Passage 3:Angna EntersAnita "Angna" Enters (April 18, 1897 – February 25, 1989) was an American dancer, mime, painter, writer, novelistand playwright. She studied at the Art Students League of New York and was a 1934 Guggenheim fellow. She wrote a novel and three autobiographies as well as the films Lost Angel (1943) and Tenth Avenue Angel(1948).Early lifeEnters was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from North Division High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She saw the first Denishawn concert tour in 1925, and the following year, an Americantour of Sergei Diaghilev's Les Ballets Russes.Emergence as a dancerEnters moved to New York to study at the Art Students League of New York in 1920, and began to study dance with Michio Itō the following year,eventually performing as Michio's partner in 1933. That year she created her first piece, an evocation of a statue of a Gothic Virgin, entitled Ecclesiastique. The piece later became Moyen Age. In 1934, she borrowed $25with which to present her first solo program at the Greenwich Village Theater. Her solo program, The Theatre of Angna Enters, toured the United States and Europe until 1939 and was performed, though less often, until1960. In 1934, Enters was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to study Hellenistic art forms in Athens, Greece.Visual artistEnters created a large body of visual art, including sketches, landscape drawings, archaeologicalstudies, costume plates, water colors and oil portraits. Many of her sketches and paintings were exhibited in the United States and Europe. Her sketches were often costume designs for characters of her mimeperformances or set designs for plays. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York holds selected works by Enters, as do other museums.Personal lifeEnters met journalist Louis Kantor in 1921. The two began datingsecretly in 1924, wed quietly in Spain in 1936 but maintained separate households. In 1924, Enters changed her first name to Angna and began using 1907 as her birth year. Kantor also changed his name to LouisKalonyme in 1924 and began writing art criticism for Arts and Decoration magazine. Kalonyme was friends with many notable thinkers of the day: Eugene O'Neill, George Bernard Shaw, and Georgia O'Keeffe amongthem. The couple did not have any children and Kalonyme died in 1961 after a long illness.In 1924 the realist painter and printmaker John Sloan, along with his fellow artists Robert Henri and George Bellows, attendedone of Enters’s shows. They were enchanted. The following year Sloan asked Enters to pose for him in one of her dance routines, “Contre Danse.” Sloan’s etching of this subject was the first of seven etchings that heproduced, from 1925 to 1930, showing Enters performing various of her compositions. Although Enters posed for Sloan’s etching of Contre Danse, his six subsequent etchings were done from drawings executed by himwhile he was attending her shows. These etchings convincingly portray the attitudes of the characters that Enters created, and they convey a vivid sense of what must have made “The Theatre of Angna Enters” socompelling.WritingEnters wrote three volumes of autobiography – First Person Plural (1937), Silly Girl (1944) and Artist's Life (1958). She also wrote a novel, Among the Daughters (1956), and a book on her work, OnMime (1966). Her plays, Love Possessed Juana: A Play of the Inquisition in Spain, co-written with Louis Kalonyme, and The Unknown Lover, were presented by the Houston Little Theater in 1946 and 1947. Enters is alsocredited with having co-written two Hollywood films, Lost Angel (1943) and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948).TeachingEnters' first teaching work came at the Stella Adler Studio, where she taught from 1957 to 1960. She wasartist-in-residence at the Dallas Theatre Center in 1961 and 1962, and taught mime at Baylor University during that year. She spent the following school year at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. In 1970and 1971 she was artist-in-residence at Pennsylvania State University, during which time she gave her last known public performance.Enters' booksFirst Person Plural. New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937.Love PossessedJuana (queen of Castile) a play in four acts. New York: Twice a Year Press, 1939.Silly Girl, a Portrait of Personal Remembrance. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin company, 1944.Among the Daughters, a Novel. NewYork: Coward-McCann, 1955.Artist's Life. New York: Coward-McCann, 1958.On Mime, second edition. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968 (first edition 1965).Passage 4:Tenth Avenue AngelTenth AvenueAngel is a 1948 American drama film directed by Roy Rowland and starring Margaret O'Brien, Angela Lansbury, and George Murphy. It chronicles the life and family of Flavia Mills (Margaret O'Brien) in the late 1930s.Filming took place 11 March–15 May 1946, with retakes in April 1947. However, the film was not released until February 20, 1948.PlotEight-year-old Flavia (Margaret O'Brien) lives in a New York tenement during theGreat Depression with mother Helen (Phyllis Thaxter) and father Joe (Warner Anderson), who's nearly broke and needs a job. Her aunt Susan (Angela Lansbury) lives with them, too. Flavia's thrilled because her aunt'ssweetheart, Steve (George Murphy), is returning from a one-year absence. The little girl is unaware that Steve has been in jail for associating with a gangster.Flavia sees a mouse and is afraid. Her mother tells Flavia afable that if you catch a mouse and make a wish, it will turn into money. This leads her to hide a mouse in a cigar box in the alley near Mac (the blind newspaper man)'s stand. Two neighborhood youths rob Mac(RhysWilliams) and, by coincidence, hide the money right by the girl's box with the mouse. Flavia finds it and is overjoyed until the adults accuse her of stealing it from Blind Mac. Her mother has to tell her the truth about thefable and Flavia realizes that so many stories she has heard are "lies".Everybody's desperate for money. Helen's pregnant and faces physical complications. Steve's unable to get his old job, driving a taxi. The gangsteroffers him a payday for stealing a truck, but Steve's conscience gets the better of him at the last minute. Flavia tries to find the kneeling cow near a railroad before it's too late.  Helen is all right, Joe finds a job, andFlavia's thrilled because Susan's going to marry Steve.CastMargaret O'Brien as Flavia MillsAngela Lansbury as Susan BrattenGeorge Murphy as Steve AbbottPhyllis Thaxter as Helen MillsWarner Anderson as JosephMillsRhys Williams as Blind MacBarry Nelson as Al ParkerConnie Gilchrist as Mrs. MurphyCharles Cane as Parole OfficerRichard Lane as Street VendorReceptionThe film was an expensive failure at the box office, earningonly $725,000 in the US and Canada and $75,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $1,227,000.It has received mixed to negative reviews.Passage 5:Thulasi (1987 film)Thulasi is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language romanticdrama film directed by Ameerjan. The film stars Murali and Seetha. It was released on 27 November 1987.PlotThirunavukarasu is considered as a God by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheistand he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham and Ponni, a low caste girl, fall in love with each other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully.Thirunavukarasu's daughter Thulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva.Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference. Sammadham then challenges him tomarry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water. In the meantime, Siva also falls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva andThulasi.CastMurali as Sivalingam "Siva"Seetha as ThulasiChandrasekhar as SammadhamMajor Sundarrajan as ThirunavukarasuSenthilCharle as KhanThara as PonniMohanapriya as SarasuVathiyar RamanA. K.Veerasamy as KaliyappanSoundtrackThe music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu.ReceptionThe Indian Express gave a negative review calling it "thwarted love".Passage 6:IngmarBergmanErnst Ingmar Bergman (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007) was a Swedish screenwriter and film and theatre director. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors of all time, Bergman's filmsare known as "profoundly personal meditations into the myriad struggles facing the psyche and the soul." Some of his most acclaimed works include The Seventh Seal (1957), Wild Strawberries (1957), Persona (1966),and Fanny and Alexander (1982); these four films were included in the Sight & Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012 critics poll. Bergman was ranked 8th in Sight & Sound's 2002 poll of The Greatest Directors of AllTime.Bergman directed more than 60 films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings, most of which he also wrote. Most of his films were set in Sweden, and many films from 1961 onwardwere filmed on the island of Fårö. He also had a theatrical career that ran in parallel with his film career. It included periods as Leading Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and of the Residenztheater inMunich. He directed more than 170 plays. He forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet Andersson, Bibi Andersson, LivUllmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, Gunnel Lindblom and Max von Sydow.BiographyEarly lifeErnst Ingmar Bergman was born on 14 July 1918 in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, aLutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin (née Åkerblom), a nurse who also had Walloon ancestors. The Bergman family was originally from Järvsö in Gävleborg county. Bergman's paternalgrandfather worked as a pharmacist in Stockholm, and his paternal great-grandfather Henrik Bergman worked as an assistant vicar and was married to Erika Augusta Agrell, daughter of vicar Erik Agrell and ElsaMargareta Hermanni, a daughter of chief accountant Hieronymus Emanuel Hermanni and Anna Katarina Neostadia. The Hermannis were merchants in Stockholm, Hieronymus' father, Simon Daniel, was wholesaler likehis grandfather. Via Elsa Margareta Hermanni, Bergman descended from the noble families Bröms, Stockenström, Ehrenskiöld, clergy families of Swedish, Swedish-Finnish origin and burghers of Swedish and Germanorigin. Via his paternal grandmother Alma Katarina Eneroth, Bergman descended from the German noble families Flach and de Frese introduced at the Swedish Riddarhuset. Alma Katarina Eneroth was a cousin ofBergman's maternal grandfather traffic manager Johan Åkerblom. Thus Bergman's parents were second cousins. Bergman's maternal grandmother, Anna Calwagen, was the daughter of Ernst Gottfrid Calwagen, a lectorof German and English, and his wife Charlotta Margareta Carsberg. The progenitor of the Calwagen family, the merchant Paul Calwagen, had emigrated from Holland to Karlshamn, Sweden in the 17th century. Paul'swife, the Dutch-Swedish Maria van der Hagen, was descendant of the Dutch-Swedish court painter Laurens van der Plas. Via Ernst Gottfried, Bergman was descendant of the noble families Tigerschiöld and Weinholz as


Passage 1:Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of GuimarãesInfanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães (10 November 1858 – 15 April 1946) was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaideof Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. A member of the House of Braganza by birth, Adelgundes became a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma through her marriage to Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count ofBardi. She was also the Regent of the Monarchic Representation of Portugal and for that reason assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães, usually reserved for the Head of the House.Early lifeAdelgundes de JesusMaria Francisca de Assis e de Paula Adelaide Eulália Leopoldina Carlota Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Inês Isabel Avelina Ana Estanislau Sofia Bernardina, Infanta de Portugal, Duquesa de Guimarães, was born inBronnbach, Wertheim, Germany. Her father died on November 14, 1866, a few days after her eighth birthday, and Adelgundes and her siblings were educated in a Catholic and conservative environment by theirmother. Her maternal uncle, Prince Carl zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, was like a second father to the children.MarriageAdelgundes married Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, fourth child andyoungest son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, on 15 October 1876 in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary. Henry, who was 25 years old, had been previously married to PrincessLuisa Immacolata of the Two Sicilies, who had died three months after their marriage at the age of 19 in 1874. Henry had taken part in the Carlist war and fought in the Battle of Lacar. War wounds turned him into aninvalid.Their union produced no issue, as her nine pregnancies all ended in miscarriages. The failed pregnancies, the last of which she suffered in 1890, were a source of great grief to the couple. They divided their timebetween the Castle of Seebenstein in Austria and the Ca' Vendramin Calergi in Venice. After almost 30 years of marriage, Adelgundes became a widow in 1905.She was close to her many nephews and nieces,particularly Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg, from the time of her abdication to her early death.. The composer, Richard Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca'Vendramin Calergi, a 16th-century palazzo on the Grand Canal as a guest of Prince Henry, Count of Bardi and Infanta Adelgundes.Regent-in-absentiaBetween 1920 and 1928, Adelgundes acted as the regent-in-absentiaon behalf of her nephew and Miguelist claimant to the Portuguese throne, Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, who was only twelve years old when his father Miguel renounced his claim to the throne in his favor. At thebeginning of her regency in 1920, Adelgundes assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães. In 1921 she authored a manifesto outlining the House of Braganza's goals for the restoration of the Portuguese monarchy.During her regency, the ex-King Manuel II of Portugal agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession could pass to Duarte Nuno (although Duarte Nuno's grandfather Miguel I of Portugal was excluded from thethrone and the Miguelist line deprived of its dynastic rights of succession). But Infanta Adelgundes failing to get an agreement mentioning the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, the Integralists withheld theirsupport to an accord, and on September 1925,  Adelgundes, in a letter to King Manuel, repudiated the incomplete agreement. Since any pact resolved the issue of succession (former Dover Pact and Paris Pact havingbeen both repudiated) and without known documents, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne, but at the death of King Manuel, however, the monarchist Integralismo Lusitano movement acclaimed Duarte Nuno,Duke of Braganza as King of Portugal. Duarte Nuno lived with Adelgundes at Seebenstein until the German occupation of Austria when the whole family relocated to Bern, Switzerland, where she died in Gunten on 15April 1946 at age 87.AncestryPassage 2:Carlota Joaquina of SpainDoña Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) was Queen of Portugal and Brazil as the wife of King Dom John VI.She was the daughter of King Don Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.Detested by the Portuguese court — where she was called "the Shrew of Queluz" (Portuguese: a Megera de Queluz) — Carlota Joaquinagradually won the antipathy of the people, who accused her of promiscuity and influencing her husband in favor of the interests of the Spanish crown. After the escape of the Portuguese court to Brazil, she beganconspiring against her husband, claiming that he had no mental capacity to govern Portugal and its possessions, thus wanting to establish a regency. She also planned to usurp the Spanish crown that was in the handsof Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.After the marriage in 1817 of her son Pedro with the Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria and the later return of the royal family to Portugal in 1821, Carlota Joaquina wasconfined in the Royal Palace of Queluz, where she died alone and abandoned by her children on 7 January, 1830.LifeChildhoodBorn in the Royal Palace of Aranjuez on 25 April 1775 as the second (but eldest surviving)child of Charles, Prince of Asturias, and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma, she was baptized with the names of Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana, but she was called only by her first name, Carlota, a name that honoredboth her father and paternal grandfather, King Charles III of Spain—Carlota was his favorite granddaughter. Despite the rigidity of her education and court etiquette, the Infanta was described as mischievous andplayful.She received a rigid and deeply Catholic education, with bases in the fields of study of religion, geography, painting, and riding (Carlota's favorite sport). The closed and austere temperament of the Spanishmonarchy imposed on the family and on the whole court rigid norms of behavior and etiquette. King Charles III, a man of reserved behavior, devoted more time to his family than to the animations of the courtesan life,where his daughter-in-law Maria Luisa took an active part. Carlota's mother soon assumed the organization of entertainments at court, with luxurious parties, where morals were easily forgotten. Soon the Princess ofAsturias' image would be linked to that of a promiscuous woman who betrayed her husband to other men. Among them, possibly, was the Prime Minister Manuel Godoy, whose alleged love affair was widely explored bythe press at the time. Not even the successive pregnancies and long-hoped birth of a living male heir to the throne in 1784 saved Maria Luísa from the contempt of the population. She would go down in history as one ofthe most unpopular queens in Spain and her bad reputation deeply affected her children, especially Carlota, the firstborn daughter.MarriageThe subject of Carlota Joaquina's marriage was arranged by both King CharlesIII and his sister Mariana Victoria, Dowager Queen of Portugal, in the late 1770s when Mariana went to Spain to encourage diplomatic relations between the estranged countries. Carlota Joaquina was to marry InfanteJohn, Duke of Beja (youngest grandson of Mariana Victoria), and Infante Gabriel of Spain (Carlota Joaquina's paternal uncle) was to marry Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal (only surviving granddaughter andnamesake of the Dowager Queen of Portugal).Carlota's apprenticeship would be tested when she underwent a series of public examinations in front of the Spanish court and Portuguese ambassadors sent on behalf ofQueen Maria I of Portugal to evaluate the qualities of the princess destined to marry her second son. In October 1785, the Gazeta of Lisbon published an account of the tests:"Everything has satisfied so completely thatone can not express the admiration which such a vast instruction ought to cause at such a tender age: but...the decided talent with which God has endowed this most serene Lady, her prodigious memory,understanding and that everything is possible, especially with the awakening and capacity with which the above-mentioned master promotes such useful and glorious applications."Having proven the talent of the bride,there was therefore no impediment to the union with the Portuguese prince, so on 8 May 1785 was celebrated the proxy marriage; three days later, on 11 May, the 10-year-old Carlota Joaquina and her retinue leftSpain for Lisbon. On the day she left the Spanish court, Carlota Joaquina asked her mother to make a painting of her in a red dress to place on the wall, instead of the painting of Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain(which Carlota Joaquina claimed to be more beautiful). As a part of the infanta cortege were Father Felipe Scio, famous Spanish theologian and scholar, Emília O'Dempsy, as lady-in-waiting, and Anna Miquelina,personal maid of Carlota Joaquina. The official wedding ceremony between Infante John of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina took place on 9 June 1785; she was only 10 years old while her husband was 18. Due to thebride's young age, the consummation of the union was delayed until 9 January 1790, when Carlota Joaquina was then able to conceive and bear children.Life in the Portuguese courtNevertheless, the climate in theBraganza court differed in many respects from that of the cheerful Spanish court. While in other parts of the Europe they represented the mark of a new society based on the Age of Enlightenment principles, in Portugalthe Catholic Church still imposed norms prohibiting all types of amusement. The dramatization of comedies was banned, including the performance of dances and parties. The reign of Queen Maria I was marked by therise of a conservative group of the nobility and clergy of Portugal; an extremely "boredom" environment, as defined by Dowager Queen Mariana Victoria (Carlota Joaquina's great-aunt). In this way, Carlota Joaquinafound herself in the midst of a very religious and austere environment, in contrast to the extravagance and the faust to which she was accustomed. Despite this, her relationship with her mother-in-law was very tender,as the letters exchanged between them proved. The joy and vivacity of Carlota were responsible for the rare hours of relaxation of the Queen.Her more liberal habits and customs differed in many ways from that ofother women at court. Quite traditional in relation to female behavior, Portuguese men disapproved of the ease with which Carlota Joaquina transited in public space, her performance in the political field and herdistemper in the family routine. Since most Portuguese women were deprived of social life, Carlota Joaquina's offending behavior allowed some malicious rumors about her in the court. Some of them were prejudiced,like the Duchess of Abrantès, wife of the French General Junot, who later invaded Portugal. During her time in Lisbon, Madame Junot had ridiculed Carlota Joaquina both for her manner of acting and for her dressing,and she had slain her as an extremely ugly woman.Princess of BrazilIn 1788, when his eldest brother Joseph, Prince of Brazil died, Infante John became the first in line to his mother's throne. Soon he received the titlesPrince of Brazil and 15th Duke of Braganza. Between 1788 and 1816, Carlota Joaquina was known as Princess of Brazil as the wife of the heir-apparent of the Portuguese throne. Some scholars believe that she has hada rough and superficial behavior, attributing to her the fact that she hated Brazil.His religious observances bored her, and they were quite incompatible. Nevertheless, she gave birth to nine children during theirmarriage and, because they were all handsome, it was rumoured that especially the younger ones had a different father.After Queen Maria I became insane in 1792, Prince John took over the government in her name,even though he only took the title of Prince Regent in 1799. This change in events suited Carlota Joaquina's ambitious and sometimes violent nature. In the Portuguese court she would interfere frequently in matters ofstate, trying to influence the decisions of her husband; this attempts to meddling in politics displeased the Portuguese nobility and even the population.Because she was excluded from the government decisions manytimes, Carlota Joaquina organized a plot with the intention to take the reins of power from the Prince Regent, arresting him and declaring that he was incapable of rule like his mother.However, in 1805 this plot wasdiscovered; the Count of Vila Verde proposed the opening of an investigation and the arrest of all those involved, but Carlota Joaquina was saved because her husband, wishing to avoid a public scandal, opposed to herarrest, preferring to confine his wife to Queluz Palace and Ramalhão Palace, while he himself moved to Mafra Palace, effectively separating from her. At that time Carlota Joaquina's enemies claimed that she had boughta retreat where she indulged in sexual orgies.In BrazilIn 1807, the Portuguese royal family left Portugal for Brazil because of the Napoleonic invasion.While in Brazil, Carlota Joaquina made attempts to obtain theadministration of the Spanish dominions in Hispanic America, a project known as Carlotism. Spain itself was controlled by Napoleon and its kings, her father and brother Ferdinand, were held by Napoleon in France.Carlota Joaquina regarded herself as the heiress of her captured family. Allegedly among her plans was to send armies to occupy Buenos Aires and northern Argentina to style herself "Queen of La Plata". ThePortuguese-Brazilian forces, however, only managed to temporarily annex the eastern banks of the Rio de la Plata as Cisplatina, which were kept in the Empire of Brazil after 1822 and seceded in 1828 as the Republic ofUruguay.QueenWhen the Portuguese royal family returned to Portugal in 1821 after an absence of 14 years, Carlota Joaquina met a country that had changed much since their departure. In 1807, Portugal had livedstably under absolutism. Napoleonic troops and political attitudes fostered by Spain's Cortes of Cádiz had brought revolutionary ideas to Portugal. In 1820, a liberal revolution commenced in Porto. A constitutionalCortes Gerais had been promulgated, and in 1821 it gave Portugal its first constitution. The queen had arch-conservative positions and wanted a reactionary response in Portugal. Her husband, however, did not want torenege on his vows to uphold the constitution. Carlota Joaquina made an alliance with her youngest son Miguel, who shared his mother's conservative views. In 1824, using Miguel's position as army commander, theytook power and held the king a virtual prisoner in the palace, where the queen tried to make him abdicate in favor of Miguel. The king received British help against his wife and son and regained power, finally compellinghis son to leave the country. The queen had also to go briefly into exile.King John VI lived in Bemposta Palace and Queen Carlota Joaquina in Queluz. Though she lived there quietly, she became decidedly eccentric indress and behaviour. However, their eldest son Pedro, left behind as regent in Brazil, was proclaimed and crowned on 1 December 1822 as its independent Emperor. John VI refused to accept this until he was persuadedby the British to do so, signing in August 1825 the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro by which he and Carlota Joaquina were granted the honorific title of Emperors of Brasil. He died in March 1826. Claiming ill-health, CarlotaJoaquina refused to visit his deathbed and started the rumour that her husband had been poisoned (which was true) by the Freemasons (which likely was not).Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, now became King of Portugal aswell, but knowing that carrying out the duties of both positions would be impossible, Pedro abdicated in Portugal and made his eldest daughter Maria the Queen of Portugal as well as betrothing her to Miguel, hisyounger brother. In the meantime, Carlota Joaquina's daughter, the Infanta Isabel Maria was to be Regent in Portugal instead of Carlota Joaquina, who ordinarily would have held such a post as Queen Dowager. Abouttwo years later the little queen set out for Portugal, only to find upon arrival at Gibraltar that her uncle and fiancé had not only removed the regent, but declared himself King of Portugal.Queen Carlota Joaquina died atthe Queluz Royal Palace, outside of Sintra. It is speculated whether she died because of natural causes or whether she, in fact, killed herself.IssueCarlota Joaquina married King João VI of Portugal in 1785 and had ninechildren.Carlota in film and televisionAfter her death, Carlota Joaquina (mainly in Brazil) became part of popular culture and an important historical figure, being the subject of several books, films and othermedia.Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil (1994) – Feature film directed by Carla Camurati, tells a summarized tale, mixing history with legend, of the Princess's life, from her childhood until her (mythical) suicide.Marieta Severo plays adult Carlota, while Ludmila Dayer portrays her as a child.O Quinto dos Infernos (2003) – Betty Lago portrays Carlota in this television miniseries produced by Rede Globo, telling the story of howthe Portuguese Royal Family escaped to Brazil.Liberdade, Liberdade (2016) - Susana Ribeiro portrays Carlota in this Globo telenovela that eventually features the Portuguese Royal family going to Brazil.Novo Mundo(2017) - Débora Olivieri portrays Carlota in this Globo telenovela set in 1817 Brazil.AncestorsPassage 3:Isabel of Portugal, Lady of ViseuIsabella of Portugal (1364–1395) was the natural daughter of King Ferdinand I ofPortugal, from an unknown mother.BiographyBefore 1386 she was betrothed to João Afonso Telo de Menezes, 1st Count of Viana (do Alentejo), son of the powerful João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos. However,this project was abandoned or dissolved.She married Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña, natural son of King Henry II of Castile. Her marriage was one of the clauses of the Treaty of Santarém, signed in 1373,between Portugal and Castile.Through a royal letter issued on 1 October 1377, her father granted her the Lordship of Viseu, Celorico, Linhares and Algodres.She left to the Royal Court of King Henry II of Castile whereshe lived while waiting for an appropriate age to get married. They finally married in 1377 in the city of Burgos. This marriage gave rise to the Noronha family, still represented in several aristocratic houses, both inPortugal and in Spain.The couple had six children:Pedro de Noronha (1379 – 20 August 1452), Archbishop of Lisbon (1424 – 1452), father of João, Pedro and Fernando de Noronha;Fernando de Noronha, second countof Vila Real by his marriage to Beatrice de Meneses, second countess of Vila Real, daughter and heiress of Pedro de Menezes;Sancho de Noronha, first Count of Odemira, comendador mayor of the Order of Santiago,alcalde-mor of Estremoz and Elvas, Lord of Vimieiro, Mortágua, Aveiro and other territories, married to Mécia de Sousa;Henrique de Noronha, captain in Ceuta, without legitimate male issue;João de Noronha,participated in the siege of Balaguer and was knighted by Infante Duarte in the siege of Ceuta where he was injured. He died from his wounds shortly afterwards without having left any offspring.Constance of Noronha,the second wife of Afonso, Duke of Braganza, without issue.Isabella eventually returned to her native Portugal where her uncle, King John I of Portugal, gave her a warm welcome and protection, both to her and to herchildren.See alsoNoronhaNoreñaPassage 4:Manuel, Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)Manuel (11 November 1531 – 14 April 1537), was the Hereditary Prince of Portugal from 1535 to his death in 1537. He was the fifthchild and second son of king John III of Portugal and Catherine of Austria.In 1535, his father officially designated him as Prince of Portugal, taking the place of his eldest sister Infanta Maria Manuela. However, after hispremature death at five years old, his younger brother Infante Filipe became the next Prince of Portugal.AncestryPassage 5:Infanta Maria Antonia of PortugalInfanta Maria Antónia of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria AntóniaAdelaide Camila Carolina Eulália Leopoldina Sofia Inês Francisca de Assis e de Paula Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Gregória Bernardina Benedita Andrea; 28 November 1862 – 14 May 1959) was the seventh and lastchild of Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein.Early lifeShe was born in exile as the youngest child of her parents in the Grand Duchy of Baden as her father, Infante Miguel, had been banished from Portugal byhis brother, Pedro I of Brazil, after usurping and losing the Portuguese throne in the Liberal Wars.MarriageOn 15 October 1884 at Schloss Fischorn, Maria Antonia married Robert I, Duke of Parma as his second wife.They had twelve children. Maria Antonia was widowed when Robert died at Villa Pianore on 16 November 1907.  Later on she resided with her daughter Zita while in exile. By 1940, Zita and her family, Maria Antonia


Passage 1:Melis AbzalovMelis Abzalov (Uzbek: Melis Abzalov, Мелис Абзалов; Russian: Мелис Абзалов; November 18, 1938  – October 26, 2016) was an Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Hismost famous films include Suyunchi (1982), Kelinlar qozgoloni (1984), Armon (1986), and Otgan kunlar (1997).Abzalov is celebrated as one of the founders and prominent members of the Uzbek film makingindustry. During his lifetime, he received many honorary titles and awards, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987).Life and workMelis Oripovich Abzalov was born on November 18, 1938, in Yangiyul,then the Uzbek SSR. He graduated from the Ostrovsky Tashkent Theatre Arts Institute in 1961. A year later, in 1962, he started working at Uzbekfilm. He died on October 26, 2016, in Stockholm.FilmographyAsdirectorChinor tagidagi duel (Russian: Дуэль под чинарой) (The Duel under a Plane Tree)  (1979)Suyunchi (Russian: Бабушка-генерал) (1982)Kelinlar qozgoloni (Russian: Бунт невесток) (The Rebellion of theBrides) (1985)Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)Otgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (Days Gone By)(1997)Chimildiq (1999)Meshpolvon (2000)Baribir hayot gozal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)Sirli sirtmoq (The Secret Trap) (2008)Taziyadagi toy (Russian:Свадьба на поминках) (The Wedding at a Funeral) (2010)As actorLaylak keldi, yoz boldi (Russian: Белые, белые аисты) (White Storks) (1966) (not credited)Влюбленные (The Lovers) (1969)Седьмая пуля (TheSeventh Bullet) (1972)Встречи и расставания (Meetings and Partings) (1973)Поклонник (The Worshiper) (1973)Ты, песня моя (You, My Song) (1975)Inson qushlar ortidan boradi (Russian: Человек уходит заптицами) (Man is after the Birds) (1975)Далекие близкие годы (Far, Near Years) (1976)Птицы наших надежд (The Birds of Our Hopes) (1976)Седьмой джинн (The Seventh Genie) (1976)Буйный «Лебедь» (The Wild"Swan") (1977)Qoqon voqeasi (Russian: Это было в Коканде) (This Happened in Kokand) (1977)Olovli yollar (Russian: Огненные дороги) (The Fiery Roads) (1978) (series)Любовь моя — революция (My Love —Revolution) (1981)Встреча у высоких снегов (The Meeting at High Snow Mountains) (1982)Новые приключения Акмаля (The New Adventures of Akmal) (1983) (not credited)Уроки на завтра (Lessons for Tomorrow)(1983)Прощай, зелень лета... (Good-Bye, Summer) (1985) (not credited)Я тебя помню (I Remember You) (1985)Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Kлиника (The Clinic) (1987)ПриключенияАрслана (The Adventures of Arslan) (1988)Чудовище или кто-то другой (A Monster or Somebody Else) (1988)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)Кодекс молчания (TheCode of Silence) (1989)Шок (Shock) (1989)La Batalla de los Tres Reyes (Russian: Битва трех королей) (Battle of the Three Kings) (1990)Tangalik bolalar (Russian: Мальчики из Танги) (1990) (not credited)Ангел вогне (The Angel on Fire) (1992)Маклер (The Broker) (1992)Shaytanat (Russian: Шайтанат — царство бесов) (1998)Alpomish (Russian: Алпомыш) (2000)Дронго (The Drongo) (2002)Синедиктум (Cinedictum)(2002)Devona (Russian: Влюбленный) (2004)Baribir hayot gozal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)Vatan (Fatherland) (2006)Ходжа Насреддин: Игра начинается(Hodja Nasreddin: The Game Starts) (2006)Застава (The Outpost) (2007) (TV series)Tilla buva (Russian: Золотой дедушка) (Golden Grandpa) (2011)As screenwriterOtgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (DaysGone By) (1997)AwardsAbzalov is celebrated as one of the founders of the Uzbek film making industry. He received many honorary titles and awards throughout his career, including the title Meritorious Artist ofUzbekistan (1987). In 2008, he received a Shuhrat Order.Passage 2:Pham Viet Anh KhoaPhạm Việt Anh Khoa (born May 11, 1981) is a Vietnamese movie producer, entrepreneur and founder of Saiga Films, notable bysome of Victor Vu films  including  Inferno (2010), Battle of the Brides (2011), Blood letter (2012), Scandal (2012) và Battle of the Brides 2FilmographyInferno – Giao Lo Dinh Menh (2010)Battle of the Brides(2011)Blood letter (2012)Scandal (2012)Battle of the Brides 2 (2013)The Mask (2016)Passage 3:Gaius Suetonius PaulinusGaius Suetonius Paulinus (fl. AD 40–69) was a Roman general best known as the commanderwho defeated the rebellion of Boudica.Early lifeLittle is known of Suetonius' family, but it likely came from Pisaurum (modern Pesaro), a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy. He is not known to be related to the biographerSuetonius.Mauretanian campaignHaving served as praetor in 40 AD, Suetonius was appointed governor of Mauretania the following year. In collaboration with Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, he suppressed the revolt led byAedemon in the mountainous province that arose from the execution of the local ruler by Caligula. In 41 AD Suetonius was the first Roman commander to lead troops across the Atlas Mountains, and Pliny the Elderquotes his description of the area in his Natural History.Governor of BritainIn 58, before being consul, he was appointed governor of Britain, replacing Quintus Veranius, who had died in office. He continued Veranius'spolicy of aggressively subduing the tribes of modern Wales, and was successful for his first two years in the post. His reputation as a general came to rival that of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Two future governors servedunder him: Quintus Petillius Cerialis as legate of Legio IX Hispana, and Gnaeus Julius Agricola as a military tribune attached to II Augusta, but seconded to Suetonius's staff.In 60 or 61 Suetonius made an assault on theisland of Mona (Anglesey), a refuge for British fugitives and a stronghold of the druids. The tribes of the south-east took advantage of his absence and staged a revolt, led by queen Boudica of the Iceni. The colonia ofCamulodunum (Colchester) was destroyed, its inhabitants tortured, raped, and slaughtered, and Petillius Cerialis's legion routed. Suetonius brought Mona to terms and marched along the Roman road of Watling Streetto Londinium (London), the rebels' next target, but judged he did not have the numbers to defend the city and ordered it evacuated. The Britons duly destroyed it, the citizens of Londinium suffering the same fate asthose of Camulodunum, and then did the same to Verulamium (St Albans).Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some detachments of the XX Valeria Victrix, and all available auxiliaries. The II Augusta, based atExeter, was available, but its prefect, Poenius Postumus, declined to heed the call. Nonetheless, Suetonius was able to assemble a force of about ten thousand men. Heavily outnumbered (the Britons numbered 230,000according to Cassius Dio), the Romans stood their ground. The resulting battle took place at an unidentified location in a defile with a wood behind him, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along Watling Street –at Cuttle Mill, 2 miles southeast of Towcester in Northamptonshire, in front of a narrow defile which answers the topographical description of Tacitus, human bones have been found over a large area; High Cross inLeicestershire and Manduessedum near the modern day town of Atherstone in Warwickshire have also been suggested - where Roman tactics and discipline triumphed over British numbers. The Britons' flight wasimpeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and defeat turned into slaughter. Tacitus heard reports that almost eighty thousand Britonswere killed, compared to only four hundred Romans. Boudica poisoned herself, and Postumus, having denied his men a share in the victory, fell on his sword.Suetonius reinforced his army with legionaries and auxiliariesfrom Germania and conducted punitive operations against any remaining pockets of resistance, but this proved counterproductive. The new procurator, Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, expressed concern to theEmperor Nero that Suetonius's activities would only lead to continued hostilities. An inquiry was set up under Nero's freedman, Polyclitus, and an excuse, that Suetonius had lost some ships, was found to relieve him ofhis command. He was replaced by the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. But Suetonius was not disgraced: a lead tessera found in Rome features both his and Nero's names and symbols of victory, and aman named Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was consul in 66, either a son of the same name  or the general himself appointed for a second time.Year of Four EmperorsIn 69, during the year of civil wars that followed thedeath of Nero (see Year of Four Emperors), he was one of Otho's senior generals and military advisors. He and Aulus Marius Celsus defeated Aulus Caecina Alienus, one of Vitellius's generals, near Cremona, butSuetonius would not allow his men to follow up their advantage and was accused of treachery as a result. When Caecina joined his forces with those of Fabius Valens, Suetonius advised Otho not to risk a battle but wasoverruled, leading to Otho's decisive defeat at Bedriacum. Suetonius was captured by Vitellius and obtained a pardon by claiming that he had deliberately lost the battle for Otho, although this was almost certainlyuntrue. His eventual fate remains unknown.NotesPassage 4:The Rebellion of the BridesThe Rebellion of the Brides (Uzbek: Келинлар ўзолони, romanized: Kelinlar qozgoloni; Russian: Бунт невесток) is a 1984Uzbek comedy film based on an eponymous play by the Uzbek writer Said Ahmad and directed by Melis Abzalov. Kelinlar qozgvoloni is one of the most critically acclaimed Uzbek films of the Soviet period. Like MelisAbzalov's previous film Suyunchi, Kelinlar qozgoloni tells the story of an authoritative grandmother.PlotFarmon bibi (played by Tursunoy Jafarova) is a wise and loving, but strict mother who lives with the familiesof her seven sons in one house. Nigora, the wife of her youngest son, rebels against Farmon Bibi and the other wives sympathize with her. In one scene, the mother and her daughters-in-law go to the bazaar. Towardthe end of the film, Farmon bibi changes her attitude and gives in to the demands of her daughters-in-law.Passage 5:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasyhorror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cult classicClash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlène Delcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban asCorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnès Pierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre latêteThomas Smith as ThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparation foe Lemasque de la Méduse. Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and thencut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire.  The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre duGrande Guignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.ReleaseThe film was not releasedtheatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse. As part of "An Evening with Jean Rollin", it was shown as a doublefeature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges.Home mediaNo official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book JeanRollin: Écrits complets Volume 1.Passage 6:Charles Canning, 1st Earl CanningCharles  Canning, 1st Earl Canning,  (14 December 1812 – 17 June 1862), also known as The Viscount Canning and  Clemency Canning, wasa British statesman and Governor-General of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the first Viceroy of India after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown of Queen Victoria in 1858 afterthe rebellion was crushed.Canning is credited for ensuring that the administration and most departments of the government functioned normally during the  rebellion and took major administrative decisions even duringthe peak of the Rebellion in 1857, including establishing the first three modern Universities in India, the University of Calcutta, University of Madras and University of Bombay based on Wood's despatch. Canning passedthe Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 which was drafted by his predecessor  Lord Dalhousie before the rebellion. He also passed the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856.After the rebellion he presided over asmooth transfer and reorganisation of government from the East India company to the crown,  the Indian Penal Code was drafted in 1860 based on the code drafted by Macaulay and came into force in 1862. Canningmet the rebellion '"with firmness, confidence, magnanimity and calm" as per his biographer. Canning was very firm during the rebellion but after that he focused on reconciliation and reconstruction rather thanretribution and issued a clemency proclamation.BackgroundBorn at Gloucester Lodge, Brompton, near London, Canning was the youngest child of George Canning and Joan, Viscountess Canning, daughter ofMajor-General John Scott, his father was Prime Minister for a few months in 1827. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1833, as first class in classics and second class inmathematics.Political careerIn 1836 he entered Parliament, being returned as member for the town of Warwick in the Conservative interest. He did not, however, sit long in the House of Commons; for, on the death ofhis mother in 1837, he succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords. His first official appointment was that of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the administration formed by SirRobert Peel in 1841, his chief being the Earl of Aberdeen. This post he held till January 1846; and from January to July of that year, when the Peel administration was broken up, Lord Canning filled the post of FirstCommissioner of Woods and Forests.He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–49). He declined to accept office under the Earl of Derby; but on the formation of the coalition ministry under theEarl of Aberdeen in January 1853, he received the appointment of Postmaster General. In this office, he showed not only a large capacity for hard work but also general administrative ability and much zeal for theimprovement of the service. He retained his post under Lord Palmerston's ministry until July 1855, when, in consequence of the departure of Lord Dalhousie and a vacancy in the governor-generalship of India, he wasselected by Lord Palmerston to succeed to that great position. This appointment appears to have been made rather on the ground of his father's great services than from any proof as yet given of special personal fitnesson the part of Lord Canning. The new governor sailed from England in December 1855 and entered upon the duties of his office in India at the close of February 1856.According to the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911,"In the year following his accession to office, the deep-seated discontent of the people broke out in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fears were entertained, and even the friends of the Governor-General to some extentshared them, that he was not equal to the crisis. But the fears proved groundless. He had a clear eye for the gravity of the situation, a calm judgment, and a prompt, swift hand to do what was really necessary. ... Hecarried the Indian empire safely through the stress of the storm, and, what was perhaps a harder task still, he dealt wisely with the enormous difficulties arising at the close of such a war. ... The name of ClemencyCanning, which was applied to him during the heated animosities of the moment, has since become a title of honour." He was derisively called "Clemency" on account of a Resolution dated 31 July 1857, whichdistinguished between sepoys from regiments which had mutinied and killed their officers and European civilians, and those Indian soldiers who had disbanded and dispersed to their villages, without being involved inviolence. While subsequently regarded as a humane and sensible measure, the Resolution made Canning unpopular at a time when British popular opinion favoured collective and indiscriminate reprisals.TheEncyclopædia Britannica of 1911 continues, "While rebellion was raging in Oudh he issued a proclamation declaring the lands of the province forfeited, and this step gave rise to much angry controversy. A secretdespatch, couched in arrogant and offensive terms, was addressed to Canning by Lord Ellenborough, then a member of the Derby administration, which would have justified the Governor-General in immediatelyresigning. But from a strong sense of duty, he continued at his post, and ere long the general condemnation of the despatch was so strong that the writer felt it necessary to retire from office. Lord Canning replied to thedespatch, calmly and in a statesman-like manner explaining and vindicating his censured policy" and in 1858 he was rewarded by being made the first Viceroy of India.The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 adds, "InApril 1859 he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his great services during the rebellion. He was also made an extra civil grand cross of the Order of the Bath, and in May of the same year he was raisedto the dignity of an Earl, as Earl Canning. ...By the strain of anxiety and hard work his health and strength were seriously impaired, while the death of his wife was also a great shock to him; in the hope that rest in hisnative land might restore him, he left India, reaching England in April 1862. But it was too late. He died in London on 17 June. About a month before his death he was created a Knight of the Garter. As he died withoutissue the titles became extinct."Prior to the rebellion, Canning and his wife, Charlotte, had desired to produce a photographic survey of Indian people, primarily for their own edification. This project was transformed intoan official government study as a consequence of the rebellion, after which it was seen as useful documentation in the effort to learn more about native communities and thereby better understand them. It waseventually published as an eight-volume work, The People of India, between 1868 and 1875.Places named after CanningCanning Town in LondonFort Canning Hill, a hill in Singapore, is named after Viscount CharlesCanning, although many people mistakenly believe that it is named after his father, George CanningCanning Street in Kemptown, Brighton is named after Viscount CanningCannington, a neighbourhood in Prayagraj(Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh, India, now known as Civil LinesCanning, South 24 Parganas in West Bengal, IndiaUniversity of Lucknow, India, was formerly named Canning CollegeSee alsoCharlotte Canning, CountessCanningCanning in West BengalPassage 7:Sam NewfieldSam Newfield, born Samuel Neufeld (December 6, 1899 – November 10, 1964), also known as Sherman Scott or Peter Stewart, was an American B-moviedirector, one of the most prolific in American film history—he is credited with directing over 250 feature films in a career which began during the silent era and ended in 1958. In addition to his staggering feature output,he also directed one -and two-reel comedy shorts, training films, industrial films, TV episodes and pretty much anything anyone would pay him for. Because of this massive output—he would sometimes direct more than20 films in a single year—he has been called the most prolific director of the sound era.Many of Newfield's films were made for PRC Pictures. This was a film production company headed by his brother Sigmund Neufeld.The films PRC produced were low-budget productions, the majority being westerns, with an occasional horror film or crime drama.Family and educationNewfield completed one year of high school, according to the 1940