Passage 1:Salin MibayaSalin Mibaya (Burmese:  , pronounced [sĺ mbjá]; also known as Narapati Medaw, ( )) was the chief queen of Viceroy Thado DhammaYaza II of Prome (r. 1551–1588).The second daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and his chief queen Shwe Zin Gon was married three times. Her marriage to her first cousin Min Ba Saw—a son of her maternaluncle—was cut short when her brother King Narapati had him executed. Narapati then married her off to Sithu Kyawhtin, then governor of Salin, a powerful figure in the Confederation of Shan States, in a marriage ofstate in the late 1530s. (Prome was then a de facto vassal state of the Confederation, which controlled all of Ava territories except Toungoo in Upper Burma.) Her stay at Salin lasted until January 1544 when the citywas captured by Toungoo forces under Gen. Bayinnaung. Her husband escaped to Ava (Inwa) but she was captured and sent to Pegu (Bago). In 1545, she was married to Nanda Yawda, a younger brother ofBayinnaung, at the coronation ceremony of Tabinshwehti at the Pegu Palace.She returned to her native Prome as queen in 1551 when her husband was appointed viceroy of the region by King Bayinnaung. She had twodaughters by Nanda Yawda, now styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza II. Their elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of Nawrahta Minsaw, the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughterMin Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.AncestryThe following is her ancestry as reported in the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. Her parents were doublecousins.NotesPassage 2:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music"Motherland"(anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalusalbum), 2011"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 TurkishdramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction dramaseriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containingMotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 3:Where Was I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film),biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series)1980Music"Where was I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939"Where Was I", single from Charley Pridediscography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The AlbumFormerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny WayneShepherd from Live On  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomasalbum)Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deirel-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the villagenecropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servantin the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin(German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited fromprevious generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipalcitizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions,such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required.This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to aSwiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipalcitizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was ahistorical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed,eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical "Heimatort"instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place theycurrently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francsafter having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent onthe municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place oforigin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan,which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only theirplace of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place ofbirth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact thatpeople can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal ornational matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all theirsocial welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860:59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residentialcommunity.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.SeealsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 6:Valley of DeathValley of Death may refer to:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murderand mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of PlumRunValley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in RussiaTheValley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama),a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film"Valley of Death", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of "TheCharge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venture capital"The Valley of Death", a song by theSwedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pages with titles containing Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death(disambiguation)Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy lwa], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place ofdeath of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 8:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called DanseMacabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novelby R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play byFrank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starringErich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris KarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg'splay, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other PlantationFavorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)"Death Dance", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, aJapanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage 9:Thado Dhamma Yaza II of PromeThado Dhamma Yaza II (Burmese:, pronounced [ðdó dma jàzà]; 1520s–1588) was viceroy of Prome (Pyay) from 1551 to 1588, during the reigns of kings Bayinnaung and Nanda of Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar).Having begun his military career in the service of King Tabinshwehti, the youngest full brother of Bayinnaung was part of the small core group loyal to Bayinnaung, following the assassination of Tabinshwehti in 1550.Alongside his brothers Bayinnaung, Minye Sithu, Minkhaung II, Thado Minsaw and his nephew Nanda, he fought in nearly every campaign between 1550 and 1584 that rebuilt, expanded and defended the ToungooEmpire.Early lifeHe was born in the Toungoo Palace precincts to Mingyi Swe and Shin Myo Myat, royal household servants of Crown Prince Tabinshwehti. He had an elder sister, Dhamma Dewi, two elder brothers,Bayinnaung and Minye Sithu, and two younger half-brothers, Minkhaung II and Thado Minsaw who were born to his aunt (his mother's younger sister) and his father. He grew up in the palace precincts, and received amilitary-style education there.CareerTabinshwehti era (1534–1550)He participated in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–1541), and by 1540 had achieved the rank of regimental commander with the style of NandaYawda (). He was appointed governor of Thamyindon () in the Irrawaddy delta in 1541 by Tabinshwehti. He served as a regimental commander in Toungoo's campaigns againstProme (1541–1542), led a naval squadron in the Arakan campaign (1546–1547), and commanded an elephant battalion in the invasion of Siam (1548–1549). In January 1550, he joined his brothers Bayinnaung andMinye Sithu on the campaign to suppress the rebellion of Smim Htaw.Bayinnaung era (1550–1581)He was a key member of Bayinnaung's drive to restore the Toungoo Empire which had fallen apart after Tabinshwehtiwas assassinated on 30 April 1550. He led a regiment in Bayinnaung's 1550–1551 assault on the city of Toungoo, whose ruler Minkhaung II was their own half-brother. He was given a royal title of Thado Dhamma Yazaon 11 January 1551 by Bayinnaung after Minkhaung II surrendered and was pardoned on the same day. He commanded the Irrawaddy flank in the Prome campaign (March–August 1551). Prome was taken on 30August 1551, and Bayinnaung appointed him as the viceroy of Prome.Thado Dhamma Yaza II was one of the four deputies of Bayinnaung in the king's campaigns between 1552 and 1565 that greatly expanded theToungoo Empire. The original four were Bayinnaung's four brothers: Minye Sithu, Thado Dhamma Yaza, Minkhaung and Thado Minsaw. After Minye Sithu's death in 1556, Bayinnaung's eldest son Nanda took his place.Thado Dhamma Yaza participated in every campaign except for Manipur (1560) and Lan Xang (1565). Bayinnaung had built the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. After a brief respite, he faced seriousrebellions in Lan Xang and Siam in 1568, later joined by northern Shan states in the 1570s. Thado Dhamma Yaza along with the other three deputies of the king were called upon to suppress the rebellions.The followingis a list of campaigns in which he participated during the reign of Bayinnaung.He proved to be a loyal brother. He built the Prome gate of Pegu (Bago) when the capital was rebuilt between 1565 and 1568. (Each of thetwenty gates of the new capital was built by key vassal rulers.) For their loyal service, Thado Dhamma Yaza II, Minkhaung II and Thado Minsaw were all honored by their brother the king on 3 March 1580.Nanda era(1581–1588)Bayinnaung died on 10 October 1581, and was succeeded by his son Nanda. The new king faced an impossible task of maintaining an empire ruled by autonomous viceroys who were loyal to Bayinnaung,not the kingdom of Toungoo. Nanda particularly distrusted his uncle Thado Minsaw of Ava. When two Chinese Shan states Sanda and Thaungthut revolted in August/September 1582, the high king asked ThadoDhamma Yaza II and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to lead two 8000-strong armies to quell the rebellion. (The king conspicuously did not ask Thado Minsaw to take part in the campaign although Ava contributed troopsand the Shan states were closer to Ava.) The two armies laid siege to Sanda (present-day Baoshan prefecture) for nearly five months until the starving city surrendered. The armies arrived back to Pegu in April1583.Nanda's slight of Thado Minsaw did not go unnoticed. In June/July 1583, Thado Minsaw sent secret embassies to Prome, Toungoo and Chiang Mai to launch a simultaneous revolt against Nanda. He also sentmissions to Shan states for their support. Thado Dhamma Yaza and the other viceroys sided with Nanda. When Nanda marched to Ava in March 1584, he along with the rulers of Toungoo and Chiang Mai also marched toAva. Ava turned out to be Thado Dhamma Yaza's last campaign. He did not participate in the ensuing campaigns against Siam, which revolted in May 1584.Thado Dhamma Yaza II died in November/December 1588. Hewas succeeded by Mingyi Hnaung, one of Nanda's sons, styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome.FamilyHis chief queen was Salin Mibaya, who was a daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and a descendant of Avaroyalty. They were married in 1545 in Pegu at the coronation ceremony of Tabinshwehti. He had two daughters by his chief queen. The elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of Nawrahta Minsaw,the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughter Min Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.He also had seven sons and a daughter by minor queens and concubines. They were:Nanda Yawda (birthname Shin Zin), who married his first cousin Myat Myo Hpone Wai (daughter of Bayinnaung) and became governor of Sagaing. Captured and brought to Mrauk-U in 1600 where he was given the title of MinyeTheinkhathu.Min Shwe Myat, governor of TaingdaMinye Uzana, governor of SalinPrincess of SakuGovernor of Malun, captured and sent to ArakanShin Ne Myo, killed by Yan Naing in 1597Shin Ne Tun, killed by Yan Naingin 1597Pyinsa Thiha, governor of MoulmeinNotesPassage 10:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name anddate of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-borncitizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actualplace of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the placeof birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead usingalternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's


Passage 1:1928 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1928 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1928 college football season.SchedulePassage2:Christian ComptonAsbury Christian Compton (October 24, 1929 – April 9, 2006) was an American attorney and judge who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1974 until 2000, and as a Seniorjustice until his death.Compton was a native of Ashland in Hanover County, Virginia, and graduated from Ashland High School in 1946. Compton earned his B.A. in history and politics from Washington and Lee in 1950and his LL.B. from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1953.  While at Washington and Lee, Compton served as president of Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity, class officer and captain of the basketball team.He was also a member of Omicron Delta Kappa, the lacrosse team, Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity, the University Glee Club and the Cotillion Club.Compton served in the U.S. Navy from 1953 to 1956 and the U.S. NavalReserve from 1953 to 1961. He practiced law in Richmond with May, Garrett, Miller, Newman and Compton from 1957 to 1966.In 1966, Gov. Mills Godwin appointed Compton to the Law & Equity Court of the City ofRichmond and then to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1974. The General Assembly re-elected him to another term in 1987. He retired from the Supreme Court in February 2000 and began service as a seniorjustice.Compton maintained strong ties to Washington and Lee throughout his career.  He served as president of the Alumni Association from 1972 to 1973.  He received an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from his almamater in 1975. He served member of the Board of Trustees from 1978 to 1989.  He selected most of his law clerks from the top graduates of Washington and Lee School of Law.Compton was married to BettyStephenson Compton for 52 years until his death.  They had three daughters—Leigh Compton Kiczales, Mary Compton Psyllos, Melissa Compton Patterson; and eight grandsons-Nicholas Kiczales, Luke Kiczales, NoahStephenson Kiczales, Thomas Psyllos, Christian Psyllos, Daniel Patterson, James Patterson, and Henry Patterson.Resolution of the Virginia General Assembly on the Death of A. Christian ComptonPassage 3:1917Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee during the 1917 college footballseason.SchedulePassage 4:Shenandoah (magazine)Shenandoah: The Washington and Lee Review is a literary magazine published Washington and Lee University.HistoryOriginally a student-run quarterly, Shenandoahhas evolved into a biannual literary journal. Since 2018, the magazine has been edited by current English professor Beth Staples. According to Shenandoah's mission statement, the magazine aims to showcase diversevoices because "reading through the perspective of another person, persona, or character is one of the ways we practice empathy, expand our understanding of the world, and experience new levels ofawareness."Shenandoah was founded in 1949 by a group of Washington and Lee University faculty members, including English professor Samuel Ashley Brown, who published the fiction and poetry of undergraduatesincluding Tom Wolfe. In the 1950s Thomas H. Carter became one of the founding student editors.  During his tenure the Shenandoah corresponded with E. E. Cummings, William Carlos Williams, William Faulkner, EzraPound and many other Southern writers and the Shenandoah grew in stature and national prominence. From the 1960s to the 1980s, W&L faculty member James Boatwright expanded the journal and publishedoccasional theme issues, including a 35th anniversary anthology. In 1995, R. T. Smith was selected as the first full-time editor of the journal. In 2018 after twenty-three years as editor, R. T. Smith retired, and BethStaples took over as editor of the magazine.  Today, the magazine publishes biannually in the spring and fall. Shenandoah is funded and supported by Washington and Lee University through the Office of the Dean ofthe College and is located in Mattingly House on W&L's campus. The magazine maintains a board of university advisors who offer guidance and advice, and the current editor maintains an intern program in whichundergraduate students work for the journal and learn the craft of editing as an academic course in the English Department. Recent contributors include Wendell Berry, Joyce Carol Oates, Jacob M. Appel, Speer Morgan,Lee Smith, Claudia Emerson, May-lee Chai, and Rita Dove.  This list complements a long history of literary luminaries who have been published in Shenandoah such as W. H. Auden, James Merrill, J. R. R. Tolkien, T. S.Eliot, Ray Bradbury, and Flannery O'Connor.Since moving away from print in 2011, the magazine can now be found online in its entirety.Fellowships and ContestIn the past, Shenandoah has hosted several prestigiousannual contests:  the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry, the Goodheart Prize for Fiction, the Thomas H. Carter Prize for the Essay, and the Shenandoah/Glasgow Prize for Emerging Writers. Presently, Shenandoahhost the Graybeal-Gowan Prize for Virginia Writers.  In 2021, Shenandoah launched a fellowship for BIPOC editors. Through a competitive application process, the magazine selects one fellow for each issue to aid in theselection of fiction, non-fiction, poems, or comics.Recent honors, awards and reviews2008 Governor's Award for the Arts "The Worst You Ever Feel" by Rebecca Makkai was included in The Best American Short Stories2008."Souvenir" by Beth Ann Fennelly was included in The Best American Poetry 2006"Death Is Intended" by Linda Pastan was included in The Best American Poetry 2005"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Stalker" byKate Osana Simonian was "noted" in The Best American Essays 2019"Volume 68 Number 1: Bodies, Bones, and the Space We Occupy" was given "5 Stars" on "The Review Review"See alsoList of literarymagazinesPassage 5:Lee McGeorge DurrellLee McGeorge Durrell  (née McGeorge; born September 7, 1949) is an American naturalist, author, zookeeper, and television presenter. She is best known for her work at theJersey Zoological Park in the British Channel Island of Jersey with her late husband, Gerald Durrell, and for co-authoring books with him.BiographyLee was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and showed an interest in wildlifeas a child. She studied philosophy at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia before enrolling in 1971 for a graduate programme at Duke University, to study animal behaviour. She conducted research for her PhD on thecalls of mammals and birds in Madagascar. She met Gerald Durrell when he gave a lecture at Duke University in 1977, and married him in 1979.Lee Durrell moved to Jersey and became involved with the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust (then the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust). She accompanied Durrell on his last three conservation missions:Mauritius, other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (1982) (account in Gerald Durrell'sArk on the Move)Russia (1986) (account in Durrell in Russia, co-authored with Gerald Durrell)Madagascar (1990) (account in Gerald Durrell's The Aye-Aye and I)She became the honorary director of the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust after the death of her husband in 1995. She was instrumental in getting the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust renamed after Gerald Durrell, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Jersey Zoo.She is also a member of various expert groups on conservation, and is fondly called "Mother Tortoise" in certain areas of Madagascar due to her work with the ploughshare tortoise.In December 2005, Lee Durrell handedover a large collection of dead animals (which had originally been collected and bred by her husband Gerald Durrell) to the National Museums of Scotland to aid genetic research of the critically rare species.Lee acted asconsultant for The Durrells, a 2016 ITV six-part dramatisation of My Family and Other Animals.BibliographyDurrell is the author of three books:A Practical Guide for the Amateur Naturalist (with Gerald Durrell) (HamishHamilton (UK) / Alfred A. Knopf (USA), 1982) ISBN 0-241-10841-1Durrell in Russia (with Gerald Durrell) (MacDonald (UK) / Simon & Schuster (USA), 1986)State of the Ark – an atlas of conservation in action (BodleyHead, 1986) ISBN 0-370-30754-2Foreword by Gerald DurrellDedicated "To GMD for his contribution to conservation, which is greater than most, because he shares his delight in the natural world so well"She is also theeditor of:The Best of Gerald Durrell (HarperCollins, 1996)The companion book of a TV series documents the series where she was co-presenter: Ourselves and Other Animals – from the TV series with Gerald and LeeDurrell, Peter Evans (1987)HonoursNactus serpeninsula durrelli, or Durrell's night gecko, is the Round Island race of the Serpent Island gecko, named after Gerald and Lee Durrell for their contribution to saving thegecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting Durrell's night gecko.Lee Durrell was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 BirthdayHonours.FilmographyThe Amateur Naturalist, TV series, CBC (Canada) / Channel 4 (UK) (1982)Ourselves & Other Animals, TV series, Primetime Television (1987)Durrell in Russia, TV series, Channel 4 (UK)(1986)Passage 6:1920 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1920 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the 1920 college footballseason.SchedulePassage 7:Kenneth DubersteinKenneth Marc Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American lobbyist who served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988to 1989.Early life and educationDuberstein was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Jewel (Falb), a teacher, and Aaron Duberstein, a fundraiser for the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Poly PrepCountry Day School and Franklin and Marshall College (A.B. 1965) and American University (M.A. 1966). He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in 1989. While in college he was amember of Zeta Beta Tau.Political careerDuberstein began his public service on Capitol Hill as an intern for Sen. Jacob K. Javits. His other early government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during theGerald Ford Administration and Director of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration.During Reagan's eight years in office, he had two stints in the White House. His firstwas as  Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (1981–83). His major accomplishment of this period was pushing Reagan's economic agenda through a Democratic House, including the  1982 Tax Bill.Duberstein was described as Reagan's invisible link to Congress. He was at the center of the Administrations push for the bill, working on both sides of the political divide.   His second stint was also for two years, first asDeputy Chief of Staff and then for the final six months of the Reagan presidency as White House Chief of Staff (1988–1989). Eight days after Reagan was on TV and acknowledged the Iran-Contra affair, Duberstein tookover as chief of staff. Around that time it had been revealed that Nancy Reagan had used an astrologer to determine dates for the president's public appearances. Reagan's presidency had reached a low point; approvalrating was at 37%. His promotion was called a wake-up call for a "drowsy White House." He came to the job with energy, loyalty, hard work and enthusiasm, having earned the nickname Duderdog; and, he made sureto call Nancy twice a day. He had Reagan give a mea culpa address to the nation; poll numbers went right up and the presidency had been turned around.Duberstein is said to have been the first Jewish person to beWhite House Chief of Staff.Between his White House appointments, he was vice-president and director of Business-Government Relations of the Committee for Economic Development and was a lobbyist as vicepresident of Timmons & Company. Prior to 1987, he served on the Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, succeeded by Betty Heitman, previously co-chairwoman of the Republican NationalCommittee.Later careerIn January 1989, Duberstein was awarded the President's Citizens Medal by President Reagan. He was the chairman of the Ethics Committee for the U.S. Olympic Committee  and served as vicechairman of the independent Special Bid Oversight Reform Commission for the U.S. Olympics Committee. He also appeared on Bloomberg alongside John Podesta, and had 23 appearances on C-SPAN. Beginning inseason five Duberstein was a consultant for the tv show The West Wing.In 2013, Duberstein was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage inthe Hollingsworth v. Perry case. His position succeeded, as the court would go on to effectively legalize same-sex marriage in California.LobbyistDuberstein transitioned from the White House to lobbyist; he wassuccessful, and his insight and advice was sought by leaders of both parties. Duberstein founded The Duberstein Group Inc. in 1987. It is a consulting services company providing corporate consulting and governmentrelations services. Among its client are Amazon, BP and MLB. Duberstein was hired by Russian authorities, via Goldman Sachs, to lobby against the Magnitsky Bill (as known as the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of LawAccountability Act), a bill in the U.S. Congress "to impose sanctions on persons responsible for the detention, abuse, or death of Sergei Magnitsky, and for other gross violations of human rights in the RussianFederation". Duberstein showed discretion and did not discuss his work, leading to an "air of mystery" about him and what he did for his clients.Education activitiesIn 2020, he established the Public Service InternshipEndowment at his alma mater, Franklin and Marshall, assisting F&M students who secure unpaid internships in public service in Washington, D.C. He was on the college's Board of Trustees from 1994 to 2010, and thenbecame an emeritus trustee. A space at the Franklin and Marshall Patricia E. Harris Center for Business, Government and Public Policy is named for him, the "Duberstein West Wing". He spoke at the dedication of thecenter and led fund raising for the building's renovations. At Harvard Kennedy School, he chaired a senior advisory committee and was a “constant and inspiring presence” to students.Political adviserHe was an adviserto former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, according to syndicated columnist Robert Novak, who said that Duberstein was a source for David Corn's and Michael Isikoff's book about the Valerie Plame affairin which Armitage was found to be the one who leaked Plame's CIA status to Novak.Duberstein and Colin Powell became close during his time as chief of staff and Powell's position as National Security Advisor in theReagan White House.  When Powell considered a 1996 presidential run, he was advised by Duberstein. Duberstein guided him to "play the press" and win over Republican leaders.  Powell ended up not making therun.  When Powell's reputation was damaged by his role in the 2003 Iraq War, he used Duberstein to act as a consigliere to repair his name.Duberstein guided Supreme Court Justices David Souter and Clarence Thomasthrough their ritualistic confirmation proceedings. Other high level appointees he advised and guided through confirmation hearings included CIA Director Robert M. Gates and Secretary of State George P. Shultz. Hisbusiness partner, Michael S. Berman, a Democrat, performed similar tasks for Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer.BoardsDuberstein enjoyed lucrative posts on countless boards of directors, includingThe Boeing Company, ConocoPhillips, the Fleming Companies, Inc., and The St. Paul Companies, Inc. He was also on the Board of Governors for the American Stock Exchange and NASD, and served on the Board ofDirectors of Fannie Mae. He served on the advisory board for Washington, DC-based non-profit America Abroad Media.PersonalityDuberstein, a "back-slapping Brooklyn native," was one of the most connectedWashington people. "A permanent Washington fixture," he was a regular at Washington parties and network talk shows.  A gregarious and rumpled, wise-cracking ‘people person’ of relentless optimism and energy...theconsummate Washington insider and institutionalist, a big man with an easy smile and a generous laugh who could be hard-nosed, loved gossiping with reporters, believed in bipartisanship and offered his advice toanyone who asked — especially those who succeeded him in the chief of staff job. Duberstein noted that as a Brooklynite he always enjoyed working with people. As a "cultivator" of the press he was generally discreet,refusing to be quoted by name, even for articles about himself. He was forever loved by the Washington press for all the leaking he did during the Reagan years; and, "he loved being Ken Duberstein."PoliticalviewsDuberstein was a political moderate Rockefeller Republican, fiscally conservative and socially moderate.Before McCain secured the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, Duberstein made inquiries aboutrunning the transition team; McCain was not interested.  He later broke from his party in the election and supported Obama; commenting on the nomination of Sarah Palin for vice-president, he said: “Even atMcDonald's, you’re interviewed three times before you’re given a job."Personal life, health and deathDuberstein was married three times, with his first two marriages, to Marjorie Duberstein and Sydney Duberstein,ending in divorce. He had a daughter from the first marriage and three children from the second. He was then married to Jacqueline Fain, a former TV producer, for 18 years until his death. At their 2003 wedding,Supreme Court Justice David Souter was the officiant and Marvin Hamlisch provided the music.  He had a history of kidney disease, and in 2014, received a kidney transplant; his son was the donor. After a long illness,Duberstein died at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington on March 2, 2022, at the age of 77. The funeral was at Washington Hebrew CongregationPassage 8:Robert HuntleyRobert E. R. Huntley (1929 – December 10,2015) was an American attorney, businessman, retired law professor, and former president of Washington and Lee University.He graduated from Washington and Lee in 1950 and its law school in 1957. He obtained amaster's degree in law from Harvard University in 1962. He joined the law faculty of Washington and Lee in 1958, and served as its dean from 1967 to 1968. In 1968 he was named president of the university, a post heheld for 15 years.He practiced law with the Richmond, Virginia law firm of Hunton & Williams from 1988 until his retirement in 1995. He also served as chairman, president and chief executive officer of Best Products. Healso served on the board of directors of Altria Group.RecognitionWashington and Lee established the endowed Robert E. R. Huntley Professorship in Law in 1988.The building housing the Williams School of Commerce,Economics, and Politics at Washington and Lee was named Huntley Hall in 2004 in his honor.Passage 9:1922 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1922 Washington and Lee Generals football teamrepresented Washington and Lee University during the 1922 college football season.SchedulePassage 10:1950 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1950 Washington and Lee Generals football team was anAmerican football team that represented Washington and Lee University in the Southern Conference during the 1950 college football season. In their second season under head coach George T. Barclay, the Generalscompiled an 8–3 record, won the conference championship, and lost to Wyoming in the 1951 Gator Bowl. The team played its home games at Wilson Field in Lexington, Virginia.Schedule


Passage 1:Heaven Knows, Mr. AllisonHeaven Knows, Mr. Allison is a 1957 American CinemaScope war film that tells the story of two people stranded on a Japanese-occupied island in the Pacific Ocean during World WarII.The film was adapted by John Huston and John Lee Mahin from the 1952 novel by Charles Shaw and was directed by Huston. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Deborah Kerr)and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.The movie was filmed on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Producer Eugene Frenke later filmed a low-budget variation on the story, The Nun andthe Sergeant (1962), starring his wife Anna Sten.PlotIn the South Pacific in 1944, U.S. Marine Corporal Allison and his reconnaissance party are disembarking from a U.S. Navy submarine when they are discovered andfired upon by the Japanese. The submarine's captain is forced to dive and leave the scouting team behind. Allison reaches a rubber raft and, after days adrift, reaches an island. He finds an abandoned settlement and achapel with one occupant: Sister Angela, a novice Irish nun who has not yet taken her final vows. She has been on the island for only four days, having come with an elderly priest to evacuate another clergyman only tofind that the Japanese had arrived first. The frightened natives who had brought them to the island left the pair without warning, and the priest died soon after.For a while, they have the island to themselves, but then adetachment of Japanese troops arrives to set up a meteorological camp, forcing them to hide in a cave. When Sister Angela is unable to stomach the raw fish that Allison has caught, he sneaks into the Japanese campfor supplies, narrowly avoiding detection. That night, they watch flashes from naval guns being fired in a sea battle over the horizon.The Japanese unexpectedly leave the island and Allison professes his love for SisterAngela, proposing marriage. But she shows him her engagement ring and explains that it is a symbol of her forthcoming final holy vows. Later both in celebration and frustration, Allison gets drunk on sake. He blurtsout that he considers her devotion to her vows to be pointless since they are stuck on the island "like Adam and Eve." She runs out into a tropical rain and falls ill as a result. Allison, now sober and contrite, finds hershivering. He carries her back, but the Japanese have returned, forcing them to retreat to the cave. Allison sneaks into the Japanese camp to get blankets. He kills a soldier who discovers him, alerting the enemy. Toforce him into the open, the Japanese set fire to the vegetation.When a Japanese soldier discovers the cave, Allison and Sister Angela have two choices: surrender or die from a hand grenade thrown inside. An ensuingexplosion is not a grenade, but a bomb; the Americans have begun attacking the island in preparation for a landing. Allison comments that the landing will not be easy because when they returned, the Japanese broughtfour artillery pieces and concealed them well on the island.Responding to what he attributes to a message from God, Allison disables the artillery during the barrage that will precede the American assault while theJapanese are still in their bunkers. He is wounded but sabotages all the guns by removing their breechblocks, saving many American lives. After the landing, the Marine officers are puzzled by the missingbreechblocks.Sister Angela and the wounded Allison then say their goodbyes as the Marines begin occupation. Allison has reconciled himself to Sister Angela's dedication to Jesus, though she reassures him that they willalways be close "companions." After being found, Allison is transferred by the Marines to the ship, with Sister Angela walking beside him.CastProductionFilming took place in Trinidad and Tobago, allowing Huston andFox to use blocked funds in the UK, receive British film finance and qualify for the Eady Levy. The film was set later in the war than it was in the novel, which had Allison escaping from the Battle of Corregidor. In thefilm, the Allies are on the offensive and U.S. Marines capture the island.The screenplay compares the rituals and commitment of the Roman Catholic Church and the United States Marine Corps. The National Legion ofDecency monitored the production of the film closely, sending a representative to watch the filming; knowing this, Kerr and Mitchum ad-libbed a scene (not included in the final print) in which their characters wildlykissed and grabbed at each other.: 306 The Marines provided troops for the invasion climax. Six Japanese persons living in Brazil played some of the leading Japanese characters, while Chinese people from some of thelaundries and restaurants of Trinidad and Tobago played the rest of the Japanese soldiers.Screen Archives Entertainment released Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison on Blu-ray on June 10, 2014.ReceptionAccording toKinematograph Weekly the film was "in the money" at the British box office in 1957.Awards and honorsSee alsoList of American films of 1957Passage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop ofCanterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera inNovember 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he madethe highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went onto win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote thebowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving." Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIIIagainst the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:Eugene FrenkeEugene Frenke (1 January 1895 – 10 March 1984) was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the directorJohn Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison and The Barbarian and the Geisha.Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of hisfilms.Partial filmographyGirl in the Case (1934)Life Returns (1935)A Woman Alone (1936)Miss Robin Crusoe (1954)As director: Life Returns (1934)Girl in the Case (1935)A Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two WhoDared)Miss Robin Crusoe (1953)Passage 4:The Favor (1994 film)The Favor is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie, and written by Sara Parriott and Josann McGibbon. It stars Harley JaneKozak, Elizabeth McGovern, Bill Pullman, Brad Pitt and Ken Wahl. The original music score was composed by Thomas Newman.PlotKathy has seemingly been happily married to Peter, but their relationship has grownroutine. She cannot help but wonder what would happen if she ever got together with her high school sweetheart, Tom, whom she had never slept with. Being married prevents Kathy from finding out what happened toTom, so she asks her single, permiscuous, commitment-phobic friend Emily to do it for her. She asks her to look him up when she goes to Denver, sleep with him, then tell Kathy what it was like. Emily does this, butwhen she tells Kathy that Tom is awesome and they had sex all night, their friendship suffers, as does Kathy's marriage. Kathy becomes even more distracted, and regularly tries to seduce oblivious Peter. At theopening of Elliot, Emily's young lover, the women again talk about Tom. Emily  storms off, leaving Kathy to comfort him, which Peter observes. Things become even more complicated when Emily learns she is pregnant,and says she is uncertain if Tom or her 'boyfriend' Elliot is the father. Kathy tells Elliot about the pregnancy, simultaneously a work colleague of Peter's convinces him she may be cheating. Secretly following her, itseems like she's having an affair with Elliot.Elliot has a show in Denver, and Kathy ends up on the same flight. She tells him the baby is actually Tom's, so she's going to find out if they still have a spark. As her room inthe Hyatt isn't ready yet, she leaves her bag with Elliot to look for Tom.As Tom has just finished a fishing competition, they go to his cabin so he can shower. In the meantime, Peter shows up at the hotel, hitting Elliotbefore he can explain. He then heads to get his wife Kathy, Emily soon follows. Her taxi beats Peter's, so she can warn Kathy. In the end both women and all three men are at the cabin, the two couples reconciling andTom showing he's not relationship or father material. Kathy helps Emily plan her wedding with Elliot.CastHarley Jane Kozak as Kathy WhitingElizabeth McGovern as Emily EmbryBill Pullman as Peter WhitingBrad Pitt asElliot FowlerKen Wahl as Tom AndrewsGinger Orsi as GinaLeigh Ann Orsi as HannahLarry Miller as Joe DubinGary Powell as FishermenReleaseThe Favor was filmed in 1990, but went into wide release in the UnitedStates and Canada on April 29, 1994, owing to Orion's bankruptcy in 1991. It was released to home video on the DVD format for Region 1 on December 29, 2001, through MGM Home Entertainment.ReceptionThe filmreceived mixed to negative reviews from critics. On the film-critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 27% approval rating based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a51 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating “mixed or average reviews.” Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.Year-end listsHonorable mention – MichaelMacCambridge, Austin American-StatesmanPassage 5:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democraticprocess, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. inPolitical Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor formany newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics inNigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition,he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (PalgraveMacmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 6:John HustonJohn Marcellus Huston ( (listen) HEW-stn;August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor.  He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics, includingThe Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), The Misfits (1961), Fat City (1972), The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and Prizzi's Honor(1985). During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Academy Award nominations, winning twice. He also directed both his father, Walter Huston, and daughter, Anjelica Huston, to Oscar wins.In his early years,Huston studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris. He then moved to Mexico and began writing, first plays and short stories, and later working in Los Angeles as a Hollywood screenwriter, and was nominated forseveral Academy Awards writing for films directed by William Dieterle and Howard Hawks, among others. His directorial debut came with The Maltese Falcon, which despite its small budget became a commercial andcritical hit; he would continue to be a successful, if iconoclastic, Hollywood director for the next 45 years. He explored the visual aspects of his films throughout his career, sketching each scene on paper beforehand,then carefully framing his characters during the shooting. While most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work, Huston instead created his films while they were being shot, with little editingneeded. Some of Huston's films were adaptations of important novels, often depicting a "heroic quest," as in Moby Dick, or The Red Badge of Courage. In many films, different groups of people, while struggling toward acommon goal, would become doomed, forming "destructive alliances," giving the films a dramatic and visual tension. Many of his films involved themes such as religion, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology,colonialism, and war.While he had done some stage acting in his youth and had occasionally cast himself in bit parts in his own films, he primarily worked behind the camera until Otto Preminger cast him in 1963's TheCardinal, for which he was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar. He continued to take prominent supporting roles for the next two decades, including 1974's Chinatown (directed by Roman Polanski), and he lenthis booming baritone voice as a voice actor and narrator to a number of prominent films. His last two films, 1985's Prizzi's Honor, and 1987's The Dead, filmed while he was in failing health at the end of his life, wereboth nominated for multiple Academy Awards. He died shortly after completing his last film.Huston has been referred to as "a titan", "a rebel", and a "renaissance man" in the Hollywood film industry. Author Ian Freerdescribes him as "cinema's Ernest Hemingway"—a filmmaker who was "never afraid to tackle tough issues head on." He traveled widely, settling at various times in France, Mexico, and Ireland. Huston was a citizen ofthe U.S. by birth but renounced this to become an Irish citizen and resident in 1964. He later returned to the U.S., where he lived the rest of his life. For his contributions to the American film industry, he received a staron the Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 1960.Early lifeJohn Huston was born on August 5, 1906, in Nevada, Missouri. He was the only child of Rhea (née Gore) and Canadian-born Walter Huston. His father was anactor, initially in vaudeville, and later in films. His mother worked as a sports editor for various publications but stopped after John was born. Similarly, his father ended his stage acting career for steady employment asa civil engineer, although he returned to stage acting within a few years. He later became highly successful on both Broadway and then in motion pictures. He had Scottish, Scots-Irish, English and Welshancestry.Huston's parents divorced in 1913 when he was six years old. For much of his childhood, he lived and studied in boarding schools. During summer vacations, he traveled separately with each of his parents  –with his father on vaudeville tours, and with his mother to horse races and other sports events. Young Huston benefited greatly from seeing his father act on stage, and he was later drawn to acting.Some critics, such asLawrence Grobel, surmise that his relationship with his mother may have contributed to his marrying five times, and seeming to have difficulty in maintaining relationships. Grobel wrote, "When I interviewed some ofthe women who had loved him, they inevitably referred to his mother as the key to unlocking Huston's psyche." According to actress Olivia de Havilland, "she [his mother] was the central character. I always felt thatJohn was ridden by witches. He seemed pursued by something destructive. If it wasn't his mother, it was his idea of his mother."As a child, Huston was often ill; he was treated for an enlarged heart and kidneyailments. He recovered after an extended bedridden stay in Arizona and moved with his mother to Los Angeles, where he attended Abraham Lincoln High School. He dropped out after two years to become a professionalboxer. By age 15 he was a top-ranking amateur lightweight boxer in California. He ended his brief boxing career after suffering a broken nose.He also engaged in many interests, including ballet, English and Frenchliterature, opera, horseback riding, and studying painting at the Art Students League of Los Angeles. Living in Los Angeles, Huston became infatuated with the new film industry and motion pictures, as a spectator only.To Huston, "Charlie Chaplin was a god."Huston returned to New York City to live with his father, who was acting in off-Broadway productions, and had a few small roles. He later remembered that while watching hisfather rehearse, he became fascinated with the mechanics of acting:What I learned there, during those weeks of rehearsal, would serve me for the rest of my life.After a short period of acting on stage, and havingundergone surgery, Huston travelled alone to Mexico. During two years there, among other adventures, he obtained a position as an honorary member of the Mexican cavalry. He returned to Los Angeles and marriedDorothy Harvey, a girlfriend from high school. Their marriage lasted seven years (1926–1933).Early career as writerDuring his stay in Mexico, Huston wrote a play called Frankie and Johnny, based on the ballad of thesame title. After selling it easily, he decided that writing would be a viable career, and he focused on it. His self-esteem was enhanced when H. L. Mencken, editor of the popular magazine American Mercury, bought twoof his stories, "Fool" and "Figures of Fighting Men." During subsequent years, Huston's stories and feature articles were published in Esquire, Theatre Arts, and The New York Times. He also worked for a period on theNew York Graphic. In 1931, when he was 25, he moved back to Los Angeles in hopes of writing for the blossoming film industry. The silent films had given way to "talkies", and writers were in demand. His father hadearlier moved there and already gained success in a number of films.Huston received a script editing contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions but, after six months of receiving no assignments, quit to work for


Passage 1:Hanro SmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and Television CreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (akaContact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment "Groeten uit Holland")Engel en Broer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei(2013)De ontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)De Punt(2009)Roes (2 episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin BearAward at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival, the first place jury prize for "Best Live Action under 15 minutes" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, andthe Prix UIP Ghent Award for European Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best ActorAward.  It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 2:Rasul Sadr AmeliRasoul Sadrameli (Persian:  ; born 1954 in Isfahan) isan Iranian film director, screenwriter, journalist and film producer. The Managing Director of MILAD FILM (established in 1979, the first company in the distribution and production of Iranian films after revolution) beganhis journalism career when he was just 17. He collaborated with Etela'at Newspaper as a reporter, story writer and editor of Incident page and then as the Editor of Parliamentary Service. He studied sociology at PaulValéry University of Montpellier in France. He began his professional activities in the Cinema by producing a film entitled Blood Raining in 1981. This film is the first cinematic project after the revolution.Filmography (asa director)The Liberation — 1982Deliverance — 1983Chrysanthemum — 1985During Autumn — 1987The Victim — 1991Symphony of Tehran — 1993The Girl in Sneakers — 1999I'm Taraneh, 15 — 2002Aida, I SawYour Father Last Night — 2005Every Night Loneliness - 2008Life With Closed Eyes — 2010Waiting For A Miracle — 2011My Second Year in College — 2019Passage 3:Long PantsLong Pants (also known as JohnnyNewcomer) is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Harry Langdon.  Additional cast members include Gladys Brockwell, Alan Roscoe, and Priscilla Bonner.PlotThe silent tells the storyof Harry Shelby (Langdon) who has been kept in knee-pants for years by his mother. One day, however, Harry finally gets his first pair of long pants.Immediately, his family expects him to marry his childhoodsweetheart Priscilla (Priscilla Bonner).  Yet, Harry soon falls for Bebe Blair (Alma Bennett), a femme fatale from the big city who has a boyfriend in the mob.Harry thinks that Bebe is interested in him as well, so he riskseverything when Bebe ends up in jail. This leads to a lot of trouble for Harry. Throughout the whole ordeal Priscilla waits for Harry to face reality.CastCritical receptionWhen it was released, film critic Mordaunt Hall gavethe film a positive review.  He wrote, "Some hilarious passages enliven Harry Langdon's latest film oddity, Long' Pants...Although these incidents are acted with consummate skill, except for an occasional repetition, it isquite obvious to any male who has made the decisive change from short to long trousers that the idea offers possibilities far greater and more genuine than those that greet the eye. The answer is that Mr. Langdon hasonce again capitulated to his omnipotent band of gag-men. It may be all very well for Harold Lloyd to rely on mechanical twists, but Langdon possesses a cherubic countenance, which offers him a chance in otherdirections...Mr. Langdon is still Charles Spencer Chaplin's sincerest flatterer. His short coat reminds one of Chaplin, and now and again his footwork is like that of the great screen comedian."Film historian David Kalatreports that Buster Keaton, a long-time fan of Langdon's known for his own morbid jokes about death and killings, criticized a scene in which Langdon's character tries to kill Priscilla as "going too far" in making light ofmurder.More recently, critic Maria Schneider reviewed Langdon's work and wrote, "Long Pants (1927), also directed by Capra, was a peculiar change of pace for Langdon, and possibly an attempt to poke fun at hisbaby-faced image by casting him as a would-be lady-killer; sporting little of the ingenuity of The Strong Man, it was a box-office failure that set off the comedian's quick decline into obscurity. An acquired taste, HarryLangdon's gentle absurdities and slow rhythms take some getting used to, but patient viewers will be rewarded."Film critic Hal Erikson wrote of the film, "Few comedies of the 1920s were as bizarre and surreal as HarryLangdon's Long Pants... Written by future director Arthur Ripley, Long Pants is as kinky as any of Ripley's film noirs of the 1940s. Long Pants represents the second and final collaboration between star Harry Langdonand director Frank Capra, who was fired when Langdon wrong-headedly decided to become his own director, resulting in a series of career-destroying flops."See alsoList of United States comedy filmsPassage 4:JasonMoore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University.Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed themusical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and SuttonFoster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ" Garden worked together on a newmusical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directedepisodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading ofthe play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect,starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore'snext project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice(2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:Frank CapraFrank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an Italian-born American film director, producer, and writer who became thecreative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer toconsider him the "American Dream personified".Capra became one of America's most influential directors during the 1930s, winning three Academy Awards for Best Director from six nominations, along with three otherOscar wins from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), and Mr. Smith Goes toWashington (1939). During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series.After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, suchas It's a Wonderful Life (1946), performed poorly when they were first released. In ensuing decades, however, It's a Wonderful Life and other Capra films were revisited favorably by critics. Outside of directing, Caprawas active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social activities. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Writers Guild of America, and was headof the Directors Guild of America.Early lifeCapra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, a village near Palermo, Sicily, Italy. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a fruit grower, and theformer Rosaria "Sara" Nicolosi. Capra's family was Roman Catholic. Frank's siblings wereLuigia, Ignazia, Benedetto,Antonino Giuseppe, Antonia, and  Anne. The name "Capra", notes Capra's biographer Joseph McBride,represents his family's closeness to the land, and means "goat". He notes that the English word "capricious" derives from it, "evoking the animal's skittish temperament", adding that "the name neatly expresses twoaspects of Frank Capra's personality: emotionalism and obstinacy."In 1903, when he was five, Capra's family emigrated to the United States, traveling in a steerage compartment of the steamship Germania — thecheapest way to make the passage. For Capra, the 13-day journey remained one of the worst experiences of his life: You're all together—you have no privacy. You have a cot. Very few people have trunks or anythingthat takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag. Nobody takes their clothes off. There's no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. They're all miserable. It's the most degrading place youcould ever be.Capra remembers the ship's arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw "a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter". He recalls his father'sexclamation at the sight: Ciccio, look! Look at that! That's the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem! That's the light of freedom! Remember that.The family settled in Los Angeles's East Side (today Lincoln Heights)on avenue 18, which Capra described in his autobiography as an Italian "ghetto". Capra's father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school.He attended the Manual Arts High School, with Jimmy Doolittle and Lawrence Tibbett as classmates. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, he enrolled in college. He worked through college at theCalifornia Institute of Technology, playing banjo at nightclubs and taking odd jobs like working at the campus laundry facility, waiting tables, and cleaning engines at a local power plant. He studied chemical engineeringand graduated in the spring of 1918. Capra later wrote that his college education had "changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person".World War I andlaterSoon after graduating from college, Capra was commissioned in the United States Army as a second lieutenant, having completed campus ROTC. In the Army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Point,San Francisco. His father died during the war in an accident (1916). In the Army, Capra contracted Spanish flu and was medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U.S. citizenin 1920, taking the name Frank Russell Capra. Living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only family member with a college education, yet he was the only one who remained chronically unemployed.After a year without work, seeing how his siblings had steady jobs, he felt he was a failure, which led to bouts of depression.Chronic abdominal pains were later discovered to have been an undiagnosed burst appendix.After recovering at home, Capra moved out and spent the next few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains, wandering the Western United States. To support himself, he took odd jobs onfarms, as a movie extra, playing poker, and selling local oil well stocks.During this time the 24-year-old Capra directed a 32-minute documentary film titled La Visita Dell'Incrociatore Italiano Libya a San Francisco. Notonly did it document the visit of the Italian naval vessel Libya to San Francisco, but also the reception given to the crew of the ship by San Francisco's L'Italia Virtus Club, now known as the San Francisco Italian AthleticClub.At 25, Capra took a job selling books written and published by American philosopher Elbert Hubbard. Capra recalled that he "hated being a peasant, being a scrounging new kid trapped in the Sicilian ghetto of LosAngeles. ... All I had was cockiness—and let me tell you that gets you a long way."CareerSilent film comediesDuring his book sales efforts—and nearly broke—Capra read a newspaper article about a new movie studioopening in San Francisco. Capra phoned them saying he had moved from Hollywood, and falsely implied that he had experience in the budding film industry. Capra's only prior exposure in films was in 1915 whileattending Manual Arts High School. The studio's founder, Walter Montague, was nonetheless impressed by Capra and offered him $75 to direct a one-reel silent film. Capra, with the help of a cameraman, made the filmin two days and cast it with amateurs.After that first serious job in films, Capra began efforts to finding similar openings in the film industry. He took a position with another minor San Francisco studio and subsequentlyreceived an offer to work with producer Harry Cohn at his new studio in Los Angeles. During this time, he worked as a property man, film cutter, title writer, and assistant director.Capra later became a gag writer for HalRoach's Our Gang series. He was twice hired as a writer for a slapstick comedy director, Mack Sennett, in 1918 and 1924. Under him, Capra wrote scripts for comedian Harry Langdon and produced by Mack Sennett, thefirst being Plain Clothes in 1925. According to Capra, it was he who invented Langdon's character, the innocent fool living in a "naughty world"; however, Langdon was well into this character by 1925.When Langdoneventually left Sennett to make longer, feature-length movies with First National Studios, he took Capra along as his personal writer and director. They made three feature films together during 1926 and 1927, all ofthem successful with critics and the public. The films made Langdon a recognized comedian in the caliber of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. Capra and Langdon later had a falling out following the end of productionon Long Pants (1927), and Capra was fired. During the following years, Langdon's films went into decline without Capra's assistance. After splitting with Langdon, Capra directed a picture for First National, For the Loveof Mike (1927). This was a silent comedy about three bickering godfathers—a German, a Jew, and an Irishman—starring a budding actress, Claudette Colbert. The movie was considered a failure and is a lostfilm.Columbia PicturesCapra returned to Harry Cohn's studio, now named Columbia Pictures, which was then producing short films and two-reel comedies for "fillers" to play between main features. Columbia was one ofmany start-up studios on "Poverty Row" in Los Angeles. Like the others, Columbia was unable to compete with larger studios, which often had their own production facilities, distribution, and theaters. Cohn rehiredCapra in 1928 to help his studio produce new, full-length feature films, to compete with the major studios. Capra would eventually direct 20 films for Cohn's studio, including many of his classics.Because of Capra'sengineering education, he adapted more easily to the new sound technology than most directors. He welcomed the transition to sound, recalling, "I wasn't at home in silent films." Most studios were unwilling to invest inthe new sound technology, assuming it was a passing fad. Many in Hollywood considered sound a threat to the industry and hoped it would pass quickly; McBride notes that "Capra was not one of them." When he saw AlJolson singing in The Jazz Singer in 1927, considered the first talkie, Capra recalled his reaction: It was an absolute shock to hear this man open his mouth and a song come out of it. It was one of thoseonce-in-a-lifetime experiences.Few of the studio heads or crew were aware of Capra's engineering background until he began directing The Younger Generation in 1929. The chief cinematographer who worked withCapra on a number of films was likewise unaware. He describes this early period in sound for film: It wasn't something that came up. You had to bluff to survive. When sound first came in, nobody knew much about it.We were all walking around in the dark. Even the sound man didn't know much about it. Frank lived through it. But he was quite intelligent. He was one of the few directors who knew what the hell they were doing. Mostof your directors walked around in a fog – —they didn't know where the door was.During his first year with Columbia, Capra directed nine films, some of which were successful. After the first few, Harry Cohn said: "itwas the beginning of Columbia making a better quality of pictures." According to Barson, "Capra became ensconced as Harry Cohn's most trusted director." His films soon established Capra as a "bankable" directorknown throughout the industry, and Cohn raised Capra's initial salary of $1,000 per film to $25,000 per year. Capra directed a film for MGM during this period, but soon realized he "had much more freedom under HarryCohn's benevolent dictatorship", where Cohn also put Capra's "name above the title" of his films, a first for the movie industry. Capra wrote of this period and recalled the confidence that Cohn placed in Capra's visionand directing: I owed Cohn a lot—I owed him my whole career. So I had respect for him, and a certain amount of love. Despite his crudeness and everything else, he gave me my chance. He took a gamble on me.Capradirected his first "real" sound picture, The Younger Generation, in 1929. It was a rags-to-riches romantic comedy about a Jewish family's upward mobility in New York City, with their son later trying to deny his Jewishroots to keep his rich, gentile girlfriend. According to Capra biographer Joseph McBride, Capra "obviously felt a strong identification with the story of a Jewish immigrant who grows up in the ghetto of New York ... andfeels he has to deny his ethnic origins to rise to success in America." Capra, however, denied any connection of the story with his own life.Nonetheless, McBride insists that The Younger Generation abounds with parallelsto Capra's own life. McBride notes the "devastatingly painful climactic scene", where the young social-climbing son, embarrassed when his wealthy new friends first meet his parents, passes his mother and father off ashouse servants. That scene, notes McBride, "echoes the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status".During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin(husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's "most admiredwriter-director team".Film career (1934–1941)It Happened One Night (1934)Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. It Happened One Night (1934) became the first film to win allfive top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay). Written by Robert Riskin, it is one of the first screwball comedies, and with its release in the Great Depression, criticsconsidered it an escapist story and a celebration of the American Dream. The film established the names of Capra, Columbia Pictures, and stars Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in the movie industry. The film hasbeen called "picaresque". It was one of the earliest road movies and inspired variations on that theme by other filmmakers.He followed the film with Broadway Bill (1934), a screwball comedy about horse racing. Thefilm was a turning point for Capra, however, as he began to conceive an additional dimension to his movies. He started using his films to convey messages to the public. Capra explains his new thinking: My films must