Passage 1:Helena (empress)Flavia Julia Helena (; Greek: λένη, Helénē; c.  AD 246/248– c. 330), alsoknown as Helena of Constantinople and Saint Helena, was an Augusta of the Roman Empire and motherof Emperor Constantine the Great. She was born in the lower classes traditionally in the Greek city ofDrepanon, Bithynia, in Asia Minor, which was renamed Helenopolis in her honor, though several locationshave been proposed for her birthplace and origin.Helena ranks as an important figure in the history ofChristianity. In her final years, she made a religious tour of Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem, during whichancient tradition claims that she discovered the True Cross. The Eastern Orthodox Church, CatholicChurch, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and Anglican Communion revere her as a saint, and the LutheranChurch commemorates her.Early lifeSources agree that Helena was a Greek, probably from Asia Minor inmodern Turkey. Her birthplace is not known with certainty, but Helenopolis, then Drepanum, in Bithyniais, following Procopius, "generally assumed" to be the place. Her name is attested on coins as FlaviaHelena, Flavia Julia Helena and sometimes Aelena. Joseph Vogt suggested that the name Helena wastypical for the Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire and that therefore her place of origin should belooked for in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The 6th-century historian Procopius is theearliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native of Drepanum, in the province of Bithynia inAsia Minor. The name Helena appears in all areas of the Empire, but is not epigraphically attested ininscriptions of Bithynia (Helena's proposed region of origin) and it was also common in Latin-speakingareas. Procopius lived much later than the era he was describing and his description may have beenactually intended as an etymological explanation about the toponym Helenopolis. On the other hand, herson Constantine renamed the city "Helenopolis" after her death around AD 330, which supports the beliefthat the city was indeed her birthplace. The Byzantinist Cyril Mango has, however, argued thatHelenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network around Constantine's new capital inConstantinople, and was renamed simply to honor Helena, not to necessarily mark her birthplace. Therewas also a Helenopolis in Palestine and a Helenopolis in Lydia. These cities, and the province ofHelenopontus in the Pontus, were probably all named after Constantine's mother. Two other locations inFrance and the Pyrenees have been named after Helena. Equally uncertain to Drepanum and withoutstrong documentation suggestions about her birthplace are: Naissus (central Balkans), Caphar or Edessa(Mesopotamia), Trier.The bishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea states that Helena was about 80 onher return from Palestine. Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, she was probably born around246 to 249. Information about her social background universally suggests that she came from the lowerclasses. Fourth-century sources, following Eutropius' Breviarium, record that she came from a humblebackground. Bishop Ambrose of Milan, writing in the late 4th century was the first to call her a stabularia,a term translated as "stable-maid" or "inn-keeper". He makes this comment a virtue, calling Helena abona stabularia, a "good stable-maid", probably to contrast her with the general suggestion of sexuallaxness considered typical of that group. Other sources, especially those written after Constantine'sproclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.Both Geoffrey of Monmouth and Henry ofHuntingdon promoted a popular tradition that Helena was a British princess and the daughter of "Old KingCole" from the area of Colchester. This led to the later dedication of 135 churches in England to her,many in around the area of Yorkshire, and revived as a suggestion in the 20th century in the novel byEvelyn Waugh.Marriage to Emperor ConstantiusIt is unknown where she first met Constantius. Thehistorian Timothy Barnes has suggested that Constantius, while serving under Emperor Aurelian, couldhave met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against Zenobia. It is said that upon meetingthey were wearing identical silver bracelets; Constantius saw her as his soulmate sent by God. Barnescalls attention to an epitaph at Nicomedia of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate theemperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after AD 270. The precise legal nature of the relationshipbetween Helena and Constantius is also unknown. The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimescalling Helena Constantius' "wife", and sometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine'srival Maxentius, calling her his "concubine". Jerome, perhaps confused by the vague terminology of his


Passage 1:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is ajournalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  andadvocate of global governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the newsagency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studiedEconomics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economicsunder Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career asa research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university,Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the YouthMovement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for ChristianDemocracy’s relations with developing countries. After leaving university, he became international presschief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio leftItalian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto Savio’s career in journalism beganwith Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on to become Director for News Services for Latin America withRAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company. He received a number of awards for TV documentaries, includingthe Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy.Inter PressService (IPS)Throughout his student years, Roberto Savio had cultivated an interest in analysing andexplaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South ofthe world, particularly Latin America. Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided tocreate a press agency that would permit Latin American exiles in Europe to write about their countries fora European audience.That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was theseed for what was to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally establishedat a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (thefoundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany.From the outset,it was decided that IPS would be a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared thattwo-thirds of the members should come from the South.Roberto Savio gave IPS its unique mission –“giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and theconcerns of the poorest and creates a climate of understanding, accountability and participation arounddevelopment, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North.Theagency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall ofthe Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union – prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was thefirst news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation ascontributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making.IPS offerscommunication services to improve South–South cooperation and South-North exchanges and carries outprojects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors.IPS has beenrecognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC.Withthe strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS has dedicated itself to global issues, becoming thenews agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several millionpeople are readers of its online services.Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based PopulationInstitute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time in the 1990s, beating out the major wireservices year in and year out.IPS won FAO’s A.H. Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its"significant contribution to covering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries by focusing on issuessuch as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children".On the initiative ofRoberto Savio, IPS established the International Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstandingjournalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rights violationsand advancing democracy, most often in developing countries. In 1991, the scope of the award wasbroadened to reflect the tremendous changes taking place in the world following the historic break-up ofthe Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The Award, renamed the International Achievement


Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films.Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The PaperChase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Someof his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live(1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. Hedirected "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy forBest Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in severalBroadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leavethe production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University.Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware PoetsPlayhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact TheatreCompany.Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a filmdirector, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grewup in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on hisfilm Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the makingof' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin InternationalFilm Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film andtelevision department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promotedproductions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educationalcommunity activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was thedirector of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees theSam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and thefilm preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping(debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is anAustralian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editoronly)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989)(mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettieand Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008)(documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Muvva GopaluduMuvva Gopaludu is a 1987Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film produced by S. Gopala Reddy and directed by KodiRamakrishna. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti and Shobana, with music composed byK. V. Mahadevan. It is a remake of the Tamil film Aruvadai Naal (1986). The film was released on 19 May1987.PlotThe film begins in a village where Gopi an opulent active youth is squashed by his viciousbrother-in-law Basava Raju with petrifying. Yet, his sister Nagalakshmi warmth on him. Meanwhile,Nirmala a medico reared by a Christian missionary is appointed as govt doctor in the same village.Nevertheless, Nirmala is unbiased about it as her ambition is to turn into a nun. But following a request ofa Mother proceeds to the village. Wherein, she meets Father Lawrence an altruistic admired by the public.Presently, Gopi & Nirmala have been acquainted in an altercation and developed a good intimacy. Once,Gopi attempts suicide as Basavaraju's mortifications peak. Forthwith, he is safeguarded by Nirmala whenhe puts his dearness into words. Now Nirmala is under the dichotomy when Father Lawrance enlightens


Passage 1:Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg (25 August1605 – 3 August 1638 in Hanau) succeeded his father as Count of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1612.LifePhilippMoritz was the son of Count Philipp Ludwig II of Hanau-Münzenberg and his wife, Princess CatharinaBelgica (1578–1648), a daughter of William the Silent.YouthPhilipp Moritz was seven years old when hisfather died and he inherited Hanau-Münzenberg. His father's will stipulated that his mother, PrincessCatharina Belgica of Nassau, should be the sole regent and guardian, and the Imperial Supreme Courtconfirmed this.At the age of eight, he was sent to the school that had been established after theReformation in the buildings of the former monastery at Schlüchtern, which is today the Ulrich vonHutten-Gymnasium. In 1613, he continued his education at University of Basel (where his grandfatherhad also studied), in Geneva and Sedan.ReignEnd of the regencyCount Philipp Moritz's rule began with analtercation between himself and his mother, Princess Catharina Belgica, about the termination of theregency and nature and the size of her widow seat. She wanted to act as co-regent, even after his 25thbirthday, the age of consent under the common law, despite an agreement closed in 1628 and an opinionfrom the Law Faculty of the University of Marburg. Philipp Moritz, tried to remove his mother from thegovernment. They took their case to the Imperial Supreme Court and treated each other rudely; PhilippMoritz even removed his mother from the countly palace in Hanau. However, he compensated her for thisin 1629. They never managed to properly wind up the regency. On the other hand, Philipp Moritz didmanage to settle with his cousin Johann Ernst the fierce dispute which his father had had with JohannErnst's father, his uncle Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels, about the primogeniture andAlbrecht's apanage.The Thirty Years' War and exileOne reason the regency was never properly wound up,was the Thirty Years' War, which approached Hanau around 1630. When the Imperial troops reachedHanau, Philipp Moritz chose their side, in order to retain the military command of his capital. He wasappointed Colonel and was expected to provide three companies. In November 1631, Swedish troopsoccupied Hanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city. Philipp Moritz decided tochange sides. He was a Calvinist and for him choosing between the Catholic Emperor and the LutheranSwedish king may have been like a choice between Scylla and Charybdis. Gustavus Adolphus appointedhim to colonel and gave him a Swedish regiment. As a reward for his changing side, he gave him thedistrict of Orb and the shares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the former County of Rieneck and thedistricts of Partenstein, Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau. He gave Philipp Moritz's brothers, HeinrichLudwig (1609–1632) and Jakob Johann (1612–1636) the town and district of Steinheim, which was also aformer possession of Mainz. These possessions were lost when the Catholic side gained the upper handafter the Battle of Nördlingen in September 1634. Changing sides again would make Philipp Moritz seemuntrustworthy, so he decided to flee. He fled to Metz and from there via Chalon, Rouen and Amsterdamto his Orange-Nassau relatives in the Hague and Delft. He left his youngest brother, Jakob Johann, asregent in Hanau, because Jakob Johann was considered politically neutral.Hanau was a well-developedfortress town and remained occupied until 1638 by Swedish troops under General Jakob von Ramsay,who controlled the surrounding countryside from Hanau. He excluded Jakob Johann from any influenceand so the later left the city.Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen used the occupation of Hanau bythe Swedish as background in his picaresque novel Simplicius Simplicissimus.Return from exileFromSeptember 1635 to June 1636, Hanau was unsuccessfully besieged by imperial troops under GeneralGuillaume de Lamboy. This siege proved the value of the modern defensive system, which had beenconstructed only a few years before. Thousands of refugees fled from the surrounding villages into thecity. After a nine-month siege, the city was relieved by an army under Landgrave Wilhelm V ofHesse-Kassel. He was Philipp Moritz's brother-in-law, as he had married Philipp Moritz's sister, AmalieElisabeth. A church service was held annually to commemorate the relief. After 1800, this developed intoan annual Lamboy festival.In 1637, Philipp Moritz reconciled with the new Emperor, Ferdinand III andchanged sides again, back to the Catholic side. He returned to Hanau on 17 December 1637. GeneralRamsay ignored this and interned Philipp Moritz in the City Castle. He was obviously hoping to receive


Passage 1:5L5L or 5-L can refer to:TransportationAeroSur (IATA code)5L, a model of Toyota LengineCurtiss F-5L, see Felixstowe F5LSSH 5L (WA), former name of U.S. Route 12 in WashingtonAtlanticcoast F-5L, see Felixstowe F.5Auster J/5L, a model of Auster Aiglet TrainerBritish Rail Class 202Diesel-electric multiple units (6L) when reduced to a five-carriage configurationBritish Rail Class 203Diesel-electric multiple units (6B) when reduced to a five-carriage configuration by the removal of theirbuffet carsScience and technologyORC5LTAF5L5L, a model of HP LaserJet 5AIX 5L, see IBM AIXOtherusesThe Horns of Nimon (production code: 5L), a 1979–80 Doctor Who serialSee alsoL5(disambiguation)Passage 2:VariatorA variator is a device that can change its parameters, or can changeparameters of other devices.Often a variator is a mechanical power transmission device that can changeits gear ratio continuously (rather than in steps).ExamplesBeier variable-ratio gearContinuously variabletransmissionEvans friction coneNuVinci continuously variable transmissionVariator (variable valvetiming)VariomaticVANOSSee alsoEpicyclic gearingPassage 3:9F9F or 9-F may refer to:LocomotivesBRStandard Class 9F, a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotivesBR Standard Class 9F 92020-9BR Standard Class9F 92220 Evening StarList of preserved BR Standard Class 9F locomotivesGCR Class 9F, a class of 0-6-2Tsteam locomotivesOther uses2020 Salvadoran political crisis, commonly referred to as 9F (9thFebruary)New York Route 9F, now New York State Route 9GFluorine (9F), a chemical elementSee alsoF9(disambiguation)February 99ff, a German car tuning companyGrumman F9F Panther, an Americancarrier-based fighter aircraftGrumman F9F Cougar, an American carrier-based fighter aircraftPassage4:ESTEst, EST, est, -est, etc. may refer to:Arts and entertainmentest: The Steersman Handbook, ascience fiction book published in 1970Ed Sullivan Theater, New York, built in 1927Ensemble StudioTheatre, New York, founded in 1968Esbjörn Svensson Trio, a Swedish jazz trioE.S.T., a song by Britishband White Lies from their 2009 album To Lose My Life...E.S.T. - Trip to the Moon, a song by Alien SexFiend from their 1984 album Acid BathLanguage-est, the superlative suffix in English-est, an archaic verbending in EnglishEstonian language (ISO 639 code: est)European Society for Translation StudiesExtendedstandard theory, a generative grammar frameworkPeopleDiana Est (born 1963), Italian singerEST Gee(born 1994), American rapperMichael Est (c. 1580–1648), English composerThomas Est (c. 1540–1609),English printerVan Est, a Dutch surnamePlacesAfricaEst Department, a former division of Ivory CoastEstProvince, RwandaEst Region (Burkina Faso)Est Region (Cameroon)EuropeEst (Chamber of Deputies ofLuxembourg constituency), an electoral constituency in LuxembourgEst, Netherlands, a town inGelderlandEstonia (ISO 3166 alpha-3 code: EST)Science and medicineEdinburgh Science Triangle, amulti-disciplinary partnership in ScotlandElectroconvulsive therapy, formerly electroshock therapy, a formof treatmentEndodermal sinus tumor, a cancerous germ cell tumorEstrone sulfotransferase, an enzymecatalyzing the transformation of an unconjugated estrogen into a sulfated estrogenEuropean SolarTelescope, a proposed observatoryExpressed sequence tag, a short sub-sequence of a cDNAsequenceTechnologyElectron spiral toroid, a claimed small stable plasma toroidElectronic sell-through, amethod of media distributionEnrollment over Secure Transport, a cryptographic protocolTimezonesAustralian Eastern Standard Time or AEST (UTC+10), see Time in AustraliaEastern Standard Timeor EST (UTC−5) in the Americas, officially "Eastern Time Zone"Egypt Standard Time or EGY(UTC+2)European Summer Time (varies from UTC to UTC+3), in several time zones, see Summer time inEuropeOther usesEnergy Saving Trust, a British organization for fighting climate change, formed in1992Erhard Seminars Training (est), a New Age large-group awareness training program,1971–1984Espérance Sportive de Tunis, a Tunisian multi-sports club, founded in 1919Est Cola, a Thaisoft drink, launched in 2012Effort satisficing theory, a decision-making strategy; see Satisficing § Effortsatisficing theoryEstablished; see AnniversarySee alsoEast (disambiguation)Passage 5:I Can ChangeI CanChange may refer to:"I Can Change" (Brandon Flowers song)"I Can Change" (LCD Soundsystem song)"ICan Change", a song from the South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut soundtrackPassage 6:L'Histoire d'unefée, c'est..."L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est..." (English: "The Story of a Fairy Is...") is a 2001 song recorded byFrench singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer. It was one of the singles from the soundtrack album for the film


Passage 1:Prince of LiesPrince of Lies or The Prince of Lies may refer to:Hellstorm: Prince of Lies, a shortlived comic book seriesPrince of Lies, a single from Scottish music group CindytalkPrince of Lies (novel),book four in The Avatar Series by James LowderThe Prince of Lies, a common nickname for SatanThePrince of Lies, a nickname for Cyric, a fictional deity in the Forgotten Realms campaign of Dungeons &DragonsThe Prince of Lies, a vampire in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universePassage 2:The Book ofLiesThe Book of Lies may refer to:The Book of Lies (Crowley), a 1913 title by Aleister CrowleyThe Book ofLies (Picano novel), a 1999 title by Felice PicanoThe Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick andthe Occult, a 2003 compilation edited by Richard MetzgerThe Book of Lies (Moloney novel), a 2004 titleby James MoloneyThe Book of Lies (Meltzer novel), a 2008 title by Brad MeltzerBook of Lies (album), a2008 recording by Australian band End of FashionThe Book of Lies (Horlock novel), a 2011 title by MaryHorlockPassage 3:Iraqi nationality lawIraqi nationality is transmitted by one's parents.HistoryThe firstnationality law was passed in 1924, and that year, on 6 August, all people within the bounds of Iraqijurisdiction automatically acquired Iraqi citizenship. According to Zainab Saleh,  "The 1924 IraqiNationality Law and its amendments bring to light the haunted origins of Arab nationalism" by definingIraqis of Persian descent as second-class citizens.NaturalisationThe law governing naturalisation is LawNo. 43 of 1963 and Law No. 5 of 1975. Naturalisation is only available to those over 18 years of age.There is a requirement of good repute, and a clean criminal record. Generally, the person seekingnaturalisation is required to be an ethnic Arab, or otherwise married to an Iraqi man for not less than 5years with residence within the country. Naturalised citizens are required to take an oath of allegiancebefore a competent person authourised to receive the same within 90 days.It ought to be noted thatnaturalised citizens will be barred from holding the office of Member of Parliament or Minister, for at least10 years after the date of naturalisation, in addition, naturalised citizens are unable to hold the office ofPrime Minister of Iraq or President of Iraqi.Dual citizenshipIraq recognizes dual nationality.TravelfreedomIn 2016, Iraqi citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 30 countries and territories.Thus, the Iraqi passport ranks 102nd in the world, according to the Visa Restrictions Index.SeealsoNationality lawIraqi passportIraq National CardPassage 4:Body of LiesBody of Lies can refer to:Bodyof Lies (novel), a 2007 spy thriller by David Ignatius, about a CIA operative.Body of Lies (film), a 2008film by director Ridley Scott, based on the 2007 novel.Body of Lies (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 2008film.Body of Lies, a 2002 novel by Iris Johansen.Passage 5:Moira CameronMoira Cameron is a retiredYeoman Warder of the Tower of London, United Kingdom. She is the first woman to ever hold theposition. In 2007, after a 22-year career in the British Army, Cameron became one of the 35 residentWarders in the Tower of London, commonly known as the Beefeaters.Originally prison guards, theYeoman Warder's position dates back to 1485. It is now a largely ceremonial role, with responsibility forconducting guided tours and generally looking after public visitors to the Tower, as well as conductingcertain other duties both inside and outside the Tower.CareerBritish ArmyCameron joined the Women'sRoyal Army Corps (WRAC) in June 1985 at the age of 20. She was trained as a Data Telegraphist with theRoyal Corps of Signals before transferring to the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) in 1988 to train as aMilitary Accountant, and in 2000 Cameron was awarded her Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. In1992, WRAC and RAPC were replaced by the Adjutant General's Corps, and Cameron worked her waythrough the ranks in its Staff and Personnel Support Branch, completing 22 years service in the army inJune 2007. Having seen service in England, Northern Ireland and Cyprus, Cameron ended her Armycareer at the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2, holding the post of Superintendent Clerk in 145 (HomeCounties) Brigade in Aldershot.Yeoman WarderCameron officially became the first ever female YeomanWarder in July 2007 but didn't get to wear her uniform until 3 September 2007. Cameron is one of 37Yeoman Warders based in the Tower of London, a position which dates back to 1485. Styled as YeomanWarder Cameron, her full and proper title is Yeoman Warder of His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortressthe Tower of London, and Members of the Sovereign's Body Guard of the Yeoman Guard in theExtraordinary.Camerons' duties are mostly connected to the Tower, but can involve some outside


Passage 1:Pal Pal Dil Ke PaasPal Pal Dil Ke Paas (transl. Every moment, close to the heart) is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language Romance film written and directed by Sunny Deol and produced by Sunny Sounds Pvt Ltd and Zee Studios. This was Deol's third movie as director after Dillagi and Ghayal Once Again. The film was released on 20 September 2019.Principal photography began on 21 May 2017. Dharmendra's Grandson Karan Deol  and Sahher Bambba were cast for the lead roles. Over 400 girls were auditioned for Sahher's role.With a box office revenue of 10 crore against a 30 crore budget, the film was commercially unsuccessful.PlotSaher Sethi, a vlogger from Delhi, goes to Manali to review a solo trekking trip organized by Camp Ujhi Dhaar, run by Karan Sehgal. She thinks that the costly solo trip is a scam, and she would expose the camp's owner. Although they started on a bitter note, things began to improve between them during their journey, leading to Karan falling for her. He doesn't confess his feelings but tells her that he is afraid of attachment. Saher admits that she wanted to become a singer but couldn't follow her passion as Viren, her boyfriend, made fun of her at an open mic. He takes Saher to his childhood spot, where he sees a snow leopard, and remembers his mother, who died in an avalanche when she tried to capture a snow leopard on her camera. The trip finally comes to an end, Karan drops Saher at the airport, and both bid farewell to each other.On reaching Delhi, Saher realizes that she has fallen in love with Karan and breaks up with Viren. She informs Karan that she is performing again at an open mic and indirectly asks him to come to Delhi. Karan unexpectedly shows up at the Open Mic, and they both confess their love for each other and share a kiss. The next day, at Saher's house party, Karan is introduced to Saher's family members and meets Viren, who invites Karan to his party the next day. Seeing Saher and Karan close and happy with each other, Viren feels devastated and becomes angry and pledges that he will do anything to be with Saher, whether right or wrong. The next Day, Saher's father talks to Karan in anger, and when Saher asks him, he replies that Viren told him everything. Saher speaks to Viren over the phone about lying to his parents, but he blackmails her about leaking her photos, which he took secretly on the Goa trip. Karan goes to Viren, and when Viren abuses Saher and Karan's mother, he thrashes him. Feeling insulted, Saher posts a video online of being eve-teased by Viren, who gets to know about this, goes to Saher's house and gets involved in a fight with her. The fight leads to Saher falling off the first floor. With Saher now in an unconscious condition, Viren's parents use political power to turn the case against Saher and beat up Karan.Seeing Saher's condition deteriorate and her family suffering all the disrespect, Karan goes to Viren's house, beats him up, drags him to the hospital, and tells him to apologize to Saher. When he refuses, Karan chokes him, almost killing him, but Viren's mother asks him to leave him, and she apologizes to everyone.Saher soon recovers from the accident, and in the end credits, Karan and Saher are shown as a happily married couple.FilmingThe film was mostly shot at various locations in the Pir Panjal Mountain Range covering Spiti Valley, Kunzum La, Rohtang La, Tabo, Chandra Taal, Kaza, Lahaul Valley and Manali region in Himachal Pradesh; while a substantial part was shot at locations in New Delhi, including a racing car sequence at Buddh International Circuit in NCR.CastKaran Deol as Karan Sehgal, Saher's husbandSahher Bambba as Saher Sehgal (Nee' Sethi), Karan's wife & Viren's ex-girlfriendSimone Singh as Vandana Sethi (Saher's mother)Sachin Khedekar as Ajay Sethi (Saher's father)Kallirroi Tziafeta as Karan's motherAakash Ahuja as Viren Narang, Saher's ex-boyfriend and the main antagonistKamini Khanna as Saher's grandmotherMeghna Malik as Central minister Ratna Narang, Viren's motherArsh Wahi as Rohan VermaRishi Singh as Saher's uncleBhavna Aneja as Anuradha, Saher's auntRavi Dudeja as Natasha's FatherMadhu Khandari as Natasha's MotherRitika Thakur as Aditi Thakur (Karan's best friend)Akash Dhar as MP Sushant Narang, Viren's brotherNupur Nagpal as Natasha Sabharwal, Saher's childhood friendKapil Negi as Vikram Thakur (Karan's mentor and Aditi's father)Suhani Sethi as Saachi Sethi (Saher's sister)Vijayant Kohli as Kapil Kumar GuptaRahul Singh as SachinMannu Sandhu as Sushant's wifePooja Katyal as Pooja, Viren's friendDiksha Bahl as VaishaliReuben Israel as Viren's fatherSoundtrackThe music of the film is composed by Sachet–Parampara and Tanishk Bagchi (noted) while lyrics are by Siddharth-Garima.ReceptionThe film mostly received mixed to negative reviews.Monika Rawal Kukreja writing for Hindustan Times noted that the film had done justice to its genre


Passage 1:NarathihapateNarathihapate (Burmese: , pronounced [na θìhapt]; also Sithu IV of Pagan; 23 April 1238 – 1 July 1287) was the last king of the Pagan Empire who reigned from 1256 to 1287. The king is known in Burmese history as the "Taruk-Pyay Min" ("the King who fled from the Taruks") for his flight from Pagan (Bagan) to Lower Burma in 1285 during the first Mongol invasion (1277–87) of the kingdom. He eventually submitted to Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty in January 1287 in exchange for a Mongol withdrawal from northern Burma. But when the king was assassinated six months later by his son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome, the 250-year-old Pagan Empire broke apart into multiple petty states. The political fragmentation of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery would last for another 250 years until the mid-16th century.The king is unkindly remembered in the royal chronicles, which in addition to calling a cowardly king who fled from the invaders, also call him "an ogre" and "glutton" who was "great in wrath, haughtiness and envy, exceeding covetous and ambitious." According to scholarship, he was certainly an ineffective ruler but unfairly scapegoated by the chronicles for the fall of the empire, whose decline predated his reign, and in fact had been "more prolonged and agonized".Early lifeThe future king was born to Crown Prince Uzana and a commoner concubine from Myittha on 23 April 1238. For much of his early years, he was known at the palace as Min Khwe-Chi (lit. " Prince Dog's Dung") as a harmless royal. Even when his father became king in 1251, Khwe-Chi was not in line for the throne; the position belonged to his half-brother Thihathu, the eldest son of the chief queen Thonlula.ReignRise to powerBut fate came calling. In early May 1256, Uzana died from a hunting accident, and Thihathu claimed the throne. The court led by the powerful chief minister Yazathingyan did not accept a head-strong Thihathu, and placed their preferred candidate, Khwe Chi, whom they believed they could control, on the throne on 6 May 1256. Thihathu was arrested and executed. Narathihapate held the coronation ceremony in November 1256. He assumed the regnal name "Śrī Tribhuvanādityapavara Dhammarāja" ().Governing styleThe young king turned out be quick-tempered, arrogant, and ruthless. Soon after his accession, he sent Yazathingyan, the man who put him on the throne, into exile. But he soon had to recall Yazathingyan to quell the rebellions in Martaban (Mottama) (1258–1259) and Arakan (1258–1260). Yazathingyan put down the rebellions but died on the return journey. With the old minister's death removed the only person that could have controlled the ruthless, inexperienced king.Narathihapate was incompetent in both domestic and foreign affairs. Like his father and grandfather before him, he too failed to fix the depleted royal treasury, which had been deteriorating for years because the continued growth of tax-free religious landholdings. But unlike his grandfather Kyaswa, who would rather build a small temple than to resort to forced labor, Narathihapate built a lavish temple, the Mingalazedi Pagoda with forced labor. The people, sinking under his rule, whispered: "When the pagoda is finished, the king shall die".Mongol invasionsBorder war (1277–78)The existential threat to the Burmese kingdom came from the north. The Mongols, who conquered the Dali Kingdom (later renamed as Yunnan in 1274) in 1253–57, first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271–72. When the Burmese king refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent a mission in 1273 to demand tribute once again. The king refused again. The Mongol army of the Yuan dynasty in 1275–76 consolidated the Pagan–Yunnan borderlands as part of their drive to close off escape routes of the Song refugees, and in the process went on to occupy a Burmese vassal state in present-day Dehong Prefecture). Narathihapate sent the army to reclaim the region but the army was driven back in April 1277 at the battle of Ngasaunggyan (modern Yingjiang). The Mongol troops reached as far south as Kaungsin, which guarded the Bhamo Pass, the gateway into the Irrawaddy, before retreating in 1278 due to excessive heat. Later in 1278, the army reestablished its forts at Kaungsin and Ngasaunggyan.Invasion (1283–85)Narathihapate's troubles were not over. In 1281, the Mongol emperor again demanded tribute. When the king refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. In September 1283, the Mongol forces again attacked the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan, which fell on 3 December 1283. Kaungsin fell six days later, and the Mongols took Tagaung on 5 February 1284. But the Mongols found the heat excessive and retreated from Tagaung. The Burmese forces retook Tagaung on 10 May 1284. The Mongol resumed their drive southward


Passage 1:Rolf Olsen (actor)Rolf Olsen (26 December 1919 – 3 April 1998) was an Austrian actor, screenwriter and film director. He appeared in 60 films between 1949 and 1990. He also wrote for 51 films and directed a further 33 between 1947 and 1990. He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Munich, Germany.Selected filmographyPassage 2:Our Crazy Aunts in the South SeasOur Crazy Aunts in the South Seas (German: Unsere tollen Tanten in der Südsee) is a 1964 Austrian comedy film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Gunther Philipp, Gus Backus, and Udo Jürgens. It was the final part in a trilogy of films that also included Our Crazy Aunts and Our Crazy Nieces. Barbara Frey was cast in the role that had been played by Vivi Bach in the two previous films.The film's sets were designed by the art director Leo Metzenbauer. Location shooting took place in the Canary Islands.CastPassage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:Hassan ZeeHassan "Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from


Passage 1:Helperich von Plötzkau, Margrave of the NordmarkHelperich (Helferich) (d. 1118), Count ofPlötzkau and Walbeck, and Margrave of the Nordmark, son of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathildevon Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck, and Adelheid of Bavaria.  The count's sister Irmgardwas married to Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark, and was the mother of Helperich's successorin ruling the margraviate, Henry II.Helperich inherited the title Count of Plötzkau upon his father’s deathand the title Count of Walbeck from his mother, although this title was mostly ceremonial at thispoint.  In 1112, Emperor Henry V deposed Rudolf I as Margrave of the Nordmark because of conspiracyagainst the crown in his alliance with Lothair of Supplinburg, then Duke of Saxony (and later Holy RomanEmperor).  The margraviate was given to Helperich as an interim measure until Henry II, nephew ofRudolf and heir to the title, was of age.In 1106, Helperich married Adele, daughter of Kuno of Northeimand Kunigunde of Weimar-Orlamünde, widow of Dietrich III, Count of Katlenburg.  Helperich and Adelehad four children:Bernhard (d. 1147), Count of PlötzkauConrad, Margrave of the NordmarkIrmgard,Abbess of HecklingenMathilde.Halperich died in 1118 and was buried at the Hecklingen Monastery.  Uponhis death, he was succeeded as Count of Plötzkau by his son Bernhard.  Henry II assumed the role ofMargrave of the Nordmark in 1114.SourcesHucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade. 900–1144.Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodialbesitz der sächsischen Udonen. Stade 1956Passage2:Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the NordmarkLothair Udo III (1070-1106), Margrave of the Nordmark andCount of Stade (as Lothair Udo IV), son of Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Oda of Werl,daughter of Herman III, Count of Werl, and Richenza of Swabia.  Brother of his predecessor Henry I theLong.Lothair Udo was betrothed to Eilika of Saxony, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, and Sophia ofHungary. However, his attention was diverted to the House of Helperich, towards Count Helperich'senticing sister Ermengardam.  He married this woman, the count's sister Irmgard, daughter of Dietrich,Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck.  Eilika moved onand married Otto the Rich, Count of Ballenstedt, and was mother to Albert the Bear, the last Margrave ofthe Nordmark and first Margrave of Brandenburg.  This provides an interesting twist in the history of thecounty of Stade.Lothair Udo and Irmgard had four children:Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark, alsoCount of Stade (as Henry IV)A daughter whose name is not knownIrmgard von Stade, married Poppo IV,Count of HennebergAdelheid von Stade, married Henry II, Margrave of Meissen.Lothair Udo wassucceeded by his brother Rudolf as margrave and count upon his death.SourcesHucke, Richard G., DieGrafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodial- besitz dersächsischen Udonen, Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts und Heimatvereins, Stade, 1956Raffensperger,Christian, Reimagining Europe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012Passage 3:Albert II,Margrave of BrandenburgAlbert II (c. 1177 – 25 February 1220) was a member of the House of Ascaniawho ruled as the margrave of Brandenburg from 1205 until his death in 1220.LifeAlbert II was theyoungest son of Otto I and his second wife Ada of Holland. His father Otto I promoted and directed thefoundation of German settlement in the area, which had been Slavic until the 10th century.Count ofArneburgAlbert II was, from 1184 onwards, Count of Arneburg in the Altmark.  The Altmark belonged toBrandenburg, and his older brother Otto II claimed that this implied that the Ascanians ownedArneburg.When Henry of Gardeleggen died in 1192, he left his domains to Albert II. But that caused aconflict between himself and his brother. He was temporarily imprisoned in 1194 by Otto.In 1197, hejoined the German Crusade of 1197. He was present at the inaugural meeting of the Teutonic Knights in1198 in Acre.Margrave of BrandenburgAlbert II inherited the Margraviate in 1205, after the death of hiseldest brother Otto II.In the dispute about the imperial crown between the Houses of Hohenstaufen andGuelph in the early 13th century, Albert initially supported the Hohenstaufen King Philip of Swabia, likeOtto before him.  After Philip's assassination in 1208, however, he changed sides, because Emperor OttoIV had assisted him in securing the Margraviate against the Danes, and had confirmed Ascanianownership of Brandenburg in a deed in 1212.During this period, Albert II had a lengthy dispute withArchbishop Albert I of Magdeburg. He also played an important rôle in the Brandenburg tithe


Passage 1:Carmen on IceCarmen on Ice is a 1990 dance film with a choreography for figure skatersmade in Germany. The music is based on the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet in an orchestral versionarranged especially for this film. In contrast to figure skating movies of former times, Carmen on Ice is afilm without spoken dialogue, which is an innovation in the history of figure skating.PlotThe story ofCarmen on Ice is very similar to the opera Carmen. Analogous to the four-act opera libretto thescreenplay has four parts:A Square in Sevilla in front of a cigarette factory: Micaela, a village maiden,brings a letter to the Corporal of Dragoons Don José, which was written by his mother. The cigarette girlsemerge from the factory, among them the attractive Carmen, who starts to flirt with the men standing onthe square. The only man who does not show interest in Carmen is Don José, who is reading his mother'sletter. Finally, however, Carmen manages to attract also his attention by dancing for him and giving hima rose. The other young women are jealous, and one of them attacks Carmen. Carmen slashes her facewith a knife. Others involve and start a street fighting, which is stopped by Zuniga, the Lieutenant ofDragoons. Everybody accuses Carmen of having started the fight. Zuniga asks Carmen if she hasanything to say and also starts to flirt with her. Carmen, however, is not interested in him. Zunigainstructs José to guard Carmen. José ties up her hands with a rope. To escape, Carmen seduces José in adance with this rope. The corporal unties her hands, and Carmen can run away. The angry Zunigainstructs his dragoons to guard José.Evening at Lillas Pastia's inn: Carmen is waiting impatiently for DonJosé, who has been released from prison. To drive away her boredom, she starts to dance. The toreadorEscamillo enters the inn and is welcomed by the other guests. He shows a virtuoso solo dance andattracts Carmen's attention. While Escamillo leaves the inn with his friends, Don José comes in and iswelcomed by Carmen, who shows a solo, which leads in a pair dance with her new lover. Suddenly thesound of bugles is heard calling the soldiers back to barracks. When José wants to leave, Carmen getsangry.  José affirms his love to her in a solo with the rose she has given to him at their first meeting.Zuniga suddenly interrupts the two lovers and flirts with Carmen, which makes José so jealous, that heattacks the lieutenant, and leaves the service and joins Carmen and her friends.A wild and deserted rockyplace at night: Carmen has grown tired of José, her new favorite is the toreador Escamillo. She sits at acampfire and tries to tell fortunes by the shapes made by molten lead dropped into cold water. The shapewhich she holds in her hand is a skull. Carmen is scared and dances nervously around the campfire.Escamillo comes to the place and makes José jealous by showing him Carmen's fan. The two rivals startfighting. Escamillo emerges victorious and retires with Carmen.A square in front of the arena in Seville:The square is full of people who cheer to procession as the bullfighting team with Escamillo arrives.Carmen welcomes the toreador and dreams of a wedding dance with him. After the bullfighting team hasentered the arena, Carmen is grabbed by Don José and pulled into an outbuilding. José begs her to returnhis love, but is rejected by Carmen. Don José loses control of himself and stabs Carmen todeath.BackgroundCarmen on Ice was filmed in Spain and Germany, citizens of Sevilla and Berlin playedbit parts. In 1988 Katarina Witt, who played the title role, had won her second olympic gold medal at thewinter games in Calgary with a free skating to Carmen. Brian Boitano, who played the part of Don José,became Olympic champion in the same year followed by Brian Orser, the Olympic silver medallist of 1988and actor playing Escamillo. So, it was obvious to cast the film with these stars. Carmen on Ice was firstpresented in public on February 8, 1990. and won the Emmy-Award for Outstanding Performance in aClassical Music or Dance Program in 1990. The award was shared by the film's three stars, Boitano, Orserand Witt. The choreography by Sandra Bezic and Michael Seibert (figure skater) was influenced byelements of classical ballet and flamenco as well. During the rehearsals the skaters were also coached byflamenco dancer Cristina Hoyos.BibliographyArt music in figure skating, synchronized swimming andrhythmic gymnastics/Kunstmusik in Eiskunstlauf, Synchronschwimmen und rhythmischer Gymnastik. PhDthesis by Johanna Beisteiner, Vienna 2005, (German). The PhD thesis contains an extensive descriptionand analysis of Carmen on Ice (Chapter II/2, pages 105-162). Article about the PhD thesis of JohannaBeisteiner in the catalogue of the Austrian Library Network. 2005. (German and English)Passage 2:Mehdi


Passage 1:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was a Serbian student and soldier. She was notable for being the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously making her the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was Davorjanka Paunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage 2:Doria RaglandDoria Loyce Ragland (born September 2, 1956) is an American social worker, and former makeup artist and yoga instructor. She is the mother of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.Early lifeDoria Ragland was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to nurse Jeanette Arnold (1929–2000) and her second husband Alvin Azell Ragland (1929–2011), an antiques dealer who sold items at flea markets. Ragland's maternal grandparents, James and Nettie Arnold, respectively worked as a bellhop and an elevator operator at the Hotel St. Regis on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland. Her parents moved to Los Angeles when Ragland was a baby and later divorced. In 1983, her father married kindergarten teacher Ava Burrow, who is near to Ragland's age; the two remained close after that marriage also ended in divorce. Ragland has two older maternal half-siblings, Joseph (known as "JJ"; 1949–2021) and Saundra Johnson (born 1952), and a younger paternal half-brother, Alvin Joffrey Ragland. According to inferred conclusions and information passed down (much of it verbally) from earlier generations, the Ragland family descend from Richard Ragland, born into slavery c.1792 in Chatham County, North Carolina; his son, Stephen Ragland (1848-1926) of Jonesboro in Georgia, lived long enough to experience the abolition of slavery in 1865. Ragland's surname came from slave-owner William Ragland, a Methodist planter and land speculator who had emigrated during the eighteenth century from Cornwall, England, to North America.Career and educationAfter leaving Fairfax High School, Ragland worked as a temp assistant makeup artist and met her future husband, Thomas Markle, while employed on the set of the television show General Hospital. Later on, their daughter Meghan stayed with Thomas Markle as Ragland pursued a career. She later worked as a travel agent and owned a small business before filing for bankruptcy in the mid-2000s. Ragland completed a Bachelor of Arts in psychology. In 2011, she earned a Master of Social Work from the University of Southern California. After passing California's licensing exam in 2015, she was a social worker for three years at the Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services clinic in Culver City. Ragland has also worked as a yoga instructor. In 2020, it was reported that she would teach a jewelry making course at Santa Monica College. In the same year, Ragland became CEO, CFO and secretary of a care home firm in Beverly Hills, called Loving Kindness Senior Care Management.Personal lifeRagland married lighting director Thomas Markle Sr. on December 23, 1979, at Hollywood's Paramahansa Yogananda Self-Realization Fellowship Temple in a ceremony performed by Brother Bhaktananda. Their daughter, Meghan, was born in 1981. The couple separated when their daughter was two years old. They divorced in 1987. Both parents contributed to raising Meghan until, at the age of 6, she began living with Thomas Markle full-time while Ragland pursued a career.Ragland resides in View Park–Windsor Hills, California, in a house inherited from her father in 2011. She has accompanied Meghan to public events and attended her 2018 wedding to Prince Harry in Berkshire. Ragland became a grandmother on May 6, 2019. She flew to the United Kingdom to see her grandson, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor, and his parents. In July, she attended Mountbatten-Windsor's christening at the private chapel at Windsor Castle. Her granddaughter, Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on June 4, 2021, in Santa Barbara, California.See also"(Almost) Straight Outta Compton", a 2016 tabloid article headline about Meghan Markle and her mother's backgroundNotesPassage 3:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the


Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall ofFame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of FameinducteePassage 2:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film andtelevision director. He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), andother films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974),and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone(1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century.The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.Theother Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  NightmareHoneymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for the television shows The TwilightZone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director,his films were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for fourmore. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the DirectorsGuild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth FilmAward – Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for CatBallou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGA Awardin the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he wonthe Bronze Wrangler award at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picturefor A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors JudithAnderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. AldrichAchievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary LifeMember Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His firstmarriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to AlanaKing. During his first marriage, he was the step-father of David Cassidy.He currently lives in NorthHollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work onscreen plays and other projects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TVSeries) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life (TV Movie) (1987)Night ofCourage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series)(1982–1983)The Car (1977)Nightmare Honeymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening(1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series)(1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)TwilightZone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series) (1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The DickPowell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series)(1961–62)Have Gun - Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TVSeries) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TV Series) (1960)Black Saddle(TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 3:Robert G.VignolaRobert G. Vignola (born Rocco Giuseppe Vignola, August 7, 1882 – October 25, 1953) was anItalian-American actor, screenwriter, and film director. A former stage actor, he appeared in many motionpictures produced by Kalem Company and later moved to directing, becoming one of the silent screen'smost prolific directors. He directed a handful of films in the early years of talkies but his career essentiallyended in the silent era.Early lifeVignola was born in August 7, 1882 in Trivigno, a village in the provinceof Potenza, Basilicata, to Donato Gaetano Vignola, a stone mason, and Anna Rosa Rago.  It is unsure whyhe used August 5th as his birthday in America. He had two brothers and three sisters, his oldest sisterhaving died at the age of 19 months in Italy. Travelling with his mother and siblings, he left Italy in May1886, at the age of three. He was raised in Albany, New York. Because of his Christian name of Rocco hewas nicknamed "Rocky" on the family’s first census in New York. His name Rocco was later changed toRobert. Trained as a barber in his youth, Vignola by age 14 became interested in the circus, practicingcontortion and slackwire. Three years later, in 1899, he found his true vocation—acting—and the


Passage 1:Adib KheirAdib Kheir (Arabic:  ) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the1920s. He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus. His granddaughter is the spouse ofManaf Tlass.Passage 2:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) wasthe Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise wasborn into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. HenriChristophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from hisduties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They marriedin Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children:François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.Ather spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, sheand her children lived underground until 1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queenupon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform,ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She took her position seriously, and stated that the title"given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as thehostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herselfin the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while stillbeing a minor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never tomaterialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïsat the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after theirdeparture, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given theproperty Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her hisprotection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. Theywere allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but herdaughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. InAugust 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiralSir Home Popham, and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching for the money,three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her lifewithout economic difficulties. The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution wasdetermintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and herdaughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortlyafter their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionallybothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, shewrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried inthe church of San Donnino. A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 tocommemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélinaLévêquePassage 3:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian:   born in1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchicame from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963,demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin ofIran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He isnow an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi wasmarried to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sisterAzar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iranafter the "great schism".Passage 4:Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of LuxembourgMaria Teresa (born MaríaTeresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand DukeHenri, who acceded to the throne in 2000.Early life and educationMaria Teresa was born on 22 March1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  María Teresa


Passage 1:Matan CohenMatan Cohen (born February 8, 1982) is an Israeli musician best known for hiswork as the guitarist for successful groove/metalcore band Betzefer and the recently reunited melodicdeath metal band Nail Within. Cohen is also a frequent collaborator of comedy punk rock act Bo La'Barfeaturing his Nail Within co-members Evil Haim, and Useless ID members Ishay Berger and JonathanHarpak.Musical careerBetzefer (1998–present)Matan Cohen formed Betzefer along with vocalist AvitalTamir and drummer Roey Berman as a one-off band for a high school gig in 1998.What started as a highschool gig became a big part of the lives of the band members and since then the band started working,first as a cover band (Metallica, etc.) and later they started recording their own material, releasing PitzAachbar in 2000, Some Tits, But No Bush in 2001 and New Hate in 2003.In 2005, the band released itsfirst full-length album Down Low and currently is working on its second.Matan (who is also known as TimYoung outside Israel) appeared on all of the band's releases and is a part of the band from its formationuntil today. He is also noted for always using a custom black Gibson SG guitar.Nail Within (2001-2003,2007)In 2001, Matan joined former Azazel and Betrayer members to form a new melodic death metalproject by the name of Nail Within. Cohen served as a second guitarist in the band and while on hiatusfrom Betzefer, he left to Germany to record the band's first self-titled album.He was a member of theband through all of its short-lived first incarnation and even suggested Betzefer vocalist Avital Tamir asvocalist after vocalist Yishay Swearts left. Tamir performed with the band for one show.Recently rejoinedthe band as all of its members reunited in November 2007 for a one-off reunion show along with plans torecord a new album in the future. Cohen will work with the band on its next album when he will finishprior commitments with Betzefer.DiscographyBetzeferPitz Aachbar (2000)Some Tits, But No Bush(2001)New Hate (2003)Down Low (2005)Freedom to The Slave Makers (2011)Nail WithinNail Within(2003)See alsoList of guitaristsPassage 2:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World WarII as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where heworked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in theBirmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team,he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made hisfirst-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim beingKen Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs neededfor a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later heclaimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of hisvictims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of theseason he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchangedthroughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, andhad only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and thenagainst Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by fivewickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket ofGloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his ninefirst-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed aneasy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff ArmsPark; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union forKidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. Heand his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 3:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handedwicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his


Passage 1:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of the capital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of living of 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, his pregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been calling her names since his youth. Willem died in 1676.The VermeersThin's daughter, Catharina, came to know Johannes Vermeer and wished to marry him. Her mother disapproved of the marriage


Passage 1:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of thecomposer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio(1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanesein Naples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 2:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c.1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.  He was a contemporary and probableacquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to bewritten in continental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at theChurch of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years after Ockeghem was known to be there, and there isevidence he was in Tournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentationon his life curious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of PaulusIuvenis).  No other documentation on his life has yet come to light.Music and reputationDomarto's twomass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter ofthe two may have been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composers such as Leonel Power.  The MissaSpiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in thetenor, but with a changing rhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  Theprocedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was still being copied inthe 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O cruxlignum). The theorist and writer Johannes Tinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired othercomposers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes of thetype popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus (four voices)Missa sinenomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for three voices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tousjours en esperanceNotesPassage 3:Bullet (Misfits song)"Bullet" is the second single released by thehorror punk band the Misfits. The four tracks comprising the EP were recorded, along with thirteenothers, in early 1978 for the proposed Static Age album. When the band could not find a record label torelease the album, they instead released four of the songs as "Bullet" on singer Glenn Danzig's label Plan9 Records. The songs were re-released in different versions over subsequent years, until Static Age wasfinally released in its entirety in 1996.BackgroundIn August 1977 the Misfits released their debut single"Cough/Cool" on Blank Records, a label operated by singer Glenn Danzig. Several months later MercuryRecords issued a Pere Ubu record on their own Blank Records imprint, unaware that Danzig held atrademark on the name. They offered him thirty hours of studio time in exchange for the rights to theBlank Records name, which he accepted. In January and February 1978 the Misfits, then consisting ofDanzig, guitarist Franché Coma, bassist Jerry Only, and drummer Mr. Jim, recorded seventeen songs atC.I. Recordings in New York City with engineer and producer Dave Achelis. Because of the timeconstraints they recorded the songs live in the studio with only a few takes each and very few overdubs.They mixed fourteen of them with Achelis for their proposed first album, to be titled Static Age. However,the band were unable to find a record label interested in releasing the album, and instead released four ofthe tracks as the "Bullet" EP in June 1978 on Danzig's new label Plan 9 Records.The song "Bullet"references the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, with sexually explicit lyrics directed at his wifeJacqueline Kennedy Onassis: "Texas is an outrage when your husband is dead/Texas is an outrage whenthey pick up his head/Texas is the reason that the President's dead/You gotta suck, suck, Jackie,suck".Pressing informationThe first pressing of "Bullet" consisted of 1,000 copies on black 7" vinyl with agatefold cover and lyrics sheet. These copies had "distributed by Ork" printed on the back sleeve, as adistribution deal with Ork Records had been planned, but distribution through Ork never took place. Asecond pressing of 2,000 on red vinyl had a different back cover, removing the band photo and mentionof Ork and replacing it with artwork of a bullet hole and the words "better dead on red". 7,000 additionalcopies were later pressed on black vinyl with the same cover as the second pressing.Re-releases andother versionsAll four songs from "Bullet" were reissued on the Beware EP in January 1980, and a live


Passage 1:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. Hewas a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of theParliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government ofSweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament AnnaEliasson.Passage 2:Miley CyrusMiley Ray Cyrus ( MY-lee SY-rs; born Destiny Hope Cyrus, November23, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Dubbed the "Pop Chameleon", she has beenrecognized for her musical versatility and continual reinvention in her sound and style. Cyrus has beenreferred to as the "Teen Queen" of 2000s pop culture and regarded as one of the few examples of a childstar with a successful career as an adult. Her accolades include nineteen Teen Choice Awards, four WorldMusic Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, one People's Choice Award, aGLAAD Media Award, and 8 Guinness World Records. She has made the Time 100 list in 2008 and 2014,Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2014 and 2021, appeared on Billboard's Greatest of All Time Artists chart in 2019,and was ranked as the ninth greatest Billboard 200 female artist of all time.Out of six siblings, Cyrus isthe second daughter of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She emerged as a teen idol while portraying thetitular character of the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana (2006–2011). As HannahMontana, she attained two number-one and three top-five soundtracks on the Billboard 200, and the U.S.Billboard Hot 100 top-ten single "He Could Be the One". Cyrus's initial solo career consisted of theteen-friendly pop rock U.S. number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus (2007) and Breakout (2008); thesereleases contained the US top-ten singles "See You Again" and "7 Things". She then released theextended play The Time of Our Lives (2009), which peaked at number two in the U.S; its lead single,"Party in the U.S.A", became one of the best-selling singles in the United States and was certifieddiamond by the RIAA. She also released the country pop ballad "The Climb", which peaked at numberfour. Trying to reinvent her image, Cyrus explored dance-pop in her third album, Can't Be Tamed (2010).The record was critically panned; however, its title track reached the top ten in the U.S.Following ahiatus, she underwent a more mature and provocative musical shift with the release of the R&B and hiphop-infused Bangerz (2013). Supported by the top-five single "We Can't Stop" and the chart-topping"Wrecking Ball", it became her fifth number-one album and earned Cyrus her first Grammy Awardnomination. She experimented with psychedelic music on her follow-up, the free album Miley Cyrus & HerDead Petz (2015), before exploring country pop on Younger Now (2017), which contained the U.S.top-ten single "Malibu", and trap on the EP She Is Coming (2019). Plastic Hearts (2020) saw Cyrusventure into rock and glam rock; the record topped the Billboard Top Rock Albums chart. Cyrus's eighthstudio album, Endless Summer Vacation (2023), was preceded by the lead single "Flowers", which setseveral streaming records and became her second U.S. number-one single.Cyrus has also starred in thefilms Bolt (2008), Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009), The Last Song (2010), LOL (2012), and SoUndercover (2013), and appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). On television, she served asa coach on the singing competition series The Voice (2016–2017), starred in the "Rachel, Jack and AshleyToo" episode from the Netflix series Black Mirror (2019), and hosts the yearly NBC holiday special Miley'sNew Year's Eve Party (2021–present). She founded the non-profit organization Happy Hippie Foundationin 2014, which was supported by the web video series Backyard Sessions (2012–2023). She starred inand executive produced the Disney+ documentary concert special, Miley Cyrus – Endless SummerVacation (Backyard Sessions) (2023).Life and career1992–2005: Early life and career beginningsDestinyHope Cyrus was born November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee, to Leticia "Tish" Jean Cyrus (néeFinley) and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She was born with supraventricular tachycardia, a conditioncausing an abnormal resting heart rate. Her birth name, Destiny Hope, expressed her parents' belief thatshe would accomplish great things. Her parents nicknamed her "Smiley", which they later shortened to"Miley", because she often smiled as an infant. In 2008, she legally changed her name to Miley RayCyrus; her middle name honors her grandfather, Democratic politician Ronald Ray Cyrus, who was fromKentucky. Cyrus's godmother is singer-songwriter Dolly Parton.Against the advice of her father's record


Passage 1:Summer EverSummer Ever is the fourth release, and third full-length LP from The RevolutionSmile. The album was an independent release, sold online in physical format and on iTunes andAmazon.Track list"Summer Ever" - 1:12"Are You Awake?" - 4:16"I Was a Werewolf" - 3:22"Ringwald" -3:17"Destination Isolation" - 3:33"Maybe, Baby" - 3:17"Fate" - 3:55"When Love Was Dead" -4:52"Recover" - 4:37"Move South" - 1:08"The State We're In" - 3:30"Positive.Negative" - 2:33"NiceTalking to You" - 3:11"My Skin Is Thicker Than I Wanted" - 6:19"Flight Delay" - 4:13Passage 2:Leavingon a MaydayLeaving on a Mayday is an album by singer-songwriter Anna Ternheim.  It was released on11 August 2008 and is Ternheim's fourth full-length LP.Track listing"What Have I Done" – 3:21"DamagedOnes" – 3:09"Terrified" – 4:42"Let It Rain" – 4:54"My Heart Still Beats for You" – 4:27"No, I Don'tRemember" – 3:53"Make It On My Own" – 3:24"Summer Rain" – 3:55"Losing You" – 3:38"Off the Road"– 3:54"Black Sunday Afternoon" – 4:37"Terrified" – 3:33Delux EditionCD1What Have I DoneDamagedOnesTerrifiedLet It RainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosing YouOff TheRoadBlack Sunday AfternoonCD2: "Anna Sings Sinatra"New York New YorkCome Fly With MeFly Me ToThe MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightBox editionCD1What Have I DoneDamaged OnesTerrifiedLet ItRainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosing YouOff The RoadBlack SundayAfternoonNew York New YorkCome Fly With MeFly Me To The MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightCD2:LIVE EP FROM TOURING 2009No, I Don't RememberDamaged OnesA French LoveWedding SongLet ItRainDVD: ANNA PERFORMS FIVE ACOUSTIC VERSIONSWhat Have I DoneSummer RainNo, I Don'tRememberOff The RoadMy Heart Still Beats For YouPassage 3:Been ListeningBeen Listening is the secondfull-length LP by London-based folk-rock band Johnny Flynn & The Sussex Wit.  The album was recordedin both London and Seattle, and features collaborations with Laura Marling and Anna Calvi. The albumwas also released in a 2-disc special edition and on vinyl.Track listingPassage 4:At Mount ZoomerAtMount Zoomer, the second full length LP from the Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade, was released onJune 17, 2008.Album titleThe album is named after Wolf Parade drummer Arlen Thompson's soundstudio, Mount Zoomer; the name of the studio references "a B.C. euphemism for magic mushrooms", andalso nods to the Montreal band A Silver Mount Zion. The album was originally meant to be entitled Kissingthe Beehive; however, due to possible copyright infringements in relation to Jonathan Carroll's 1997novel of the same name, this title was changed. Singer and keyboardist Spencer Krug said that the band"didn't know that was the title of a book... We might have to change it, but we might not. And we'll haveto make it clear that it's not [named] after his book. It's a complicated situation." It had also beenreported earlier by Blender that the record was entitled Pardon My Blues; however, on April 28, Sub Popofficially announced that the album's name would be At Mount Zoomer.Album overviewThe band startedplaying new songs live that would end up on At Mount Zoomer as early as summer 2007. Among the firstto be played were "Language City" and "Fine Young Cannibals".According to singer and guitarist DanBoeckner, half of the album was recorded in Farnham, Quebec at Petite Église, an old church that wasconverted to a recording studio by the band Arcade Fire for the production of their album Neon Bible.After touring the east coast in late 2007, Wolf Parade recorded the rest of At Mount Zoomer at MIXartStudios in Montreal, Quebec. Afterwards, the album was mixed at Arlen Thompson's sound studio, MountZoomer.The cover art for the album features the work of Matt Moroz and Elizabeth Huey, depicting abattle scene between the two artists.The track "Call It a Ritual" was released by the band on April 14,2008.ReceptionAt Mount Zoomer received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds ascore of 78 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".TracklistingPersonnelWolf Parade – mixing, producing, "overdubs and vocals recorded by"Harris Newman –masteringArlen Thompson – recording (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8), "one vocal recorded by"David Ferry –recording (tracks 3, 5, 9)Nick Petrowski – recording (tracks 3, 5, 9)David Smith – "some vocals recordedby"Jace Lasek – "some vocals recorded by"Elizabeth Huey – artworkMatt Moroz – artworkPassage 5:TearOurselves AwayTear Ourselves Away is the first full-length LP by San Francisco-based indie rock bandLoveLikeFire.  The album was released commercially on August 10, 2009.  A leaked version of the album


Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall ofFame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of FameinducteePassage 2:Riccardo FredaRiccardo Freda (24 February 1909 – 20 December 1999) was an Italianfilm director. He worked in a variety of genres, including sword-and-sandal, horror, giallo and spyfilms.Freda began directing I Vampiri in 1956. The film became the first Italian sound horror filmproduction.BiographyRiccardo Freda was born in 1909 in Alexandria, Egypt to Italian parents. Fredaattended school in Milan where he took art classes at the Centro Sperimantale. After school he took onwork as a sculptor and art critic.Film careerFreda first began working in the film industry in 1937 anddirected his first film Don Cesare di Bazan in 1942. Freda began directing I Vampiri. I Vampiri was thefirst Italian horror film of the sound era, following the lone silent horror film Il mostro di Frankenstein(1920)  Despite being the first, a wave of Italian horror productions did not follow until Mario Bava's filmBlack Sunday was released internationally.Freda died on 20 December 1999 inRome.FilmographyNotes^  a Freda has denied having taken part in writing the script for this film, despitebeing credited.^  b Freda was originally to direct the film but stated that he walked off the set on the firstday of shooting.^  c Freda name is not in the credits but some sources state he directed several battlesscenes in the film, which Freda denies.^  d Freda name is not in the credits but some sources state heedited the naval battle scenes in the film, which Freda denies.^  e Freda has claimed to have shot theentire film.Passage 3:Oh Sailor BehaveOh, Sailor, Behave! is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedyfilm produced and released by Warner Brothers, and based on the play See Naples and Die, written byElmer Rice. The film was originally intended to be entirely in Technicolor and was advertised as such inmovie trade journals. Due to the backlash against musicals, it was apparently released in black-and-whiteonly.PlotAn American newspaper reporter named Charlie Carroll (Charles King) is sent to Venice tointerview a Romanian general, who is played by Noah Beery. While in Venice Charlie falls for a youngheiress named Nanette Dodge (Irene Delroy). When Charlie is unable to get an interview with theRomanian general, a local siren named Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland), who is the general's favorite helpshim. Meanwhile, Nanette learns that her sister is being blackmailed by Prince Kasloff of Russia (LowellSherman), to whom she wrote some incriminating letters. Nanette attempts to vamp the Prince in orderto obtain the love letters. The Prince, however, tricks her and demands that Nanette marry him if shewants to save her sister. After being repeatedly rebuked by Nanette, the prince hires the Romaniangeneral (Noah Beery) to kidnap her and force her into  marriage. Charlie, thinking she has eloped,consoles himself with Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland) and almost marries her until he realizes the truthabout Nanette and that she has been kidnapped by the Prince. Charlie sets out to rescue her and whenthe Prince shows up disguised as the general he shoots Prince Kasloff. Charlie and Nanette are happilyreunited.Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson provide comic relief that is completely unrelated to the main story.They play the part of two American sailors stationed in Naples who attempt to find a wooden-legged thiefwho has robbed the navy storehouse in Venice. Louisa, a local siren (played by Lotti Loder) leads them onand embroils them in trouble.Music"When Love Comes In The Moonlight""Leave A Little Smile""Highwayto Heaven""The Laughing Song""Tell Us Which One Do You Love"Production backgroundCharles Kingrecorded three songs for the film for Brunswick Records: Brunswick 4840 (Highway to Heaven/When LoveComes in the Moonlight); Brunswick 4849 (Leave A Little Smile). The other side of Brunswick 4849featured a song from the aborted MGM revue The March of Time (1930).This was to be Charles King's lastmusical movie. He went back to the Broadway stage, since movie audiences had grown tired of musicals,and never returned to the screen.Due to the public apathy towards musicals, Warner Bros. did not debutthis film in the usual prestigious movie theaters. The film was immediately  placed in general release withno fanfare.Comedians Olsen and Johnson were added to the film due to growing public apathy towardsserious stage actors such as King and Delroy. The movie was marketed as a comedy film with thesecomics billed as "America's funniest clowns".PreservationThe version of the film released in the UnitedStates, late in 1930, survives intact. A print is at the Museum of Modern Art, and is in the Turner Classic