Passage 1:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook,Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiraland was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and livedin Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore becamea Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutiveseasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. Hewent to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combinedwith good defence". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving." Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in theCanterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at theage of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor atSt Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He iscurrently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, racerelations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication fromthe University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwiworked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa:Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage3:Milton RosmerMilton Rosmer (4 November 1881 – 7 December 1971) was a British actor, film director and screenwriter. He made his screen debut in The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1915) and continued to act intheatre, film and television until 1956. In 1926 he directed his first film The Woman Juror and went on to direct another 16 films between 1926 and 1938.He began his acting career as a stage actor and appeared asFrancis Tresham in "The Breed of the Treshams" (1903) opposite John Martin-Harvey.Milton Rosmer died in Chesham, Buckinghamshire in 1971.Partial filmographyActorScreenwriterBalaclava (1928)DirectorThe PerfectLady (1931)P.C. Josser (1931)Many Waters (1931)After the Ball (1932)Channel Crossing (1933)The Secret of the Loch (1934)What Happened to Harkness? (1934)Emil and the Detectives (1935)Everything Is Thunder(1936)The Great Barrier (1937)The Challenge (1938)Passage 4:Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red BarnMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn is a 1935 British film melodrama film starring Tod Slaughter andEric Portman. It was directed by Milton Rosmer. It is based on the true story of the 1827 Red Barn Murder where a 25 year old mother is shot dead by her lover (Squire William Corder) and her stepmother claims tohave dreamt of the murder the night of the event, before the young woman's body was discovered. The film is also known as Murder in the Red Barn (short UK title).The film is based on the popular 19th-centurymelodramas about the case and is highly theatrical, with an opening in which all the characters are introduced by a Master of Ceremonies in front of a painted backdrop, but is also slightly more lavishly produced andcinematically inventive than the later films directed by Tod Slaughter's producer George King. Slaughter gives a full-throated over-the-top performance in a calculatedly melodramatic style, encouraging the audience tovicariously share in his villainy; this approach became his trademark and gives his films a cult status of their own peculiar kind.PlotWilliam Corder seduces then murders innocent country maiden Maria Marten in the redbarn before burying her body beneath the barn floor. She gets murdered because she becomes pregnant and too annoying for William. Her gypsy lover Carlos is hunted down as a suspect, but brings Corder tojustice.CastTod Slaughter as Squire William CorderSophie Stewart as Maria MartenD. J. Williams as Farmer Thomas MartenEric Portman as Carlos, the gypsyClare Greet as Mrs. MartenGerard Tyrell as TimothyWinterbottomAnn Trevor as Nan, the maidStella Rho as Gypsey CroneDennis Hoey as Gambling WinnerQuentin McPhearson as Matthew SennettAntonia Brough as Maud SennettNoel Dainton as Officer Steele of the BowStreet RunnersExternal linksMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn at IMDbPassage 5:Maria Marten (1928 film)Maria Marten is a 1928 British silent drama film directed by Walter West starring Trilby Clark,Warwick Ward and Dora Barton. It is based on the real story of the Red Barn Murder in the 1820s, and is one of five film versions of the events. The film shifted the action to fifty years earlier to the height of theGeorgian era. This was the last of the silent film adaptations of the Maria Marten story, and its success paved the way for the much better 1935 sound film remake starring Tod Slaughter. A 35mm print of the 1928silent film exists in the British Film Institute's archives.PlotWhen his secret lover Maria Marten tells him she is pregnant with his child and asks him to marry her, the villainous Squire Corder murders her and buries herbody in the red barn. The dead woman's ghost later visits her mother in a dream, and leads her to find her daughter's body, incriminating the squire.CastTrilby Clark as Maria MartenWarwick Ward as Squire WilliamCorderDora BartonJames Knight as CarlosCharles Ashton as Sam GilesVesta Sylva as Ann MartenFrank Perfitt as John MartenMargot Armand as Lady Maud DerringhamJudd Green as William GilesTom Morris asIshmaelChili BouchierPassage 6:Viva Knievel!Viva Knievel! is a 1977 American action film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Evel Knievel (as himself), Gene Kelly and Lauren Hutton, with an ensemble supportingcast including Red Buttons, Leslie Nielsen, Cameron Mitchell, Frank Gifford, Dabney Coleman and Marjoe Gortner.PlotDaredevil motorcycle rider Evel Knievel stars as himself in this fictional story. The film openswith  Knievel sneaking into an orphanage late at night to deliver presents: Evel Knievel action figures. One of the boys casts away his crutches, telling Knievel that he'll walk after his accident just as Knievel had.Knievelthen prepares for another of his stunt jumps. We are introduced to his alcoholic mechanic Will Atkins (Gene Kelly), who was a former stunt rider himself before his wife died, driving him to drink. While signingautographs, Knievel is ambushed by photojournalist Kate Morgan (Lauren Hutton), who has been sent to photograph the jump: if Knievel is killed, it will be a great story.As it happens, Evel does crash while attemptingthe stunt, and though badly injured, survives. He berates Morgan, announces his retirement, and is taken to the hospital.While rehabilitating, Knievel resists all attempts to get back on the horse, including those fromJessie (Marjoe Gortner), a former protégé with mysterious backers who want Evel to do a jump in Mexico. Eventually, though, Knievel relents and agrees.A subplot develops when Will's estranged son Tommy shows upfrom boarding school, and asks to join the tour. Will, who is reminded of his dead wife, is cold to Tommy, leaving Knievel to show the boy kindness. Likewise, Kate reappears, apologetic for her previous motives, andnow wishes that he will never stop jumping.Meanwhile, Jessie's benefactor is revealed: drug lord Stanley Millard (Leslie Nielsen). Millard (without Jessie's knowledge) plans to cause a fatal accident during the jump. Hewill then have Knievel's body transported back to America in an exact duplicate of the tour trailer, but one that has a massive supply of drugs hidden in the walls.Will, however, stumbles onto the plot, is drugged, andsent to a psychiatric ward under the control of the corrupt Ralph Thompson (Dabney Coleman) to prevent him from spilling the beans. Evel sneaks into the ward late at night when Will has dried out, but all Will canremember is that someone knocked him out. Knievel leaves him there to keep whoever is behind the plot in the dark.As Knievel prepares for the jump (down a massive ramp and over a fire pit), Jessie—hopped up ondrugs—confronts Evel, claiming that he will prove who the best jumper is. Jessie knocks Evel out and dresses in Knievel's signature red, white, and blue outfit. Jessie then successfully makes the jump, however, the bikehas been sabotaged and he is killed as he lands (footage from a real Knievel crash was used). While the body is taken away for the drug smuggling plot, Evel wakes up, gets on another bike, and goes to free Will.Afterbreaking out of the psych ward, the two find the mockup trailer, in which, by an amazing coincidence, both Tommy and Kate have been taken hostage. Pursuing the truck, Will and Evel decide to split up: Will will disablethe semi, Evel will lead off the gun-toting drug lords riding guard in another car.At the end of several extended chase scenes, the drug lords are defeated, Will and his son are reunited, and Kate has fallen head overheels for Knievel. The film ends with Knievel performing a daredevil jump over a pit of fire, this time successfully.The end jump is stopped in a freeze-frame shot and a color matte, similar to that of the one that appearsin the opening credits, appears over Evel in mid-air. The song that plays over the opening credits also plays over the film's end credits.CastProductionThe production was done under the Irwin Allen banner, with Allenserving as the uncredited Supervisor Producer.  Irwin Allen's wife, Sheila Allen, has a credited role as Sister Charity.For the more dangerous motorcycle stunts, the producers hired the professional stuntman GaryCharles Davis.  However, Davis' role in the production was kept under wraps to avoid questions about Knievel himself performing his own motorcycle stunts.The original footage used for Jessie's failed jump was fromEvel Knievel's May 1975 crash at Wembley Stadium.To allow for a love interest to occur with Lauren Hutton's character, Evel is apparently single and there is no mention of Knievel's then-wife, Linda, or his (at the time)three children.Popular culture receptionThe film premiered in June 1977, three months before Knievel and his associates attacked promoter Shelly Saltman with an aluminum baseball bat on September 21, 1977. WithKnievel losing most of his sponsorship and marketing deals as a result of the bad publicity, the film became much less commercially attractive, only opening in four further international markets after Knievel'sconviction. In addition, the wholesome image of Knievel the movie promoted and the plot point concerning Knievel's promoter being corrupt seemed ill-judged in the light of the events that saw Knievel imprisoned. As aresult, the film fell into comparative obscurity until the 2005 DVD release was rediscovered by film review sites such as The A.V. Club and Ruthless Reviews.In 2013, the film received an internet release with a RiffTraxaudio commentary by comedians and Mystery Science Theater 3000 alumni Mike Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett.Passage 7:Lester RaymerLester Wilton Raymer (September 24, 1907 – 1991) was an Americanartist from Alva, Oklahoma.Raymer studied at the Art Institute of Chicago from 1930 to 1933, received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. While there, he studied with Russian painter Boris Anisfeld and art historian HelenGardner.Most well known for his paintings, Raymer worked in many mediums including prints, fiber art, metal work, mosaics, ceramics, wood carving, jewelry, cast concrete, sculptures, tin ornaments, furniture, toys,and more.Many of his works are now on display at the Red Barn Studio in Lindsborg, Kansas.Passage 8:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vied'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro, Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc.Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize: FestivalJeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot, Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno,Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes 1982 - Perspectives du cinéma françaisCompetition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le RoiLaid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney (mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries "Laurel Wreath"Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes, Lyon, CairoPaula etPaulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective, IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères,Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)La Hongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huîtreboudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLe quinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 - FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination -Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes 1988)Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films "militants"TelevisionSeries of seven dramas in GermanNumerousdocumentary and docu-soap type films (TVS CNDP)Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)Contemplatives... et femmes (TF1 - 1976)Suzel Sabatier (FR3)Un autre Or Noir (FR3)Vivre enGéorgiePortrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)Television documentariesLa porte de Sarp est ouverte (1998)Une histoire balbynienne (2002)Tamara,une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)Hana et Khaman (unfinished)En compagnie d'Albert Memmi (unfinished)Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtreLes quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une fermel'autreHistoire du peuple kurde (in development)Les kurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)Réalisation de films institutionnels et industrielsPassage 9:The Crimes of Stephen HawkeThe Crimes of Stephen Hawke is a 1936 Britishhistorical melodrama film directed by George King and starring Tod Slaughter as the nefarious Stephen Hawke - who masquerades as the 'Spine-Breaker'. It also features Marjorie Taylor, D. J. Williams and EricPortman. It was made at Shepperton Studios, with sets designed by Philip Bawcombe.This is the third of Tod Slaughter's film outings, billed as a 'new-old melodrama'. In the introduction Slaughter appears in person, ina BBC studio, where he describes with relish his murderous activities in his two previous films: Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn (1935) and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936).In the filmSlaughter plays a seemingly kindly money-lender who dotes on his daughter Julia. He has however a double life as the notorious 'Spine-Breaker', Victorian England's most maniacal serial killer. His nefarious activitiesare eventually detected by his daughter's suitor Matthew Trimble, the son of one of his victims, who after pursuing and failing to catch him somewhat charitably opines to his daughter:'Julia, Julia, my darling, listen tome. I know that he's the notorious 'Spine-Breaker' and he ought to be dead a hundred times but I also know that his death cannot bring my father back to life. But alive or dead it cannot alter my love for you.'In theend Slaughter comes out of hiding to kill another unwelcome suitor of his daughter, before falling to his death from the roof of his house in a dramatic final exit.CastTod Slaughter as Stephen HawkeMarjorie Taylor asJulia HawkeD.J. Williams as Joshua TrimbleEric Portman as Matthew TrimbleGraham Soutten as NathanielGerald Barry as Miles ArcherGeorge M. Slater as Lord BrickhavenCharles Penrose as Sir FranklinNorman Pierce asLandlordFlotsam and Jetsam (Bentley Collingwood Hilliam and Malcolm McEachern) as ThemselvesCecil Bevan as Small Boys' FatherAnnie Esmond as Small Boys' NannyHarry Terry as 1st Prisoner In CellBen Williams asPrison WarderExternal linksThe Crimes of Stephen Hawke at IMDbPassage 10:Gordon Douglas (director)Gordon Douglas Brickner (December 15, 1907 – September 29, 1993) was an American film director and actor,who directed many different genres of films over the course of a five-decade career in motion pictures.Early lifeBorn Gordon Douglas Brickner in New York City, he began his career as a child actor, appearing in somefilms directed by Maurice Costello.  He also worked at MGM as a book-keeper.CareerHal Roach and Our GangAs a teenager, Douglas got a job at the Hal Roach Studios, working in the office and appearing in bit parts invarious Hal Roach films. He made walk-on appearances in at least three Our Gang shorts: Teacher's Pet (1930), Big Ears (1931) and Birthday Blues (1932).By 1934, Douglas was assistant to director Gus Meins andserved as assistant director on Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's 1934 film Babes in Toyland and on the Our Gang comedies made between 1934 and mid-1936.Beginning with Bored of Education in 1936, Our Gang movedfrom two-reel (20-minute) comedies to one-reel (10-minute) comedies, and Douglas became the senior director of the series. Bored of Education won the 1936 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film, and was theonly Our Gang entry ever honored with the award. Douglas remained with the series as director for two years.His Our Gang shorts, featuring Spanky, Alfalfa, Darla, Porky, Buckwheat, Waldo, Butch and Woim, are the


Passage 1:Ma che freddo fa"Ma che freddo fa" is a 1969 song composed by Claudio Mattone (music) and Franco Migliacci (lyrics).  The song premiered at the 19th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival with a double performance of Nada and The Rokes, placing at the fifth place. The first verses include a citation of Donovan's "Laléna". Nada's version was a massive success, selling about one million copies, mainly in the Italian and Spanish markets.The song was later covered by numerous artists, including Mina, Giusy Ferreri, Renzo Arbore, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel, and, with the title "Et pourtant j'ai froid", Dalida.Track listingNada version7" single - TL 19"Ma che freddo fa" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)"Una rondine bianca" (Claudio Mattone)The Rokes version7" single - AN 4172"Ma che freddo fa" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)"Per te, per me" (Shel Shapiro, Franco Migliacci)CertificationsPassage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Xu ShaofaXu Shaofa (Hsu Shao-Fa) (born 1947), is a male former international table tennis player from China.Table tennis careerHe won a gold medal at the 1975 World Table Tennis Championships  with Li Zhenshi, Liang Geliang, Lu Yuansheng and Li Peng as part of the Chinese team. In addition he won a silver medal in 1973.See alsoList of table tennis playersList of World Table Tennis Championships medalistsPassage 4:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela ("Three books of music in numbers for vihuela"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by "tono", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: "Alonso Mudarra", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: "Alonso Mudarra songs and solos". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 5:Wang Chien-faWang Chien-fa (Chinese: ; pinyin: Wáng Qiánfā; born 19 March 1949) is a politician in Taiwan. He was the Magistrate of Penghu County from 20 December 2005 until 25 December 2014.EducationWang obtained his bachelor's degree from the Department of Public Administration at National Open University.Penghu County Magistrate2005 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was elected Magistrate of Penghu County as the Kuomintang candidate on 3 December 2005 and assumed office on 20 December 2005.2009 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was reelected for a second term on 5 December 2009.See alsoPenghu County GovernmentPassage 6:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as "Sandy" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat ("Life Upon the Wicked Stage" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon ("I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, "The Circus is a Wacky World", and "You're Gonna Hear from Me" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film "The Edge."Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes "The Man Trap" and "The Naked Time" and some cues for "Mudd's Women."Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Courage was replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editors had difficulty finding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic "whoosh" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score two more episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes "The Enterprise Incident" and "Plato's Stepchildren," allegedly as a courtesy to Producer Robert Justman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestrated Goldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme became one of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek: The Next Generation and the four feature films based upon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith.DeathCourage had been in declining health for several years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades, California. He had suffered a series of strokes prior to his death. His mausoleum is in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Passage 7:Shue Ming-faShue Ming-fa (born 2 November 1950) is a former Taiwanese cyclist. He competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.Passage 8:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c. 1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to be written in continental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was in Tournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No other documentation on his life has yet come to light.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two may have been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was still being copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired other composers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of the type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus (four voices)Missa sine nomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 9:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  "Vasile Kormilov" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  "Unirea" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boys gymnasium "Ion Heliade Rădulescu" in Bucureti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the "Queen Mother Elena" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds the Metropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in the lyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 10:Claudio MattoneClaudio Mattone (born 28 February 1943) is an Italian composer, lyricist and music producer.Born in Santa Maria a Vico, Caserta, Mattone approached music at young age, as a jazz pianist. After leaving the university he moved to Rome, where he debuted in 1968 as a singer-songwriter with the song "E' sera", that premiered without any success at Cantagiro '68. Focusing on composition, between late sixties and early eighties he successfully teamed with the lyricist Franco Migliacci and signed several hits, contributing to launch the careers of Nada and Eduardo De Crescenzo; also working as music producer and as lyricist of his songs, in nineties Mattone launched the careers of Neri per caso and Syria, that respectively won the 1994 and 1995 editions of the Sanremo Music Festival in the "giovani" category.In 1990 Mattone won a David di Donatello and a Nastro d'Argento for the soundtrack of the 1989 film Scugnizzi. His earlier scores had included Cugini carnali (1974), Così parlò Bellavista (1984), Il mistero di Bellavista (1985) and Fatto su misura (1985). From 2000s his principal occupation is the theater, as author and producer of musicals.


Passage 1:Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseEleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse (1182–1226) was a daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile.She married Raymond VI, Count ofToulouse.LifeAccording to the Ex Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium, she was the second daughter and fourth of nine children of the troubadour king, Alfonso II of Aragon and his wife Sancha of Castile. She had for olderbrothers Pierre II the Catholic and Alphonse II, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and for sisters Constance, first queen of Hungary, then empress by her marriage with Frederick II, and Sancie, countess ofToulouse.According to the Crónica of San Juan de la Peña, her brother Peter II sealed the union of Eleanor, with Raymond VI of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence, in order to put an end to thedissensions with the counts of Toulouse.Raymond VI was the eldest son of Raymond V and Constance of France, daughter of King Louis VI and Adelaide de Maurienne. Eleanor was Raymond VI's 6th wife, havingdivorced an unknown daughter and sole heiress of Emperor Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus just two years earlier. Raymond and Eleanor did not have children.By this marriage she became countess of Toulouse which wouldsuffer the pangs of the war and the Albigensian Crusade, in the following years. The crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III and headed by the French Crown against Toulouse and Catharism.Passage 2:Maria ofAragon, Queen of CastileMaria of Aragon ((1403-02-24)24 February 1403 – (1445-02-18)18 February 1445) was the Queen of Castile as the first wife of King John II from their marriage in 1420 until her death in 1445.She was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.LifeMaria was married by her brother in his ambition to place his father's issue on the thrones of Castile and Aragon. The marriage took placein simplicity. Maria was occasionally politically active on behalf of her brothers, the princes of Aragon; she disregarded her husband's policy in favor of her brothers and the relationship between Maria and John wassomewhat tense.After her death on 18 February 1445, her husband married Isabella of Portugal and they became the parents of Isabella I of Castile. Maria has no descendants today, her line having gone extinct withina few decades of her death.ChildrenMaria and John II of Castile had four children:Catherine, Princess of Asturias ((1422-10-05)5 October 1422–(1424-09-17)17 September 1424).Eleanor, Princess of Asturias((1423-09-10)10 September 1423–(1425-08-22)22 August 1425).Henry IV of Castile ((1425-01-05)5 January 1425–(1474-12-11)11 December 1474). First married Blanche II of Navarre and later married Joan ofPortugal.Infanta Maria (c. 1428–c. 1429).AncestryPassage 3:Sancha of LeónSancha of León (c. 1018 – 8 November 1067) was a princess and queen of León. She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile wholater became King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle. She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha.LifeSancha was a daughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, ElviraMenéndez. She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo.In 1029, a political marriage was arranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile. However, having traveled to León for the marriage,García was assassinated by a group of disgruntled vassals. In 1032, Sancha was married to García's nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of Castile, when the latter was 11 years old.At the Battle of Tamarón in 1037Ferdinand killed Sancha's brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León. Sancha's own position as queen of León is unclear and contradictory. Shesucceeded to the throne of León as the heir of her brother and in her "own right" but despite this, she is not clearly referred to as queen regnant, and after the death of her husband the throne passed to her son, despitethe fact that she was still alive.Following Ferdinand's death in 1065 and the division of her husband's kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons.She was a devout Catholic, who,with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro.ChildrenSancha had five children:Urraca of ZamoraSancho II of León and CastileElvira of ToroAlfonso VI of Leónand CastileGarcía II of GaliciaDeath and burialShe died in the city of León on 8 November 1067. She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and herchildren Elvira, Urraca and García.The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:"H. R. SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE, MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDIUXOR. FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR. OBIIT ERA MCVIIII. III N. M."Which translates to:"Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinandand daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction of Almanzor. Died in the one thousand one hundred eighth era on the third nones of May [5 May 1071]."Passage 4:Eleanor of Aragon, Queen ofCastileEleanor of Aragon (20 February 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. She was a member of the House of Barcelona and Queen of Castile by hermarriage.FamilyEleanor was the youngest child and only daughter of her father by his third marriage. Eleanor was a sister of John I of Aragon and Martin of Aragon. She was a half-sister of Constance, Queen of Sicily,Joanna, Countess of Ampurias and Isabella, Countess of Urgell.MarriageAt Soria on the 18 June 1375, Eleanor married John I of Castile. Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace betweenAragon and Castile agreed at Almazán on the 12 April 1374 and at Lleida on the 10 May 1375.Eleanor and John were married for seven years, in which time they had three children:Henry (4 October 1379 – 25December 1406), succeeded his father as King of CastileFerdinand (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416), became King of Aragon in 1412Eleanor (b. 13 August 1382), died youngAfter seven years of marriage on 13August 1382, Eleanor died giving birth to her daughter and namesake Eleanor, who died young. Eleanor's son Ferdinand later claimed his mother's rights on the Kingdom of Aragon when both of Eleanor's brothers diedwithout surviving sons.Passage 5:Sancha of Castile, Queen of AragonSancha of Castile (21 September 1154/5 – 9 November 1208) was the only surviving child of King Alfonso VII of Castile by his second wife, Richezaof Poland.  On January 18, 1174, she married King Alfonso II of Aragon at Zaragoza; they had at least eight children who survived into adulthood.A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and PeireRaymond, the queen became involved in a legal dispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possession ofvarious castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background of political affairs by her son  Peter II. She retired from court,withdrawing to the Hospitaller convent for noble ladies, the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, at Sigena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she woreuntil the end of her life. The queen mother entertained her widowed daughter Constance at Sigena prior to her leaving Aragon to marry Emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, aged fifty-four, and wasinterred in front of the high altar of her foundation at the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena; her tomb is still there to be seen.IssuePeter II (1174/76 – 14 September 1213), King of Aragon and Lord ofMontpellier.Constance (1179 – 23 June 1222), married firstly King Imre of Hungary and secondly Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209), Count of Provence, Millau and Razès.Eleanor(1182 – February 1226), married Count Raymond VI of Toulouse.Ramon Berenguer (ca. 1183/85 – died young).Sancha (1186 – aft. 1241), married Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, in March 1211Ferdinand (1190 –1249), cistercian monk, Abbot of Montearagón.Dulcia (1192 – ?), a nun at Sijena.Passage 6:Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)Eleanor of Castile (1200—1244) was Queen of Aragon by her marriage to King James I ofAragon.QueenshipEleanor was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England. In 1221 at Ágreda, Eleanor married King James I of Aragon; she was nineteen and he was fourteen. The next six years ofJames's reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. The couple had a son, Alfonso, who married Constance of Béarn. Eleanor'smarriage to James was annulled in 1230, and the agreement prohibited her from remarrying. Their son, Alfonso, was declared legitimate, but he pre-deceased James.Monastic lifeEleanor became a nun after theannulment. She went to the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas to join her elder sister Berengaria who had retired from ruling Castile and Leon, and their other sister Constance, who was long a nun there.  Allthree sisters died there, Constance in 1243, Eleanor in 1244, and Berengaria in 1246.  All are buried in the Abbey.BurialEleanor was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas in Burgos. Her remains were deposited in atomb which is now located in the Nave of Santa Catarina of the Gospel, and lies between the tomb containing the remains of Philip, son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, which is placed to the right, and the tombcontaining the remains of Peter, brother of Philip.During work on the Monastery in the middle of the twentieth century it was found that the remains of Eleanor, mummified and in good condition, lay in her tomb oflimestone; the roof had two slopes and was smooth, although in the past was polychrome. Her coffin was wooden and devoid of cover, although there were still remnants of its shell and lysed cross made of studded goldbraid, as well as clothing that was buried with the Queen, among which highlighted three brocade garments in Arabic, which Manuel Gómez Moreno considered similar to those found in the grave of her grandnephewPhilip.Passage 7:Constance of AragonConstance of Aragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and Holy RomanEmpress. She was regent of Sicily from 1212 to 1220.She was the second child and eldest daughter of the nine children of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile.Queen of HungaryHer father died in 1196 andConstance's fate was decided by the new King, her brother Peter II. Peter arranged her marriage with King Emeric of Hungary, and the nineteen-year-old Constance left Aragon for Hungary. The wedding took place in1198. Two years later, in 1200, the Queen gave birth to a son, called Ladislaus.When King Emeric was dying, he crowned his son Ladislaus co-ruler on 26 August 1204. The King wanted to secure his succession and hadhis brother Andrew promise to protect the child and help him govern the Kingdom of Hungary until reaching adulthood. Emeric died three months later, on 30 November.Ladislaus succeeded him as King while Andrewbecame his Regent. Andrew soon took over all regal authority while Ladislaus and Constance were little more than his prisoners. Constance managed to escape to Vienna with Ladislaus.The two found refuge in the courtof Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, but Ladislaus would soon die (7 May 1205). The former Regent and now King Andrew II of Hungary took the body of his nephew and buried him in the Royal Crypt of Székesfehérvár.Duke Leopold sent Constance back to Aragon.Queen of Sicily and Holy Roman EmpressWhen Constance returned to Aragon, she took up residence with her mother, Queen Sancha, in the Abbey of Nuestra Senora, atSijena; Sancha had founded the abbey after her husband's death, and now lived there in retirement. Constance spent the next three years in the abbey with her mother, until her fate, again, was changed by herbrother.Peter II wanted to be on good terms with Pope Innocent III, since he wanted an annulment of his marriage with Maria of Montpellier, and needed the blessing of the Pope. The Pope solicited the hand of theDowager Queen of Hungary for his pupil, the young King Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Aragonese King accepted the proposal; Constance left her mother and the abbey of Nuestra Senora and began her trip toSicily (1208). She never returned to Aragon or saw her mother again. Sancha died shortly after the departure of her daughter.Constance and Frederick were married in the Sicilian city of Messina on 15 August 1209. Inthe ceremony, she was crowned Queen of Sicily. By this time, Constance was thirty years old and her new husband only fourteen. Two years later, in 1211, Constance gave birth to a son, called Henry, who later had atragic end.On 9 December 1212, Frederick was crowned King of Germany in opposition to Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. During the absence of her husband, Constance stayed in Sicily as regent of the Kingdom until1220.At first Frederick controlled Southern Germany but Otto IV was effectively deposed on 5 July 1215. This time Constance was crowned German Queen with her husband.Pope Honorius III crowned Frederick HolyRoman Emperor on 22 November 1220. Constance was crowned Holy Roman Empress while their son Henry became the new King of Germany. She died of malaria less than two years later in Catania and was buried inthe Cathedral of Palermo, in a Roman sarcophagus with a crown, the Crown of Constance.Passage 8:Sancha of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseSancha of Aragon (1186, Zaragoza –1241) was the daughter of King AlfonsoII of Aragon and his wife, Sancha of Castile. Sancha was married to Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse in 1211. Upon the death of Raymond's father, Raymond VI, in 1222, she acquired the titles Countess consort ofToulouse and Marquise consort of Provence until their divorce in 1241.Sancha's paternal grandparents were Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon; her maternal grandparents were AlfonsoVII of León and Castile and Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile. She was the sister of Peter II of Aragon and Alfonso II, Count of Provence. She and Raymond had one child, Joan, Countess of Toulouse, who inheritedthe same titles upon the death of her father from 1249 to 1271.Passage 9:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic:   ) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian ofthe Ka‘bah (Arabic: , 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaabaafter him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that theopportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic:, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess(Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib andAbdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamilytree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 10:Alfonso VII of León and CastileAlfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of Leónand Castile in 1126. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Alfonso later held anotherinvestiture in 1135 in a grand ceremony reasserting his claims to the imperial title. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy, the first of the House of Ivrea to rule in the Iberian peninsula.Alfonso wasa dignified and somewhat enigmatic figure. His rule was characterised by the renewed supremacy of the western kingdoms of Christian Iberia over the eastern (Navarre and Aragón) after the reign of Alfonso the Battler.Though he sought to make the imperial title meaningful in practice to both Christian and Muslim populations, his hegemonic intentions never saw fruition. During his tenure, Portugal became de facto independent, in1128, and was recognized as de jure independent, in 1143. He was a patron of poets, including, probably, the troubadour Marcabru.Succession to three kingdomsIn 1111, Diego Gelmírez, Bishop of Compostela and thecount of Traba, crowned and anointed Alfonso King of Galicia in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. He was a child, but his mother had (1109) succeeded to the united throne of León-Castile-Galicia and wished toretain sole rulership of the kingdom. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. On 10 March 1126, after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery ofthe Kingdom of Castile, which was then under the domination of Alfonso the Battler. By the Peace of Támara of 1127, the Battler recognised Alfonso VII of Castile. The territory in the far east of his dominion, however,had gained much independence during the rule of his mother and experienced many rebellions. After his recognition in Castile, Alfonso fought to curb the autonomy of the local barons.When Alfonso the Battler, King ofNavarre and Aragón, died without descendants in 1134, he willed his kingdom to the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller. The aristocracy of both kingdoms rejected this. García Ramírez, Count of Monzón waselected in Navarre while Alfonso pretended to the throne of Aragón. The nobles chose another candidate in the dead king's brother, Ramiro II. Alfonso responded by reclaiming La Rioja and "attempted to annex thedistrict around Zaragoza and Tarazona".In several skirmishes, he defeated the joint Navarro-Aragonese army and put the kingdoms to vassalage. He had the strong support of the lords north of the Pyrenees, who heldlands as far as the River Rhône. In the end, however, the combined forces of the Navarre and Aragón were too much for his control. At this time, he helped Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, in his wars with theother Catalan counties to unite the old Marca Hispanica.Imperial ruleA vague tradition had always assigned the title of emperor to the sovereign who held León.  Sancho the Great considered the city the imperialeculmen and minted coins with the inscription Imperator totius Hispaniae after being crowned in it. Such a sovereign was considered the most direct representative of the Visigothic kings, who had been themselves therepresentatives of the Roman Empire. But though appearing in charters, and claimed by Alfonso VI of León and Alfonso the Battler, the title had been little more than a flourish of rhetoric.On 26 May 1135, Alfonso wascrowned "Emperor of Spain" in the Cathedral of León. By this, he probably wished to assert his authority over the entire peninsula and his absolute leadership of the Reconquista. He appears to have striven for theformation of a national unity which Spain had never possessed since the fall of the Visigothic kingdom. The elements he had to deal with could not be welded together. The weakness of Aragon enabled him to make hissuperiority effective. After Afonso Henriques recognised him as liege in 1137, Alfonso VII lost the Battle of Valdevez in 1141 thereby affirming Portugal's independence in the Treaty of Zamora (1143). In 1143, he


Passage 1:Lifted BellsLifted Bells are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The band consists of members of the bands Their/They're/There, Braid, and Stay Ahead of the Weather.CareerLifted Bells began in2013 with the release of a self-titled EP, via Naked Ally Records. In 2014, Lifted Bells released their second EP titled Lights Out via Naked Ally. In 2016, Lifted Bells signed to Run For Cover Records and released theirthird EP titled Overreactor.DiscographyEPsLifted Bells (2013, Naked Ally)Lights Out (2014, Naked Ally)Overreactor (2016, Run For Cover)Minor Tantrums (2018, Run For Cover)Passage 2:Tri-State (band)Tri-State is anAmerican rock band from New Jersey.AboutTri-State is a four-piece jangle pop and indie rock band from Maplewood, New Jersey, that formed in 2010, consisting of vocalist and guitarist Julian Brash, drummer BradyMcNamara, bassist and vocalist Scott Stemmermann and vocalist and guitarist Jeff Zelevansky. Their music is described as "jangle-pop" and "guitar-based rock'n'roll," and they draw comparison to the groups R.E.M.,Dinosaur Jr., Eleventh Dream Day, and the artist Neil Young. They self-released the six-track EP, entitled Tri-State, on May 24, 2016. A review of the EP by Jim Testa in Jersey Beat says "this is a terrific record [...] thatneatly draws inspiration from Nineties alterna-rock without sounding dated or derivative. The guitars rumble and roar, the drumming always keeps things moving forward, and the vocals and lyrics bring a perspectiveyou just don't find in younger bands." Independent Clauses writes "Tri-State's tunes unfold in pleasing ways[,] creat[ing] an ominous mood that builds and builds," adding that "if you're into '90s indie-rock or maturesongwriting that appreciates with multiple listens, give [Tri State] a spin." Tri-State signed with Mint 400 Records in 2014.Mint 400 RecordsThat year they contributed the song "Take a Bow" for the compilation,Patchwork, and a rendition of "Carrie Anne" for the 2015 compilation, 1967. Tri-State released two singles "New Minuits" and "Titanic Brothers," on September 21, 2015. They performed at the 2016 North Jersey IndieRock Festival. Their second EP, the five-track We Did What We Could Do, was released with Mint 400 Records, on October 22, 2016. Bob Makin of Courier News describes the EP as "pop hooks, vocal harmonies, drivingbeats, and intricate, intertwined guitars with intelligent [and] probing lyrics." It was listed in Jersey Beat's Top Local Releases" of 2016. The lead track "Summer Nun" appears on the compilation album, NJ / NYMixtape.DiscographyLP"Hey Pal" (2019)EPsDoom Loop (2021)Tri-State (2013)We Did What We Could Do (2016)Singles"New Minuits / Titanic Brothers" (2015)Appearing onPatchwork (2014)1967 (2015)NJ / NY Mixtape(2018)Passage 3:The M'sThe M's is an American indie rock band from Chicago.HistoryThe M's were formed in 2000 by Josh Chicoine, Joey King, Steve Versaw and Robert Hicks. Chicoine, King and Versaw met in thewinter of 1999 and began collaborating in a makeshift studio in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood in which the short lived group, Sanoponic, was formed. After Sanoponic's dissolution, they began working on newmaterial with Hicks who had the name The M's in mind for a new project. Their debut EP appeared in 2002 on Brilliante Records, followed by a full-length in 2004. They signed with Polyvinyl Record Co. for their 2006and 2008 releases. Glenn Rischke joined the group in 2008 for the release of their last recording to date "Real Close Ones". The group decided to go into "a long hiatus" on March 6, 2009. In 2011, The M's released adigital-only EP "The Personal Touch" on Movings label, recorded collaboratively with electronic trio from Chicago TV Pow.MembersJosh Chicoine - vocals, guitarSteve Versaw - drumsJoey King - vocals, bassRobert Hicks -vocals, guitarGlenn Rischke - Keyboards, percussion (Joined 2008/2009)DiscographyThe M's EP (Brillante Records, 2002)The M's LP (Brillante, 2004)Split with Dr. Dog (Polyvinyl Record Co., 2006)Future Women(Polyvinyl, 2006)Real Close Ones (Polyvinyl, 2008)The Personal Touch with TV Pow (Movings, 2011)Passage 4:Knuckle PuckKnuckle Puck is an American rock band, formed in 2010 in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. Thegroup released several EPs, one of which, While I Stay Secluded (2014), peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. The band released a split EP with the UK band Neck Deep. The group signed to Rise in2014 and released its debut album, Copacetic, through the label in 2015.The band's name comes from the "knucklepuck" shot in ice hockey, which was popularized by the 1994 film D2: The MightyDucks.HistoryFormation and early releases (2010–2014)Knuckle Puck started out covering songs in fall 2010 in the outskirts of Chicago. The band got its name from a Stick to Your Guns t-shirt that said "Knuckle PuckCrew". The band consisted of lead vocalist Joe Taylor, lead guitarist Kevin Maida, and drummer John Siorek. The group started writing original songs in April 2011 with the addition of rhythm guitarist Nick Casasanto.The group had friends fill in on bass. In July, the band played its first ever show. In October, the band released a self-titled EP, this was followed up by the Acoustics EP in March 2012. In October, the band released theDon't Come Home EP. The band co-headlined a tour with Seaway from late May to early June 2013. In August, the band self-released The Weight That You Buried EP. In February 2014 Bad Timing and Hopeless releaseda split EP that featured two songs each from Knuckle Puck and Neck Deep. Both bands toured together (alongside Light Years) from late February to early April. On March 16, the band performed at South by So What?!festival. In spring, the band gained bassist Ryan Rumchaks. Between May and June, the band supported Man Overboard on the group's The Heart Attack Tour alongside Transit, and Forever Came Calling.A music videowas released for the song "No Good" in June. It was directed by Eric Teti. In late July, it was announced the band were recording, and in early August the band finished recording its next release. Knuckle Puck supportedSenses Fail on the band's Let It Enfold You 10th anniversary tour from late August till early October 2014. In early September, the band released a 7" flexi containing the songs "Oak Street" and "Home Alone", theformer of which was intended for release on the group's next EP. The flexi was released by Bad Timing. On October 16, 2014, "Bedford Falls" was available for streaming. On October 23, the While I Stay Secluded EPwas made available for streaming and on October 28, it was released by Bad Timing. The EP had peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums in the U.S. Guitarist Kevin Maida revealed that the band "firmly andconfidently" considered the EP the group's best work so far. On October 31, the band released a music video for "Oak Street". In November and December, the band supported Modern Baseball on the group's wintertour.Copacetic and Shapeshifter (2014–2020)In November 2014, the various artists compilation album Punk Goes Pop 6 was released, it featured Knuckle Puck covering The 1975 song "Chocolate". On December 22,2014, Knuckle Puck signed to Rise Records. Maida said that Rise would be "a bountiful new home" for the group and would help the band evolve. Throughout January and February 2015 the band supported Neck Deepon the band's The Intercontinental Championships Tour. In late February, the band announced it had started recording its debut album and by early April, the group had finished. The group joined The Maine's TheAmerican Candy Spring 2015 Tour, as a support act, throughout April and May. On June 11, the band's debut album, Copacetic, was announced. The artwork and track list was revealed. On June 19, a music video wasreleased for "Disdain". On June 30, "True Contrite" was made available for streaming. The band played on the 2015 edition of Warped Tour. On July 14, "Pretense" was made available for streaming. On July 23, thealbum was made available for streaming. Copacetic released on July 31. The band supported State Champs on the group's European tour in September and October. The band toured the U.S. in October and November,with support from Seaway, Head North and Sorority Noise. In February and March 2016, the band supported Neck Deep and State Champs on the groups' co-headlining tour of the U.S.In March 2017, a 7-inch vinylsingle was released, featuring the tracks "Calendar Days" and "Indecisive". On July 27, the band released the first single from their at the time upcoming album onto YouTube and iTunes titled "Gone". A few monthslater in September the second single "Double Helix" was released on YouTube with its music video. The group released their second album, Shapeshifter, on October 13.In October 2019 Knuckle Puck released a 7" vinylcontaining Gold Rush and Fences, previously released with Neck Deep and containing two more tracks. This vinyl sold out in a few hours.20/20 (2020–present)On February 21, 2020, the band released a single called"Tune You Out", and commenced a tour across North America with Heart Attack Man throughout February and March 2020, which was cut short by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, 2020, a secondsingle and 7" record "RSVP" was released. A music video for the song "Breathe" was released on June 18, 2020, the song features Derek Sanders from the band Mayday Parade. The band released their third album20/20 on September 18, 2020. The band played multiple drive in shows in October 2020 with Hot Mulligan. In December 2021, the band headlined a tour celebrating their tenth anniversary with Arm's Length, CarlyCosgrove, and Snow Ellet.On December 1, 2021, the band released a single "Levitate" and announced a US and European tour from March 2022 to June 2022 with co-headliner Hot Mulligan with support by Meet Me atthe Altar and Anxious during the US shows. The band released an extended play Disposable Life on February 4, 2022, with Joe Taylor calling the recording of the EP "the most fun we've had in a long time" The bandsupported New Found Glory on the group's US tour through September 2022 to November 2022.On October 20, 2022, the band announced that they had signed with Pure Noise Records and released a new singleGroundhog Day. The band announced that their upcoming 4th LP would release in 2024.  The band later announced a compilation vinyl release Retrospective consisting of their first two EP's and their split with NeckDeep.StyleKnuckle Puck sound has been described by AllMusic biographer James Christopher Monger as a "melodic blend of old-school punk rock and emo", compared to the likes of The Wonder Years, The Story So Far,and Rise Against. Copacetic has been described as emo and pop punk. AllMusic reviewer Timothy Monger noted the album's sound "ranging from blazing, epic emo and pop-punk to slower, more contemplative fare."Cleveland.com reviewer Troy L. Smith noted that people who liked early 2000s pop punk albums such as Simple Plan's No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls (2002) and New Found Glory's Sticks and Stones (2002) wouldenjoy Copacetic.Side projectsRumchaks released a solo EP, Decades, in July 2013. Rumchaks plays guitar and sings vocals in Oak Lawn, Illinois-based band Homesafe, alongside vocalist/bassist Tyler Albertson anddrummer Eman Duran. The group has released three EPs and one full-length studio album, Homesafe (2014), Inside Your Head (2015), ‘’Evermore’’ (2016), And ‘’ONE’’ (2018). Homesafe is currently signed to PureNoise Records.Taylor and Rumchaks joined with Real Friends' vocalist Dan Lambton to form Rationale. With Rationale., Taylor plays guitar and vocals, Rumchaks plays drums, and Lambton on guitar and vocals."Hangnail" was made available for streaming in December 2015, and the group's debut EP Confines  followed shortly after.Kevin Maida plays guitar in Chicago hardcore-punk band Lurk.John Siorek has played drums forbands William Bonney, Droughts, and Matter of Fact.Critical receptionKnuckle Puck was included on Alternative Press's "12 Bands You Need To Know: AP Editors pick their favorite 100 Bands" list in 2014. The band wereincluded on Idobi's "Artists To Watch In 2014" list.Knuckle Puck was nominated for the Best Underground Band in the 2015 Alternative Press Music Awards.Knuckle Puck was nominated for Album of the Year and BestBreakthrough Band in the 2016 Alternative Press Music Awards.Band membersCurrent membersJoe Taylor – lead vocals (2010–present)Kevin Maida – lead guitar (2010–present)John Siorek – drums, percussion(2010–present)Nick Casasanto – rhythm guitar, co-lead vocals (2011–present)Ryan Rumchaks – bass guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)DiscographyStudio albumsCopacetic (2015)Shapeshifter (2017)20/20(2020)Passage 5:The Sessions (band)The Sessions were a Canadian dance-rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia. The band won the world's largest battle of the bands, Emergenza, in 2006.HistoryThe Sessionsformed in 2005. Members included bassist Tobias Jesso Jr. drummer Martin Kottmeier, guitarist Tristan Norton and singer Josh Helgason. In 2006, The Sessions joined the Emergenza band competition, along with 7,631bands from 16 countries.  The band won a competition in Calgary, and then moved on to the national competition in Montreal. The Sessions won first place at the Emergenza finals in Rothenburg, Germany.The bandrecorded a six-song EP with producer Bob Rock, entitled The Sessions Is Listed as In a Relationship. The album received a mixture of reviews. Two songs from the album, "My Love" and "18 Candles", were featured inthe mountain biking film Seasons by The Collective. The beginning of "18 Candles" is used as some of the Question and Answer music in "Pawn Stars".The Sessions toured the western United States in February 2008,hitting Popscene in San Francisco as well as dates in Las Vegas, Hollywood, and San Diego.  Helgason left the band in March 2008 and co-formed Stars Blvd soon after. The band members did some session work inCalifornia, including recording with singer Melissa Cavatti.After break-upBand members Tristan Norton and Martin Kottmeier have since co-formed electronic music DJ/production duo Young Bombs. Tobias Jesso Jr.started a career as a singer-songwriter.MembersMartin Robert Kottmeier - drums, vocalsJoshua Helgason - vocals, synthesizerTristan Norton - guitar, vocals, keyboardsTobias Jesso Jr. - bass, vocalsPassage 6:Welcome(band)Welcome is a band from Seattle.DiscographySirs (Fat Cat Records)Sun as Night Light (RX Remedy)Six Songs on a CD (RX Remedy)Stoma 7" (RX Remedy)Split 7" with Mars AcceleratorPassage 7:Marseille(band)Marseille were a British heavy metal band from Liverpool, England, formed in 1976 by Neil Buchanan, Andy Charters and Keith Knowles. Marseille were the first band to win the "UK Battle of the Bands"competition at Wembley Arena in 1977. Marseille were the first new wave of British heavy metal band to secure a major recording contract and to tour in the United States, as well as the first NWOBHM band to releasean album there.HistoryMarseille was formed in Liverpool, England in early 1976. Original members were Paul Dale (vocals), Neil Buchanan (lead guitar), Andy Charters (second guitar), Keith Knowles (drums) and SteveDinwoodie (bass). The band was originally called AC/DC, during the time that the Australian rock band of the same name was gaining success in the UK, forcing the band to change their name in mid-1976 to "Marseille".Marseille won the first ever "UK Battle of the Bands" with the finals judged by Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen at Wembley Arena on October 31, 1977. This led the band to secure a five-year recording contractwith Mountain Records in late 1977, and the band released their debut album, Red, White and Slightly Blue in 1978, which included the songs "The French Way" and "Can Can". Marseille became the first new wave ofBritish heavy metal to play at a big festival in Europe: the Bilzen Festival in Belgium, supporting American rock band Cheap Trick.Marseille gathered a small fan base while promoting their first album as support for othergroups such as Judas Priest, Nazareth, Whitesnake and UFO. Keith Knowles stated: "I was the drummer on all albums and an original member of Marseille. We took the name because 'Marseille' was a French roughseaport like Liverpool and to be honest we were struggling to rename ourselves as we were originally called AC/DC but had to change for obvious reasons. All tracks on this album were recorded 'live' so what you hear isnot manufactured in any way. We all have great memories of touring with UFO who were absolutely brilliant with us and made sure we had sound-checks every night. Phil Mogg and Pete Way were like a double act andsuch great blokes... to stand in the wings listening to Schenker's lead break on Love to Love will live with me forever... and what a nice person he was." Their debut album contained very raunchy lyrics but sufferedsomewhat from lack of promotion and limitation of release. The single "Kiss Like Rock 'n' Roll" was produced by Nazareth guitarist Manny Charlton.Their second album release, the eponymous Marseille, received radioairplay, extending their fanbase in the UK. Several tracks from the album featured on the "Alternative Top 20 Charts" published in Sounds magazine with other emerging new wave of British heavy metal bands such asSaxon, Def Leppard and Iron Maiden. Marseille were the first NWOBHM band to tour and have an album released in the United States through RCA Records. The band promoted their Marseille album on tour in the USwith Nazareth and American south coast boogie band Blackfoot during the summer of 1980. The band arrived back in the UK to witness the demise of Mountain, their record and management company. With all theirequipment still stranded in the US, the band were forced off the road and into a two-year legal battle with liquidators, which precluded them pursuing another recording contract. During this time, Paul Dale, AndyCharters and Neil Buchanan left the band. Charters moved to the US, and Buchanan started a career in television, hosting the popular CITV programme Art Attack from 1990-2007. The two remaining members, KeithKnowles and Steve Dinwoodie later recruited vocalist Sav Pearse and guitarist Marc Railton from local Liverpool band Savage Lucy to complete a third album entitled Touch the Night, on the Ultra Noise label in 1984. Asong from the album, "Walking on a Highware" became Marseille's first and only single to enter the UK Singles chart, peaking at number 98 and spending one week in the listing. However, lack of industry interest in theband caused this iteration of Marseille to split up soon after. Touch the Night was labeled by Kerrang! magazine as a closet classic that should have taken the band to higher ground.In 2003, a two-disc CD aptly titledRock You Tonight became the Marseille Anthology and was released by Castle Communications, a subsidiary division of Sanctuary Records Group. The album, containing material from all three of Marseille's previousalbums, garnered some critical acclaim being hailed "The best box set of 2003" by George Smith of Village Voice magazine.The original line-up reunited for a handful of gigs in 2008, however, Paul Dale soon left theband and was replaced in February 2009 by Nigel Roberts. The band recorded an EP, FourPlay which was produced by Neil Buchanan, and released on the Gas Station Music label in 2009. In 2010, Keith Knowles andSteve Dinwoodie stepped down to be replaced by Gareth Webb (drums) and Lee Andrews (bass). The band recorded their first full album in 25 years, Unfinished Business, which was also produced by Buchanan, andlater released on September 6, 2010. The album was unveiled at the band's appearance at the Hard Rock Hell festival in December 2010. A full UK tour supported by Exit State followed.In April 2011, drummer GarethWebb stepped down and was replaced by Ace Finchum (also a member of Tigertailz) on drums. A few months later, bassist Lee Andrews also left the band and was replaced by Kevin Wynn (mid-2011), then by PhilIreland (late 2011-early 2012), and later by Rob Brooks (2012-2014). The band continued a heavy gig schedule from 2011 to early 2012, and worked on new material for a release in 2012 but this never materialised.The band were featured in several appearances at gigs and concerts, including the 2012 Cambridge Rock Festival and the Hard Rock Hell VI: A Fistful Of Rock in late 2012; however, those appearances were cancelled.Later, Marseille announced a UK tour planned for November 2013, which was later postponed to 2014 due to Andy Charters' travel visa problems. It was also announced that an EP will be released in the Summer of