Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasov played in the Russian Premier League with FC LokomotivNizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Roshan Lal VermaRoshan Lal Verma is an Indian politician and a member of the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in India. Herepresents the Tilhar constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Samajwadi Party.Early life and educationRoshan Lal Verma was born in Shahjahanpur district. He attended the Adarsh School and is educatedtill eighth grade.Political careerRoshan Lal Verma has been a MLA for three term. He represented the Tilhar constituency and was a member of the  political party, Bahujan Samaj Party. Later he joined Bhartiya JantaParty until 2021.In 2022 he joined Samajwadi Party.Members of Legislative AssemblyHe was elected in 2007 as  Member, 15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. And re-elected in 2012 for 16th LegislativeAssembly of Uttar Pradesh and again in 2017 as Member, 17th Legislative AssemblyElectoral performanceSee alsoTilhar (Assembly constituency)Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh LegislativeAssemblyPassage 3:Vrindavan Lal VermaVrindavan Lal verma (9 January 1889 – 23 February 1969) was a Hindi novelist and playwright. He was honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works; Agra Universitypresented him with honorary D. Lit. He received Soviet Land Nehru Award and the government India also awarded him for his novel, Jhansi Ki Rani.Life and careerHe was drawn toward mythological and historicalnarratives from early childhood. His masterpiece, Mriganayani, set at the end of the 15th century in Gwalior, tells the legend of Man Singh Tomar and his "doe-eyed queen" Mrignayani.His historical novels areGadhKundar (1927)Virata ki Padmini (1930)Musahibju (1943)Jhansi ki Rani (1946)Kachnar (1947)Madavji Sindhia (1949)Tute Kante (1949)Mriganayani (1950)Bhuvan Vikram (1954)Ahilya Bai (1955)RaniDurgavatiLalitadityaVarma's social novels includeSangam (1928)Lagan (1929)Pratyagat (1929)Kundali Chakra (1932)Prem ki Bheni (1939)Kabhi na Kabhi (1945)Achal Mera Koyi (1947)Rakhi ki Laj (1947)Sona(1947)Amar Bel (1952).His plays include an adaptation of his novel, Jhansi ki Rani, Hans Mayur (1950), Bans ki Phans (1950), Pile Hath (1950), Purva ki Aur (1951), Kevat (1951), Nilkanth (1951), Mangal Sutra(1952), Birbal (1953), and Lalit Vikram (1953).Varma wrote short stories also which have been published in seven volumes. His autobiography Apni Kahani has also been applauded.Passage 4:Manikya LalVermaManikya Lal Verma (Born on 4 December 1897 in a Mathur kayastha family) was a member of Constituent Assembly of India in 1949. He was prime minister of Rajasthan, India before full formation of the state.He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1957 from Chittorgarh and in 1952 from Tonk. He was recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1965.He played pivotal role in Bijolia movement, a farmers agitation raised between 1919 and 1923in Bhilwara. He remained in prison for several years being a freedom fighter.  Verma was an untiring social activist. He played a vital role in promoting education among Tribes, other backward classes and women insouthern Rajasthan.  He founded Vimukt Janjaati sangh to promote social conditions of notified castes. This organisation established several hostels for notified caste students in Rajasthan. In Western border district'sSimant () Chatrawas were established on his initiative.He died on 14 January 1969. His wife Smt. Narayni Devi was a member of Rajya Sabha and son Deen Bandhu Verma was a member of Loksabha fromUdaipur constituency. His son in law Shiv Charan Mathur was also Chief Minister of Rajasthan for two terms.The Manikya Lal Verma Textile and Engineering College was named after him. A huge garden at bank ofPichola lake, Udaipur is also named behind him.Other details as per loksabha.nic.in ...Social and Political worker; Secretary, Vidya Pracharini Sabha, Bijolia (1916); Organised Peasant Satyagraha against taxes andforced labour in 1918; Imprisoned in 1919, also 1923, thrice in 1927 and again in 1931; Interned at Kumbhalgarh in 1932-33 and expelled from Udaipur State in 1938 for establishing 'Praja Mandal' and conductingSatyagraha against the State and imprisoned again for one year, 1939; Participated in 'Quit India Movement'; Chairman of Reception Committee, All India States' People's Conference, 1945; Chief Minister of Rajasthan,1948–49; President, Rajasthan State Congress Committee, 1951; Member, All India Congress Working Committee, 1952–54; President, Rajasthan Bhil Seva Mandal Vimukta Jati Sevak Sangh, 1954–55; Convener, AllIndia Gadia Luhar Sammelan and Bharat Sevak Samaj, 1955–56; President, Gadiya Lohar Sewak Sangh, 1956–62, Rajasthan Adim Jati Sevak Sangh, 1957–62; Rajasthan Van Shramik Sahakari Sangh, 1959–62;Member, Constituent Assembly, 1947–50; Provisional Parliament, 1950–52; First Lok Sabha, 1952—57 and Second Lok Sabha, 1957–62.Social activities:  Organised Harijan Ashram at Nareli in Ajmer Merwara, 1934;Did constructive work among Bhils and Meenas of Rajasthan at Village Khadlai, Dungarpur State in August, 1934; Established Akal Pidit Seva Sangh, Mewar, 1940; Established Harijan Sevak Sangh and Bhil Seva Sanghin Udaipur; Established Mahila Ashram, Bhilwara, 1944; Established Rajasthan Kalbeliya Seva Sangh.Special interests:  Improvement of agriculture on modern lines; Establishment of Socialistic Society on thecooperative principles; Established three Tribes colony in Udaipur and Kota District and settled Gadia Lohars in Jodhpur, Nagor, Bikaner, Ajmer, Pali District and Banjaras in Bhilwara District, Kalbeliyas in UdaipurDistrict.Passage 5:Kerem İnanKerem İnan (born 25 March 1980) is a Turkish professional football goalkeeper who plays for Erokspor.Career statisticsAs of 20 August 2010HonoursGalatasarayTurkish League: 2(1999–00, 2001–02)Turkish Cup: 2 (1998–99, 1999–00) UEFA Cup: 1 (1999–00)UEFA Super Cup: 1 (2000)Passage 6:Jhunnilal VermaJhunnilal Verma (also Jhunni Lal Verma or J. L. Verma) was an Indian lawyer andpolitician from Madhya Pradesh. He was freedom fighter from Bundelkhand Damoh region.In December 1933, Verma was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council of the Central Provinces and Berar, to fill thevacancy caused by the death of G. S. Singhai. He represented the Damoh district non-Muhammadan rural constituency. He was still a member in 1936.During establishment of Saugor University he was in the team withDr. Hari Singh Gour and also the founder of Damoh Degree College. J. L. Verma Law College, the law school affiliated with Dr. Hari Singh Gour University was named in his honor.  He wrote two books Bharat Darshanand Karm Sanyasi Krishna.External linksJhunni Lal Verma, author profile at Rajkamal PrakashanPassage 7:Roman SmishkoRoman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professionalfootballer who played as a goalkeeper.He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko.CareerHe played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian top levels.In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he setthe league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July 2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after EdwinVan der Sar's 1,311 minutes.Passage 8:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of LazarZličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16thfixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal.Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, invictory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 9:Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born 1978)Dmitri NikolayevichVarfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player.He is a younger brother of Sergei Varfolomeyev.HonoursZhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier Leaguechampion: 2001Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001Passage 10:Baboo Lal VermaBaboo Lal Verma as an Indian politician. He is a Cabinet Minister of Food & Civil Supply, Consumer Affairs in Government of Rajasthan and MLAin Keshoraipatan constituency Bundi district from Rajasthan.


Passage 1:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, onthe west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tombwas discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth,meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 2:ThadThad is a masculine given name, often a short form(hypocorism) of Thaddeus. It may refer to:Thad Allen (born 1949), United States Coast Guard admiralThad Altman (born 1955), American politicianThad Balkman (born 1971), American politician, lawyer, andjudgeThaddeus Thad Bingel, American educator and political consultantThaddis Thad Bosley (born 1956), American baseball playerThaddeus Thad F. Brown (1902–1970), American police chiefThad Busby (born 1974),American football playerThaddeus Thad Carhart (born 1950), American writerThad Castle, character in the TV series Blue Mountain StateWilliam Thad Cochran (1937–2019), United States Senator from MississippiThadCockrell, American singer-songwriterThaddeus Thad A. Eure (1899–1993), American politicianThad McIntosh Guyer (born 1950), American lawyerThad Heartfield (1940–2022), American lawyer and federaljudgeThaddeus Thad Hutcheson (1915–1986), American attorney and politicianThad J. Jakubowski (1924–2013), American Roman Catholic bishopThad Jaracz (born 1946), American basketball playerThaddeus ThadJones (1923–1986), American jazz trumpeter and bandleaderThad Krasnesky (fl. 2000s–2020s), American children's authorThad Levine (born 1971), American baseball executiveThaddeus Thad Lewis (born 1987),American football playerThaddeus Thad Luckinbill (born 1975), American actor and film producerThad Matta (born 1967), American men's basketball coachThad McArthur (born 1928), American Olympic modernpentathleteThad McClammy (1942–2021), American politicianThaddus Thad McFadden (American football) (born 1962), American football playerThaddus Thad McFadden (basketball) (born 1987), American basketballplayerThaddeus Thad Moffitt (born 2000), American racing driverThaddeus Thad Mumford (1951–2018), American television writer and producerThaddeus Thad Spencer (1943–2013), American heavyweight boxerThadStarner (fl. 1980s–2010s), American computer scientistThaddeus Thad Stem Jr. (1916–1980), American author and poetThaddeus Stevens (1792–1868), United States Representative from PennsylvaniaRobertThaddeus R. Thad Taylor (1925–2006), American theatre directorThaddeus Thad Tillotson (1940–2012), American baseball pitcherThad Vann (1907–1982), American football player and coachThad Viers (born 1978),American politicianThad Vreeland Jr. (1924–2010), American materials scientistThad Weber (born 1984), American baseball pitcherPassage 3:Where Was I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay byDavid Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With ReginaldDenny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location bylooking at photos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music"Where was I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylorand Peggy McCall  1939"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Passalbum)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song byRosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Lydia Hamilton SmithLydia Hamilton Smith (February 14, 1813 – February 14, 1884) was the long-time housekeeper of Thaddeus Stevens and aprominent black businesswoman after his death.Early lifeLydia Hamilton was born at Russell Tavern near Gettysburg in Adams County, Pennsylvania, US. She "was the widow of a Gettysburg Negro barber [JacobSmith-died 1852], by whom she had two children." Her mother was a free mulatto woman of European and African descent, and her father was Irish.Career with StevensSeparated from her husband, Smith moved toLancaster with her mother and sons in 1847 and accepted a position as housekeeper to prominent lawyer and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens, who had moved from Gettysburg five years earlier but practiced law and hadbusiness interests in several counties in the Susquehanna River basin. Stevens was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives the following year, and Smith continued to keep the bachelor's house (including hishouse in Washington, D.C.) until Stevens died in 1868.Smith was described as "giving great attention to her appearance," and in later years she had her clothes made to resemble those of Mary Lincoln. Carl Sandburgdescribed Smith as "a comely quadroon with Caucasian features and a skin of light-gold tint, a Roman Catholic communicant with Irish eyes ... quiet, discreet, retiring, reputed for poise and personal dignity."Smith hadtwo sons, William and Isaac, by her late husband, Jacob Smith. She and Stevens also raised the latter's nephews, whom he adopted in the 1840s.  On April 2, 1861, Smith's older son, William Smith, fatally shot himselfwhile handling a pistol at Stevens's home, as his mother watched. William Smith was 26 years old and worked as a shoemaker in Lancaster. Her other son, Isaac Smith, a banjo player and barber, enlisted in the 6thUnited States Colored Infantry Regiment in 1863 and served in Virginia.No evidence exists as to the exact nature of the relationship between Stevens and Smith. In the one brief surviving letter from Stevens to her, headdresses her as "Mrs. Smith," unusual deference to an African-American servant in that era. Family members also asked Stevens to be remembered to "Mrs. Smith." Nonetheless, during her time with Stevens,neighbors considered her his common-law wife. Smith not only handled social functions for the politician, she also mingled with Stevens's guests, who were instructed to address her as "Madame" or "Mrs. Smith."Opposition newspapers (for Stevens's views concerning racial equality were quite controversial) claimed she was frequently called "Mrs. Stevens" by people who knew her.Smith was at Stevens's bedside when he died inWashington, D.C. on August 11, 1868, along with his friend Simon Stevens and surviving nephew (Thaddeus Stevens Jr.), two African-American nuns, and several other people. Under Stevens's will, Smith was allowedto choose between a lump sum of $5,000 or a $500 annual allowance; she was also allowed to take any furniture in his house. With the inheritance, Smith purchased Stevens' house and the adjoininglot.BusinesswomanStevens and Smith were active in the Underground Railroad, which led to the burning of his ironworks, Caledonia Furnace, during the Civil War. Recent excavation of their house in Lancasterunearthed a cistern with a passageway to a nearby tavern, as well as a spittoon inside, which some historians think was used to shelter escaping slaves. Smith bought her house in Lancaster next to Stevens's house in1860. During and after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Smith hired a horse and wagon, and collected food and supplies for the wounded of both sides from neighbors in Adams, York and Lancaster counties anddelivered them to the makeshift hospitals. After Stevens's death in 1868, in addition to buying his house in Lancaster, Smith operated a prosperous boarding house across from the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., aswell as invested in real estate and other business ventures.Death and legacyLydia Hamilton Smith died in Washington on her 71st birthday in 1884 and, per her wishes, was buried in St. Mary's Catholic cemetery inLancaster, although she also left money for the continued upkeep of Stevens's grave at the Shreiner-Concord cemetery.In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln, Smith was portrayed by actress S. EpathaMerkerson.Notes and referencesFurther readingCarlson, Peter. "Lincoln's Feisty Foil." American History, vol. 48, no. 1 (Apr. 2013), pp. 50–55.Delle, James A., and Mary Ann Levine.  "Archaeology, Intangible Heritage,and the Negotiation of Urban Identity in Lancaster, Pennsylvania." Historical Archaeology, vol. 45, no. 1 (2011), pp. 51–66Passage 5:Thaddeus P. MottThaddeus Phelps Mott (December 7, 1831 – November 23, 1894)was an American adventurer, sailor and soldier of fortune. A former Union Army officer during American Civil War, he also took part in wars in Mexico, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. He was primarily responsible forrecruiting former Union and Confederate soldiers for service in the Egyptian Army, in which he held the rank of major general, and was the first officer to take service with the Khedive Isma'il Pasha as his aide-de-campin 1870. At the time of his death, he was also the last surviving son of the eminent surgeon Valentine Mott.BiographyEarly life and military careerMott was born in New York City, New York, the son of Dr. Valentine Mott(1785–1865) and Louisa Dunmore Munn. He was one of nine children born to the couple. Little is known of his early life except that, as a child, he "developed a spirit of adventure". He was a natural linguist and waseducated at New York University where his father was emeritus professor of surgery.At age 17, he left the country to fight in revolutionary Italy, commissioned as a second lieutenant, serving under Giuseppe Garibaldi.Suffering from ill health following his Italian service, mostly due to exposure and privation, Mott subsequently served as a shipmate on various clipper ships during the next several years. He initially signed on to theHornet bound for California, then as a third mate on the Hurricane in 1851, a second mate on the St. Denis in 1852 and the mate of the St. Nicholas in 1854. He returned to California a year later and spent 1856–57 inthe Mexican Army under General Ignacio Comonfort prior to and during the Reform War. In 1858, he married Emily Josephine Daunton and had two children with her, Marie Louise and Valentine Mott.Return to theUnited States and the American Civil WarHe eventually returned to the United States and enlisted in the Union Army shortly before the American Civil War where he was assigned as captain of artillery at the ChainBridge fortification in Washington, D.C. He initially served as captain of the 3rd Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery, which was active on the upper Potomac during the first year of the war. Mott and the3rd New York Artillery saw action during the Seven Days Battles fought for five consecutive hours defeating each Confederate force put against them though sustaining heavy casualties. All the officers from the batterywere promoted from the ranks. Mott resigned as battery commander to accept a commission to the 19th Infantry Regiment but briefly returned in September 1862 to lead the regiment at Lewinsville, Virginia in battlewith the famed Washington Battery and forced them to retreat.A year later, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel of cavalry, and then reassigned to the 14th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. Mottwas one of the organizers of the regiment which mustered in on Rikers Island as part of a volunteer brigade sponsored by the New York Metropolitan Police. He led the regiment during the New York Draft Riots later thatyear. On the third day of the riots, in what would be the first major engagement of the day, Mott was dispatched along with units commanded by Captain John H. Howell and General Charles C. Dodge to confront riotersreportedly gathering at Thirty-Second Street and Eighth Avenue. With orders to confront and disperse the mob, Mott led a troop of cavalry and a battery of howitzers supporting General Dodge and the 8th New YorkVolunteer Infantry Regiment. Upon reaching Eighth Avenue, the soldiers discovered three African-Americans hanging to lamp posts "while a gang of ferocious women crowded about the dangling bodies, slashing themwith knives as a mob of men estimated at more than five thousand yelled and cheered". The crowd fell back as the soldiers advanced and Mott charged forward on his horse to cut one of the men down from the lamppost. As he was doing so, a rioter attempted to drag Mott off his horse and Mott was forced to kill him with his cavalry sabre.Almost immediately after returning to his command, Mott and his men were assaulted bybricks and stones hurled by the rioters, followed by "a brisk fire from muskets and pistols". The mob charged down the street. Believing they intended to capture the regiment's guns, Mott ordered Captain Howell tobring two howitzers into position in Seventh Avenue and prepare to sweep Thirty-Second Street with artillery fire. Mott led his men against the rioters; the cavalry and infantry units charged with sabre and bayonet andmanaged to drive the mob back to Eighth Avenue. The rioters returned, however, when the soldiers withdrew to protect the artillerymen. Howell shouted to the rioters to surrender. The crowd's jeers and tauntsprompted Howell to give the order to fire. The howitzers, loaded with grape and canister shot, ripped through the tightly packed mob and inflicted heavy casualties. The crowd withstood six rounds before scattering andmoving northward. The soldiers were broken up into small groups to clear the side streets and cut down the men hanging from the lamp posts before returning to their headquarters on Mulberry Street. A half-an-hourafter the soldiers left, the rioters returned to carry away their dead and wounded, and "again strung up the Negros". The bodies would remain there until an NYPD squad under Captain Samuel Brower could safelyremove them from the site. Afterwards, Mott was transferred to the Department of the Gulf where he was chief of outposts before finally resigning his commission in 1864.Service to the Ottoman EmpireMott remainedin the United States for several years after the war. While in New York, he was a member of both the Freemasons' Holland Lodge No. 8 and Jerusalem Chapter No. 8, R.A.M. In 1867, he was nominated to replaceGeneral Lawrence as U.S. Minister to Costa Rica but declined the offer. A year later, he travelled to Turkey to join the Ottoman Army and then on to Cairo where he was appointed a major general or "ferik-pacha". Thatsame year, he was named Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Madjidieh by Sultan Abdülaziz I. He also became a member of the "Conseal de Guerre" and saw plenty of service in the Balkans during the next fewyears.In early-1869, Mott was contacted by the then Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha to enlist his help in recruiting American officers to reorganize Egypt's military forces. Being subordinate to the Ottoman Empire, andthus without official diplomatic representation, Isma'il was not able to request assistance directly from the U.S. Government and instead had to rely on independent agents. Mott was an ideal candidate given hismercenary background and family connections to the Ottomans. His father, Valentine Mott, had been personal physician to Sultan Mehmed II and one of his sisters was married to the Ottoman ambassador to the UnitedStates, Blacque Bey. Generals Charles Pomeroy Stone, Henry H. Sibley and William W. Loring, all recommended by General William T. Sherman, accompanied Mott to Egypt later that year. Many of the men recruited byMott had fought on one side or the other during the Civil War, were graduates from West Point and Annapolis Naval Academy and helped rebuild both the Egyptian army and navy. Mott and others also commandedtroops in exploration missions not only to improve the overall Egyptian military establishment but also to increase knowledge of Egypt's geography.In 1870, Mott was made the first aide-de-camp to the Isma'il Pasha.Two years later, he also became a Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Osmanieh. He remained in Egyptian service until his contract expired four years later. Declining to renew it, Mott instead turned overcommand to Charles Stone and returned to Turkey to take part in the wars between Serbia, the Russian and Ottoman Empires. He later distinguished himself during the Battle of Shipka Pass.Retirement and lateryearsIn September 1876, he visited Paris to consult a French physician regarding a chronic ailment. He was forced to retire from military service for health reasons three years later. Prior to his retirement, he wasawarded the war medal of the "Croissant Rouge" which, at the time, had been awarded to only 18 men including the Sultan himself. He settled in Toulon to work as an American consular agent and continued to livethere with his family for over ten years until his death on November 23, 1894. He was the last surviving son of the Mott family. Mott's military career in Egypt, as well as those of other American officers, was featured inReal Soldiers of Fortune (1906) by Richard Harding Davis.Passage 6:Valentine MottValentine Mott (August 20, 1785 – April 26, 1865) was an American surgeon.LifeValentine Mott was born at Glen Cove, New York. Hegraduated at Columbia College, studied under Sir Astley Cooper in London, and also spent a winter in Edinburgh. After acting as demonstrator of anatomy he was appointed professor of surgery in Columbia College in1809. From 1811 to 1834 he was in very extensive practice as a surgeon, and most successful as a teacher and operator.He tied the innominate artery in 1818; the patient lived twenty-six days. He performed a similaroperation on the carotid for the first time in the USA on 20 Sept 1829 before going on to carry out this operation forty-six times with good results; and in 1827 he was also successful in the case of the common iliac. Heis said to have performed one thousand amputations and one hundred and sixty-five lithotomies.After spending seven years in Europe (1834-1841) Mott returned to New York where he was on the founding faculty ofthe university medical college of New York, now New York University School of Medicine. He translated AALM Velpeau's Operative Surgery, and was foreign associate of the Imperial Academy of Medicine of Paris.Acollection of his correspondence is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.FamilyIn 1849, the same year he was elected President of the New York Academy of Medicine, Mott and his wife, theformer Louisa Dunmore Munn, moved to a four-story Italianate brownstone mansion at #1 Gramercy Park West with their large family. The couple had 9 children: 6 sons, including Alexander Brown Mott (1826–1889),Valentine Mott, Jr. (1822–1854), and Thaddeus P. Mott; and 3 daughters, including Louisa Dunmore Mott, who in 1842 married the surgeon William Holme Van Buren. A son of Alexander B. Mott, the surgeon Dr.Valentine Mott (1852–1918) studied under Louis Pasteur in Paris and was the first to introduce rabies vaccine into the U.S.Upon his death in 1865, Mott was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, NewYork.Passage 7:Anthony Ellmaker RobertsAnthony Ellmaker Roberts (October 29, 1803 – January 23, 1885), was an American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives from 1855 to 1859, anabolitionist and close associate of Thaddeus Stevens.Early lifeAnthony Ellmaker Roberts was born near Barneston Station in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was the son of John Roberts and Mary Ellmaker. His familymoved to Lancaster County in 1804. Growing up, Roberts received the limited education available from the local common school. In 1816, at the age of thirteen, Roberts began working for his uncle Isaac Ellmaker as aclerk in Isaac's country store in New Holland; at the age of twenty, Anthony received a share in the ownership of the store, and continued in the business until 1839.Early political careerOn October 8, 1839, Roberts was


Passage 1:Sun LuyuSun Luyu (died August or September 255), courtesy name Xiaohu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (/) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.LifeSun Luyu was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She had an elder sister, Sun Luban. The sisters' courtesy names, Xiaohu () and Dahu (), respectively mean "small tiger" and "big tiger". Sun Luyu initially married Zhu Ju, a general who briefly served as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu. She and Zhu Ju had a daughter, who married Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, who was also a half-brother of Sun Luyu.In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the position of Crown Prince. The power struggle had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects; two opposing factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, emerged from among them. During this time, Sun Luyu's husband Zhu Ju supported Sun He, while Sun Luyu's sister Sun Luban and her husband Quan Cong sided with Sun Ba. When Sun Luban tried to get Sun Luyu to support Sun Ba, Sun Luyu refused and became estranged from her sister as a result.In 250, the power struggle came to an end when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince. Many of the officials involved in the power struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office. Sun Luyu's husband, Zhu Ju, was demoted and reassigned to a new post in Xindu Commandery (; around present-day Chun'an County, Zhejiang). While Zhu Ju was en route to Xindu Commandery, Sun Hong () , one of Sun Ba's supporters, took advantage of Sun Quan's poor health to issue a fake imperial decree ordering Zhu Ju to commit suicide. Zhu Ju thought that the decree was genuine so he killed himself as ordered. The general Liu Zuan () had previously married Sun Quan's second daughter (a half-sister of Sun Luban and Sun Luyu), but she died early, so Sun Quan arranged for him to marry the widowed Sun Luyu.In August or September 255 during Sun Liang's reign, Sun Yi () and others plotted to overthrow the regent Sun Jun, but were discovered and executed before they could carry out their plan. Sun Luban, who had a secret affair with Sun Jun after her husband Quan Cong died in 249, seized the opportunity to falsely accuse her estranged sister Sun Luyu of being involved in the plot. Sun Jun believed Sun Luban and had Sun Luyu arrested and executed. She was buried at Shizigang (; literally "stones hill"), a hill in present-day Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu.Postmortem eventsAfter Sun Jun died in 256, his cousin Sun Chen succeeded him as the regent for the Wu emperor Sun Liang. Sometime between 256 and 258, Sun Liang suspected that Sun Luban had something to do with Sun Luyu's death, so he summoned his half-sister and questioned her. A fearful Sun Luban lied to him, "I really don't know. I heard it from Zhu Ju's sons, Zhu Xiong () and Zhu Sun ()." Sun Liang thought that Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun betrayed Sun Luyu to Sun Jun – especially since Zhu Sun married Sun Jun's younger sister – so he ordered Ding Feng to execute Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun.In 258, Sun Chen deposed Sun Liang and replaced him with Sun Xiu, Sun Quan's sixth son, as the third emperor of Wu. Sun Xiu's wife, Lady Zhu, was the daughter of Zhu Ju and Sun Luyu. On 18 January 259, Sun Xiu staged a coup d'état against the regent Sun Chen, succeeded in ousting him from power, and ordered Sun Chen and his entire family to be executed. Sun Xiu also had Sun Jun's dead body unearthed and stripped of the honours accorded to him, and posthumously rehabilitated the people who were executed during Sun Jun and Sun Chen's regencies. Sun Luyu was one of them.Sometime between 6 November and 5 December 264, Sun Hao, the fourth emperor of Wu, ordered Sun Luyu's remains to be unearthed and reburied with honours befitting her status as a princess. The Soushen Ji recorded an account as follows: [Sun Hao] wanted to have [Sun Luyu]'s remains unearthed and properly reburied, but the graves all looked the same and he could not tell which was hers. Some palace servants claimed they could remember the clothes she wore when she died, so [Sun Hao] ordered two shamans to separately summon her spirit and observe closely. After some time, the shamans saw a woman in her 30s dressed in purple and white, wearing a blue patterned headpiece and red silk shoes. She walked up the hill to the middle, placed her hands on her knees and sighed, and stopped there for a while before walking towards a grave. She wandered around the grave and disappeared suddenly. The descriptions given separately by the two shamans were very similar. When her coffin was opened, they saw that her appearance was exactly as described.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun QuanNotesPassage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShaiba ibn Hāshim (Arabic:   ; c. 497–578), better known as Abd al-Mualib, (Arabic:  , lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning ' the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-amd ("The white streak of praise").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mualib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mualib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mualib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mualib and arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mualib. Addressing arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mualib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mualib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mualib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. "Abdul-Mualib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mualib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mualib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was ' Abdul-Mualib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mualib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mualib agreed to consult a "sorceress with a familiar spirit". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mualib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Mualib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of Shaiba ibn HashimSahabaPassage 3:Sun Huan (Jiming)Sun Huan (194-234), courtesy name Jiming, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the fourth son of Sun Jing, uncle of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and a younger brother of Sun Jiao ().LifeBorn in the county of Wu, he was raised to be a soldier for the glory of the Sun family. In 212, his elder brother Jiao was promoted to general and left in charge of Xiakou in Jiangxia, replacing the general Cheng Pu () who had organised the defences of this territory after it was transferred to Liu Bei, two years earlier. Sun Huan entered military service serving under his elder brother Jiao for several years. In 219, Jiao died and he inherited the command of Jiao's men. He was then named General of the Household and acted as Administrator of Jiangxia.  He was tasked with protecting the contested border with Wei. He distinguished himself against Shu in the battle of Yiling under Lu Xun in 222. In 226, despite Sun Quan's unsuccessful campaign to seize northern Jiangxia, he captured three Wei generals at Shiyang and was then enfeoffed for his achievements.He died in 234 and was well remembered by the people of Wu, who praised him for his contributions to promoting scholarship in Jiangxia.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun Jing (Youtai)NotesPassage 4:Sun QuanSun Quan (pronunciation , Chinese: ) (182 – 21 May 252), courtesy name Zhongmou (), posthumously known as Emperor Da of Wu, was the founder of the Eastern Wu dynasty, one of the Three Kingdoms of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother, Sun Ce, in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from November 222 to May 229 as the King of Wu and from May 229 to May 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Sun Quan was much younger than they were and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country.Sun Quan was born while his father Sun Jian served as the adjutant of Xiapi County. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze River, until Sun Ce carved out a warlord regime in the Jiangdong region, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong () in 200, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong (), and Cheng Pu () supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the middle Yangtze. Huang Zu was killed in battle.In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of approximately 220,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su, opposed capitulation. Eventually, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs.In late 220, Cao Pi, King of Wei, Cao Cao's son and successor, seized the throne and proclaimed himself to be the Emperor of China, ending and succeeding the nominal rule of the Han dynasty. At first Sun Quan nominally served as a Wei vassal with the Wei-created title of King of Wu, but after Cao Pi demanded that he send his son Sun Deng as a hostage to the Wei capital Luoyang and he refused. In November 222, he declared himself independent by changing his era name. It was not until May 229 that he formally declared himself emperor.After the death of his original crown prince, Sun Deng, two opposing factions supporting different potential successors slowly emerged. When Sun He succeeded Sun Deng as the new crown prince, he was supported by Lu Xun and Zhuge Ke, while his rival Sun Ba () was supported by Quan Cong () and Bu Zhi and their clans. Over a prolonged internal power struggle, numerous officials were executed, and Sun Quan harshly settled the conflict between the two factions by exiling Sun He and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Quan


Passage 1:Christopher LawfordChristopher Kennedy Lawford (March 29, 1955 – September 4, 2018) was an American author, actor, and activist. He was a member of the prominent Kennedy family, and son of Englishactor Peter Lawford and Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford, who was a sister of President John F. Kennedy.  He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from Boston College in 1983. Helater earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University and was a lecturer on drug addiction.After struggling with addiction for 17 years, he became an actor, performing in several movies andtelevision shows for over 20 years.  He wrote several books, based on his own experience, about addiction and recovery.  He also traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years,and was a public health campaigner, working with organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), and for the U.S. federal government.Early life and educationLawford was born onMarch 29, 1955, at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California .  He was named for Saint Christopher and because his mother liked the name.: p. 1   He was the eldest child and only son of actor and "RatPack" member Peter Lawford (1923–1984) and Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006), who was President John F. Kennedy's sister. His three younger sisters were Sydney Lawford McKelvy (born 1956), VictoriaPender (born 1958), and Robin Lawford (born 1961).  Lawford described himself as a "second-string Kennedy" because he did not get as much attention as his cousins.  His parents divorced in 1966; Patricia Lawfordmoved from California to New York City with her son and daughters.Before his parents' divorce, Lawford attended St. Martin of Tours Elementary School in Los Angeles, where at the age of 8, he was informed about hisuncle John F. Kennedy's assassination.  After moving to New York City with his mother, he attended the Middlesex School, a prep school in Concord, Massachusetts. He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 andearned a J.D. degree from Boston College Law School in 1983.  He later earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University, and lectured on drug addiction at Harvard, Columbia University, andother colleges.Drug and legal issuesIn 1969, the year after his uncle Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, when Lawford was 14, he was introduced to LSD by his peers at school.: p. 110   He was addicted to alcohol,cocaine, uppers, downers, and "any other drugs he could buy" for the next 17 years.  During that time, he was "in and out of hospitals and arrested three times", including in 1980,  for impersonating a doctor in Aspen,Colorado in order to purchase prescription medication. The charges were later dropped when Lawford completed his probation.  In 2000, Lawford was diagnosed with hepatitis C, which he contracted due to his years ofdrug use.Lawford briefly attended Fordham Law School, but dropped out after a few months due to his dependency on heroin.  In April 1984, the same year his father Peter Lawford died at the age of 61, after years ofalcohol and drug abuse, Lawford's cousin and best friend David Kennedy, and third oldest son of Robert Kennedy, who also battled substance abuse issues, died of a drug overdose at the age of 28. David's deathprompted Lawford to seek professional help for his issues.  In 1986, at the age of 30, Lawford entered rehab and got treatment for his drug addiction, and remained clean and sober until his death in2018.CareerActingLawford chose to become, like his father, an actor in the mid-1980s, after realizing that a law career would not suit him.  He performed in commercials in Boston for two years, and then he and hiswife moved to Southern California in 1988 so that he could pursue an acting career.  He worked in film and television for over 20 years.  His acting credits included the sitcom Frasier and the drama The O.C. .  In 2003,he had a brief stint on the soap opera General Hospital, but was best known for playing Philip “Charlie” Brent, Jr. on All My Children from 1992 to 1995.Lawford had small roles in films such as The Russia House, a 1990spy thriller co-starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Sean Connery, and the 1991 rock-music film The Doors, which was directed by Oliver Stone.  Lawford played a Navy officer in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, a drama about the1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.  In 1997, Lawford had a role in the independent comedy Kiss Me Guido as the gay lover of the main character.  He also had a small role in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, co-starringArnold Schwarzenegger, who directed Lawford in a 1990 episode of the HBO anthology series Tales from the Crypt ("The Switch") and was married to Lawford's cousin Maria Shriver at the time.  In 2005, Lawfordappeared in the motorcycle racing film The World's Fastest Indian, co-starring Anthony Hopkins.WritingLawford wrote several books "that described his efforts to recover from drug addiction".  In 2005, he published hismemoir, Symptoms of Withdrawal, in which he recounted decades of "better living through chemistry".  In 2009, he wrote Moments of Clarity, a compilation of first-person recollections by famous addicts, including EdBegley, Jr., Alec Baldwin, Buzz Aldrin, Richard Dreyfuss, Martin Sheen, Judy Collins, and musician and federal prisoner Dejuan Verrett.  The book was dedicated to Lawford's cousin David Kennedy, and another cousin,Patrick J. Kennedy, wrote the introduction.  Lawford told interviewer Connie Martinson that although writing Moments of Clarity was "difficult" and he did not want to do it, the book was "meant to happen".In 2013,Lawford published Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, in which he interviewed 100 addiction specialists and described treatments for alcohol and drug dependence, gambling, sex and porn, eatingdisorders, smoking, and hoarding.  In 2014, he published What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons From Recovery To Benefit Everyone; Dr. Drew Pinsky wrote the foreword.  Lawford's final book about addiction and recoverywas 2016's When Your Partner Has an Addiction, "a how-to manual for people who want to stay with their addicted partners", which he co-authored with psychotherapist Beverly Engel.Lawford also wrote a book aboutdealing with hepatitis C, called Healing Hepatitis C, which he co-wrote with Diana Sylvestre in 2009.ActivismLawford traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years.  He was a publichealth campaigner, and worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, and the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, and was a public advocacy consultant toCaron Treatment Centers, an organization that ran treatment programs.  In 2001, Lawford founded and was CEO of the Global Recovery Initiative, a not-for-profit organization that "seeks to remove barriers and provideopportunities for people in recovery".Lawford also worked with the United Nations (UN).  In March 2010, he traveled to Ukraine on behalf of the UN, to participate in a discussion with health officials and advocates about"issues related to hepatitis C (Hep C) prevention in Ukraine", and to raise awareness.  In 2011, was named a Goodwill Ambassador on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care, in 2012, was involved in a campaign againstopiate use in Afghanistan, and served on the UN's Office on Drugs and Crime.  His cousin, former Rhode Island congressman Patrick J. Kennedy, said about Lawford: "Chris was one of those people who had a way oftelling stories that lifted people’s perceptions and judgments of those who suffer from the disease of addiction".Personal lifeMarriages and childrenLawford was married and divorced three times.  He had three children,David Christopher Kennedy Lawford (named after his cousin David Kennedy),: pp. 319–320 Savannah Rose Lawford, and Matthew Peter Valentine Lawford with his first wife Jeannie Olsson, an ad-sales assistant for NewYork Magazine.  They divorced in 2000.  In 2005, he married Russian actress Lana Antonova; they divorced in 2009.  In 2014, Lawford married yoga instructor Mercedes Miller in Hawaii.  At the time of his death in2018, he had been in a relationship with his girlfriend Kyla Resch since August 2017.DeathOn September 4, 2018, Lawford died of a heart attack in Vancouver, British Columbia, where he was living with his girlfriendand working to open a recovery center.  He had a medical emergency at a yoga studio and later died.  Patrick Kennedy told the Associated Press that Lawford had been doing "hot yoga, which he did often, but the strainof it 'must have been too much for him at that point'".  Lawford's cousins Maria Shriver, Patrick Kennedy, and Kerry Kennedy took to Twitter after his death, honoring Lawford's work in the recoverycommunity.FilmographyFilmTelevisionBibliographySymptoms of Withdrawal: A Memoir of Snapshots and Redemption, 2005Healing Hepatitis C, 2009Moments of Clarity: Voices from the Front Lines of Addiction andRecovery, 2009Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, 2013What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons from Recovery to Benefit Everyone, 2014See alsoKennedy family treeKennedy cursePassage 2:Joseph P.Kennedy Sr.Joseph Patrick Kennedy (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of hischildren and was the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy family, which included President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.Kennedy wasborn into a political family in East Boston, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock market and commodity investor and later invested his profits in real estate and a wide range of businesses across the UnitedStates. During World War I, he was an assistant general manager of a Boston area Bethlehem Steel shipyard; through that position, he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the Assistant Secretary ofthe Navy. In the 1920s, Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions were ultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Studios. Kennedy increasedhis fortune with distribution rights for Scotch whisky. He owned the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.Kennedy was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the IrishCatholic community. President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedy later directed the MaritimeCommission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability tosurvive attacks from Nazi Germany. During the Battle of Britain in November 1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]." After a controversy regardingthis statement, Kennedy resigned his position.Kennedy was married to Rose Fitzgerald and had nine children. During his later life, he was heavily involved in the political careers of his sons. Three of Kennedy's sonsattained distinguished political positions: John served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts and as the 35th president of the United States, Robert served as the U.S. attorney general and as a U.S. senator from NewYork, and Ted also served as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts.Background, early life, and educationJoseph Patrick Kennedy was born on September 6, 1888, at 151 Meridian Street in East Boston, Massachusetts.Kennedy was the elder son of Mary Augusta (Hickey) Kennedy and businessman and politician Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy. Kennedy attended Boston Latin School, where he excelled at baseball and was elected classpresident before graduating in 1908.Kennedy then attended Harvard College, where he gained admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club but was not invited to join the Porcellian Club. Kennedy graduated in1912 with a bachelor's degree in economics.On October 7, 1914, Kennedy married Rose Fitzgerald, the eldest daughter of Boston Mayor John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon.BusinesscareerKennedy set his sights on a business career upon his graduation from Harvard. During his mid to late 20s, he made a large fortune as an active commodity and stock investor; he then reinvested much of this intofilm studios, real estate, and shipping. Though he never built a significant business from scratch, Kennedy's timing as both buyer and seller was nonetheless excellent.Various criminals, such as Frank Costello, haveboasted they worked with Kennedy in mysterious bootlegging operations during Prohibition. Although his father was in the whisky importation business, scholars dismiss the claims. The most recent and most thoroughbiographer David Nasaw asserts that no credible evidence has been found to link Kennedy to bootlegging activities. When Fortune magazine published its first list of the richest people in the United States in 1957, itplaced Kennedy in the $200–400 million group.Early venturesKennedy's first job after graduating from Harvard was a position as a state-employed bank examiner; this job allowed him to learn a great deal about thebanking industry. In 1913, the Columbia Trust Bank, in which his father held a significant share, was under threat of takeover. Kennedy borrowed $45,000 (equivalent to about $1.3 million today) from family andfriends and bought back control. At the age of 25, he was rewarded by being elected the bank's president. Kennedy told the press he was "the youngest" bank president in America.Kennedy emerged as a highlysuccessful businessman who possessed an eye for value. For example, he was an active real estate investor who cleared a handsome profit from his privately-controlled ownership of Old Colony Realty Associates, Inc.,an investment company which bought distressed real estate throughout the United States.Although he was skeptical of American involvement in World War I, Kennedy sought to participate in wartime production as anassistant general manager of Fore River, a major Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. There, he oversaw the production of transports and warships. Through this job, he became acquainted withAssistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt.Wall Street and stock market investmentsIn 1919, Kennedy joined the prominent stock brokerage firm of Hayden, Stone & Co. where he became an expert dealingin the unregulated stock market of the day, engaging in tactics that were later considered to be insider trading and market manipulation violations. He happened to be on the corner of Wall and Broad Streets at themoment of the Wall Street bombing on September 16, 1920, and was thrown to the ground by the force of the blast. In 1923, he established his own investment company. Kennedy subsequently became amulti-millionaire as a result of taking "short" positions following the 1929 stock market crash.1929 Wall Street CrashKennedy formed alliances with several Irish American catholic investors, including Charles E. Mitchell,Michael J. Meehan, and Bernard Smith. He helped establish a "stock pool" to control trading in the stock of glassmaker Libbey-Owens-Ford. The arrangement drove up the value of the pool operators' holdings in thestock by using insider information and the public's lack of knowledge. Pool operators would bribe journalists to present information in the most advantageous manner. Pool operators tried to corner a stock and drive theprice up, or drive the price down with a "bear raid". Kennedy got into a bidding war for control of Yellow Cab Company, a taxi cab operator.Kennedy later claimed he understood that the rampant stock speculation of thelate 1920s would lead to a market crash. Supposedly, he said that he knew it was time to get out of the market when he received stock tips from a shoe-shine boy. Kennedy survived the crash "because he possessed apassion for facts, a complete lack of sentiment and a marvelous sense of timing".During the Great Depression, Kennedy shrewdly increased his wealth by devoting most of it into investment-grade real estate. In 1929,Kennedy's fortune was estimated to be $4 million (equivalent to $68.2 million today). By 1935, his wealth had increased to $180 million (equivalent to $3.84 billion today).InvestmentsHollywoodKennedy generatedwindfall profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood film studios. Film production in the U.S. was much more decentralized than it is today, with many different movie studios producing film product. Onesmall studio was Film Booking Offices of America (or FBO), which specialized in Westerns produced cheaply. Its owner was in financial trouble, and asked Kennedy to help find a new owner. Kennedy formed his owngroup of investors and bought it for $1.5 million.In March 1926, Kennedy moved to Hollywood to focus on running film studios. At that time, film studios were permitted to own exhibition companies, which werenecessary to get their films on local screens. With that in mind, in a hostile buyout, he acquired the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theaters across the UnitedStates that had begun showing movies. He later purchased another production studio called Pathé Exchange, and merged those two entities with Cecil B. DeMille's Producers Distributing Corporation in March 1927.InAugust 1928, he unsuccessfully tried to run First National Pictures. In October 1928, he formally merged his film companies FBO and KAO to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) and made a large amount of money in theprocess. Then, keen to buy the Pantages Theatre chain, which had 63 profitable theaters, Kennedy made an offer of $8 million ($136 million today). It was declined. He then stopped distributing his movies to Pantages.Still, Alexander Pantages declined to sell. However, when Pantages was later charged and tried for rape, his reputation took a battering, and he accepted Kennedy's revised offer of $3.5 million ($59.6 million today).Pantages, who claimed that Kennedy had "set him up", was later found not guilty at a second trial. The girl who had accused Pantages of rape, Eunice Pringle, confessed on her deathbed that Kennedy was themastermind of the plot to frame Pantages.Many estimate that Kennedy made over $5 million ($85.2 million today) from his investments in Hollywood. During his three-year affair with film star Gloria Swanson, hearranged the financing for her films The Love of Sunya (1927) and the ill-fated Queen Kelly (1928). The duo also used Hollywood's famous "body sculptor", masseuse Sylvia of Hollywood. Their relationship ended whenSwanson discovered that an expensive gift from Kennedy had been charged to her account.Liquor importingAs soon as it became legal to do so, Kennedy ventured into liquor importing. One of his shipping ventures hewas involved in were the importation of large shipments of high-priced Scotch where he earned a handsome profit in the process. Various contradictory "bootlegging" stories surrounding Kennedy have circulated buthistorians have not accepted them. At the start of the Franklin Roosevelt administration in March 1933, Kennedy and future Congressman James Roosevelt II founded Somerset Importers, a business entity that acted asthe exclusive American agent for Haig & Haig Scotch, Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Scotch. Kennedy kept his Somerset company for years. In addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from SchenleyIndustries, a Canadian distillery and liquor company. Kennedy himself drank little alcohol. He so disapproved of what he considered a stereotypical Irish vice that he offered his sons $1,000 not to drink until they turned21.Real estateKennedy reinvested the proceeds he made from liquor importing into various residential and commercial real estate ventures, much of it concentrated in New York, the Le Pavillon restaurant, and theHialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. The most important purchase of his real estate investment career was marked by the land acquisition of the largest privately owned building in the country, Chicago'sMerchandise Mart, which gave his family an important base in that city and an alliance with the Irish-American political leadership there to lay the groundwork for realizing his son's future political ambitions. TheMerchandise Mart's revenues became a principal source of wealth that formed much of the Kennedy family's private fortune, including being a source of funding for financing his son's future political campaigns.Political


Passage 1:Shari RomanShari Roman is an American artist, author, screenwriter and director.BiographyOriginally commissioned by John Pierson for his Independent Film Channel (USA) program  Split Screen, Roman'sfirst short film, Lars from 1-10 about Danish Dogme film maker Lars von Trier won a slot at the Sundance Film Festival in 1999 and went on to screen at Edinburgh, London, Los Angeles, Tokyo, NYC's Museum ofModern Art, on television and in cinemas worldwide. She has directed a series of shorts, pop promos and additional docs  on filmmakers, including British director Mike Figgis and cinematographer Anthony DodMantle.  Along with the four original Dogme films; "Celebration," "The Idiots," "Mifune" and "The King is Alive,"  two of her short films were selected for 2005's  official Dogme' 95 DVD collection, celebrating the 10thanniversary of von Trier's filmmaking manifesto. She was named one of the "Top 25 New Faces In Independent Film" by Filmmaker Magazine.Her book on approaches to new cinema, Digital Babylon: Hollywood,Indiewood and Dogme '95 was published in 2001 by Lone Eagle Publishing, and reissued by HCD/The Hollywood Reporter in 2003 and 2007.  Her essay on von Trier, The Man Who Would Be Dogme, was published in the2003 collection, Lars von Trier: Interviews by the University Press of Mississippi, as part of their Conversations with Filmmakers Series. Her fiction has appeared in Veneer Magazine,  writings on cinema, music and arthave been seen in numerous publications, including British Vogue, Mojo, The Guardian, The Independent and Time Out London. For the cover of Filmmaker Magazine (USA) she wrote The Genius of the System, a profileof multi-media artist Matthew Barney under a National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) grant.MiscellaneousShe 'sings' on Greg Weeks's 2008 solo album.DeathOn October 4, 2009, Filmmaker Magazine reported thatShari Roman had died on September 9, 2009 at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York after a brief illness.See alsoThe SpotPassage 2:Stately Wayne ManorErnie Santilli is an American writer, musician and performer betterknown under the pen name of Stately Wayne Manor. He is best known for his participation in professional wrestling as the longtime magazine columnist for Power Slam and Wrestling World.CareerMusicSelf-taught,Manor became competent in songwriting, synthesizer, drum set and related percussion instruments, harmonica, vocals and electric bass. He performed in a public demonstration with synthesizer inventor Dr. RobertMoog. He also wrote three articles for Modern Drummer magazine.Stately is one of the "Sigma Kids," a group of eleven (among dozens) of David Bowie devotees who kept a ten-day vigil outside the studio and band'shotel during the recording of Young Americans rewarded afterwards with an exclusive listening party hosted by Bowie, as documented in Rolling Stone magazine.  In 2007, a special CD/DVD re-release of the albumfeatures Manor visible in four photos in the enclosed booklet.  Photos from the event also appear in books about Bowie and the original supermodel, Gia, as well as on the SWM website ‘Photos’ archive.  The May 2014issue of Britain's Mojo magazine, in an article chronicling the YA sessions, featured two photos from said booklet, including a never-before-released color version of one, capturing Stately in the foreground. The samephoto ran in the September 2016 editing of Wax Poetics magazine. Inspired by the Sigma experience, Manor assembled a short-lived band, recruiting bassist Gail Ann Dorsey.In the latter half of the Seventies, Statelybecame deeply immersed in the emerging punk rock music scene.  He was a regular and occasional performer at Philadelphia's Hot Club and frequented NYC venues such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City, regularlysleeping on the couch of future recording-engineer superstar Bob Clearmountain while in New York. Manor was also slated to drum behind former Sex Pistol Sid Vicious on the Philly date of the latter's aborted "solotour."  Additionally, he wrote the liner notes for the aborted Cheetah Chrome debut solo album on Polish Records.  (Stately did receive a 'Thank You' on that label's release "Siren" by Ronnie Spector.)ProfessionalwrestlingManor later regained interest in a childhood hobby, professional wrestling, and was particularly drawn towards the "heel" (‘bad guy’) characters.Manor eventually broke into the sport as a feature writer in 1984and, in 1986, as a pro-heel columnist for Wrestling World magazine. Manor expanded into color commentating, managing grapplers, performing in-ring skits and ghostwriting wisecracks for the performers. Manor was acolor commentator for the ECW promotion (in their pre-Extreme days).  He is also the first American magazine writer to give international exposure to Sabu, Rey Misterio, Sean Waltman, John Cena, Sandman andVictoria/Tara (Lisa Marie Varon).During 1993, in the midst of his 17-year Wrestling World’ employment, Manor debuted a second villain-praising column in the British Power Slam. The combined consecutive tenuresmakes Manor the longest-running magazine columnist in pro wrestling history.Other mediaPrintStately takes on the general public via ‘’On Manor's Mind’’ rants for the alternative set, and rages about inane celebrities inhis SNAPS—Suckas Needing A Pimp Slap—Of The Month column.A lifelong fan of obscure so-bad-they're-good films, Stately also authors ‘’Manor On Movies’’, an affectionate homage to the genre, and one of the earliestcolumns of its kind still regularly published.  It is available in hard copy and on a few websites besides its own, e.g. The Spinning Image.  His long-term side project is a book dedicated to the horror/sci-fi end of whatManor has dubbed "junkfilms."Other journals that have carried Stately's work, under the Manor moniker or otherwise, include Inside Karate, Video Review, People (Australia), Filmfax, Tuber’s Voice (the originators ofthe term ‘couch potato’), Comic Release, Carbon 14, and Brutarian, to name a few.  In addition, he has repeatedly scored ‘Dishonorable Mention’ in the annual international Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, where thechallenge is to compose the worst possible opening line for a novel.Radio and televisionIn character, Manor has guested on radio programs throughout the US and Canada, including morning drive time shows inPhiladelphia and New York City.Manor was once booked on Sneak Previews Goes Video—an Eighties reworking of the popular movie-review program—to discuss wrestling videos, but the segment was red-lighted by PBSexecutives who considered the subject matter "too lowbrow."VideoStately can be heard providing color commentary on two volumes from the Pro Wrestling From Japan series, Bam Bam Bigelow And Friends, andBruiser Brody Memorial, both featuring the American stars as they toured with the New Japan Pro-Wrestling promotion in the late Eighties.  A few tapes of his work with primordial ECW were briefly marketed, as well. InJuly 2019 WWE Network made some of these extremely early ECW matches available in their Hidden Gems section.Passage 3:Schloss Hausen (Oberaula)Schloss Hausen is a German castle and stately home inOberaula.Passage 4:LacordaireLacordaire is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Jean Théodore Lacordaire (1801–1870), Belgian entomologistJean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861), FrenchpreacherSee alsoColegio LacordaireLacordaire AcademyPassage 5:ThibilisThibilis (a.k.a. Tibilis) was a Roman and Byzantine era town in what was Numidia but is today northeast Algeria. The site has extensive Romanand Byzantine ruins.HistoryThe numerous Latin inscriptions discovered on the site of Thibilis provided indications on the status and magistrates of this city: during the Early Empire, Thibilis was first a pagus dependenton the Cirtaian confederacy which united Cirta, Rusicade, Chullu and Milève. Enjoying a certain autonomy, the city was administered by two magistri of annual mandate, assisted by one or two aediles.During the reignsof Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, notables of Thibilis gained the highest office of the Imperial administration, Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus, consul suffect about 167, and his son Lucius AntistiusBurrus, son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius And consul in 181.Thibilis gained the rank of municipality headed by two duumviri  between 260  and 268  which corresponds to the period estimated for the dissolution of theconfederacy.Local cults included flamen Augusti for imperial worship and Saturni (priest of Saturn) and a local deity, Bacax and Magna Mater deorum Idaea, the Great Mother of the Gods.See alsoList of cultural assets ofAlgeriaPassage 6:Roman and the Four StepsRoman and the Four Steps was a popular band in Hong Kong in the 1960s. Roman formed the band drawing inspirations from The Beatles.CareerThe band was noteworthy forsinging in English and often singing British and American songs.  Roman Tam would eventually leave the band and enter the cantopop genre solo where he would eventually be labelled the "Godfather of Cantopop" afterhis death.DiscographyReflections of Charlie Brown b/w I Just Can't Wait (1967)Day Dream b/w Cathy Come Home (1969)Passage 7:DugèsDugès is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Antoine LouisDugès (1797–1838), French obstetrician and naturalistAlfredo Dugès (1826–1910), French-born Mexican physician and naturalist, son of AntoineMarie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797), French midwifePassage 8:ĆiroTruhelkaĆiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian and art historian who devoted much of his professional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hewrote about prehistoric, Roman and medieval findings, Turkish documents, Stećci, Roman and medieval money, and bosančica. He was also engaged in albanology. In addition, he was the first curator of the NationalMuseum of Bosnia and Herzegovina.Early life and educationĆiro Truhelka was born on 2 February 1865 in Osijek to Antun Vjenceslav and Marija (née Schön) Truhelka. His father was of Czech and mother of Germanorigin. He finished elementary school in Osijek after which he enrolled in high school that he eventually finished in Zagreb where he moved after his father's death along with his mother and siblings, Dragoš and JagodaTruhelka. In youth, he showed interest in painting and technical sciences, but because of his family's poor financial situation, he opted for the study of philosophy at the University of Zagreb which lasted three years. Hechose art history and history as main subjects. He received his doctorate in 1885 with the dissertation "Andrija Medulić: His Life and Work".Professional careerAs a student, Truhelka worked with Izidor Kršnjavi at theStrossmayer Gallery of Old Masters and made institutions' first catalog (1885). In 1886, he became secretary of the Museum Society for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first curator of the National Museum of Bosniaand Herzegovina. His task was preparing Museum's opening in 1888. He was only 21 years old when he came to Sarajevo in which he lived for 40 years. In the  Museum, he managed the ethnographic, prehistoric, andmedieval collections, but as there were not many experts, he cared for all museum collections except those from the field of natural sciences. As a curator, Truhelka arranged Bosnian pavilions at exhibitions in Budapest(1896), Brussels (1897) and Paris (1900). In 1905, he succeeded Kosta Hörmann as director of the National Museum and editor of the Gazette of the National Museum of Music (until 1920). Thanks to him, in 1913, theNational Museum got a new building. He retired in 1922. In 1926, he got out of retirement as he was appointed a professor of archeology and art history at the University of Skopje, Macedonia. He eventually retiredagain in 1931. He served as the president of the Zagreb branch of the Society of Bosnian Croats.Truhelka made an outstanding contribution to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Work at the Museumhas influenced his diverse interest. He was engaged in the excavation of archaeological sites, Ilyrian graves and castles on prehistoric necropolises at Glasinac, a penitentiary settlement in Donja Dolina, a prehistoric cultedifice in Gorica near Posušje, and also dug up the early Christian basilica in Zenica and warned of the phenomenon of "Bosnian churches" and their early Christian background, explored the localities in the valley ofLašva river and around Stolac, the medieval Jajce and many other medieval cities. This brought him the recognition of anthropological congress in Vienna and membership in the Society. In the field of ethnology, heworked on an ethnographic collection and gave an overview of the national life in BiH. Truhelka made many important findings about pre-Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, and gave a significant contribution to theresearch of the history of medieval Bosnia by the study of stećaks, material culture, bosančica, topography, numismatics, political, social and religious situation. He also proposed that a grave he found on Vran mountainbelongs infect to a Diva Grabovčeva, a 17th century legendary heroin and a virgin in Prozor-Rama local oral tradition, thus claiming that he confirmed the myth. However, the legend was never verified in local or anyother written sources, and her existence was neither recorded in chronicles of the local Franciscan friary, Šćit nor its martyrology. In 1888, Truhelka excavated the mortal remains of a decapitated male at the locationcalled Kraljev Grob (transl. King's Grave) near Jajce, which he proposed are remains of king Stjepan Tomašević. Although never confirmed, these remains are now housed in the Franciscan friary, Jajce. Truhelka studiedthe Albanian and Turkish languages for his researches.In addition, his sister Jagoda Truhelka was a renowned Croatian writer.ControversyIn order to provide anti-Yugoslavist Croat nationalism with a firm scientific basis,Truhelka used racial anthropology to differentiate between Croats and Serbs. Truhelka claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats, who, according to him, belonged predominantly to the Nordic-Dinaric racial type.On the other hand, the majority of Serbs belonged to the degenerate race of the Vlachs, similar to the Jews and Armenians, although Truhelka 'was cautious to distinguish between the dark-skinned Serbs of Vlachdescent and the fair-haired Serbs who, according to him, were pure Slavs'.At the time he was leading "Zemaljski muzej" in Sarajevo, some of scientific work and research were subordinate to the proving some of hispseudo-scientific views and attempts to find a confirmation of exaggerated assertions regarding the presence of Catholicism in Bosnia. On the other hand, in line with the politics of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,everything related to the Serbian heritage or Serbs was systematically avoided or suppressed.Truhelka, like many others, enthusiastically welcomed the creation of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. By his deatha year later, he wrote some racist and pseudoscientific remarks towards Serbs in his book "Memoires of a Pioneer"; "Serbs are an ethnically-alien racial element that, according to their geopolitical position, belong todifferent cultural areas, and never had a common cultural history, faith nor cultural life, and that struggle being held in front of our eyes is the struggle of Vlah inhabitants against the indigenous Bosnian population,which has always been only Croatian." He claimed that Bosnian Muslims were ethnic Croats who belonged to the racially superior Nordic race. Miljenko Jergović wrote that the book, if this racist remark was put aside,was "one of the most powerful, literally superior, documentary precious Croatian books about Bosnia and Sarajevo at a time when this city turned from the fringes of the Turkish čaršija into one of the metropolises ofthe Habsburg Empire".WorksStarobosanski pismeni spomenici, 1894Starobosanski natpisi, 1895Slavonski banovci, 1897Osvrt na sredovječne kulturne spomenike Bosne, (1900.)Djevojački grob, (1901.)Državno isudbeno ustrojstvo Bosne u doba prije Turaka, 1901Kraljevski grad Jajce, 1904Naši gradovi, 1904Arnautske priče, 1905Hrvarska Bosna: Mi i "oni tamo" (Croatian Bosnia: We and "They over There"), 1907Crtice izsrednjeg vijeka, 1908Dubrovačke vijesti o godini 1463., 1910Tursko-slavjenski spomenici dubrovačke arhive, 1911Gazi Husrefbeg, 1912Kulturne prilike Bosne i Hercegovine u doba prehistoričko, 1914Historička podlogaagrarnog pitanja u Bosni, 1915Das Testament des Gost Radin, 1916Stari turski agrarni zakonik za Bosnu, 1917Konavoski rat 1430.-1433., 1917Nekoliko misli o rješenju bosanskog agrarnog pitanja, 1918Sojenica kaoishodište pontifikata, 1930Starokršćanska arheologija, 1931O porijeklu bosanskih muslimana, 1934Studije o podrijetlu. Etnološka razmatranja iz Bosne i Hercegovine, 1941Uspomene jednog pionira, Croatian Publishingand Bibliographic Institute, 1942Passage 9:BatcaveThe Batcave is a subterranean location appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is the headquarters of the superhero Batman, whose secretidentity is Bruce Wayne and his partners, consisting of caves beneath his personal residence, Wayne Manor.The Batcave appears in the 1960s Batman television series and in films Batman (1989), Batman Returns(1992), Batman Forever (1995), Batman and Robin (1997), in The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–2012), in the DC Extended Universe (2016–2023) and The Batman (2022).Publication historyOriginally, there was only asecret tunnel that ran underground between Wayne Manor and a dusty old barn where the Batmobile was kept. Later, in Batman #12 (August–September 1942), Bill Finger mentioned "secret underground hangars". In1943, the writers of the first Batman film serial, titled Batman, gave Batman a complete underground crime lab and introduced it in the second chapter entitled "The Bat's Cave". The entrance was via a secret passagethrough a grandfather clock and included bats flying around.Bob Kane, who was on the film set, mentioned this to Bill Finger who was going to be the initial scripter on the Batman daily newspaper strip. Finger includedwith his script a clipping from Popular Mechanics that featured a detailed cross-section of underground hangars. Kane used this clipping as a guide, adding a study, crime lab, workshop, hangar and garage. Thisillustration appeared in the Batman "dailies" on October 29, 1943, in a strip entitled "The Bat Cave!"In this early version the cave itself was described as Batman's underground study and, like the other rooms, was justa small alcove with a desk and filing cabinets. Like in the film serial, Batman's symbol was carved into the rock behind the desk and had a candle in the middle of it. The entrance was via a bookcase which led to a secretelevator.The Batcave made its comic book debut in Detective Comics #83 in January 1944. Over the decades, the cave has expanded along with its owner's popularity to include a vast trophy room, supercomputer, andforensics lab. There has been little consistency as to the floor plan of the Batcave or its contents. The design has varied from artist to artist and it is not unusual for the same artist to draw the cave layout differently invarious issues.Fictional historyThe cave was discovered and used long before by Bruce Wayne's ancestors as a storehouse as well as a means of transporting escaped slaves during the Civil War era. The 18th-centuryfrontier hero Tomahawk once discovered a gargantuan bat belonging to Morgaine le Fey inside what can be assumed would become the Batcave. Wayne himself rediscovered the caves as a boy when he fell through adilapidated well on his estate, but did not consider it as a potential base of operations until returning to Gotham to become Batman. In addition to a base, the Batcave serves as a place of privacy and tranquility, muchlike Superman's Fortress of Solitude.In earlier versions of the story, Bruce Wayne discovered the cave as an adult. In "The Origin of the Batcave" in Detective Comics #205 (March 1954), Batman tells Robin he had noidea the cave existed when he purchased the house they live in. He discovered the cave by accident when testing the floor of an old barn on the rear of the property, and the floor gave way. This story also establishedthat a frontiersman named Jeremy Coe used the cave as a headquarters 300 years earlier. Bruce Wayne discovering the cave as an adult remained the case at least through Who's Who #2 in 1985.Upon his initial forayinto crime-fighting, Wayne used the caves as a sanctum and to store his then-minimal equipment. As time went on, Wayne found the place ideal to create a stronghold for his war against crime, and has incorporated aplethora of equipment as well as expanding the cave for specific uses.AccessThe cave is accessible in several ways. It can be reached through a secret door in Wayne Manor itself, which is almost always depicted as in