Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played littlecricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. Hebegan playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invitedhim to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 notout) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowledunchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and hadonly two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in thefirst innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-enderBomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban playedone more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where heworked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony'sCollege, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently aPresidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations,identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from theUniversity of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwiworked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa:Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage3:Howard HawksHoward Winchester Hawks (May 30, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era. Critic Leonard Maltin called him "the greatestAmerican director who is not a household name."  Roger Ebert called Hawks "one of the greatest American directors of pure movies, and a hero of auteur critics because he found his own laconic values in so manydifferent kinds of genre material." He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for Sergeant York (1941) and earned the Honorary Academy Award in 1974.A versatile film director, Hawks explored manygenres such as comedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, war films, and westerns. His most popular films include Scarface (1932), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His GirlFriday (1940), To Have and Have Not (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World (1951), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), and Rio Bravo (1959). His frequent portrayals of strong,tough-talking female characters came to define the "Hawksian woman".Early life and backgroundHoward Winchester Hawks was born in Goshen, Indiana. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks(1865–1950), a wealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestorJohn Hawks had emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in the Midwest, due mostly to the highly profitableGoshen Milling Company.Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded in Neenah, Wisconsin, in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town's paper mill andother industrial endeavors. Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed by Kenneth Neil Hawks (August 12,1898 – January 2, 1930), William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, thefamily moved back to Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time in Pasadena, California, during thecold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910. The family settled in a house downthe street from Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the Hawks children began attending the school's Polytechnic Elementary School in 1907. Hawks was an average student and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 haddiscovered coaster racing, an early form of soapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, died suddenly of food poisoning. From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attended Pasadena High School. In 1912, the Hawksfamily moved to nearby Glendora, California, where Frank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora. During this time he worked as abarnstorming pilot.He was sent to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to the elite private school. Even though he was 17, he wasadmitted as a lower middleclassman, the equivalent of a sophomore. While in New England, Hawks often attended the theaters in nearby Boston. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from PasadenaHigh School that year. Skilled in tennis, by 18 years old, Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship. That same year, Hawks was accepted to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majored inmechanical engineering and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playing craps and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks wasalso known to be a voracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.While working in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer to StanfordUniversity. He returned to Cornell that September, leaving in April 1917 to join the Army when the United States entered World War I. He served as a lieutenant in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. During WorldWar I, he taught aviators to fly, and he used these experiences as influence for future aviation films such as The Dawn Patrol (1930). Like many college students who joined the armed services during the war, hereceived a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, he returned to Hollywood and, by the end of April 1917, was working on a Cecil B. DeMille film.CareerEntering films (1916–1925)HowardHawks's interest and passion for aviation led him to many important experiences and acquaintances. In 1916, Hawks met Victor Fleming, a Hollywood cinematographer who had been an auto mechanic and early aviator.Hawks had begun racing and working on a Mercer race car—bought for him by his grandfather C.W. Howard—during his 1916 summer vacation in California. He allegedly met Fleming when the two men raced on a dirttrack and caused an accident. This meeting led to Hawks's first job in the film industry, as a prop boy on the Douglas Fairbanks film In Again, Out Again (on which Fleming was employed as the cinematographer) forFamous Players–Lasky. According to Hawks, a new set needed to be built quickly when the studio's set designer was unavailable, so Hawks volunteered to do the job himself, much to Fairbanks's satisfaction. He wasnext employed as a prop boy and general assistant on an unspecified film directed by Cecil B. DeMille. (Hawks never named the film in later interviews, and DeMille made roughly five films in that time period). By theend of April 1917, Hawks was working on Cecil B. DeMille's The Little American. Hawks then worked on the Mary Pickford film The Little Princess, directed by Marshall Neilan. According to Hawks, Neilan did not show upto work one day, so the resourceful Hawks offered to direct a scene himself, to which Pickford consented.Hawks began directing at age 21 after he and cinematographer Charles Rosher filmed a double exposure dreamsequence with Mary Pickford. Hawks worked with Pickford and Neilan again on Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley before joining the United States Army Air Service. Hawks's military records were destroyed in the 1973Military Archive Fire, so the only account of his military service is his own. According to Hawks, he spent 15 weeks in basic training at the University of California in Berkeley where he was trained to be a squadroncommander in the air force. When Pickford visited Hawks at basic training, his superior officers were so impressed by the appearance of the celebrity that they promoted him to flight instructor and sent him to Texas toteach new recruits. Bored by this work, Hawks attempted to secure a transfer during the first half of 1918 and was eventually sent to Fort Monroe, Virginia. The Armistice was signed in November of that year, andHawks was discharged as a Second Lieutenant without having seen active duty.After the war, Hawks was eager to return to Hollywood. His brother Kenneth Hawks, who had also served in the Air Force, graduated fromYale University in 1919, and the two of them moved to Hollywood together to pursue their careers. They quickly made friends with Hollywood insider (and fellow Ivy Leaguer) Allan Dwan. Hawks landed his firstimportant job when he used his family's wealth to loan money to studio head Jack L. Warner. Warner quickly paid back the loan and hired Hawks as a producer to "oversee" the making of a new series of one-reelcomedies starring the Italian comedian Monty Banks. Hawks later stated that he personally directed "three or four" of the shorts, though no documentation exists to confirm the claim. The films were profitable, butHawks soon left to form his own production company using his family's wealth and connections to secure financing. The production company, Associated Producers, was a joint venture between Hawks, Allan Dwan,Marshall Neilan, and director Allen Holubar, with a distribution deal with First National. The company made 14 films between 1920 and 1923, with eight directed by Neilan, three by Dwan and three by Holubar. More of a"boy's club" than a production company, the four men gradually drifted apart and went their separate ways in 1923, by which time Hawks had decided that he wanted to direct rather than produce.Beginning in early1920, Hawks lived in rented houses in Hollywood with the group of friends he was accumulating. This rowdy group of mostly macho, risk-taking men included his brother Kenneth Hawks, Victor Fleming, Jack Conway,Harold Rosson, Richard Rosson, Arthur Rosson, and Eddie Sutherland. During this time, Hawks first met Irving Thalberg, the vice-President in charge of production at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Hawks admired hisintelligence and sense of story. Hawks also became friends with barn stormers and pioneer aviators at Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, getting to know men like Moye Stephens.In 1923, Famous Players–Lasky presidentJesse Lasky was looking for a new Production Editor in the story department of his studio, and Thalberg suggested Hawks. Hawks accepted and was immediately put in charge of over 40 productions, including severalliterary acquisitions of stories by Joseph Conrad, Jack London, and Zane Grey. Hawks worked on the scripts for all of the films produced, but he had his first official screenplay credit in 1924 on Tiger Love. Hawks wasthe Story Editor at Famous Players (later Paramount Pictures) for almost two years, occasionally editing such films as Heritage of the Desert. Hawks signed a new one-year contract with Famous-Players in the fall of1924. He broke his contract to become a story editor for Thalberg at MGM, having secured a promise from Thalberg to make him a director within a year. In 1925, when Thalberg hesitated to keep his promise, Hawksbroke his contract at MGM and left.Silent films (1925–1929)In October 1925, Sol Wurtzel, William Fox's studio superintendent at the Fox Film Corporation, invited Hawks to join his company with the promise of lettingHawks direct. Over the next three years, Hawks directed his first eight films (six silent, two "talkies"). Hawks reworked the scripts of most of the films he directed without always taking official credit for his work. He alsoworked on the scripts for Honesty – The Best Policy in 1926 and Joseph von Sternberg's Underworld in 1927, famous for being one of the first gangster films. Hawks's first film was The Road to Glory which premiered inApril 1926. The screenplay was based on a 35-page composition written by Howard Hawks. This represented one of the only films on which Hawks had extensive writing credit. It is one of Hawks's only two lostfilms.  Immediately after completing The Road to Glory, Hawks began writing his next film, Fig Leaves, his first (and, until 1935, only) comedy. It received positive reviews, particularly for the art direction and costumedesigns. It was released in July 1926 and was Hawks's first hit as a director. Although he mainly dismissed his early work, Hawks praised this film in later interviews.Paid to Love is notable in Hawks's filmography,because it was a highly stylized, experimental film. He attempted to imitate the style of German film director F. W. Murnau. Hawks's film includes atypical tracking shots, expressionistic lighting and stylistic film editingthat was inspired by German Expressionist cinema. In a later interview, Hawks commented, "It isn't my type of stuff, at least I got it over in a hurry. You know the idea of wanting the camera to do those things: Nowthe camera's somebody's eyes." Hawks worked on the script with Seton I. Miller, with whom he would go on to collaborate on seven more films. The film stars George O'Brien as the introverted Crown Prince Michael,William Powell as his happy-go-lucky brother, and Virginia Valli as Michael's flapper love interest Dolores. The characters played by Valli and O'Brien anticipate those found in later films by Hawks: a sexually aggressiveshowgirl, who is an early prototype of the "Hawksian woman", and a shy man disinterested in sex, found in later roles played by Cary Grant and Gary Cooper. Paid to Love was completed by September 1926, butremained unreleased until July 1927. It was financially unsuccessful. Cradle Snatchers was based on a 1925 hit stage play by Russell G. Medcraft and Norma Mitchell. The film was shot in early 1927. The film wasreleased in May 1927 and was a minor hit. For many years it was believed to be a lost film until film director Peter Bogdanovich discovered a print in 20th Century Fox's film vaults, although the print was missing part ofreel three and all of reel four. In March 1927, Hawks signed a new one-year, three-picture contract with Fox and was assigned to direct Fazil, based on the play L'Insoumise by Pierre Frondaie. Hawks again worked withSeton Miller on the script. Hawks was over schedule and over budget on the film, which began a rift between him and Sol Wurtzel that would eventually lead to Hawks leaving Fox. The film was finished in August 1927,though it was not released until June 1928.A Girl in Every Port is considered by film scholars to be the most important film of Hawks's silent career. It is the first of his films to utilize many of the Hawksian themes andcharacters that would define much of his subsequent work. It was his first "love story between two men", with two men bonding over their duty, skills, and careers, who consider their friendship to be more importantthan their relationships with women. In France, Henri Langlois called Hawks "the Gropius of the cinema" and Swiss novelist and poet Blaise Cendrars said that the film "definitely marked the first appearance ofcontemporary cinema." Hawks went over budget once again with this film, and his relationship with Sol Wurtzel deteriorated. After an advance screening that received positive reviews, Wurtzel told Hawks, "This is theworst picture Fox has made in years." The Air Circus was Hawks's first film centered around aviation, one of his early passions. In 1928, Charles Lindbergh was the world's most famous person and Wings was one of themost popular films of the year. Wanting to capitalize on the country's aviation craze, Fox immediately bought Hawks's original story for The Air Circus, a variation of the male friendship plot of A Girl in Every Port abouttwo young pilots. The film was shot from April to June 1928, but Fox ordered an additional 15 minutes of dialogue footage in order that the film could compete with the new "talkies" being released. Hawks hated thenew dialogue written by Hugh Herbert, and he refused to participate in the re-shoots. The film was released in September 1928 and was a moderate hit. It is one of two films directed by Hawks that are lost films.Trent'sLast Case is an adaptation of British author E. C. Bentley's 1913 novel of the same name. Hawks considered the novel to be "one of the greatest detective stories of all time" and was eager to make it his first sound film.He cast Raymond Griffith in the lead role of Phillip Trent. Griffith's throat had been damaged by poison gas during World War I, and his voice was a hoarse whisper, prompting Hawks to later state, "I thought he ought tobe great in talking pictures because of that voice." However, after shooting only a few scenes, Fox shut Hawks down and ordered him to make a silent film, both because of Griffith's voice and because they only owned


Passage 1:Mr. Right (2009 film)Mr. Right is a 2009 British film directed by David Morris and Jacqui Morris. The jointly-made gay-themed film is the debut for both directors.SynopsisThe film presents life of a number of individuals who live in London's Soho area in their quest for their "Mr. Right". One of the highlights of the film is when all the characters gather for an excruciatingly awkward and hilarious dinner party at which wine and secrets are spilled.Harry (James Lance) is a TV producer but dreams to get way. He loves Alex (Luke de Woolfson), an aspiring yet insecure actor who also works as a caterer. Meanwhile Alex is struggling to create an identity for himself and decides to live independently through monetary help from his brother despite Harry wanting him backTom (David Morris, the co-director of the film) is a successful art dealer who is in a precarious relationship with Lars (Benjamin Hart), a handsome sometime-model. Tom finds excuses for Lars' flings so long as Lars doesn't leave him. Meanwhile Lars has this attraction to Harry and can't get over his feelingsWilliam (Rocky Marshall) a divorced former rugby player finds it difficult very difficult to parent his nine-year-old daughter Georgie while trying to get on a new relationship with Lawrence (Leon Ockenden), a striving soap actor. Their relationship is complicated as Georgie is intent on sabotaging his relationship.Louise (Georgia Zaris), a fag hag, is dating Paul (Jeremy Edwards), but suspects Paul is gay. Paul is slowly but surely getting drawn into the gay scene, despite visibly and verbally protesting every step of the way.By the end of the film three months later, the characters are still striving to make new paths for themselves. Harry is appealing for Alex, now in a small studio residence to return, but the latter turns him gently down despite having feelings for him. Things are much better between William and Lawrence as Georgie becomes more accepting of their relationship. Things have soured between Lars and William. Devastated Lars catches Harry while the latter has just packed to leave everything behind for his long-planned trip away from his dreaded work. Meanwhile Paul is getting more and more into the gay scene despite putting a brave face that he is still straight.CastMainJames Lance as HarryLuke de Woolfson as AlexDavid Morris as TomBenjamin Hart as LarsRocky Marshall as WilliamLeon Ockenden as LawrenceGeorgia Zaris as LouiseJeremy Edwards as PaulOthersJan Waters as Harry's MotherMaddie Planer as Georgie, Williams's daughterSheila Kidd as William's motherAndrew Dunn as Alex's FatherKaren Meagher as Alex's MotherRick Warden as Alex's BrotherKaty Odey as PresenterLucy Jules as EmmaSarah Carleton as WaitressDolly Wells as FizzHarry Serjeant as RunnerIan Tytler as CharlieJim Cole as HeathArchie Kidd as BarnabyHeather Bleasdale as Barnaby's MotherYvonne O'Grady as Business WomanMax Karie as MarcelKate Russell as The Yellow TeamIan Russell as The Yellow TeamMark Hayford as The Blue TeamDiane Morgan as The Blue TeamTerry Bird as Red TeamCheryl Fergison as Red TeamPassage 2:Mr. and Mrs. IyerMr. and Mrs. Iyer is a 2002 Indian English-language drama film written and directed by Aparna Sen and produced by N. Venkatesan. The film features Sen's daughter Konkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi Iyer, a Tamil Iyer Brahmin who is a Hindu. Rahul Bose portrays the character of Raja Chowdhury, a Bengali Muslim wildlife photographer. The story revolves around these two lead characters during a fateful bus journey amidst the carnages of a communal strife in India. Zakir Hussain, an Indian tabla maestro, composed the background score and music for the film;  Goutam Ghose, a film director himself, was the cinematographer.Mr. and Mrs. Iyer premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was showcased at other prominent film festivals. The film opened to Indian audiences on 19 July 2002. It was met with critical acclaim upon release, and won several national and international awards, including the Golden Maile award at the Hawaii International Film Festival and the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration in India. The film, which was also released as a DVD, had English as its predominant language with a sporadic use of Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali.PlotMeenakshi Iyer and her infant son, Santhanam, embark on a bus journey to return home, after visiting her parents. At the bus station, Meenakshi is introduced to Raja Chowdhury by a common friend. Raja, a wildlife photographer, is requested by Meenakshi's parents to look after their daughter and grandson during the journey. The passengers of the bus include a boisterous group of youngsters, two Sikh men, an elderly Muslim couple, a young couple high on romance, a mentally challenged boy and his mother, and some card-playing men. The bus faces a roadblock and the bus driver attempts a detour, but  is stopped by traffic jam caused by sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims in nearby areas.Raja reveals his Muslim identity to Meenakshi. As someone who comes from a high caste and conservative Hindu Brahmin family, Meenakshi shudders at the very fact that during their travel she drank water offered by Raja, a Muslim. She is shocked and asks Raja to not touch her. Raja contemplates leaving the bus, but is forced to stay inside by the patrolling police, who declare a curfew due to the riot. After the police leaves to scout other areas, a rioting Hindu mob arrives and forcibly enters the bus. They begin interrogating passengers about their religious identities and when in doubt, they even resort to check if the person is circumcised.In order to protect himself from them, one of the passengers, who is Jewish and hence circumcised, points to the old Muslim couple to divert the  mob's attention. The mob's leader drags the old couple out of the bus. One of the teenagers resists this, but she is assaulted by the mob. As Raja attempts to rise in revolt, Meenakshi plants Santhanam on his lap, ordering him to hold the baby with an intent to shield Raja's Muslim identity. The mob asks about their identities, and Meenaksi tells the leader that she is Mrs. Iyer and Raja is her husband. After this chilling encounter, the passengers spend the night in the bus.In the morning, the passengers trek to a nearby village to seek accommodation. Raja and Meenakshi, identifying themselves as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, fail to find any accommodation. However, the police officer, who was patrolling the earlier evening, bails them out by providing shelter at an abandoned forest bungalow. They are provided with the single usable bedroom available in the bungalow. Meenakshi refuses to share the room with Raja, and curses herself for coming along with a stranger. Raja confronts her on her outdated prejudices about caste and religion. After a brief quarrel, Raja allows her the comfort of the bedroom and prefers to sleep outside. The next morning when Meenakshi does not find Raja, she gets worried and angry as to why he left Santhanam and her in such a place. Soon, she feels relieved to find Raja sleeping outside. After they reach a restaurant in the nearby village, they meet the teenagers from the bus. The girls are excited and curious to know about Meenaakshi and Raja's love story. To keep their farce alive, both of them cook up an impromptu story right from how they met till where they went for their honeymoon. During their stay at the bungalow, they discover each other's beliefs and understanding of religion. That night, as they witness a horrific murder by one of the mobs, a shocked Meenakshi is comforted by Raja.The next day, they reach a railway station with the army's help. There, they board the train towards their destination. At their destination station, Kolkata, Meenakshi's husband, Mr. Iyer arrives to receive her and Santhanam. Meenakshi introduces Raja to her husband as Jehangir Chowdhury, a Muslim man who helped her (a Hindu woman) during the curfew. Raja hands over a camera roll to Meenakshi, containing the photos of their journey; they bid an emotional farewell to each other.CastKonkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi S. Iyer – A traditional Tamil Iyer Brahmin traveling with her   son, Santhanam, in the bus on her way to meet her husband. She meets a fellow-traveler, Raja Chowdhury, and gets drawn to him due to the surrounding circumstances.Rahul Bose as Jehangir "Raja" Chowdhury – A liberal Muslim by faith, he is a wildlife photographer by profession. With the imminent danger from the rioters, Meenakshi contrives a protective identity for him as her husband.Bhisham Sahni as Iqbal Ahmed Khan – An elderly conservative Muslim traveling along with his wife, Najma. He ends up as one of the victims of the sectarian violence.Surekha Sikri as Najma Ahmed Khan – The dutiful and loving wife of Iqbal, Najma perishes in the riots when she comes in defence of her husband.Anjan Dutt as Cohen – He is responsible for diverting the attention of the Hindu mob, in self-defence, towards the old Muslim couple. Thereafter, he is petrified thinking that he may also have been killed by the mob who could wrongly identify him as a Muslim, since he is circumcised.Bharat Kaul as  Rajesh Arora – The police officer responsible for controlling and maintaining the law and order in the riot-stricken area. He gets acquainted with the bus passengers and helps the Iyer 'couple' find a place to stay during the curfew.Niharika Seth, Riddhi Basu, Richa Vyas, Eden Das, Jishnu Sengupta  as Khushbu, Mala, Sonali, Amrita, Akash – An enthusiastic young group of friends riding the bus.ProductionDevelopmentAparna Sen, a noted actress and director of Bengali cinema, made her debut as a director with the English film 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981). Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was her second film in English. She hoped to write a simple romantic story, but it shaped out to be a relationship drama in the backdrop of sectarian violence. Sen came up with the background of the story in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2002 Gujarat riots. In an interview, Sen stated that the omnipresent, circumstantial violence in the film was only to serve as a strain in the script which aimed to show how the relationship evolves between two people who are forced to be together under trying times. She stated that the time frame of the film was set after the attacks on the Parliament of India on 13 December 2001.In an interview at the screening at the Locarno Film Festival, Sen revealed that Konkona was involved in the pre-production research, and she suggested the title. About the cinematographer Gautam Ghose, Aparna Sen said that they had a good rapport and that Ghose, himself an acclaimed director, was one of the best cinematographers she knew. Ghose, in reply, said that he hoped to give his best for the film and thus contribute to their friendship.CastingRahul Bose's work in English, August (1994) and Split Wide Open (1999) made Aparna Sen feel that he was a good, controlled and intelligent actor. After a costume and a makeup test, he was chosen for the character of Raja Chawdhury. Sen admitted that Bose's work was up to the mark, and working with him was a wonderful experience. She told in an interview that Konkona Sen Sharma's abilities as a sensitive actress fetched her the role of Meenakshi Iyer. Konkona said that she chose this film as she was interested in Indian films made in English, and was reluctant to do regular commercial films. Sen had penned the elderly Muslim woman's character bearing Surekha Sikri in mind. Eventually Sikri and the author and playwright Bhisham Sahni were cast to play the roles of the Muslim couple in the film. Santhanam, the infant son of Meenakshi Iyer in the film is Sen's grand niece.Aparna Sen chose English as the film's narrative since the characters are linguistically diverse. She had to make sure that the characters spoke in English with their regional accent. Konkona admitted in an interview that playing the role of a Tamil Brahmin did not come easy. The director forced her to visit Chennai (where the major language is Tamil) for two weeks to research her character. She also said that she had learned many characteristics, nuances and mannerisms native to Tamilian housewives. She took a close look at Iyer lifestyles and customs in and around Mylapore, a cultural hub in Chennai. She attempted listening to recorded  conversations in Iyer households to get a suitable Tamil accent.FilmingThe production commenced in December 2001. Sen chose to keep the geographical setting unstated because she felt that it was a journey that could take place anywhere. The film was shot in the Himalayan foothills of northern West Bengal. The producers provided a state-of-the-art camera from Chennai's Prasad Studios to ensure that the shooting crew was technically better equipped. Rupali Mehta, from Triplecom Productions, the co-producer oversaw the crew of over 100 complete the production schedule in 50 days. The production team resorted to certain cost-cutting measures to ensure they committed fewer mistakes. For example, they had organised a workshop for the actors to avoid mistakes while filming.While filming in Jalpaiguri, Sen got embroiled in a controversy for damages caused to the forest bungalow, a heritage property, where a portion of filming was done. She admitted that, to give the bungalow a haunted look, they "... sprayed slush on the walls and plastered cobwebs all over the place." However, she claimed that the place was cleaned up after the completion of their shoot.Release and receptionFollowing objections from the local police, two scenes were removed by producers from the version of the film screened in the city of Mumbai. One scene showed a Hindu man saying—using profanity—that Muslims should be sent back to Pakistan; the other featured a policeman using obscenities with a communal undertone. The police felt both scenes were too " provocative" for a "communally sensitive" city. However, for the rest of India, the film was screened in its entirety.The film had only modest box office success; domestically, it made 7.3 million rupees in its first release. However, thanks to its low budget and the spread of multiplexes in India, it brought in some revenue. Furthermore, the contemporary trend in the Indian television channels is to showcase films within months of their release. This trend helped modest box-office successes such as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer to get additional thrust to their financial returns. Indeed, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was one of the first films that led to reworking of the business models for small films in India. In addition, Triplecom Productions sold the dubbed version in Italy for $20,000. A trade analysis by Rediff.com suggested that small-budget films such as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer did not compromise on marketing budgets, instead they put efforts in marketing themselves more innovatively.Special screenings and awardsIn 2002, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was chosen as India's official entry at the Locarno International Film Festival. It ran for 3 minutes longer than its runtime of 120 minutes at Locarno. Though it missed out on the Golden Leopard Award at Locarno, it won the Netpac Jury Prize along with two other films. The film won the Golden Maile award at the 22nd Hawaii International Film Festival, the Audience Award for the Best Feature Film at the Philadelphia Film Festival, and the best screenplay award at the 2003 Cinemanila International Film Festival.In 2003, the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles chose to open with Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, while New Zealand's first Asian film festival in 2004 chose to close its 10-day fest with it. The India International Women's Film Festival had a special retrospective to Aparna Sen for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer. The film was also showcased at the Pusan International Film Festival, Regus London Film Festival, Mill Valley Film Festival, International Film Festival of India, Braunschweig International Film Festival, and High Falls Film Festival. At the International Film Festival of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, it won the Gold prize, awarded to the best film screened that year. Rahul Bose said that when the film was showcased at the Geneva festival, it was seen and liked by Kofi Annan, the United Nations Secretary-General.Back home in India, Mr. and Mrs. Iyer won the Golden Lotus Award for best direction, the Silver Lotus Awards for best actress, the best screenplay, and the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration at the 2003 National Film Awards ceremony.Govind Nihalani, an Indian film director wondered if Mr. and Mrs. Iyer could have been sent to the Oscars instead of the regular song-and-dance entries. Eventually, Film Federation of India, the apex organisation that sends the nation's official entries to the Oscars, did not find any film worth sending for the 76th Academy Awards.ReviewsLawrence van Gelder commented in his review in The New York Times that "The well-acted romance, as the two principal characters are thrown together by unanticipated events, is hard to resist, even though the answer to the crucial question it raises is all too conveniently deferred time and again." However, he added that Mr. and Mrs. Iyer "... is not a subtle film ..." The Chicago Reader also said, "Sen is anything but subtle in populating the bus with a cross section of class and ethnic types ... but the friendship that blossoms between the leads is tenderly depicted and hints at a solution to sectarian strife" TIME magazine praised Aparna sen for her "... attention to detail ..." that "... skillfully captures the characters' idiosyncrasies." The Village Voice said, "The actors appear game, yet director Aparna Sen, who conceived the film in the wake of September 11, resorts often to hokey pseudo-lyricism and prefers sound-bite ballyhoo to sociological depth." Metacritic, a website with a medley of reviews by American critics, gives the film a score of 50/100, meaning mixed or average reviews.In his review, Derek Elley of Variety remarked that the film had " ... the awkward, issue-driven dialogue and wavering direction, showing influences from both the arty and commercial. [The] two leads just about scrape through." Although The Hindu review praised the director for "... handling (these) scenes in an understated, muted fashion ..." giving "... them the power to disturb and haunt you." it questioned certain aspects of the film, stating, "Though the flutters of the heart have been treated with finesse—sometimes a little too prudishly, pandering, perhaps, to middle class morality—we are never entirely convinced that love could blossom between Meenakshi Iyer and Raja Chowdhary." Indeed, Sen was criticised for contriving cinematic situation not quite fitting to the real world, "Can a married woman with a baby in arms fall in love with a total stranger that she meets on a very short bus journey, however extraordinary the situation may have been? Having decided to drive them to each other's arms, Sen thinks up situations, which are terribly contrived ... Sen's story and script are found wanting elsewhere too. The police officer, who plays the good Samaritan, appears so unreal in the world of rancour that Sen creates ... [She], probably in her over enthusiasm, lets her own emotions derail her."Konkona Sen Sharma, who had not been widely seen outside Bengal before the release of the film, received particular praise for her performance, "... the movie clearly belongs to Konkona Sen Sharma ... who as Meenakshi [Iyer] gets so beautifully into the psyche of a Tamil Brahmin ... she emotes just splendidly: when her eyes well up at the thought of parting with Raja [Chowdhary], when she gently rests her head on his shoulders in the train, and when her expressions suggest the faintest hint of love, we know that here is a great actress." A Rediff.com review said, "... Konkana, a youngster, bowls you over with her silently sledge-hammering portrayal of Meenakshi Iyer, a conservative Tamilian Brahmin housewife ... [Her] eyes tell a thousand untold stories." An Australian critic said that the film, with "wonderfully nuanced performances by Sensharma and Rahul Bose, whose love affair is as innocent as the lyrical, lingering soundtrack. Mr and Mrs Iyer is a gentle film, whose simple and haunting love story will appeal to the romantic traveller."The "... attractive lensing by Gautam Ghose (a director in his own right) and atmospheric scoring by Ustad Zakir Hussain ..." were well received. "Looking through the eyes of Gautam Ghose's illuminating lens, Aparna Sen builds a miniature, but epic, world of tremendous inner strength. In her first seriously politically committed film, Sen takes on the issue of communal conflict with the surging humanism of Gabriel García Márquez, painting words on celluloid ... If [Zakir] Hussain creates sounds within the seesaw of silences and screams, cinematographer Gautam Ghose creates a lucid contrast between the silently majestic Himalayan hinterland and the fundamentalists."Home mediaDVDThe DVD, which released on 2 June 2004, has subtitle options in English, Hindi, Punjabi, Tamil and Urdu. It is available in 16:9 Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 FPS, widescreen and NTSC format.SoundtrackUstad Zakir


Passage 1:Bohemond III of AntiochBohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (French: Bohémond le Bambe/le Baube; c. 1148–1201), was Prince of Antioch from 1163 to 1201. He was the elder son of Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. Bohemond ascended to the throne after the Antiochene noblemen dethroned his mother with the assistance of the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Thoros II. He fell into captivity in the Battle of Harim in 1164, but the victorious Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo released him to avoid coming into conflict with the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond went to Constantinople to pay homage to Manuel I Komnenos, who persuaded him to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch. The Latin patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges, placed Antioch under interdict. Bohemond restored Aimery only after the Greek patriarch died during an earthquake in 1170.Bohemond remained a close ally of the Byzantine Empire. He fought against the new lord of Armenian Cilicia, Mleh, assisting in the restoration of Byzantine rule in the Cilician plain. He also made alliances with the Muslim rulers of Aleppo and Damascus against Saladin, who had begun to unite the Muslim countries along the borders of the crusader states. Since Bohemond repudiated his second wife and married an Antiochene lady, Patriarch Aimery excommunicated him in 1180.Bohemond forced the Armenian rulers of Cilicia to accept his suzerainty in the late 1180s. He also secured the County of Tripoli for his second son, Bohemond, in 1187. However, Saladin occupied almost the whole Principality of Antioch in the summer of 1188. To preserve the peace with Saladin, Bohemond did not provide military assistance to the crusaders during the Third Crusade.  The expansionist policy of King Leo I of Armenia in the 1190s gave rise to a lasting conflict between Antioch and Cilicia. Bohemond was captured in 1194 by Leo, who tried to seize Antioch, but the burghers formed the Commune of Antioch and expelled the Armenian soldiers from the town. Bohemond was released only after he acknowledged Leo's independence.New conflicts emerged after Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, died in 1197. Raymond's widow, who was Leo's niece, gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, but Bohemond's younger son, Bohemond of Tripoli, wanted to secure his succession in Antioch with the assistance of the commune. The elderly Bohemond seems to have supported his son during his last years. The War of the Antiochene Succession began with Bohemond's death and lasted until 1219.Early lifeBohemond was the elder son of Princess Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. He was born around 1148. Prince Raymond died fighting against Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, in the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149.Neither Baldwin III of Jerusalem nor the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos could persuade the widowed Constance to take a new husband. Finally, she chose Raynald of Châtillon, a French knight who had recently settled in Syria. Raynald ruled the principality as Constance's husband from 1153 until he was captured by Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, in late November 1160 or 1161.Urged by the Antiochene noblemen, Baldwin III proclaimed Bohemond the rightful ruler, charging Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, with the administration of the principality during Bohemond's minority. However, Constance appealed to Manuel Komnenos, who confirmed her position as the sole ruler of Antioch. Constance wanted to retain power even after Bohemond reached the age of majority. However, the Antiochene noblemen rebelled against her with the assistance of Thoros II, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, forcing her to leave Antioch in February 1163.Prince of AntiochFirst yearsBohemond was installed as prince after his mother was dethroned. Nur ad-Din laid siege to Krak des Chevaliers in the County of Tripoli in September 1163. Raymond III of Tripoli appealed to Bohemond for assistance. Bohemond and Constantine Kalamanos, Byzantine governor of Cilicia, hurried to the castle. The united Christian armies defeated the besiegers in the Battle of al-Buqaia.Amalric of Jerusalem entrusted the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to Bohemond before departing for his campaign against Egypt in July 1164. Taking advantage of Bohemond's absence, Nur ad-Din attacked the fortress at Harenc in the Principality of Antioch (present-day Harem, Syria). Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, Thoros II of Armenian Cilicia, and Constantine Kalamanos joined their forces and marched to Harenc, compelling Nur ad-Din to retreat.Reynald of Saint-Valery, Lord of Harenc, tried to convince Bohemond not to pursue the enemy, but Bohemond did not follow his advice. The armies clashed at the battle of Harim on 10 August 1164. Nur ad-Din almost annihilated the Christian army. Most Christian commanders (including Bohemond) were captured. Two days later, Harenc fell to Nur ad-Din. Nur ad-Din took his prisoners to Aleppo. His advisors urged Nur ad-Din to proceed to Antioch, but he declined, fearing that an attack on Antioch could provoke Emperor Manuel into annexing the principality. Amalric of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch to start negotiations with Nur ad-Din. Before long, Nur ad-Din released Bohemond, along with Thoros II of Cilicia, for a ransom because he regarded them as vassals of the Byzantine emperor.The Muslims advised [Nur ad-Din] to proceed to Antioch and seize it because it was devoid of defenders and fighting men to hold it, but he did not do so. He said, "The city is an easy matter but the citadel is strong. Perhaps they will surrender it to the Byzantine emperor because its ruler is his nephew. To have Bohemond as a neighbor I find preferable to being a neighbour of the ruler of the Constantinople." He sent out squadrons in those areas and they plundered, seized and killed the inhabitants. Later he ransomed Prince Bohemond for a large sum of money and the release of many Muslim captives.Byzantine allianceSoon after his release, Bohemond visited Emperor Manuel in Constantinople and paid homage to him. In return for monetary aid, Bohemond agreed to allow Athanasius, the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, to accompany him back to Antioch. The Latin Patriarch, Aimery, left Antioch and imposed an interdict on the city. Manuel's cousin, Andronicus Komnenus, who was made Byzantine governor of Cilicia in 1166, often visited Antioch to meet Bohemond's beautiful young sister, Philippa. Bohemond appealed to Manuel, who dismissed Andronicus, replacing him with Constantine Kalamanos.Bohemond granted Apamea to the Knights Hospitaller in 1168. An earthquake destroyed most towns of northern Syria on 29 June 1170. The Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, died when the edifice of the Cathedral of St. Peter collapsed on him during the Mass. Bohemond went to Qosair (present-day Altınözü, Turkey) and persuaded the exiled Latin Patriarch to return to his see.Mleh, who had seized Cilicia with Nur ad-Din's help, besieged Bagras, the fortress of the Knights Templars near Antioch, in early 1170. Bohemond sought assistance from Amalric of Jerusalem, and their united army defeated Mleh, also forcing him to restore the towns of the Cilician plains to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond's relationship with Armenian Cilicia remained tense, which prevented him from pursuing an active foreign policy until Mleh was dethroned in 1175.Bohemond concluded an alliance with Gumushtekin, atabeg of Aleppo, against Saladin, the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Syria, in May 1176. On Bohemond's demand, Gumushtekin released his Christian prisoners, including Bohemond's stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon. To strengthen his alliance with the Byzantine Empire, in 1177 Bohemond married Theodora, who was closely related to Emperor Manuel.Bohemond met Philip, Count of Flanders, who had come to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in September 1177. According to the contemporaneous William of Tyre, many crusaders blamed Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli for dissuading Philip from participating in a military campaign against Egypt, preferring instead to take advantage of Philip's presence in their own realms. Indeed, in December Philip and Bohemond jointly laid siege to Harenc, a fortress of As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, Emir of Damascus, seizing the opportunity following a mutiny of the garrison. They lifted the siege soon after As-Salih informed them that Saladin (the common enemy of both As-Salih and Bohemond) had left Egypt for Syria. As-Salih paid 50,000 dinars and renounced half of the nearby villages in favor of Bohemond.Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli marched to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early 1180, according to William of Tyre. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem feared that the two princes (who were his father's cousins) had come to dethrone him, the symptoms of his leprosy having become "more and more evident" by that time. Historian Bernard Hamilton, who accepts William of Tyre's narration, says that Bohemond and Raymond came to Jerusalem to choose a husband for Baldwin's sister and heir, Sibylla, wishing to decrease the influence of the king's maternal relatives. However, Baldwin gave her in marriage to Guy of Lusignan, who was supported by their mother, Agnes of Courtenay. Sibylla's marriage contributed to the formation of two parties of noblemen. Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, and the Ibelin brothers became the leaders of the group that opposed Guy of Lusignan.ConflictsManuel I Komnenos died on 24 September 1180. Bohemond soon repudiated his wife, Theodora, to marry an Antiochene lady of bad reputation, Sibylla. Ali ibn al-Athir described her as a spy who was " in correspondence with Saladin and exchanged gifts with him". Patriarch Aimery accused Bohemond of adultery and excommunicated him. After Bohemond confiscated church property, Aimery imposed an interdict on Antioch and fled to his fortress at Qosair. Bohemond besieged the fortress, but Rainald II Masoir, Lord of Margat, and other noblemen who supported the patriarch rose up against him.Baldwin IV sent Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, along with other bishops, and Raynald of Châtillon to Antioch to mediate. After preparatory negotiations with the envoys in Latakia, Bohemond and Aimery met in Antioch. Bohemond agreed to restore confiscated church property and Aimery lifted the interdict, but Bohemond's excommunication remained in force because he refused to return to Theodora. Peace was not fully restored, and the leaders of the opposition fled to Armenian Cilicia.Bohemond made peace with Imad ad-Din Zengi II, the Zengid ruler of Aleppo, in May 1182. However, Imad ad-Din was forced to surrender Aleppo to Saladin on 11 June 1183. Fearing an attack on Antioch, Bohemond sold Tarsus to Roupen III, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, to raise funds. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem promised to send 300 knights to Antioch. Saladin did not invade the principality and signed a peace treaty with Bohemond. Bohemond attended the assembly that Baldwin IV had summoned to discuss the administration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in autumn 1183. At the meeting, Guy of Lusignan was dismissed as regent, and his five-year-old stepson, Baldwin, was proclaimed co-ruler. A charter shows that Bohemond was in Acre in April 1185, suggesting that he was present when the leper Baldwin IV died around that time.Roupen III of Armenian Cilicia laid siege to Lampron, the seat of his rival, Hethum III of Lampron. Hethum sent envoys to Bohemond, seeking his assistance. Bohemond invited Roupen to a banquet to Antioch where he had Roupen captured and imprisoned in 1185. Bohemond invaded Cilicia, but he could not prevent Roupen's brother, Leo, from seizing Lampron. An Armenian nobleman, Pagouran of Barbaron, mediated a peace treaty. Roupen agreed to pay a ransom and to renounce Sarventikar, Tall Hamdun, Mamistra, and Adana. He also acknowledged Bohemond's suzerainty. After the ransom was paid in 1186, Bohemond released Roupen, who soon reconquered the fortresses and towns that he had ceded to Antioch.Saladin's triumphThe child Baldwin V of Jerusalem died in late summer 1186. Raymond of Tripoli and his supporters could not prevent Baldwin V's mother, Sibylla, and her husband, Guy of Lusignan, from seizing the throne. Baldwin of Ibelin, who was the only Jerusalemite baron to refuse to pay homage to Sibylla and Guy after their coronation, moved to Antioch. Bohemond granted a fief to him.Nomad Turkmen bands invaded Cilicia, forcing the new ruler, Leo, to swear fealty to Bohemond shortly after his ascension in 1186 or 1187. The Turkmens also broke into the Principality of Antioch, pillaging the lowlands around Latakia and the monasteries in the nearby mountains. Bohemond was forced to make a truce with Al-Muzaffar Umar, Saladin's governor in Syria, who joined Saladin's invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in May. Even so, Bohemond sent 50 knights under the command of his elder son, Raymond, to Jerusalem after a Christian army was almost annihilated in the Battle of Cresson. The Turkmens continued their plundering raid until the Antiochene army defeated them and seized their booty.Saladin launched a crushing defeat on the Christian army in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. Bohemond's son was one of the few Christian leaders to flee from the battlefield. Within three months, Saladin captured almost all towns and fortresses of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Raymond III of Tripoli, who died before the end of the year, willed the County of Tripoli to Bohemond's elder son and heir, Raymond. Bohemond sent his younger son and namesake to take control of Tripoli, convinced that one ruler could not defend both Antioch and Tripoli. After his son was installed in Tripoli, Bohemond became "the greatest of the Franks and their most extensive ruler", according to Ibn Al-Athir. Bohemond offered to pay homage to William II of Sicily in exchange for military assistance.Saladin started the invasion of northern Syria on 1 July 1188. His troops captured Latakia on 22 or 23 July, Sahyun six days later, and the fortresses along the Orontes River in August. After the Knights Templar surrendered their fortress at Bagras to Saladin on 26 September, Bohemond pleaded for a truce, offering the release of his Muslim prisoners. Saladin granted the truce from 1 October 1188 to 31 May 1189. Bohemond managed to retain only his capital and the port of St Symeon. Saladin stipulated that Antioch was to be surrendered without resistance if no reinforcements came before the end of May 1189. Bohemond urged the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, to come to Syria, offering him the suzerainty over Antioch.This summer the unspeakable Saladin totally destroyed the city of Tortosa except for the Templar citadel, burnt down the city of Valania before moving on to the region of Antioch where he claimed the famous cities of Jabala and Latakia, the strongholds of Saône, Gorda, Cavea and [Burzey] and the lands as far as Antioch. Beyond Antioch he besieged and captured Darbsak and [Bagras]. Thus, with the whole of the principality apart from our stronghold at Margat, more or less destroyed and lost, the prince and the people of Antioch made a pitiful agreement with Saladin, that if no help was forthcoming in the seven months from the beginning of that month of October they would formally surrender Antioch, alas without even a stone being thrown, a city acquired with the blood of valiant Christians.Third crusadeGuy of Lusignan, who had recently been released, came to Antioch in July or August 1188. Bohemond did not provide him with military assistance, and Guy left for Tripoli.Frederick Barbarossa departed from the Holy Roman Empire in May 1189. The defence of Antioch was a principal aim of his crusade, but he died unexpectedly near Seleucia in Asia Minor (present-day Silifke in Turkey) on 10 June 1190. His son Duke Frederick VI of Swabia took over the command of the army, but most crusaders decided to return to Europe. The remnants of the German crusaders reached Antioch on 21 June 1190. Bohemond paid homage to Frederick of Swabia. Barbarossa's body, which had been carried to Antioch, was buried in the cathedral before the duke continued his crusade toward the Holy Land.In May 1191 Bohemond sailed to Limassol along with Guy of Lusignan and Leo of Cilicia to meet King Richard I of England, who had arrived to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. He once again met Richard during the siege of Acre in summer 1191, but he did not provide military support to the crusaders. Bohemond's relationship with Leo of Cilicia became tense when Leo captured Bagras and refused to cede it to the Knights Templar.After Richard of England left the Holy Land, Bohemond met Saladin in Beirut on 30 October 1192. According to Ibn Al-Athir, Bohemond "did obeisance" and Saladin "bestowed a robe of honour upon him" at their meeting. They signed a ten-year truce that included both Antioch and Tripoli but did not cover Armenian Cilicia even though Leo of Cilicia was Bohemond's vassal.Last yearsBohemond's wife, Sibylla, wanted to secure Antioch for her son, William, with the assistance of Leo of Cilicia (whose wife, Isabel, was her niece). Leo invited Bohemond and his family to Bagras, saying that he wanted to start negotiations regarding the surrender of the fortress either to Antioch or to the Templars in early 1194. The meeting was a trap: Bohemond was captured and taken to Leo's capital, Sis.Bohemond was compelled to surrender Antioch to Leo. He appointed his marshal, Bartholomew Tirel, to accompany the Armenian troops, which were under the command of Hethoum of Sason, to Antioch. The Antiochene noblemen allowed Leo's soldiers to enter the town, but the mainly Greek and Latin burgers opposed Leo's rule. An Armenian soldier's rude remark about Saint Hilary, to whom the royal chapel was dedicated, provoked a riot, forcing the Armenians to withdraw from the town. The burghers assembled in the cathedral to form a commune under the auspices of Patriarch Aimery. They declared Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, regent for his imprisoned father. Raymond's younger brother, Bohemond, also hurried from Tripoli to Antioch, and the Armenian forces had to return to Cilicia.Henry I of Jerusalem came to Antioch to mediate a peace treaty in early 1195. After Bohemond renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia and acknowledged Leo's possession of Bagras, Leo released him and his retainers. Before long, Bohemond's son, Raymond, married Leo's niece and heir, Alice.Raymond died in early 1197, but his widow gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen. The elderly Bohemond sent her and her infant son to Cilicia wanting either to secure Antioch for his son by Sibylla, or to guarantee their security. Bohemond assisted Duke Henry I of Brabant in capturing Beirut in October 1197. Before long, he decided to besiege Jabala and Latakia, but he had to return to Antioch to meet the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, the archbishop of Mainz. The archbishop had come to Antioch to secure Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed Bohemond. On Conrad's demand, Bohemond summoned the Antiochene noblemen, who swore fealty to his grandson.Bohemond of Tripoli regarded himself his father's lawful heir, because he was Bohemond's elder surviving son. He came to Antioch at the end of 1198 and persuaded the commune to accept his rule. Before long, the younger Bohemond returned to Tripoli, enabling his father to re-take control of state affairs, suggesting that the elder Bohemond had tacitly supported his son's coup. Leo I of Cilicia appealed to the Holy See to protect Raymond-Roupen's interest, but the Knights Templar submitted a complaint against him for refusing to restore Bagras to them.Bohemond died in April 1201. His son hurried to Antioch to attend his funeral. The commune proclaimed him prince, but many noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia. The ensuing War of the Antiochene Succession lasted for years, until the death of Leo in May 1219.FamilyBohemond's first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc, was first mentioned in charters issued in 1170, suggesting that Bohemond married her in or before that year. She was last mentioned in February or March 1175. She was the mother of Bohemond's two eldest sons, Raymond and Bohemond.Bohemond's second wife, Theodora (whom the Lignages d'Outremer mentioned as Irene) was a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Historian Charles M. Brand identifies her as the daughter of Manuel's nephew, John Doukas Komnenos. According to the Lignages d'Outremer, Theodora gave birth to a daughter, Constance, who was not mentioned in other sources.William of Tyre described Sibylla, the third wife of Bohemond, as a witch who "practised evil magics" to seduce Bohemond. Michael the Syrian stated that Sibylla was a whore. Her


Passage 1:The Daltons' WomenThe Daltons' Women is a 1950 American Western film directed by Thomas Carr starring Lash LaRue and Al "Fuzzy" St. John. It was the seventh of LaRue's films for Ron Ormond's WesternAdventures Productions Inc.The film was the first to be released by Howco, Ron Ormond's new film company composed of Ormond and drive-in movie owners Joy N. Houck and J. Francis White, and director ThomasCarr's first film in the Lash LaRue series. The film features appearances by several well known stars such as Jack Holt, Tom Tyler and Tom Neal and a lengthier running time of 77 minutes featuring a multitude ofmusical numbers, juggling, and a lengthy catfight. Though the Women of the title have little to do with the narrative of the film, "the frontier's first dance hall belles" were played up in the publicity with the original filmtrailer giving Lash LaRue last billing. The film was shot at the Iverson Movie Ranch.PlotUS Marshal Lash and Deputy Marshal Fuzzy work undercover together with a female Pinkerton detective to end the Dalton Brothersworking with a corrupt mayor and sheriff.Criticism"carelessly assembled oater that moves erratically from a thin story line to irrelevant little subplots and gives the general impression that the film was slapped togetherfrom bits of disconnected pieces,...the women involved have no relationship between the Dalton Brothers, who themselves are only slightly concerned in the proceedings"-Hollywood ReporterCastLash La Rue ... MarshalLash La RueAl St. John ... Deputy Fuzzy Q. JonesJack Holt ... Clint Dalton/Mike LeonardTom Neal  ... MayorPamela Blake ... Joan TalbotJacqueline Fontaine ... Jacqueline FontaineRaymond Hatton ... Sheriff DoolinLyleTalbot ... Jim ThorneTom Tyler ... Emmett DaltonJ. Farrell MacDonald ... Alvin - Stage Company Representative Terry Frost ... Jess Dalton/Billy SaundersArchie R. Twitchell  ... Honest HankStanley Price ... MansonBudOsborne ... Adams the Stage DriverCliff Taylor ... George the BartenderJune Benbow ... MayHenry "Duke" Johnson ... The JugglerPassage 2:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.Histelevision credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmerhas also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. Heattended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom TheInbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back(2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 3:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi filmdirector who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabifilm. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxenamarried Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu,which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz,this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie "India Gate".In 2018 AbhishekSaxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj'slife.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, "As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happenonly with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there."Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films andserials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistantdirector in the movie "Girgit" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 4:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film is DaivathinteSwantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born to M. S. Gopalan Nair and P. Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed hisbachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery.CareerAfter completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directedby Rajeevnath in 1995. His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associate director for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starringMammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAsassociate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 5:TangledDestiniesTangled Destinies is a 1932 pre-Code American murder mystery film directed by Frank R. Strayer. The film is also known as Who Killed Harvey Forbes? in the United Kingdom.CastGene Morgan as Capt. Randall"Randy" GordonDoris Hill as DorisGlenn Tryon as Tommy Preston, the Co-pilotVera Reynolds as Ruth, the Airline StewardessEthel Wales as Prudence DaggottMonaei Lindley as Monica van BurenSyd Saylor as Buchanan,the PrizefighterSidney Bracey as McGinnis, posing as Professor MarmontLloyd Whitlock as Floyd MartinJames B. Leong as LingWilliam P. Burt as Harvey ForbesHenry Hall as Dr. Wingate, the ParsonWilliam Humphrey asProfessor HartleyPassage 6:The Daltons Ride AgainThe Daltons Ride Again is a 1945 American Western film directed by Ray Taylor starring Alan Curtis, Lon Chaney Jr., Kent Taylor and Noah Beery Jr. The movie wasmade by Universal Pictures and the supporting cast features Milburn Stone ("Doc" in the subsequent television series Gunsmoke) and Douglas Dumbrille.PlotCastAlan Curtis as Emmett Dalton, a BrotherLon Chaney Jr.as Grat Dalton, a BrotherKent Taylor as Bob Dalton, a BrotherNoah Beery Jr. as Ben Dalton, a BrotherMartha O'Driscoll as Mary Bohannon, Emmett's girlfriendJess Barker as Jeff ColtonThomas Gomez as 'Professor' J. K.McKenna, the Town drunkJohn Litel as Mitchael J. 'Mike" Bohannon, the Newspaper editorMilburn Stone as Parker W. Graham, a Land developer / bad guyWalter Sande as Wilkins / bad guyDouglass Dumbrille as SheriffHoskinsStanley Andrews as Tex Walters, the Dalton's friendCritical receptionCritic John Howard Reid called it "a handsome little oater with good performances and a fine violent shootout as its climax."Passage 7:FrankR. StrayerFrank Raymond Strayer (September 21, 1891 – February 3, 1964) was an actor, film writer, director and producer. He was active from the mid-1920s until the early 1950s. He directed a series of 14 Blondie!(1938) movies as well.BiographyStrayer attended Carnegie Tech and then the Pennsylvania Military Academy. After graduation, he served in the Navy during World War I. After the War, he found work at Metro Studios,which would later become known as MGM. While there, he worked as an assistant director and also acted in a few films. During the 1920s, he moved on to Columbia Pictures. While there, he became a successful writer,director and producer.FilmographyWriterThe Man Who (1921)By Appointment Only (1933)Murder at Midnight (1931)DirectorFrank Strayer is credited with having directed 86 films. These include 14 movies in a seriesbased on the Blondie and Dagwood comic strip, dramas such as Manhattan Tower (1931), starring Mary Brian and James Hall, and several horror films, including The Monster Walks (1932). Unless otherwise noted,credits below are as listed in the AFI database.ProducerFootlight Glamour (1943)It's a Great Life (1943)ActorThe Man Who (1921)Passage 8:Thomas Carr (director)Thomas Howard Carr (July 4, 1907 - April 23, 1997)was an American actor and film director of Hollywood movies and television programs. Often billed as "Tommy Carr", he later adopted his more formal "Thomas Carr" birth name as his billing name.BiographyCarr wasborn into an acting family on July 4, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was the actor William Carr and his mother was the actress Mary Carr.  Thomas Carr followed the family profession, and in 1915 beganacting in silent films.  From 1915 through 1953, Carr played small supporting roles in a number of low budget Hollywood films. However, Carr's star as an actor did not rise.In 1945, he turned to directing, and from1945 through 1951 Carr directed numerous B movies for Hollywood's Poverty Row.  Most of Carr's films were Westerns; however, in 1948 he was co-director (along with Spencer Gordon Bennet) of the live-actionSuperman serial.  From 1951 to 1968, Carr's directing was focused mainly on television.  He directed episodes of numerous television shows in the 1950s and 1960s, including episodes of Lassie, Adventures ofSuperman, Daniel Boone, Wanted: Dead or Alive, and Gunsmoke.His older brother Stephen was a recurring cast member, in various roles, during the first season of Adventures of Superman. Steve is also seen pointing"up in the sky" during the opening credits of the black and white episodes.Thomas Carr retired from directing in 1968.  He died in Ventura, California on 23 April 1997.Partial filmographyBibliographyHolmstrom, John.The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 30.External linksThomas Carr at IMDbTommy Carr in middle age,signed portrait(archived)Passage 9:JesseJames vs. the DaltonsJesse James vs. the Daltons is a 1954 American 3-D Western film directed by William Castle and starring Brett King, Barbara Lawrence and James Griffith. It was produced and distributed byColumbia Pictures and was one of three films shot by Castle in 3-D during the 1950s 3-D 'golden era'.PlotJoe Branch (Brett King), rumored to be the son of outlaw Jesse James, sets out to contact the infamous DaltonGang and to learn the truth about his legendary father.CastBrett King as Joe BranchBarbara Lawrence as Kate ManningJames Griffith as Bob DaltonWilliam Phipps as Bill DaltonJohn Cliff as Great DaltonRory Mallinson asBob FordWilliam Tannen as Emmett DaltonRichard Garland as GilkieNelson Leigh as Father KerriganPassage 10:When the Daltons RodeWhen the Daltons Rode is a 1940 American Western film directed by GeorgeMarshall and starring Randolph Scott, Kay Francis and Brian Donlevy. Based on the 1931 book of the same name by Emmett Dalton, a member of the Dalton Gang, and Jack Jungmeyer Sr., the film also includes afictional family friend who tries to dissuade the Dalton brothers from becoming outlaws.PlotThe Dalton brothers, law-abiding farmers, move to Kansas from Missouri to begin a new life. Bob Dalton meets lawyer TodJackson and persuades him to defend his kin Ben Dalton in a court case against a corrupt land-development company.A melee erupts during the trial and the Daltons shoot their way out of the courtroom. Cronies of theland developers and the press portray the brothers negatively. Ben is shot in the back. Unable to live lawfully, the Daltons rob a stagecoach and their reputation as dangerous outlaws spreads.Tod has fallen in love withBob Dalton's fiancée Julie. He urges the Daltons to change their ways, but they defy him and pull one more bank job in Kansas. Bob and Grat are killed there, as are two other members of the gang, but Emmettsurvives.CastRandolph Scott as Tod JacksonKay Francis as Julie KingBrian Donlevy as Grat DaltonGeorge Bancroft as Caleb WintersBroderick Crawford as Bob DaltonStuart Erwin as Ben DaltonAndy Devine as OzarkJonesFrank Albertson as Emmett DaltonMary Gordon as Ma DaltonHarvey Stephens as RigbyEdgar Dearing as SheriffQuen Ramsey as Clem WilsonDorothy Granger as NancyRobert McKenzie as PhotographerFayMcKenzie as HannahWalter Soderling as Judge Lucius Thorndown (Judge Swain in the credits)Mary Ainslee as MinnieErville Alderson as Dist. Atty. WadeSally Payne as AnnabellaEdgar Buchanan as Old Timer(uncredited)June Wilkins as SuzyProductionThe film was based on Emmett Dalton's autobiography. Universal announced the project in March 1940 with filming to begin in May. Stuart Anthony and Lester Cole worked onthe script. The railroad scenes were filmed on the Sierra Railroad in Tuolumne County, California.


Passage 1:Hell and Mr. FudgeHell and Mr. Fudge is a 2012 American drama film directed by Jeff Wood and written by Donald Davenport. Based on a true story, the film stars Mackenzie Astin as Edward Fudge, a real life Alabama preacher who has been hired to determine the nature of hell. The real life Fudge is best known for his book The Fire That Consumes, in which he argues against the immortal soul and eternal torment in hell.CastMackenzie Astin as Edward FudgeCody Sullivan as young EdwardKeri Lynn Pratt as Sara FudgeJohn Wesley Shipp as Bennie Lee FudgeEileen Davidson as Sibyl FudgeWes Robertson as Joe MarkTrevor Allen Martin as young JoeHelen Ingebritsen as Mrs. HerneChristian Fortune as Davy HollisSean McGowan as Don HalowayTom Hillmann as Simon ClarageProductionFilming took place in Athens, Alabama in June and July 2011. The film had a scheduled release date of "first quarter 2012". Fudge cooperated in the film's development.ReceptionIn April 2012, the film received a Platinum award in the "Christian theatrical feature film" category at the Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival. The film's producers subsequently sought a distributor for a wider release.Passage 2:Yes or NoYes or No  or Yes/No may refer to:Yes and no in EnglishYes–no question, a form of question which can normally be answered using a simple "yes" or "no"Film and TVYes or No?, a 1920 silent filmYes or No (film), a 2010 Thai romantic filmYes or No (game show), a version of Deal or No Deal airing in South KoreaYes or No (TV series), (  ) a Tamil-language talent game show in India"Yes/No" (Glee)", an episode of Glee"Yes or No, Tsunade's answer" ("YESNO!"), a season four episode of the anime series Naruto (see list of Naruto episodes)MusicAlbumsYes/No, a 2012 EP by Fake BloodYes, No (T-Square album), 1988Songs"Yes/No" (Banky W. song), 2012"Yes or No" (song), by The Go-Go's"Yes or No" by Wayne Shorter from the 1965 album JuJu"Yes or No", song by Tommy SeebachOther uses"Yes" or "No" the Guide to Better Decisions a book by Spencer JohnsonSee alsoYes and no (disambiguation)Passage 3:Yes or YesYes or Yes (stylized as YES or YES) is the sixth extended play by the South Korean girl group Twice. It was released on November 5, 2018, by JYP Entertainment and distributed by Iriver. It contains seven tracks, including the lead single of the same name and the Korean version of "BDZ". Twice members Jeongyeon, Chaeyoung and Jihyo took part in writing lyrics for three songs on the EP.The album became a commercial success for the group, topping the Gaon Album Chart and becoming Twice's first Korean album to top Japan's Oricon Album Chart. It recorded over 300,000 copies sold, and with its release, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea. A reissue, titled The Year of "Yes", was released on December 12, 2018.Background and releaseIn early October 2018, advertisements with the phrase "Do you like Twice? Yes or Yes" (Korean: " ? YES or YES") were put up on subway billboards, drawing attention online. On October 11, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release a third Korean album that year on November 5. Yes or Yes was revealed as the album's title on October 20 and a special video commemorating Twice's third anniversary contained a short clip of the album's lead single of the same name.Twice released their first group teaser photo regarding their comeback on October 23. On October 24, individual teaser posters featuring Nayeon, Jeongyeon, and Momo were uploaded. A track list image for the album's eponymous title track was also posted, revealing that it was written by Sim Eun-jee, who previously worked with Twice as a songwriter for "Knock Knock". On October 25, individual teaser photos featuring Sana, Jihyo, and Mina were posted by the group. On the same day, a second track list image for the album was posted, revealing the titles of three songs written by Twice members: " LaLaLa" penned by Jeongyeon, "Young & Wild" co-written by Chaeyoung, and "Sunset" being written by Jihyo. On October 26, individual teaser photos featuring Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu were uploaded. A third track list image unveiling additional details about the album was also posted, revealing seven songs in total.On October 27, a second group teaser photo was released by Twice. On October 28, a second set of individual teaser photos featuring each member was uploaded. Twice then revealed their first music video teaser for "Yes or Yes" on October 29. On October 30, Twice unveiled their third group teaser poster. The following day, the group released the second music video teaser for the album's title track, revealing their opening choreography. A full preview of the album's contents was revealed by the group on November 1. On November 2, Twice uploaded their third music video teaser, revealing more of their choreography and opening verse. More parts of the lead track's opening verse was revealed by the group on November 3. A highlight medley featuring snippets from all of the album's tracks was uploaded on November 4.Yes or Yes alongside its eponymous lead single was officially released on November 5, with Twice holding their live showcase at the KBS Arena Hall in Hwagok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul.CompositionYes or Yes is an EP consisting of seven tracks. The title track "Yes or Yes" was composed by David Amber and Andy Love, with Korean lyrics by Sim Eun-jee. Amber previously co-composed "Heart Shaker" and Sim Eun-jee co-wrote lyrics for "Knock Knock". "Yes or Yes" was described as a bright and lively "color pop" song in the synth-pop genre with influences from Motown, reggae and arena pop. Lyrically, it is about only being able to reply "yes" to a confession of love."Say You Love Me" is an upbeat song which lyrically describes the feeling of one who is admitting to their romantic interest and waiting for their reply. "LaLaLa" is written by Jeongyeon, and is described as a "quintessential love song". "Young & Wild" is penned by Chaeyoung and lyrically talks about self-confidence. "Sunset", written by Jihyo, features a mono-speaker sound effect with its lyrics comparing one's romantic interest to a sunset. "After Moon" is classified as a ballad track. The album's final track is the Korean version of "BDZ" from their Japanese album BDZ.PromotionTwo days before the album's release, Twice appeared on the television show Knowing Bros and performed part of "Yes or Yes" for the first time. The group held a showcase for the album on November 5, 2018, at the KBS Arena Hall in Gangseo-gu, Seoul. The first televised performance of "Yes or Yes" was at the 2018 MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards on November 6. Twice also appeared on Idol Room as part of the promotion for the album.The group promoted the album on several Korean music show programs, first performing the title track and "BDZ" on M Countdown on November 8. They also performed on KBS2's Music Bank on November 9 and 23, SBS' Inkigayo on November 11, MBC M's Show Champion on November 14, and MBC's Show! Music Core on November 17. The title track "Yes or Yes" garnered a total of four music show wins, first getting a win on Show Champion on November 14. It received a music show win on M!Countdown and Inkigayo, and achieved its fourth win on Show Champion for the second week.Twice also performed " Yes or Yes" at the 39th Blue Dragon Film Awards held on November 23.Commercial performanceFollowing the release of Yes or Yes, the lead single achieved an 'all-kill' by topping the real-time rankings on Melon, Mnet, Naver, Genie, Olle, Soribada, and Bugs. The EP also reached the top of 17 iTunes Album charts. Additionally, all seven tracks from the mini-album charted in the top 7 of Japan's Line Music charts.  In South Korea, the album topped the Gaon Album Chart and the title track topped the Gaon Digital Chart after the first week of its release. Yes or Yes was Twice's first Korean album to rank number 1 on Japan's Oricon Albums Chart and Digital Albums Chart. On November 11, Yes or Yes received a Platinum certification from Gaon for reaching sales of over 250,000 copies. The album then ranked at number three on the Monthly Gaon Album Chart for the month of November, recording 322,803 copies sold.With the release of Yes or Yes, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea, achieving the feat within three years of their career.Track listingContent productionCredits adapted from album liner notes.LocationsPersonnelChartsCertificationsAccoladesPassage 4:Yes or No (film)Yes or No (Thai:  , romanized: Yak Rak Ko Rak Loei; literally "Let's Love As We Wish") is a 2010 Thai romantic comedy-drama film directed by Sarasawadee Wongsompetch, starring Sucharat "Aom" Manaying and Suppanad "Tina" Jitaleela. It is the first lesbian-genre film from Thailand with a "tom" (i.e. butch) lead character.PlotPie comes from an upper middle class Thai family that adheres to traditional thought and customs, including the very vocal disapproval of homosexuality. Kim, on the other hand, carries herself with  deliberate masculinity that defies convention and intimidates Pie upon first encounter, so much so that she immediately requests a roommate change which the college promptly denies.Pie is reluctant to converse or interact with her roommate so she takes tape and  draws boundaries in the room to separate her space from Kim's to avoid as much contact as possible. On the first day of class, Kim by chance meets Jane, who is seen still crying after her breakup. Kim offers her a handkerchief and Jane immediately gets smitten by her. Later that week, Jane walks into Pie and Kim's room and is embarrassed and shocked to see Kim. She immediately walks out, then comes back in and drags Pie out in the hallway. Jane confesses that Kim is the girl she has fallen for and uses Pie to get an introduction and thus begins her chase for Kim.Despite how hard Pie tries to ignore or discourage Kim, the two begin to intermingle when Kim cooks and shares with Pie and the two have a short conversation together. One day Kim receives a package from her father's worker and is told to deliver to Aunt In. She asks Pie to help her get there but Pie hurriedly turns her down and gives her fast directions before walking away. Night time falls and Kim is seen sitting near a lake, completely lost. Pie finds her and offers her to take her to Aunt In but only as a thank you for the food.That starts a series of moments where the two begin to spend increasingly more time together and soon those “boundary lines” disappear and Pie finds herself drifting away from her then boyfriend, to Kim. The two share many sweet moments, most notably, when  Kim took Pie to the park to help her record information for school. The two share a lollipop and Kim in a roundabout way, confesses her attraction to Pie. The latter does not reply but she is seen smiling.But as Pie's feelings grow, so do those of Jane for Kim, and of P'van for Pie. Because Pie has yet to accept that she may have feelings for Kim, and Kim is reluctant to confess, this triggers mutual jealousy and sadness. When P'van unexpectedly pops up at the school to take Pie out, she tries to turn him down but Jane comes along and invites herself and forces Kim and Pie to accept his offer. During their time together, Pie gets visibly upset at how close Jane is to Kim and tries various times to either make Kim jealous or have them spend time alone. After a failed attempt, she and Jane leave for a moment where P'van talks about Pie's mother and her heavy dislike of homosexuals. He then goes on to say that Kim needs to leave Pie alone because Pie does not like her like that nor will she ever, and then taunts Kim by saying Pie would want the real thing versus silicone (referring to sex). Angry, Kim storms off. When Pie and Jane return they ask for Kim but P'van says he doesn't know what happened.Pie calls Kim several times throughout the time period and looks all over the mall for her. Eventually she is seen at the dorm with an angry expression. Kim walks in with her hands full of bags, Pie begins to yell at her for leaving and Kim yells back that she had P'van anyway so it did not matter. Pie then yells at Kim for being too close to Jane but rather than announce it was jealousy, says she was disgusted by two girls together. This prompts Kim to dump her bags and leave the room. Regretful, Pie looks through the bags and finds a Jellyfish lamp, something she told Kim she had wanted. She then grabs an umbrella and runs to find Kim. Eventually she finds Kim in a phone booth, soaking wet and shivering. Upon finding her, Kim declares her love for Pie and that she knows though Pie will never love her, she will do so. Pie then drops the umbrella and embraces Kim.After the confession, the two have their first kiss and begin a relationship together, unbeknownst to anyone. The happiness is short lived though as Pie's mother drops by the dorm. In a rush, Pie tells her mother to go use the restroom while she takes down photos of herself and Kim. Soon after, Pie and her mother sit on the bed and chat. Kim, not knowing Pie's mother is there, walks into the room. Surprised, Kim realizes the situation and pretends to be a student from down the hall asking for her book back from Pie, confused and scared, Pie quickly fumbles for some books and gives them to Kim with a "Thank You". When Kim leaves she leaves the door ajar and listens to the nasty comments Pie's mother makes about her, she begins to cry and walks away.Shortly after, Kim gets sick. Pie takes care of her but soon has to leave for class, to make sure Kim gets some rest, she gives her some medicine and puts a blindfold over her eyes. Jane learns that Kim is sick and stops to make a visit. She lays next to Kim and begins to massage her. Eventually Pie comes back to the dorm to find Kim and Jane in a romantic position, rubbing and cradling each other. Jane hurriedly get up and Kim takes off her blindfold. Realizing that it was Jane that she was with the entire time, she rushes to explain but Pie begins to cry and throws a glass Jellyfish lamp Kim had bought her on the floor and runs out of the room. Kim tries to go after her but Jane holds onto her, demanding she stays and what is it she and Pie are hiding.Kim races around the campus, going to all the spots she and Pie would always go too and constantly calling her cellphone but gets sent to voicemail and does not find her. She eventually ends up at Aunt In' who tries to find out what's wrong but Kim receives a phone call from Jane crying for an explanation and threatening to expose Pie and Kim's relationship. After Jane hangs up the phone, she takes out a blade, ready to cut herself. But Nerd shows up and smacks her. Kim runs back to the dorm and find Jane, telling her that she only wanted a friendship with her and that she loves Pie. Eventually the two get to a mutual understanding.Later, you see that Pie has gone home to her mother and is crying in bed. Her mother, who doesn't know what's going on, is worried that Pie has been crying for so long. After Pie settles down she asks her mother would she be mad if she didn't love P'van, her mother responds that she does not care if Pie doesn't love him. Pie then asks her mother what if she liked someone of the same sex, her mother does not respond but is seen with a shocked expression. Kim finds her way to Pie's home days later and speaks to the mother, confessing how she feels for Pie. The mother rejects her and calls down Pie to either accept Kim or not. Pie is too scared and rejects Kim in front of her mother. Heartbroken,  Kim leaves the house.Kim goes back home to her father and works on the farm, after a few weeks, Pie is seen going to the farm and meets Kim's father. After a short introduction, he tells her where Kim is and she rushes to her. As soon as she spots Kim, she begins to confess her feelings and states that she will openly go against her mother and that she needs Kim in her life. When Kim does not answer, Pie apologizes saying "I was too late" and turns to leave crying. Kim stops her with a back hug and thanks pie for daring to love her. The two then embrace each other in a longing hug with Pie's voice reading off a letter she had left to her mother stating she is sorry but she loves Kim and will continue a relationship with her.CastSucharat Manaying - as PieSuppanad Jittaleela - as KimArisara Tongborisuth - as JaneSoranut Yupanun - as P'vanIntira Youenyong - as Aunt. InnManeerut Wongjirasak - as Pie's MotherPuttipong Promsaka Na Sakolnakorn - as Kim's FatherThanapat Sornkoon - as BoyNarumon Reanaiprai - as NerdBandit Thongdee - as OddSophon Phoonsawat - as JeabPongsit Phisitthakarn, Nuttapatch Arunsirisakul, Tantong Funyueang, Watchanan Jitpakdee- as Boy Gang MembersReleaseYes or No premiered theatrically in Thailand on 16 December 2010.Home mediaThe DVD for region 3 was released in Thailand by MVD Company Limited on 10 May 2011. The region-free Blu-ray with subtitles in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese was released by Canon Yuri Films on 1 January 2012.The film was released as VOD on Netflix in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 December 2018.ReceptionCritical responseOne of Thailand's widely known movie critic websites, filmbiz stated: "Slowly on the heels of gay-male teen movie Love of Siam (, 2007) comes Thailand's first lesbian romance, Yes or No (Yes or No ), a much more path-breaking undertaking in the outwardly permissive but underlyingly very conservative country. Professionally shot on a less than $500,000 budget, with good-looking photography by d.p. Ruengwit Ramasoota ( ) and a poppy soundtrack that includes one obvious anthem to gay relationships, the movie is tame even by the standards of other Asian countries but gets by on a simple, ingenuous charm that's both very Thai and very necessary (given the nature of its subject)." The film was given 4 and a half out of 5 stars.AccoladesYes or No received the Special Mention jury award at the 2012 Milan International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.Soundtrack2012 sequel: Yes or No 2The sequel Yes or No 2: Come Back to Me (Thai: , romanized: Rak Mai Rak Ya Kak Loei), also directed by Sarasawadee Wongsompetch with Sucharat Manaying and Suppanad Jittaleela returning in the roles of Pie and Kim, was released on 16 August 2012.The VOD became available on Netflix in the United States and United Kingdom on 7 November 2018.See alsoList of LGBT-related films directed by womenList of Thai filmsPassage 5:Yes or No?Yes or No? is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Roy William Neill and starring Norma Talmadge in a duo role. It is based on the 1917 Broadway play Yes or No by Arthur Goodrich.  Talmadge and Joe Schenck produced the picture and released it through First National Exhibitors.It is preserved at the Library of Congress Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation.PlotCastNorma Talmadge as Margaret Vane / Minnie BerryFrederick Burton as Donald VaneLowell Sherman as Paul DerreckLionel Adams as Dr. MalloyRockliffe Fellowes as Jack BerryNatalie Talmadge as Emma MartinEdward Brophy as Tom Martin (credited as Edward S. Brophy)Dudley Clements as Horace HookerGladden James as Ted LeachPassage 6:The Law and Mr. LeeThe Law and Mr Lee is a 2003 American TV film.PlotAn ex-con becomes a private detective.CastDanny GloverPassage 7:Hell and BackHell and Back or Hell and Back Again or To Hell and Back may refer to:BooksHell and Back (comics), a 1999–2000 comic book seriesTo Hell and Back (Murphy book), a 1949 autobiography of soldier and actor Audie MurphyTo Hell and Back (Kershaw book), 2015 history book by Ian KershawMeat Loaf: To Hell and Back, a 2004 autobiography of Meat Loaf, or its film adaptationFilm and TVHell and Back (film), a 2015 animated comedy filmTo Hell and Back (film), a 1955 film adaptation of Audie Murphy's autobiographyUno di più all'inferno, a 1968 film also known as To Hell and Back"To Hell and Back", a 1996 episode of American GothicMusicHell and Back (album), a 2004 album by Drag OnTo Hell and Back (album), a 2000 album by SinergyTo Hell 'n' Back, a 2009 album by Grong GrongHell and Back Together: 1984–1990, a 1992 compilation album by T.S.O.L."To Hell & Back" (song), a 2020 song by Maren Morris"Hell and Back", a song by Metallica from the 2011 EP Beyond Magnetic"Hell n Back", a 2019 song by Bakar"To Hell & Back", a 2009 song by Blessthefall from the album Witness"To Hell and Back", a 2014 song by Sabaton from the album Heroes"To Hell and Back", a 2015 song by Symphony X from the album Underworld"To Hell and Back", a 1982 song by Venom from the album Black MetalVideo gamingTo Hell and Back (video game), a platform game developed for the Commodore 64See alsoHell and Back Again, a 2011 film"To Hull and Back", a 1985 Christmas